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C180747234
|
Cognitive psychology
|
https://doi.org/10.1037//0033-295x.84.2.191
|
subdiscipline of psychology
|
Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change.
|
[
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},
{
"display_name": "Cognitive psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C180747234",
"level": 1,
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"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373"
},
{
"display_name": "Behavior change",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C14262774",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43834257,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4880695"
},
{
"display_name": "Cognitive science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C188147891",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.39941376,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638"
},
{
"display_name": "Social psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C77805123",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.32083297,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272"
}
] |
The present article presents an integrative theoretical framework to explain and to predict psychological changes achieved by different modes of treatment. This theory states that psychological procedures, whatever their form, alter the level and strength of self-efficacy. It is hypothesized that expectations of personal efficacy determine whether coping behavior will be initiated, how much effort will be expended, and how long it will be sustained in the face of obstacles and aversive experiences. Persistence in activities that are subjectively threatening but in fact relatively safe produces, through experiences of mastery, further enhancement of self-efficacy and corresponding reductions in defensive behavior. In the proposed model, expectations of personal efficacy are derived from four principal sources of information: performance accomplishments, vicarious experience, verbal persuasion, and physiological states. The more dependable the experiential sources, the greater are the changes in perceived selfefficacy. A number of factors are identified as influencing the cognitive processing of efficacy information arising from enactive, vicarious, exhortative, and emotive sources. The differential power of diverse therapeutic procedures is analyzed in terms of the postulated cognitive mechanism of operation. Findings are reported from microanalyses of enactive, vicarious, and emotive modes of treatment that support the hypothesized relationship between perceived self-efficacy and behavioral changes. Possible directions for further research are discussed.
|
C180747234
|
Cognitive psychology
|
https://doi.org/10.1249/00005768-198205000-00012
|
subdiscipline of psychology
|
Psychophysical bases of perceived exertion
|
[
{
"display_name": "Perceived exertion",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2993527604",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.7823167,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2372945"
},
{
"display_name": "Perception",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C26760741",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7080048,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402"
},
{
"display_name": "Exertion",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778310968",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.57809025,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14536140"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.5683185,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418"
},
{
"display_name": "Cognitive psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C180747234",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5244482,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373"
},
{
"display_name": "Work (physics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C18762648",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.48565924,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213"
},
{
"display_name": "Scale (ratio)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778755073",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4772948,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537"
},
{
"display_name": "Presentation (obstetrics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777601897",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4621293,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3409113"
},
{
"display_name": "Multidimensional scaling",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C91682802",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4494311,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q620538"
},
{
"display_name": "Scaling",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C99844830",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4444348,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q102441924"
},
{
"display_name": "Variation (astronomy)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778334786",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4281631,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1586270"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.35011798,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
}
] |
There is a great demand for perceptual effort ratings in order to better understand man at work. Such ratings are important complements to behavioral and physiological measurements of physical performance and work capacity. This is true for both theoretical analysis and application in medicine, human factors, and sports. Perceptual estimates, obtained by psychophysical ratio-scaling methods, are valid when describing general perceptual variation, but category methods are more useful in several applied situations when differences between individuals are described. A presentation is made of ratio-scaling methods, category methods, especially the Borg Scale for ratings of perceived exertion, and a new method that combines the category method with ratio properties. Some of the advantages and disadvantages of the different methods are discussed in both theoretical-psychophysical and psychophysiological frames of reference.
|
C180747234
|
Cognitive psychology
|
https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295x.84.3.231
|
subdiscipline of psychology
|
Telling more than we can know: Verbal reports on mental processes.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.65080714,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418"
},
{
"display_name": "Cognitive psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C180747234",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.54786074,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373"
},
{
"display_name": "Nonverbal communication",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C145633318",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4509175,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207125"
}
] |
Evidence is reviewed which suggests that there may be little or no direct introspective access to higher order cognitive processes. Subjects are sometimes (a) unaware of the existence of a stimulus that importantly influenced a response, (b) unaware of the existence of the response, and (c) unaware that the stimulus has affected the response. It is proposed that when people attempt to report on their cognitive processes, that is, on the processes mediating the effects of a stimulus on a response, they do not do so on the basis of any true introspection. Instead, their reports are based on a priori, implicit causal theories, or judgments about the extent to which a particular stimulus is a plausible cause of a given response. This suggests that though people may not be able to observe directly their cognitive processes, they will sometimes be able to report accurately about them. Accurate reports will occur when influential stimuli are salient and are plausible causes of the responses they produce, and will not occur when stimuli are not salient or are not plausible causes.
|
C180747234
|
Cognitive psychology
|
https://doi.org/10.1037/h0040957
|
subdiscipline of psychology
|
Construct validity in psychological tests.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Construct validity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C49453240",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.76056194,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1592163"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.66517675,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418"
},
{
"display_name": "Construct (python library)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780801425",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.64014083,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164392"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychological testing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C163515075",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5420554,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q873512"
},
{
"display_name": "Test validity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C116211729",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.508684,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5372350"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychometrics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C171606756",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.45232874,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q506132"
},
{
"display_name": "Social psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C77805123",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4509343,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272"
},
{
"display_name": "Cognitive psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C180747234",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.42061633,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373"
},
{
"display_name": "Clinical psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C70410870",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3190694,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199906"
}
] |
Validation of psychological tests has not yet been adequately conceptualized, as the APA Committee on Psychological Tests learned when it undertook (1950-54) to specify what qualities should be investigated before a test is published. In order to make coherent recommendations the Committee found it necessary to distinguish four types of validity, established by different types of research and requiring different interpretation. The chief innovation in the Committee's report was the term construct validity.[2] This idea was first formulated by a subcommittee (Meehl and R. C. Challman) studying how proposed recommendations would apply to projective techniques, and later modified and clarified by the entire Committee (Bordin, Challman, Conrad, Humphreys, Super, and the present writers). The statements agreed upon by the Committee (and by committees of two other associations) were published in the Technical Recommendations (59). The present interpretation of construct validity is not official and deals with some areas where the Committee would probably not be unanimous. The present writers are solely responsible for this attempt to explain the concept and elaborate its implications.
|
C180747234
|
Cognitive psychology
|
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143750
|
subdiscipline of psychology
|
Executive Functions
|
[
{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.8241855,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418"
},
{
"display_name": "Executive functions",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2775968953",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.7489271,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q783092"
},
{
"display_name": "Cognition",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C169900460",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.66930467,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417"
},
{
"display_name": "Working memory",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C21963081",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.66911805,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11337567"
},
{
"display_name": "Cognitive flexibility",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C66102695",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5736173,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5141208"
},
{
"display_name": "Flexibility (engineering)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780598303",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.56428325,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65921492"
},
{
"display_name": "Cognitive psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C180747234",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.50017166,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373"
},
{
"display_name": "Loneliness",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779998236",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.46944782,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q223270"
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{
"display_name": "Attentional control",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126139899",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.46935827,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4818236"
},
{
"display_name": "Control (management)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2775924081",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.45326042,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371"
},
{
"display_name": "Developmental psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138496976",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.36214995,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002"
}
] |
Executive functions (EFs) make possible mentally playing with ideas; taking the time to think before acting; meeting novel, unanticipated challenges; resisting temptations; and staying focused. Core EFs are inhibition [response inhibition (self-control—resisting temptations and resisting acting impulsively) and interference control (selective attention and cognitive inhibition)], working memory, and cognitive flexibility (including creatively thinking “outside the box,” seeing anything from different perspectives, and quickly and flexibly adapting to changed circumstances). The developmental progression and representative measures of each are discussed. Controversies are addressed (e.g., the relation between EFs and fluid intelligence, self-regulation, executive attention, and effortful control, and the relation between working memory and inhibition and attention). The importance of social, emotional, and physical health for cognitive health is discussed because stress, lack of sleep, loneliness, or lack of exercise each impair EFs. That EFs are trainable and can be improved with practice is addressed, including diverse methods tried thus far.
|
C180747234
|
Cognitive psychology
|
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.275.5306.1593
|
subdiscipline of psychology
|
A Neural Substrate of Prediction and Reward
|
[
{
"display_name": "Salient",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780719617",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.81178606,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1030752"
},
{
"display_name": "Neuroscience",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C169760540",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.49969482,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011"
},
{
"display_name": "Neural substrate",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C7033854",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.46020454,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17130699"
},
{
"display_name": "Dopaminergic",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C137183658",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.45773458,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q461076"
},
{
"display_name": "Cognitive psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C180747234",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.43739375,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.42511874,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.42430764,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Artificial intelligence",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C154945302",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.38215834,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660"
},
{
"display_name": "Cognitive science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C188147891",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3378804,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638"
}
] |
The capacity to predict future events permits a creature to detect, model, and manipulate the causal structure of its interactions with its environment. Behavioral experiments suggest that learning is driven by changes in the expectations about future salient events such as rewards and punishments. Physiological work has recently complemented these studies by identifying dopaminergic neurons in the primate whose fluctuating output apparently signals changes or errors in the predictions of future salient and rewarding events. Taken together, these findings can be understood through quantitative theories of adaptive optimizing control.
|
C180747234
|
Cognitive psychology
|
https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.74.6.1464
|
subdiscipline of psychology
|
Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The implicit association test.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Implicit-association test",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779778163",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.91488457,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q774081"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.8503888,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418"
},
{
"display_name": "Implicit attitude",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C204421591",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.73096573,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6007271"
},
{
"display_name": "Association (psychology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C142853389",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7170819,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q744778"
},
{
"display_name": "Test (biology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777267654",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.61912996,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023"
},
{
"display_name": "Implicit personality theory",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C140827868",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6014763,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q491307"
},
{
"display_name": "Social psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C77805123",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5598539,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272"
},
{
"display_name": "Cognition",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C169900460",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5595963,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417"
},
{
"display_name": "Cognitive psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C180747234",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.51641136,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373"
},
{
"display_name": "Social cognition",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86658582",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.45625788,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1432778"
}
] |
6.1464) is often used to predict people's behaviors.However, it has shown poor predictive ability potentially because of its typical scoring method (the D score), which is affected by the across-trial variability in the IAT data and might provide biased estimates of the construct.Linear Mixed-Effects Models (LMMs) can address this issue while providing a Rasch-like parametrization of accuracy and time responses.In this study, the predictive abilities of D scores and LMM estimates were compared.The LMMs estimates showed better predictive ability than the D score, and allowed for in-depth analyses at the stimulus level that helped in reducing the acrosstrial variability.Implications of the results and limitations of the study are discussed.
|
C180747234
|
Cognitive psychology
|
https://doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x00076512
|
subdiscipline of psychology
|
Does the chimpanzee have a theory of mind?
|
[
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.62957716,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418"
},
{
"display_name": "Simple (philosophy)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780586882",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5497721,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7520643"
},
{
"display_name": "Animal cognition",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41690226",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.51304615,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q499210"
},
{
"display_name": "Theory of mind",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779560602",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4986441,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q639219"
},
{
"display_name": "Cognitive psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C180747234",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4879629,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373"
},
{
"display_name": "Reflexive pronoun",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C150104678",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4683045,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q953129"
},
{
"display_name": "Peck (Imperial)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C189338036",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.46830356,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q351646"
},
{
"display_name": "Cognitive science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C188147891",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.44390482,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638"
},
{
"display_name": "Epistemology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C111472728",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3988175,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471"
},
{
"display_name": "Communication",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C46312422",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.37547368,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11024"
}
] |
Abstract An individual has a theory of mind if he imputes mental states to himself and others. A system of inferences of this kind is properly viewed as a theory because such states are not directly observable, and the system can be used to make predictions about the behavior of others. As to the mental states the chimpanzee may infer, consider those inferred by our own species, for example, purpose or intention , as well as knowledge, belief, thinking, doubt, guessing, pretending, liking , and so forth. To determine whether or not the chimpanzee infers states of this kind, we showed an adult chimpanzee a series of videotaped scenes of a human actor struggling with a variety of problems. Some problems were simple, involving inaccessible food – bananas vertically or horizontally out of reach, behind a box, and so forth – as in the original Kohler problems; others were more complex, involving an actor unable to extricate himself from a locked cage, shivering because of a malfunctioning heater, or unable to play a phonograph because it was unplugged. With each videotape the chimpanzee was given several photographs, one a solution to the problem, such as a stick for the inaccessible bananas, a key for the locked up actor, a lit wick for the malfunctioning heater. The chimpanzee's consistent choice of the correct photographs can be understood by assuming that the animal recognized the videotape as representing a problem, understood the actor's purpose, and chose alternatives compatible with that purpose.
|
C16005928
|
Dermatology
|
https://doi.org/10.2340/00015555924447
|
branch of medicine dealing with the hair, nails, skin, and their diseases
|
Diagnostic Features of Atopic Dermatitis
|
[
{
"display_name": "Atopic dermatitis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778329239",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.91852945,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q268667"
},
{
"display_name": "Dermatology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C16005928",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.6920537,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171171"
},
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Abstract is missing.
|
C16005928
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Dermatology
|
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.2007.01620.x
|
branch of medicine dealing with the hair, nails, skin, and their diseases
|
Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA) 2008*
|
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Allergic rhinitis is a symptomatic disorder of the nose induced after allergen exposure by an immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated inflammation of the membranes lining the nose (1). It was defined in 1929 (2): ‘The three cardinal symptoms in nasal reactions occurring in allergy are sneezing, nasal obstruction and mucous discharge’. Allergic rhinitis is a global health problem that causes major illness and disability worldwide. Patients from all countries, all ethnic groups and of all ages suffer from allergic rhinitis. It affects social life, sleep, school and work. The economic impact of allergic rhinitis is often underestimated because the disease does not induce elevated direct costs. However, the indirect costs are substantial (1). Both allergic rhinitis and asthma are systemic inflammatory conditions and are often co-morbidities. Although asthma and other forms of allergic disease have been described in antiquity, ‘hay fever’ is surprisingly modern. Very rare descriptions can be traced back to Islamic texts of the 9th century and European texts of the 16th century. It was only in the early 19th century that the disease was carefully described, and at that time it was regarded as most unusual (3). In the 19th century, the disease followed the industrialization of westernized countries (4). By the end of the 19th century it had become commonplace in both Europe and North America. However, the prevalence of allergic rhinitis was still low and has considerably increased during the past 50 years. In some countries, over 50% of adolescents are reporting symptoms of allergic rhinitis (5). Using a conservative estimate, allergic rhinitis occurs in over 500 million people around the world. The prevalence of allergic rhinitis is increasing in most countries of the world, and particularly in areas with low or medium levels of prevalence. However, it may be plateauing or even decreasing in the highest prevalence areas. Rhinitis and allergic diseases are now taken seriously and the European Union (6) or countries such as Canada have specific programs to better understand, manage and prevent allergic diseases. Risk factors for allergic rhinitis are well identified. In the middle of the 19th century, the cause of hay fever was ascribed to pollens (7, 8). Indoor and outdoor allergens as well as occupational agents cause rhinitis and other allergic diseases. The role of indoor and outdoor pollution is probably very important, but has yet to be fully understood both for the occurrence of the disease and its manifestations. The diagnosis of allergic rhinitis is often easy, but in some cases it may cause problems and many patients are still underdiagnosed, often because they do not perceive the symptoms of rhinitis as a disease impairing their social life, school and work. The management of allergic rhinitis is well established and many guidelines have been issued although the first ones were not evidence based (9–11). In 1999, during the Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA) World Health Organization (WHO) workshop, the suggestions were made by a panel of experts and based on evidence using an extensive review of the literature available up to December 1999 (1). The statements of evidence for the development of these guidelines followed WHO rules and were based on those of Shekelle et al. (12). The second important achievement of ARIA was to propose a new classification for allergic rhinitis which was subdivided into ‘intermittent’ (IAR) or ‘persistent’ (PER) disease (1). Moreover, it is now recognized that allergic rhinitis comprises more than the classical symptoms of sneezing, rhinorrhoea and nasal obstruction. It is associated with impairments in how patients function in day-to-day life. The severity of allergic rhinitis was therefore classified as ‘mild’ or ‘moderate/severe’ depending on symptoms but also on quality of life (QOL; 1). Another important aspect of the ARIA guidelines was to consider co-morbidities of allergic rhinitis. Eye involvement in allergic rhinitis has been described for a long time (13). The nasal airways and their closely-associated paranasal sinuses are an integral part of the respiratory tract (1, 14–16). In the second century, Claudius Galenus, one of the fathers of modern respiratory physiology, defined the nose as a ‘respiratory instrument’ in his work De usu partium [on the usefulness of the (body) parts (17)]. The co-morbidities between the upper and lower airways were described with the clinical description of allergic rhinitis (3, 8). The nasal and bronchial mucosa present similarities, and one of the most important concepts regarding nose–lung interactions is the functional complementarity (14). Interactions between the lower and the upper airways are well known and have been extensively studied since 1990. Over 80% of asthmatics have rhinitis and 10–40% of patients with rhinitis have asthma (1). Most patients with asthma have rhinitis (18) suggesting the concept of ‘one airway one disease’ although there are differences between rhinitis and asthma (19, 20). The ARIA document was intended to be a state-of-the-art for the specialist as well as for the general practitioner and other healthcare professionals: to update their knowledge of allergic rhinitis; to highlight the impact of allergic rhinitis on asthma; to provide an evidence-based documented revision on diagnostic methods; to provide an evidence-based revision on treatments and to propose a stepwise approach to management. The ARIA document was not intended to be a standard-of-care document for individual countries. It was provided as a basis for doctors, healthcare professionals and organizations involved in the treatment of allergic rhinitis and asthma in various countries to facilitate the development of relevant local standard-of-care documents for patients. The ARIA workshop held at the WHO headquarters proposed the recommendations shown in Table 1. An update of the ARIA guidelines was needed because: a large number of papers have been published over the past 7 years extending our knowledge on the epidemiology, diagnosis, management and co-morbidities of allergic rhinitis. Other guidelines have been produced since 1999 (21), but these did not review the ongoing literature extensively using an evidence-based model; the ARIA recommendations were proposed by an expert group and needed to be validated in terms of classification and management; new evidence-based systems are currently available to guide recommendations and include safety and costs as well as efficacy of treatments (22, 23); there were gaps in our knowledge in the first ARIA document. In particular: some aspects of treatment like complementary and alternative medicine were not appropriately discussed; the links between the upper and lower airways in developing countries and deprived areas were not sufficiently developed even though, in the original ARIA document, a section was written on this subject in collaboration with the UNION (formerly IUATLD); sport and rhinitis in athletes and rhinitis and its links with asthma in preschool children. The ARIA update commenced in 2004. Several chapters of ARIA were extensively reviewed in an evidence-based model, and papers were published (or submitted) in peer-reviewed journals: tertiary prevention of allergy, complementary and alternative medicine, pharmacotherapy and anti-IgE treatment, allergen-specific immunotherapy, links between rhinitis and asthma and mechanisms of rhinitis (24–28). There was then a need for a global document based on the published papers to highlight the interactions between the upper and the lower airways and to: develop an evidence-based global document on a key problem of respiratory medicine including diagnosis, epidemiology, common risk factors, management and prevention; propose educational materials for healthcare professionals and patients; meet the objectives of the WHO Global Alliance against Chronic Respiratory Diseases (GARD; 29) in order to help coordinate the efforts of the different GARD organizations towards a better prevention and management of chronic respiratory diseases (CRD), to increase CRD awareness and also to fill some of the gaps in knowledge; focus on the prevention of chronic respiratory and allergic diseases; highlight gaps in knowledge, particularly in developing countries and deprived areas; prepare an executive summary and pocket guide for doctors, patients and healthcare professionals. Rhinitis is defined as an inflammation of the lining of the nose and is characterized by nasal symptoms including anterior or posterior rhinorrhoea, sneezing, nasal blockage and/or itching of the nose. These symptoms occur during two or more consecutive days for more than 1 h on most days (9). Allergic rhinitis is the most common form of noninfectious rhinitis and is associated with an IgE-mediated immune response against allergens. It is often associated with ocular symptoms. Several nonallergic conditions can cause similar symptoms: infections, hormonal imbalance, physical agents, anatomical anomalies and the use of certain drugs (30). Rhinitis is therefore classified as shown in Table 2 (1). The differential diagnosis of rhinitis is presented in Table 3 (1). Since the nasal mucosa is continuous with that of the paranasal sinuses, congestion of the ostia may result in sinusitis which does not exist without rhinitis. The term ‘rhinosinusitis’ should replace ‘sinusitis’ (31). Vasomotor rhinitis is a term which is not used in this document, as vasomotor symptoms can be caused by allergic and nonallergic rhinitis. Definition and classification of allergic rhinitis Allergic rhinitis is clinically defined as a symptomatic disorder of the nose induced after allergen exposure by an IgE-mediated inflammation. Allergic rhinitis is subdivided into IAR or PER disease. The severity of allergic rhinitis can be classified as ‘mild’ or ‘moderate/severe’. Allergic rhinitis impairs QOL, sleep, school and work. Many nonallergic triggers induce nasal symptoms which mimic allergic rhinitis. They include drugs (aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents), occupational agents, foods, physical, emotional and chemical factors and viral infections. 2.2.1.1. Clinical definition. Symptoms of allergic rhinitis include rhinorrhoea, nasal obstruction (32), nasal itching and sneezing which are reversible spontaneously or with treatment (2, 33–36). Postnasal drip mainly occurs either with profuse anterior rhinorrhoea in allergic rhinitis (37) or without significant anterior rhinorrhoea in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS; 38, 39). Preschool children may just have nasal obstruction. However, when nasal obstruction is the only symptom, it is very rarely associated with allergy. Patients with nonallergic rhinitis may have similar symptoms (40). Allergic rhinitis is subdivided into ‘IAR’ or ‘PER’ disease. The severity of allergic rhinitis can be classified as ‘mild’ or ‘moderate/severe’ (1). 2.2.1.2. Definition for epidemiologic studies. The clinical definition of rhinitis is difficult to use in the epidemiologic settings of large populations where it is impossible to visit everybody individually or to obtain the laboratory evidence of each immune response. However, the standardization of the definition of rhinitis in epidemiologic studies is of crucial importance, especially when comparing the prevalence between studies. Initial epidemiologic studies have assessed allergic rhinitis on the basis of simple ‘working definitions’. Various standardized questionnaires have been used for this effect (41, 42). The first questionnaires assessing seasonal allergic rhinitis dealt with ‘nasal catarrh’ (British Medical Research Council, 1960; 43) and ‘runny nose during spring’ (British Medical Research Council, 1962; 44). Questions introducing the diagnostic term of ‘seasonal allergic rhinitis’ were successively used: ‘Have you ever had seasonal allergic rhinitis?’ or ‘Has a doctor ever told you that you suffer from seasonal allergic rhinitis?’ In the European Community Respiratory Health Survey (ECRHS) full-length questionnaire, the question asked on rhinitis was: ‘Do you have any nasal allergies including “seasonal allergic rhinitis”?’ (45). To identify the responsible allergen, the ECRHS study has included potential triggers of the symptoms. However, this question is not sensitive enough and some patients with nonallergic rhinitis answer ‘yes’. There are however problems with questionnaires. Many patients poorly perceive nasal symptoms of allergic rhinitis: some exaggerate symptoms, whereas many others tend to dismiss the disease (46). Moreover, a large proportion of rhinitis symptoms are not of allergic origin (47). In the Swiss Study on Air Pollution and Lung Diseases in Adults (SAPALDIA), the prevalence of current seasonal allergic rhinitis varied between 9.1% (questionnaire answer and a positive skin prick test to at least one pollen) and 14.2% (questionnaire answer only). Diagnostic criteria affect the reported prevalence rates of rhinitis (48–50). A score considering most of the features of allergic rhinitis (clinical symptoms, season of the year, triggers, parental history, individual medical history and perceived allergy) has recently been proposed (51). Using the doctor’s diagnosis (based on questionnaire, examination and skin tests to common aeroallergens) as a gold standard, these scores had good positive and negative predictive values (84% and 74%, respectively) in the identification of patients suffering from allergic rhinitis. Symptoms of perennial rhinitis have been defined as frequent, nonseasonal, nasal or ocular (‘rhinoconjunctivitis’). In one study, the length of the disease was also taken into consideration to differentiate perennial allergic rhinitis from the ‘common cold’ (viral upper respiratory infections; 52). Objective tests for the diagnosis of IgE-mediated allergy (skin prick test and serum-specific IgE) can also be used (53–55). The diagnostic efficiency of IgE, skin prick tests and Phadiatop® was estimated in 8 329 randomized adults from the SAPALDIA. The skin prick test had the best positive predictive value (48.7%) for the epidemiologic diagnosis of allergic rhinitis compared to the Phadiatop® (43.5%) or total serum IgE (31.6%) (56). Future working definitions may encompass not only clinical symptoms and immune response tests, but also nasal function and eventually specific nasal challenge (57). 2.2.2. Intermittent (IAR) and persistent allergic rhinitis (PER). Previously, allergic rhinitis was subdivided, based on the time of exposure, into seasonal, perennial and occupational (9, 10, 58, 59). Perennial allergic rhinitis is most frequently caused by indoor allergens such as dust mites, molds, insects (cockroaches) and animal danders. Seasonal allergic rhinitis is related to a wide variety of outdoor allergens such as pollens or molds. However, this classification is not entirely satisfactory as: in certain areas, pollens and molds are perennial allergens [e.g. grass pollen allergy in Southern California and Florida (60) or Parietaria pollen allergy in the Mediterranean area (61)]; symptoms of perennial allergy may not always be present all year round. This is particularly the case for a large number of patients allergic to house dust mites (HDM) suffering only from mild or moderate/severe IAR (62–65). This is also the case in the Mediterranean area where levels of HDM allergen are low in the summer (66); the majority of patients are sensitized to many different allergens and therefore exposed throughout the year (33, 62, 67–69). In many patients, perennial symptoms are often present and patients experience seasonal exacerbations when exposed to pollens or molds. It appears therefore that this classification is not adherent to real life; climatic changes modify the time and duration of the pollen season which may make predictions difficult; allergic patients travel and may be exposed to the sensitizing allergens in different times of the year; some patients allergic to pollen are also allergic to molds and it is difficult to clearly define the pollen season (70); some patients sensitized only to a single pollen species have perennial symptoms (71); due to the priming effect on the nasal mucosa induced by low levels of pollen allergens (72–77) and minimal PER inflammation of the nose in patients with symptom-free rhinitis (64, 78, 79), symptoms do not necessarily occur strictly in conjunction with the allergen season and nonspecific irritants such as air pollution may aggravate symptoms in symptomatic patients and induce symptoms in asymptomatic patients with nasal inflammation (80). Thus, a major change in the subdivision of allergic rhinitis was proposed in the ARIA document with the terms ‘IAR’ and ‘PER’ (1). It was shown that the classic types of seasonal and perennial rhinitis cannot be used interchangeably with the new classification of IAR/PER, as they do not represent the same stratum of disease. Thus, ‘IAR’ and ‘PER’ are not synonymous with ‘seasonal’ and ‘perennial’ (36, 62, 67, 81–83). In the original ARIA document, the number of consecutive days used to classify patients with PER was more than four per week (1). However, it appears that patients with PER usually suffer almost every day (84). Whereas the majority of patients have symptoms unrelated to seasons, it is possible to discriminate pollen seasons in some patients. In this case, patients experience symptoms during defined times of the year or have mild PER during most months of the year and more severe symptoms when exposed to high concentrations of allergens during pollen seasons. As most patients are polysensitized, it appears that the ARIA classification is closer to the patients’ needs than the previous one (85). Moreover, PER does not necessarily result from allergic origin (86). 2.2.3.1. Classical symptoms and signs. Allergic rhinitis is characterized by subjective symptoms which may be difficult to quantify due to the fact that they depend largely on the patient’s perception. 2.2.3.2. Symptoms associated with social life, work and school. It is now recognized that allergic rhinitis comprises more than the classical symptoms of sneezing, rhinorrhoea and nasal obstruction. It is associated with impairments in how patients function in day-to-day life. Impairment of QOL is seen in adults (10, 87, 88) and in children (89–92). Patients may also suffer from sleep disorders and emotional problems, as well as from impairment in activities and social functioning (93). Poorly-controlled symptoms of allergic rhinitis may contribute to sleep loss or disturbance (94–104). Moreover, H1-antihistamines with sedative properties can increase sedation in patients with allergic rhinitis (105, 106). Although sleep apnoea syndrome has been associated with nasal disturbances (107–109), it is unclear as to whether allergic rhinitis is associated with sleep apnoea (100, 107, 110). It has been shown that patients with moderate/severe symptoms of IAR or PER have an impaired sleep pattern by comparison to normal subjects and patients with mild rhinitis (111). It is also commonly accepted that allergic rhinitis impairs work (10, 84, 112, 113) and school performance (114–116). In several studies, the severity of allergic rhinitis, assessed using QOL measures, work productivity questionnaires or sleep questionnaires, was found to be somewhat independent of duration (67, 84, 111, 117). 2.2.3.3. Objective measures of severity. Objective measures of the severity of allergic rhinitis include: symptom scores; visual analogue scales (VAS ; 118, 119 ; Fig. 1) ; measurements of nasal obstruction, such as peak inspiratory flow measurements, acoustic rhinometry and rhinomanometry (120–122); measurements of inflammation such as nitric oxide (NO) measurements, cells and mediators in nasal lavages, cytology and nasal biopsy (121, 123); reactivity measurements such as provocation with histamine, methacholine, allergen, hypertonic saline, capsaicin or cold dry air (124) and measurements of the sense of smell (125). Mean mast cells, toludine blue staining, IgE+ and eosinophil cell counts/mm2 nasal biopsy tissues collected from patients with perennial allergic (PAR) and idiopathic (ID) rhinitis, and normal nonrhinitic subjects (N). (Horizontal bar + median counts; St1 = counts in epithelium; St2 = counts in superficial submucosa; St3 = counts in deep submucosa.) (Modified from Powe et al. 2001 (15) and reprinted with kind permission.) Measurements of VAS, nasal obstruction and smell are used in clinical practice. The other measurements are primarily used in research. 2.2.3.4. ARIA classification of allergic rhinitis. In the ARIA classification, allergic rhinitis can be classified as ‘mild’ or ‘moderate/severe’ depending on the severity of the symptoms and their impact on social life, school and work (Table 4). It has also been proposed to classify the severity as ‘mild’, ‘moderate’ or ‘severe’ (36, 126, 127). However, it seems that this proposal makes it more complex for the practicing doctor and does not provide any significant improvement to the patient, this more complex classification failing to translate to a difference in therapeutic options. The severity of allergic rhinitis is independent of its treatment. In asthma, the control level is also independent of asthma medications (128–132). Although such an independent relationship was suspected in a study on allergic rhinitis (67), this very important finding was confirmed in a recent study in which it was found that the severity of rhinitis is independent of its treatment (119). Thus, as for asthma, one of the problems to consider is to replace ‘severity’ by ‘control’, but sufficient data are not yet available. 2.3.1. Infectious rhinitis. For infectious rhinitis, the term rhinosinusitis is usually used. Rhinosinusitis is an inflammatory process involving the mucosa of the nose and one or more sinuses. The mucosa of the nose and sinuses form a continuum and thus, more often than not, the mucous membranes of the sinuses are involved in diseases which are primarily caused by an inflammation of the nasal mucosa. For this reason, infectious rhinitis is discussed under Rhinosinusitis. 2.3.2. Work-related rhinitis. Occupational rhinitis arises in response to an airborne agent present in the workplace and may be due to an allergic reaction or an irritant response (133). Causes include laboratory animals (rats, mice, guinea-pigs, etc.; 134), wood dust, particularly hard woods (Mahogany, Western Red Cedar, etc.; 135), mites (136), latex (137), enzymes (138), grains (bakers and agricultural workers; 139, 140) and chemicals such as acid anhydrides, platinum salts (141), glues and solvents (142). Occupational rhinitis is frequently underdiagnosed due to under-reporting and/or a lack of doctor awareness (133, 143). Diagnosis is suspected when symptoms occur in relation to work. Differentiating between immunologic sensitization and irritation may be difficult. Given the high prevalence of rhinitis in the general population, whatever the cause, then objective tests confirming the occupational origin are essential (144). Measures of inflammatory parameters via nasal lavage and the objective assessment of nasal congestion both offer practical means of monitoring responses (133). Growing experience with acoustic rhinometry and peak nasal inspiratory flow (PNIF) suggests that these methods may have a role in monitoring and diagnosing (145). The surveillance of sensitized workers may enable an early detection of occupational asthma. 2.3.3. Drug-induced rhinitis. Aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) commonly induce rhinitis and asthma (Table 5). The disease has recently been defined as aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease (146). In a population-based random sample, aspirin hypersensitivity was more frequent among subjects with allergic rhinitis than among those without (2.6%vs 0.3%; 147). In about 10% of adult patients with asthma, aspirin and other NSAIDs that inhibit cyclo-oxygenase (COX) enzymes (COX-1 and COX-2) precipitate asthma attacks and naso-ocular reactions (148). This distinct clinical syndrome, called aspirin-induced asthma, is characterized by a typical sequence of symptoms: an intense eosinophilic inflammation of the nasal and bronchial tissues combined with an overproduction of cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLT; 149) and other prostanoids (150, 151). After the ingestion of aspirin or other NSAIDs, an acute asthma attack occurs within 3 hours, usually accompanied by profuse rhinorrhoea, conjunctival injection, periorbital edema and sometimes a scarlet flushing of the head and neck. Aggressive nasal polyposis and asthma run a protracted course, despite the avoidance of aspirin and cross-reacting drugs (152). Blood eosinophil counts are raised and eosinophils are present in nasal mucosa and bronchial airways. Specific anti-COX-2 enzymes are usually well tolerated in aspirin-sensitive patients (149) but many are no longer marketed. A range of other medications is known to cause nasal symptoms. These include: reserpine (154); guanethidine (155); phentolamine (156); methyldopa (155); ACE inhibitors (157); α-adrenoceptor antagonists; intraocular or oral ophthalmic preparations of β-blockers (158); chlorpromazine and oral contraceptives. The term rhinitis medicamentosa (159–161) applies to the rebound nasal obstruction which develops in patients who use intranasal vasoconstrictors chronically. The pathophysiology of the condition is unclear; however, vasodilatation and intravascular edema have both been implicated. The management of rhinitis medicamentosa requires the withdrawal of topical decongestants to allow the nasal mucosa to recover, followed by treatment of the underlying nasal disease (162). Cocaine sniffing is often associated with frequent sniffing, rhinorrhoea, diminished olfaction and septal perforation (163, 164). Amongst the multiuse aqueous nasal, ophthalmic and otic products, benzalkonium chloride is the most common preservative. Intranasal products containing this preservative appear to be safe and well tolerated for both long- and short-term clinical use (165). 2.3.4. Hormonal rhinitis. Changes in the nose are known to occur during the menstrual cycle (166), puberty, pregnancy (167, 168) and in specific endocrine disorders such as hypothyroidism (169) and acromegaly (170). Hormonal imbalance may also be responsible for the atrophic nasal change in postmenopausal women. A hormonal PER or rhinosinusitis may develop in the last trimester of pregnancy in otherwise healthy women. Its severity parallels the blood estrogen level (171). Symptoms disappear at delivery. In a woman with perennial rhinitis, symptoms may improve or deteriorate during pregnancy (172). 2.3.5. Nasal symptoms related to physical and chemical factors. Physical and chemical factors can induce nasal symptoms which may mimic rhinitis in subjects with sensitive mucous membranes and even in normal subjects if the concentration of chemical triggers is high enough (173, 174). Sudden changes in temperature can induce nasal symptoms in patients with allergic rhinitis (175). Chronic effects of cold dry air are important. Skier’s nose (cold, dry air; 176) has been described as a distinct entity. However, the distinction between a normal physiologic response and a disease is not clear and all rhinitis patients may exhibit an exaggerated response to unspecific physical or chemical stimuli. Little information is available on the acute or chronic effects of air pollutants on the nasal mucosa (177). The alterations of physiologic nasal respiration is of importance for any athlete. The impact of exercise on rhinitis and the effect of rhinitis on exercise received considerable attention before the 1984 Olympics, where evidence indicated that chronic rhinitis frequently occurs and deserves specific management in athletes (178). Athletes suffering from symptoms of rhinitis were shown to have impaired performances (179). Many active athletes suffer from allergic rhinitis during the pollen season (180, 181) and most of these receive treatment for their nasal symptoms. On the other hand, some conditions induce nasal symptoms. This is the case of the skier’s nose, a model of cold-induced rhinitis (176, 182–184), or rhinitis in competitive swimmers who inhale large quantities of chlorine gas or hypochlorite liquid (185–187). In runners, nasal resistance falls to about half of its resting values. Decongestion begins immediately after starting running and persists for around 30 min after (27). In multiple chemical sensitivities, nasal symptoms such as impaired odor perception may be present (188). 2.3.6. Rhinitis in smokers. In smokers, eye irritation and odor perception are more common than in nonsmokers (189). Tobacco smoke can alter the mucociliary clearance (190) and can cause an eosinophilic and ‘allergic’-like inflammation in the nasal mucosa of nonatopic children (191). Some smokers report a sensitivity to tobacco smoke including headache, nose irritation (rhinorrhoea, nasal congestion, postnasal drip and sneezing) and nasal obstruction (192). However, in normal subjects, smoking was not found to impair nasal QOL (193). Nonallergic rhinitis with eosinophilia syndrome (NARES) might be caused by passive smoking inducing an ‘allergy-like’ inflammatory response (194). 2.3.7. Food-induced rhinitis. Food allergy is a very rare cause of isolated rhinitis (195). However, nasal symptoms are common among the many symptoms of food-induced anaphylaxis (195). On the other hand, foods and alcoholic beverages in particular may induce symptoms by unknown nonallergic mechanisms. Gustatory rhinitis (hot, spicy food such as hot red pepper; 196) can induce rhinorrhoea, probably because it contains capsaicin. This is able to stimulate
|
C16005928
|
Dermatology
|
https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa050092
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branch of medicine dealing with the hair, nails, skin, and their diseases
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Distinct Sets of Genetic Alterations in Melanoma
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}
] |
Exposure to ultraviolet light is a major causative factor in melanoma, although the relationship between risk and exposure is complex. We hypothesized that the clinical heterogeneity is explained by genetically distinct types of melanoma with different susceptibility to ultraviolet light.We compared genome-wide alterations in the number of copies of DNA and mutational status of BRAF and N-RAS in 126 melanomas from four groups in which the degree of exposure to ultraviolet light differs: 30 melanomas from skin with chronic sun-induced damage and 40 melanomas from skin without such damage; 36 melanomas from palms, soles, and subungual (acral) sites; and 20 mucosal melanomas.We found significant differences in the frequencies of regional changes in the number of copies of DNA and mutation frequencies in BRAF among the four groups of melanomas. Samples could be correctly classified into the four groups with 70 percent accuracy on the basis of the changes in the number of copies of genomic DNA. In two-way comparisons, melanomas arising on skin with signs of chronic sun-induced damage and skin without such signs could be correctly classified with 84 percent accuracy. Acral melanoma could be distinguished from mucosal melanoma with 89 percent accuracy. Eighty-one percent of melanomas on skin without chronic sun-induced damage had mutations in BRAF or N-RAS; the majority of melanomas in the other groups had mutations in neither gene. Melanomas with wild-type BRAF or N-RAS frequently had increases in the number of copies of the genes for cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4) and cyclin D1 (CCND1), downstream components of the RAS-BRAF pathway.The genetic alterations identified in melanomas at different sites and with different levels of sun exposure indicate that there are distinct genetic pathways in the development of melanoma and implicate CDK4 and CCND1 as independent oncogenes in melanomas without mutations in BRAF or N-RAS.
|
C16005928
|
Dermatology
|
https://doi.org/10.4193/rhino12.000
|
branch of medicine dealing with the hair, nails, skin, and their diseases
|
EPOS 2012: European position paper on rhinosinusitis and nasal polyps 2012. A summary for otorhinolaryngologists
|
[
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.96065146,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Nasal polyps",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781390199",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8354135,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8055111"
},
{
"display_name": "Chronic rhinosinusitis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3019717275",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.77327555,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183344"
},
{
"display_name": "Disease",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779134260",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.51031035,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136"
},
{
"display_name": "Sinusitis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777768476",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47732502,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183344"
},
{
"display_name": "Position paper",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C78780964",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.45929947,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7233193"
},
{
"display_name": "Dermatology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C16005928",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4487872,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171171"
},
{
"display_name": "Nasal congestion",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777844070",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.42876822,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3245488"
},
{
"display_name": "Aspirin",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777628954",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41876608,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18216"
},
{
"display_name": "Intensive care medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C177713679",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.41053218,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q679690"
},
{
"display_name": "Nose",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778311950",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.30511105,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7363"
}
] |
The European Position Paper on Rhinosinusitis and Nasal Polyps 2012 is the update of similar evidence based position papers published in 2005 and 2007. The document contains chapters on definitions and classification, we now also proposed definitions for difficult to treat rhinosinusitis, control of disease and better definitions for rhinosinusitis in children. More emphasis is placed on the diagnosis and treatment of acute rhinosinusitis. Throughout the document the terms chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyps (CRSsNP) and chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) are used to further point out differences in pathophysiology and treatment of these two entities. There are extensive chapters on epidemiology and predisposing factors, inflammatory mechanisms, (differential) diagnosis of facial pain, genetics, cystic fibrosis, aspirin exacerbated respiratory disease, immunodeficiencies, allergic fungal rhinosinusitis and the relationship between upper and lower airways. The chapters on paediatric acute and chronic rhinosinusitis are totally rewritten. Last but not least all available evidence for management of acute rhinosinusitis and chronic rhinosinusitis with or without nasal polyps in adults and children is analyzed and presented and management schemes based on the evidence are proposed. This executive summary for otorhinolaryngologists focuses on the most important changes and issues for otorhinolaryngologists. The full document can be downloaded for free on the website of this journal: http://www.rhinologyjournal.com.
|
C16005928
|
Dermatology
|
https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa021481
|
branch of medicine dealing with the hair, nails, skin, and their diseases
|
Endogenous Antimicrobial Peptides and Skin Infections in Atopic Dermatitis
|
[
{
"display_name": "Atopic dermatitis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778329239",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.9142479,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q268667"
},
{
"display_name": "Antimicrobial peptides",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C540938839",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.8401871,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1201508"
},
{
"display_name": "Psoriasis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780564577",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8353636,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179945"
},
{
"display_name": "Antimicrobial",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C4937899",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.69342065,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q68541106"
},
{
"display_name": "Beta defensin",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C129437159",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.6844444,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4897294"
},
{
"display_name": "Human skin",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777459323",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.65183896,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5259911"
},
{
"display_name": "Immunology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C203014093",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.6384858,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101929"
},
{
"display_name": "Defensin",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776498113",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.61194605,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q412820"
},
{
"display_name": "Innate immune system",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C136449434",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.60552114,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428253"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.5302833,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Skin infection",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2775983603",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.5278252,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2458539"
},
{
"display_name": "Immune system",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C8891405",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.488556,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1059"
},
{
"display_name": "Dermatology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C16005928",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4867237,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171171"
},
{
"display_name": "Endogeny",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C16613235",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42606995,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q285982"
},
{
"display_name": "Microbiology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C89423630",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3248894,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7193"
}
] |
The innate immune system of human skin contains antimicrobial peptides known as cathelicidins (LL-37) and β-defensins. In normal skin these peptides are negligible, but they accumulate in skin affected by inflammatory diseases such as psoriasis. We compared the levels of expression of LL-37 and human β-defensin 2 (HBD-2) in inflamed skin from patients with atopic dermatitis and from those with psoriasis.
|
C16005928
|
Dermatology
|
https://doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2019-215089
|
branch of medicine dealing with the hair, nails, skin, and their diseases
|
2019 update of the EULAR recommendations for the management of systemic lupus erythematosus
|
[
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.9652748,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Systemic lupus",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3019664528",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.46906066,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1485"
},
{
"display_name": "Dermatology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C16005928",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.45650396,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171171"
},
{
"display_name": "Lupus erythematosus",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2775915377",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.43605584,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188297"
},
{
"display_name": "Intensive care medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C177713679",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.32819355,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q679690"
}
] |
Our objective was to update the EULAR recommendations for the management of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), based on emerging new evidence. We performed a systematic literature review (01/2007-12/2017), followed by modified Delphi method, to form questions, elicit expert opinions and reach consensus. Treatment in SLE aims at remission or low disease activity and prevention of flares. Hydroxychloroquine is recommended in all patients with lupus, at a dose not exceeding 5 mg/kg real body weight. During chronic maintenance treatment, glucocorticoids (GC) should be minimised to less than 7.5 mg/day (prednisone equivalent) and, when possible, withdrawn. Appropriate initiation of immunomodulatory agents (methotrexate, azathioprine, mycophenolate) can expedite the tapering/discontinuation of GC. In persistently active or flaring extrarenal disease, add-on belimumab should be considered; rituximab (RTX) may be considered in organ-threatening, refractory disease. Updated specific recommendations are also provided for cutaneous, neuropsychiatric, haematological and renal disease. Patients with SLE should be assessed for their antiphospholipid antibody status, infectious and cardiovascular diseases risk profile and preventative strategies be tailored accordingly. The updated recommendations provide physicians and patients with updated consensus guidance on the management of SLE, combining evidence-base and expert-opinion.
|
C16005928
|
Dermatology
|
https://doi.org/10.1002/art.40930
|
branch of medicine dealing with the hair, nails, skin, and their diseases
|
2019 European League Against Rheumatism/American College of Rheumatology Classification Criteria for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
|
[
{
"display_name": "Rheumatism",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777489490",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.91375273,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q684924"
},
{
"display_name": "Rheumatology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C198451711",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.79093903,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327657"
},
{
"display_name": "League",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C207456731",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.73413146,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660818"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.73226005,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Internal medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126322002",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5171613,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180"
},
{
"display_name": "Dermatology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C16005928",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.492447,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171171"
}
] |
To develop new classification criteria for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) jointly supported by the European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) and the American College of Rheumatology (ACR).This international initiative had four phases. 1) Evaluation of antinuclear antibody (ANA) as an entry criterion through systematic review and meta-regression of the literature and criteria generation through an international Delphi exercise, an early patient cohort, and a patient survey. 2) Criteria reduction by Delphi and nominal group technique exercises. 3) Criteria definition and weighting based on criterion performance and on results of a multi-criteria decision analysis. 4) Refinement of weights and threshold scores in a new derivation cohort of 1,001 subjects and validation compared with previous criteria in a new validation cohort of 1,270 subjects.The 2019 EULAR/ACR classification criteria for SLE include positive ANA at least once as obligatory entry criterion; followed by additive weighted criteria grouped in 7 clinical (constitutional, hematologic, neuropsychiatric, mucocutaneous, serosal, musculoskeletal, renal) and 3 immunologic (antiphospholipid antibodies, complement proteins, SLE-specific antibodies) domains, and weighted from 2 to 10. Patients accumulating ≥10 points are classified. In the validation cohort, the new criteria had a sensitivity of 96.1% and specificity of 93.4%, compared with 82.8% sensitivity and 93.4% specificity of the ACR 1997 and 96.7% sensitivity and 83.7% specificity of the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics 2012 criteria.These new classification criteria were developed using rigorous methodology with multidisciplinary and international input, and have excellent sensitivity and specificity. Use of ANA entry criterion, hierarchically clustered, and weighted criteria reflects current thinking about SLE and provides an improved foundation for SLE research.
|
C16005928
|
Dermatology
|
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0714.2007.00582.x
|
branch of medicine dealing with the hair, nails, skin, and their diseases
|
Nomenclature and classification of potentially malignant disorders of the oral mucosa
|
[
{
"display_name": "Terminology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C547195049",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8679804,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1725664"
},
{
"display_name": "Leukoplakia",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777550702",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.7474804,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q838145"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.6606388,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Cancer",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121608353",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5437897,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12078"
},
{
"display_name": "Dermatology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C16005928",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.49935842,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171171"
},
{
"display_name": "Oral mucosa",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779409057",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4835996,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1776131"
},
{
"display_name": "Oral leukoplakia",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2909065260",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.42533156,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q838145"
},
{
"display_name": "Nosology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C72852651",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.416296,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q845300"
},
{
"display_name": "Pathology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C142724271",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.33370805,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208"
}
] |
At a workshop coordinated by the WHO Collaborating Centre for Oral Cancer and Precancer in the UK issues related to terminology, definitions and classification of oral precancer were discussed by an expert group. The consensus views of the Working Group are presented here. The term, ‘potentially malignant disorders’, was recommended to refer to precancer as it conveys that not all disorders described under this term may transform into cancer. Critically evaluating all definitions proposed so far for oral leukoplakia, the Working Group agreed that the term leukoplakia should be used to recognize ‘white plaques of questionable risk having excluded (other) known diseases or disorders that carry no increased risk for cancer’. An outline was proposed for diagnosing oral leukoplakia that will prevent other oral white disorders being misclassified as leukoplakia. The Working Group discussed the caveats involved in the current use of terminology and classification of oral potentially malignant disorders, deficiencies of these complex systems, and how they have evolved over the past several decades. The terminology presented in this report reflects our best understanding of multi‐step carcinogenesis in the oral mucosa, and aspires to engender consistency in use.
|
C21547014
|
Operations management
|
https://doi.org/10.1016/s0272-6963(02)00108-0
|
area of management concerned with designing and controlling the process of production and redesigning business operations
|
Lean manufacturing: context, practice bundles, and performance
|
[
{
"display_name": "Lean manufacturing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C137335462",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7736435,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380772"
},
{
"display_name": "Context (archaeology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779343474",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6902627,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175"
},
{
"display_name": "Total quality management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138897024",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.54417574,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q381001"
},
{
"display_name": "Business",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.52863085,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453"
},
{
"display_name": "Implementation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C26713055",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5258052,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245962"
},
{
"display_name": "Process management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C195094911",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.46343786,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14167904"
},
{
"display_name": "Quality (philosophy)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779530757",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.45092177,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505"
},
{
"display_name": "Operations management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C21547014",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.44108376,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657"
},
{
"display_name": "Sample (material)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C198531522",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4250861,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485146"
},
{
"display_name": "Industrial organization",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C40700",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4155199,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1411783"
},
{
"display_name": "Total productive maintenance",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3285680",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.41181874,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1757670"
},
{
"display_name": "Marketing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162853370",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3985685,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.37172154,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Production (economics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778348673",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.3348732,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q739302"
}
] |
Abstract Management literature has suggested that contextual factors may present strong inertial forces within organizations that inhibit implementations that appear technically rational [R.R. Nelson, S.G. Winter, An Evolutionary Theory of Economic Change, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 1982]. This paper examines the effects of three contextual factors, plant size, plant age and unionization status, on the likelihood of implementing 22 manufacturing practices that are key facets of lean production systems. Further, we postulate four “bundles” of inter‐related and internally consistent practices; these are just‐in‐time (JIT), total quality management (TQM), total preventive maintenance (TPM), and human resource management (HRM). We empirically validate our bundles and investigate their effects on operational performance. The study sample uses data from IndustryWeek ’s Census of Manufacturers. The evidence provides strong support for the influence of plant size on lean implementation, whereas the influence of unionization and plant age is less pervasive than conventional wisdom suggests. The results also indicate that lean bundles contribute substantially to the operating performance of plants, and explain about 23% of the variation in operational performance after accounting for the effects of industry and contextual factors.
|
C21547014
|
Operations management
|
https://doi.org/10.1016/s0272-6963(98)00046-1
|
area of management concerned with designing and controlling the process of production and redesigning business operations
|
The relationship between total quality management practices and operational performance
|
[
{
"display_name": "Total quality management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138897024",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.8964133,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q381001"
},
{
"display_name": "Benchmarking",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86251818",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.79175204,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816754"
},
{
"display_name": "Business",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.5843203,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453"
},
{
"display_name": "Quality management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71405471",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.54703665,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q757012"
},
{
"display_name": "Process management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C195094911",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.53181946,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14167904"
},
{
"display_name": "Operations management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C21547014",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5187521,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657"
},
{
"display_name": "Quality (philosophy)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779530757",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.49048397,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505"
},
{
"display_name": "Empirical research",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C120936955",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.48792717,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155640"
},
{
"display_name": "Performance management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C12532035",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.45802104,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1399956"
},
{
"display_name": "Empowerment",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C20555606",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.45098528,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q868575"
},
{
"display_name": "Reliability (semiconductor)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C43214815",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.43374068,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987"
},
{
"display_name": "Organizational performance",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C165672731",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4305373,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25047583"
},
{
"display_name": "Knowledge management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C56739046",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4196375,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060"
},
{
"display_name": "Marketing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162853370",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.35637665,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809"
}
] |
Abstract Total quality management (TQM) has been a widely applied process for improving competitiveness around the world, but with mixed success. A review of the literature revealed gaps in research in this area of quality/operations management, particularly in the area of empirical testing of the effectiveness of TQM implementation. The aim of this study was to examine the total quality management practices and operational performance of a large number of manufacturing companies in order to determine the relationships between these practices, individually and collectively, and firm performance. We used a large data base of 1200 Australian and New Zealand manufacturing organisations. The reliability and validity (construct, content, criterion) of the practice and performance measures were evaluated. Our study showed that the relationship between TQM practice and organisational performance is significant in a cross‐sectional sense, in that TQM practice intensity explains a significant proportion of variance in performance. Some but not all of the categories of TQM practice were particularly strong predictors of performance. The categories of leadership, management of people and customer focus were the strongest significant predictors of operational performance. This is consistent with literature findings that behavioural factors such as executive commitment, employee empowerment and an open culture can produce competitive advantage more strongly than TQM tools and techniques such as process improvement, benchmarking, and information and analysis.
|
C21547014
|
Operations management
|
https://doi.org/10.2307/255955
|
area of management concerned with designing and controlling the process of production and redesigning business operations
|
Business Unit Strategy, Managerial Characteristics, and Business Unit Effectiveness at Strategy Implementation.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Strategic business unit",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C87931564",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.76955605,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1752211"
},
{
"display_name": "Unit (ring theory)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C122637931",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.67559344,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118084"
},
{
"display_name": "Process management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C195094911",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5693958,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14167904"
},
{
"display_name": "Business",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.5444033,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453"
},
{
"display_name": "Strategic management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86275758",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4389463,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q376657"
},
{
"display_name": "Operations management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C21547014",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4273671,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657"
},
{
"display_name": "Knowledge management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C56739046",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3960212,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.35037145,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Marketing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162853370",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.32313436,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809"
}
] |
Data from 58 strategic business units (SBUs) reveal that greater marketing/sales experience, greater willingness to take risk, and greater tolerance for ambiguity on the part of the SBU general manager contribute to effectiveness in the case of "build" SBUs but hamper it in the case of "harvest" SBUs.Despite the widespread acceptance of strategy's role in mediating an organization's interaction with its environment (Andrews, 1971;Ansoff, 1965;Chandler, 1962;Child, 1972;Miles & Snow, 1978), the scope of research on strategy "implementation" has remained quite narrow.Following Chandler (1962), the concern has been predominantly with how a firm's organizational structure and control system are, or might be, related to the degree and nature of its product and geographic diversification (Fouraker & Stopford, 1968;Grinyer, Al-Bazzaz, & Yasai-Ardekani, 1980;Rumelt, 1974;Scott, 1973;Vancil, 1980).However^ strategy formulation and implementation take place not just at the level of the diversified firm as a whole, but also at the level of the divisions/strategic business units (SBUs) comprising the firm (Hambrick, 1980;Hofer & Schendel, 1978).In such a context, the near absence of empirical studies on strategy implementation at the SBU level presents a significant research opportunity.
|
C21547014
|
Operations management
|
https://doi.org/10.1108/ws.2002.07951aae.005
|
area of management concerned with designing and controlling the process of production and redesigning business operations
|
Out of Our Minds Learning to Be Creative
|
[
{
"display_name": "Process management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C195094911",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.44756547,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14167904"
},
{
"display_name": "Operations management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C21547014",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.43535545,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657"
},
{
"display_name": "Business",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.4285057,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.39526024,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418"
},
{
"display_name": "Management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C187736073",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.36680746,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.36617112,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Marketing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162853370",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.36160952,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809"
},
{
"display_name": "Knowledge management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C56739046",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.35854584,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060"
}
] |
Bursting the banks the septic focus knowing your mind being creative feeling better your are not alone balancing the books.
|
C21547014
|
Operations management
|
https://doi.org/10.1080/13675560701561789
|
area of management concerned with designing and controlling the process of production and redesigning business operations
|
Facility location in humanitarian relief
|
[
{
"display_name": "Facility location problem",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C108005400",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7094376,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1305598"
},
{
"display_name": "Emergency management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C62555980",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6136572,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1460420"
},
{
"display_name": "Emergency relief",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2992156150",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5577949,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1460420"
},
{
"display_name": "Distribution (mathematics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C110121322",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5499411,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q865811"
},
{
"display_name": "Operations research",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C42475967",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5474877,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292"
},
{
"display_name": "Humanitarian Logistics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C205548138",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5395225,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5939479"
},
{
"display_name": "Business",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.519945,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.46502256,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Operations management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C21547014",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4032118,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657"
}
] |
In this study, we consider facility location decisions for a humanitarian relief chain responding to quick-onset disasters. In particular, we develop a model that determines the number and locations of distribution centres in a relief network and the amount of relief supplies to be stocked at each distribution centre to meet the needs of people affected by the disasters. Our model, which is a variant of the maximal covering location model, integrates facility location and inventory decisions, considers multiple item types, and captures budgetary constraints and capacity restrictions. We conduct computational experiments to illustrate how the proposed model works on a realistic problem. Results show the effects of pre- and post-disaster relief funding on relief system's performance, specifically on response time and the proportion of demand satisfied. Finally, we discuss the managerial implications of the proposed model.
|
C21547014
|
Operations management
|
https://doi.org/10.1016/s0272-6963(99)00031-5
|
area of management concerned with designing and controlling the process of production and redesigning business operations
|
Supply management orientation and supplier/buyer performance
|
[
{
"display_name": "Flexibility (engineering)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780598303",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6821655,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65921492"
},
{
"display_name": "Business",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.6369591,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453"
},
{
"display_name": "Supply chain management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C44104985",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.60555965,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q492886"
},
{
"display_name": "Supply chain",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C108713360",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5960339,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1824206"
},
{
"display_name": "Excellence",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777352838",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5856025,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5419420"
},
{
"display_name": "Quality (philosophy)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779530757",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5652643,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505"
},
{
"display_name": "Competitive advantage",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C58546491",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5390372,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1150207"
},
{
"display_name": "Process management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C195094911",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.51875854,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14167904"
},
{
"display_name": "Structural equation modeling",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71104824",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4891122,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1476639"
},
{
"display_name": "Quality management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71405471",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.47987166,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q757012"
},
{
"display_name": "Delivery Performance",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777386808",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4754871,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5254078"
},
{
"display_name": "Supplier relationship management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C104861157",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.44749427,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1357275"
},
{
"display_name": "Operations management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C21547014",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.44208437,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657"
},
{
"display_name": "Marketing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162853370",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4028004,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809"
},
{
"display_name": "Industrial organization",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C40700",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3807938,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1411783"
},
{
"display_name": "Service (business)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780378061",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.30943686,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25351891"
}
] |
Abstract Academics and practitioners agree that excellence in supply management results in better quality, customer service, and channel performance. Yet, most of these studies are either conceptual in nature or actual case studies. The primary objective of this research is to test the impact of a supply management orientation (SMO) on the suppliers' operational performance and buyers' competitive priorities (cost, quality, delivery, flexibility). Three major research hypotheses associated with SMO, Supplier Performance (SP), and Buyer Performance (BP) are tested using a confirmatory structural equation modeling approach. The results of this research support the conclusion that an improvement (increase) in the SMO improves both the suppliers' and buyers' performance (i.e., a win–win situation for the supply chain). In addition, the influence of SMO on delivery‐ and quality‐related performance is more statistically significant than on cost or flexibility performance. In fact, when volume and process flexibility are top competitive priorities, a supply chain management orientation may not be an effective way to achieve the desired flexibility. The article ends by discussing other conclusions and suggests directions for future research.
|
C21547014
|
Operations management
|
https://doi.org/10.5267/j.msl.2014.5.008
|
area of management concerned with designing and controlling the process of production and redesigning business operations
|
Crisis management: Planning for the inevitable
|
[
{
"display_name": "Process management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C195094911",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.55802476,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14167904"
},
{
"display_name": "Business",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.5010073,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.467714,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Operations management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C21547014",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.44352534,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657"
},
{
"display_name": "Risk analysis (engineering)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C112930515",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.36234164,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547"
}
] |
The aim of this study is to identify important factors influencing organizational readiness to deal with the crisis in business organizations.The study designs a questionnaire in Likert scale and distributes it among some experts who work for Mapna company in Iran.The study uses the method developed by Mitroff (2005) [Mitroff, I. I. (2005).Why some companies emerge stronger and better from a crisis: 7 essential lessons for surviving disaster.AMACOM Div American Mgmt Assn.], which investigates the effects of four factors including job satisfaction, increase in income, cost reduction and change in strategies on crisis management.Using Pearson correlation ratio, the study has confirmed a positive and meaningful relationship between crisis management and three factors including increase in income, cost reduction and change in strategies.However, the study did not find any evidence to support the relationship between job satisfaction and crisis management.
|
C21547014
|
Operations management
|
https://doi.org/10.1108/09513550810846087
|
area of management concerned with designing and controlling the process of production and redesigning business operations
|
Performance measurement in humanitarian relief chains
|
[
{
"display_name": "Performance measurement",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C141571065",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.85040724,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1771949"
},
{
"display_name": "Supply chain",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C108713360",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7049375,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1824206"
},
{
"display_name": "Supply chain management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C44104985",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6482037,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q492886"
},
{
"display_name": "Work (physics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C18762648",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.55335045,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213"
},
{
"display_name": "Business",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.47563863,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453"
},
{
"display_name": "Process management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C195094911",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.44441572,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14167904"
},
{
"display_name": "Operations management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C21547014",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.44210884,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657"
},
{
"display_name": "Humanitarian aid",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C521897407",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4406728,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q826745"
},
{
"display_name": "Chain (unit)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199185054",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43664408,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q552299"
},
{
"display_name": "Performance management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C12532035",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42098126,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1399956"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3703506,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Marketing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162853370",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3016947,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809"
}
] |
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to compare performance measurement in the humanitarian relief chain with performance measurement in the commercial supply chain, develop performance metrics for the humanitarian relief chain, and present a framework that can be used as a basis for a performance measurement system in the relief sector. Design/methodology/approach The performance measurement analysis is developed through extensions on an existing performance measurement framework. Details regarding relief chain system were obtained through off‐site and on‐site interviews with relief professionals from World Vision International. Findings The paper finds that this work yielded: a comparison of performance measurement in the humanitarian relief chain with performance measurement in the commercial supply chain, new performance metrics for the humanitarian relief chain, and a performance measurement framework for the relief chain. Research limitations/implications The paper shows that future work includes performance measurement in community involvement and empowerment, performance measurement in community development, performance measurement in the combined relief and development mission, and understanding the role and impacts of cooperation and coordination in the relief chain. Practical implications This paper provides a practical procedure for developing effective performance measurement systems for relief logistics processes. Originality/value The paper presents to humanitarian relief professionals a new approach to performance measurement for relief logistics and to researchers in supply chain performance a comparison and contrast between performance measurement for relief and performance measurement in the commercial chain, new performance metrics for the relief chain, and implications for modern, quick‐response supply chains.
|
C44870925
|
Astrophysics
|
https://doi.org/10.1086/300499
|
branch of astronomy
|
Observational Evidence from Supernovae for an Accelerating Universe and a Cosmological Constant
|
[
{
"display_name": "Physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.9547303,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413"
},
{
"display_name": "Astrophysics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C44870925",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.7435812,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37547"
},
{
"display_name": "Cosmological constant",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C166861157",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7302594,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q59151"
},
{
"display_name": "Supernova",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127592171",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.67713904,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3937"
},
{
"display_name": "Redshift",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C33024259",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6748376,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76250"
},
{
"display_name": "Dark energy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C172790937",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.63759357,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18343"
},
{
"display_name": "Hubble's law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C103874350",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.60200584,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179916"
},
{
"display_name": "Luminosity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C12287442",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5678133,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q105902"
},
{
"display_name": "Luminosity distance",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C165969730",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.56228894,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1821402"
},
{
"display_name": "Universe",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C84999194",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5379738,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1"
},
{
"display_name": "Shape of the universe",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C195407617",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.51540315,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1647152"
},
{
"display_name": "Deceleration parameter",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778086583",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.48557776,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3363554"
},
{
"display_name": "Metric expansion of space",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C20154449",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.47021607,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1129469"
},
{
"display_name": "Cosmology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C26405456",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.45361355,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q338"
}
] |
We present spectral and photometric observations of 10 Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) in the redshift range 0.16 ≤ z ≤ 0.62. The luminosity distances of these objects are determined by methods that employ relations between SN Ia luminosity and light curve shape. Combined with previous data from our High-z Supernova Search Team and recent results by Riess et al., this expanded set of 16 high-redshift supernovae and a set of 34 nearby supernovae are used to place constraints on the following cosmological parameters: the Hubble constant (H0), the mass density (ΩM), the cosmological constant (i.e., the vacuum energy density, ΩΛ), the deceleration parameter (q0), and the dynamical age of the universe (t0). The distances of the high-redshift SNe Ia are, on average, 10%–15% farther than expected in a low mass density (ΩM = 0.2) universe without a cosmological constant. Different light curve fitting methods, SN Ia subsamples, and prior constraints unanimously favor eternally expanding models with positive cosmological constant (i.e., ΩΛ > 0) and a current acceleration of the expansion (i.e., q0 < 0). With no prior constraint on mass density other than ΩM ≥ 0, the spectroscopically confirmed SNe Ia are statistically consistent with q0 < 0 at the 2.8 σ and 3.9 σ confidence levels, and with ΩΛ > 0 at the 3.0 σ and 4.0 σ confidence levels, for two different fitting methods, respectively. Fixing a "minimal" mass density, ΩM = 0.2, results in the weakest detection, ΩΛ > 0 at the 3.0 σ confidence level from one of the two methods. For a flat universe prior (ΩM + ΩΛ = 1), the spectroscopically confirmed SNe Ia require ΩΛ > 0 at 7 σ and 9 σ formal statistical significance for the two different fitting methods. A universe closed by ordinary matter (i.e., ΩM = 1) is formally ruled out at the 7 σ to 8 σ confidence level for the two different fitting methods. We estimate the dynamical age of the universe to be 14.2 ± 1.7 Gyr including systematic uncertainties in the current Cepheid distance scale. We estimate the likely effect of several sources of systematic error, including progenitor and metallicity evolution, extinction, sample selection bias, local perturbations in the expansion rate, gravitational lensing, and sample contamination. Presently, none of these effects appear to reconcile the data with ΩΛ = 0 and q0 ≥ 0.
|
C44870925
|
Astrophysics
|
https://doi.org/10.1086/307221
|
branch of astronomy
|
Measurements of Ω and Λ from 42 High‐Redshift Supernovae
|
[
{
"display_name": "Supernova",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127592171",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.74184406,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3937"
},
{
"display_name": "Redshift",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C33024259",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.701244,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76250"
},
{
"display_name": "Astrophysics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C44870925",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.6518037,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37547"
},
{
"display_name": "Physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.49654514,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413"
},
{
"display_name": "Astronomy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C1276947",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4453373,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333"
}
] |
We report measurements of the mass density, ΩM, and cosmological-constant energy density, ΩΛ, of the universe based on the analysis of 42 type Ia supernovae discovered by the Supernova Cosmology Project. The magnitude-redshift data for these supernovae, at redshifts between 0.18 and 0.83, are fitted jointly with a set of supernovae from the Calán/Tololo Supernova Survey, at redshifts below 0.1, to yield values for the cosmological parameters. All supernova peak magnitudes are standardized using a SN Ia light-curve width-luminosity relation. The measurement yields a joint probability distribution of the cosmological parameters that is approximated by the relation 0.8ΩM-0.6ΩΛ≈-0.2±0.1 in the region of interest (ΩM≲1.5). For a flat (ΩM+ΩΛ=1) cosmology we find ΩMflat=0.28+0.09-0.08 (1 σ statistical) +0.05-0.04 (identified systematics). The data are strongly inconsistent with a Λ=0 flat cosmology, the simplest inflationary universe model. An open, Λ=0 cosmology also does not fit the data well: the data indicate that the cosmological constant is nonzero and positive, with a confidence of P(Λ>0)=99%, including the identified systematic uncertainties. The best-fit age of the universe relative to the Hubble time is t0flat=14.9+1.4-1.1(0.63/h) Gyr for a flat cosmology. The size of our sample allows us to perform a variety of statistical tests to check for possible systematic errors and biases. We find no significant differences in either the host reddening distribution or Malmquist bias between the low-redshift Calán/Tololo sample and our high-redshift sample. Excluding those few supernovae that are outliers in color excess or fit residual does not significantly change the results. The conclusions are also robust whether or not a width-luminosity relation is used to standardize the supernova peak magnitudes. We discuss and constrain, where possible, hypothetical alternatives to a cosmological constant.
|
C44870925
|
Astrophysics
|
https://doi.org/10.1086/305772
|
branch of astronomy
|
Maps of Dust Infrared Emission for Use in Estimation of Reddening and Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation Foregrounds
|
[
{
"display_name": "Physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.8065448,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413"
},
{
"display_name": "Zodiacal light",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C155832589",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7365031,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204079"
},
{
"display_name": "Astrophysics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C44870925",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.64923644,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37547"
},
{
"display_name": "Cosmic infrared background",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C60318249",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.5793904,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5174142"
},
{
"display_name": "Cosmic dust",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C190841160",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.54092693,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193384"
},
{
"display_name": "Astronomy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C1276947",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.526804,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333"
},
{
"display_name": "Sky",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C73329638",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.512288,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q527"
},
{
"display_name": "Cosmic microwave background",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C207297109",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4779965,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15605"
},
{
"display_name": "Latitude",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C122523270",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43439287,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34027"
},
{
"display_name": "Extinction (optical mineralogy)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C101991246",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43284965,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5422078"
},
{
"display_name": "Infrared",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C158355884",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41677114,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11388"
}
] |
We present a full-sky 100 μm map that is a reprocessed composite of the COBE/DIRBE and IRAS/ISSA maps, with the zodiacal foreground and confirmed point sources removed. Before using the ISSA maps, we remove the remaining artifacts from the IRAS scan pattern. Using the DIRBE 100 and 240 μm data, we have constructed a map of the dust temperature so that the 100 μm map may be converted to a map proportional to dust column density. The dust temperature varies from 17 to 21 K, which is modest but does modify the estimate of the dust column by a factor of 5. The result of these manipulations is a map with DIRBE quality calibration and IRAS resolution. A wealth of filamentary detail is apparent on many different scales at all Galactic latitudes. In high-latitude regions, the dust map correlates well with maps of H I emission, but deviations are coherent in the sky and are especially conspicuous in regions of saturation of H I emission toward denser clouds and of formation of H2 in molecular clouds. In contrast, high-velocity H I clouds are deficient in dust emission, as expected.
|
C44870925
|
Astrophysics
|
https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.116.061102
|
branch of astronomy
|
Observation of Gravitational Waves from a Binary Black Hole Merger
|
[
{
"display_name": "Gravitational wave",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C190330329",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8102576,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190035"
},
{
"display_name": "Physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.7101847,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413"
},
{
"display_name": "Binary number",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C48372109",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5858436,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3913"
},
{
"display_name": "Binary black hole",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C32602459",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5722618,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4913879"
},
{
"display_name": "Black hole (networking)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C50341732",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.48641062,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q880302"
},
{
"display_name": "Astrophysics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C44870925",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.42984724,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37547"
},
{
"display_name": "Astronomy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C1276947",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.34862718,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333"
},
{
"display_name": "Classical mechanics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C74650414",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3332631,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11397"
}
] |
On September 14, 2015 at 09:50:45 UTC the two detectors of the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory simultaneously observed a transient gravitational-wave signal. The signal sweeps upwards in frequency from 35 to 250 Hz with a peak gravitational-wave strain of 1.0×10(-21). It matches the waveform predicted by general relativity for the inspiral and merger of a pair of black holes and the ringdown of the resulting single black hole. The signal was observed with a matched-filter signal-to-noise ratio of 24 and a false alarm rate estimated to be less than 1 event per 203,000 years, equivalent to a significance greater than 5.1σ. The source lies at a luminosity distance of 410(-180)(+160) Mpc corresponding to a redshift z=0.09(-0.04)(+0.03). In the source frame, the initial black hole masses are 36(-4)(+5)M⊙ and 29(-4)(+4)M⊙, and the final black hole mass is 62(-4)(+4)M⊙, with 3.0(-0.5)(+0.5)M⊙c(2) radiated in gravitational waves. All uncertainties define 90% credible intervals. These observations demonstrate the existence of binary stellar-mass black hole systems. This is the first direct detection of gravitational waves and the first observation of a binary black hole merger.
|
C44870925
|
Astrophysics
|
https://doi.org/10.1086/498708
|
branch of astronomy
|
The Two Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS)
|
[
{
"display_name": "Sky",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C73329638",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.9360193,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q527"
},
{
"display_name": "Physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.79846114,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413"
},
{
"display_name": "Point source",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C103783831",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7350284,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2552709"
},
{
"display_name": "Celestial sphere",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C186467627",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.63269556,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12134"
},
{
"display_name": "Astronomy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C1276947",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4885598,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333"
},
{
"display_name": "Astrophysics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C44870925",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.464847,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37547"
},
{
"display_name": "Infrared astronomy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C79499522",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.43922606,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899970"
},
{
"display_name": "Remote sensing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C62649853",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.41968048,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687"
},
{
"display_name": "Calibration",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C165838908",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41251698,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q736777"
},
{
"display_name": "Infrared",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C158355884",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.39844805,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11388"
}
] |
Between 1997 June and 2001 February the Two Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS) collected 25.4 Tbytes of raw imaging data covering 99.998% of the celestial sphere in the near-infrared J (1.25 μm), H (1.65 μm), and Ks (2.16 μm) bandpasses. Observations were conducted from two dedicated 1.3 m diameter telescopes located at Mount Hopkins, Arizona, and Cerro Tololo, Chile. The 7.8 s of integration time accumulated for each point on the sky and strict quality control yielded a 10 σ point-source detection level of better than 15.8, 15.1, and 14.3 mag at the J, H, and Ks bands, respectively, for virtually the entire sky. Bright source extractions have 1 σ photometric uncertainty of <0.03 mag and astrometric accuracy of order 100 mas. Calibration offsets between any two points in the sky are <0.02 mag. The 2MASS All-Sky Data Release includes 4.1 million compressed FITS images covering the entire sky, 471 million source extractions in a Point Source Catalog, and 1.6 million objects identified as extended in an Extended Source Catalog.
|
C44870925
|
Astrophysics
|
https://doi.org/10.1086/377226
|
branch of astronomy
|
First‐Year <i>Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe</i> ( <i>WMAP</i> ) Observations: Determination of Cosmological Parameters
|
[
{
"display_name": "CMB cold spot",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C87485669",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.9784407,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2307936"
},
{
"display_name": "Cosmic microwave background",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C207297109",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.7705902,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15605"
},
{
"display_name": "Physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.7043234,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413"
},
{
"display_name": "Anisotropy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C85725439",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.68382436,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466686"
},
{
"display_name": "Astrophysics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C44870925",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5714228,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37547"
},
{
"display_name": "Microwave",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C44838205",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.49324268,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q127995"
},
{
"display_name": "Cosmology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C26405456",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.437164,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q338"
},
{
"display_name": "Astronomy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C1276947",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.34675083,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333"
}
] |
WMAP precision data enables accurate testing of cosmological models. We find that the emerging standard model of cosmology, a flat Lambda-dominated universe seeded by nearly scale-invariant adiabatic Gaussian fluctuations, fits the WMAP data. With parameters fixed only by WMAP data, we can fit finer scale CMB measurements and measurements of large scle structure (galaxy surveys and the Lyman alpha forest). This simple model is also consistent with a host of other astronomical measurements. We then fit the model parameters to a combination of WMAP data with other finer scale CMB experiments (ACBAR and CBI), 2dFGRS measurements and Lyman alpha forest data to find the model's best fit cosmological parameters: h=0.71+0.04-0.03, Omega_b h^2=0.0224+-0.0009, Omega_m h^2=0.135+0.008-0.009, tau=0.17+-0.06, n_s(0.05/Mpc)=0.93+-0.03, and sigma_8=0.84+-0.04. WMAP's best determination of tau=0.17+-0.04 arises directly from the TE data and not from this model fit, but they are consistent. These parameters imply that the age of the universe is 13.7+-0.2 Gyr. The data favors but does not require a slowly varying spectral index. By combining WMAP data with other astronomical data sets, we constrain the geometry of the universe, Omega_tot = 1.02 +- 0.02, the equation of state of the dark energy w < -0.78 (95% confidence limit assuming w >= -1), and the energy density in stable neutrinos, Omega_nu h^2 < 0.0076 (95% confidence limit). For 3 degenerate neutrino species, this limit implies that their mass is less than 0.23 eV (95% confidence limit). The WMAP detection of early reionization rules out warm dark matter.
|
C44870925
|
Astrophysics
|
https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201833910
|
branch of astronomy
|
<i>Planck</i>2018 results
|
[
{
"display_name": "Physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.91440964,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413"
},
{
"display_name": "Cosmic microwave background",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C207297109",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.79696876,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15605"
},
{
"display_name": "Spectral index",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C42061751",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6712334,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2280060"
},
{
"display_name": "Omega",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779557605",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.65294194,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9890"
},
{
"display_name": "Hubble's law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C103874350",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.6352127,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179916"
},
{
"display_name": "Planck",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C166126730",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5881219,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q725309"
},
{
"display_name": "Spectral density",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C168110828",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.57105845,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1331626"
},
{
"display_name": "Cosmology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C26405456",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.53444475,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q338"
},
{
"display_name": "Matter power spectrum",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781419962",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.50113344,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6789742"
},
{
"display_name": "Astrophysics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C44870925",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.49626,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37547"
},
{
"display_name": "Lambda",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778113609",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.48884124,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10897"
},
{
"display_name": "Cold dark matter",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126320844",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.45386362,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1153477"
},
{
"display_name": "Dark energy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C172790937",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.43541783,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18343"
},
{
"display_name": "Baryon acoustic oscillations",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C72838231",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.42986965,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q809676"
},
{
"display_name": "Particle physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C109214941",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4003372,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18334"
},
{
"display_name": "Anisotropy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C85725439",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.3185013,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466686"
}
] |
We present cosmological parameter results from the final full-mission Planck measurements of the CMB anisotropies. We find good consistency with the standard spatially-flat 6-parameter $\Lambda$CDM cosmology having a power-law spectrum of adiabatic scalar perturbations (denoted "base $\Lambda$CDM" in this paper), from polarization, temperature, and lensing, separately and in combination. A combined analysis gives dark matter density $\Omega_c h^2 = 0.120\pm 0.001$, baryon density $\Omega_b h^2 = 0.0224\pm 0.0001$, scalar spectral index $n_s = 0.965\pm 0.004$, and optical depth $\tau = 0.054\pm 0.007$ (in this abstract we quote $68\,\%$ confidence regions on measured parameters and $95\,\%$ on upper limits). The angular acoustic scale is measured to $0.03\,\%$ precision, with $100\theta_*=1.0411\pm 0.0003$. These results are only weakly dependent on the cosmological model and remain stable, with somewhat increased errors, in many commonly considered extensions. Assuming the base-$\Lambda$CDM cosmology, the inferred late-Universe parameters are: Hubble constant $H_0 = (67.4\pm 0.5)$km/s/Mpc; matter density parameter $\Omega_m = 0.315\pm 0.007$; and matter fluctuation amplitude $\sigma_8 = 0.811\pm 0.006$. We find no compelling evidence for extensions to the base-$\Lambda$CDM model. Combining with BAO we constrain the effective extra relativistic degrees of freedom to be $N_{\rm eff} = 2.99\pm 0.17$, and the neutrino mass is tightly constrained to $\sum m_\nu< 0.12$eV. The CMB spectra continue to prefer higher lensing amplitudes than predicted in base -$\Lambda$CDM at over $2\,\sigma$, which pulls some parameters that affect the lensing amplitude away from the base-$\Lambda$CDM model; however, this is not supported by the lensing reconstruction or (in models that also change the background geometry) BAO data. (Abridged)
|
C44870925
|
Astrophysics
|
https://doi.org/10.1086/301513
|
branch of astronomy
|
The Sloan Digital Sky Survey: Technical Summary
|
[
{
"display_name": "Sky",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C73329638",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.84947884,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q527"
},
{
"display_name": "Galaxy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C98444146",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6796735,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q318"
},
{
"display_name": "Astronomy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C1276947",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.6217374,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333"
},
{
"display_name": "Quasar",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C135041427",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6159581,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83373"
},
{
"display_name": "Physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.54233474,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413"
},
{
"display_name": "Astrophysics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C44870925",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.54129565,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37547"
},
{
"display_name": "Active galactic nucleus",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C43481613",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.45429105,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46587"
},
{
"display_name": "Documentation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C56666940",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4297736,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788790"
},
{
"display_name": "Remote sensing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C62649853",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.36089218,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687"
}
] |
The Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) will provide the data to support detailed investigations of the distribution of luminous and nonluminous matter in the universe: a photometrically and astrometrically calibrated digital imaging survey of π sr above about Galactic latitude 30° in five broad optical bands to a depth of g' ∼ 23 mag, and a spectroscopic survey of the approximately 106 brightest galaxies and 105 brightest quasars found in the photometric object catalog produced by the imaging survey. This paper summarizes the observational parameters and data products of the SDSS and serves as an introduction to extensive technical on-line documentation.
|
C107993555
|
Gender studies
|
https://doi.org/10.2307/2692957
|
interdisciplinary academic field devoted to analysing gender identity and gendered representation
|
Provincializing Europe: Postcolonial Thought and Historical Difference
|
[
{
"display_name": "Historicism",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C36629368",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8260462,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q460501"
},
{
"display_name": "Narrative",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199033989",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.65195274,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1318295"
},
{
"display_name": "Cruelty",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780226355",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.63371205,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1936750"
},
{
"display_name": "Subject (documents)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777855551",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.62302774,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12310021"
},
{
"display_name": "Modernity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778682666",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.60871243,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11084414"
},
{
"display_name": "History",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.5111094,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309"
},
{
"display_name": "Subaltern",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781208120",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4817786,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1641221"
},
{
"display_name": "Fraternity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777239462",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4694635,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q996839"
},
{
"display_name": "Capital (architecture)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C83646750",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4533396,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193893"
},
{
"display_name": "Narrative history",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C50159415",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.42516163,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6966208"
},
{
"display_name": "Sociality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C176544851",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41663554,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3307505"
},
{
"display_name": "Gender studies",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C107993555",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.40323454,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1662673"
},
{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.39859483,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201"
},
{
"display_name": "Anthropology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C19165224",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.33972603,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23404"
},
{
"display_name": "Literature",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C124952713",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3105149,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8242"
}
] |
Acknowlegments ix Introduction: The Idea of Provincializing Europe 3 Part One: Historicism and the Narration of Modernity Chapter 1. Postcoloniality and the Artifice of History 27 Chapter 2. The Two Histories of Capital 47 Chapter 3. Translating Life-Worlds into Labor and History 72 Chapter 4. Minority Histories, Subaltern Pasts 97 Part Two: Histories of Belonging Chapter 5. Domestic Cruelty and the Birth of the Subject 117 Chapter 6. Nation and Imagination 149 Chapter 7. Adda: A History of Sociality 180 Chapter 8. Family, Fraternity, and Salaried labor 214 Epilogue. Reason and the Critique of Historicism 237 Notes 257 Index 299
|
C107993555
|
Gender studies
|
https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429500480-5
|
interdisciplinary academic field devoted to analysing gender identity and gendered representation
|
Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: A Black Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory, and Antiracist Politics [1989]
|
[
{
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"score": 0.74483144,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117850"
},
{
"display_name": "Intersection (aeronautics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C64543145",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.72815937,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162942"
},
{
"display_name": "Race (biology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C76509639",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7058137,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918036"
},
{
"display_name": "Gender studies",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C107993555",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.63874835,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1662673"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5460347,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163"
},
{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.49588284,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201"
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] |
This chapter examines how the tendency is perpetuated by a single-axis framework that is dominant in antidiscrimination law and that is also reflected in feminist theory and antiracist politics. It suggests that this single-axis framework erases Black women in the conceptualization, identification and remediation of race and sex discrimination by limiting inquiry to the experiences of otherwise-privileged members of the group. The chapter focuses on otherwise-privileged group members creates a distorted analysis of racism and sexism because the operative conceptions of race and sex become grounded in experiences that actually represent only a subset of a much more complex phenomenon. It argues that Black women are sometimes excluded from feminist theory and antiracist policy discourse because both are predicated on a discrete set of experiences that often does not accurately reflect the interaction of race and gender. The chapter discusses the feminist critique of rape and separate spheres ideology.
|
C107993555
|
Gender studies
|
https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.50-2938
|
interdisciplinary academic field devoted to analysing gender identity and gendered representation
|
Critical race theory: an introduction
|
[
{
"display_name": "Critical race theory",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2775905979",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.7734434,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5186753"
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{
"display_name": "Critical theory",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C113706210",
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"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q301751"
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{
"display_name": "Racism",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C139838865",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5880544,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8461"
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{
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{
"display_name": "Liberalism",
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"level": 3,
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"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6216"
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{
"display_name": "Gender studies",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C107993555",
"level": 1,
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"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1662673"
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{
"display_name": "Nationalism",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C521449643",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.44358936,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6235"
},
{
"display_name": "Essentialism",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C153683151",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4281106,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q391156"
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{
"display_name": "Pluralism (philosophy)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C49831778",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41228843,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q879021"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.3815508,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163"
},
{
"display_name": "Epistemology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C111472728",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.30216783,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471"
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] |
Acknowledgments Foreword Preface I A. What Is Critical Race Theory? B. Early Origins C. Relationship to Previous Movements D. Principal Figures E. Spin-off Movements F. Basic Tenets of Critical Race Theory G. How Much Racism Is There in the World? H. Organization of This Book II A. Interest Convergence, Material Determinism, and Racial Realism B. Revisionist History C. Critique of Liberalism D. Structural Determinism III A. Opening a Window onto Ignored or Alternative Realities B. Counterstorytelling C. Cure for Silencing D. Storytelling in Court E. Storytelling on the Defensive IV A. Intersectionality B. Essentialism and Antiessentialism C. Nationalism versus Assimilation V A. The Black-White Binary B. Critical White Studies C. Other Developments: Latino and Asian VI VII A. Right-Wing Offensive B. Postracialism and a Politics of Triangulation C. Power D. Identity VIII A. The Future B. A Critical Race Agenda for the New Century C. Likely Responses to the Critical Race Theory Movement Glossary of Terms Index About the Authors
|
C107993555
|
Gender studies
|
https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.41-4975
|
interdisciplinary academic field devoted to analysing gender identity and gendered representation
|
Unequal childhoods: class, race, and family life
|
[
{
"display_name": "Race (biology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C76509639",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.82453674,
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{
"display_name": "Class (philosophy)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777212361",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6205035,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848"
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{
"display_name": "Genealogy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C53553401",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.47538722,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47307"
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{
"display_name": "Sociology",
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"level": 0,
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{
"display_name": "Gender studies",
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"level": 1,
"score": 0.4374806,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1662673"
},
{
"display_name": "Family life",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2993804084",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4181135,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8436"
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{
"display_name": "History",
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"level": 0,
"score": 0.3275156,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309"
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] |
Acknowledgments 1. Concerted Cultivation and Accomplishment of Natural Growth 2. Social Structure and Daily Life PART I. THE ORGANIZATION OF DAILY LIFE 3. A Hectic Pace of Concerted Cultivation: Garrett Tallinger 4. A Child's Pace: Tyrec Taylor 5. Children's Play Is for Children: Katie Brindle PART II. LANGUAGE USE 6. Developing a Child: Alexander Williams 7. Language as a Conduit of Social Life: Harold McAllister PART III. FAMILIES AND INSTITUTIONS 8. Concerted Cultivation in Organizational Spheres: Stacey Marshall 9. Effort Creates Misery: Melanie Handlon 10. Letting Educators Lead Way: Wendy Driver 11. Beating with a Belt, Fearing the School: Little Billy Yanelli 12. The Power and Limits of Social Class Appendix A. Methodology: Enduring Dilemmas in Fieldwork Appendix B. Theory: Understanding Work of Pierre Bourdieu Appendix C. Supporting Tables Notes Bibliography Index
|
C107993555
|
Gender studies
|
https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198782063.003.0016
|
interdisciplinary academic field devoted to analysing gender identity and gendered representation
|
Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: A Black Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory, and Antiracist Politics
|
[
{
"display_name": "Race (biology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C76509639",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7719996,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918036"
},
{
"display_name": "Doctrine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776211767",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7191265,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117850"
},
{
"display_name": "Gender studies",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C107993555",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.6977584,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1662673"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6528025,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163"
},
{
"display_name": "Intersection (aeronautics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C64543145",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.63417745,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162942"
},
{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.58653235,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201"
},
{
"display_name": "Feminist theory",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C157150851",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.46325406,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4810748"
},
{
"display_name": "Black women",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776639814",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43677032,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28401147"
}
] |
Abstract One of the very few Black women’s studies books is entitled All the Women Are White, All the Blacks Are Men, But Some of Us are Brave. I have chosen this title as a point of departure in my efforts to develop a Black feminist criticism2 because it sets forth a problematic consequence of the tendency to treat race and gender as mutually exclusive categories of experience and analysis. In this talk, I want to examine how this tendency is perpetuated by a single-axis framework that is dominant in antidiscrimination law and that is also reflected in feminist theory and antiracist politics.
|
C107993555
|
Gender studies
|
https://doi.org/10.1086/669608
|
interdisciplinary academic field devoted to analysing gender identity and gendered representation
|
Toward a Field of Intersectionality Studies: Theory, Applications, and Praxis
|
[
{
"display_name": "Intersectionality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780001913",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.9513632,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1516555"
},
{
"display_name": "Praxis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777122596",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.83240384,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1247560"
},
{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.61760026,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201"
},
{
"display_name": "Field (mathematics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C9652623",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5753983,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109"
},
{
"display_name": "Feminist theory",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C157150851",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.47849482,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4810748"
},
{
"display_name": "Epistemology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C111472728",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.45927364,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471"
},
{
"display_name": "Gender studies",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C107993555",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.44485655,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1662673"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43394446,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163"
},
{
"display_name": "Multitude",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780565519",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42388418,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1208937"
},
{
"display_name": "Feminism",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777688943",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.40949935,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3092681"
}
] |
Intersectional insights and frameworks are put into practice in a multitude of highly contested, complex, and unpredictable ways. We group such engagements with intersectionality into three loosely defined sets of practices: applications of an intersectional framework or investigations of intersectional dynamics; debates about the scope and content of intersectionality as a theoretical and methodological paradigm; and political interventions employing an intersectional lens. We propose a template for fusing these three levels of engagement with intersectionality into a field of intersectional studies that emphasizes collaboration and literacy rather than unity. Our objective here is not to offer pat resolutions to all questions about intersectional approaches but to spark further inquiry into the dynamics of intersectionality both as an academic frame and as a practical intervention in a world characterized by extreme inequalities. At the same time, we wish to zero in on some issues that we believe have occupied a privileged place in the field from the very start, as well as on key questions that will define the field in the future. To that end, we foreground the social dynamics and relations that constitute subjects, displacing what often seems like an undue emphasis on the subjects (and categories) themselves as the starting point of inquiry. We also situate the development and contestation of these focal points of intersectional studies within the politics of academic and social movements—which, we argue, are themselves deeply intersectional in nature and therefore must continually be interrogated as part of the intersectional project.
|
C107993555
|
Gender studies
|
https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.38-0919
|
interdisciplinary academic field devoted to analysing gender identity and gendered representation
|
Sexing the body: gender politics and the construction of sexuality
|
[
{
"display_name": "Sexing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779383911",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.97272456,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3480890"
},
{
"display_name": "Human sexuality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C53813258",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.80975294,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q154136"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6459173,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163"
},
{
"display_name": "Gender studies",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C107993555",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.640579,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1662673"
},
{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.41975874,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201"
}
] |
Why do some people prefer heterosexual love while others fancy the same sex? Is sexual identity biologically determined or a product of convention? In this brilliant and provocative book, the acclaimed author of Myths of Gender argues that even the most fundamental knowledge about sex is shaped by the culture in which scientific knowledge is produced.Drawing on astonishing real-life cases and a probing analysis of centuries of scientific research, Fausto-Sterling demonstrates how scientists have historically politicized the body. In lively and impassioned prose, she breaks down three key dualisms - sex/gender, nature/nurture, and real/constructed - and asserts that individuals born as mixtures of male and female exist as one of five natural human variants and, as such, should not be forced to compromise their differences to fit a flawed societal definition of normality.
|
C107993555
|
Gender studies
|
https://doi.org/10.2307/800672
|
interdisciplinary academic field devoted to analysing gender identity and gendered representation
|
Learning from the Outsider Within: The Sociological Significance of Black Feminist Thought
|
[
{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.70625156,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201"
},
{
"display_name": "Gender studies",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C107993555",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.42063656,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1662673"
},
{
"display_name": "Epistemology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C111472728",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3613408,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471"
}
] |
Black women have long occupied marginal positions in academic settings. I argue that many Black female intellectuals have made creative use of their marginality—their "outsider within" status–to produce Black feminist thought that reflects a special standpoint on self, family, and society. I describe and explore the sociological significance of three characteristic themes in such thought: (1) Black women's self-definition and self-valuation; (2) the interlocking nature of oppression; and (3) the importance of Afro-American women's culture. After considering how Black women might draw upon these key themes as outsiders within to generate a distinctive standpoint on existing sociological paradigms, I conclude by suggesting that other sociologists would also benefit by placing greater trust in the creative potential of their own personal and cultural biographies.
|
C175444787
|
Microeconomics
|
https://doi.org/10.1086/261725
|
branch of economics that studies the behavior of individual households and firms in making decisions on the allocation of limited resources
|
Endogenous Technological Change
|
[
{
"display_name": "Monopolistic competition",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C80799131",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.821341,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q379579"
},
{
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Growth in this model is driven by technological change that arises from intentional investment decisions made by profit-maximizing agents. The distinguishing feature of the technology as an input is that it is neither a conventional good nor a public good; it is a nonrival, partially excludable good. Because of the nonconvexity introduced by a nonrival good, price-taking competition cannot be supported. Instead, the equilibrium is one with monopolistic competition. The main conclusions are that the stock of human capital determines the rate of growth, that too little human capital is devoted to research in equilibrium, that integration into world markets will increase growth rates, and that having a large population is not sufficient to generate growth.
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C175444787
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Microeconomics
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https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0266(200010/11)21:10/11<1105::aid-smj133>3.0.co;2-e
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Dynamic capabilities: what are they?
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Strategic Management JournalVolume 21, Issue 10-11 p. 1105-1121 Research ArticleFree Access Dynamic capabilities: what are they? Kathleen M. Eisenhardt, Corresponding Author Kathleen M. Eisenhardt Department of Management Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, U.S.A.Department of Management Science and Engineering, Stanford University, 309 Terman, Stanford, CA 94305, U.S.A.Search for more papers by this authorJeffrey A. Martin, Jeffrey A. Martin Department of Management Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, U.S.A.Search for more papers by this author Kathleen M. Eisenhardt, Corresponding Author Kathleen M. Eisenhardt Department of Management Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, U.S.A.Department of Management Science and Engineering, Stanford University, 309 Terman, Stanford, CA 94305, U.S.A.Search for more papers by this authorJeffrey A. Martin, Jeffrey A. Martin Department of Management Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, U.S.A.Search for more papers by this author First published: 18 October 2000 https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0266(200010/11)21:10/11<1105::AID-SMJ133>3.0.CO;2-ECitations: 6,807AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Abstract This paper focuses on dynamic capabilities and, more generally, the resource-based view of the firm. We argue that dynamic capabilities are a set of specific and identifiable processes such as product development, strategic decision making, and alliancing. They are neither vague nor tautological. Although dynamic capabilities are idiosyncratic in their details and path dependent in their emergence, they have significant commonalities across firms (popularly termed ‘best practice’). This suggests that they are more homogeneous, fungible, equifinal, and substitutable than is usually assumed. In moderately dynamic markets, dynamic capabilities resemble the traditional conception of routines. They are detailed, analytic, stable processes with predictable outcomes. In contrast, in high-velocity markets, they are simple, highly experiential and fragile processes with unpredictable outcomes. Finally, well-known learning mechanisms guide the evolution of dynamic capabilities. In moderately dynamic markets, the evolutionary emphasis is on variation. In high-velocity markets, it is on selection. 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Microeconomics
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https://doi.org/10.1162/003355399556151
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branch of economics that studies the behavior of individual households and firms in making decisions on the allocation of limited resources
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Journal Article A Theory of Fairness, Competition, and Cooperation Get access Ernst Fehr, Ernst Fehr University of Zurich Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Klaus M. Schmidt Klaus M. Schmidt University of Munich Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Volume 114, Issue 3, August 1999, Pages 817–868, https://doi.org/10.1162/003355399556151 Published: 01 August 1999
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C175444787
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Microeconomics
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https://doi.org/10.1086/260169
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branch of economics that studies the behavior of individual households and firms in making decisions on the allocation of limited resources
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Hedonic Prices and Implicit Markets: Product Differentiation in Pure Competition
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Previous articleNext article No AccessHedonic Prices and Implicit Markets: Product Differentiation in Pure CompetitionSherwin RosenSherwin Rosen Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Journal of Political Economy Volume 82, Number 1Jan. - Feb., 1974 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/260169 Views: 9407Total views on this site Citations: 5356Citations are reported from Crossref Copyright 1974 The University of ChicagoPDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Lu Wang, Guangxing Wang, Huan Yu, Fei Wang Prediction and analysis of residential house price using a flexible spatiotemporal model, Journal of Applied Economics 25, no.11 (Apr 2022): 503–522.https://doi.org/10.1080/15140326.2022.2045466Pedro Lopez-Merino, Juliette Rouchier The diffusion of goods with multiple characteristics and price premiums: an agent-based model, Applied Network Science 7, no.11 (Mar 2022).https://doi.org/10.1007/s41109-022-00447-1Ali Soltani, Mohammad Heydari, Fatemeh Aghaei, Christopher James Pettit Housing price prediction incorporating spatio-temporal dependency into machine learning algorithms, Cities 131 (Dec 2022): 103941.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2022.103941Ling Zhang, Dingyin Shi, Lifei Zhu, Haizhen Wen Influence of POI Accessibility on Temporal–Spatial Differentiation of Housing Prices: A Case Study of Hangzhou, China, Journal of Urban Planning and Development 148, no.44 (Dec 2022).https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)UP.1943-5444.0000878Junsong Wang, Guihua Li Pursuing educational equality and divergence in the housing market: How do educational equality policies affect housing prices in Shanghai?, Cities 131 (Dec 2022): 104001.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2022.104001Urbi Garay, Gavino Puggioni, German Molina, Enrique ter Horst A Bayesian dynamic hedonic regression model for art prices, Journal of Business Research 151 (Nov 2022): 310–323.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2022.06.055Antonella Rita Ferrara, Lewis Dijkstra, Philip McCann, Rosanna Nisticó The response of regional well-being to place-based policy interventions, Regional Science and Urban Economics 97 (Nov 2022): 103830.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2022.103830NAN ZHANG, DAIGEE SHAW, CHUAN-YAO LIN IMPLICIT PRICES OF JOB RISK, CLIMATE, AND AIR POLLUTION: EVIDENCE FROM TAIWAN, Climate Change Economics 13, no.0404 (Apr 2022).https://doi.org/10.1142/S2010007822500075François-Charles Wolff, Frank Asche Pricing heterogeneity and transaction mode: Evidence from the French fish market, Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 203 (Nov 2022): 67–79.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2022.09.002Dean Charles Hugh Wilkie, Abas Mirzaei, Ngoc Pham, Lester W. 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Bagozzi, Mozhde Khoshnevis How and when brand coolness transforms product quality judgments into positive word of mouth and intentions to buy/use, Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice 121 (Jun 2022): 1–20.https://doi.org/10.1080/10696679.2022.2081925António Manuel Cunha, Júlio Lobão The effects of tourism on housing prices: applying a difference-in-differences methodology to the Portuguese market, International Journal of Housing Markets and Analysis 15, no.44 (Aug 2021): 762–779.https://doi.org/10.1108/IJHMA-04-2021-0047Mats Wilhelmsson, Mohammad Ismail, Abukar Warsame Gentrification effects on housing prices in neighbouring areas, International Journal of Housing Markets and Analysis 15, no.44 (Aug 2021): 910–929.https://doi.org/10.1108/IJHMA-04-2021-0049Burhan MAĞDEN INVESTIGATION OF FACTORS AFFECTING HOUSING PRICES IN ORDU PROVINCE BY USING CROSS-SECTION ANALYSIS, Giresun Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi (Jun 2022).https://doi.org/10.46849/guiibd.1060105Eren Aydin, Kathleen Kürschner Rauck Low-emission zones, modes of transport and house prices: evidence from Berlin’s commuter belt, Transportation 99 (Jun 2022).https://doi.org/10.1007/s11116-022-10295-8Marcus T. Allen, Steven P. Fraser Gates, guards and patrols: impacts of community security features on home values, Managerial Finance 26 (Jun 2022).https://doi.org/10.1108/MF-04-2022-0177Peter Karpestam, Peter Palm Does size matter? Is there an optimal size for tenant–owner associations?, Journal of European Real Estate Research 42 (Jun 2022).https://doi.org/10.1108/JERER-09-2021-0048Changro Lee Designing an optimal neural network architecture: an application to property valuation, Property Management 23 (Jun 2022).https://doi.org/10.1108/PM-12-2021-0106Onur Ozsoy, Muzaffarjon Ahunov Hedonic housing values in a transition economy: the case of Tashkent, International Journal of Housing Markets and Analysis 53 (Jun 2022).https://doi.org/10.1108/IJHMA-03-2022-0042Mike Langen, Erdal Aydin, Piet Eichholtz, Nils Kok Getting high or getting low? the external effects of coffeeshops on house prices, Real Estate Economics 50, no.22 (Nov 2021): 565–592.https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-6229.12365Maryam Dilmaghani Revisiting the gender job satisfaction paradox: The roots seem to run deep, British Journal of Industrial Relations 60, no.22 (May 2021): 278–323.https://doi.org/10.1111/bjir.12612Yiming He, Meng Chen Do Urbanization and Energy-environment Policies Affect Housing Values? Evidence From Spatial Textual Analysis, Applied Spatial Analysis and Policy 15, no.22 (Sep 2021): 365–395.https://doi.org/10.1007/s12061-021-09403-5Alain Coën, Alexis Pourcelot, Richard Malle Macroeconomic shocks and ripple effects in the Greater Paris Metropolis, Journal of Housing Economics 56 (Jun 2022): 101823.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhe.2021.101823K.S. Cheung, C.Y. Yiu Public perception of flood hazards in the housing market: A revealed preference study of affect heuristics and availability heuristics, International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 75 (Jun 2022): 102977.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2022.102977Min-feng Lee, Guey-shya Chen, Shao-pin Lin, Wei-jie Wang A Data Mining Study on House Price in Central Regions of Taiwan Using Education Cat
|
C175444787
|
Microeconomics
|
https://doi.org/10.1162/003355397555253
|
branch of economics that studies the behavior of individual households and firms in making decisions on the allocation of limited resources
|
Golden Eggs and Hyperbolic Discounting
|
[
{
"display_name": "Market liquidity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C183582576",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.73383033,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184783"
},
{
"display_name": "Asset (computer security)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C76178495",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6929369,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4808784"
},
{
"display_name": "Consumption (sociology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C30772137",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.66145384,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164762"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.64678663,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134"
},
{
"display_name": "Hyperbolic discounting",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779785983",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.645967,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5957248"
},
{
"display_name": "Imperfect",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780310539",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6132248,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12547192"
},
{
"display_name": "Marginal utility",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138551086",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.572142,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q842271"
},
{
"display_name": "Discounting",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C6177178",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5669448,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10998070"
},
{
"display_name": "Welfare",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C100243477",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5212867,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12002092"
},
{
"display_name": "Microeconomics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C175444787",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.51191413,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072"
},
{
"display_name": "Monetary economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C556758197",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.48940793,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q580018"
}
] |
Hyperbolic discount functions induce dynamically inconsistent preferences, implying a motive for consumers to constrain their own future choices. This paper analyzes the decisions of a hyperbolic consumer who has access to an imperfect commitment technology: an illiquid asset whose sale must be initiated one period before the sale proceeds are received. The model predicts that consumption tracks income, and the model explains why consumers have asset-specific marginal propensities to consume. The model suggests that financial innovation may have caused the ongoing decline in U. S. savings rates, since financial innovation increases liquidity, eliminating commitment opportunities. Finally, the model implies that financial market innovation may reduce welfare by providing “too much” liquidity.
|
C175444787
|
Microeconomics
|
https://doi.org/10.2307/2937956
|
branch of economics that studies the behavior of individual households and firms in making decisions on the allocation of limited resources
|
Loss Aversion in Riskless Choice: A Reference-Dependent Model
|
[
{
"display_name": "Loss aversion",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778174566",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.9343415,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2874240"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.82470274,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134"
},
{
"display_name": "Preference",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781249084",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6680162,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q908656"
},
{
"display_name": "Prospect theory",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C339426",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.59040195,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1151839"
},
{
"display_name": "Point (geometry)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C28719098",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.55103517,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946"
},
{
"display_name": "Status quo",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776748549",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.53112507,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201610"
},
{
"display_name": "Status quo bias",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C136566586",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.50603455,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29598"
},
{
"display_name": "Microeconomics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C175444787",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.47553635,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072"
},
{
"display_name": "Econometrics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C149782125",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4408522,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039"
},
{
"display_name": "Consumer choice",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776314989",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43846044,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q833495"
}
] |
Much experimental evidence indicates that choice depends on the status quo or reference level: changes of reference point often lead to reversals of preference. We present a reference-dependent theory of consumer choice, which explains such effects by a deformation of indifference curves about the reference point. The central assumption of the theory is that losses and disadvantages have greater impact on preferences than gains and advantages. Implications of loss aversion for economic behavior are considered.
|
C175444787
|
Microeconomics
|
https://doi.org/10.3386/w3223
|
branch of economics that studies the behavior of individual households and firms in making decisions on the allocation of limited resources
|
A Model of Growth Through Creative Destruction
|
[
{
"display_name": "Obsolescence",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C30795975",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.9404266,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282744"
},
{
"display_name": "Creative destruction",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776838236",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.76373136,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1570382"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.71890765,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134"
},
{
"display_name": "Endogenous growth theory",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C190430219",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6511055,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576355"
},
{
"display_name": "Externality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C16118543",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.51862925,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q275372"
},
{
"display_name": "Normative",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C44725695",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5165514,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q288156"
},
{
"display_name": "Growth model",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2983335520",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.50061464,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47537570"
},
{
"display_name": "Innovator",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776473838",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4908989,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174165"
},
{
"display_name": "Normative model of decision-making",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C137549413",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.44170898,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7053127"
},
{
"display_name": "Process (computing)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C98045186",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4372105,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663"
},
{
"display_name": "Microeconomics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C175444787",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4115628,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072"
},
{
"display_name": "Neoclassical economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C133425853",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4107713,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60571"
},
{
"display_name": "Industrial organization",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C40700",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3404355,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1411783"
}
] |
This paper develops a model based on Schumpeter's process of creative destruction.It departs from existing models of endogeneous growth in emphasizing obsolescence of old technologies induced by the accumulation of knowledge and the resulting process or industrial innovations.This has both positive and normative implications for growth.In positive terms, the prospect of a high level of research in the future can deter research today by threatening the fruits of that research with rapid obsolescence.In normative terms, obsolescence creates a negative externality from innovations, and hence a tendency for laissez-faire economies to generate too many innovations, i.e too much growth.This "business-stealing" effect is partly compensated by the fact that innovations tend to be too small under laissez-faire.The model possesses a unique balanced growth equilibrium in which the log of GNP follows a random walk with drift.The size of the drift is the average growth rate of the economy and it is endogeneous to the model ; in particular it depends on the size and likilihood of innovations resulting from research and also on the degree of market power available to an innovator.
|
C175444787
|
Microeconomics
|
https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.90.1.166
|
branch of economics that studies the behavior of individual households and firms in making decisions on the allocation of limited resources
|
ERC: A Theory of Equity, Reciprocity, and Competition
|
[
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.8010322,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134"
},
{
"display_name": "Dilemma",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778496695",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.61708003,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254128"
},
{
"display_name": "Reciprocity (cultural anthropology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C169903001",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.60165596,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3264987"
},
{
"display_name": "Stochastic game",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C22171661",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.57158935,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074380"
},
{
"display_name": "Equity (law)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199728807",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.51716393,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2578557"
},
{
"display_name": "Microeconomics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C175444787",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5094314,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072"
},
{
"display_name": "Mathematical economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144237770",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.47722107,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q747534"
},
{
"display_name": "Inequity aversion",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C194959371",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.44871312,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17056235"
},
{
"display_name": "Simple (philosophy)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780586882",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42455643,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7520643"
},
{
"display_name": "Premise",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778023277",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4228402,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q321703"
},
{
"display_name": "Dictator",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779372758",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.41259488,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183318"
}
] |
We demonstrate that a simple model, constructed on the premise that people are motivated by both their pecuniary payoff and their relative payoff standing, organizes a large and seemingly disparate set of laboratory observations as one consistent pattern. The model is incomplete information but nevertheless posed entirely in terms of directly observable variables. The model explains observations from games where equity is thought to be a factor, such as ultimatum and dictator, games where reciprocity is thought to play a role, such as the prisoner's dilemma and gift exchange, and games where competitive behavior is observed, such as Bertrand markets. (JEL C78, C90, D63, D64, H41)
|
C556039675
|
Traditional medicine
|
https://doi.org/10.1128/cmr.12.4.564
|
medicine based on traditional beliefs
|
Plant Products as Antimicrobial Agents
|
[
{
"display_name": "Antimicrobial",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C4937899",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8867682,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q68541106"
},
{
"display_name": "Traditional medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C556039675",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5674926,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q771035"
},
{
"display_name": "Terpenoid",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C206103511",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5127881,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q426694"
},
{
"display_name": "Anti-Infective Agents",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2908569021",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.41905534,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2896740"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.41753843,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3923214,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420"
},
{
"display_name": "Biotechnology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C150903083",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.38572147,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7108"
},
{
"display_name": "Toxicology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C33070731",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3235147,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7218"
}
] |
SUMMARY The use of and search for drugs and dietary supplements derived from plants have accelerated in recent years. Ethnopharmacologists, botanists, microbiologists, and natural-products chemists are combing the Earth for phytochemicals and “leads” which could be developed for treatment of infectious diseases. While 25 to 50% of current pharmaceuticals are derived from plants, none are used as antimicrobials. Traditional healers have long used plants to prevent or cure infectious conditions; Western medicine is trying to duplicate their successes. Plants are rich in a wide variety of secondary metabolites, such as tannins, terpenoids, alkaloids, and flavonoids, which have been found in vitro to have antimicrobial properties. This review attempts to summarize the current status of botanical screening efforts, as well as in vivo studies of their effectiveness and toxicity. The structure and antimicrobial properties of phytochemicals are also addressed. Since many of these compounds are currently available as unregulated botanical preparations and their use by the public is increasing rapidly, clinicians need to consider the consequences of patients self-medicating with these preparations.
|
C556039675
|
Traditional medicine
|
https://doi.org/10.1017/jns.2016.41
|
medicine based on traditional beliefs
|
Flavonoids: an overview
|
[
{
"display_name": "Nutraceutical",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17857428",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.73201716,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q533025"
},
{
"display_name": "Flavonoid",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779054382",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.56373495,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q72185287"
},
{
"display_name": "Broad spectrum",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3020442560",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5031614,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4971815"
},
{
"display_name": "Health benefits",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3018122547",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.46303853,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5690813"
},
{
"display_name": "Traditional medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C556039675",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.44710124,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q771035"
},
{
"display_name": "Human health",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2987857752",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41198552,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12147"
},
{
"display_name": "Biotechnology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C150903083",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4002566,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7108"
},
{
"display_name": "Biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.33772576,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.30293256,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
}
] |
Abstract Flavonoids, a group of natural substances with variable phenolic structures, are found in fruits, vegetables, grains, bark, roots, stems, flowers, tea and wine. These natural products are well known for their beneficial effects on health and efforts are being made to isolate the ingredients so called flavonoids. Flavonoids are now considered as an indispensable component in a variety of nutraceutical, pharmaceutical, medicinal and cosmetic applications. This is attributed to their anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-mutagenic and anti-carcinogenic properties coupled with their capacity to modulate key cellular enzyme function. Research on flavonoids received an added impulse with the discovery of the low cardiovascular mortality rate and also prevention of CHD. Information on the working mechanisms of flavonoids is still not understood properly. However, it has widely been known for centuries that derivatives of plant origin possess a broad spectrum of biological activity. Current trends of research and development activities on flavonoids relate to isolation, identification, characterisation and functions of flavonoids and finally their applications on health benefits. Molecular docking and knowledge of bioinformatics are also being used to predict potential applications and manufacturing by industry. In the present review, attempts have been made to discuss the current trends of research and development on flavonoids, working mechanisms of flavonoids, flavonoid functions and applications, prediction of flavonoids as potential drugs in preventing chronic diseases and future research directions.
|
C556039675
|
Traditional medicine
|
https://doi.org/10.1186/1758-2946-6-13
|
medicine based on traditional beliefs
|
TCMSP: a database of systems pharmacology for drug discovery from herbal medicines
|
[
{
"display_name": "Systems pharmacology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779446555",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.87923217,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7663877"
},
{
"display_name": "ADME",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C69366308",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.7023383,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2272286"
},
{
"display_name": "Traditional Chinese medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C188947578",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5984985,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q200253"
},
{
"display_name": "Drug",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780035454",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.58302927,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8386"
},
{
"display_name": "Drug discovery",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C74187038",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5725118,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1418791"
},
{
"display_name": "Pharmacology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C98274493",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5273103,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128406"
},
{
"display_name": "Lipinski's rule of five",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41847442",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.5157302,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q916723"
},
{
"display_name": "Traditional medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C556039675",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.46432465,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q771035"
},
{
"display_name": "Action (physics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780791683",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.45740986,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846785"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.40422952,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Computational biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C70721500",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.38286585,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177005"
}
] |
Modern medicine often clashes with traditional medicine such as Chinese herbal medicine because of the little understanding of the underlying mechanisms of action of the herbs. In an effort to promote integration of both sides and to accelerate the drug discovery from herbal medicines, an efficient systems pharmacology platform that represents ideal information convergence of pharmacochemistry, ADME properties, drug-likeness, drug targets, associated diseases and interaction networks, are urgently needed.The traditional Chinese medicine systems pharmacology database and analysis platform (TCMSP) was built based on the framework of systems pharmacology for herbal medicines. It consists of all the 499 Chinese herbs registered in the Chinese pharmacopoeia with 29,384 ingredients, 3,311 targets and 837 associated diseases. Twelve important ADME-related properties like human oral bioavailability, half-life, drug-likeness, Caco-2 permeability, blood-brain barrier and Lipinski's rule of five are provided for drug screening and evaluation. TCMSP also provides drug targets and diseases of each active compound, which can automatically establish the compound-target and target-disease networks that let users view and analyze the drug action mechanisms. It is designed to fuel the development of herbal medicines and to promote integration of modern medicine and traditional medicine for drug discovery and development.The particular strengths of TCMSP are the composition of the large number of herbal entries, and the ability to identify drug-target networks and drug-disease networks, which will help revealing the mechanisms of action of Chinese herbs, uncovering the nature of TCM theory and developing new herb-oriented drugs. TCMSP is freely available at http://sm.nwsuaf.edu.cn/lsp/tcmsp.php.
|
C556039675
|
Traditional medicine
|
https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules15107313
|
medicine based on traditional beliefs
|
Plant Phenolics: Extraction, Analysis and Their Antioxidant and Anticancer Properties
|
[
{
"display_name": "Antioxidant",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778004101",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.83755445,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133948"
},
{
"display_name": "Polyphenol",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C70899900",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.7727794,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q290439"
},
{
"display_name": "Oxidative stress",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776151105",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.59649944,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q898814"
},
{
"display_name": "Chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185592680",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.48951757,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329"
},
{
"display_name": "In vivo",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C207001950",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.46159244,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141124"
},
{
"display_name": "Traditional medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C556039675",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4553384,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q771035"
},
{
"display_name": "In vitro",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C202751555",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43308422,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221681"
},
{
"display_name": "Biochemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C55493867",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.36957103,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094"
},
{
"display_name": "Pharmacology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C98274493",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.34212366,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128406"
},
{
"display_name": "Biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3377313,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420"
}
] |
Phenolics are broadly distributed in the plant kingdom and are the most abundant secondary metabolites of plants. Plant polyphenols have drawn increasing attention due to their potent antioxidant properties and their marked effects in the prevention of various oxidative stress associated diseases such as cancer. In the last few years, the identification and development of phenolic compounds or extracts from different plants has become a major area of health- and medical-related research. This review provides an updated and comprehensive overview on phenolic extraction, purification, analysis and quantification as well as their antioxidant properties. Furthermore, the anticancer effects of phenolics in-vitro and in-vivo animal models are viewed, including recent human intervention studies. Finally, possible mechanisms of action involving antioxidant and pro-oxidant activity as well as interference with cellular functions are discussed.
|
C556039675
|
Traditional medicine
|
https://doi.org/10.5897/ajb2005.000-3127
|
medicine based on traditional beliefs
|
Phytochemical constituents of some Nigerian medicinal plants
|
[
{
"display_name": "Phytochemical",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C195475562",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.866235,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1639139"
},
{
"display_name": "Ethnomedicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777605781",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.8087156,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1371416"
},
{
"display_name": "Traditional medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C556039675",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.7459852,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q771035"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicinal plants",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779158651",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.52428025,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188840"
},
{
"display_name": "Terpenoid",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C206103511",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.45427614,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q426694"
},
{
"display_name": "Glycoside",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C194671627",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.44127136,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192639"
},
{
"display_name": "Botany",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C59822182",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4226808,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441"
},
{
"display_name": "Biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3972244,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420"
},
{
"display_name": "Chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185592680",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3402407,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329"
}
] |
Alkaloids, tannins, saponins, steroid, terpenoid, flavonoids, phlobatannin and cardic glycoside distribution in ten medicinal plants belonging to different families were assessed and compared. The medicinal plants investigated were Cleome nutidosperma, Emilia coccinea, Euphorbia heterophylla, Physalis angulata, Richardia bransitensis, Scopania dulcis, Sida acuta, Spigelia anthelmia, Stachytarpheta cayennensis and Tridax procumbens. All the plants were found to contain alkaloids, tannins and flavonoids except for the absence of tannins in S. acuta and flavonoids in S. cayennsis respectively. The significance of the plants in traditional medicine and the importance of the distribution of these chemical constituents were discussed with respect to the role of these plants in ethnomedicine in Nigeria. Key words: Medicinal plants, ethnomedicine, phytochemical constituents.
|
C556039675
|
Traditional medicine
|
https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules21050559
|
medicine based on traditional beliefs
|
The Traditional Medicine and Modern Medicine from Natural Products
|
[
{
"display_name": "Traditional medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C556039675",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.6871736,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q771035"
},
{
"display_name": "Natural (archaeology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776608160",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6249018,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4785462"
},
{
"display_name": "Kampo",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779626144",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.60028243,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q403356"
},
{
"display_name": "Natural medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2994448811",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5841391,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q213403"
},
{
"display_name": "Modern medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2992737218",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.52742916,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Alternative medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C204787440",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.49901056,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504"
},
{
"display_name": "Traditional Chinese medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C188947578",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.48860866,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q200253"
},
{
"display_name": "Engineering ethics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C55587333",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.47198373,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1133029"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.45032373,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
}
] |
Natural products and traditional medicines are of great importance. Such forms of medicine as traditional Chinese medicine, Ayurveda, Kampo, traditional Korean medicine, and Unani have been practiced in some areas of the world and have blossomed into orderly-regulated systems of medicine. This study aims to review the literature on the relationship among natural products, traditional medicines, and modern medicine, and to explore the possible concepts and methodologies from natural products and traditional medicines to further develop drug discovery. The unique characteristics of theory, application, current role or status, and modern research of eight kinds of traditional medicine systems are summarized in this study. Although only a tiny fraction of the existing plant species have been scientifically researched for bioactivities since 1805, when the first pharmacologically-active compound morphine was isolated from opium, natural products and traditional medicines have already made fruitful contributions for modern medicine. When used to develop new drugs, natural products and traditional medicines have their incomparable advantages, such as abundant clinical experiences, and their unique diversity of chemical structures and biological activities.
|
C556039675
|
Traditional medicine
|
https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.01109s169
|
medicine based on traditional beliefs
|
The value of plants used in traditional medicine for drug discovery.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Ethnomedicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777605781",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.91026366,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1371416"
},
{
"display_name": "Drug discovery",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C74187038",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.69218373,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1418791"
},
{
"display_name": "Drug",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780035454",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5349912,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8386"
},
{
"display_name": "Traditional medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C556039675",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.48913223,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q771035"
},
{
"display_name": "Drug development",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C64903051",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4252558,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2198549"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3928112,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.38182512,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Data science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2522767166",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3785365,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicinal plants",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779158651",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.3412943,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188840"
}
] |
In this review we describe and discuss several approaches to selecting higher plants as candidates for drug development with the greatest possibility of success. We emphasize the role of information derived from various systems of traditional medicine (ethnomedicine) and its utility for drug discovery purposes. We have identified 122 compounds of defined structure, obtained from only 94 species of plants, that are used globally as drugs and demonstrate that 80% of these have had an ethnomedical use identical or related to the current use of the active elements of the plant. We identify and discuss advantages and disadvantages of using plants as starting points for drug development, specifically those used in traditional medicine.
|
C556039675
|
Traditional medicine
|
https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-960004
|
medicine based on traditional beliefs
|
Pharmacology of<i>Curcuma longa</i>
|
[
{
"display_name": "Curcuma",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777230291",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.9654354,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33551"
},
{
"display_name": "Curcumin",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778250585",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.9047575,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q312266"
},
{
"display_name": "Pharmacology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C98274493",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.69101024,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128406"
},
{
"display_name": "Antispasmodic",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776798904",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.63044167,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q93978"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.5277641,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Histamine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C1122143",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4713613,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q61233"
},
{
"display_name": "Oral administration",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777056448",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4450768,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q285166"
},
{
"display_name": "Traditional medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C556039675",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4366312,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q771035"
}
] |
The data reviewed indicate that extracts of Curcuma longa exhibit anti-inflammatory activity after parenteral application in standard animal models used for testing anti-inflammatory activity. It turned out that curcumin and the volatile oil are at least in part responsible for this action. It appears that when given orally, curcumin is far less active than after i.p. administration. This may be due to poor absorption, as discussed. Data on histamine-induced ulcers are controversial, and studies on the secretory activity (HCl, pepsinogen) are still lacking. In vitro, curcumin exhibited antispasmodic activity. Since there was a protective effect of extracts of Curcuma longa on the liver and a stimulation of bile secretion in animals, Curcuma longa has been advocated for use in liver disorders. Evidence for an effect on liver disease in humans is not yet available.
|
C3116431
|
Public administration
|
https://doi.org/10.2307/1288305
|
generic term for the administrations that perform tasks of the state, including bodies governed by public law
|
Street-Level Bureaucracy: Dilemmas of the Individual in Public Services
|
[
{
"display_name": "Bureaucracy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C51575053",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.8158587,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q72468"
},
{
"display_name": "Public administration",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3116431",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5032801,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31728"
},
{
"display_name": "Law and economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C190253527",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.46171638,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295354"
},
{
"display_name": "Business",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.38883558,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.36427742,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.35846686,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748"
},
{
"display_name": "Public relations",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39549134",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3221708,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080"
},
{
"display_name": "Public economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C100001284",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.32133543,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2248246"
}
] |
The critical role of street-level bureaucrats -- Street-level bureaucrats as policy makers -- The problem of resources -- Goals and performance measures -- Relations with clients -- Advocacy and alienation in street-level work -- Rationing services : limitation of access and demand -- Rationing services : inequality in administration -- Controlling clients and the work situation -- The client-processing mentality -- The assault on human services : bureaucratic control, accountability, and the fiscal crisis -- The broader context of bureaucratic relations -- Support for human services : notes for reform and reconstruction -- On managing street-level bureaucracy.
|
C3116431
|
Public administration
|
https://doi.org/10.2307/2392383
|
generic term for the administrations that perform tasks of the state, including bodies governed by public law
|
Institutional Sources of Change in the Formal Structure of Organizations: The Diffusion of Civil Service Reform, 1880-1935
|
[
{
"display_name": "Legitimation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776845398",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6974821,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q366139"
},
{
"display_name": "Argument (complex analysis)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C98184364",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6295903,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1780131"
},
{
"display_name": "Institutionalisation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C164429055",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.56610143,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2070165"
},
{
"display_name": "Civil service",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2992250137",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.52747315,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11771944"
},
{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.51882476,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201"
},
{
"display_name": "Service (business)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780378061",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47912905,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25351891"
},
{
"display_name": "State (computer science)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C48103436",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.46730137,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031"
},
{
"display_name": "Public administration",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3116431",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.40975812,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31728"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.40065914,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.37648052,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748"
},
{
"display_name": "Law and economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C190253527",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3643251,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295354"
}
] |
This paper investigates the diffusion and institutionalization of change in formal organization structure, using data on the adoption of civil service reform by cities.It is shown that when civil service procedures are required by the state, they diffuse rapidly and directly from the state to each city.When the procedures are not so legitimated, they diffuse gradually and the underlying sources of adoption change overtime.In the latter case, early adoption of civil service by cities is related to internal organizational requirements, with city characteristics predicting adoption, while late adoption is related to institutional definitions of legitimate structural form, so that city characteristics no longer predict the adoption decision.Overall, the findings provide strong support for the argument that the adoption of a policy or program by an organization is importantly determined by the extent to which the measure is institutionalizedwhether by law or by gradual legitimation.
|
C3116431
|
Public administration
|
https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/mui057
|
generic term for the administrations that perform tasks of the state, including bodies governed by public law
|
New Public Management Is Dead--Long Live Digital-Era Governance
|
[
{
"display_name": "Digitization",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779308522",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6533462,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q843958"
},
{
"display_name": "Corporate governance",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39389867",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.60539496,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380767"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.5342046,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442"
},
{
"display_name": "Phenomenon",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C50335755",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47910193,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483247"
},
{
"display_name": "Public administration",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3116431",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4576328,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31728"
},
{
"display_name": "Organizational change",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3017995491",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.44900614,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19483216"
},
{
"display_name": "Competition (biology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C91306197",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.419677,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45767"
},
{
"display_name": "New public management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C47936135",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.41640517,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q294245"
},
{
"display_name": "Public sector",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C147859227",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.40611446,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q294217"
},
{
"display_name": "Public relations",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39549134",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.40604407,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080"
}
] |
The "new public management" (NPM) wave in public sector organizational change was founded on themes of disaggregation, competition, and incentivization. Although its effects are still working through in countries new to NPM, this wave has now largely stalled or been reversed in some key "leading-edge" countries. This ebbing chiefly reflects the cumulation of adverse indirect effects on citizens' capacities for solving social problems because NPM has radically increased institutional and policy complexity. The character of the post-NPM regime is currently being formed. We set out the case that a range of connected and information technology–centered changes will be critical for the current and next wave of change, and we focus on themes of reintegration, needs-based holism, and digitization changes. The overall movement incorporating these new shifts is toward "digital-era governance" (DEG), which involves reintegrating functions into the governmental sphere, adopting holistic and needs-oriented structures, and progressing digitalization of administrative processes. DEG offers a perhaps unique opportunity to create self-sustaining change, in a broad range of closely connected technological, organizational, cultural, and social effects. But there are alternative scenarios as to how far DEG will be recognized as a coherent phenomenon and implemented successfully.
|
C3116431
|
Public administration
|
https://doi.org/10.2307/2393661
|
generic term for the administrations that perform tasks of the state, including bodies governed by public law
|
Institutions and Organizations.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.56927794,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201"
},
{
"display_name": "Democracy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C555826173",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.56316423,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7174"
},
{
"display_name": "Transformative learning",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C70587473",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.52813727,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7834111"
},
{
"display_name": "Voluntary association",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199568422",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.50023246,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48204"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.49479932,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163"
},
{
"display_name": "Civil society",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C513891491",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.47915477,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181865"
},
{
"display_name": "Public administration",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3116431",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.47318888,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31728"
},
{
"display_name": "Perspective (graphical)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C12713177",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.44997463,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281"
},
{
"display_name": "Promotion (chess)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C98147612",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.42017388,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215599"
},
{
"display_name": "Public relations",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39549134",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.41225815,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080"
},
{
"display_name": "Community organization",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C509133132",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4108703,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3269648"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.4088833,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442"
}
] |
The present research concerns the study of a new structure that exists in US cities.This structure is composed of institutions that have traditionally been called civil society.They are primarily voluntary, primarily concerned with the promotion of democracy, and the health of families, the common good, the public interest, and social safety net.The structure is called a broad-based organization (BBO) and seeks member groups (not individuals) from specific churches, unions, school councils, community associations, and civic groups.Primarily faith-based organizations, BBOs seek to recover the debates and forums necessary for a healthy democracy.They exist in all of the major 25 cities in the US, and most of the second largest cities.Some cities have more than one BBO, such as Los Angeles, San Antonio, and New York City.There is one forming in Edmonton, Canada, and several in the UK and Germany.Each city-wide organization has a minimum of twenty institutional members and as many as 200 in Chicago.Presently there are sixty-five BBOs primarily in the US.All of the organizations contract for leadership development and training with the Industrial Areas Foundation (IAF), a training institute that has existed in the US for approximately 50 years.Research with these IAF organizations has been approached from the political science perspective (Warren, 2001), the theological perspective (Rooney, 1995;Freedman, 1993), the psychological perspective (Rogers, 1990), and the sociological perspective (Gecan, 2002;Greider, 1992).My research approaches these large structures from an adult education and transformative perspective.I have tried to view the data socially, both the personal psychic structural changes and the societal structures that change as a result of people's participation in social action.These broad-based organizations are in many ways the answer to continual pleas for a renewal of public dialogues on the well-being of society (Barber, 1999;Putnam, 2000; Frazer, 1999).They also are reflected in Inglehart's (1999) world values report that documents adults' growing direct participation in democracy.In addition, Wildemeersh, Finger, and Jansen, T. (2000), cite studies of a growing social responsibility being taken by citizens in Europe.Broad-based organizations, similarly, have arisen to balance the postmodern condition (isolation, fragmentation, and lack of community) and capitalism that fosters consumerism, not citizenship.They contribute to the renewal of democracy as well as the transformation of people into socially responsible and critically aware citizens.
|
C3116431
|
Public administration
|
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2214.2008.00935_10.x
|
generic term for the administrations that perform tasks of the state, including bodies governed by public law
|
Closing the gap in a generation: health equity through action on the social determinants of health
|
[
{
"display_name": "Civil society",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C513891491",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.62032807,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181865"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.58615714,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442"
},
{
"display_name": "Economic growth",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4896789,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833"
},
{
"display_name": "Government (linguistics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778137410",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.44219446,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820"
},
{
"display_name": "Commission",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776034101",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.44047257,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1509347"
},
{
"display_name": "Legitimacy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C46295352",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.43712318,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207982"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4334575,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163"
},
{
"display_name": "Public administration",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3116431",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.42888337,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31728"
},
{
"display_name": "Equity (law)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199728807",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42200863,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2578557"
},
{
"display_name": "Corporate governance",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39389867",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4210961,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380767"
},
{
"display_name": "Public relations",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39549134",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3821957,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080"
}
] |
. Marmot M. , Friel S. , Bell R. , Houweling T. A. J. & Taylor S. on behalf of ( 2008 ) , 372 , 1661 – 1669 . DOI: 10.1016/S0140‐6736(08)61690‐6 . The Commission on Social Determinants of Health, created to marshal the evidence on what can be done to promote health equity and to foster a global movement to achieve it, is a global collaboration of policymakers, researchers and civil society, led by commissioners with a unique blend of political, academic and advocacy experience. The focus of attention is on countries at all levels of income and development. The commission launched its final report on 28 August 2008. This paper summarizes the key findings and recommendations; the full list is in the final report. The overarching recommendations are: Improve daily living conditions Improve the well‐being of girls and women and the circumstances in which their children are born, put major emphasis on early child development and education for girls and boys, improve living and working conditions and create social protection policy supportive of all, and create conditions for a flourishing older life. Policies to achieve these goals will involve civil society, governments and global institutions. Tackle the inequitable distribution of power, money and resources To address health inequities and inequitable conditions of daily living, it is necessary to address inequities – such as those between men and women – in the way society is organized. A strong, committed, capable and adequately financed public sector is needed. To achieve that requires more than strengthened government – it requires strengthened governance: legitimacy, space and support for civil society, for an accountable private sector, and for people across society to agree public interests and reinvest in the value of collective action. In a globalized world, the need for governance dedicated to equity applies equally from the community level to global institutions. Measure and understand the problem and assess the results of action Acknowledging that there is a problem and ensuring that health inequity is measured – within countries and globally – are essential for action. National governments and international organizations, supported by World Health Organization, should set up national and global health‐equity surveillance systems for routine monitoring of health inequity and the social determinants of health and should asses the health‐equity impact of policy and action. Creating the organizational space and capacity to act effectively on health inequity requires investment in training of policymakers and health practitioners, public understanding of social determinants of health, and a stronger focus on social determinants in public health research.
|
C3116431
|
Public administration
|
https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.jpart.a024379
|
generic term for the administrations that perform tasks of the state, including bodies governed by public law
|
Governance Without Government? Rethinking Public Administration
|
[
{
"display_name": "Corporate governance",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39389867",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.79025334,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380767"
},
{
"display_name": "Administration (probate law)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780765947",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.69105464,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12033531"
},
{
"display_name": "Government (linguistics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778137410",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6846562,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820"
},
{
"display_name": "Meaning (existential)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780876879",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.67943484,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3054749"
},
{
"display_name": "Strengths and weaknesses",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C63882131",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6602558,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17122954"
},
{
"display_name": "Public administration",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3116431",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.65554726,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31728"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.52768284,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442"
},
{
"display_name": "Public management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778287611",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.50346464,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31728"
},
{
"display_name": "Public policy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C109986646",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42100382,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q546113"
},
{
"display_name": "Business",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.32299066,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453"
}
] |
The concept of governance has come to be used more commonly in the discussion of public administration, but the meaning of the term is not always clear. There is a growing body of European literature that can be characterized as "governance without government," stressing as it does the importance of networks, partnerships, and markets (especially international markets). This body of literature can be related to the new public management; yet it has a number of distinctive elements. This article discusses the strengths and weaknesses of this literature and its applicability to public administration in the United States.
|
C3116431
|
Public administration
|
https://doi.org/10.2307/976691
|
generic term for the administrations that perform tasks of the state, including bodies governed by public law
|
Treating Networks Seriously: Practical and Research-Based Agendas in Public Administration
|
[
{
"display_name": "Public administration",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3116431",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.68582493,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31728"
},
{
"display_name": "Administration (probate law)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780765947",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6676847,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12033531"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.5396952,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442"
},
{
"display_name": "Public relations",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39549134",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3367812,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental planning",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C91375879",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.32083544,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15473274"
}
] |
How well equipped are today's public administrators to face the challenges they confront from the involvement of businesses, not-for-profits, other units of government, and even clients in complex patterns of program operations? Not very well, if judged by the extent to which practitioners and scholars have incorporated the network concept and its implications into their own work. Discussions in the field contain little to help practicing managers cope with network settings. In fact, conventional theory may actually be counterproductive when applied inappropriately to network contexts. And yet, these arrays are now consequential and becoming increasingly so. Practitioners need to begin to incorporate the network concept into their administrative efforts. The challenge for scholars is to conduct research that illuminates this neglected aspect of contemporary administration. The author sketches a set of agendas that offer prospects for helping to address this need.
|
C3116431
|
Public administration
|
https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.jpart.a024273
|
generic term for the administrations that perform tasks of the state, including bodies governed by public law
|
Governing the Hollow State
|
[
{
"display_name": "Incentive",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C29122968",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.78829366,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414816"
},
{
"display_name": "Legitimacy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C46295352",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.7464548,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207982"
},
{
"display_name": "Normative",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C44725695",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.705643,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q288156"
},
{
"display_name": "State (computer science)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C48103436",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6605176,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031"
},
{
"display_name": "Government (linguistics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778137410",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6335491,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820"
},
{
"display_name": "Public relations",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39549134",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5483131,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080"
},
{
"display_name": "Business",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.47138128,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453"
},
{
"display_name": "Third party",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2983583741",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.45790836,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16785388"
},
{
"display_name": "Empirical research",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C120936955",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.45192146,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155640"
},
{
"display_name": "State government",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2986592023",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.43913633,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1802419"
},
{
"display_name": "Public economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C100001284",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.42116678,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2248246"
},
{
"display_name": "Metaphor",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778311575",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41646427,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18534"
},
{
"display_name": "Public administration",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3116431",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.40694255,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31728"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.37054986,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442"
}
] |
For the past ten years the authors have conducted a concentrated research program on the dimensions and impact of the hollow state. The hollow state is a metaphor for the increasing use of third parties, often nonprofits, to deliver social services and generally act in the name of the state. The types of structures, incentives, and mechanisms used to control third-party providers have been the focus of this research. The empirical thrust of this research is on how effective various types of mechanisms, structures, and incentives are at promoting the effectiveness of contracted services. The normative question this research has raised, but not answered, is, What effect does government contracting with third-party providers have on the perceived legitimacy of the state?
|
C121955636
|
Accounting
|
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6261.1997.tb04820.x
|
measurement, processing and communication of financial information about economic entities
|
A Survey of Corporate Governance
|
[
{
"display_name": "Corporate governance",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39389867",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.9185507,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380767"
},
{
"display_name": "Business",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.7362728,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453"
},
{
"display_name": "Accounting",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121955636",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.6747334,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4116214"
},
{
"display_name": "Survey research",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C173481278",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.48102528,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7257997"
}
] |
ABSTRACT This article surveys research on corporate governance, with special attention to the importance of legal protection of investors and of ownership concentration in corporate governance systems around the world.
|
C121955636
|
Accounting
|
https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-405x(95)00844-5
|
measurement, processing and communication of financial information about economic entities
|
Higher market valuation of companies with a small board of directors
|
[
{
"display_name": "Corporate governance",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39389867",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.77273285,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380767"
},
{
"display_name": "Valuation (finance)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C186027771",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7102232,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4008379"
},
{
"display_name": "Accounting",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121955636",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.63452077,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4116214"
},
{
"display_name": "Market value",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C202552767",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.61857975,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1901350"
},
{
"display_name": "Business",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.6178788,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453"
},
{
"display_name": "Incentive",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C29122968",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.60949194,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414816"
},
{
"display_name": "Enterprise value",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C23032112",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5214545,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1344727"
},
{
"display_name": "Dismissal",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778145024",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.50246,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17052147"
},
{
"display_name": "Tobin's q",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C8901936",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4355824,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1050524"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.32743913,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134"
}
] |
I present evidence consistent with theories that small boards of directors are more effective. Using Tobin's Q as an approximation of market valuation, I find an inverse association between board size and firm value in a sample of 452 large U.S. industrial corporations between 1984 and 1991. The result is robust to numerous controls for company size, industry membership, inside stock ownership, growth opportunities, and alternative corporate governance structures. Companies with small boards also exhibit more favorable values for financial ratios, and provide stronger CEO performance incentives from compensation and the threat of dismissal.
|
C121955636
|
Accounting
|
https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-0266(199704)18:4<303::aid-smj869>3.0.co;2-g
|
measurement, processing and communication of financial information about economic entities
|
THE CORPORATE SOCIAL PERFORMANCE-FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE LINK
|
[
{
"display_name": "Scholarship",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778061430",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.60957456,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188823"
},
{
"display_name": "Business",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.5401579,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453"
},
{
"display_name": "Strategic management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86275758",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.51318175,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q376657"
},
{
"display_name": "Empirical research",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C120936955",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.50538373,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155640"
},
{
"display_name": "Resource (disambiguation)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C206345919",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47581345,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20380951"
},
{
"display_name": "Accounting",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121955636",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4515008,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4116214"
},
{
"display_name": "Strategic financial management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C108578832",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4292476,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7621835"
},
{
"display_name": "Corporate social responsibility",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C141261163",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42859,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q218600"
},
{
"display_name": "Performance management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C12532035",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4148662,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1399956"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.38031563,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134"
},
{
"display_name": "Finance",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C10138342",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3661713,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015"
}
] |
Strategic managers are consistently faced with the decision of how to allocate scarce corporate resources in an environment that is placing more and more pressures on them. Recent scholarship in strategic management suggests that many of these pressures come directly from sources associated with social issues in management, rather than traditional arenas of strategic management. Using a greatly improved source of data on corporate social performance, this paper reports the results of a rigorous study of the empirical linkages between financial and social performance. Corporate social performance (CSP) is found to be positively associated with prior financial performance, supporting the theory that slack resource availability and CSP are positively related. CSP is also found to be positively associated with future financial performance, supporting the theory that good management and CSP are positively related.© 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
|
C121955636
|
Accounting
|
https://doi.org/10.1016/s0304-405x(98)00058-0
|
measurement, processing and communication of financial information about economic entities
|
Corporate governance, chief executive officer compensation, and firm performance
|
[
{
"display_name": "Chief executive officer",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2986265317",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8815248,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q484876"
},
{
"display_name": "Executive compensation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C151392489",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.8581575,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5419946"
},
{
"display_name": "Corporate governance",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39389867",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.82692826,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380767"
},
{
"display_name": "Business",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.66985387,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453"
},
{
"display_name": "Corporate title",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C67577133",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6242163,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11488158"
},
{
"display_name": "Officer",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777189325",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.60303634,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q61022630"
},
{
"display_name": "Compensation (psychology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780023022",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.54504496,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1338171"
},
{
"display_name": "Accounting",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121955636",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5328636,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4116214"
},
{
"display_name": "Management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C187736073",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.39770448,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921"
}
] |
Abstract We find that measures of board and ownership structure explain a significant amount of cross-sectional variation in CEO compensation, after controlling for standard economic determinants of pay. Moreover, the signs of the coefficients on the board and ownership structure variables suggest that CEOs earn greater compensation when governance structures are less effective. We also find that the predicted component of compensation arising from these characteristics of board and ownership structure has a statistically significant negative relation with subsequent firm operating and stock return performance. Overall, our results suggest that firms with weaker governance structures have greater agency problems; that CEOs at firms with greater agency problems receive greater compensation; and that firms with greater agency problems perform worse.
|
C121955636
|
Accounting
|
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6261.1991.tb03753.x
|
measurement, processing and communication of financial information about economic entities
|
The Theory of Capital Structure
|
[
{
"display_name": "Section (typography)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780129039",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.78647166,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1931107"
},
{
"display_name": "Capital structure",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C149933338",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.66262484,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q950816"
},
{
"display_name": "Relation (database)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C25343380",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6265873,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q277521"
},
{
"display_name": "Agency (philosophy)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C108170787",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5303852,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3951828"
},
{
"display_name": "Control (management)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2775924081",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4648686,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371"
},
{
"display_name": "Capital (architecture)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C83646750",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43971562,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193893"
},
{
"display_name": "Accounting",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121955636",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4360929,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4116214"
},
{
"display_name": "Positive economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C118084267",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.39677513,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26110"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.36452568,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134"
},
{
"display_name": "Management science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C539667460",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3356468,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3349454,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
}
] |
ABSTRACT This paper surveys capital structure theories based on agency costs, asymmetric information, product/input market interactions, and corporate control considerations (but excluding tax‐based theories). For each type of model, a brief overview of the papers surveyed and their relation to each other is provided. The central papers are described in some detail, and their results are summarized and followed by a discussion of related extensions. Each section concludes with a summary of the main implications of the models surveyed in the section. Finally, these results are collected and compared to the available evidence. Suggestions for future research are provided.
|
C121955636
|
Accounting
|
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-679x.2008.00287.x
|
measurement, processing and communication of financial information about economic entities
|
International Accounting Standards and Accounting Quality
|
[
{
"display_name": "Accounting",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121955636",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.8224872,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4116214"
},
{
"display_name": "Business",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.66519266,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453"
},
{
"display_name": "Accounting standard",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C128769094",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.6214312,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1779838"
},
{
"display_name": "Accounting information system",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C163867264",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6105049,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4672792"
},
{
"display_name": "Financial accounting",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C544937707",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.59558743,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q949180"
},
{
"display_name": "Sample (material)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C198531522",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.593269,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485146"
},
{
"display_name": "Enforcement",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779777834",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5921565,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4202277"
},
{
"display_name": "Earnings management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781009383",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5327148,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15995636"
},
{
"display_name": "Quality (philosophy)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779530757",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5270372,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505"
},
{
"display_name": "Incentive",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C29122968",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5156604,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414816"
},
{
"display_name": "Management accounting",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C74275925",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.48421,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2990807"
},
{
"display_name": "Earnings",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781426361",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.48101693,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5326940"
},
{
"display_name": "Mark-to-market accounting",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C190832808",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.45142806,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900567"
}
] |
ABSTRACT We examine whether application of International Accounting Standards (IAS) is associated with higher accounting quality. The application of IAS reflects combined effects of features of the financial reporting system, including standards, their interpretation, enforcement, and litigation. We find that firms applying IAS from 21 countries generally evidence less earnings management, more timely loss recognition, and more value relevance of accounting amounts than do matched sample firms applying non‐U.S. domestic standards. Differences in accounting quality between the two groups of firms in the period before the IAS firms adopt IAS do not account for the postadoption differences. Firms applying IAS generally evidence an improvement in accounting quality between the pre‐ and postadoption periods. Although we cannot be sure our findings are attributable to the change in the financial reporting system rather than to changes in firms' incentives and the economic environment, we include research design features to mitigate effects of both.
|
C121955636
|
Accounting
|
https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.2131
|
measurement, processing and communication of financial information about economic entities
|
Corporate social responsibility and access to finance
|
[
{
"display_name": "Corporate social responsibility",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C141261163",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8579524,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q218600"
},
{
"display_name": "Transparency (behavior)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780233690",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7485546,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535347"
},
{
"display_name": "Stakeholder engagement",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780984029",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5382694,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2930198"
},
{
"display_name": "Stakeholder",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C201305675",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5317971,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q852998"
},
{
"display_name": "Accounting",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121955636",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.52272254,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4116214"
},
{
"display_name": "Agency (philosophy)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C108170787",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5097973,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3951828"
},
{
"display_name": "Business",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.5019648,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453"
},
{
"display_name": "Social capital",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C68062652",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.49605736,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214693"
},
{
"display_name": "Principal–agent problem",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C200707436",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4429257,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1053211"
},
{
"display_name": "Information asymmetry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C137577040",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43990502,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q431965"
},
{
"display_name": "Microeconomics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C175444787",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.42151555,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072"
},
{
"display_name": "Corporate finance",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C80515813",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41581988,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1134763"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.37141335,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134"
},
{
"display_name": "Finance",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C10138342",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.37043068,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015"
}
] |
We investigate whether superior performance on corporate social responsibility ( CSR ) strategies leads to better access to finance. We hypothesize that better access to finance can be attributed to (1) reduced agency costs due to enhanced stakeholder engagement and (2) reduced informational asymmetry due to increased transparency. Using a large cross‐section of firms, we find that firms with better CSR performance face significantly lower capital constraints. We provide evidence that both better stakeholder engagement and transparency around CSR performance are important in reducing capital constraints. The results are further confirmed using several alternative measures of capital constraints, a paired analysis based on a ratings shock to CSR performance, an instrumental variables approach, and a simultaneous equations approach. Finally, we show that the relation is driven by both the social and environmental dimension of CSR . Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
|
C121955636
|
Accounting
|
https://doi.org/10.3386/w8161
|
measurement, processing and communication of financial information about economic entities
|
Boards of Directors as an Endogenously Determined Institution: A Survey of the Economic Literature
|
[
{
"display_name": "Institution",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780510313",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6908588,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178706"
},
{
"display_name": "Business",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.50409114,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453"
},
{
"display_name": "Actuarial science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162118730",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4672133,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1128453"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.4549725,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134"
},
{
"display_name": "Accounting",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121955636",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4530319,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4116214"
},
{
"display_name": "Econometrics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C149782125",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3623051,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039"
},
{
"display_name": "Public economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C100001284",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.34287834,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2248246"
}
] |
1. INTRODUCTION Most organizations are governed by a board of directors. In fact, having a board is one of the legal requirements for incorporation. Many nonincorporated entities also have a governing board of some sort, such as a state university's board of regents. Given the myriad boards in place today, it is reasonable to ask, Why do they exist? What do they do? Can they be improved? These questions are at the heart of governance and, to a certain extent, management. As such, they have motivated much of the research on this topic. This paper surveys the research on boards of directors in the economics and finance literature. Boards of directors are an economic institution that, in theory, helps to solve the agency problems inherent in managing an organization. Although boards satisfy numerous regulatory requirements, their economic function is determined by the organizational problems they help to address. Yet formal economic theory on boards has been quite limited. For example, the characteristics of agency problems that could lead to boards being the equilibrium solution have not yet been specified. Similarly, the conditions under which regulation of boards will lead to improvements are unknown. Despite the absence of formal theory, we have a strong intuitive sense of the problems facing boards. A major conflict within the boardroom is between the CEO and the directors. The CEO has incentives to capture the board, so as to ensure that he can keep his job and increase the other benefits he derives from being CEO. Directors have incentives to maintain their independence, to monitor the CEO, and to replace the CEO if his performance is poor. To some extent, the vacuum in formal theory has been filled by empirical work on boards. The cost associated with this approach, however, is that little of the empirical work on boards has been motivated by formal theory. Rather, it has sought to answer one of three questions: 1. How do board characteristics such as composition or size affect profitability? 2. How do board characteristics affect the observable actions of the board? 3. What factors affect the makeup of boards and how do they evolve over time? A key issue in this empirical work is how to proxy for the board's degree of independence from the CEO. Much of this work starts from the sometimes implicit assumption that observable board characteristics such as size or composition are related to the level of board independence. (1) Research thus far has established a number of empirical regularities. First, board composition, as measured by the insider-outsider ratio, (2) is not correlated with firm performance. (3) However, the number of directors on a firm's board is negatively related to the firm's financial performance. Second, board actions do appear to be related to board characteristics. Firms with higher proportions of outside directors and smaller boards tend to make arguably better--or at least different--decisions concerning acquisitions, poison pills, executive compensation, and CEO replacement, ceteris paribus. Finally, boards appear to evolve over time depending on the bargaining position of the CEO relative to that of the existing directors. Firm performance, CEO turnover, and changes in ownership structure appear to be important factors affecting changes to boards. Two important issues complicate empirical work on boards of directors, as well as most other empirical work on governance. First, almost all the variables of interest are endogenous. The usual problems of joint endogeneity therefore plague these studies. For instance, firm performance is both a result of the actions of previous directors and itself a factor that potentially influences the choice of subsequent directors. Studies of boards often neglect this issue and thus obtain results that are hard to interpret. Second, many empirical results on governance can be interpreted as either equilibrium or out-of-equilibrium phenomena. …
|
C29595303
|
Media studies
|
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7939.2008.00151_4.x
|
discipline and field of study that deals with the content, history and effects of various media
|
Reassembling the social: An introduction to actor‐network‐theory
|
[
{
"display_name": "Citation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778805511",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.69595546,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1713"
},
{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.46060282,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201"
},
{
"display_name": "Media studies",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C29595303",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4391051,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165650"
},
{
"display_name": "Library science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C161191863",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.36063635,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199655"
}
] |
New Zealand GeographerVolume 64, Issue 3 p. 246-247 Reassembling the social: An introduction to actor-network-theory Jane Turnbull, Jane Turnbull Otago Regional Council DunedinSearch for more papers by this author Jane Turnbull, Jane Turnbull Otago Regional Council DunedinSearch for more papers by this author First published: 03 November 2008 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7939.2008.00151_4.xCitations: 1Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume64, Issue3December 2008Pages 246-247 RelatedInformation
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C29595303
|
Media studies
|
https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.31.2.211
|
discipline and field of study that deals with the content, history and effects of various media
|
Social Media and Fake News in the 2016 Election
|
[
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"display_name": "Presidential election",
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{
"display_name": "Social media",
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"level": 2,
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"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202833"
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{
"display_name": "Fake news",
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{
"display_name": "Advertising",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C112698675",
"level": 1,
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"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37038"
},
{
"display_name": "Order (exchange)",
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"level": 2,
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"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1779371"
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{
"display_name": "News media",
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"level": 2,
"score": 0.4388486,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1193236"
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{
"display_name": "Media studies",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C29595303",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4075586,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165650"
},
{
"display_name": "Internet privacy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C108827166",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3317901,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975"
}
] |
Following the 2016 US presidential election, many have expressed concern about the effects of false stories (“fake news”), circulated largely through social media. We discuss the economics of fake news and present new data on its consumption prior to the election. Drawing on web browsing data, archives of fact-checking websites, and results from a new online survey, we find: 1) social media was an important but not dominant source of election news, with 14 percent of Americans calling social media their “most important” source; 2) of the known false news stories that appeared in the three months before the election, those favoring Trump were shared a total of 30 million times on Facebook, while those favoring Clinton were shared 8 million times; 3) the average American adult saw on the order of one or perhaps several fake news stories in the months around the election, with just over half of those who recalled seeing them believing them; and 4) people are much more likely to believe stories that favor their preferred candidate, especially if they have ideologically segregated social media networks.
|
C29595303
|
Media studies
|
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1368-423x.2007.00227.x
|
discipline and field of study that deals with the content, history and effects of various media
|
A bias-adjusted LM test of error cross-section independence
|
[
{
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{
"display_name": "Test (biology)",
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{
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{
"display_name": "Library science",
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"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199655"
},
{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C29595303",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.41506,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165650"
},
{
"display_name": "History",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3548478,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309"
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{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3203535,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201"
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] |
Journal Article A bias‐adjusted LM test of error cross‐section independence Get access M. Hashem Pesaran, M. Hashem Pesaran Faculty of Economics and CIMF, University of Cambridge, and USC E‐mail: [email protected] Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Aman Ullah, Aman Ullah Department of Economics, University of California, Riverside, USA E‐mail: [email protected] Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Takashi Yamagata Takashi Yamagata Department of Economics and Related Studies, University of York, York, UK E‐mail: [email protected] Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Econometrics Journal, Volume 11, Issue 1, 1 March 2008, Pages 105–127, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1368-423X.2007.00227.x Published: 04 January 2008 Article history Received: 01 May 2006 Accepted: 01 October 2007 Published: 04 January 2008
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C29595303
|
Media studies
|
https://doi.org/10.5040/9781474215701
|
discipline and field of study that deals with the content, history and effects of various media
|
The Internet : An Ethnographic Approach
|
[
{
"display_name": "The Internet",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C110875604",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8155677,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75"
},
{
"display_name": "Ethnography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C179454799",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7213115,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q132151"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.56543463,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163"
},
{
"display_name": "Media studies",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C29595303",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5476552,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165650"
},
{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.53314227,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201"
},
{
"display_name": "Cyberculture",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162695957",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.49782515,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q863590"
},
{
"display_name": "Internet research",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C134531850",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.44198957,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6056040"
},
{
"display_name": "Cultural studies",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C68643176",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43630913,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1143546"
},
{
"display_name": "Public relations",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39549134",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.41869113,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.35668516,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442"
},
{
"display_name": "Social science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C36289849",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.35573775,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749"
},
{
"display_name": "Advertising",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C112698675",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3450779,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37038"
},
{
"display_name": "Internet privacy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C108827166",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.33195442,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975"
}
] |
This path breaking book is the first to provide a rigorous and comprehensive examination of Internet culture and consumption. A rich ethnography of Internet use, the book offers a sustained account not just of being online, but of the social, political and cultural contexts which account for the contemporary Internet experience. From cyber cafes to businesses, from middle class houses to squatters settlements, from the political economy of Internet provision to the development of ecommerce, the authors have gathered a wealth of material based on fieldwork in Trinidad. Looking at the full range of Internet media — including websites, email and chat — the book brings out unforeseen consequences and contradictions in areas as varied as personal relations, commerce, nationalism, sex and religion. This is the first book-length treatment of the impact of the Internet on a particular region. By focusing on one place, it demonstrates the potential for a comprehensive approach to new media. It points to the future direction of Internet research, proposing a detailed agenda for comparative ethnographic study of the cultural significance and effects of the Internet in modern society. Clearly written for the non-specialist reader, it offers a detailed account of the complex integration between on-line and off-line worlds. An innovative tie-in with the book’s own website provides copious illustrations amounting to over 2,000 web-pages that bring the material right to your computer.
|
C29595303
|
Media studies
|
https://doi.org/10.1525/aeq.1998.29.4.499
|
discipline and field of study that deals with the content, history and effects of various media
|
Qualitative Research Design: An Interactive Approach
|
[
{
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"level": 2,
"score": 0.71140814,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q839486"
},
{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.649565,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201"
},
{
"display_name": "Research methodology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2986817661",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.46938083,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185698"
},
{
"display_name": "Research design",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779318504",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4541128,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1438035"
},
{
"display_name": "Media studies",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C29595303",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.44905522,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165650"
},
{
"display_name": "Educational research",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C36727532",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.44447976,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q861399"
},
{
"display_name": "Social science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C36289849",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3915911,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749"
},
{
"display_name": "Epistemology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C111472728",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.36165005,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471"
},
{
"display_name": "Management science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C539667460",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.33476508,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942"
}
] |
Qualitative Research Design: An Interactive Approach. Joseph A. Maxwell. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 1996. 155 pp.
|
C29595303
|
Media studies
|
https://doi.org/10.1093/cdj/36.2.165
|
discipline and field of study that deals with the content, history and effects of various media
|
The creative city: A toolkit for urban innovators
|
[
{
"display_name": "Creative city",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780154990",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6183785,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5183566"
},
{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.55019367,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201"
},
{
"display_name": "Media studies",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C29595303",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.49333778,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165650"
},
{
"display_name": "Creative Cities",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2775974730",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.43103448,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5183497"
},
{
"display_name": "Regional science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C148383697",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.41043273,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1781695"
},
{
"display_name": "Economic geography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C26271046",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.38325801,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187097"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.31379008,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442"
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] |
By Landry, C., Comedia and Earthscan Publications, London, 2000, 300 pp, £17.95 pbk. ISBN 185383 613 3.
|
C29595303
|
Media studies
|
https://doi.org/10.1086/293470
|
discipline and field of study that deals with the content, history and effects of various media
|
Cosmopolitanism and Sovereignty
|
[
{
"display_name": "Cosmopolitanism",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777075199",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.9247403,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188843"
},
{
"display_name": "Sovereignty",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C186229450",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6006533,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42008"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.48438388,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163"
},
{
"display_name": "Citizenship",
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"level": 3,
"score": 0.47731408,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42138"
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{
"display_name": "Sociology",
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"level": 0,
"score": 0.46907848,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201"
},
{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2775987171",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.45400783,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192797"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.44471195,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442"
},
{
"display_name": "Media studies",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C29595303",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4235635,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165650"
},
{
"display_name": "Global citizenship",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138296749",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41369227,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2785021"
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{
"display_name": "Humanities",
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"level": 1,
"score": 0.39876628,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80083"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental ethics",
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"level": 1,
"score": 0.38418606,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875686"
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{
"display_name": "Religious studies",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C24667770",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.36694324,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34187"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.30656254,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748"
}
] |
Previous articleNext article No AccessCosmopolitanism and SovereigntyThomas W. PoggeThomas W. Pogge Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmailPrint SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Ethics Volume 103, Number 1Oct., 1992 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/293470 Views: 579Total views on this site Citations: 358Citations are reported from Crossref Copyright 1992 The University of ChicagoPDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Laura Valentini Morality and Socially Constructed Norms, 23 (Sep 2023).https://doi.org/10.1093/9780191938115.001.0001Luis Cabrera Advancing global citizenship and cosmopolitanism in an age of Globoskepticism: insights from the World Order Models Project, Globalizations 20, no.77 (Mar 2023): 1102–1119.https://doi.org/10.1080/14747731.2023.2190706Kira Huju The cosmopolitan standard of civilization: a reflexive sociology of elite belonging among Indian diplomats, European Journal of International Relations 29, no.33 (May 2023): 698–722.https://doi.org/10.1177/13540661231170731Afifa Khwaja A human right to political membership & the right to territory, Journal of International Political Theory 5 (May 2023): 175508822311694.https://doi.org/10.1177/17550882231169489Shengrong Chen, Honggang Xu Tourists’ construction of diverse identities with natural disaster dark heritage sites, Tourism Geographies 25, no.44 (Jun 2022): 1127–1148.https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2022.2086905Mustafa ATATORUN Uluslararası İlişkilerde Etik Normlar: Geniş Bir Kuramsal Haritalandırma, İktisadi İdari ve Siyasal Araştırmalar Dergisi 8, no.2020 (Feb 2023): 105–124.https://doi.org/10.25204/iktisad.1192460Jelena Belic, Zoltan Miklosi Cosmopolitanism and unipolarity: the theory of hegemonic transition, Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy 26, no.22 (May 2020): 181–203.https://doi.org/10.1080/13698230.2020.1766815Garrett Wallace Brown, Joshua Hobbs Self-interest, transitional cosmopolitanism and the motivational problem, Journal of International Political Theory 19, no.11 (Jun 2022): 64–86.https://doi.org/10.1177/17550882221103900Richard Bellamy, Sandra Kröger Differentiated integration as a fair scheme of cooperation, Review of Social Economy 81, no.11 (Aug 2021): 61–83.https://doi.org/10.1080/00346764.2021.1968477A. 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Arms exports and conflicting goals in democracy promotion, Journal of International Relations and Development 22, no.33 (Oct 2017): 610–639.https://doi.org/10.1057/s41268-017-0114-0Pieter de Wilde, Ruud Koopmans, Wolfgang Merkel, Oliver Strijbis, Michael Zürn The Struggle Over Borders, 2 (Jun 2019).https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108652698QERIM QERIMI The contents and contours of contemporary cosmopolitan constitution-making: Immanuel Kant in the twenty-first century, Global Constitutionalism 8, no.22 (Jun 2019): 227–269.https://doi.org/10.1017/S2045381719000078A. 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Malin Embodied energy injustices: Unveiling and politicizing the transboundary harms of fossil fuel extractivism and fossil fuel supply chains, Energy Research & Social Science 48 (Feb 2019): 219–234.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2018.09.016Jeremy Baskin Global Justice and the Anthropocene: Reproducing a Development Story, (Jan 2019): 150–168.https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108646673.008Richard Bellamy A Republican Europe of States, 4 (Jan 2019).https://doi.org/10.1017/9781139136303Erik O. Eriksen Contested Multilateral Dominance, (Feb 2019): 121–156.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11698-9_6Bharat Ranganathan Paul Ramsey’s Christian Deontology, (Sep 2019): 163–185.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-25193-2_8Caroline Fehl, Dirk Peters, Simone Wisotzki, Jonas Wolff Introduction: The Role of Justice in International Cooperation and Conflict, (Jul 2019): 3–28.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-25196-3_1Simone Wisotzki Gender Justice in Multilateral Negotiations: The Case of SGBV in the Rome Statute and in the ICC, (Jul 2019): 115–135.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-25196-3_5Geoff Pfeifer Ethnic Politics and Global Justice, (Feb 2019): 1–11.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0242-8_15-1Geoff Pfeifer Ethnic Politics and Global Justice, (Jul 2019): 209–219.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2898-5_15 Reimagining the State, (Jan 2019): 1–27.https://doi.org/10.1215/9781478005575-001 Legal Dramas of Refusal, (Jan 2019): 28–51.https://doi.org/10.1215/9781478005575-002 Retrieving Dissident State Parts, (Jan 2019): 52–74.https://doi.org/10.1215/9781478005575-003 Pluralizing a Concept, (Jan 2019): 75–104.https://doi.org/10.1215/9781478005575-004 State Play and Possessive Beliefs, (Jan 2019): 105–129.https://doi.org/10.1215/9781478005575-005 The Erotic Life of States, (Jan 2019): 130–152.https://doi.org/10.1215/9781478005575-006 Feeling Like a Different Kind of State, (Jan 2019): 153–175.https://doi.org/10.1215/9781478005575-007 Notes, (Jan 2019): 177–223.https://doi.org/10.1215/9781478005575-008 References, (Jan 2019): 225–252.https://doi.org/10.1215/9781478005575-009Richard Bellamy, Sandra Kröger Differentiated Integration as a Fair Scheme of Cooperation, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 2019).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3373593Mehmet KOCAOĞLU SİYASET FELSEFESİNDE İNSANİ MÜDAHALE PROBLEMİ, Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 18, no.44 (Dec 2018): 213–234.https://doi.org/10.11616/asbed.v18i41997.505875Céline Teney, Emanuel Deutschmann Transnational Social Practices: A Quantitative Perspective, (Dec 2018): 1–15.https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118900772.etrds0456Nicholas Idris Erameh Cosmopolitanism, Responsibility to Protect and the Libya Intervention: A Reassessment, India Quarterly: A Journal of International Affairs 74, no.44 (Oct 2018): 383–401.https://doi.org/10.1177/0974928418802073Mary Elizabeth Sullivan Is Dante a cosmopolitan?, postmedieval 9, no.44 (Dec 2018): 511–523.https://doi.org/10.1057/s41280-018-0107-1Karen J. 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Carey North America: Peace Studies versus the Hegemony of Realist and Liberal Methods, (Jan 2016): 463–475.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-40761-0_36Steven P. Lee Cosmopolitan Citizenship, (Aug 2016): 45–58.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32786-0_4Andrea Schlenker, Joachim Blatter Zwischen Nationalismus und Kosmopolitismus: Wie lassen sich (neue) Formen demokratischer Bürgerschaft konzeptualisieren und bewerten?, (Feb 2016): 109–137.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-02589-2_5Dana Schmalz Kosmopolitismus zwischen Vereinigung und Differenz, (Oct 2015): 221–240.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-05010-8_11Malcolm Langford Lost in Transformation? The Politics of the Sustainable Development Goals, Ethics & International Affairs 30, no.22 (Jun 2016): 167–176.https://doi.org/10.1017/S0892679416000058Jay Drydyk Ethical Issues in Development, (Jun 2016): 55–76.https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-42724-3_4Claudia Tazreiter, Leanne Weber, Sharon Pickering, Marie Segrave, Helen McKernan Conclusion, (Feb 2016): 229–251.https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-46596-2_10Claudia Tazreiter, Leanne Weber, Sharon Pickering, Marie Segrave, Helen McKernan The Decision to Leave: Processes That Drive Mobility, (Feb 2016): 129–157.https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-46596-2_7Benjamin K. Sovacool The Political Ecology and Justice of Energy, (Aug 2016): 529–558.https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-55631-8_22Zoltan Miklosi Immigration and the Democratic Stability Argument, Moral Philosophy and Politics 3, no.22 (Jan 2016).https://doi.org/10.1515/mopp-2015-0033Magdalena Gawin, Barbara Markiewicz, Agnieszka Nogal, Rafał Wonicki Prawa człowieka i obywatela w zglobalizowanym świecie, (Jan 2016).https://doi.org/10.31338/uw.9788323521990Nancy S. Love, Sanford F. Schram, Anthony J. Langlois, Luis Cabrera, Carol C. Gould Book Symposium:, Democratic Theory 3, no.22 (Jan 2016).https://doi.org/10.3167/dt.2016.030205Rabee Toumi Cosmopolitanism, (Jan 2022): 774–781.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-09483-0_126Nilüfer Karacasulu, İrem Aşkar Karakır KOZMOPOLİTAN-TOPLULUKÇ
|
C29595303
|
Media studies
|
https://doi.org/10.1162/003355300555457
|
discipline and field of study that deals with the content, history and effects of various media
|
Separation of Powers and Political Accountability
|
[
{
"display_name": "Accountability",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776007630",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.725172,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2798912"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6423056,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.53566706,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442"
},
{
"display_name": "Library science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C161191863",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4164631,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199655"
},
{
"display_name": "Media studies",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C29595303",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4162703,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165650"
},
{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.30664587,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.30622083,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748"
}
] |
Journal Article Separation of Powers and Political Accountability Get access Torsten Persson, Torsten Persson Institute for International Economic Studies, Harvard University, CEPR, and NBER Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Gérard Roland, Gérard Roland Universite Libre de Bruxelles, ECARE, and CEPR Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Guido Tabellini Guido Tabellini Bocconi University, IGIER, and CEPR Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Volume 112, Issue 4, November 1997, Pages 1163–1202, https://doi.org/10.1162/003355300555457 Published: 01 November 1997
|
C140793950
|
Animal science
|
https://doi.org/10.15517/am.v13i1.13244
|
science and business of producing domestic livestock species, including but not limited to beef cattle, dairy cattle, horses, poultry, sheep, and swine, and of nutrition, care, and welfare of companion animals
|
Estimación lineal de los requerimientos nutricionales del NRC para ganado de leche.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Animal science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C140793950",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5276372,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q168091"
},
{
"display_name": "Vitamin",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776940978",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4233933,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34956"
},
{
"display_name": "Agricultural science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C37621935",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3988692,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3606845"
},
{
"display_name": "Mathematics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.38991535,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395"
},
{
"display_name": "Food science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C31903555",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.32768932,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1637030"
},
{
"display_name": "Chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185592680",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.30499423,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329"
}
] |
Linear regression equations have been obtained to directly calculatenutrient requirements of dairy cattle (TDN, DE, ME, NEL,CP, Ca, P, Vitamin A and Vitamin D) on differentphysiological stages: maintenance, pregnancy and milkproduction based on NRC nutrient requirements tables. TheR-square was calculated for each equation to establish thedegree of adjustment.
|
C140793950
|
Animal science
|
https://doi.org/10.1079/bjn19740060
|
science and business of producing domestic livestock species, including but not limited to beef cattle, dairy cattle, horses, poultry, sheep, and swine, and of nutrition, care, and welfare of companion animals
|
Body fat assessed from total body density and its estimation from skinfold thickness: measurements on 481 men and women aged from 16 to 72 Years
|
[
{
"display_name": "Hydrostatic weighing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C139319395",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.896026,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5955462"
},
{
"display_name": "Linear regression",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C48921125",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6746911,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10861030"
},
{
"display_name": "Classification of obesity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C111214947",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.662181,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22907290"
},
{
"display_name": "Skinfold thickness",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3020160449",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.60771817,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q797258"
},
{
"display_name": "Body adiposity index",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162151065",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.59273684,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798215"
},
{
"display_name": "Mathematics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.53632075,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395"
},
{
"display_name": "Body weight",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C147583825",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5119215,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q620876"
},
{
"display_name": "Regression analysis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C152877465",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4995768,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208042"
},
{
"display_name": "Animal science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C140793950",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4754205,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q168091"
},
{
"display_name": "Statistics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C105795698",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.35879022,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.34454125,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Demography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C149923435",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.34180218,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732"
}
] |
1. Skinfold thicknesses at four sites – biceps, triceps, subscapular and supra-iliac – and total body density (by underwater weighing) were measured on 209 males and 272 females aged from 16 to 72 years. The fat content varied from 5 to 50% of body-weight in the men and from 10 to 61% in the women.2. When the results were plotted it was found necessary to use the logarithm of skinfold measurements in order to achieve a linear relationship with body density.3. Linear regression equations were calculated for the estimation of body density, and hence body fat, using single skinfolds and all possible sums of two or more skinfolds. Separate equations for the different age-groupings are given. A table is derived where percentage body fat can be read off corresponding to differing values for the total of the four standard skinfolds. This table is subdivided for sex and for age.4. The possible reasons for the altered position of the regression lines with sex and age, and the validation of the use of body density measurements, are discussed.
|
C140793950
|
Animal science
|
https://doi.org/10.1056/nejm199704173361601
|
science and business of producing domestic livestock species, including but not limited to beef cattle, dairy cattle, horses, poultry, sheep, and swine, and of nutrition, care, and welfare of companion animals
|
A Clinical Trial of the Effects of Dietary Patterns on Blood Pressure
|
[
{
"display_name": "Blood pressure",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C84393581",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8960844,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82642"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.8134031,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Diastole",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C57900726",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.67890185,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q492905"
},
{
"display_name": "Internal medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126322002",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.45212722,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180"
},
{
"display_name": "Obesity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C511355011",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4322993,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12174"
},
{
"display_name": "Systole",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C169554166",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.42299432,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q496359"
},
{
"display_name": "Animal science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C140793950",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.41576266,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q168091"
},
{
"display_name": "Endocrinology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C134018914",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.39631343,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162606"
},
{
"display_name": "Cardiology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C164705383",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.36895442,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10379"
}
] |
It is known that obesity, sodium intake, and alcohol consumption influence blood pressure. In this clinical trial, Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension, we assessed the effects of dietary patterns on blood pressure.
|
C140793950
|
Animal science
|
https://doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600063048
|
science and business of producing domestic livestock species, including but not limited to beef cattle, dairy cattle, horses, poultry, sheep, and swine, and of nutrition, care, and welfare of companion animals
|
The estimation of protein degradability in the rumen from incubation measurements weighted according to rate of passage
|
[
{
"display_name": "Rumen",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C70262065",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.94876707,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q427652"
},
{
"display_name": "Incubation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C25642318",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.82792723,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1992532"
},
{
"display_name": "Animal science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C140793950",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.6488756,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q168091"
},
{
"display_name": "Meal",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778345441",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5643925,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6460735"
},
{
"display_name": "Incubation period",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C143701427",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4421434,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193566"
},
{
"display_name": "Chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185592680",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.43356055,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329"
},
{
"display_name": "Biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.43120405,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420"
},
{
"display_name": "Food science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C31903555",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.43071738,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1637030"
},
{
"display_name": "Allowance (engineering)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779268580",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41323712,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3447087"
}
] |
Summary A method is proposed for estimating the percentage of dietary protein that is degraded by microbial action in the rumen when protein supplement is added to a specified ration. The potential degradability, p , is measured by incubating the supplement in artificial-fibre bags in the rumen and is related to incubation time, t , by the equation p = a+b (1 – e -ct ). The rate constant k , measuring the passage of the supplement from the rumen to the abomasum, is obtained in a separate experiment in which the supplement is combined with a chromium marker which renders it completely indigestible. The effective percentage degradation, p , of the supplement, allowing for rate of passage, is shown to be p = a +[ bc/(c+k) ] (1- e -(e+k)t ) by time, t , after feeding. As t increases, this tends to the asymptotic value a+bc /( c+k ), which therefore provides an estimate of the degradability of the protein supplement under the specified feeding conditions. The method is illustrated by results obtained with soya-bean meal fed as a supplement to a dried-grass diet for sheep. The incubation measurements showed that 89% of the soya-bean protein disappeared within 24 h and indicated that it was all ultimately degradable with this diet. When the dried grass was given at a restricted level of feeding the allowance for time of retention in the rumen reduced the estimate of final degradability to 71% (69% within 24 h). With ad libitum feeding there was a faster rate of passage and the final degradability was estimated to be 66% (65% within 24 h).
|
C140793950
|
Animal science
|
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.01192.x
|
science and business of producing domestic livestock species, including but not limited to beef cattle, dairy cattle, horses, poultry, sheep, and swine, and of nutrition, care, and welfare of companion animals
|
N : P ratios in terrestrial plants: variation and functional significance
|
[
{
"display_name": "Biomass (ecology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C115540264",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6553599,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2945560"
},
{
"display_name": "Nutrient",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C142796444",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.64355683,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181394"
},
{
"display_name": "Forb",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C150436541",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.60435784,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5467207"
},
{
"display_name": "Ruderal species",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C173727605",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.55562806,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q279596"
},
{
"display_name": "Biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.515865,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420"
},
{
"display_name": "Relative growth rate",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777692458",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.49223915,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310793"
},
{
"display_name": "Phosphorus",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C510538283",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47808978,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q674"
},
{
"display_name": "Ecological stoichiometry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C73447217",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.46502423,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5333258"
},
{
"display_name": "Ecosystem",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C110872660",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4516581,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37813"
},
{
"display_name": "Ecology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C18903297",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.42261356,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150"
},
{
"display_name": "Human fertilization",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C88972607",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4156128,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2666904"
},
{
"display_name": "Animal science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C140793950",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.41186008,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q168091"
},
{
"display_name": "Agronomy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C6557445",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.37378988,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113"
},
{
"display_name": "Botany",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C59822182",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.36669806,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441"
}
] |
Summary Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) availability limit plant growth in most terrestrial ecosystems. This review examines how variation in the relative availability of N and P, as reflected by N : P ratios of plant biomass, influences vegetation composition and functioning. Plastic responses of plants to N and P supply cause up to 50‐fold variation in biomass N : P ratios, associated with differences in root allocation, nutrient uptake, biomass turnover and reproductive output. Optimal N : P ratios – those of plants whose growth is equally limited by N and P – depend on species, growth rate, plant age and plant parts. At vegetation level, N : P ratios <10 and >20 often (not always) correspond to N‐ and P‐limited biomass production, as shown by short‐term fertilization experiments; however long‐term effects of fertilization or effects on individual species can be different. N : P ratios are on average higher in graminoids than in forbs, and in stress‐tolerant species compared with ruderals; they correlate negatively with the maximal relative growth rates of species and with their N‐indicator values. At vegetation level, N : P ratios often correlate negatively with biomass production; high N : P ratios promote graminoids and stress tolerators relative to other species, whereas relationships with species richness are not consistent. N : P ratios are influenced by global change, increased atmospheric N deposition, and conservation managment. Contents Summary 243 I Introduction 244 II Variability of N : P ratios in response to nutrient supply 244 III Critical N : P ratios as indicators of nutrient limitation 248 IV Interspecific variation in N : P ratios 252 V Vegetation properties in relation to N : P ratios 255 VI Implications of N : P ratios for human impacts on ecosystems 258 VII Conclusions 259 Acknowledgements 259 References 260
|
C140793950
|
Animal science
|
https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa0708681
|
science and business of producing domestic livestock species, including but not limited to beef cattle, dairy cattle, horses, poultry, sheep, and swine, and of nutrition, care, and welfare of companion animals
|
Weight Loss with a Low-Carbohydrate, Mediterranean, or Low-Fat Diet
|
[
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.7271144,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Weight loss",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C544821477",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.71448934,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q718113"
},
{
"display_name": "Carbohydrate",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778977261",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.66577923,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11358"
},
{
"display_name": "Calorie",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C40438245",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6617421,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q130964"
},
{
"display_name": "Animal science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C140793950",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.57027197,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q168091"
},
{
"display_name": "Cholesterol",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778163477",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.517959,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43656"
},
{
"display_name": "Body mass index",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780221984",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47778568,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131191"
},
{
"display_name": "Obesity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C511355011",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.45973814,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12174"
},
{
"display_name": "Internal medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126322002",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.37922484,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180"
},
{
"display_name": "Endocrinology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C134018914",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.34320503,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162606"
}
] |
Trials comparing the effectiveness and safety of weight-loss diets are frequently limited by short follow-up times and high dropout rates.In this 2-year trial, we randomly assigned 322 moderately obese subjects (mean age, 52 years; mean body-mass index [the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters], 31; male sex, 86%) to one of three diets: low-fat, restricted-calorie; Mediterranean, restricted-calorie; or low-carbohydrate, non-restricted-calorie.The rate of adherence to a study diet was 95.4% at 1 year and 84.6% at 2 years. The Mediterranean-diet group consumed the largest amounts of dietary fiber and had the highest ratio of monounsaturated to saturated fat (P<0.05 for all comparisons among treatment groups). The low-carbohydrate group consumed the smallest amount of carbohydrates and the largest amounts of fat, protein, and cholesterol and had the highest percentage of participants with detectable urinary ketones (P<0.05 for all comparisons among treatment groups). The mean weight loss was 2.9 kg for the low-fat group, 4.4 kg for the Mediterranean-diet group, and 4.7 kg for the low-carbohydrate group (P<0.001 for the interaction between diet group and time); among the 272 participants who completed the intervention, the mean weight losses were 3.3 kg, 4.6 kg, and 5.5 kg, respectively. The relative reduction in the ratio of total cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol was 20% in the low-carbohydrate group and 12% in the low-fat group (P=0.01). Among the 36 subjects with diabetes, changes in fasting plasma glucose and insulin levels were more favorable among those assigned to the Mediterranean diet than among those assigned to the low-fat diet (P<0.001 for the interaction among diabetes and Mediterranean diet and time with respect to fasting glucose levels).Mediterranean and low-carbohydrate diets may be effective alternatives to low-fat diets. The more favorable effects on lipids (with the low-carbohydrate diet) and on glycemic control (with the Mediterranean diet) suggest that personal preferences and metabolic considerations might inform individualized tailoring of dietary interventions. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00160108.)
|
C140793950
|
Animal science
|
https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.67.2.323
|
science and business of producing domestic livestock species, including but not limited to beef cattle, dairy cattle, horses, poultry, sheep, and swine, and of nutrition, care, and welfare of companion animals
|
Pharmacokinetics of a novel formulation of ivermectin after administration to goats
|
[
{
"display_name": "Ivermectin",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777499811",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.9025943,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q415178"
},
{
"display_name": "Pharmacokinetics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C112705442",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.90022105,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q323936"
},
{
"display_name": "Cmax",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C22979827",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.84711134,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5137311"
},
{
"display_name": "Bioavailability",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C181389837",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7502662,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q461809"
},
{
"display_name": "Volume of distribution",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C139254425",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.74462426,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1332167"
},
{
"display_name": "Animal science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C140793950",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.49276426,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q168091"
},
{
"display_name": "Pharmacology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C98274493",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.48665768,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128406"
},
{
"display_name": "Plasma clearance",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3018403923",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.45796847,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1163287"
},
{
"display_name": "Absorption (acoustics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C125287762",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.44334483,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1758948"
},
{
"display_name": "Chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185592680",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.42872804,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3505695,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
}
] |
Abstract Objective —To evaluate the pharmacokinetics of a novel commercial formulation of ivermectin after administration to goats. Animals —6 healthy adult goats. Procedure —Ivermectin (200 μg/kg) was initially administered IV to each goat, and plasma samples were obtained for 36 days. After a washout period of 3 weeks, each goat received a novel commercial formulation of ivermectin (200 μg/kg) by SC injection. Plasma samples were then obtained for 42 days. Drug concentrations were quantified by use of high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Results —Pharmacokinetics of ivermectin after IV administration were best described by a 2-compartment open model; values for main compartmental variables included volume of distribution at a steady state (9.94 L/kg), clearance (1.54 L/kg/d), and area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC; 143 [ng•d]/mL). Values for the noncompartmental variables included mean residence time (7.37 days), AUC (153 [ng•d]/mL), and clearance (1.43 L/kg/d). After SC administration, noncompartmental pharmacokinetic analysis was conducted. Values of the variables calculated by use of this method included maximum plasma concentration (C max ; 21.8 ng/mL), time to reach C max (3 days), and bioavailability (F; 91.8%). Conclusions and Clinical Relevance —The commercial formulation used in this study is a good option to consider when administering ivermectin to goats because of the high absorption, which is characterized by high values of F. In addition, the values of C max and time to reach C max are higher than those reported by other investigators who used other routes of administration.
|
C140793950
|
Animal science
|
https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa0804748
|
science and business of producing domestic livestock species, including but not limited to beef cattle, dairy cattle, horses, poultry, sheep, and swine, and of nutrition, care, and welfare of companion animals
|
Comparison of Weight-Loss Diets with Different Compositions of Fat, Protein, and Carbohydrates
|
[
{
"display_name": "Weight loss",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C544821477",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.71506256,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q718113"
},
{
"display_name": "Overweight",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780586474",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.68155,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q332428"
},
{
"display_name": "Carbohydrate",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778977261",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6087812,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11358"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.6052507,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Obesity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C511355011",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.530493,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12174"
},
{
"display_name": "Body weight",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C147583825",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4679303,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q620876"
},
{
"display_name": "Animal science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C140793950",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.41793323,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q168091"
},
{
"display_name": "High-protein diet",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777019655",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4119809,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3455060"
},
{
"display_name": "Food science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C31903555",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.39823985,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1637030"
}
] |
The possible advantage for weight loss of a diet that emphasizes protein, fat, or carbohydrates has not been established, and there are few studies that extend beyond 1 year.We randomly assigned 811 overweight adults to one of four diets; the targeted percentages of energy derived from fat, protein, and carbohydrates in the four diets were 20, 15, and 65%; 20, 25, and 55%; 40, 15, and 45%; and 40, 25, and 35%. The diets consisted of similar foods and met guidelines for cardiovascular health. The participants were offered group and individual instructional sessions for 2 years. The primary outcome was the change in body weight after 2 years in two-by-two factorial comparisons of low fat versus high fat and average protein versus high protein and in the comparison of highest and lowest carbohydrate content.At 6 months, participants assigned to each diet had lost an average of 6 kg, which represented 7% of their initial weight; they began to regain weight after 12 months. By 2 years, weight loss remained similar in those who were assigned to a diet with 15% protein and those assigned to a diet with 25% protein (3.0 and 3.6 kg, respectively); in those assigned to a diet with 20% fat and those assigned to a diet with 40% fat (3.3 kg for both groups); and in those assigned to a diet with 65% carbohydrates and those assigned to a diet with 35% carbohydrates (2.9 and 3.4 kg, respectively) (P>0.20 for all comparisons). Among the 80% of participants who completed the trial, the average weight loss was 4 kg; 14 to 15% of the participants had a reduction of at least 10% of their initial body weight. Satiety, hunger, satisfaction with the diet, and attendance at group sessions were similar for all diets; attendance was strongly associated with weight loss (0.2 kg per session attended). The diets improved lipid-related risk factors and fasting insulin levels.Reduced-calorie diets result in clinically meaningful weight loss regardless of which macronutrients they emphasize. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00072995.)
|
C99508421
|
Physical medicine and rehabilitation
|
https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.34.7.939
|
branch of medicine
|
Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease
|
[
{
"display_name": "Dementia",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779483572",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.7304454,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83030"
},
{
"display_name": "Disease",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779134260",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7122863,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136"
},
{
"display_name": "Neuropsychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C14216870",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6020168,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3872"
},
{
"display_name": "Memory clinic",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776656118",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.5080009,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6815713"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.47828636,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Alzheimer's disease",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C502032728",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.47451156,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11081"
},
{
"display_name": "Cognition",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C169900460",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4495958,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.42230663,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418"
},
{
"display_name": "Physical medicine and rehabilitation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C99508421",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.40429705,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2678675"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychiatry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C118552586",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.36282325,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867"
},
{
"display_name": "Physical therapy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C1862650",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.34549466,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186005"
},
{
"display_name": "Pediatrics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C187212893",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.34155762,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q123028"
}
] |
Clinical criteria for the diagnosis of Alzheimer9s disease include insidious onset and progressive impairment of memory and other cognitive functions. There are no motor, sensory, or coordination deficits early in the disease. The diagnosis cannot be determined by laboratory tests. These tests are important primarily in identifying other possible causes of dementia that must be excluded before the diagnosis of Alzheimer9s disease may be made with confidence. Neuropsychological tests provide confirmatory evidence of the diagnosis of dementia and help to assess the course and response to therapy. The criteria proposed are intended to serve as a guide for the diagnosis of probable, possible, and definite Alzheimer9s disease; these criteria will be revised as more definitive information becomes available.
|
C99508421
|
Physical medicine and rehabilitation
|
https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.33.11.1444
|
branch of medicine
|
Rating neurologic impairment in multiple sclerosis
|
[
{
"display_name": "Expanded Disability Status Scale",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780892749",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.8332269,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q929518"
},
{
"display_name": "Multiple sclerosis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780640218",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.77629334,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8277"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.560111,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Visual impairment",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781372952",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47943562,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q737460"
},
{
"display_name": "Sensory system",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94487597",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.45179626,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11101"
},
{
"display_name": "Physical medicine and rehabilitation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C99508421",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.42620894,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2678675"
},
{
"display_name": "Audiology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C548259974",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4148771,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q569965"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3539368,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418"
},
{
"display_name": "Neuroscience",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C169760540",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3224693,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011"
}
] |
One method of evaluating the degree of neurologic impairment in MS has been the combination of grades (0 = normal to 5 or 6 = maximal impairment) within 8 Functional Systems (FS) and an overall Disability Status Scale (DSS) that had steps from 0 (normal) to 10 (death due to MS). A new Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) is presented, with each of the former steps (1,2,3 … 9) now divided into two (1.0, 1.5, 2.0 … 9.5). The lower portion is obligatorily defined by Functional System grades. The FS are Pyramidal, Cerebellar, Brain Stem, Sensory, Bowel & Bladder, Visual, Cerebral, and Other; the Sensory and Bowel & Bladder Systems have been revised. Patterns of FS and relations of FS by type and grade to the DSS are demonstrated.
|
C99508421
|
Physical medicine and rehabilitation
|
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8749.1997.tb07414.x
|
branch of medicine
|
Development and reliability of a system to classify gross motor function in children with cerebral palsy
|
[
{
"display_name": "Cerebral palsy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779421357",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.90751076,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210427"
},
{
"display_name": "Gross Motor Function Classification System",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776659555",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.8605176,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5610509"
},
{
"display_name": "Inter-rater reliability",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C61863361",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.7469007,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q470749"
},
{
"display_name": "Delphi method",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C60641444",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.59602726,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q841602"
},
{
"display_name": "Grading (engineering)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777286243",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5736035,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5591926"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.49791503,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418"
},
{
"display_name": "Physical medicine and rehabilitation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C99508421",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.49581775,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2678675"
},
{
"display_name": "Physical therapy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C1862650",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.49531642,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186005"
},
{
"display_name": "Gross motor skill",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C114735433",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.46005577,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5610504"
},
{
"display_name": "Motor skill",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C169976356",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.45869344,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13208902"
},
{
"display_name": "Reliability (semiconductor)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C43214815",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.45492876,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987"
},
{
"display_name": "Motor function",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2988438704",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.44505087,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2996165"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3616503,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
}
] |
To address the need for a standardized system to classify the gross motor function of children with cerebral palsy, the authors developed a five‐level classification system analogous to the staging and grading systems used in medicine. Nominal group process and Delphi survey consensus methods were used to examine content validity and revise the classification system until consensus among 48 experts (physical therapists, occupational therapists, and developmental pediatricians with expertise in cerebral palsy) was achieved. Interrater reliability ( k ) was 0.55 for children less than 2 years of age and 0.75 for children 2 to 12 years of age. The classification system has application for clinical practice, research, teaching, and administration.
|
C99508421
|
Physical medicine and rehabilitation
|
https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.22340
|
branch of medicine
|
Movement Disorder Society‐sponsored revision of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (MDS‐UPDRS): Scale presentation and clinimetric testing results
|
[
{
"display_name": "Rating scale",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C83849319",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7770237,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7295720"
},
{
"display_name": "Cronbach's alpha",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C106906290",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6906031,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1140909"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.6602603,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418"
},
{
"display_name": "Movement disorders",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778261627",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.58163196,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2608695"
},
{
"display_name": "Physical medicine and rehabilitation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C99508421",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.54178864,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2678675"
},
{
"display_name": "Physical therapy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C1862650",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.53931993,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186005"
},
{
"display_name": "Parkinson's disease",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779734285",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4327129,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11085"
},
{
"display_name": "Activities of daily living",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C79544238",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43244675,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q423243"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychometrics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C171606756",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.31844544,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q506132"
}
] |
Abstract We present a clinimetric assessment of the Movement Disorder Society (MDS)‐sponsored revision of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (MDS‐UPDRS). The MDS‐UDPRS Task Force revised and expanded the UPDRS using recommendations from a published critique. The MDS‐UPDRS has four parts, namely, I: Non‐motor Experiences of Daily Living; II: Motor Experiences of Daily Living; III: Motor Examination; IV: Motor Complications. Twenty questions are completed by the patient/caregiver. Item‐specific instructions and an appendix of complementary additional scales are provided. Movement disorder specialists and study coordinators administered the UPDRS (55 items) and MDS‐UPDRS (65 items) to 877 English speaking (78% non‐Latino Caucasian) patients with Parkinson's disease from 39 sites. We compared the two scales using correlative techniques and factor analysis. The MDS‐UPDRS showed high internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.79–0.93 across parts) and correlated with the original UPDRS (ρ = 0.96). MDS‐UPDRS across‐part correlations ranged from 0.22 to 0.66. Reliable factor structures for each part were obtained (comparative fit index > 0.90 for each part), which support the use of sum scores for each part in preference to a total score of all parts. The combined clinimetric results of this study support the validity of the MDS‐UPDRS for rating PD. © 2008 Movement Disorder Society
|
C99508421
|
Physical medicine and rehabilitation
|
https://doi.org/10.2340/1650197771331
|
branch of medicine
|
The post-stroke hemiplegic patient. 1. a method for evaluation of physical performance
|
[
{
"display_name": "Physical medicine and rehabilitation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C99508421",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.7220465,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2678675"
},
{
"display_name": "Motor function",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2988438704",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.62032133,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2996165"
},
{
"display_name": "Physical therapy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C1862650",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.529716,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186005"
},
{
"display_name": "Balance (ability)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C168031717",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.50356907,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1530280"
},
{
"display_name": "Stroke (engine)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780645631",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4829304,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q671554"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.41486806,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.4108463,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
}
] |
A system for evaluation of motor function, balance, some sensation qualities and joint function in hemiplegic patients is described in detail. The system applies a cumulative numerical score. A series of hemiplegic patients has been followed from within one week post-stroke and throughout one year. When initially nearly flaccid hemiparalysis prevails, the motor recovery, if any occur, follows a definable course. The findings in this study substantiate the validity of ontogenetic principles as applicable to the assessment of motor behaviour in hemiplegic patients, and foocus the importance of early therapeutic measures against contractures.
|
C99508421
|
Physical medicine and rehabilitation
|
https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/67.2.206
|
branch of medicine
|
Interrater Reliability of a Modified Ashworth Scale of Muscle Spasticity
|
[
{
"display_name": "Spasticity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779012798",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.9157095,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117060"
},
{
"display_name": "Modified Ashworth scale",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780566999",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.8934704,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25098821"
},
{
"display_name": "Inter-rater reliability",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C61863361",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.7834468,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q470749"
},
{
"display_name": "Physical medicine and rehabilitation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C99508421",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.66216034,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2678675"
},
{
"display_name": "Elbow flexion",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3019131375",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6365014,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42586"
},
{
"display_name": "Elbow",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781184374",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6322092,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42586"
},
{
"display_name": "Muscle tone",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781375409",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5997576,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1147377"
},
{
"display_name": "Grading scale",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2993012660",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.55272406,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18185"
},
{
"display_name": "Physical therapy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C1862650",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.55154073,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186005"
},
{
"display_name": "Reliability (semiconductor)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C43214815",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.48121408,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.46064714,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418"
},
{
"display_name": "Grading (engineering)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777286243",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4375179,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5591926"
},
{
"display_name": "Electromyography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777515770",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41080636,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q507369"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.40981716,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Rating scale",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C83849319",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.34885982,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7295720"
}
] |
We undertook this investigation to determine the interrater reliability of manual tests of elbow flexor muscle spasticity graded on a modified Ashworth scale. We each independently graded the elbow flexor muscle spasticity of 30 patients with intracranial lesions. We agreed on 86.7% of our ratings. The Kendall's tau correlation between our grades was .847 (p less than .001). Thus, the relationship between the raters' judgments was significant and the reliability was good. Although the results were limited to the elbow flexor muscle group, we believe them to be positive enough to encourage further trials of the modified Ashworth scale for grading spasticity.
|
C99508421
|
Physical medicine and rehabilitation
|
https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.2007.131045
|
branch of medicine
|
Parkinson's disease: clinical features and diagnosis
|
[
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.56594074,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Dystonia",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778559928",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.56247103,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q906492"
},
{
"display_name": "Movement disorders",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778261627",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5523947,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2608695"
},
{
"display_name": "Physical medicine and rehabilitation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C99508421",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.51089734,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2678675"
},
{
"display_name": "Parkinson's disease",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779734285",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.50388736,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11085"
},
{
"display_name": "Disease",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779134260",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4855892,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136"
},
{
"display_name": "Ophthalmoparesis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779463451",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4752457,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1723331"
},
{
"display_name": "Dementia",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779483572",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.44053718,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83030"
},
{
"display_name": "Dysarthria",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777639682",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42050874,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q225957"
},
{
"display_name": "Ataxia",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780906641",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.37862894,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q213373"
},
{
"display_name": "Physical therapy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C1862650",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.33265585,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186005"
}
] |
<h3>Objective:</h3> Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurological disorder characterised by a large number of motor and non-motor features that can impact on function to a variable degree. This review describes the clinical characteristics of PD with emphasis on those features that differentiate the disease from other parkinsonian disorders. <h3>Methods:</h3> A MedLine search was performed to identify studies that assess the clinical characteristics of PD. Search terms included “Parkinson’s disease”, “diagnosis” and “signs and symptoms”. <h3>Results:</h3> Because there is no definitive test for the diagnosis of PD, the disease must be diagnosed based on clinical criteria. Rest tremor, bradykinesia, rigidity and loss of postural reflexes are generally considered the cardinal signs of PD. The presence and specific presentation of these features are used to differentiate PD from related parkinsonian disorders. Other clinical features include secondary motor symptoms (eg, hypomimia, dysarthria, dysphagia, sialorrhoea, micrographia, shuffling gait, festination, freezing, dystonia, glabellar reflexes), non-motor symptoms (eg, autonomic dysfunction, cognitive/neurobehavioral abnormalities, sleep disorders and sensory abnormalities such as anosmia, paresthesias and pain). Absence of rest tremor, early occurrence of gait difficulty, postural instability, dementia, hallucinations, and the presence of dysautonomia, ophthalmoparesis, ataxia and other atypical features, coupled with poor or no response to levodopa, suggest diagnoses other than PD. <h3>Conclusions:</h3> A thorough understanding of the broad spectrum of clinical manifestations of PD is essential to the proper diagnosis of the disease. Genetic mutations or variants, neuroimaging abnormalities and other tests are potential biomarkers that may improve diagnosis and allow the identification of persons at risk.
|
C99508421
|
Physical medicine and rehabilitation
|
https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0b013e3181a0c95c
|
branch of medicine
|
Exercise and Physical Activity for Older Adults
|
[
{
"display_name": "Life expectancy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C133925201",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.66007304,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188419"
},
{
"display_name": "Flexibility (engineering)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780598303",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.64119637,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65921492"
},
{
"display_name": "Gerontology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C74909509",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.62037706,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10387"
},
{
"display_name": "Exercise prescription",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779673892",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5621692,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5420061"
},
{
"display_name": "Physical activity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3020255362",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5140704,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q747883"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.50584364,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Physical therapy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C1862650",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.469606,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186005"
},
{
"display_name": "Physical medicine and rehabilitation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C99508421",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.42729917,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2678675"
},
{
"display_name": "Cognition",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C169900460",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4202852,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417"
},
{
"display_name": "Sports medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C43893838",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4179228,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840545"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.41080636,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418"
}
] |
SUMMARY The purpose of this Position Stand is to provide an overview of issues critical to understanding the importance of exercise and physical activity in older adult populations. The Position Stand is divided into three sections: Section 1 briefly reviews the structural and functional changes that characterize normal human aging, Section 2 considers the extent to which exercise and physical activity can influence the aging process, and Section 3 summarizes the benefits of both long-term exercise and physical activity and shorter-duration exercise programs on health and functional capacity. Although no amount of physical activity can stop the biological aging process, there is evidence that regular exercise can minimize the physiological effects of an otherwise sedentary lifestyle and increase active life expectancy by limiting the development and progression of chronic disease and disabling conditions. There is also emerging evidence for significant psychological and cognitive benefits accruing from regular exercise participation by older adults. Ideally, exercise prescription for older adults should include aerobic exercise, muscle strengthening exercises, and flexibility exercises. The evidence reviewed in this Position Stand is generally consistent with prior American College of Sports Medicine statements on the types and amounts of physical activity recommended for older adults as well as the recently published 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans. All older adults should engage in regular physical activity and avoid an inactive lifestyle.
|
C201995342
|
Systems engineering
|
https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4812323
|
interdisciplinary field of engineering and engineering management that focuses on how to design and manage complex systems over their life cycles
|
Commentary: The Materials Project: A materials genome approach to accelerating materials innovation
|
[
{
"display_name": "Materials processing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2987263936",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.45517802,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10843872"
},
{
"display_name": "Systems engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C201995342",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4194712,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496"
},
{
"display_name": "Nanotechnology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C171250308",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.41545412,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.4121953,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Materials science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C192562407",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.39400673,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736"
},
{
"display_name": "Data science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2522767166",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.372905,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463"
}
] |
Accelerating the discovery of advanced materials is essential for human welfare and sustainable, clean energy. In this paper, we introduce the Materials Project (www.materialsproject.org), a core program of the Materials Genome Initiative that uses high-throughput computing to uncover the properties of all known inorganic materials. This open dataset can be accessed through multiple channels for both interactive exploration and data mining. The Materials Project also seeks to create open-source platforms for developing robust, sophisticated materials analyses. Future efforts will enable users to perform ‘‘rapid-prototyping’’ of new materials in silico, and provide researchers with new avenues for cost-effective, data-driven materials design.
|
C201995342
|
Systems engineering
|
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-1937-2016
|
interdisciplinary field of engineering and engineering management that focuses on how to design and manage complex systems over their life cycles
|
Overview of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) experimental design and organization
|
[
{
"display_name": "Coupled model intercomparison project",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C25022447",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.7981558,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5178021"
},
{
"display_name": "Documentation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C56666940",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.55775565,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788790"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.50337905,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Range (aeronautics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C204323151",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42836815,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424"
},
{
"display_name": "Consistency (knowledge bases)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776436953",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4225782,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5163215"
},
{
"display_name": "Systems engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C201995342",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.41210634,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39432304",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.40684265,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847"
},
{
"display_name": "Climate model",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C168754636",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.39511004,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q620920"
},
{
"display_name": "Operations research",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C42475967",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.33737493,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292"
}
] |
Abstract. By coordinating the design and distribution of global climate model simulations of the past, current, and future climate, the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP) has become one of the foundational elements of climate science. However, the need to address an ever-expanding range of scientific questions arising from more and more research communities has made it necessary to revise the organization of CMIP. After a long and wide community consultation, a new and more federated structure has been put in place. It consists of three major elements: (1) a handful of common experiments, the DECK (Diagnostic, Evaluation and Characterization of Klima) and CMIP historical simulations (1850–near present) that will maintain continuity and help document basic characteristics of models across different phases of CMIP; (2) common standards, coordination, infrastructure, and documentation that will facilitate the distribution of model outputs and the characterization of the model ensemble; and (3) an ensemble of CMIP-Endorsed Model Intercomparison Projects (MIPs) that will be specific to a particular phase of CMIP (now CMIP6) and that will build on the DECK and CMIP historical simulations to address a large range of specific questions and fill the scientific gaps of the previous CMIP phases. The DECK and CMIP historical simulations, together with the use of CMIP data standards, will be the entry cards for models participating in CMIP. Participation in CMIP6-Endorsed MIPs by individual modelling groups will be at their own discretion and will depend on their scientific interests and priorities. With the Grand Science Challenges of the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) as its scientific backdrop, CMIP6 will address three broad questions: – How does the Earth system respond to forcing? – What are the origins and consequences of systematic model biases? – How can we assess future climate changes given internal climate variability, predictability, and uncertainties in scenarios? This CMIP6 overview paper presents the background and rationale for the new structure of CMIP, provides a detailed description of the DECK and CMIP6 historical simulations, and includes a brief introduction to the 21 CMIP6-Endorsed MIPs.
|
C201995342
|
Systems engineering
|
https://doi.org/10.1109/tns.2006.869826
|
interdisciplinary field of engineering and engineering management that focuses on how to design and manage complex systems over their life cycles
|
Geant4 developments and applications
|
[
{
"display_name": "Variety (cybernetics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C136197465",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.62972254,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295"
},
{
"display_name": "Software",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777904410",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5449393,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397"
},
{
"display_name": "Systems engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C201995342",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.51970655,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496"
},
{
"display_name": "Event (particle physics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779662365",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4549257,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5416694"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.45240125,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.44591781,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413"
},
{
"display_name": "Aerospace engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C146978453",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.40114725,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668"
}
] |
Geant4 is a software toolkit for the simulation of the passage of particles through matter. It is used by a large number of experiments and projects in a variety of application domains, including high energy physics, astrophysics and space science, medical physics and radiation protection. Its functionality and modeling capabilities continue to be extended, while its performance is enhanced. An overview of recent developments in diverse areas of the toolkit is presented. These include performance optimization for complex setups; improvements for the propagation in fields; new options for event biasing; and additions and improvements in geometry, physics processes and interactive capabilities
|
C201995342
|
Systems engineering
|
https://doi.org/10.1021/es0605016
|
interdisciplinary field of engineering and engineering management that focuses on how to design and manage complex systems over their life cycles
|
Microbial Fuel Cells: Methodology and Technology
|
[
{
"display_name": "Microbial fuel cell",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C165337572",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.91687167,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q902723"
},
{
"display_name": "Terminology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C547195049",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.665831,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1725664"
},
{
"display_name": "Biochemical engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C183696295",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.6161945,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2487696"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.51790357,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Systems engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C201995342",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.50516254,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496"
},
{
"display_name": "Field (mathematics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C9652623",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43009922,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109"
},
{
"display_name": "Fuel cells",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2987658370",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4274336,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180253"
},
{
"display_name": "Management science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C539667460",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3677582,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942"
},
{
"display_name": "Engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.34481415,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023"
}
] |
Microbial fuel cell (MFC) research is a rapidly evolving field that lacks established terminology and methods for the analysis of system performance. This makes it difficult for researchers to compare devices on an equivalent basis. The construction and analysis of MFCs requires knowledge of different scientific and engineering fields, ranging from microbiology and electrochemistry to materials and environmental engineering. Describing MFC systems therefore involves an understanding of these different scientific and engineering principles. In this paper, we provide a review of the different materials and methods used to construct MFCs, techniques used to analyze system performance, and recommendations on what information to include in MFC studies and the most useful ways to present results.
|
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