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C201995342
|
Systems engineering
|
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.09.081
|
interdisciplinary field of engineering and engineering management that focuses on how to design and manage complex systems over their life cycles
|
Overview of current development in electrical energy storage technologies and the application potential in power system operation
|
[
{
"display_name": "Underpinning",
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"level": 2,
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},
{
"display_name": "Variety (cybernetics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C136197465",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5417349,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295"
},
{
"display_name": "Energy storage",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C73916439",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5210221,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837718"
},
{
"display_name": "Electric power system",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C89227174",
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{
"display_name": "Systems engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C201995342",
"level": 1,
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"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496"
},
{
"display_name": "Electric potential energy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C98576551",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.43347928,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q841798"
},
{
"display_name": "Greenhouse gas",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C47737302",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42201746,
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},
{
"display_name": "State (computer science)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C48103436",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42016855,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031"
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{
"display_name": "Electric power",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C40293303",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.41619474,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27137"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.40690663,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.38465795,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023"
},
{
"display_name": "Energy (signal processing)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C186370098",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.3652413,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787"
},
{
"display_name": "Power (physics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C163258240",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.3451542,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342"
},
{
"display_name": "Process engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C21880701",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.32495904,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2144042"
},
{
"display_name": "Risk analysis (engineering)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C112930515",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3247804,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547"
}
] |
Electrical power generation is changing dramatically across the world because of the need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to introduce mixed energy sources. The power network faces great challenges in transmission and distribution to meet demand with unpredictable daily and seasonal variations. Electrical Energy Storage (EES) is recognized as underpinning technologies to have great potential in meeting these challenges, whereby energy is stored in a certain state, according to the technology used, and is converted to electrical energy when needed. However, the wide variety of options and complex characteristic matrices make it difficult to appraise a specific EES technology for a particular application. This paper intends to mitigate this problem by providing a comprehensive and clear picture of the state-of-the-art technologies available, and where they would be suited for integration into a power generation and distribution system. The paper starts with an overview of the operation principles, technical and economic performance features and the current research and development of important EES technologies, sorted into six main categories based on the types of energy stored. Following this, a comprehensive comparison and an application potential analysis of the reviewed technologies are presented.
|
C201995342
|
Systems engineering
|
https://doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-12-00121.1
|
interdisciplinary field of engineering and engineering management that focuses on how to design and manage complex systems over their life cycles
|
The Community Earth System Model: A Framework for Collaborative Research
|
[
{
"display_name": "Earth system science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C80368990",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.78858143,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3046459"
},
{
"display_name": "Thermosphere",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C131980223",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.57892597,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178043"
},
{
"display_name": "Interoperability",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C20136886",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5530348,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q749647"
},
{
"display_name": "Earth science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C1965285",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5314768,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8008"
},
{
"display_name": "Documentation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C56666940",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5084302,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788790"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.50829643,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Systems engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C201995342",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.45965284,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496"
},
{
"display_name": "Workflow",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C177212765",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.45748654,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q627335"
},
{
"display_name": "Variety (cybernetics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C136197465",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4313795,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295"
},
{
"display_name": "Climate model",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C168754636",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.42879835,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q620920"
},
{
"display_name": "Atmosphere (unit)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C65440619",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41695616,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177974"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39432304",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3324939,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847"
}
] |
The Community Earth System Model (CESM) is a flexible and extensible community tool used to investigate a diverse set of Earth system interactions across multiple time and space scales. This global coupled model significantly extends its predecessor, the Community Climate System Model, by incorporating new Earth system simulation capabilities. These comprise the ability to simulate biogeochemical cycles, including those of carbon and nitrogen, a variety of atmospheric chemistry options, the Greenland Ice Sheet, and an atmosphere that extends to the lower thermosphere. These and other new model capabilities are enabling investigations into a wide range of pressing scientific questions, providing new foresight into possible future climates and increasing our collective knowledge about the behavior and interactions of the Earth system. Simulations with numerous configurations of the CESM have been provided to phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) and are being analyzed by the broad community of scientists. Additionally, the model source code and associated documentation are freely available to the scientific community to use for Earth system studies, making it a true community tool. This article describes this Earth system model and its various possible configurations, and highlights a number of its scientific capabilities.
|
C201995342
|
Systems engineering
|
https://doi.org/10.1109/tii.2011.2166794
|
interdisciplinary field of engineering and engineering management that focuses on how to design and manage complex systems over their life cycles
|
Smart Grid Technologies: Communication Technologies and Standards
|
[
{
"display_name": "Smart grid",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C10558101",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8711269,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q689855"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.5910049,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Information and Communications Technology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C67363961",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5108461,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5268834"
},
{
"display_name": "Reliability (semiconductor)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C43214815",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.45559645,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987"
},
{
"display_name": "Grid",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C187691185",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43835807,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720"
},
{
"display_name": "Systems engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C201995342",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.43110842,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496"
},
{
"display_name": "Telecommunications",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C76155785",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.41290417,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418"
},
{
"display_name": "Distributed computing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C120314980",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.34238428,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634"
},
{
"display_name": "Electrical engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C119599485",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.31272203,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035"
}
] |
For 100 years, there has been no change in the basic structure of the electrical power grid. Experiences have shown that the hierarchical, centrally controlled grid of the 20th Century is ill-suited to the needs of the 21st Century. To address the challenges of the existing power grid, the new concept of smart grid has emerged. The smart grid can be considered as a modern electric power grid infrastructure for enhanced efficiency and reliability through automated control, high-power converters, modern communications infrastructure, sensing and metering technologies, and modern energy management techniques based on the optimization of demand, energy and network availability, and so on. While current power systems are based on a solid information and communication infrastructure, the new smart grid needs a different and much more complex one, as its dimension is much larger. This paper addresses critical issues on smart grid technologies primarily in terms of information and communication technology (ICT) issues and opportunities. The main objective of this paper is to provide a contemporary look at the current state of the art in smart grid communications as well as to discuss the still-open research issues in this field. It is expected that this paper will provide a better understanding of the technologies, potential advantages and research challenges of the smart grid and provoke interest among the research community to further explore this promising research area.
|
C201995342
|
Systems engineering
|
https://doi.org/10.1109/tii.2012.2219061
|
interdisciplinary field of engineering and engineering management that focuses on how to design and manage complex systems over their life cycles
|
An Overview of Recent Progress in the Study of Distributed Multi-Agent Coordination
|
[
{
"display_name": "Robotics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C34413123",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6026875,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170978"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.6000121,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Distributed computing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C120314980",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5437014,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634"
},
{
"display_name": "Multi-agent system",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41550386",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5276707,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q529909"
},
{
"display_name": "Open research",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778464652",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.49112174,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309849"
},
{
"display_name": "Control (management)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2775924081",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.46151778,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371"
},
{
"display_name": "Special section",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2993458768",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.45074445,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3477549"
},
{
"display_name": "Systems engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C201995342",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.44191244,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496"
},
{
"display_name": "Remotely operated underwater vehicle",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C145424490",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.41258886,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q618465"
},
{
"display_name": "Artificial intelligence",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C154945302",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.38403106,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660"
},
{
"display_name": "Control engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C133731056",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.35456336,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288"
},
{
"display_name": "Engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.31741264,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023"
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] |
This paper reviews some main results and progress in distributed multi-agent coordination, focusing on papers published in major control systems and robotics journals since 2006. Distributed coordination of multiple vehicles, including unmanned aerial vehicles, unmanned ground vehicles, and unmanned underwater vehicles, has been a very active research subject studied extensively by the systems and control community. The recent results in this area are categorized into several directions, such as consensus, formation control, optimization, and estimation. After the review, a short discussion section is included to summarize the existing research and to propose several promising research directions along with some open problems that are deemed important for further investigations.
|
C190253527
|
Law and economics
|
https://doi.org/10.2307/3146384
|
application of economic theory to analysis of legal systems
|
Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action
|
[
{
"display_name": "Commons",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C49427245",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.88225937,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9828451"
},
{
"display_name": "Collective action",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777932401",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.85009027,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1471594"
},
{
"display_name": "Action (physics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780791683",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.70486236,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846785"
},
{
"display_name": "Law and economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C190253527",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4816974,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295354"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.42037487,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental ethics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95124753",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.34459335,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875686"
},
{
"display_name": "Political economy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138921699",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.32316166,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47555"
}
] |
Preface 1. Reflections on the commons 2. An institutional approach to the study of self-organization and self-governance in CPR situations 3. Analyzing long-enduring, self-organized and self-governed CPRs 4. Analyzing institutional change 5. Analyzing institutional failures and fragilities 6. A framework for analysis of self-organizing and self-governing CPRs Notes References Index.
|
C190253527
|
Law and economics
|
https://doi.org/10.2307/1288305
|
application of economic theory to analysis of legal systems
|
Street-Level Bureaucracy: Dilemmas of the Individual in Public Services
|
[
{
"display_name": "Bureaucracy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C51575053",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.8158587,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q72468"
},
{
"display_name": "Public administration",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3116431",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5032801,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31728"
},
{
"display_name": "Law and economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C190253527",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.46171638,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295354"
},
{
"display_name": "Business",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.38883558,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.36427742,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.35846686,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748"
},
{
"display_name": "Public relations",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39549134",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3221708,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080"
},
{
"display_name": "Public economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C100001284",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.32133543,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2248246"
}
] |
The critical role of street-level bureaucrats -- Street-level bureaucrats as policy makers -- The problem of resources -- Goals and performance measures -- Relations with clients -- Advocacy and alienation in street-level work -- Rationing services : limitation of access and demand -- Rationing services : inequality in administration -- Controlling clients and the work situation -- The client-processing mentality -- The assault on human services : bureaucratic control, accountability, and the fiscal crisis -- The broader context of bureaucratic relations -- Support for human services : notes for reform and reconstruction -- On managing street-level bureaucracy.
|
C190253527
|
Law and economics
|
https://doi.org/10.1017/s0020818300027764
|
application of economic theory to analysis of legal systems
|
Anarchy is what states make of it: the social construction of power politics
|
[
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.70863885,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163"
},
{
"display_name": "Power (physics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C163258240",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6844892,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342"
},
{
"display_name": "State (computer science)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C48103436",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.58580774,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031"
},
{
"display_name": "International relations",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C34355311",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.552936,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166542"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.5393325,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442"
},
{
"display_name": "Law and economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C190253527",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5039255,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295354"
},
{
"display_name": "Action (physics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780791683",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.46479577,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846785"
},
{
"display_name": "International relations theory",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C196927870",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.434115,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1785609"
},
{
"display_name": "Political economy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138921699",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4306084,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47555"
},
{
"display_name": "Economic system",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C74363100",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4019159,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q273005"
},
{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3526434,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201"
}
] |
The debate between realists and liberals has reemerged as an axis of contention in international relations theory. Revolving in the past around competing theories of human nature, the debate is more concerned today with the extent to which state action is influenced by “structure” (anarchy and the distribution of power) versus “process” (interaction and learning) and institutions. Does the absence of centralized political authority force states to play competitive power politics? Can international regimes overcome this logic, and under what conditions? What in anarchy is given and immutable, and what is amenable to change?
|
C190253527
|
Law and economics
|
https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.44-2056
|
application of economic theory to analysis of legal systems
|
Frontiers of justice: disability, nationality, species membership
|
[
{
"display_name": "Economic Justice",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C139621336",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6649088,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3190382"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5969869,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163"
},
{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.5694919,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201"
},
{
"display_name": "Political philosophy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C79841651",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5521414,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179805"
},
{
"display_name": "Law and economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C190253527",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5103201,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295354"
},
{
"display_name": "Citizenship",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780781376",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.47735262,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42138"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.42157114,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3067515,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442"
}
] |
rather "as a nexus of distinctive sensibilities, cares, and concerns that are expressed in distinctive patterns of emotional and practical response" (p.236).Drawing on Philippa Foot and Simone Weil, Wiggins draws out the moral significance of solidarity and recognition."In recognizing another person, we recognize not merely a subject of consciousness but a being who will seek to interpret us even as we seek to interpret him or her" (p.243).The priority of primitive aversions, with which Wiggins began, is then linked to acts that violate solidarity and deny recognition.What if we must violate basic deontological rules to prevent catastrophe?Wiggins responds with a fifth moral category "subsuming the ordinary passably virtuous agent's concern to preserve the very conditions under which human civilization will survive and/or ordinary morality can make its characteristic demands on normal human life" (p.259).It is a mistake, as consequentialists do, to model the whole of morality on these emergency cases.Wiggins resolutely defends a "piecemeal" approach to morality."[T]hose who despise the piecemeal . . .cut themselves off from all sorts of truths that bear closely on the questions they ask. . . .In so far as the case for morality can be stated briefly, all that can be said is that, in a way already illustrated, it is the most enterprising and durable expression that a human being will find for the benevolent dispositions he or she can discover within himself or herself " (p.265).This intriguing book is not aimed at teenage undergraduates, who will find Wiggins a very difficult and frustrating read.Ethics would certainly not be a suitable text for introductory ethics classes.Its target audience is rather those who, while beginners in philosophy, are not beginners in life.Such readers will still find Wiggins challenging (and, at times, opaque and old-fashioned), but they may also find him an intriguing and provocative guide as they seek to apply moral philosophy to moral life.
|
C190253527
|
Law and economics
|
https://doi.org/10.3386/w0133
|
application of economic theory to analysis of legal systems
|
Toward a More General Theory of Regulation
|
[
{
"display_name": "Disenchantment",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779582090",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6759804,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1345803"
},
{
"display_name": "Neoclassical economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C133425853",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5926562,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60571"
},
{
"display_name": "Generalization",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C177148314",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.58768153,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084"
},
{
"display_name": "Work (physics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C18762648",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.55035037,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.5397817,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134"
},
{
"display_name": "Positive economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C118084267",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.45791972,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26110"
},
{
"display_name": "Law and economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C190253527",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.44465852,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295354"
}
] |
George Stigler's work on the theory of regulation is one of those rare contributions--rare for the rest of us, though not for him--which force a fundamental change in the way important problems are analyzed.Stigler's influence will be clear in this paper.There is perhaps no more telling evidence of this influence than that its basic motivation was my dissatisfaction with some of Stigler's conclusions.(it was a dissatisfaction that Stigler shared, since I can report that we simultaneously reached one of the conclusions elaborated here--that regulatory agencies will not exclusively serve a single economic interest.)My intellectual debt to Stigler is so great that this paper emerges as an extension and generalization of his pioneering work.What Stigler accomplished in his Theory of Economic Regulation was to crystallize a revisionism in the economic analysis of regulation that he had helped launch in his and Claire Friedland's work on electric utilities.1The revisionism had its genesis in a growing disenchantment
|
C190253527
|
Law and economics
|
https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-5965.00353
|
application of economic theory to analysis of legal systems
|
Normative Power Europe: A Contradiction in Terms?
|
[
{
"display_name": "Normative",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C44725695",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.87824637,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q288156"
},
{
"display_name": "Contradiction",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776728590",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.80287325,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q363948"
},
{
"display_name": "European union",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2910001868",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.704273,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q458"
},
{
"display_name": "Power (physics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C163258240",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.68785155,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.5979193,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442"
},
{
"display_name": "International relations",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C34355311",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.522723,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166542"
},
{
"display_name": "European community",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3018369621",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47041824,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52847"
},
{
"display_name": "Security policy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C154908896",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4407598,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2167404"
},
{
"display_name": "International community",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779872411",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4229501,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1774161"
},
{
"display_name": "Political economy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138921699",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.41411006,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47555"
},
{
"display_name": "Law and economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C190253527",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.40843347,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295354"
},
{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.34980577,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.34647417,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748"
},
{
"display_name": "Positive economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C118084267",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.32148954,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26110"
},
{
"display_name": "International trade",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C155202549",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.30885231,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178803"
}
] |
Twenty years ago, in the pages of the, Journal of Common Market Studies , Hedley Bull launched a searing critique of the European Community’s ‘civilian power’ in international affairs. Since that time the increasing role of the European Union (EU) in areas of security and defence policy has led to a seductiveness in adopting the notion of ‘military power Europe’. In contrast, I will attempt to argue that by thinking beyond traditional conceptions of the EU’s international role and examining the case study of its international pursuit of the abolition of the death penalty, we may best conceive of the EU as a ‘normative power Europe’.
|
C190253527
|
Law and economics
|
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.280.5364.698
|
application of economic theory to analysis of legal systems
|
Can Patents Deter Innovation? The Anticommons in Biomedical Research
|
[
{
"display_name": "Tragedy of the commons",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15517945",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.81538916,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q334622"
},
{
"display_name": "Intellectual property",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C34974158",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8094314,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131257"
},
{
"display_name": "Business",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.6229281,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453"
},
{
"display_name": "Commons",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C49427245",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6172486,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9828451"
},
{
"display_name": "Law and economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C190253527",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.53776497,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295354"
},
{
"display_name": "Upstream (networking)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C191172861",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.51940465,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7899321"
},
{
"display_name": "Metaphor",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778311575",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5057428,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18534"
},
{
"display_name": "Downstream (manufacturing)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776207758",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.48890248,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5303302"
},
{
"display_name": "Product (mathematics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C90673727",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.48149765,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901718"
},
{
"display_name": "Tragedy (event)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780027720",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4209292,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7832608"
}
] |
The “tragedy of the commons” metaphor helps explain why people overuse shared resources. However, the recent proliferation of intellectual property rights in biomedical research suggests a different tragedy, an “anticommons” in which people underuse scarce resources because too many owners can block each other. Privatization of biomedical research must be more carefully deployed to sustain both upstream research and downstream product development. Otherwise, more intellectual property rights may lead paradoxically to fewer useful products for improving human health.
|
C190253527
|
Law and economics
|
https://doi.org/10.2307/3146375
|
application of economic theory to analysis of legal systems
|
Property-Rights Regimes and Natural Resources: A Conceptual Analysis
|
[
{
"display_name": "Property rights",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86511162",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.62841916,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8799101"
},
{
"display_name": "Property (philosophy)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C189950617",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.59790826,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q937228"
},
{
"display_name": "Natural (archaeology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776608160",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.54974705,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4785462"
},
{
"display_name": "Law and economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C190253527",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.45255554,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295354"
},
{
"display_name": "Business",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.44998172,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453"
},
{
"display_name": "Natural resource",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C29985473",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4105873,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188460"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental resource management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C107826830",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.34036398,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q929380"
}
] |
The term common-property is an example of a term repeatedly used to refer to property owned by a government or by no one. It is also used for property owned by a community of resource users. Such usage leads to confusion in scientific study and policy analysis. In this paper we develop a conceptual schema for arraying property-rights regimes that distinguishes among diverse bundles of rights ranging from authorized user, to claimant, to proprietor, and to owner. We apply this conceptual schema to analyze findings from a variety of empirical settings including the Maine lobster industry.
|
C91375879
|
Environmental planning
|
https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009325844
| null |
Climate Change 2022 – Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
|
[
{
"display_name": "Climate change",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C132651083",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.78312105,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7942"
},
{
"display_name": "Vulnerability (computing)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95713431",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.76941,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631425"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental resource management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C107826830",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5888593,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q929380"
},
{
"display_name": "Adaptation (eye)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C139807058",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5592167,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q352374"
},
{
"display_name": "Biodiversity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C130217890",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.49633628,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47041"
},
{
"display_name": "Greenhouse gas",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C47737302",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.46952382,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167336"
},
{
"display_name": "Political economy of climate change",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C189123395",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4501918,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7210295"
},
{
"display_name": "Ecological forecasting",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C96240277",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.45000696,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5333237"
},
{
"display_name": "Vulnerability assessment",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C167063184",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.44553047,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1400839"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental planning",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C91375879",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.44427773,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15473274"
},
{
"display_name": "Global warming",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C115343472",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.416923,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7942"
},
{
"display_name": "Geography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.37249094,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39432304",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3559813,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847"
}
] |
The Working Group II contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) provides a comprehensive assessment of the scientific literature relevant to climate change impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. The report recognizes the interactions of climate, ecosystems and biodiversity, and human societies, and integrates across the natural, ecological, social and economic sciences. It emphasizes how efforts in adaptation and in reducing greenhouse gas emissions can come together in a process called climate resilient development, which enables a liveable future for biodiversity and humankind. The IPCC is the leading body for assessing climate change science. IPCC reports are produced in comprehensive, objective and transparent ways, ensuring they reflect the full range of views in the scientific literature. Novel elements include focused topical assessments, and an atlas presenting observed climate change impacts and future risks from global to regional scales. Available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
|
C91375879
|
Environmental planning
|
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1231335100
| null |
A framework for vulnerability analysis in sustainability science
|
[
{
"display_name": "Vulnerability (computing)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95713431",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8922291,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631425"
},
{
"display_name": "Resilience (materials science)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779585090",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6772516,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3457762"
},
{
"display_name": "Sustainability",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C66204764",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.66287875,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q219416"
},
{
"display_name": "Vulnerability assessment",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C167063184",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6501986,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1400839"
},
{
"display_name": "Biosphere",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C107218244",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5667329,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42762"
},
{
"display_name": "Function (biology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C14036430",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5230447,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076"
},
{
"display_name": "Risk analysis (engineering)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C112930515",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5194211,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental resource management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C107826830",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4788901,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q929380"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental planning",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C91375879",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4737214,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15473274"
},
{
"display_name": "Adaptive capacity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777006462",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.43245682,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3738275"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychological resilience",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C137176749",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.40509176,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4105337"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.4044856,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Business",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.34786004,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453"
}
] |
Global environmental change and sustainability science increasingly recognize the need to address the consequences of changes taking place in the structure and function of the biosphere. These changes raise questions such as: Who and what are vulnerable to the multiple environmental changes underway, and where? Research demonstrates that vulnerability is registered not by exposure to hazards (perturbations and stresses) alone but also resides in the sensitivity and resilience of the system experiencing such hazards. This recognition requires revisions and enlargements in the basic design of vulnerability assessments, including the capacity to treat coupled human–environment systems and those linkages within and without the systems that affect their vulnerability. A vulnerability framework for the assessment of coupled human–environment systems is presented.
|
C91375879
|
Environmental planning
|
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1231332100
| null |
Knowledge systems for sustainable development
|
[
{
"display_name": "Anthropocene",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C128370203",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7251657,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26841"
},
{
"display_name": "Climate change",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C132651083",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5701715,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7942"
},
{
"display_name": "Face (sociological concept)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779304628",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.535932,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480"
},
{
"display_name": "Sustainable development",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C552854447",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.53381354,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131201"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental planning",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C91375879",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5178173,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15473274"
},
{
"display_name": "Existentialism",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127882523",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4893419,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38066"
},
{
"display_name": "Resource (disambiguation)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C206345919",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41903678,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20380951"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental resource management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C107826830",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4180961,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q929380"
},
{
"display_name": "Business",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.39941558,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3577047,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental ethics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95124753",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.33517125,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875686"
}
] |
Civil infrastructure will be essential to face the interlinked existential threats of climate change and rising resource demands while ensuring a livable Anthropocene for all. However, conventional infrastructure planning largely neglects the ...
|
C91375879
|
Environmental planning
|
https://doi.org/10.13031/2013.23637
| null |
The Soil and Water Assessment Tool: Historical Development, Applications, and Future Research Directions
|
[
{
"display_name": "Soil and Water Assessment Tool",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780852570",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.90547633,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7554890"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39432304",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.5363359,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847"
},
{
"display_name": "SWAT model",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780623283",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.52722883,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7395158"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental resource management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C107826830",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.47860262,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q929380"
},
{
"display_name": "Watershed",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C150547873",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47263712,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q947851"
},
{
"display_name": "Hydrological modelling",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126197015",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4670742,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1586683"
},
{
"display_name": "Nonpoint source pollution",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C179006392",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4665178,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736556"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental planning",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C91375879",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.45334953,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15473274"
},
{
"display_name": "Hydrology (agriculture)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C76886044",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.37640846,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2883300"
},
{
"display_name": "Agriculture",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C118518473",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.35411084,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11451"
},
{
"display_name": "Streamflow",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C53739315",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.32233018,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29425295"
}
] |
The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model is a continuation of nearly 30 years of modeling efforts conducted by the USDA Agricultural Research Service (ARS). SWAT has gained international acceptance as a robust interdisciplinary watershed modeling tool as evidenced by international SWAT conferences, hundreds of SWAT-related papers presented at numerous other scientific meetings, and dozens of articles published in peer-reviewed journals. The model has also been adopted as part of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Better Assessment Science Integrating Point and Nonpoint Sources (BASINS) software package and is being used by many U.S. federal and state agencies, including the USDA within the Conservation Effects Assessment Project (CEAP). At present, over 250 peer-reviewed published articles have been identified that report SWAT applications, reviews of SWAT components, or other research that includes SWAT. Many of these peer-reviewed articles are summarized here according to relevant application categories such as streamflow calibration and related hydrologic analyses, climate change impacts on hydrology, pollutant load assessments, comparisons with other models, and sensitivity analyses and calibration techniques. Strengths and weaknesses of the model are presented, and recommended research needs for SWAT are also provided.
|
C91375879
|
Environmental planning
|
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2014.08.053
| null |
A review on emerging contaminants in wastewaters and the environment: Current knowledge, understudied areas and recommendations for future monitoring
|
[
{
"display_name": "Environmental impact of pharmaceuticals and personal care products",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C147852310",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.63820153,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5381250"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39432304",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.6237359,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847"
},
{
"display_name": "Wastewater",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94061648",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.59967816,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336191"
},
{
"display_name": "Sewage treatment",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C57442070",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.57360286,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221275"
},
{
"display_name": "Aquatic environment",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2991714712",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.57276946,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3289906"
},
{
"display_name": "Effluent",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C147455438",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5357344,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1057706"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental monitoring",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C539469273",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.49269608,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1749732"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental planning",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C91375879",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.437716,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15473274"
},
{
"display_name": "Biota",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C29450965",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43459955,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q342511"
},
{
"display_name": "Contamination",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C112570922",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43130323,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60528603"
}
] |
This review identifies understudied areas of emerging contaminant (EC) research in wastewaters and the environment, and recommends direction for future monitoring. Non-regulated trace organic ECs including pharmaceuticals, illicit drugs and personal care products are focused on due to ongoing policy initiatives and the expectant broadening of environmental legislation. These ECs are ubiquitous in the aquatic environment, mainly derived from the discharge of municipal wastewater effluents. Their presence is of concern due to the possible ecological impact (e.g., endocrine disruption) to biota within the environment. To better understand their fate in wastewaters and in the environment, a standardised approach to sampling is needed. This ensures representative data is attained and facilitates a better understanding of spatial and temporal trends of EC occurrence. During wastewater treatment, there is a lack of suspended particulate matter analysis due to further preparation requirements and a lack of good analytical approaches. This results in the under-reporting of several ECs entering wastewater treatment works (WwTWs) and the aquatic environment. Also, sludge can act as a concentrating medium for some chemicals during wastewater treatment. The majority of treated sludge is applied directly to agricultural land without analysis for ECs. As a result there is a paucity of information on the fate of ECs in soils and consequently, there has been no driver to investigate the toxicity to exposed terrestrial organisms. Therefore a more holistic approach to environmental monitoring is required, such that the fate and impact of ECs in all exposed environmental compartments are studied. The traditional analytical approach of applying targeted screening with low resolution mass spectrometry (e.g., triple quadrupoles) results in numerous chemicals such as transformation products going undetected. These can exhibit similar toxicity to the parent EC, demonstrating the necessity of using an integrated analytical approach which compliments targeted and non-targeted screening with biological assays to measure ecological impact. With respect to current toxicity testing protocols, failure to consider the enantiomeric distribution of chiral compounds found in the environment, and the possible toxicological differences between enantiomers is concerning. Such information is essential for the development of more accurate environmental risk assessment.
|
C91375879
|
Environmental planning
|
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1127609
| null |
Global Biodiversity Conservation Priorities
|
[
{
"display_name": "Prioritization",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777615720",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.9179107,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11888847"
},
{
"display_name": "Vulnerability (computing)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95713431",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.82725966,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631425"
},
{
"display_name": "Biodiversity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C130217890",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7308292,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47041"
},
{
"display_name": "Biodiversity conservation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2994246104",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.62772727,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q641498"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental resource management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C107826830",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.58852637,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q929380"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental planning",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C91375879",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.51989126,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15473274"
},
{
"display_name": "Vulnerability assessment",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C167063184",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.42342496,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1400839"
},
{
"display_name": "Business",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.37446183,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453"
},
{
"display_name": "Geography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.33537275,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071"
}
] |
The location of and threats to biodiversity are distributed unevenly, so prioritization is essential to minimize biodiversity loss. To address this need, biodiversity conservation organizations have proposed nine templates of global priorities over the past decade. Here, we review the concepts, methods, results, impacts, and challenges of these prioritizations of conservation practice within the theoretical irreplaceability/vulnerability framework of systematic conservation planning. Most of the templates prioritize highly irreplaceable regions; some are reactive (prioritizing high vulnerability), and others are proactive (prioritizing low vulnerability). We hope this synthesis improves understanding of these prioritization approaches and that it results in more efficient allocation of geographically flexible conservation funding.
|
C91375879
|
Environmental planning
|
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0704119104
| null |
The emergence of land change science for global environmental change and sustainability
|
[
{
"display_name": "Environmental change",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C16989226",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.7548836,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16934857"
},
{
"display_name": "Sustainability",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C66204764",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7417661,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q219416"
},
{
"display_name": "Situated",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C132829578",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5780086,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q581151"
},
{
"display_name": "Land use",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C4792198",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5738505,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165944"
},
{
"display_name": "Land use, land-use change and forestry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C122690726",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5467575,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3348639"
},
{
"display_name": "Global change",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199491958",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.53474754,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q737514"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental resource management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C107826830",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.53129864,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q929380"
},
{
"display_name": "Land cover",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780648208",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5249358,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3001793"
},
{
"display_name": "Field (mathematics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C9652623",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5142967,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109"
},
{
"display_name": "Intersection (aeronautics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C64543145",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4789627,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162942"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental planning",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C91375879",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.47130024,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15473274"
},
{
"display_name": "Sustainability science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C20908052",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.45797747,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442321"
},
{
"display_name": "Climate change",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C132651083",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.36730552,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7942"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39432304",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.32755047,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847"
}
] |
Land change science has emerged as a fundamental component of global environmental change and sustainability research. This interdisciplinary field seeks to understand the dynamics of land cover and land use as a coupled human–environment system to address theory, concepts, models, and applications relevant to environmental and societal problems, including the intersection of the two. The major components and advances in land change are addressed: observation and monitoring; understanding the coupled system—causes, impacts, and consequences; modeling; and synthesis issues. The six articles of the special feature are introduced and situated within these components of study.
|
C91375879
|
Environmental planning
|
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-100809-125342
| null |
Global Water Pollution and Human Health
|
[
{
"display_name": "Environmental science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39432304",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.67486143,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847"
},
{
"display_name": "Pollutant",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C82685317",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6629842,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19829510"
},
{
"display_name": "Pollution",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C521259446",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6345641,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q58734"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental protection",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C526734887",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.54691255,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q832237"
},
{
"display_name": "Water pollution",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C90195498",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5301638,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183129"
},
{
"display_name": "Water quality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780797713",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5103304,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q625376"
},
{
"display_name": "Sanitation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780151969",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5048252,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q949149"
},
{
"display_name": "Hazardous waste",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C22507642",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.49735907,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069369"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental planning",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C91375879",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.48802558,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15473274"
}
] |
Water quality issues are a major challenge that humanity is facing in the twenty-first century. Here, we review the main groups of aquatic contaminants, their effects on human health, and approaches to mitigate pollution of freshwater resources. Emphasis is placed on chemical pollution, particularly on inorganic and organic micropollutants including toxic metals and metalloids as well as a large variety of synthetic organic chemicals. Some aspects of waterborne diseases and the urgent need for improved sanitation in developing countries are also discussed. The review addresses current scientific advances to cope with the great diversity of pollutants. It is organized along the different temporal and spatial scales of global water pollution. Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) have affected water systems on a global scale for more than five decades; during that time geogenic pollutants, mining operations, and hazardous waste sites have been the most relevant sources of long-term regional and local water pollution. Agricultural chemicals and waste-water sources exert shorter-term effects on regional to local scales.
|
C61434518
|
General surgery
|
https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa1100370
|
medical specialty
|
Colonoscopic Polypectomy and Long-Term Prevention of Colorectal-Cancer Deaths
|
[
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.9383582,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Polypectomy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780581329",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.8643297,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7226727"
},
{
"display_name": "Colorectal cancer",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C526805850",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.82178783,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188874"
},
{
"display_name": "Colonoscopy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778435480",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.78129137,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840387"
},
{
"display_name": "Adenomatous polyps",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2910480691",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.66649485,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q657665"
},
{
"display_name": "Cancer",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121608353",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5351359,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12078"
},
{
"display_name": "Gastroenterology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C90924648",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.48259056,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q120569"
},
{
"display_name": "Internal medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126322002",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.45497063,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180"
},
{
"display_name": "General surgery",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C61434518",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4346286,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932510"
},
{
"display_name": "Term (time)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C61797465",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41659313,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1188986"
},
{
"display_name": "Oncology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C143998085",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3733797,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162555"
}
] |
In the National Polyp Study (NPS), colorectal cancer was prevented by colonoscopic removal of adenomatous polyps. We evaluated the long-term effect of colonoscopic polypectomy in a study on mortality from colorectal cancer.
|
C61434518
|
General surgery
|
https://doi.org/10.1056/nejm199609263351301
|
medical specialty
|
Complications of Endoscopic Biliary Sphincterotomy
|
[
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.94408524,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778444009",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5065731,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q637883"
},
{
"display_name": "General surgery",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C61434518",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.45487297,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932510"
},
{
"display_name": "Biliary stent",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2993327771",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4522354,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q851111"
},
{
"display_name": "Bile Duct Diseases",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2910372796",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.44344413,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q851111"
},
{
"display_name": "Endoscopy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778451229",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41425586,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q212809"
},
{
"display_name": "Surgery",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C141071460",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3796499,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40821"
}
] |
Endoscopic sphincterotomy is commonly used to remove bile-duct stones and to treat other problems. We prospectively investigated risk factors for complications of this procedure and their outcomes.
|
C61434518
|
General surgery
|
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1572-0241.2008.01835.x
|
medical specialty
|
Updated Guidelines 2008 for the Diagnosis, Surveillance and Therapy of Barrett's Esophagus
|
[
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.9824124,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Esophagus",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777819096",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.67515373,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173710"
},
{
"display_name": "Barrett's esophagus",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778589982",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.5857476,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q808892"
},
{
"display_name": "General surgery",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C61434518",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.43815592,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932510"
}
] |
PREAMBLE The guidelines for the diagnosis, surveillance and therapy of Barrett's esophagus were originally published by the American College of Gastroenterology in 1998 and updated in 2002. These and other guidelines undergo periodic review. Significant advances have occurred in the area of Barrett's esophagus over the past four years leading to another revision of the prior guidelines. These advances include the potential use of esophageal capsule endoscopy for the diagnosis and screening of Barrett's esophagus, data regarding the outcome of low-grade dysplasia, the treatment of high-grade dysplasia using photodynamic therapy, and the development of new ablation techniques such as radiofrequency ablation. These guidelines are intended to be applied by physicians who see Barrett's esophagus patients and are intended to indicate a preferred, but certainly not the only, acceptable approach. Physicians need to choose the course best suited to the individual patient and to the variables that exist at the time of decision making. The guidelines are for adult patients with the diagnosis of Barrett's esophagus, as defined herein. Both these and the original guidelines were developed under auspices of the American College of Gastroenterology and the Practice Parameters Committee and approved by the Board of Trustees. The world literature was reviewed extensively for the original guidelines and once again reviewed using the National Library of Medicine database. Search terms used included Barrett's esophagus, esophageal neoplasm, esophagus, intestinal metaplasia, esophageal diseases, and adenocarcinoma, all appropriate studies and any additional ones found in reference to these papers were obtained and reviewed. Evidence was available from a hierarchy of trials and randomized controlled trials were given the greatest weight. Abstracts presented at national and international meetings were only used when unique data from ongoing trials were presented. When scientific data were lacking, recommendations are based on expert opinion. The recommendations made are based on the level of evidence found. Grade A recommendations imply that there is consistent level 1 evidence (randomized controlled trials), Grade B indicates that the evidence would be level 2 or 3 which are cohort studies or case control studies. Grade C recommendations are based on level 4 studies meaning case series or poor quality cohort studies, and Grade D recommendations are based on level 5 evidence meaning expert opinion. SIGNIFICANCE OF BARRETT'S ESOPHAGUS Barrett's esophagus continues to be increasingly recognized in the United States and is believed to be the major risk factor for the development of esophageal adenocarcinoma. The incidence of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus continues to rise rapidly. The rate of rise is alarming and is widespread in Western countries. In a review by the epidemiologists of the National Cancer Institute of cancer incidences normalized to the year 1975, esophageal adenocarcinoma incidence rates were found to outpace even those of melanoma, breast cancer and prostate cancer in terms of the rapidity of rise (1). These epidemiologists also found there was no concomitant decrease in diagnoses of gastric cancers or more proximal cancers, making a classification change unlikely to be responsible for this increase in adenocarcinoma. In the Danish Cancer Registry, adenocarcinoma incidence rates actually decrease in patients older than 85 (14.14/100,00 (80–84 yr) decreasing to 7.2/100,000 (85+ yr) unlike squamous cancer rates suggesting that this rise in adenocarcinoma incidence may be truly a recent phenomenon as evidenced by this age cohort effect (2). DEFINITION OF BARRETT'S ESOPHAGUS Barrett's esophagus is a change in the distal esophageal epithelium of any length that can be recognized as columnar type mucosa at endoscopy and is confirmed to have intestinal metaplasia by biopsy of the tubular esophagus. (Grade B recommendation). This working definition of Barrett's esophagus has changed little over the last 10 years. A recent “critical review of the diagnosis” of Barrett's esophagus concluded that “the working definition of BE is displacement of the squamocolumnar junction proximal to the gastroesophageal junction” and “endoscopy with multiple systematic biopsies is needed to establish the diagnosis of Barrett's esophagus” (3). This definition does not distinguish between short and long segment Barrett's esophagus and implies that only columnar lined esophagus should be biopsied. Although intestinal metaplasia is not specifically mentioned in this definition, clearly the reason to do multiple biopsies in the columnar appearing esophagus is to identify the presence of intestinal metaplasia, the premalignant lesion for esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC). The vast majority of adenocarcinomas of the esophagus are accompanied by intestinal metaplasia in multiple cohort studies (4–8) and many adenocarcinomas of the esophagogastric junction are also associated with esophageal intestinal metaplasia (9–11). The incidence of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus has continued to rise in the United States, at least until the year 2002 (12). Supporting the primary role of BE as the premalignant lesion for EAC is the unmasking of underlying BE by chemotherapy of adenocarcinoma of the distal esophagus. A retrospective study reviewed 79 patients with locally advanced EAC who had preoperative chemotherapy and had restaging endoscopy and biopsy prior to resection. Pre-therapy endoscopy showed BE in 75%, whereas 97% had documented BE on post-chemotherapy biopsy or in the resected specimen (13). This suggests that the cancer overgrows the fertile field of BE so that at presentation of the patient with EAC, BE may no longer be detectable. Esophagitis might also mask Barrett's esophagus. In a recent study of 172 patients with erosive esophagitis, a full 12% were found to have Barrett's metaplasia after healing of the esophagitis (14). There is not universal agreement on the inclusion of intestinal metaplasia as a criterion for BE. The British Society of Gastroenterology has excluded the need for IM from the diagnosis of BE (15). It is well recognized that the yield of IM decreases as the segment of columnar lining shortens and fewer biopsies are taken. Repeat endoscopy and biopsy are often necessary to establish the presence of IM (16, 17). In patients with >1cm of columnar lined esophagus at endoscopy, multiple biopsies may be necessary to confidently detect intestinal metaplasia. Based on a recent retrospective study, eight biopsies may provide an adequate assessment of the presence of intestinal metaplasia (18). The issue becomes when to label a patient as having BE and having an increased risk for EAC compared to someone lacking BE. Because of the implication of the label of BE in the United States for obtaining health insurance and the increased cost of life insurance in the United States (19), it seems appropriate to establish the presence of IM before committing the patient to the diagnosis of BE and to surveillance endoscopy. There are no data on the risk of EAC in columnar lined esophagus lacking IM. Another new development in the endoscopic standardization of Barrett's esophagus is the Prague classification system of circumferential (CM) and maximal length (M). This system identifies the landmarks of the squamocolumnar junction, the gastroesophageal junction, the extent of circumferential columnar lining and the most proximal extension of the columnar mucosa excluding islands to determine the length of Barrett's esophagus. Twenty-nine endoscopists scored 29 videos with centimeter intervals marked on the image (20). The reliability coefficients (RC) for C 0.95, M 0.94, the gastroesophageal junction 0.88 and the location of the hiatus 0.85 were excellent. The overall RC for the endoscopic recognition of BE ≥1cm was 0.72. However, for less than 1cm of columnar lining the coefficient was only 0.22. In an era of growing endoscopic therapy for neoplastic BE, this standardization is important. Unfortunately, proximal islands of columnar lining and ultra-short BE <1cm are not included in this schema. In summary, a strategy to decrease the recent rise in esophageal cancer would be earlier diagnosis of Barrett's esophagus. The diagnosis should be made with endoscopy and biopsy of columnar lined esophagus only (Grade B Recommendation). Histological changes of intestinal metaplasia (goblet cells) are needed for the diagnosis prior to recommendations of surveillance. Ideally, erosive esophagitis should be healed prior to biopsy to increase the yield and avoid missing short segments of columnar lining (Grade B Recommendation). Endoscopic descriptions of a Barrett's esophagus should be precise and ideally follow established classification systems (Grade D Recommendation). SCREENING Screening for Barrett's esophagus remains controversial because of the lack of documented impact on mortality from EAC. The large number of patients that lack reflux symptoms but have Barrett's esophagus provides a diagnosis challenge. The highest yield for Barrett's is in older (age 50 or more) Caucasian males with longstanding heartburn. Patients with the highest likelihood of BE are older Caucasian males with chronic reflux symptoms. The challenges to screening for BE include the inability to predict who has BE prior to endoscopy, the lack of evidence based criteria, the invasiveness and expense of endoscopy, and the increasing documentation of a subgroup of patients with BE who lack reflux symptoms. Investigators have attempted to predict BE with clinical and demographic features comparing documented BE patients to patients with GERD lacking BE. Predictors included age >40 (21), heartburn (21–23), long duration GERD symptoms (more than 13 years) (23), and male gender (22). Yet the only consistent correlation in most studies was heartburn and the sensitivity was poor. With the nation's increasing obesity problems, it is not surprising that increased body mass index is correlated with Barrett's esophagus, particularly visceral adiposity characterized by CT scan of the abdomen (24). The emerging data on the potential mechanistic role of cytokines from increasing visceral fat will bear watching. The epidemiology of EAC in the United States identifies risk factors of male gender and Caucasian ethnicity: the annual incidence of EAC in Caucasian men is 3.6/100,000 compared to 0.8 in African American men and 0.3 in Caucasian women (12). The precise magnitude of risk for gender, ethnicity and age are not defined. Esophageal capsule endoscopy is a new technique that has the potential to provide a noninvasive diagnosis of suspected BE, i.e. a columnar lined esophagus. Early studies of small numbers of patients showing high sensitivity have been followed by data sets in abstract form documenting substantially lower sensitivity (25, 26). Although intriguing, this technique cannot be recommended in the screening setting at this time (Grade B Recommendation). It is anticipated that the cost of the capsule and its accuracy will be barriers to lowering the threshold for screening for BE. A more definitive estimate of the population prevalence of BE −1.6% - provides evidence of asymptomatic BE. Forty-four percent of the BE patients from a random sample of adults in 2 communities in Sweden lacked “troublesome heartburn and/or regurgitation over the past 3 months” (27). The inability to distinguish these patients' poses a major problem in developing an effective screening strategy for BE based upon symptoms. There are no current risk factors recognized to identify asymptomatic patients with BE. Such identification will be necessary before screening can be expected to effectively detect the majority of patients with BE. The natural history of asymptomatic BE is undefined. In summary, screening for Barrett's esophagus in the general population cannot be recommended at this time. (Grade B recommendation) The use of screening in selective populations at higher risk remains to be established (Grade D recommendation) and therefore should be individualized. SURVEILLANCE OF BARRETT'S ESOPHAGUS The grade of dysplasia determines the appropriate surveillance interval. Any grade of dysplasia by histology should be confirmed by an expert pathologist. Surveillance endoscopy remains controversial because of the lack of randomized trials supporting its value. Critical analysis of the literature does suggest a survival advantage of endoscopic surveillance. Multiple retrospective studies have been published, all of which indicate that survival is statistically enhanced if the cancers are detected by endoscopic surveillance rather than presenting with symptoms (Table 1). In a California community-based population, surveillance detected cancer had lower staging with better survival (28). A larger SEER/Medicare database documented that an EGD 1 year prior to the diagnosis of EAC was associated with earlier stage and improved survival (29).Table 1: Retrospective Surgical Series of Survival for EAC Based on Surveillance StatusSurveillance is practiced by the vast majority of endoscopists in the US (30, 31). The strongest rationale for early case detection of EAC is the poor 5 year survival of EAC of 13% even with contemporary therapy (32). A patient with documented BE needs to be assessed as a candidate for surveillance. It is recommended that patients be advised of the benefits and risks of surveillance endoscopy. Consideration for beginning a surveillance program should include age, likelihood of survival over the next five years, patient's understanding of the process and its limitations for detection of cancer, and the willingness of the patient to adhere to the recommendations (Grade B Recommendation). Surveillance endoscopy should be performed in patients whose reflux symptoms are controlled with proton pump inhibitor therapy. The goal is healing the esophagitis to reduce the likelihood of the inflammatory process interfering with the visual recognition of BE (14) and contributing to cellular changes confusing the reading of dysplasia. Four quadrant biopsies every 2cm of the Barrett's mucosa sample only a small fraction of the lining but offer the possibility of recognizing dysplasia. Ideally the biopsies from a given segment of Barrett's esophagus should be submitted to pathology in a separate container to enable the focusing of subsequent biopsies on the area if dysplasia is identified. Cost effectiveness studies are needed to evaluate this approach. Even if the initial two endoscopies within one year lack dysplasia, there is no guarantee of the subsequent lack of neoplasia, but may allow an interval of three years for surveillance (Table 2). A combined cohort of BE patients documented that half of patients who developed HGD/EAC had no dysplasia on their first two endoscopies (33).Table 2: Dysplasia Grade and Surveillance IntervalThe finding of low grade dysplasia (LGD) warrants a follow-up endoscopy within six months to ensure that no higher grade of dysplasia is present in the esophagus. If none is found, then yearly endoscopy is warranted until no dysplasia is present on two consecutive annual endoscopies. LGD should be confirmed by an expert GI pathologist because of the problem of reading variability (34). When two pathologists agree on the diagnosis of LGD, the patient has a greater likelihood of neoplastic progression (35). Forty percent of biopsies following the recognition of LGD will be negative (20). Two thirds of 156 patients with LGD had no dysplasia after a mean follow-up of 4 years. The finding of high grade dysplasia (HGD) in flat mucosa should lead to confirmation by an expert GI pathologist and a subsequent endoscopy within three months. HGD with mucosal irregularity should undergo endoscopic mucosal resection. Although the natural history of HGD is variable, there is a five year risk of EAC exceeding 30% (not excluding prevalent cases in the first year). It is because of the high risk of prevalent cancers that these patients are often evaluated as if cancer is present. Staging procedures with endoscopic ultrasonography, CT scans, and even PET scans have been performed although there is not sufficient evidence to warrant their routine application. Patients with confirmed high grade dysplasia, even if unifocal should be counseled regarding their therapeutic options including intensive surveillance, esophagectomy, or ablative therapies. Most experts would use HGD as a threshold for therapeutic intervention or intensive surveillance. Patient's who appear to have lost their dysplasia on surveillance should be treated according to the highest degree of dysplasia previously found. This recommendation is based upon the problem of sampling error on subsequent biopsies. Complete absence of intestinal metaplasia mucosa can also occur especially with short segments of columnar lining, so the patient should still undergo periodic surveillance. If ablative therapy has been applied, patients should be followed and biopsied in the entire area of prior Barrett's mucosa at intervals appropriate for their prior grade of dysplasia until there is reasonable certainty of complete ablation is documented on at least three consecutive endoscopies. (Grade D recommendation) Periodic surveillance is still recommended since Barrett's mucosa has been known to occur again. Precise recommendations regarding these intervals are not made given the paucity of data about recurrence of intestinal metaplasia but case series have established that the phenomenon does occur. In summary, the surveillance of Barrett's esophagus does have indirect evidence suggesting benefit. The more advanced the disease in terms of dysplasia, the more frequently surveillance is needed. However, using histological evidence of dysplasia as the primary biomarker to establish surveillance programs is problematic. There are issues with interpretation, sampling, and need for frequent endoscopies which make this an imperfect approach that will need future refinement. Surveillance is recommended but is a Grade C recommendation as long term prospective controlled studies are not available. THE MANAGEMENT OF DYSPLASIA Low grade dysplasia requires expert pathologist confirmation and more frequent endoscopy and biopsy. High grade dysplasia (HGD) also requires confirmation by an expert pathologist and represents a threshold for intervention. A more intensive biopsy protocol is necessary to exclude the presence of concomitant adenocarcinoma. Any mucosal irregularity, such as nodularity or ulcer, is best assessed with endoscopic resection for a more extensive histologic evaluation and exclusion of cancer. Management of patients with high grade dysplasia is dependent on local expertise, both endoscopic and surgical and the patient's age, comorbidity and preferences. Esophagectomy is no longer the necessary treatment response to HGD. Studies have suggested that for high-grade dysplasia the spacing of four quadrant biopsies should be every 1 cm because larger intervals (2 centimeter) lead to a 50% greater miss rates of cancer (36). In addition, any nodular areas within the Barrett's segment, especially if high-grade dysplasia has previously been found, should undergo endoscopic resection to obtain adequate tissue for more accurate diagnosis. Nodularity has been demonstrated to be associated with a much higher frequency of malignancy (37) and with spread to regional lymph nodes. Despite careful endoscopic surveillance, occult malignancy may still be present. Lacking mucosal abnormalities, these occult lesions are likely intramucosal carcinoma without lymph node involvement (38). The use of large capacity forceps has been advocated, especially in the setting of high-grade dysplasia, although direct comparisons to standard biopsy forceps have not been conducted in terms of measuring changes in patient outcome. The endoscopic technique to be used to maximize tissue yield is a turn-and-suck technique, which should bring the mucosa in direct apposition to the biopsy forceps (39). Endoscopic brush cytology has also been used during surveillance of Barrett's esophagus in the hope that increased ability to sample the cells might lead to better diagnoses (40). Studies are conflicting as to how much additional information can be obtained from cytological examination. However, the use of new genetic markers, such as fluorescent in situ hybridization may be promising in increasing the clinical utility of brush cytology (41). Mucosal ablation therapy has also been advocated to decrease the risk of development of cancer within Barrett's esophagus. This is always done in conjunction with acid suppression, which appears to be a key element. The degree of acid suppression has not been established (42). However, all studies on mucosal ablation therapy have been in conjunction with at least daily and most often twice daily proton pump inhibitor therapy. Photodynamic therapy has been the only therapy shown in a randomized prospective control trial to significantly decrease cancer risk in Barrett's esophagus (43). In this study, 208 patients were randomized 2:1 to photodynamic therapy plus PPI or PPI alone with the primary endpoint of eliminating HGD. Photodynamic therapy using sodium porfimer, 630 nanometer red light, and photoradiating balloons, was demonstrated to decrease the risk of carcinoma by 50% but not eliminating the development of cancer after at least 48 months of follow up. The therapy was also able to eliminate high-grade dysplasia in 78% of patients treated, although 39% of patients in the control arm also lost high-grade dysplasia during follow-up. These endpoints were reached if high-grade dysplasia regressed at any subsequent endoscopy. Thermal ablation techniques were originally utilized for the treatment of Barrett's esophagus lacking dysplasia. The initial thermal coagulation devices were lasers that produced deep tissue injury. The feasibility of mucosal ablation was first demonstrated with these laser devices (42, 44). Thermal ablation has subsequently been primarily done with either argon plasma coagulation or multipolar coagulation, which appear to have relatively similar effects based upon recent small randomized prospective trials (45, 46). Argon plasma coagulation at high power outputs (80 watts) has been shown in case series to be able to treat high-grade dysplasia and even small cancers, although long-term follow-up is not available (47). Multipolar coagulation has been used to treat primarily low-grade dysplasia and nondysplastic Barrett's. Success rates of ablating the entire Barrett's mucosa usually are in the 80–90% range with multiple applications of the devices. Most of the thermal devices have been utilized in relatively small cohorts of patients followed over short periods of time. Photodynamic therapy with 5-aminolevulinic acid, an oral agent with superficial effects, has been utilized in Europe. It is very successful in eliminating high-grade dysplasia and early EAC in case series (48). It does have drawbacks of hypotension and even reported patient death (49). Radiofrequency ablation using a balloon based catheter system has been reported to be of value in elimination of Barrett's esophagus in 70% 12 months after initiation of treatment (50). Recently, a targeted radiofrequency application device mounted on the endoscope has enabled treatment of focal areas with this technique. This device was created to target the superficial mucosal of the esophagus with high power radiofrequency energy. Though infrequent, stricture formation and esophageal perforation have been reported (FDA Maude database). Endoscopic application of cryotherapy has also been reported to eliminate Barrett's esophagus, although there is very limited data about its efficacy (51). Surgical resection (esophagectomy) has been a standard of therapy for Barrett's esophagus with high grade dysplasia based upon concerns that endoscopic surveillance protocols may not detect early cancers in up to 43% of patients and the opportunity for intervention prior to development of incurable metastatic cancer may be missed (38). More recently, the frequency of EAC at resection in patients with HGD at biopsy has been as low as 17% (52). Also, recent studies have indicated that the risk of metastatic cancer in the setting of intramucosal carcinoma is low at 4% (3/78) especially if there is no evidence of mucosal lesions (53). Most cancers detected in the presence of prior high grade dysplasia are early stage (54). This has led to changes in the way esophagectomy is performed in these patients. Esophagectomy can be performed with minimally invasive techniques that involve the use of laparoscopy and thoracoscopy (55). However, despite the decreased invasiveness of the procedures, one large series of 206 patients reported the over-all major complication rates (32%), mean time in hospital (7 days), and time of procedures (4 hours) to be similar to that reported from trans-hiatal esophagectomy (56). Vagal-sparing esophagectomy which involves leaving the adventia of the esophagus intact while replacing the mucosa and muscle layers with colonic tissue has also been advocated in order to decrease the dumping syndrome after esophagectomy. This procedure has been shown to maintain vagal integrity but has not generally been accepted by the surgical community because of the need for the colonic interposition (57). Patients requiring esophagectomy need to be referred to a higher volume institution for the best results. A recent analysis of the literature has suggested there needs to be at least 20 esophagectomies done a year at an institution to decrease operative mortality to 5% or less (58). A recent retrospective comparison study comparing the long-term mortality of 199 patients with high-grade dysplasia treated with photodynamic therapy and endoscopic mucosal resection compared with surgical resection found similar morality (9% versus 8.5%) between the two groups at about 60 months of follow-up. No patients in either group had an esophageal cancer related death (59). In summary, high-grade dysplasia is associated with a 30% risk of cancer development. Treatment needs to be individualized with options of careful intensive surveillance, endoscopic ablation therapy, and surgical resection being presented to the patient based on their appropriateness for these options and the expertise available to provide them. At the current time, it appears as if surveillance with intensive biopsies, endoscopic ablative techniques (most likely a combination of techniques), or esophagectomy may produce similar outcomes in retrospective cohort studies from expert centers. The selection of which of these therapies must be individualized and will depend on the expertise available in the patient's community, the patient's preferences, and the gastroenterologists own experience (Grade B recommendation). IMAGING IN BARRETT'S ESOPHAGUS Barrett's esophagus has been the focus of several new imaging modalities. It is not surprising since the esophagus is easily accessible using existing fiberoptic technology and the degree of mucosa to be examined is limited. There have been several different technologies proposed to help image Barrett's esophagus. The most commercially available technique is narrow band imaging, a method of filtering the illuminating light to two major colors, blue and green which are actually absorbed more by blood vessels in the mucosa and subepithelium. These differences help the endoscopist to visually the mucosa better in combination with a high resolution endoscope. This technology has been termed narrow band imaging since the white light illumination source has been filtered or narrowed. A similar enhancement can be performed after image acquisition and has been termed FICE by another endoscope manufacturer. The imaging is based on spectral emission technology with specific wavelengths of enhancement determined by the user. Both of these technologies can be applied to Barrett's esophagus (60–62). In one study of 51 patients with Barrett's esophagus studied with NBI, 7 of whom had high grade dysplasia, the sensitivity of NBI detection for a irregular mucosal pattern was 100% with a specificity of 98.7% (63). However, studies regarding the interobserver variation in interpretation of these patterns has not been studied. Autofluorescence imaging has also been used in investigations to help discern areas of dysplasia in Barrett's esophagus. This technology uses blue light illumination to detect fluorescence from cellular components in the esophagus. Areas of dysplasia do not have as intense autofluorescence as normal tissues and appear dark red. This technology may be more suitable for screening larger areas of mucosa. In Barrett's esophagus, one study has found that autofluorescence was 100% sensitive for areas of high grade dysplasia in 20 patients but had a 40% false positive rate (64). Older technologies have been used to image the esophagus with chromoendoscopy. Methylene blue stain binds to the mucosa of areas of intestinal metaplasia but will not bind if there is high grade dysplasia or cancer present. The method by which methylene blue is applied and the degree of mucus clearing performed prior to application of the methylene blue affects this technique (65). Studies have had mixed results and prospective crossover studies have not found a clear advantage to methylene blue chromoscopy in comparison to random four quadrant biopsies in detection of dysplasia (66–68). Other contrast agents such as crystal violet, indigo carmine, and acetic acid have also been proposed to enhance the detection of mucosal patterns in Barrett's esophagus in combination with high resolution endoscopy (69). There is promise in these technologies although it is unclear how easily reproducible the identification of patterns will be in clinical practice. The above imaging methods can examine the entire mucosa; however, other techniques have been developed that examine very small areas mucosa that might be suspicious on these broader imaging techniques. These technologies include optical coherence tomography and laser confocal microscopy which can magnify the mucosa and actually image cellular structures. Initial studies are promising in detecting neoplasia in Barrett's esophagus. Laser confocal micocroscopy in 63 patients had an accuracy of 94% for detection of neoplasia (70). Optical coherence tomography which functions in a manner more similar to ultrasonography but using light to create interference patterns also has promising results for the detection of intestinal metaplasia at the gastric junction although prior studies have not been very rewarding in detecting dysplasia (71). Spectroscopic devices can analyze the light coming from the mucosa and assess its components to determine the degree of dysplasia that is present. Newer instruments that can assess optical properties such as reflectance, fluorescence, and light scattering have been combined to allow improved characterization of the mucosa (72). At the present time, commercial availability of these instruments is limited to laser confocal microscopy in an endoscope and probe systems. Although very promising, there is not sufficient evidence at this time to recommend the use of these imaging systems on a routine clinical basis. BIOMARKERS IN BARRETT'S ESOPHAGUS Multiple biomarkers have been proposed but very few have actually been adequately studied prospectively. There is promise in the use of nuclear DNA content abnormalities such as aneuploidy and tetraploidy in biopsy specimens in predicting cancer risk, as well as loss of heterozygosity of specific genes such as P16 and P53. In addition, recent studies demonstrate that methylation of P16, RUNX3 and HPP1, as well as demographic characteristics of the patients and BE length are indicators of cancer risk. No biomarkers or panel is currently ready for routine clinical use. There is a large cohort of patients that has been followed systematically with biomarkers measuring the DNA content in the mucosa. This has been done using flow cytometry of fresh frozen specimens that have been flow cytometry sorted by ki67 to acquire a very pure concentration of epithelial cells. Based on these studies, there is virtually no risk of cancer development for five years if there is no evidence of increased tetraploidy (greater than 6%) or aneuploidy present. However, if tretraploidy was present, there was an increased risk of cancer (relative risk= 11.7, 95% CI = 6.2–22) whereas evidence of aneuploidy increased relative risk 9.5 fold (CI = 4.9–18) (73). However, these methods have been difficult to translate into clinical practice because of the number of biopsies required in the processing needed to maintain laboratory consistency. In addition, the same group in Seattle, Washington, has looked at loss of heterozygosity as a marker using single nucleotide polymorphisms to detect loss of heterozygosity of p16 and p53. Once again, these markers are quite indicative of cancer with a 16 fold increased relative risk of cancer if loss of heterozygosity is detected (74). However, these techniques have really only been applied to tissues that have been specially processed. Clinical validation of these markers in a multi-center study is needed before it can be recommended for standard practice. In a recent publication, an evaluation of tissue from patients who had developed cancer compared to case controls who had not found that methylation of three genes, RUNX3 HPP1 and P16 in their promoter regions once again helped to predict cancer risk. These tests could be done on paraffin-fixed tissues, which is an advantage over the previously mentioned techniques. However, these studies have only been done retrospectively on patient samples and have not been applied in a large prospective fashion (75). Additional biomarkers that have been proposed over time include markers of cell immortalization, loss of apoptotic control, angiogenesis, cell proliferation, and cell cycle abnormalities. Although multiple markers have been shown to be important in small sub-sets of patients, none of these has been validated in prospective multicenter studies. The ideal biomarker panel for the detection of GERD patients who will progress to BE would be noninvasive – i.e. non-endoscopic – and sensitive −85% or better. The ideal biomarker panel to risk stratify patients with BE would be noninvasive and relatively specific, thus enabling the focusing of surveillance endoscopy on this high risk group for EAC. This panel would identify patients with BE who will progress to EAC early enough for curative interventions, perhaps even identifying the appropriate therapy. A low risk group could also be identified, which might not require follow-up. More cost effective surveillance would thus be possible. At this time, validated biomarkers that can be performed on a clinical basis for widespread laboratory use are not available. CHEMOPREVENTION IN BARRETT'S ESOPHAGUS Chemoprevention represents a promising future strategy. Chemoprevention in the pre-malignant stage of esophageal adenocarcinoma represented by Barrett's esophagus seems reasonable. Unfortunately, sufficient prospective evidence that any treatment prevents cancer and more importantly, cancer related deaths in this setting is lacking. The best evidence for any chemoprevention agent lies with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents that have been shown in multiple epidemiological studies to be associated with a significantly reduced risk of cancer with an odds ratio of 0.57 (95% confidence interval 0.47–0.71) (76). This decreased risk has also been substantiated with the observation that known biomarkers such as aneuploidy and tetraploidy were also reduced with NSAIDs (77). Unfortunately, in a randomized trial not meeting its patient recruitment goals, celecoxib 200mg bid was not more effective than placebo in patients with BE and dysplasia in the intermediate endpoint of the change of the proportion of biopsies with dysplasia (78). Animal model studies have shown risk reduction of cancer in rats given cyclo-oxygenase inhibitors (79). Large scale trials are being conducted investigating the use of aspirin and low and high dose proton pump inhibitor therapy in Barrett's esophagus but these will take several years to complete (80). Data from two retrospective cohort studies suggest that PPI therapy significantly reduces the likelihood of developing dysplasia (81–82). This provides a rationale to treat even asymptomatic BE patients with PPI. The benefit of acid suppressive therapy as a means of preventing cancer has not been documented prospectively. No recommendation can be made to use these drugs as chemoprevention agents. REFLUX CONTROL IN PATIENTS WITH BARRETT'S ESOPHAGUS For patients with Barrett's esophagus, the goal of pharmacologic acid suppression with agents such as the proton pump inhibitors is to control reflux symptoms. Reflux symptoms can be controlled in most patients with proton pump inhibitor (PPI) therapy. Twice a day dosing may be necessary in a subgroup of patients. Retrospective studies have shown a decrease in development of dysplasia in patients treated with or prescribed proton pump inhibitors (81). Studies have suggested that normalization of esophageal acid exposure may decrease markers of proliferation (83). However there are currently no data that directly support the use of high dose antisecretory therapy to delay or prevent the development of EAC. Patients who are optimal candidates for surgery may elect fundoplication. These include patients lacking major comorbidity and whose reflux symptoms are controlled with PPI therapy. Long term results are disappointing with a 20% failure rate at 5 years (84). The vast majority of data do not provide support that fundoplication prevents EAC (85). ANTICIPATED DEVELOPMENTS Non-endoscopic detection of B: It is anticipated that in the short term non-endoscopic methods may become available that identify Barrett's mucosa based on high resolution, spectroscopic or colorimetric means. A randomized trial assessing impact of surveillance endoscopy. A multicenter randomized controlled trial of surveillance is needed to determine the validity of this practice. Optical recognition of dysplasia: Various techniques are available that can distinguish degrees of dysplasia. These range from fluorescence, light scattering, reflectance, and Raman spectroscopy to imaging devices such as laser confocal microscopy, endomicroscopy, and optical coherence tomography. One or more of these technologies will become clinically available. Prospective definition of risk of diffuse versus focal dysplasia. Advances in the technology of endoscopic ablation therapy: Further evaluation of the most recent technology; radiofrequency ablation is awaited. Cryotherapy is beginning clinical trials and older technologies are becoming more refined e.g.: photodynamic therapy with the development of new agents. Documentation of the frequency and duration of the surveillance protocol after endoscopic ablation therapy requires careful study. Validation of a biomarker panel to risk stratifies BE patients: There are many potential biomarkers but few clinical trials that validate their use. This undoubtedly will change given the many markers currently being investigated. ACKNOWLEDGMENT Linda LaFleur, for her dedicated manuscript preparation.
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C61434518
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General surgery
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https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa1011967
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medical specialty
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Radical Prostatectomy versus Watchful Waiting in Early Prostate Cancer
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"score": 0.48574764,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12078"
},
{
"display_name": "General surgery",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C61434518",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4363415,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932510"
},
{
"display_name": "Surgery",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C141071460",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.32847917,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40821"
}
] |
In 2008, we reported that radical prostatectomy, as compared with watchful waiting, reduces the rate of death from prostate cancer. After an additional 3 years of follow-up, we now report estimated 15-year results.From October 1989 through February 1999, we randomly assigned 695 men with early prostate cancer to watchful waiting or radical prostatectomy. Follow-up was complete through December 2009, with histopathological review of biopsy and radical-prostatectomy specimens and blinded evaluation of causes of death. Relative risks, with 95% confidence intervals, were estimated with the use of a Cox proportional-hazards model.During a median of 12.8 years, 166 of the 347 men in the radical-prostatectomy group and 201 of the 348 in the watchful-waiting group died (P=0.007). In the case of 55 men assigned to surgery and 81 men assigned to watchful waiting, death was due to prostate cancer. This yielded a cumulative incidence of death from prostate cancer at 15 years of 14.6% and 20.7%, respectively (a difference of 6.1 percentage points; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.2 to 12.0), and a relative risk with surgery of 0.62 (95% CI, 0.44 to 0.87; P=0.01). The survival benefit was similar before and after 9 years of follow-up, was observed also among men with low-risk prostate cancer, and was confined to men younger than 65 years of age. The number needed to treat to avert one death was 15 overall and 7 for men younger than 65 years of age. Among men who underwent radical prostatectomy, those with extracapsular tumor growth had a risk of death from prostate cancer that was 7 times that of men without extracapsular tumor growth (relative risk, 6.9; 95% CI, 2.6 to 18.4).Radical prostatectomy was associated with a reduction in the rate of death from prostate cancer. Men with extracapsular tumor growth may benefit from adjuvant local or systemic treatment. (Funded by the Swedish Cancer Society and the National Institutes of Health.).
|
C61434518
|
General surgery
|
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12072-017-9799-9
|
medical specialty
|
Asia–Pacific clinical practice guidelines on the management of hepatocellular carcinoma: a 2017 update
|
[
{
"display_name": "Hepatology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41260117",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8510584,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q668064"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.8262309,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Hepatocellular carcinoma",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778019345",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.78625476,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1148337"
},
{
"display_name": "Colorectal surgery",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C523026621",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.7033754,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1413084"
},
{
"display_name": "Surgical oncology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780140570",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6118683,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3545481"
},
{
"display_name": "Clinical Practice",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779974597",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5687723,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28448986"
},
{
"display_name": "Asia pacific",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3018858268",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.56022894,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070940"
},
{
"display_name": "Internal medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126322002",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.55592996,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180"
},
{
"display_name": "General surgery",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C61434518",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5201295,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932510"
},
{
"display_name": "Clinical Oncology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776598537",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.50005054,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1812651"
},
{
"display_name": "Abdominal surgery",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780120127",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.34032822,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q743664"
},
{
"display_name": "Oncology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C143998085",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.32645136,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162555"
}
] |
There is great geographical variation in the distribution of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), with the majority of all cases worldwide found in the Asia–Pacific region, where HCC is one of the leading public health problems. Since the "Toward Revision of the Asian Pacific Association for the Study of the Liver (APASL) HCC Guidelines" meeting held at the 25th annual conference of the APASL in Tokyo, the newest guidelines for the treatment of HCC published by the APASL has been discussed. This latest guidelines recommend evidence-based management of HCC and are considered suitable for universal use in the Asia–Pacific region, which has a diversity of medical environments.
|
C61434518
|
General surgery
|
https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.28906
|
medical specialty
|
Portal hypertensive bleeding in cirrhosis: Risk stratification, diagnosis, and management: 2016 practice guidance by the American Association for the study of liver diseases
|
[
{
"display_name": "Cirrhosis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777214474",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.82106483,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147778"
},
{
"display_name": "Risk stratification",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3020404979",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.79519594,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1058438"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.77057385,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Portal hypertension",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778808290",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.7040179,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124604"
},
{
"display_name": "Internal medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126322002",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5679221,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180"
},
{
"display_name": "Gastroenterology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C90924648",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5094605,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q120569"
},
{
"display_name": "General surgery",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C61434518",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.42302245,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932510"
}
] |
This guidance provides a data-supported approach to risk stratification, diagnosis, and management of patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension (PH). A guidance document is different from a guideline. Guidelines are developed by a multidisciplinary panel of experts who rate the quality (level) of the evidence and the strength of each recommendation using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation system. A guidance document is developed by a panel of experts in the topic, and guidance statements, not recommendations, are put forward to help clinicians understand and implement the most recent evidence. This guidance focuses on PH, varices, and variceal hemorrhage (VH), and statements are based on the following: (1) review of the recent literature using PubMed, giving more weight to large, well-designed, prospective trials and well-performed meta-analyses; (2) several consensus conferences among experts; and (3) the authors' years of experience caring for patients with cirrhosis and varices. Management of ascites and encephalopathy is addressed in other documents. When little or no data exist from well-designed, prospective trials, emphasis is given to results from large series and reports from recognized experts. In this case, clinical studies needed to clarify that management are specified in a section on future research. Practice guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of gastroesophageal VH were published in 2007, endorsed by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD), American College of Gastroenterology, American Gastroenterological Association, and American Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ASGE).1 Since then, a number of randomized, controlled trials (RCTs) have advanced our approach to managing VH. Additionally, four international consensus conferences were held since then, where experts in the field evaluated the changes in pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of varices and VH. These include two AASLD/European Association for the Study of the Liver single-topic conferences in 2007 (many of the recommendations from this conference were incorporated into the aforementioned guidelines)2 and in 2013, and two Baveno consensus conferences in 20103 and in 2015.4 In this updated practice guidance, recommendations derived from these consensus conferences were also incorporated, particularly those from the latest Baveno conference that took place in Baveno, Italy, in April 2015. Perhaps the most relevant change in these recommendations has been the recognition of the different stages of cirrhosis,5 so that recommendations are now focused on risk stratification and individualizing care for PH. Intended for use by health care providers, this guidance identifies preferred approaches to the diagnostic, therapeutic, and preventive aspects of care of patients with PH. As with other guidance documents, it is not intended to replace clinical judgment, but rather to provide general guidance applicable to the majority of patients. They are intended to be flexible, in contrast to formal treatment recommendations or standards of care, which are inflexible policies designed to be followed in every case. Clinical considerations may justify a course of action that differs from this guidance. Cirrhosis is a chronic condition with a high mortality. It constitutes the fifth-leading cause of adult deaths and ranks eighth in economic cost among the major illnesses.6 Cirrhosis is a heterogeneous disease that cannot be studied or managed as a single entity and is classified in two main prognostic stages: compensated and decompensated cirrhosis.5, 7 This classification depends on the presence or absence of clinically evident decompensating events (specifically ascites, VH, and encephalopathy [HE]), with a median survival in the compensated stage that exceeds 12 years, whereas it is only 1.8 years in patients who develop decompensation.8 The Child-Turcotte-Pugh (CTP) classification has been used to stratify patients with cirrhosis. Patients with cirrhosis belonging to the CTP-A class are compensated, whereas those in the CTP-B/C class are mostly decompensated. PH is the initial and main consequence of cirrhosis and is responsible for the majority of its complications. In fact, it has been shown that portal pressure (PP), determined by the hepatic venous pressure gradient (HVPG), is better than liver biopsy in predicting development of complications of cirrhosis in patients with chronic liver disease (CLD) without cirrhosis on liver biopsy.9 Therefore, a new entity denominated compensated advanced chronic liver disease (cACLD) has been proposed, emphasizing that PH may occur before a formal anatomical diagnosis of cirrhosis is established.4 This entity would encompass patients with cirrhosis and those with advanced liver fibrosis with PH (HVPG > 5 mm Hg). For ease of understanding, in the rest of this guidance, the entity of cACLD will be referred to as compensated cirrhosis (CC), both terms being interchangeable and acceptable by consensus.4 The stage of CC is asymptomatic, and it is the longest stage. Pathophysiological mechanisms are evolving at this stage, and therefore several substages are being recognized. Based on PP, patients with CC can be divided into those with mild PH (HVPG > 5 but < 10 mm Hg) and those with clinically significant portal hypertension (CSPH), defined by an HVPG ≥10 mm Hg. CSPH is associated with an increased risk of developing varices,10 overt clinical decompensation (ascites, VH, and HE),11 postsurgical decompensation,12 and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).13 This substaging is not only prognostically important, but, as mentioned below, the mechanisms maintaining PH at these substages are different, and therefore their therapeutic approach will be different. CSPH is present in approximately 50%-60% of patients with CC without gastroesophageal varices (GEV).10 Patients with GEV have, by definition, CSPH, because patients with GEV have an HVPG of at least 10 mm Hg.14, 15 Prognosis is worse in patients with CC with GEV compared to those without GEV.16, 17 Therefore, among patients with CSPH, two substages are recognized based on the absence or presence of GEV. It is important to recognize that although PH and its direct consequences (varices) form the bases of staging in CC, liver insufficiency, even at this stage, plays an important role, given that serum albumin and the Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score are also independent predictors of decompensation.11 VH constitutes a decompensating event, but its mortality differs whether it presents as an isolated complication of cirrhosis (20% 5-year mortality) or whether it presents in association with other complications (over 80% 5-year mortality).8 Whereas in the past, emphasis had been placed on managing the direct complications of PH, varices, and VH, it is now clear that these complications cannot be considered in an isolated manner. Rather, they should be considered in the context of advances in the staging of cirrhosis and in the context of other complications of cirrhosis that may occur concomitant or subsequent to development of varices and VH.4 Stages of PH in cirrhosis are depicted in Fig. 1, and goals of therapy at each stage are shown in Table 1. Stages and substages of cirrhosis. The two main stages are the compensated and decompensated stages. The latter is characterized by the presence of clinically overt complications: ascites, VH, or HE. The compensated stage is the longest stage, and it is asymptomatic. There are at least two main substages of compensated cirrhosis with different prognostic and predominant pathophysiological mechanisms: patients with mild PH and those with CSPH. Patients in the latter stage are at risk of developing decompensation, particularly those who have GEV. The decompensated stage is much shorter and can rapidly progress to a stage of further decompensation in which renal failure (HRS) and liver failure (encephalopathy and jaundice) develop, leading to a high mortality. GEV are present in approximately 50% of patients with cirrhosis, but this depends on the clinical stage. In patients with CC, GEV are present in 30%-40%, whereas they can be present in up to 85% of patients with decompensated cirrhosis.18, 19 In patients with CC, varices develop at a rate of 7%-8% per year,10 and progression from small to large varices occurs at a rate of 10%-12% per year, with decompensated cirrhosis being an independent predictor of progression.20 VH occurs at a rate of around 10%-15% per year and depends on the severity of liver disease, size of varices, and presence of red wale marks (areas of thinning of the variceal wall).21, 22 Six-week mortality, which is now recognized as the primary endpoint to assess the impact of therapies for acute VH,4 ranges between 15% and 25%.23-25 Other factors associated with poor outcomes in patients with VH are the presence of bacterial infections and an HVPG >20 mm Hg, which is mostly observed in patients belonging to the CTP-C class.26, 27 If untreated, recurrent VH occurs in 60% of patients, usually within 1-2 years of index hemorrhage.28 Obesity and alcohol use are associated conditions of prognostic relevance in patients with cirrhosis, independent of etiology. Obesity has been shown to predict worsening of liver fibrosis, cirrhosis decompensation, and lack of regression of cirrhosis in patients with viral cirrhosis,29-31 whereas even moderate alcohol intake can lead to worsening PP and has been shown to worsen prognosis of hepatitis C virus (HCV)- and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)-related cirrhosis.32, 33 Therefore, although beyond the scope of this guidance, weight loss and alcohol abstinence are important considerations in patients with cirrhosis. PP increases initially as a consequence of an increased intrahepatic resistance to portal flow attributed to structural mechanisms (e.g., fibrous tissue, vascular distortion from regenerative nodules, and microthrombi; Fig. 2). This "structural" component, which explains around 70% of the increased intrahepatic resistance, could be targeted by treating the etiology of cirrhosis, the use of antifibrotic agents, and even anticoagulants.34 However, at least one third of the increased intrahepatic resistance is attributed to an increased intrahepatic vascular tone, which, in turn, is attributed to endothelial dysfunction resulting mostly from reduced nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability.35 This "functional" component is amenable to vasodilators (such as nitrates, alpha-adrenergic antagonists, and angiotensin-2 blockers).36 These drugs should not be used alone, given that they also cause systemic vasodilatation, decrease arterial blood pressure, and may worsen sodium retention. A conceptually more appealing approach to ameliorate the functional component is to use drugs that will reduce PP by improving endothelial dysfunction, such as statins.37 An added advantage of these drugs is that, by causing intrahepatic vasodilatation, they may improve hepatic blood flow and liver function. Statins in particular also have antifibrotic properties.34 Pathogenesis of PH and sites of action of currently recommended therapies to reduce PP or obliterate varices. In cirrhosis, PP increases initially as a consequence of an increased intrahepatic resistance to portal flow attributed to structural mechanisms (e.g., fibrous tissue, regenerative nodules) and an increased intrahepatic vascular tone (functional component). One of the initial consequences of PH is the formation of portosystemic collaterals. Concomitant or even preceding development of collaterals, splanchnic vasodilatation occurs, leading to increased flow into the gut and into the portal venous system. Vasodilation leads to activation of neurohumoral and vasoconstrictive systems, sodium and water retention, increased blood volume, and increased cardiac output; that is, a hyperdynamic circulatory state that further increases portal venous inflow and PP. Additionally, activated vasoconstrictive systems to further contribute to intrahepatic vasoconstriction. Treatment of etiology, by ameliorating fibrosis/inflammation, target the mechanical component of the increased intrahepatic resistance. Vasodilators (like the α-adrenergic blocking effect of carvedilol) target its functional component (this is the site of action of statins). NSBBs (β2-adrenergic blocking effect), SMT, and VP act by causing splanchnic vasoconstriction, thereby reducing portal venous inflow. NSBBs also act by decreasing cardiac output (β1-adrenergic blocking effect). The TIPS connects the hypertensive portal vein with a normotensive hepatic vein, thereby bypassing the site of increased resistance. Varices can be obliterated either endoscopically (EVL or cyanoacrylate injection) or by an endovascular approach (BRTO). One of the initial consequences of PH is the formation of portosystemic collaterals, the most important being those that develop through the coronary and/or short gastric veins and constitute GEV. Although formation of collaterals had been assumed to be the result of dilatation of preexisting vascular channels, research studies have implicated a process of neoangiogenesis.38 Concomitant or even preceding the development of collaterals, splanchnic vasodilatation occurs, leading to increased flow into the gut and into the portal venous system. Therefore, even when portal flow is entirely diverted through collaterals, PH persists.39 Increased splanchnic NO production is the main factor that leads to vasodilatation and increased splanchnic blood flow. Hyperglucagonemia and neoangiogenesis further contribute to the increased splanchnic blood flow that maintains the portal hypertensive state.38 Vasodilation occurs not only in the splanchnic, but also in the systemic circulation (manifested clinically as arterial hypotension), leading to activation of neurohumoral and vasoconstrictive systems, sodium and water retention, increased blood volume, and increased cardiac output, that is, a hyperdynamic circulatory state that further increases portal venous inflow and PP. Additionally, norepinephrine, angiotensin-2, and antidiuretic hormone (activated neurohumoral and vasoconstrictive systems) further contribute to intrahepatic vasoconstriction. Drugs that act by causing splanchnic vasoconstriction, such as non-selective beta-blockers (NSBBs; propranolol, nadolol, and carvedilol), vasopressin (VP), and its analogue, terlipressin, and somatostatin (SMT) and its analogues (octreotide, vapreotide) are known to reduce PP and constitute the current mainstay in the treatment of varices and VH. Given that these drugs act by decreasing flow to the splanchnic circulation and liver, an improvement in liver function would not be expected. β-1 adrenergic blockade decreases portal flow through a decrease in cardiac output, and β-2 blockade decreases portal flow through splanchnic vasoconstriction by unopposed α-adrenergic activity. Therefore, it is essential that beta-blockers used in the treatment of PH be nonselective. Importantly, the effect of NSBBs in decreasing flow is more related to their β-2 blocking effect rather than to their β-1 effect40 and explains the lack of correlation between decreases in PP and decreases in heart rate.41 Carvedilol, an NSBB with anti-α1 adrenergic (vasodilator) activity, acts as an NSBB decreasing portal flow, but also acts as a vasodilator (intrahepatic circulation). HVPG response is greater with carvedilol than with propranolol or nadolol, but, given its vasodilatory properties, carvedilol is associated with a greater decrease in mean arterial pressure (MAP).42 It has been recently shown that patients with mild PH (HVPG > 5 but < 10 mm Hg) have a normal cardiac index (i.e., they have not yet developed the hyperdynamic circulatory state), whereas those with CSPH, especially if varices are present, have already developed a hyperdynamic state. Accordingly, response to NSBB in patients with mild PH is suboptimal compared to that of those with CSPH,43 indicating that there is no role for NSBB in the setting of mild PH. Endoscopic variceal ligation (EVL) is a local therapy that consists of placing rubber bands around esophageal varices (EV) in repeated sessions until they become obliterated. Because it is a local therapy that has no effect on PH, recurrence of varices is the rule, and patients require indefinite endoscopic monitoring. Local therapies for management of gastric (mostly cardiofundal) varices consist of the (1) transendoscopic obturation by injection of cyanoacrylate glue into the varices or (2) transvenous obliteration by instillment of sclerosants and/or liquid embolic agents into a gastro-/splenorenal collateral through the left renal vein aided by balloon occlusion, that is, balloon occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration (BRTO).44 In patients with decompensated cirrhosis, placement of the transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) by interventional radiological techniques that consist of connecting the hypertensive portal vein with a normotensive hepatic vein by a coated stent causes a significant decrease, and even normalization, of PP. Therefore, in patients with functional TIPS stents, there is no need for other therapies for PH (e.g., NSBB, EVL). PH is defined as a portal pressure gradient (the difference in pressure between the portal vein and the hepatic veins) greater than 5 mm Hg. The best method to assess PP is through the catheterization of the hepatic vein with determination, through a balloon catheter, of the HVPG, which is the difference between the wedged (or occluded) hepatic venous pressure and the free hepatic venous pressure.45 Normal HVPG is 3-5 mm Hg. It should be underlined that the wedged (occluded) pressure (and, consequently, the HVPG) is a measure of sinusoidal pressure and does not provide useful data in prehepatic or presinusoidal PH (Table 2). An HVPG over 5 mm Hg identifies patients with cACLD/CC secondary to conditions associated with sinusoidal hypertension (Table 2). As mentioned above, PH is further defined as mild PH (HVPG > 5 but < 10 mm Hg) and as CSPH (HVPG ≥ 10 mm Hg). Above this threshold of 10 mm Hg, all the complications of PH are more likely to appear (varices, clinical decompensation). In patients with GEV (who, by definition, have CSPH), an HVPG > 12 mm Hg identifies bleeding risk, mostly because there is clear evidence that shows that reducing the HVPG to levels of 12 mm Hg or below is associated with protection from variceal hemorrhage (VH).28 An HVPG > 16 mm Hg indicates a higher risk of death.46 As mentioned previously, an HVPG ≥20 mm Hg predicts failure to control bleeding, early rebleeding, and death during acute VH,27, 47 and in patients with cirrhosis awaiting liver transplantation, each 1-mm-Hg increase in HVPG predicts a 3% increase in the risk of death in a median follow-up of 19 months.48 Despite the crucial role of HVPG in the determination of CSPH and other outcomes, HVPG measurements require specific expertise, are invasive, relatively expensive, and not available in all centers. Therefore, HVPG measurements are not considered standard of care for every patient with cirrhosis, particularly because noninvasive or surrogate indicators are increasingly utilized at most centers. In a step-wise diagnostic approach, specific signs of PH should be first looked for on physical examination. They include spider nevi or visible abdominal portosystemic collaterals. The absence of physical signs cannot be used to rule out CSPH. Among laboratory data, a low platelet count is the most common laboratory sign of PH; it correlates slightly with HVPG and with the presence of GEV. However, taken alone, it is not accurate enough to either diagnose or exclude CSPH or GEV. On the other hand, the combination of platelet count with other unrelated noninvasive tests (NITs) improves the noninvasive diagnosis of CSPH.49 Ultrasound provides safe and inexpensive imaging evidence of morphological abnormalities associated with cirrhosis and PH. The presence of portocollateral circulation on ultrasound, computed tomography (CT), or magnetic resonance imaging (recanalized paraumbilical vein, spontaneous splenorenal circulation, and dilated left and short gastric veins) or the finding of a reversal of flow within the portal system is 100% specific for CSPH50 and is sufficient to diagnose CSPH. Several other sonographic signs of PH have been described, such as dilatation of portal vein and the reduction of portal vein velocity (or their combination as congestion index of the portal vein).51, 52 Although splenomegaly taken alone is a sensitive, but nonspecific, sign of PH, the size of the spleen should be routinely reported, because, when combined with platelet count and liver stiffness, it provides accurate data on the presence of CSPH/varices.49, 53 The ability to assess liver stiffness (LS), a physical property of liver tissue influenced by the amount of liver fibrosis content, has represented a major advance in this field. LS by transient elastography (TE; FibroScan) has proved very accurate for discriminating patients with and without CSPH, with a mean area under the receiver operating curve (AUROC) of 0.93 in a recent meta-analysis (based on five studies including 420 patients)54 and can be currently considered the backbone of the noninvasive diagnosis of PH. However, most of the data have been obtained in patients with untreated viral cirrhosis and alcoholic cirrhosis. Data regarding other etiologies and data in patients who have eliminated HCV require further investigation. Most studies have shown that the best LS cutoff to detect CSPH is >20-25 kilopascals (kPa), with a diagnostic accuracy over 90%.55, 56 In a prospective study, HVPG ≥10 mm Hg and LS ≥21 kPa were equally effective in predicting decompensation.57 In a large study, an LSPS (liver stiffness [in kPa] × spleen size [in cm]/platelet count [in number/mm3] score) > 2.06 was 90% specific in ruling in CSPH with a positive predictive value of >90%.49 Importantly, these measures/scores have to be considered in the context of clinical parameters. In this sense, a recent prospective study described a sequential screening-diagnostic strategy based on LS measurements assessed in the context of the presence of any ultrasound abnormality and/or a platelet count <150,000/mm3 and identified the subgroup of patients with CC in whom CSPH would be more likely.56 Spleen stiffness (SS) measurement by TE has been recently proposed as a novel parameter more tightly related to PH, with promising results.58, 59 In fact, SS > 54 kPa was better than LS and similar to HVPG in predicting first clinical decompensation in one study. However, SS cannot be measured by TE without a separate ultrasound exam and cannot be measured if the spleen is not significantly enlarged. Therefore, SS measurements by TE cannot be recommended in clinical practice. Newer sonoelastographic methods allow direct visualization of the liver and spleen, facilitating SS measurement. Evidence is still limited, but point shear wave elastography (SWE; ARFI; Siemens, Germany)60 and two-dimensional real-time SWE (Aixplorer; Supersonic Imagine, France)61, 62 show promising results with higher applicability and similar accuracy in the prediction of CSPH. Magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) is an emerging technique that provides data on LS and SS of much larger areas of the liver and spleen compared to ultrasound-based techniques. Although MRE has been shown to be accurate in the staging of liver fibrosis,63 data regarding its diagnostic performance in the diagnosis of CSPH are still very limited, with one study showing that LS determined by MRE predicted onset of clinical decompensation in patients with CC.64 More studies are needed in this field. Determining the presence and size of varices and presence of red wale marks requires esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD), an invasive and expensive procedure that is not free of risks. Many studies have looked for noninvasive ways of determining the presence of high-risk varices (medium/large varices, i.e., those requiring prophylactic therapy) so as to circumvent the need for screening endoscopy. The discriminative accuracy of NITs in predicting the presence of any GEV is limited (AUROC between 0.71 and 0.84),55 and the use of NITs to diagnose GEV is not recommended. However, NITs are accurate to rule out high-risk varices in patients with CC. In particular, LS combined with platelet count correctly identifies patients at very low risk (<5%) of having high-risk varices.56, 65 These data have been obtained mostly from patients with untreated viral cirrhosis. Data in patients with NASH cirrhosis, cholestatic liver disease, and in those with HCV-related cirrhosis achieving sustained virological response (SVR) are needed. By consensus among experts, and after review of the literature, it was proposed that patients with CC with LS <20 kPa (determined by TE) and a platelet count >150,000/mm3 were very unlikely to have high-risk varices (<5%), and endoscopy could be safely avoided in them.4 Unpublished studies have validated these cutoffs and report that 20%-25% of EGDs can be circumvented. In patients with cirrhosis secondary to hepatitis B, an LSPS (liver stiffness [in kPa] × spleen size [in cm]/platelet count [in number/mm3] score) < 3.5 was accurate in ruling out high-risk varices.53 Whether this cutoff can be applied to patients with cirrhosis attributed to other etiologies remains to be established. Because measurements of SS are more feasible with ARFI, irrespective of spleen size, this technology is a promising tool in diagnosing and ruling out high-risk varices and compares favorably to other NITs in Asian studies60; however, data in European and American patients are lacking. Patients without evidence of CSPH should be monitored to identify onset of the syndrome. Even if data on this specific aspect are lacking, data from published abstracts suggest that LS and platelet count monitoring could be useful. The appearance of new portosystemic collaterals during follow-up has been shown to be associated with variceal formation and growth,66 as is progressive spleen enlargement.67 Therefore, when performing screening for HCC, imaging evidence of worsening PH should be specifically sought. Patients without varices on screening endoscopy constitute an area of uncertainty, given that their natural history has not yet been fully elucidated, particularly with the emergence of therapies that eliminate the etiologic agent.68 Experts' opinion suggests that if liver injury is ongoing (e.g., active drinking in alcoholics and lack of SVR in HCV) and/or cofactors of disease are present (e.g., obesity, alcohol), surveillance endoscopy should be repeated at 2-year intervals. Otherwise, in the absence of ongoing injury, 3-year intervals are considered sufficient.4 Although probably reasonable, there are no data to support discontinuing screening endoscopies if several of them are negative for varices. In patients with small varices on screening endoscopy who are not candidates for primary prophylaxis (see below), repeat endoscopy is recommended. It has been suggested that if the liver injury is ongoing (e.g., active drinking in alcoholics and lack of SVR in HCV) and/or cofactors of disease are present (e.g., obesity), surveillance endoscopy should be repeated at yearly intervals. Otherwise, in the absence of ongoing injury, 2-year intervals are considered sufficient.4 Because development of decompensation could indicate worsening of PH and liver dysfunction with a higher incidence of cirrhosis, patients with no or small varices on screening endoscopy should have a repeat endoscopy performed when and if decompensation develops. Changes in HVPG, spontaneous or during pharmacological therapy, have been shown to be predictive of outcomes. In patients with a history of VH, a decrease in HVPG to less than 12 mm Hg or a decrease greater than 20% from baseline significantly reduces the risk of recurrent hemorrhage, ascites, encephalopathy, and death.69, 70 In patients with CC, reductions in HVPG >10% from baseline have been associated with a reduction in development of varices,10 first VH, and death.71 Recent studies show that the need for separate HVPG procedures to assess response to therapy can be obviated by assessing the acute hemodynamic response to intravenous propranolol (0.15 mg/kg) during a single procedure, but this requires further investigation.71, 72 Unfortunately, there have been no NITs (e.g., Doppler, LS) that correlate with changes in HVPG. As mentioned above, therapy of varices and VH should be stratified according to the different clinical stages of cirrhosis and PH that are shown in Table 1. The objective of therapy for patients at an early stage is to prevent the development of later stages. Varices and VH should be managed in the context of the presence (or absence) of other complications of cirrhosis/PH (e.g., ascites, encephalopathy), and therefore the status (compensated or decompensated) of the patient with varices/VH should be always considered in the selection of the different therapies. In the compensated patient, the ultimate objective is to prevent decompensation; that is, the objective is not only to prevent varices or VH, but also to prevent the other complications of cirrhosis. In addition to specific therapies that will be outlined below, in the compensated patient, every effort should be taken to eliminate the etiologic agent and to correct associated aggravating conditions, such as alcohol, obesity, and drug-induced liver injury, given that these measures, in themselves, can decrease portal pressure and reduce the risk of decompensation. This stage is defined by an HVPG >5 but < 10 mm Hg. Patients in this stage do not have varices or ot
|
C61434518
|
General surgery
|
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10029-017-1668-x
|
medical specialty
|
International guidelines for groin hernia management
|
[
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"display_name": "Surgery",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C141071460",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.50193405,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40821"
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"display_name": "Hernia repair",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776724281",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.42325783,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2531594"
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Worldwide, more than 20 million patients undergo groin hernia repair annually. The many different approaches, treatment indications and a significant array of techniques for groin hernia repair warrant guidelines to standardize care, minimize complications, and improve results. The main goal of these guidelines is to improve patient outcomes, specifically to decrease recurrence rates and reduce chronic pain, the most frequent problems following groin hernia repair. They have been endorsed by all five continental hernia societies, the International Endo Hernia Society and the European Association for Endoscopic Surgery.
|
C61434518
|
General surgery
|
https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.280.20.1747
|
medical specialty
|
Impact of Hospital Volume on Operative Mortality for Major Cancer Surgery
|
[
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"display_name": "Comorbidity",
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"display_name": "Mortality rate",
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"display_name": "Oncologic surgery",
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"level": 2,
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"display_name": "General surgery",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C61434518",
"level": 1,
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"display_name": "Cancer",
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"level": 2,
"score": 0.41732275,
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"display_name": "Pancreatic cancer",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780210213",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.41297007,
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"display_name": "Esophageal cancer",
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"level": 3,
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] |
Context.-Hospitals that treat a relatively high volume of patients for selected surgical oncology procedures report lower surgical in-hospital mortality rates than hospitals with a low volume of the procedures, but the reports do not take into account length of stay or adjust for case mix.Objective.-Todetermine whether hospital volume was inversely associated with 30-day operative mortality, after adjusting for case mix.Design and Setting.-Retrospectivecohort study using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)-Medicare linked database in which the hypothesis was prospectively specified.Surgeons determined in advance the surgical oncology procedures for which the experience of treating a larger volume of patients was most likely to lead to the knowledge or technical expertise that might offset surgical fatalities.Patients.-All5013 patients in the SEER registry aged 65 years or older at cancer diagnosis who underwent pancreatectomy, esophagectomy, pneumonectomy, liver resection, or pelvic exenteration, using incident cancers of the pancreas, esophagus, lung, colon, and rectum, and various genitourinary cancers diagnosed between 1984 and 1993.Main Outcome Measure.-Thirty-daymortality in relation to procedure volume, adjusted for comorbidity, patient age, and cancer stage.Results.-Higher volume was linked with lower mortality for pancreatectomy (P = .004),esophagectomy (PϽ.001), liver resection (P = .04),and pelvic exenteration (P = .04),but not for pneumonectomy (P = .32).The most striking results were for esophagectomy, for which the operative mortality rose to 17.3% in low-volume hospitals, compared with 3.4% in high-volume hospitals, and for pancreatectomy, for which the corresponding rates were 12.9% vs 5.8%.Adjustments for case mix and other patient factors did not change the finding that low volume was strongly associated with excess mortality.Conclusions.-Thesedata support the hypothesis that when complex surgical oncologic procedures are provided by surgical teams in hospitals with specialty expertise, mortality rates are lower.
|
C114793014
|
Geomorphology
|
https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1945)56[275:edosat]2.0.co;2
|
scientific study of landforms and the processes that shape them
|
EROSIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF STREAMS AND THEIR DRAINAGE BASINS; HYDROPHYSICAL APPROACH TO QUANTITATIVE MORPHOLOGY
|
[
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"display_name": "Morphology (biology)",
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"display_name": "Drainage system (geomorphology)",
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"level": 3,
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"display_name": "Drainage",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C67592535",
"level": 2,
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"display_name": "Hydrology (agriculture)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C76886044",
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Research Article| March 01, 1945 EROSIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF STREAMS AND THEIR DRAINAGE BASINS; HYDROPHYSICAL APPROACH TO QUANTITATIVE MORPHOLOGY ROBERT E HORTON ROBERT E HORTON VOORHEESVILLE, N. Y. Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Author and Article Information ROBERT E HORTON VOORHEESVILLE, N. Y. Publisher: Geological Society of America Received: 05 Aug 1943 First Online: 02 Mar 2017 Online ISSN: 1943-2674 Print ISSN: 0016-7606 Copyright © 1945, The Geological Society of America, Inc. Copyright is not claimed on any material prepared by U.S. government employees within the scope of their employment. GSA Bulletin (1945) 56 (3): 275–370. https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1945)56[275:EDOSAT]2.0.CO;2 Article history Received: 05 Aug 1943 First Online: 02 Mar 2017 Cite View This Citation Add to Citation Manager Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Email Permissions Search Site Citation ROBERT E HORTON; EROSIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF STREAMS AND THEIR DRAINAGE BASINS; HYDROPHYSICAL APPROACH TO QUANTITATIVE MORPHOLOGY. GSA Bulletin 1945;; 56 (3): 275–370. doi: https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1945)56[275:EDOSAT]2.0.CO;2 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Refmanager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentBy SocietyGSA Bulletin Search Advanced Search Abstract The composition of the stream system of a drainage basin can be expressed quantitatively in terms of stream order, drainage density, bifurcation ratio, and stream-length ratio.Stream orders are so chosen that the fingertip or unbranched tributaries are of the 1st order; streams which receive 1st order tributaries, but these only, are of the 2d order; third order streams receive 2d or 1st and 2d order tributaries, and so on, until, finally, the main stream is of the highest order and characterizes the order of the drainage basin.Two fundamental laws connect the numbers and lengths of streams of different orders in a drainage basin: (1) The law of stream numbers. This expresses the relation between the number of streams of a given order and the stream order in terms of an inverse geometric series, of which the bifurcation ratio rb is the base.(2) The law of stream lengths expresses the average length of streams of a given order in terms of stream order, average length of streams of the 1st order, and the stream-length ratio. This law takes the form of a direct geometric series. These two laws extend Playfair's law and give it a quantitative meaning.The infiltration theory of surface runoff is based on two fundamental concepts: (1) There is a maximum or limiting rate at which the soil, when in a given condition, can absorb rain as it falls. This is the infiltration-capacity. It is a volume per unit of time.(2) When runoff takes place from any soil surface, there is a definite functional relation between the depth of surface detention δa, or the quantity of water accumulated on the soil surface, and the rate q8 of surface runoff or channel inflow.For a given terrain there is a minimum length xc of overland flow required to produce sufficient runoff volume to initiate erosion. The critical length xc depends on surface slope, runoff intensity, infiltration-capacity, and resistivity of the soil to erosion. This is the most important single factor involved in erosion phenomena and, in particular, in connection with the development of stream systems and their drainage basins by aqueous erosion.The erosive force and the rate at which erosion can take place at a distance x from the watershed line is directly proportional to the runoff intensity, in inches per hour, the distance x, a function of the slope angle, and a proportionality factor Ke, which represents the quantity of material which can be torn loose and eroded per unit of time and surface area, with unit runoff intensity, slope, and terrain.The rate of erosion is the quantity of material actually removed from the soil surface per unit of time and area, and this may be governed by either the transporting power of overland flow or the actual rate of erosion, whichever is smaller. If the quantity of material torn loose and carried in suspension in overland flow exceeds the quantity which can be transported, deposition or sedimentation on the soil surface will take place.On newly exposed terrain, resulting, for example, from the recession of a coast line, sheet erosion occurs first where the distance from the watershed line to the coast line first exceeds the critical length xc and sheet erosion spreads laterally as the width of the exposed terrain increases. Erosion of such a newly exposed plane surface initially develops a series of shallow, close-spaced, shoestring gullies or rill channels. The rills flow parallel with or are consequent on the original slope. As a result of various causes, the divides between adjacent rill channels are broken down locally, and the flow in the shallower rill channels more remote from the initial rill is diverted into deeper rills more closely adjacent thereto, and a new system of rill channels is developed having a direction of flow at an angle to the initial rill channels and producing a resultant slope toward the initial rill. This is called cross-grading.With progressive exposure of new terrain, streams develop first at points where the length of overland flow first exceeds the critical length xc, and streams starting at these points generally become the primary or highest-order streams of the ultimate drainage basins. The development of a rilled surface on each side of the main stream, followed by cross-grading, creates lateral slopes toward the main stream, and on these slopes tributary streams develop, usually one on either side, at points where the length of overland flow in the new resultant slope direction first exceeds the critical length xc.Cross-grading and recross-grading of a given portion of the area will continue, accompanied in each case by the development of a new order of tributary streams, until finally the length of overland flow within the remaining areas is everywhere less than the critical length xc. These processes fully account for the geometric-series laws of stream numbers and stream lengths.A belt of no erosion exists around the margin of each drainage basin and interior subarea while the development of the stream system is in progress, and this belt of no erosion finally covers the entire area when the stream development becomes complete.The development of interior divides between subordinate streams takes place as the result of competitive erosion, and such divides, as well as the exterior divide surrounding the drainage basin, are generally sinuous in plan and profile as a result of competitive erosion on the two sides of the divide, with the general result that isolated hills commonly occur along divides, particularly on cross divides, at their junctions with longitudinal divides. These interfluve hills are not uneroded areas, as their summits had been subjected to more or less repeated cross-grading previous to the development of the divide on which they are located.With increased exposure of terrain weaker streams may be absorbed by the stronger, larger streams by competitive erosion, and the drainage basin grows in width at the same time that it increases in length. There is, however, always a triangular area of direct drainage to the coast line intermediate between any two major streams, with the result that the final form of a drainage basin is usually ovoid or pear-shaped.The drainage basins of the first-order tributaries are the last developed on a given area, and such streams often have steep-sided, V-shaped, incised channels adjoined by belts of no erosion.The end point of stream development occurs when the tributary subareas have been so completely subdivided by successive orders of stream development that there nowhere remains a length of overland flow exceeding the critical length xc. Stream channels may, however, continue to develop to some extent through headward erosion, but stream channels do not, in general, extend to the watershed line.Valley and stream development occur together and are closely related. At a given cross section the valley cannot grade below the stream, and the valley supplies the runoff and sediment which together determine the valley and stream profiles. As a result of cross-grading antecedent to the development of new tributaries, the tributaries and their valleys are concordant with the parent stream and valley at the time the new streams are formed and remain concordant thereafter.Valley cross sections, when grading is complete, and except for first-order tributaries, are generally S-shaped on each side of the stream, with a point of contraflexure on the upper portion of the slope, and downslope from this point the final form is determined by a combination of factors, including erosion rate, transporting power, and the relative frequencies of occurrence of storms and runoff of different intensities. The longitudinal profile of a valley along the stream bank and the cross section of the valley are closely related, and both are related to the resultant slope at a given location.Many areas on which meager stream development has taken place, and which are commonly classified as youthful, are really mature, because the end point of stream development and erosion for existing conditions has already been reached.When the end point of stream and valley gradation has arrived in a given drainage basin, the remaining surface is usually concave upward, more or less remembling a segment of a parabaloid, ribbed by cross and longitudinal divides and containing interfluve hills and plateaus. This is called a “graded” surface, and it is suggested that the term “peneplain” is not appropriate, since this surface is neither a plane nor nearly a plane, nor does it approach a plane as an ultimate limiting form.The hydrophysical concepts applied to stream and valley development account for observed phenomena from the time of exposure of the terrain. Details of these phenomena of stream and valley development on a given area may be modified by geologic structures and subsequent geologic changes, as well as local variations of infiltration-capacity and resistance to erosion.In this paper stream development and drainage-basin topography are considered wholly from the viewpoint of the operation of hydrophysical processes. In connection with the Davis erosion cycle the same subject is treated largely with reference to the effects of antecedent geologic conditions and subsequent geologic changes. The two views bear much the same relation as two pictures of the same object taken in different lights, and one supplements the other. The Davis erosion cycle is, in effect, usually assumed to begin after the development of at least a partial stream system; the hydrophysical concept carries stream development back to the original newly exposed surface. This content is PDF only. Please click on the PDF icon to access. First Page Preview Close Modal You do not have access to this content, please speak to your institutional administrator if you feel you should have access.
|
C114793014
|
Geomorphology
|
https://doi.org/10.1029/1999jb900120
|
scientific study of landforms and the processes that shape them
|
Dynamics of the stream‐power river incision model: Implications for height limits of mountain ranges, landscape response timescales, and research needs
|
[
{
"display_name": "Bedrock",
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{
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"level": 1,
"score": 0.55163693,
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779989982",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5126926,
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{
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"level": 2,
"score": 0.5024388,
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{
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}
] |
The longitudinal profiles of bedrock channels are a major component of the relief structure of mountainous drainage basins and therefore limit the elevation of peaks and ridges. Further, bedrock channels communicate tectonic and climatic signals across the landscape, thus dictating, to first order, the dynamic response of mountainous landscapes to external forcings. We review and explore the stream‐power erosion model in an effort to (1) elucidate its consequences in terms of large‐scale topographic (fluvial) relief and its sensitivity to tectonic and climatic forcing, (2) derive a relationship for system response time to tectonic perturbations, (3) determine the sensitivity of model behavior to various model parameters, and (4) integrate the above to suggest useful guidelines for further study of bedrock channel systems and for future refinement of the streampower erosion law. Dimensional analysis reveals that the dynamic behavior of the stream‐power erosion model is governed by a single nondimensional group that we term the uplift‐erosion number, greatly reducing the number of variables that need to be considered in the sensitivity analysis. The degree of nonlinearity in the relationship between stream incision rate and channel gradient (slope exponent n ) emerges as a fundamental unknown. The physics of the active erosion processes directly influence this nonlinearity, which is shown to dictate the relationship between the uplift‐erosion number, the equilibrium stream channel gradient, and the total fluvial relief of mountain ranges. Similarly, the predicted response time to changes in rock uplift rate is shown to depend on climate, rock strength, and the magnitude of tectonic perturbation, with the slope exponent n controlling the degree of dependence on these various factors. For typical drainage basin geometries the response time is relatively insensitive to the size of the system. Work on the physics of bedrock erosion processes, their sensitivity to extreme floods, their transient responses to sudden changes in climate or uplift rate, and the scaling of local rock erosion studies to reach‐scale modeling studies are most sorely needed.
|
C114793014
|
Geomorphology
|
https://doi.org/10.1029/2000wr900090
|
scientific study of landforms and the processes that shape them
|
Landslide triggering by rain infiltration
|
[
{
"display_name": "Landslide",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C186295008",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.89997315,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167903"
},
{
"display_name": "Geology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127313418",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.6762794,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069"
},
{
"display_name": "Infiltration (HVAC)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C153400128",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6626824,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3150731"
},
{
"display_name": "Slip (aerodynamics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C195268267",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6180594,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1928883"
},
{
"display_name": "Pore water pressure",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C102579867",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.56573695,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2914346"
},
{
"display_name": "Groundwater",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C76177295",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.49886608,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161598"
},
{
"display_name": "Hydrology (agriculture)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C76886044",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.48069555,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2883300"
},
{
"display_name": "Storm",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C105306849",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.46991932,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81054"
},
{
"display_name": "Landslide classification",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C65865001",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4531678,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6485192"
},
{
"display_name": "Geomorphology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C114793014",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.40864938,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52109"
}
] |
Landsliding in response to rainfall involves physical processes that operate on disparate timescales. Relationships between these timescales guide development of a mathematical model that uses reduced forms of Richards equation to evaluate effects of rainfall infiltration on landslide occurrence, timing, depth, and acceleration in diverse situations. The longest pertinent timescale is A / D 0 , where D 0 is the maximum hydraulic diffusivity of the soil and A is the catchment area that potentially affects groundwater pressures at a prospective landslide slip surface location with areal coordinates x , y and depth H . Times greater than A / D 0 are necessary for establishment of steady background water pressures that develop at ( x , y , H ) in response to rainfall averaged over periods that commonly range from days to many decades. These steady groundwater pressures influence the propensity for landsliding at ( x , y , H ), but they do not trigger slope failure. Failure results from rainfall over a typically shorter timescale H 2 / D 0 associated with transient pore pressure transmission during and following storms. Commonly, this timescale ranges from minutes to months. The shortest timescale affecting landslide responses to rainfall is , where g is the magnitude of gravitational acceleration. Postfailure landslide motion occurs on this timescale, which indicates that the thinnest landslides accelerate most quickly if all other factors are constant. Effects of hydrologic processes on landslide processes across these diverse timescales are encapsulated by a response function, , which depends only on normalized time, t *. Use of R ( t *) in conjunction with topographic data, rainfall intensity and duration information, an infinite‐slope failure criterion, and Newton's second law predicts the timing, depth, and acceleration of rainfall‐triggered landslides. Data from contrasting landslides that exhibit rapid, shallow motion and slow, deep‐seated motion corroborate these predictions.
|
C114793014
|
Geomorphology
|
https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.34-2173
|
scientific study of landforms and the processes that shape them
|
The geology of fluvial deposits: sedimentary facies, basin analysis, and petroleum geology
|
[
{
"display_name": "Geology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127313418",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.885036,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069"
},
{
"display_name": "Petroleum geology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C128777474",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.74104476,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1048416"
},
{
"display_name": "Facies",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C146588470",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.7324773,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q742139"
},
{
"display_name": "Fluvial",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C112959462",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6616733,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1434465"
},
{
"display_name": "Geochemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17409809",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.60650116,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161764"
},
{
"display_name": "Sedimentary rock",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C6494504",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.59597945,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82480"
},
{
"display_name": "Structural basin",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C109007969",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.57064074,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q749565"
},
{
"display_name": "Petroleum",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C548895740",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4985795,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22656"
},
{
"display_name": "Geomorphology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C114793014",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.47770002,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52109"
},
{
"display_name": "Sedimentary basin analysis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C175454506",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.43859428,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7445308"
},
{
"display_name": "Regional geology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C161028810",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.4108133,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2138304"
},
{
"display_name": "Sedimentary basin",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C200646496",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.389821,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q785020"
},
{
"display_name": "Petrology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C5900021",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.38253716,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q163082"
}
] |
Fluvial deposits represent the preserved record of one of the major nonmarine environments.They accumulate in large and small intermontane valleys, in the broad valleys of trunk rivers, in the wedges of alluvial fans flanking areas of uplift, in the outwash plains fronting melting glaciers, and in coastal plains.The nature of alluvial assemblages -their lithofacies composition, vertical stratigraphic record, and architecture -reflect an interplay of many processes, from the wandering of individual channels across a floodplain, to the long-term effects of uplift and subsidence.Fluvial deposits are a sensitive indicator of tectonic processes, and also carry subtle signatures of the climate at the time of deposition.They are the hosts for many petroleum and mineral deposits.This book is about all these subjects.The first part of the book, following a historical introduction, constructs the stratigraphic framework of fluvial deposits, step by step, starting with lithofacies, combining these into architectural elements and other facies associations, and then showing how these, in turn, combine to represent distinctive fluvial styles.Next, the discussion turns to problems of correlation and the building of large-scale stratigraphic frameworks.These basin-scale constructions form the basis for a discussion of causes and processes, including autogenic processes of channel shifting and cyclicity, and the larger questions of allogenic (tectonic, eustatic, and climatic) sedimentary controls and the development of our ideas about nonmarine sequence stratigraphy.The final chapters address issues of concern to petroleum geologists.The geometry of reservoirs is discussed, and primary reservoir heterogeneities are evaluated from the point of view of facies architecture and porosity-permeability characteristics.Lastly, the stratigraphic and tectonic distribution of petroleum reservoirs is analyzed, leading to a stratigraphic-tectonic classification of oil and gas fields in fluvial deposits, and a description of selected case examples.The book is intended for advanced students, researchers, and professionals.Extensive references have been made to the published literature, and hundreds of examples and diagrams have been provided.It is to be hoped that the methods and classifications proposed here will assist in future research work and resource production.
|
C114793014
|
Geomorphology
|
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.earth.32.101802.120356
|
scientific study of landforms and the processes that shape them
|
BEDROCK RIVERS AND THE GEOMORPHOLOGY OF ACTIVE OROGENS
|
[
{
"display_name": "Bedrock",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C137527640",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.907545,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q570309"
},
{
"display_name": "Denudation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C87432785",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.89472413,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q745430"
},
{
"display_name": "Fluvial",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C112959462",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.79660535,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1434465"
},
{
"display_name": "Geology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127313418",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.78990537,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069"
},
{
"display_name": "Geomorphology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C114793014",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5413797,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52109"
},
{
"display_name": "Earth science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C1965285",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.54132,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8008"
},
{
"display_name": "Tectonics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C77928131",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.50283283,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193343"
},
{
"display_name": "Erosion",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C123157820",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.49086624,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80026"
}
] |
▪ Abstract Bedrock rivers set much of the relief structure of active orogens and dictate rates and patterns of denudation. Quantitative understanding of the role of climate-driven denudation in the evolution of unglaciated orogens depends first and foremost on knowledge of fluvial erosion processes and the factors that control incision rate. The results of intense research in the past decade are reviewed here, with the aim of highlighting remaining unknowns and suggesting fruitful avenues for further research. This review considers in turn (a) the occurrence and morphology of bedrock channels and their relation to tectonic setting; (b) the physical processes of fluvial incision into rock; and (c) models of river incision, their implications, and the field and laboratory data needed to test, refine, and extend them.
|
C114793014
|
Geomorphology
|
https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr86531
|
scientific study of landforms and the processes that shape them
|
Field methods for measurement of fluvial sediment
|
[
{
"display_name": "Fluvial",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C112959462",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.85106266,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1434465"
},
{
"display_name": "Geology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127313418",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.61293226,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069"
},
{
"display_name": "Field (mathematics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C9652623",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.611229,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109"
},
{
"display_name": "Sediment",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2816523",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.58035576,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180184"
},
{
"display_name": "Geomorphology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C114793014",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.42989653,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52109"
},
{
"display_name": "Hydrology (agriculture)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C76886044",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42050755,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2883300"
}
] |
This report describes equipment and procedures for collection and measurement of fluvial sediment.The complexity of the hydrologic and physical environments and man's ever-increasing data needs make it essential for those responsible for the collection of sediment data to be aware of basic concepts involved in processes of erosion, transport, deposition of sediment, and equipment, and procedures necessary to representatively sample and measure sediment data.In addition to an introduction, the report has two major sections.The "Sediment-Sampling Equipment" section encompasses discussions of characteristics and limitations of various models of depth-and point-integrating samplers, single-stage samplers, bed-material samplers, bedload samplers, automatic-pumping samplers, and support equipment.The "Sediment-Sampling Techniques" section includes discussions of representative sampling criteria, characteristics of sampling sites, equipment selection relative to the sampling conditions and needs, depth-and point-integration techniques, surface and dip sampling, determination of transit rates, sampling programs and related data, cold-weather sampling, bed-material and bedload sampling, measuring total sediment discharge, and reservoir sedimentation rates.1. To allow water to enter the nozzle isokinetically.(In isokinetic sampling, water approaching the nozzle undergoes no change in speed or direction as it enters the orifice.)
|
C114793014
|
Geomorphology
|
https://doi.org/10.1029/1999jb900292
|
scientific study of landforms and the processes that shape them
|
Active folding of fluvial terraces across the Siwaliks Hills, Himalayas of central Nepal
|
[
{
"display_name": "Geology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127313418",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.9505238,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069"
},
{
"display_name": "River terraces",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C206137718",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.7586124,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7338045"
},
{
"display_name": "Fluvial",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C112959462",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6580562,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1434465"
},
{
"display_name": "Fault (geology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C175551986",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.60034394,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47089"
},
{
"display_name": "Geomorphology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C114793014",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.56283784,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52109"
},
{
"display_name": "Thrust fault",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C110041135",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5569943,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q496325"
},
{
"display_name": "Active fault",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C26001220",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5225115,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1089248"
},
{
"display_name": "Structural basin",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C109007969",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5136994,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q749565"
},
{
"display_name": "Fold (higher-order function)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C53942344",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.48559755,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q951651"
},
{
"display_name": "Bedding",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777232088",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.45828786,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12345567"
},
{
"display_name": "Seismology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C165205528",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.43130416,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83371"
},
{
"display_name": "Outcrop",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C169212394",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4246473,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q531953"
},
{
"display_name": "Holocene",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C140345934",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4235309,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25445"
},
{
"display_name": "Fold and thrust belt",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C1507633",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.42065746,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5464261"
},
{
"display_name": "Paleontology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C151730666",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.34375447,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205"
}
] |
We analyze geomorphic evidence of recent crustal deformation in the sub‐Himalaya of central Nepal, south of the Kathmandu Basin. The Main Frontal Thrust fault (MFT), which marks the southern edge of the sub‐Himalayan fold belt, is the only active structure in that area. Active fault bend folding at the MFT is quantified from structural geology and fluvial terraces along the Bagmati and Bakeya Rivers. Two major and two minor strath terraces are recognized and dated to be 9.2, 2.2, and 6.2, 3.7 calibrated (cal) kyr old, respectively. Rock uplift of up to 1.5 cm/yr is derived from river incision, accounting for sedimentation in the Gangetic plain and channel geometry changes. Rock uplift profiles are found to correlate with bedding dip angles, as expected in fault bend folding. It implies that thrusting along the MFT has absorbed 21±1.5 mm/yr of N‐S shortening on average over the Holocene period. The ±1.5 mm/yr defines the 68% confidence interval and accounts for uncertainties in age, elevation measurements, initial geometry of the deformed terraces, and seismic cycle. At the longitude of Kathmandu, localized thrusting along the Main Frontal Thrust fault must absorb most of the shortening across the Himalaya. By contrast, microseismicity and geodetic monitoring over the last decade suggest that interseismic strain is accumulating beneath the High Himalaya, 50–100 km north of the active fold zone, where the Main Himalayan Thrust (MHT) fault roots into a ductile décollement beneath southern Tibet. In the interseismic period the MHT is locked, and elastic deformation accumulates until being released by large ( M w > 8) earthquakes. These earthquakes break the MHT up to the near surface at the front of the Himalayan foothills and result in incremental activation of the MFT.
|
C114793014
|
Geomorphology
|
https://doi.org/10.1017/s0022143000022188
|
scientific study of landforms and the processes that shape them
|
Water Pressure in Intra- and Subglacial Channels
|
[
{
"display_name": "Geology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127313418",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.86913896,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069"
},
{
"display_name": "Geomorphology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C114793014",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5957255,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52109"
},
{
"display_name": "Glacier",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C100834320",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5015745,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35666"
},
{
"display_name": "Pressure gradient",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C98156149",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.49387532,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414143"
},
{
"display_name": "Flow (mathematics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C38349280",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43477884,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1434290"
},
{
"display_name": "Pressure ridge",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C1721004",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.43179148,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3134007"
},
{
"display_name": "Mechanics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C57879066",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.42825347,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41217"
},
{
"display_name": "Ice stream",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C81820708",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.32365376,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2540532"
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] |
Abstract Water flowing in tubular channels inside a glacier produces frictional heat, which causes melting of the ice walls. However the channels also have a tendency to close under the overburden pressure. Using the equilibrium equation that at every cross-section as much ice is melted as flows in, differential equations are given for steady flow in horizontal, inclined and vertical channels at variable depth and for variable discharge, ice properties and channel roughness. It is shown that the pressure decreases with increasing discharge, which proves that water must flow in main arteries. The same argument is used to show that certain glacier lakes above long flat valley glaciers must form in times of low discharge and empty when the discharge is high, i.e. when the water head in the subglacial drainage system drops below the lake level. Under the conditions of the model an ice mass of uniform thickness does not float, i.e. there is no water layer at the bottom, when the bed is inclined in the down-hill direction, but it can float on a horizontal bed if the exponent n of the law for the ice creep is small. It is further shown that basal streams (bottom conduits) and lateral streams at the hydraulic grade line (gradient conduits) can coexist. Time-dependent flow, local topography, ice motion, and sediment load are not accounted for in the theory, although they may strongly influence the actual course of the water. Computations have been carried out for the Gornergletscher where the bed topography is known and where some data are available on subglacial water pressure.
|
C188027245
|
Polymer chemistry
|
https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.199511431
|
chemistry subdiscipline that deals with the structures, chemical synthesis and properties of polymers
|
Stereospecific Olefin Polymerization with Chiral Metallocene Catalysts
|
[
{
"display_name": "Metallocene",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780446808",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.921617,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413676"
},
{
"display_name": "Comonomer",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780672802",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.85392904,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55999569"
},
{
"display_name": "Polyolefin",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777686893",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.7719965,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q424370"
},
{
"display_name": "Post-metallocene catalyst",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C153953470",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.73168826,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10863702"
},
{
"display_name": "Polymerization",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C44228677",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.727694,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181898"
},
{
"display_name": "Catalysis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C161790260",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5967627,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82264"
},
{
"display_name": "Polymer chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C188027245",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5658974,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750446"
},
{
"display_name": "Materials science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C192562407",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.5536481,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736"
},
{
"display_name": "Polymer",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C521977710",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.48159692,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81163"
},
{
"display_name": "Olefin fiber",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C51886252",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.45349655,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4118667"
},
{
"display_name": "Stereospecificity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C187921627",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.44097066,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2469470"
},
{
"display_name": "Active center",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778861492",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4249337,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16825190"
},
{
"display_name": "Coordination polymerization",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C7478940",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.42228615,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3395663"
},
{
"display_name": "Chemical engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C42360764",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.32181627,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83588"
},
{
"display_name": "Organic chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C178790620",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.30150062,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351"
}
] |
Abstract Current studies on novel, metallocenebased catalysts for the polymerization of α‐olefins have far‐reaching implications for the development of new materials as well as for the understanding of basic reaction mechanisms responsible for the growth of a polymer chain at a catalyst center and the control of its stereoregularity. In contrast to heterogeneous Ziegler–Natta catalysts, polymerization by a homogeneous, metallocene‐based catalyst occurs principally at a single type of metal center with a defined coordination environment. This makes it possible to correlate metallocene structures with polymer properties such as molecular weight, stereochemical microstructure, crystallization behavior, and mechanical properties. Homogeneous catalyst systems now afford efficient control of regio‐ and stereoregularities, molecular weights and molecular weight distributions, and comonomer incorporation. By providing a means for the homo‐ and copolymerization of cyclic olefins, the cyclopolymerization of dienes, and access even to functionalized polyolefins, these catalysts greatly expand the range and versatility of technically feasible types of polyolefin materials. For corrigendum see DOI: 10.1002/anie.199513681
|
C188027245
|
Polymer chemistry
|
https://doi.org/10.1128/mr.54.4.450-472.1990
|
chemistry subdiscipline that deals with the structures, chemical synthesis and properties of polymers
|
Occurrence, metabolism, metabolic role, and industrial uses of bacterial polyhydroxyalkanoates
|
[
{
"display_name": "Polyhydroxyalkanoates",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C73447357",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.9701996,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q425079"
},
{
"display_name": "Polyhydroxybutyrate",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780849362",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.95159864,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q424469"
},
{
"display_name": "Monomer",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C166940927",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.68875366,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178827"
},
{
"display_name": "Polymer",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C521977710",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5763324,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81163"
},
{
"display_name": "Copolymer",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15920480",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.57597095,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q421281"
},
{
"display_name": "Chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185592680",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.5710636,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329"
},
{
"display_name": "Polymerization",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C44228677",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.55949455,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181898"
},
{
"display_name": "Cupriavidus necator",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780637011",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.5003257,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q148753"
},
{
"display_name": "Polymer chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C188027245",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4806584,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750446"
},
{
"display_name": "Biodegradable plastic",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780955318",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.44488484,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q864487"
},
{
"display_name": "Biochemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C55493867",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.44101697,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094"
},
{
"display_name": "Organic chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C178790620",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3924171,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351"
}
] |
Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), of which polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) is the most abundant, are bacterial carbon and energy reserve materials of widespread occurrence. They are composed of 3-hydroxyacid monomer units and exist as a small number of cytoplasmic granules per cell. The properties of the C4 homopolymer PHB as a biodegradable thermoplastic first attracted industrial attention more than 20 years ago. Copolymers of C4 (3-hydroxybutyrate [3HB]) and C5 (3-hydroxyvalerate [3HV]) monomer units have modified physical properties; e.g., the plastic is less brittle than PHB, whereas PHAs containing C8 to C12 monomers behave as elastomers. This family of materials is the centre of considerable commercial interest, and 3HB-co-3HV copolymers have been marketed by ICI plc as Biopol. The known polymers exist as 2(1) helices with the fiber repeat decreasing from 0.596 nm for PHB to about 0.45 nm for C8 to C10 polymers. Novel copolymers with a backbone of 3HB and 4HB have been obtained. The native granules contain noncrystalline polymer, and water may possibly act as a plasticizer. Although the biosynthesis and regulation of PHB are generally well understood, the corresponding information for the synthesis of long-side-chain PHAs from alkanes, alcohols, and organic acids is still incomplete. The precise mechanisms of action of the polymerizing and depolymerizing enzymes also remain to be established. The structural genes for the three key enzymes of PHB synthesis from acetyl coenzyme A in Alcaligenes eutrophus have been cloned, sequenced, and expressed in Escherichia coli. Polymer molecular weights appear to be species specific. The factors influencing the commercial choice of organism, substrate, and isolation process are discussed. The physiological functions of PHB as a reserve material and in symbiotic nitrogen fixation and its presence in bacterial plasma membranes and putative role in transformability and calcium signaling are also considered.
|
C188027245
|
Polymer chemistry
|
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.278.5343.1601
|
chemistry subdiscipline that deals with the structures, chemical synthesis and properties of polymers
|
Reversible Polymers Formed from Self-Complementary Monomers Using Quadruple Hydrogen Bonding
|
[
{
"display_name": "Monomer",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C166940927",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.8302773,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178827"
},
{
"display_name": "Polymer",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C521977710",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8208797,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81163"
},
{
"display_name": "Hydrogen bond",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C112887158",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.77031416,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169324"
},
{
"display_name": "Rheology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C200990466",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.59380114,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q271707"
},
{
"display_name": "Materials science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C192562407",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.564788,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736"
},
{
"display_name": "Polymer chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C188027245",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5092801,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750446"
},
{
"display_name": "Viscosity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127172972",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.50839585,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128709"
},
{
"display_name": "Thermal",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C204530211",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.45525843,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q752823"
},
{
"display_name": "Linear polymer",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2992026580",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.45500422,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81163"
},
{
"display_name": "Hydrogen",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C512968161",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43880305,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q556"
},
{
"display_name": "Chemical engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C42360764",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.42269337,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83588"
},
{
"display_name": "Molecule",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C32909587",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.33540827,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11369"
},
{
"display_name": "Polymer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126348684",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.32270625,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3456979"
},
{
"display_name": "Chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185592680",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3043368,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329"
}
] |
Units of 2-ureido-4-pyrimidone that dimerize strongly in a self-complementary array of four cooperative hydrogen bonds were used as the associating end group in reversible self-assembling polymer systems. The unidirectional design of the binding sites prevents uncontrolled multidirectional association or gelation. Linear polymers and reversible networks were formed from monomers with two and three binding sites, respectively. The thermal and environmental control over lifetime and bond strength makes many properties, such as viscosity, chain length, and composition, tunable in a way not accessible to traditional polymers. Hence, polymer networks with thermodynamically controlled architectures can be formed, for use in, for example, coatings and hot melts, where a reversible, strongly temperature-dependent rheology is highly advantageous.
|
C188027245
|
Polymer chemistry
|
https://doi.org/10.1002/1521-4095(20020816)14:16<1120::aid-adma1120>3.0.co;2-9
|
chemistry subdiscipline that deals with the structures, chemical synthesis and properties of polymers
|
Nanocomposite Hydrogels: A Unique Organic–Inorganic Network Structure with Extraordinary Mechanical, Optical, and Swelling/De-swelling Properties
|
[
{
"display_name": "Swelling",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778540859",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.9505247,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q152234"
},
{
"display_name": "Materials science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C192562407",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.8587234,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736"
},
{
"display_name": "Self-healing hydrogels",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C108586683",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8213512,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17164826"
},
{
"display_name": "Nanocomposite",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C92880739",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8187821,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2639556"
},
{
"display_name": "Polymer chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C188027245",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5021019,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750446"
},
{
"display_name": "Radical polymerization",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C111998727",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.49771026,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2620998"
},
{
"display_name": "In situ polymerization",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781241367",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.48398685,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6011751"
},
{
"display_name": "Polymerization",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C44228677",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.48382157,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181898"
},
{
"display_name": "Polymer",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C521977710",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.46901602,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81163"
},
{
"display_name": "Chemical engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C42360764",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.434,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83588"
},
{
"display_name": "Elongation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C33947775",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.41089317,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q271439"
},
{
"display_name": "Composite material",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C159985019",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.35552573,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790"
}
] |
Novel nanocomposite hydrogels (NC gels) with a unique organic–inorganic (clay) network structure (see Figure) have been synthesized by in-situ free radical polymerization. The resulting NC gels exhibit high structural homogeneity, superior elongation with near-complete recovery, good swellability, and rapid de-swelling in response to temperature changes.
|
C188027245
|
Polymer chemistry
|
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2007.11.020
|
chemistry subdiscipline that deals with the structures, chemical synthesis and properties of polymers
|
Radical addition–fragmentation chemistry in polymer synthesis
|
[
{
"display_name": "Chain transfer",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121120078",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.89867496,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3737603"
},
{
"display_name": "Raft",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C9132879",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.8737762,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17100313"
},
{
"display_name": "Reversible addition−fragmentation chain-transfer polymerization",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C34594497",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.7810979,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q639983"
},
{
"display_name": "Polymer",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C521977710",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.66423047,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81163"
},
{
"display_name": "Copolymer",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15920480",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.65676403,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q421281"
},
{
"display_name": "Radical polymerization",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C111998727",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.6061809,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2620998"
},
{
"display_name": "Monomer",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C166940927",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.60387915,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178827"
},
{
"display_name": "Reagent",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C40875361",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.528964,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2356542"
},
{
"display_name": "Living polymerization",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C48396125",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.52170724,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q903447"
},
{
"display_name": "Polymerization",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C44228677",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5201357,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181898"
},
{
"display_name": "Fragmentation (computing)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C191015642",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5141228,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1132459"
},
{
"display_name": "Polymer chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C188027245",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4814843,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750446"
},
{
"display_name": "Chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185592680",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.48033634,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329"
},
{
"display_name": "Functional polymers",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777484996",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.4377667,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q425113"
}
] |
This review traces the development of addition–fragmentation chain transfer agents and related ring-opening monomers highlighting recent innovation in these areas. The major part of this review deals with reagents that give reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT). These reagents include dithioesters, trithiocarbonates, dithiocarbamates and xanthates. The RAFT process is a versatile method for conferring living characteristics on radical polymerizations providing unprecedented control over molecular weight, molecular weight distribution, composition and architecture. It is suitable for most monomers polymerizable by radical polymerization and is robust under a wide range of reaction conditions. It provides a route to functional polymers, cyclopolymers, gradient copolymers, block polymers and star polymers.
|
C188027245
|
Polymer chemistry
|
https://doi.org/10.1002/pola.20986
|
chemistry subdiscipline that deals with the structures, chemical synthesis and properties of polymers
|
Macromolecular design via reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT)/xanthates (MADIX) polymerization
|
[
{
"display_name": "Chain transfer",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121120078",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.9080148,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3737603"
},
{
"display_name": "Raft",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C9132879",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.80244565,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17100313"
},
{
"display_name": "Polymerization",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C44228677",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.73342425,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181898"
},
{
"display_name": "Reversible addition−fragmentation chain-transfer polymerization",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C34594497",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.7243277,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q639983"
},
{
"display_name": "Chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185592680",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.56935954,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329"
},
{
"display_name": "Living polymerization",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C48396125",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.5186969,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q903447"
},
{
"display_name": "Monomer",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C166940927",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4807177,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178827"
},
{
"display_name": "Radical polymerization",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C111998727",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.4777588,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2620998"
},
{
"display_name": "Polymer chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C188027245",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.46380544,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750446"
},
{
"display_name": "Macromolecule",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C204389451",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.45513618,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178593"
}
] |
Abstract Among the living radical polymerization techniques, reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) and macromolecular design via the interchange of xanthates (MADIX) polymerizations appear to be the most versatile processes in terms of the reaction conditions, the variety of monomers for which polymerization can be controlled, tolerance to functionalities, and the range of polymeric architectures that can be produced. This review highlights the progress made in RAFT/MADIX polymerization since the first report in 1998. It addresses, in turn, the mechanism and kinetics of the process, examines the various components of the system, including the synthesis paths of the thiocarbonyl‐thio compounds used as chain‐transfer agents, and the conditions of polymerization, and gives an account of the wide range of monomers that have been successfully polymerized to date, as well as the various polymeric architectures that have been produced. In the last section, this review describes the future challenges that the process will face and shows its opening to a wider scientific community as a synthetic tool for the production of functional macromolecules and materials. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43:5347–5393, 2005
|
C188027245
|
Polymer chemistry
|
https://doi.org/10.1002/mabi.200700275
|
chemistry subdiscipline that deals with the structures, chemical synthesis and properties of polymers
|
Poly(lactide) Stereocomplexes: Formation, Structure, Properties, Degradation, and Applications
|
[
{
"display_name": "Polymer",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C521977710",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6235938,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81163"
},
{
"display_name": "Degradation (telecommunications)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779679103",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5926673,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5251805"
},
{
"display_name": "Polymer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126348684",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5290465,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3456979"
},
{
"display_name": "Materials science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C192562407",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.47693413,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736"
},
{
"display_name": "Lactide",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776743539",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.41699603,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q421313"
},
{
"display_name": "Polymer chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C188027245",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.40493459,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750446"
},
{
"display_name": "Chemical engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C42360764",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3503578,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83588"
},
{
"display_name": "Nanotechnology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C171250308",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.34939855,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468"
}
] |
DOI: 10.1002/mabi.200500062 The author would like to announce the following correction. Figure 1 contains some errors with respect to the polymer configurations. 1) Page 571, Figure 1 The author apologizes for any inconvenience caused.
|
C188027245
|
Polymer chemistry
|
https://doi.org/10.1021/ja502843f
|
chemistry subdiscipline that deals with the structures, chemical synthesis and properties of polymers
|
Polymerization-Induced Self-Assembly of Block Copolymer Nano-objects via RAFT Aqueous Dispersion Polymerization
|
[
{
"display_name": "Chain transfer",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121120078",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.7916056,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3737603"
},
{
"display_name": "Raft",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C9132879",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.7876989,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17100313"
},
{
"display_name": "Copolymer",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15920480",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.77357185,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q421281"
},
{
"display_name": "Polymerization",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C44228677",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.7328048,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181898"
},
{
"display_name": "Chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185592680",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.640259,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329"
},
{
"display_name": "Reversible addition−fragmentation chain-transfer polymerization",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C34594497",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.6218493,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q639983"
},
{
"display_name": "Dispersion polymerization",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777492985",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.5949204,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2102934"
},
{
"display_name": "Polymer chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C188027245",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.43635535,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750446"
},
{
"display_name": "Nanotechnology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C171250308",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3953514,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468"
},
{
"display_name": "Chemical engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C42360764",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.39389628,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83588"
}
] |
In this Perspective, we discuss the recent development of polymerization-induced self-assembly mediated by reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) aqueous dispersion polymerization. This approach has quickly become a powerful and versatile technique for the synthesis of a wide range of bespoke organic diblock copolymer nano-objects of controllable size, morphology, and surface functionality. Given its potential scalability, such environmentally-friendly formulations are expected to offer many potential applications, such as novel Pickering emulsifiers, efficient microencapsulation vehicles, and sterilizable thermo-responsive hydrogels for the cost-effective long-term storage of mammalian cells.
|
C97137747
|
Forestry
|
https://doi.org/10.1093/forestscience/26.3.435
|
science and craft of creating, managing, using, conserving and repairing forests, woodlands, and associated resources for human and environmental benefits
|
Adaptive Environmental Assessment and Management
|
[
{
"display_name": "Adaptive management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2775917145",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6091167,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4680750"
},
{
"display_name": "Library science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C161191863",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.466444,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199655"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental resource management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C107826830",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.45004427,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q929380"
},
{
"display_name": "Geography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.44524333,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071"
},
{
"display_name": "Forestry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C97137747",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.43103215,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38112"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39432304",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3576966,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847"
}
] |
Journal Article Adaptive Environmental Assessment and Management Get access Edited by Holling C. S.. 1978. Witey-Interscience, Chichester-New York-Brisbane-Toronto. xviii + 377 pages, Mus. $16.50. Reviewed by Campbell Robert W., Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, USDA Forest Service, Corvallis, Oregon 97331 Forest Science, Volume 26, Issue 3, September 1980, Pages 435–436, https://doi.org/10.1093/forestscience/26.3.435 Published: 01 September 1980
|
C97137747
|
Forestry
|
https://doi.org/10.1071/9781486304646
|
science and craft of creating, managing, using, conserving and repairing forests, woodlands, and associated resources for human and environmental benefits
|
Australian Soil Classification
|
[
{
"display_name": "Forestry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C97137747",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.41412884,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38112"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39432304",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.40899095,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847"
},
{
"display_name": "Geography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.37914377,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071"
}
] |
The Australian Soil Classification provides a framework for organising knowledge about Australian soils by allocating soils to classes via a key. Since its publication in 1996, this book has been widely adopted and formally endorsed as the official national system. It has provided a means of communication among scientists and land managers and has proven to be of particular value in land resource survey and research programs, environmental studies and education. Classification is a basic requirement of all science and needs to be periodically revised as knowledge increases. This Second Edition of The Australian Soil Classification includes updates from a working group of the National Committee on Soil and Terrain (NCST), especially in regards to new knowledge about acid sulfate soils (sulfidic materials). Modifications include expanding the classification to incorporate different kinds of sulfidic materials, the introduction of subaqueous soils as well as new Vertosol subgroups, new Hydrosol family criteria and the consistent use of the term reticulate. All soil orders except for Ferrosols and Sodosols are affected by the changes.
|
C97137747
|
Forestry
|
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1019576108
|
science and craft of creating, managing, using, conserving and repairing forests, woodlands, and associated resources for human and environmental benefits
|
Benchmark map of forest carbon stocks in tropical regions across three continents
|
[
{
"display_name": "Carbon stock",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2994081031",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.77854705,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1049066"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39432304",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.6207815,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847"
},
{
"display_name": "Carbon sequestration",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C22884784",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.61487967,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15305550"
},
{
"display_name": "Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778405918",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.6115687,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1082970"
},
{
"display_name": "Deforestation (computer science)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777399953",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.55184567,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155658"
},
{
"display_name": "Climate change",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C132651083",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.52023023,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7942"
},
{
"display_name": "Stock (firearms)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C204036174",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.512871,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q909380"
},
{
"display_name": "Greenhouse gas",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C47737302",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.48935336,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167336"
},
{
"display_name": "Tropics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C50660011",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4856957,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42530"
},
{
"display_name": "Biomass (ecology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C115540264",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.48194858,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2945560"
},
{
"display_name": "Forestry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C97137747",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4557658,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38112"
},
{
"display_name": "Lidar",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C51399673",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4224325,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504027"
},
{
"display_name": "Geography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.4063353,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071"
},
{
"display_name": "Agroforestry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C54286561",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.36794227,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q397350"
},
{
"display_name": "Physical geography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C100970517",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3509519,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52107"
},
{
"display_name": "Atmospheric sciences",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C91586092",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.34785724,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q757520"
},
{
"display_name": "Climatology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C49204034",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.33886594,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52139"
}
] |
Developing countries are required to produce robust estimates of forest carbon stocks for successful implementation of climate change mitigation policies related to reducing emissions from deforestation and degradation (REDD). Here we present a “benchmark” map of biomass carbon stocks over 2.5 billion ha of forests on three continents, encompassing all tropical forests, for the early 2000s, which will be invaluable for REDD assessments at both project and national scales. We mapped the total carbon stock in live biomass (above- and belowground), using a combination of data from 4,079 in situ inventory plots and satellite light detection and ranging (Lidar) samples of forest structure to estimate carbon storage, plus optical and microwave imagery (1-km resolution) to extrapolate over the landscape. The total biomass carbon stock of forests in the study region is estimated to be 247 Gt C, with 193 Gt C stored aboveground and 54 Gt C stored belowground in roots. Forests in Latin America, sub-Saharan Africa, and Southeast Asia accounted for 49%, 25%, and 26% of the total stock, respectively. By analyzing the errors propagated through the estimation process, uncertainty at the pixel level (100 ha) ranged from ±6% to ±53%, but was constrained at the typical project (10,000 ha) and national (>1,000,000 ha) scales at ca . ±5% and ca . ±1%, respectively. The benchmark map illustrates regional patterns and provides methodologically comparable estimates of carbon stocks for 75 developing countries where previous assessments were either poor or incomplete.
|
C97137747
|
Forestry
|
https://doi.org/10.4337/9781849805834.00023
|
science and craft of creating, managing, using, conserving and repairing forests, woodlands, and associated resources for human and environmental benefits
|
Land use, land use change and forestry
|
[
{
"display_name": "Land use, land-use change and forestry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C122690726",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.7193761,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3348639"
},
{
"display_name": "Forestry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C97137747",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.71239555,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38112"
},
{
"display_name": "Land use",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C4792198",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6006574,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165944"
},
{
"display_name": "Geography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.31245506,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071"
}
] |
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Special Report on Land Use, Land-Use Change, and Forestry (SR-LULUCF) has been prepared in response to a request from the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice (SBSTA). At its eighth session in Bonn, Germany, 2-12 Ju and technical implications of carbon sequestration strategies related to land use, land-use change, and forestry activities. The scope, structure, and outline of this Special Report was approved by the IPCC in plenary meetings during its Fourteenth Session. This Special Report examines several key questions relating to the exchange of carbon between the atmosphere and the terrestrial pool of aboveground biomass, below-ground biomass, and soils. Vegetation exchanges carbon dioxide between the atmosphere and the terrestrial biosphere through photosynthesis and plant and soil respiration. This natural exchange has been occurring for hundreds of millions of years. Humans are changing the natural rate of exchange of carbon between the atmosphere and the terrestrial biosphere through land use, land-use change, and forestry activities. The aim of the SR-LULUCF is to assist the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol by providing relevant scientific and technical information to describe how the global carbon cycle operates and what the broad-scale opportunities and implications of ARD and additional human-induced activities are, now and in the future. This Special Report also identifies questions that Parties to the Protocol may wish to consider regarding definitions and accounting rules.
|
C97137747
|
Forestry
|
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2015.06.014
|
science and craft of creating, managing, using, conserving and repairing forests, woodlands, and associated resources for human and environmental benefits
|
Dynamics of global forest area: Results from the FAO Global Forest Resources Assessment 2015
|
[
{
"display_name": "Geography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.64024824,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071"
},
{
"display_name": "Agroforestry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C54286561",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.54543656,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q397350"
},
{
"display_name": "Forestry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C97137747",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.510257,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38112"
},
{
"display_name": "Forest inventory",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C147103442",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.50735253,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423188"
},
{
"display_name": "Tropical Asia",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777030104",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5068484,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7845753"
},
{
"display_name": "Temperate climate",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C81461190",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4844437,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167466"
},
{
"display_name": "Taiga",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C87621631",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.44295415,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q69564"
},
{
"display_name": "Tropics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C50660011",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43562576,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42530"
},
{
"display_name": "Secondary forest",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C133382796",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41837245,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2140056"
},
{
"display_name": "Forest management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C28631016",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41771516,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q372561"
},
{
"display_name": "Forest dynamics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776107028",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41707695,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3008355"
}
] |
The area of land covered by forest and trees is an important indicator of environmental condition. This study presents and analyses results from the Global Forest Resources Assessment 2015 (FRA 2015) of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. FRA 2015 was based on responses to surveys by individual countries using a common reporting framework, agreed definitions and reporting standards. Results indicated that total forest area declined by 3%, from 4128 M ha in 1990 to 3999 M ha in 2015. The annual rate of net forest loss halved from 7.3 M ha y−1 in the 1990s to 3.3 M ha y−1 between 2010 and 2015. Natural forest area declined from 3961 M ha to 3721 M ha between 1990 and 2015, while planted forest (including rubber plantations) increased from 168 M ha to 278 M ha. From 2010 to 2015, tropical forest area declined at a rate of 5.5 M ha y−1 – only 58% of the rate in the 1990s – while temperate forest area expanded at a rate of 2.2 M ha y−1. Boreal and sub-tropical forest areas showed little net change. Forest area expanded in Europe, North America, the Caribbean, East Asia, and Western-Central Asia, but declined in Central America, South America, South and Southeast Asia and all three regions in Africa. Analysis indicates that, between 1990 and 2015, 13 tropical countries may have either passed through their forest transitions from net forest loss to net forest expansion, or continued along the path of forest expansion that follows these transitions. Comparing FRA 2015 statistics with the findings of global and pan-tropical remote-sensing forest area surveys was challenging, due to differences in assessment periods, the definitions of forest and remote sensing methods. More investment in national and global forest monitoring is needed to provide better support for international initiatives to increase sustainable forest management and reduce forest loss, particularly in tropical countries.
|
C97137747
|
Forestry
|
https://doi.org/10.5558/tfc36010-1
|
science and craft of creating, managing, using, conserving and repairing forests, woodlands, and associated resources for human and environmental benefits
|
QUALITY APPRAISAL OF WHITE SPRUCE AND WHITE PINE SEEDLING STOCK IN NURSERIES
|
[
{
"display_name": "Seedling",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776096895",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.94949806,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1385709"
},
{
"display_name": "Collar",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781448223",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.74482745,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1108904"
},
{
"display_name": "Dry weight",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C150668497",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.602261,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104870826"
},
{
"display_name": "Shoot",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C21410773",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.53121936,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220869"
},
{
"display_name": "White (mutation)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C56273599",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4846128,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3122841"
},
{
"display_name": "Horticulture",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144027150",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4707297,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48803"
},
{
"display_name": "Biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.4506998,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420"
},
{
"display_name": "Forestry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C97137747",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.43873966,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38112"
},
{
"display_name": "Agronomy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C6557445",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.37757543,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113"
},
{
"display_name": "Botany",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C59822182",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.32839313,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441"
}
] |
Total seedling weight, shoot weight and root weight in grams on an oven dry basis, root collar diameter in millimeters, and height in centimeters were used to develop an integrated index of seedling quality.
|
C97137747
|
Forestry
|
https://doi.org/10.1093/forestscience/49.1.12
|
science and craft of creating, managing, using, conserving and repairing forests, woodlands, and associated resources for human and environmental benefits
|
National-Scale Biomass Estimators for United States Tree Species
|
[
{
"display_name": "Biomass (ecology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C115540264",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.66276556,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2945560"
},
{
"display_name": "Estimator",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185429906",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6156212,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1130160"
},
{
"display_name": "Scale (ratio)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778755073",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5928798,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537"
},
{
"display_name": "Tree (set theory)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C113174947",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.50274515,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2859736"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39432304",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.501256,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847"
},
{
"display_name": "Forestry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C97137747",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.41925502,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38112"
},
{
"display_name": "Geography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3958791,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071"
},
{
"display_name": "Statistics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C105795698",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.39127237,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483"
},
{
"display_name": "Mathematics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3143742,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395"
}
] |
Abstract Estimates of national-scale forest carbon (C) stocks and fluxes are typically based on allometric regression equations developed using dimensional analysis techniques. However, the literature is inconsistent and incomplete with respect to large-scale forest C estimation. We compiled all available diameter-based allometric regression equations for estimating total aboveground and component biomass, defined in dry weight terms, for trees in the United States. We then implemented a modified meta-analysis based on the published equations to develop a set of consistent, national-scale aboveground biomass regression equations for U.S. species. Equations for predicting biomass of tree components were developed as proportions of total aboveground biomass for hardwood and softwood groups. A comparison with recent equations used to develop large-scale biomass estimates from U.S. forest inventory data for eastern U.S. species suggests general agreement (±30%) between biomass estimates. The comparison also shows that differences in equation forms and species groupings may cause differences at small scales depending on tree size and forest species composition. This analysis represents the first major effort to compile and analyze all available biomass literature in a consistent national-scale framework. The equations developed here are used to compute the biomass estimates used by the model FORCARB to develop the U.S. C budget. FOR. SCI. 49(1):12–35.
|
C97137747
|
Forestry
|
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0606377103
|
science and craft of creating, managing, using, conserving and repairing forests, woodlands, and associated resources for human and environmental benefits
|
Cropland expansion changes deforestation dynamics in the southern Brazilian Amazon
|
[
{
"display_name": "Deforestation (computer science)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777399953",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.82481205,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155658"
},
{
"display_name": "Clearing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C134697681",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7491073,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1609677"
},
{
"display_name": "Amazon rainforest",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C535291247",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.72294265,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177567"
},
{
"display_name": "Agroforestry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C54286561",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.6112535,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q397350"
},
{
"display_name": "Pasture",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778053677",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5808086,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30121"
},
{
"display_name": "Geography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.53093505,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071"
},
{
"display_name": "Land use, land-use change and forestry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C122690726",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.47296992,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3348639"
},
{
"display_name": "Ecosystem services",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C58941895",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.44599864,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295865"
},
{
"display_name": "Agriculture",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C118518473",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.44318336,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11451"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39432304",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.42257655,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847"
},
{
"display_name": "Vegetation (pathology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776133958",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41236353,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7918366"
},
{
"display_name": "Forestry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C97137747",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.40977198,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38112"
},
{
"display_name": "Ecosystem",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C110872660",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.38120294,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37813"
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] |
Intensive mechanized agriculture in the Brazilian Amazon grew by >3.6 million hectares (ha) during 2001-2004. Whether this cropland expansion resulted from intensified use of land previously cleared for cattle ranching or new deforestation has not been quantified and has major implications for future deforestation dynamics, carbon fluxes, forest fragmentation, and other ecosystem services. We combine deforestation maps, field surveys, and satellite-based information on vegetation phenology to characterize the fate of large (>25-ha) clearings as cropland, cattle pasture, or regrowing forest in the years after initial clearing in Mato Grosso, the Brazilian state with the highest deforestation rate and soybean production since 2001. Statewide, direct conversion of forest to cropland totaled >540,000 ha during 2001-2004, peaking at 23% of 2003 annual deforestation. Cropland deforestation averaged twice the size of clearings for pasture (mean sizes, 333 and 143 ha, respectively), and conversion occurred rapidly; >90% of clearings for cropland were planted in the first year after deforestation. Area deforested for cropland and mean annual soybean price in the year of forest clearing were directly correlated (R(2) = 0.72), suggesting that deforestation rates could return to higher levels seen in 2003-2004 with a rebound of crop prices in international markets. Pasture remains the dominant land use after forest clearing in Mato Grosso, but the growing importance of larger and faster conversion of forest to cropland defines a new paradigm of forest loss in Amazonia and refutes the claim that agricultural intensification does not lead to new deforestation.
|
C55587333
|
Engineering ethics
|
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.07.039
|
Moral principles within the field of engineering
|
Literature review as a research methodology: An overview and guidelines
|
[
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C189708586",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.70428467,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1504425"
},
{
"display_name": "Management science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C539667460",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.534529,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C55587333",
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"display_name": "Field (mathematics)",
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"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C71008984",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4731159,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2890076"
},
{
"display_name": "Quality (philosophy)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779530757",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4679526,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505"
},
{
"display_name": "Data science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2522767166",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.42817456,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.42061144,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
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] |
Knowledge production within the field of business research is accelerating at a tremendous speed while at the same time remaining fragmented and interdisciplinary. This makes it hard to keep up with state-of-the-art and to be at the forefront of research, as well as to assess the collective evidence in a particular area of business research. This is why the literature review as a research method is more relevant than ever. Traditional literature reviews often lack thoroughness and rigor and are conducted ad hoc, rather than following a specific methodology. Therefore, questions can be raised about the quality and trustworthiness of these types of reviews. This paper discusses literature review as a methodology for conducting research and offers an overview of different types of reviews, as well as some guidelines to how to both conduct and evaluate a literature review paper. It also discusses common pitfalls and how to get literature reviews published.
|
C55587333
|
Engineering ethics
|
https://doi.org/10.1097/xeb.0000000000000050
|
Moral principles within the field of engineering
|
Guidance for conducting systematic scoping reviews
|
[
{
"display_name": "Systematic review",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C189708586",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.86039424,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1504425"
},
{
"display_name": "Scope (computer science)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778012447",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.67193615,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1034415"
},
{
"display_name": "Management science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C539667460",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.47547594,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942"
},
{
"display_name": "Engineering ethics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C55587333",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.40820488,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1133029"
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{
"display_name": "Data science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2522767166",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.38513345,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3447058,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418"
}
] |
Reviews of primary research are becoming more common as evidence-based practice gains recognition as the benchmark for care, and the number of, and access to, primary research sources has grown. One of the newer review types is the 'scoping review'. In general, scoping reviews are commonly used for 'reconnaissance' - to clarify working definitions and conceptual boundaries of a topic or field. Scoping reviews are therefore particularly useful when a body of literature has not yet been comprehensively reviewed, or exhibits a complex or heterogeneous nature not amenable to a more precise systematic review of the evidence. While scoping reviews may be conducted to determine the value and probable scope of a full systematic review, they may also be undertaken as exercises in and of themselves to summarize and disseminate research findings, to identify research gaps, and to make recommendations for the future research. This article briefly introduces the reader to scoping reviews, how they are different to systematic reviews, and why they might be conducted. The methodology and guidance for the conduct of systematic scoping reviews outlined below was developed by members of the Joanna Briggs Institute and members of five Joanna Briggs Collaborating Centres.
|
C55587333
|
Engineering ethics
|
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3000410
|
Moral principles within the field of engineering
|
The ARRIVE guidelines 2.0: Updated guidelines for reporting animal research
|
[
{
"display_name": "Rigour",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71008984",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.94263935,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2890076"
},
{
"display_name": "Checklist",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779356329",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.77889276,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q922625"
},
{
"display_name": "Context (archaeology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779343474",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6571264,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175"
},
{
"display_name": "Transparency (behavior)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780233690",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6522847,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535347"
},
{
"display_name": "Set (abstract data type)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C177264268",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5296958,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741"
},
{
"display_name": "Delphi method",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C60641444",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5257307,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q841602"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.5128382,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Delphi",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779495148",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5005133,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q487378"
},
{
"display_name": "Quality (philosophy)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779530757",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4827706,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505"
},
{
"display_name": "Process (computing)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C98045186",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.48103243,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663"
},
{
"display_name": "Engineering ethics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C55587333",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4020335,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1133029"
},
{
"display_name": "Data science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2522767166",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.38514656,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463"
},
{
"display_name": "Management science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C539667460",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3380863,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942"
},
{
"display_name": "Medical education",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C509550671",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.323722,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126945"
}
] |
Reproducible science requires transparent reporting. The ARRIVE guidelines (Animal Research: Reporting of In Vivo Experiments) were originally developed in 2010 to improve the reporting of animal research. They consist of a checklist of information to include in publications describing in vivo experiments to enable others to scrutinise the work adequately, evaluate its methodological rigour, and reproduce the methods and results. Despite considerable levels of endorsement by funders and journals over the years, adherence to the guidelines has been inconsistent, and the anticipated improvements in the quality of reporting in animal research publications have not been achieved. Here, we introduce ARRIVE 2.0. The guidelines have been updated and information reorganised to facilitate their use in practice. We used a Delphi exercise to prioritise and divide the items of the guidelines into 2 sets, the "ARRIVE Essential 10," which constitutes the minimum requirement, and the "Recommended Set," which describes the research context. This division facilitates improved reporting of animal research by supporting a stepwise approach to implementation. This helps journal editors and reviewers verify that the most important items are being reported in manuscripts. We have also developed the accompanying Explanation and Elaboration (E&E) document, which serves (1) to explain the rationale behind each item in the guidelines, (2) to clarify key concepts, and (3) to provide illustrative examples. We aim, through these changes, to help ensure that researchers, reviewers, and journal editors are better equipped to improve the rigour and transparency of the scientific process and thus reproducibility.
|
C55587333
|
Engineering ethics
|
https://doi.org/10.1113/ep088870
|
Moral principles within the field of engineering
|
The ARRIVE guidelines 2.0: Updated guidelines for reporting animal research
|
[
{
"display_name": "Rigour",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71008984",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.94280887,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2890076"
},
{
"display_name": "Checklist",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779356329",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.75293255,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q922625"
},
{
"display_name": "Transparency (behavior)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780233690",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.65531814,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535347"
},
{
"display_name": "Context (archaeology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779343474",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6304383,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.53170997,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Set (abstract data type)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C177264268",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5112214,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741"
},
{
"display_name": "Delphi method",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C60641444",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.48156646,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q841602"
},
{
"display_name": "Delphi",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779495148",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.46591094,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q487378"
},
{
"display_name": "Quality (philosophy)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779530757",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.46517512,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505"
},
{
"display_name": "Engineering ethics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C55587333",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.42946583,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1133029"
},
{
"display_name": "Data science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2522767166",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.39308605,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463"
},
{
"display_name": "Management science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C539667460",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.37617946,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942"
}
] |
Reproducible science requires transparent reporting. The ARRIVE guidelines (Animal Research: Reporting of In Vivo Experiments) were originally developed in 2010 to improve the reporting of animal research. They consist of a checklist of information to include in publications describing in vivo experiments to enable others to scrutinise the work adequately, evaluate its methodological rigour, and reproduce the methods and results. Despite considerable levels of endorsement by funders and journals over the years, adherence to the guidelines has been inconsistent, and the anticipated improvements in the quality of reporting in animal research publications have not been achieved. Here, we introduce ARRIVE 2.0. The guidelines have been updated and information reorganised to facilitate their use in practice. We used a Delphi exercise to prioritise and divide the items of the guidelines into 2 sets, the "ARRIVE Essential 10," which constitutes the minimum requirement, and the "Recommended Set," which describes the research context. This division facilitates improved reporting of animal research by supporting a stepwise approach to implementation. This helps journal editors and reviewers verify that the most important items are being reported in manuscripts. We have also developed the accompanying Explanation and Elaboration document, which serves (1) to explain the rationale behind each item in the guidelines, (2) to clarify key concepts, and (3) to provide illustrative examples. We aim, through these changes, to help ensure that researchers, reviewers, and journal editors are better equipped to improve the rigour and transparency of the scientific process and thus reproducibility.
|
C55587333
|
Engineering ethics
|
https://doi.org/10.11124/jbies-20-00167
|
Moral principles within the field of engineering
|
Updated methodological guidance for the conduct of scoping reviews
|
[
{
"display_name": "Engineering ethics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C55587333",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5099236,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1133029"
},
{
"display_name": "Management science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C539667460",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.42124653,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.38973796,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418"
},
{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.33081102,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.32458615,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442"
}
] |
The objective of this paper is to describe the updated methodological guidance for conducting a JBI scoping review, with a focus on new updates to the approach and development of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (the PRISMA-ScR).Scoping reviews are an increasingly common approach to informing decision-making and research based on the identification and examination of the literature on a given topic or issue. Scoping reviews draw on evidence from any research methodology and may also include evidence from non-research sources, such as policy. In this manner, scoping reviews provide a comprehensive overview to address broader review questions than traditionally more specific systematic reviews of effectiveness or qualitative evidence. The increasing popularity of scoping reviews has been accompanied by the development of a reporting guideline: the PRISMA-ScR. In 2014, the JBI Scoping Review Methodology Group developed guidance for scoping reviews that received minor updates in 2017 and was most recently updated in 2020. The updates reflect ongoing and substantial developments in approaches to scoping review conduct and reporting. As such, the JBI Scoping Review Methodology Group recognized the need to revise the guidance to align with the current state of knowledge and reporting standards in evidence synthesis.Between 2015 and 2020, the JBI Scoping Review Methodology Group expanded its membership; extensively reviewed the literature; engaged via annual face-to-face meetings, regular teleconferences, and email correspondence; sought advice from methodological experts; facilitated workshops; and presented at scientific conferences. This process led to updated guidance for scoping reviews published in the JBI Manual for Evidence Synthesis. The updated chapter was endorsed by JBI's International Scientific Committee in 2020.The updated JBI guidance for scoping reviews includes additional guidance on several methodological issues, such as when a scoping review is (or is not) appropriate, and how to extract, analyze, and present results, and provides clarification for implications for practice and research. Furthermore, it is aligned with the PRISMA-ScR to ensure consistent reporting.The latest JBI guidance for scoping reviews provides up-to-date guidance that can be used by authors when conducting a scoping review. Furthermore, it aligns with the PRISMA-ScR, which can be used to report the conduct of a scoping review. A series of ongoing and future methodological projects identified by the JBI Scoping Review Methodology Group to further refine the methodology are planned.
|
C55587333
|
Engineering ethics
|
https://doi.org/10.1136/qshc.2006.018390
|
Moral principles within the field of engineering
|
Resilience Engineering: Concepts and Precepts
|
[
{
"display_name": "Resilience (materials science)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779585090",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6194915,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3457762"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.5814855,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Engineering ethics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C55587333",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4140064,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1133029"
}
] |
For Resilience Engineering, 'failure' is the result of the adaptations necessary to cope with the complexity of the real world, rather than a breakdown or malfunction. The performance of individuals and organizations must continually adjust to current conditions and, because resources and time are finite, such adjustments are always approximate. This definitive new book explores this groundbreaking new development in safety and risk management, where 'success' is based on the ability of organizations, groups and individuals to anticipate the changing shape of risk before failures and harm occur. Featuring contributions from many of the worlds leading figures in the fields of human factors and safety, Resilience Engineering: Concepts and Precepts provides thought-provoking insights into system safety as an aggregate of its various components, subsystems, software, organizations, human behaviours, and the way in which they interact. The book provides an introduction to Resilience Engineering of systems, covering both the theoretical and practical aspects. It is written for those responsible for system safety on managerial or operational levels alike, including safety managers and engineers (line and maintenance), security experts, risk and safety consultants, human factors professionals and accident investigators.
|
C55587333
|
Engineering ethics
|
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.322.7294.1115
|
Moral principles within the field of engineering
|
Checklists for improving rigour in qualitative research: a case of the tail wagging the dog?
|
[
{
"display_name": "Rigour",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71008984",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.96197534,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2890076"
},
{
"display_name": "Qualitative research",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C190248442",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5783605,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q839486"
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{
"display_name": "Epistemology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C111472728",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4540863,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471"
},
{
"display_name": "Engineering ethics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C55587333",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4021424,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1133029"
},
{
"display_name": "Management science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C539667460",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3993831,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942"
},
{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.386152,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.37049317,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3442822,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.32010835,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
}
] |
Qualitative research methods are enjoying unprecedented popularity.Although checklists have undoubtedly contributed to the wider acceptance of such methods, these can be counterproductive if used prescriptively.The uncritical adoption of a range of "technical fixes" (such as purposive sampling, grounded theory, multiple coding, triangulation, and respondent validation) does not, in itself, confer rigour.In this article I discuss the limitations of these procedures and argue that there is no substitute for systematic and thorough application of the principles of qualitative research.Technical fixes will achieve little unless they are embedded in a broader understanding of the rationale and assumptions behind qualitative research. Summary pointsChecklists can be useful improving qualitative research methods, but overzealous and uncritical use can be counterproductive Reducing qualitative research to a list of technical procedures (such as purposive sampling, grounded theory, multiple coding, triangulation, and respondent validation) is overly prescriptive and results in "the tail wagging the dog" None of these "technical fixes" in itself confers rigour; they can strengthen the rigour of qualitative research only if embedded in a broader understanding of qualitative research design and data analysis Otherwise we risk compromising the unique contribution that systematic qualitative research can make to health services research
|
C55587333
|
Engineering ethics
|
https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009170123
|
Moral principles within the field of engineering
|
Handbook of Research Methods in Social and Personality Psychology
|
[
{
"display_name": "Perspective (graphical)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C12713177",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5830364,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281"
},
{
"display_name": "Engineering ethics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C55587333",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.55066824,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1133029"
},
{
"display_name": "Data science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2522767166",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.54411167,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463"
},
{
"display_name": "Field (mathematics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C9652623",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5093628,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109"
},
{
"display_name": "Conceptual framework",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C14224292",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4497818,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13600188"
},
{
"display_name": "Management science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C539667460",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.44608772,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.44489306,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418"
}
] |
This indispensable collection provides extensive, yet accessible, coverage of conceptual and practical issues in research design in personality and social psychology. Using numerous examples and clear guidelines, especially for conducting complex statistical analysis, leading experts address specific methods and areas of research to capture a definitive overview of contemporary practice. Updated and expanded, this third edition engages with the most important methodological innovations over the past decade, offering a timely perspective on research practice in the field. To reflect such rapid advances, this volume includes commentary on particularly timely areas of development such as social neuroscience, mobile sensing methods, and innovative statistical applications. Seasoned and early-career researchers alike will find a range of tools, methods, and practices that will help improve their research and develop new conceptual and methodological possibilities. Supplementary online materials are available on Cambridge Core.
|
C74916050
|
Classics
|
https://doi.org/10.1002/art.37715
|
study of classical antiquity such as ancient Greece and ancient Rome
|
2012 Revised International Chapel Hill Consensus Conference Nomenclature of Vasculitides
|
[
{
"display_name": "Chapel",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779446402",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.71921265,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4036051"
},
{
"display_name": "Consensus conference",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3017605391",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.55098397,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1021509"
},
{
"display_name": "Nomenclature",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C514705636",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.53958863,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q863247"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.43155846,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Classics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C74916050",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.40391377,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q841090"
},
{
"display_name": "Philosophy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.38928804,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891"
},
{
"display_name": "Mathematics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.37670037,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395"
},
{
"display_name": "Library science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C161191863",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.34044367,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199655"
}
] |
2012 Revised International Chapel Hill Consensus Conference Nomenclature of Vasculitides J. Jennette;R. Falk;P. Bacon;N. Basu;M. Cid;F. Ferrario;L. Flores-Suarez;W. Gross;L. Guillevin;E. Hagen;G. Hoffman;D. Jayne;C. Kallenberg;P. Lamprecht;C. Langford;R. Luqmani;A. Mahr;E. Matteson;P. Merkel;S. Ozen;C. Pusey;N. Rasmussen;A. Rees;D. Scott;U. Specks;J. Stone;K. Takahashi;R. Watts; Arthritis & Rheumatism
|
C74916050
|
Classics
|
https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/17.15.6419
|
study of classical antiquity such as ancient Greece and ancient Rome
|
Rapid detection of octamer binding proteins with ‘mini extracts’, prepared from a small number of cells
|
[
{
"display_name": "Histone octamer",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C173681060",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.4546592,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5773169"
},
{
"display_name": "Classics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C74916050",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.40072393,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q841090"
},
{
"display_name": "Biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.37916106,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420"
},
{
"display_name": "Library science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C161191863",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.33838496,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199655"
}
] |
Journal Article Rapid detection of octamer binding proteins with ‘mini extracts’, prepared from a small number of cells Get access Edgar Schreiber, Edgar Schreiber Institut für Molekularbiologie II der Universität ZürichHōnggerberg, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Patrick Matthias, Patrick Matthias Institut für Molekularbiologie II der Universität ZürichHōnggerberg, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Michael M. Müller, Michael M. Müller Institut für Molekularbiologie II der Universität ZürichHōnggerberg, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Walter Schaffner Walter Schaffner Institut für Molekularbiologie II der Universität ZürichHōnggerberg, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Nucleic Acids Research, Volume 17, Issue 15, 11 August 1989, Page 6419, https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/17.15.6419 Published: 11 August 1989 Article history Received: 05 July 1989 Published: 11 August 1989
|
C74916050
|
Classics
|
https://doi.org/10.1098/rstl.1763.0053
|
study of classical antiquity such as ancient Greece and ancient Rome
|
LII. An essay towards solving a problem in the doctrine of chances. By the late Rev. Mr. Bayes, F. R. S. communicated by Mr. Price, in a letter to John Canton, A. M. F. R. S
|
[
{
"display_name": "Bayes' theorem",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C207201462",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.7622808,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182505"
},
{
"display_name": "Doctrine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776211767",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.66277623,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117850"
},
{
"display_name": "Philosophy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.44496325,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891"
},
{
"display_name": "Classics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C74916050",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.41596955,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q841090"
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] |
Dear Sir, I Now send you an essay which I have found among the papers of our deceased friend Mr. Bayes, and which, in my opinion, has great merit, and well deserves to be preserved.
|
C74916050
|
Classics
|
https://doi.org/10.2307/2118350
|
study of classical antiquity such as ancient Greece and ancient Rome
|
A Theory of Debt Based on the Inalienability of Human Capital
|
[
{
"display_name": "Debt",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C120527767",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7346707,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3196867"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.47882822,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134"
},
{
"display_name": "Capital (architecture)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C83646750",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.464272,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193893"
},
{
"display_name": "Law and economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C190253527",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.41810304,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295354"
},
{
"display_name": "Human capital",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776943663",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41503754,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165687"
},
{
"display_name": "Classics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C74916050",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.41452387,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q841090"
},
{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.34303993,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201"
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] |
Journal Article A Theory of Debt Based on the Inalienability of Human Capital Get access Oliver Hart, Oliver Hart Harvard University Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar John Moore John Moore London School of Economics and University of Edinburgh Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Volume 109, Issue 4, November 1994, Pages 841–879, https://doi.org/10.2307/2118350 Published: 01 November 1994
|
C74916050
|
Classics
|
https://doi.org/10.2307/1901541
|
study of classical antiquity such as ancient Greece and ancient Rome
|
Reconstructing Womanhood: The Emergence of the Afro-American Woman Novelist
|
[
{
"display_name": "History",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.52458566,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309"
},
{
"display_name": "Classics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C74916050",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4644786,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q841090"
},
{
"display_name": "Art history",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C52119013",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.42222333,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50637"
},
{
"display_name": "Art",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C142362112",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3964376,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735"
}
] |
Journal Article Reconstructing Womanhood: The Emergence of the Afro-American Woman Novelist. By Hazel V. Carby. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987. ix + 223 pp. $19.95.) Get access Donald B. Gibson Donald B. Gibson Rutgers University, New Brunswick Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Journal of American History, Volume 75, Issue 3, December 1988, Pages 881–882, https://doi.org/10.2307/1901541 Published: 01 December 1988
|
C74916050
|
Classics
|
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-937x.2008.00531.x
|
study of classical antiquity such as ancient Greece and ancient Rome
|
The Burden of Knowledge and the “Death of the Renaissance Man”: Is Innovation Getting Harder?
|
[
{
"display_name": "The Renaissance",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C52069626",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.81697357,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4692"
},
{
"display_name": "Classics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C74916050",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.40774167,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q841090"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.39297888,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134"
},
{
"display_name": "History",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3782918,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309"
},
{
"display_name": "Economic history",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C6303427",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.36352754,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47398"
},
{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3408296,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201"
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] |
Journal Article The Burden of Knowledge and the “Death of the Renaissance Man”: Is Innovation Getting Harder? Get access Benjamin F. Jones Benjamin F. Jones Northwestern University and NBER Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Review of Economic Studies, Volume 76, Issue 1, January 2009, Pages 283–317, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-937X.2008.00531.x Published: 01 January 2009 Article history Received: 01 May 2005 Accepted: 01 June 2008 Published: 01 January 2009
|
C74916050
|
Classics
|
https://doi.org/10.1093/0198261829.001.0001
|
study of classical antiquity such as ancient Greece and ancient Rome
|
The Apocryphal New Testament
|
[
{
"display_name": "Papyrus",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780583484",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.84836984,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q125576"
},
{
"display_name": "Apostles",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776705036",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.80234885,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43412"
},
{
"display_name": "New Testament",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C150608813",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7315284,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18813"
},
{
"display_name": "Gospel",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781384534",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7201342,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34274"
},
{
"display_name": "Section (typography)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780129039",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.71828705,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1931107"
},
{
"display_name": "Literature",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C124952713",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.68905294,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8242"
},
{
"display_name": "Selection (genetic algorithm)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C81917197",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47419745,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760"
},
{
"display_name": "History",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.45634612,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309"
},
{
"display_name": "Philosophy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.45249128,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891"
},
{
"display_name": "Classics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C74916050",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4498991,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q841090"
},
{
"display_name": "Early Christianity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C111936747",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.44504288,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q235329"
},
{
"display_name": "Art",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C142362112",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.41019803,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735"
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] |
Abstract An English translation of the oldest and most important early Christian non‐canonical writings. It is based on the earlier collection edited in 1924 by Montague Rhodes James. The book is divided into the conventional categories of gospels, acts, epistles, and revelatory texts. A long subsection deals with stories of Jesus’ infancy and childhood. Another section deals with fragmentary gospel texts on papyrus. The bulk of the book is given over to second‐century legends of individual apostles. Another section covers apocryphal acpocalypses. An appendix gives a selection of stories about the Virgin Mary's assumption and dormition. Each translated text is prefaced with an introduction and select bibliography. Full indexes of citations and themes are provided.
|
C74916050
|
Classics
|
https://doi.org/10.1161/cir.0b013e31823c074e
|
study of classical antiquity such as ancient Greece and ancient Rome
|
2011 ACCF/AHA Guideline for Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery
|
[
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.7563201,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Guideline",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780182762",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5432431,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1630279"
},
{
"display_name": "Classics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C74916050",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.45585382,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q841090"
},
{
"display_name": "Portrait",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162462552",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41329676,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q134307"
},
{
"display_name": "Coronary artery bypass surgery",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2775901492",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.41328728,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186020"
},
{
"display_name": "Artery",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776820930",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.34040856,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9655"
},
{
"display_name": "Art history",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C52119013",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.30710897,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50637"
}
] |
HomeCirculationVol. 124, No. 232011 ACCF/AHA Guideline for Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery Free AccessResearch ArticlePDF/EPUBAboutView PDFView EPUBSections ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload citationsTrack citationsPermissionsDownload Articles + Supplements ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InMendeleyReddit Jump toSupplemental MaterialFree AccessResearch ArticlePDF/EPUB2011 ACCF/AHA Guideline for Coronary Artery Bypass Graft SurgeryA Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines Writing Committee Members* L. David Hillis, Peter K. Smith, Jeffrey L. Anderson, John A. Bittl, Charles R. Bridges, John G. Byrne, Joaquin E. Cigarroa, Verdi J. DiSesa, Loren F. Hiratzka, Adolph M. HutterJr, Michael E. Jessen, Ellen C. Keeley, Stephen J. Lahey, Richard A. Lange, Martin J. London, Michael J. Mack, Manesh R. Patel, John D. Puskas, Joseph F. Sabik, Ola Selnes, David M. Shahian, Jeffrey C. Trost and Michael D. Winniford Writing Committee Members* Search for more papers by this author , L. David HillisL. David Hillis Search for more papers by this author , Peter K. SmithPeter K. Smith Appendix 1 Search for more papers by this author , Jeffrey L. AndersonJeffrey L. Anderson Appendix 1 Search for more papers by this author , John A. BittlJohn A. Bittl Search for more papers by this author , Charles R. BridgesCharles R. Bridges Appendix 1 Search for more papers by this author , John G. ByrneJohn G. Byrne Search for more papers by this author , Joaquin E. CigarroaJoaquin E. Cigarroa Search for more papers by this author , Verdi J. DiSesaVerdi J. DiSesa Search for more papers by this author , Loren F. HiratzkaLoren F. Hiratzka Search for more papers by this author , Adolph M. HutterJrAdolph M. HutterJr Search for more papers by this author , Michael E. JessenMichael E. Jessen Appendix 1 Search for more papers by this author , Ellen C. KeeleyEllen C. Keeley Search for more papers by this author , Stephen J. LaheyStephen J. Lahey Search for more papers by this author , Richard A. LangeRichard A. Lange Search for more papers by this author , Martin J. LondonMartin J. London Search for more papers by this author , Michael J. MackMichael J. Mack Appendix 1 Search for more papers by this author , Manesh R. PatelManesh R. Patel Search for more papers by this author , John D. PuskasJohn D. Puskas Appendix 1 Search for more papers by this author , Joseph F. SabikJoseph F. Sabik Appendix 1 Search for more papers by this author , Ola SelnesOla Selnes Search for more papers by this author , David M. ShahianDavid M. Shahian Search for more papers by this author , Jeffrey C. TrostJeffrey C. Trost Appendix 1 Search for more papers by this author and Michael D. WinnifordMichael D. Winniford Search for more papers by this author Originally published7 Nov 2011https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0b013e31823c074eCirculation. 2011;124:e652–e735is corrected byCorrectionOther version(s) of this articleYou are viewing the most recent version of this article. Previous versions: January 1, 2011: Previous Version 1 Table of ContentsPreamble. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .e654 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .e656 1.1. Methodology and Evidence Review. . . . . . . .e6561.2. Organization of the Writing Committee. . . . .e6571.3. Document Review and Approval. . . . . . . . . . .e657Procedural Considerations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .e657 2.1. Intraoperative Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . .e657 2.1.1. Anesthetic Considerations: Recommendations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .e6572.1.2. Use of CPB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .e6592.1.3. Off-Pump CABG Versus Traditional On-Pump CABG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .e6592.1.4. Bypass Graft Conduit: Recommendations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .e660 2.1.4.1. Saphenous Vein Grafts . . . . . .e6612.1.4.2. Internal Mammary Arteries . . .e6612.1.4.3. Radial, Gastroepiploic, and Inferior Epigastric Arteries . . .e6612.1.5. Incisions for Cardiac Access. . . . . . . . .e6612.1.6. Anastomotic Techniques. . . . . . . . . . . .e6622.1.7. Intraoperative TEE: Recommendations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .e6622.1.8. Preconditioning/Management of Myocardial Ischemia: Recommendations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .e6632.2. Clinical Subsets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .e664 2.2.1. CABG in Patients With Acute MI: Recommendations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .e6642.2.2. Life-Threatening Ventricular Arrhythmias: Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .e6662.2.3. Emergency CABG After Failed PCI: Recommendations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .e6662.2.4. CABG in Association With Other Cardiac Procedures: Recommendations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .e6673. CAD Revascularization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .e667 3.1. Heart Team Approach to Revascularization Decisions: Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . .e6683.2. Revascularization to Improve Survival: Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .e6683.3. Revascularization to Improve Symptoms: Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .e6713.4. CABG Versus Contemporaneous Medical Therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .e6713.5. PCI Versus Medical Therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . .e6713.6. CABG Versus PCI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .e672 3.6.1. CABG Versus Balloon Angioplasty or BMS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .e6723.6.2. CABG Versus DES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .e6723.7. Left Main CAD. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .e673 3.7.1. CABG or PCI Versus Medical Therapy for Left Main CAD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .e6733.7.2. Studies Comparing PCI Versus CABG for Left Main CAD. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .e6733.7.3. Revascularization Considerations for Left Main CAD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .e6743.8. Proximal LAD Artery Disease . . . . . . . . . . .e6743.9. Clinical Factors That May Influence the Choice of Revascularization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .e674 3.9.1. Diabetes Mellitus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .e6743.9.2. Chronic Kidney Disease . . . . . . . . . . .e6753.9.3. Completeness of Revascularization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .e6753.9.4. LV Systolic Dysfunction. . . . . . . . . . .e6753.9.5. Previous CABG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .e6753.9.6. Unstable Angina/Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction . . . . . . . . . . . . .e6763.9.7. DAPT Compliance and Stent Thrombosis: Recommendation . . . . . .e6763.10. TMR as an Adjunct to CABG. . . . . . . . . . . .e6763.11. Hybrid Coronary Revascularization: Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .e6764. Perioperative Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .e677 4.1. Preoperative Antiplatelet Therapy: Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .e6774.2. Postoperative Antiplatelet Therapy: Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .e6774.3. Management of Hyperlipidemia: Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .e678 4.3.1. Timing of Statin Use and CABG Outcomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .e679 4.3.1.1. Potential Adverse Effects of Perioperative Statin Therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .e6794.4. Hormonal Manipulation: Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .e679 4.4.1. Glucose Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .e6794.4.2. Postmenopausal Hormone Therapy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .e6804.4.3. CABG in Patients With Hypothyroidism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .e6804.5. Perioperative Beta Blockers: Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .e6804.6. ACE Inhibitors/ARBs: Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .e6814.7. Smoking Cessation: Recommendations . . . . .e6824.8. Emotional Dysfunction and Psychosocial Considerations: Recommendation . . . . . . . . .e683 4.8.1. Effects of Mood Disturbance and Anxiety on CABG Outcomes . . . . . . .e6834.8.2. Interventions to Treat Depression in CABG Patients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .e6834.9. Cardiac Rehabilitation: Recommendation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .e6834.10. Perioperative Monitoring. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .e684 4.10.1. Electrocardiographic Monitoring: Recommendations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .e6844.10.2. Pulmonary Artery Catheterization: Recommendations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .e6844.10.3. Central Nervous System Monitoring: Recommendations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .e6845. CABG-Associated Morbidity and Mortality: Occurrence and Prevention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .e685 5.1. Public Reporting of Cardiac Surgery Outcomes: Recommendation . . . . . . . . . . . . . .e685 5.1.1. Use of Outcomes or Volume as CABG Quality Measures: Recommendations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .e6865.2. Adverse Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .e687 5.2.1. Adverse Cerebral Outcomes . . . . . . .e687 5.2.1.1. Stroke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .e687 5.2.1.1.1. Use of Epiaortic Ultrasound Imaging to Reduce Stroke Rates: Recommendation . . . . . . .e6875.2.1.1.2. The Role of Preoperative Carotid Artery Noninvasive Screening in CABG Patients: Recommendations. . . . . . . . . . .e6875.2.1.2. Delirium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .e6895.2.1.3. Postoperative Cognitive Impairment . . . . . . . . . . . . .e6895.2.2. Mediastinitis/Perioperative Infection: Recommendations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .e6895.2.3. Renal Dysfunction: Recommendations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .e6915.2.4. Perioperative Myocardial Dysfunction: Recommendations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .e692 5.2.4.1. Transfusion: Recommendation . . . . . . . . .e6925.2.5. Perioperative Dysrhythmias: Recommendations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .e6925.2.6. Perioperative Bleeding/Transfusion: Recommendations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .e6936. Specific Patient Subsets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .e694 6.1. Elderly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .e6946.2. Women . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .e6946.3. Patients With Diabetes Mellitus . . . . . . . . . . .e6956.4. Anomalous Coronary Arteries: Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .e6966.5. Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease/Respiratory Insufficiency: Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .e6966.6. Patients With End-Stage Renal Disease on Dialysis: Recommendations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .e6976.7. Patients With Concomitant Valvular Disease: Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .e6976.8. Patients With Previous Cardiac Surgery: Recommendation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .e697 6.8.1. Indications for Repeat CABG. . . . . . .e6976.8.2. Operative Risk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .e6986.8.3. Long-Term Outcomes. . . . . . . . . . . . .e6986.9. Patients With Previous Stroke . . . . . . . . . . . .e6986.10. Patients With PAD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .e6987. Economic Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .e698 7.1. Cost-Effectiveness of CABG and PCI. . . . . .e698 7.1.1. Cost-Effectiveness of CABG Versus PCI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .e6997.1.2. CABG Versus PCI With DES . . . . . .e6998. Future Research Directions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .e699 8.1. Hybrid CABG/PCI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .e7008.2. Protein and Gene Therapy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .e7008.3. Teaching CABG to the Next Generation: Use of Surgical Simulators . . . . . . . . . . . . . .e700References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .e701Appendix 1. Author Relationships With Industry and Other Entities (Relevant) . . . . . . . . . . . . .e731Appendix 2. Reviewer Relationships With Industry and Other Entitites (Relevant) . . . . . . . . .e733Appendix 3. Abbreviation List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .e735Jacobs Alice K.PreambleThe medical profession should play a central role in evaluating the evidence related to drugs, devices, and procedures for the detection, management, and prevention of disease. When properly applied, expert analysis of available data on the benefits and risks of these therapies and procedures can improve the quality of care, optimize patient outcomes, and favorably affect costs by focusing resources on the most effective strategies. An organized and directed approach to a thorough review of evidence has resulted in the production of clinical practice guidelines that assist physicians in selecting the best management strategy for an individual patient. Moreover, clinical practice guidelines can provide a foundation for other applications, such as performance measures, appropriate use criteria, and both quality improvement and clinical decision support tools.The American College of Cardiology Foundation (ACCF) and the American Heart Association (AHA) have jointly produced guidelines in the area of cardiovascular disease since 1980. The ACCF/AHA Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Task Force), charged with developing, updating, and revising practice guidelines for cardiovascular diseases and procedures, directs and oversees this effort. Writing committees are charged with regularly reviewing and evaluating all available evidence to develop balanced, patientcentric recommendations for clinical practice.Experts in the subject under consideration are selected by the ACCF and AHA to examine subject-specific data and write guidelines in partnership with representatives from other medical organizations and specialty groups. Writing committees are asked to perform a formal literature review; weigh the strength of evidence for or against particular tests, treatments, or procedures; and include estimates of expected outcomes where such data exist. Patient-specific modifiers, comorbidities, and issues of patient preference that may influence the choice of tests or therapies are considered. When available, information from studies on cost is considered, but data on efficacy and outcomes constitute the primary basis for the recommendations contained herein.In analyzing the data and developing recommendations and supporting text, the writing committee uses evidence-based methodologies developed by the Task Force.1 The Class of Recommendation (COR) is an estimate of the size of the treatment effect considering risks versus benefits in addition to evidence and/or agreement that a given treatment or procedure is or is not useful/effective or in some situations may cause harm. The Level of Evidence (LOE) is an estimate of the certainty or precision of the treatment effect. The writing committee reviews and ranks evidence supporting each recommendation with the weight of evidence ranked as LOE A, B, or C according to specific definitions that are included in Table 1. Studies are identified as observational, retrospective, prospective, or randomized where appropriate. For certain conditions for which inadequate data are available, recommendations are based on expert consensus and clinical experience and are ranked as LOE C. When recommendations at LOE C are supported by historical clinical data, appropriate references (including clinical reviews) are cited if available. For issues for which sparse data are available, a survey of current practice among the clinicians on the writing committee is the basis for LOE C recommendations, and no references are cited. The schema for COR and LOE is summarized in Table 1, which also provides suggested phrases for writing recommendations within each COR. A new addition to this methodology is separation of the Class III recommendations to delineate if the recommendation is determined to be of “no benefit” or is associated with “harm” to the patient. In addition, in view of the increasing number of comparative effectiveness studies, comparator verbs and suggested phrases for writing recommendations for the comparative effectiveness of one treatment or strategy versus another have been added for COR I and IIa, LOE A or B only.Table 1. Applying Classification of Recommendations and Level of EvidenceTable 1. Applying Classification of Recommendations and Level of EvidenceA recommendation with Level of Evidence B or C does not imply that the recommendation is weak. Many important clinical questions addressed in the guidelines do not lend themselves to clinical trials. Although randomized trials are unavailable, there may be a very clear clinical consensus that a particular test or therapy is useful or effective.*Data available from clinical trials or registries about the usefulness/efficacy in different subpopulations, such as sex, age, history of prior myocardial infarction, history of heart failure, and prior aspirin use.†For comparative effectiveness recommendations (Class I and IIa; Level of Evidence A and B only), studies that support the use of comparator verbs should involve direct omparisons of the treatments or strategies being evaluated.In view of the advances in medical therapy across the spectrum of cardiovascular diseases, the Task Force has designated the term guideline-directed medical therapy (GDMT) to represent optimal medical therapy as defined by ACCF/AHA guideline–recommended therapies (primarily Class I). This new term, GDMT, will be used herein and throughout all future guidelines.Because the ACCF/AHA practice guidelines address patient populations (and healthcare providers) residing in North America, drugs that are not currently available in North America are discussed in the text without a specific COR. For studies performed in large numbers of subjects outside North America, each writing committee reviews the potential influence of different practice patterns and patient populations on the treatment effect and relevance to the ACCF/AHA target population to determine whether the findings should inform a specific recommendation.The ACCF/AHA practice guidelines are intended to assist healthcare providers in clinical decision making by describing a range of generally acceptable approaches to the diagnosis, management, and prevention of specific diseases or conditions. The guidelines attempt to define practices that meet the needs of most patients in most circumstances. The ultimate judgment regarding the care of a particular patient must be made by the healthcare provider and patient in light of all the circumstances presented by that patient. As a result, situations may arise for which deviations from these guidelines may be appropriate. Clinical decision making should involve consideration of the quality and availability of expertise in the area where care is provided. When these guidelines are used as the basis for regulatory or payer decisions, the goal should be improvement in quality of care. The Task Force recognizes that situations arise in which additional data are needed to inform patient care more effectively; these areas will be identified within each respective guideline when appropriate.Prescribed courses of treatment in accordance with these recommendations are effective only if followed. Because lack of patient understanding and adherence may adversely affect outcomes, physicians and other healthcare providers should make every effort to engage the patient's active participation in prescribed medical regimens and lifestyles. In addition, patients should be informed of the risks, benefits, and alternatives to a particular treatment and be involved in shared decision making whenever feasible, particularly for COR IIa and IIb, where the benefit-to-risk ratio may be lower.The Task Force makes every effort to avoid actual, potential, or perceived conflicts of interest that may arise as a result of industry relationships or personal interests among the members of the writing committee. All writing committee members and peer reviewers of the guideline are required to disclose all such current relationships, as well as those existing 12 months previously. In December 2009, the ACCF and AHA implemented a new policy for relationships with industry and other entities (RWI) that requires the writing committee chair plus a minimum of 50% of the writing committee to have no relevant RWI (Appendix 1 for the ACCF/AHA definition of relevance). These statements are reviewed by the Task Force and all members during each conference call and meeting of the writing committee and are updated as changes occur. All guideline recommendations require a confidential vote by the writing committee and must be approved by a consensus of the voting members. Members are not permitted to write, and must recuse themselves from voting on, any recommendation or section to which their RWI apply. Members who recused themselves from voting are indicated in the list of writing committee members, and section recusals are noted in Appendix 1. Authors' and peer reviewers' RWI pertinent to this guideline are disclosed in Appendixes 1 and 2, respectively. Additionally, to ensure complete transparency, writing committee members' comprehensive disclosure information—including RWI not pertinent to this document—is available as an online supplement. Comprehensive disclosure information for the Task Force is also available online at www.cardiosource.org/ACC/About-ACC/Leadership/Guidelines-and-Documents-Task-Forces.aspx. The work of the writing committee was supported exclusively by the ACCF and AHA without commercial support. Writing committee members volunteered their time for this activity.In an effort to maintain relevance at the point of care for practicing physicians, the Task Force continues to oversee an ongoing process improvement initiative. As a result, in response to pilot projects, evidence tables (with references linked to abstracts in PubMed) have been added.In April 2011, the Institute of Medicine released 2 reports: Finding What Works in Health Care: Standards for Systematic Reviews and Clinical Practice Guidelines We Can Trust.2,3 It is noteworthy that the ACCF/AHA guidelines are cited as being compliant with many of the proposed standards. A thorough review of these reports and of our current methodology is under way, with further enhancements anticipated.The recommendations in this guideline are considered current until they are superseded by a focused update or the full-text guideline is revised. Guidelines are official policy of both the ACCF and AHA.1. Introduction1.1. Methodology and Evidence ReviewWhenever possible, the recommendations listed in this document are evidence based. Articles reviewed in this guideline revision covered evidence from the past 10 years through January 2011, as well as selected other references through April 2011. Searches were limited to studies, reviews, and other evidence conducted in human subjects that were published in English. Key search words included but were not limited to the following: analgesia, anastomotic techniques, antiplatelet agents, automated proximal clampless anastomosis device, asymptomatic ischemia, Cardica C-port, cost effectiveness, depressed left ventricular (LV) function, distal anastomotic techniques, direct proximal anastomosis on aorta, distal anastomotic devices, emergency coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) and ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), heart failure, interrupted sutures, LV systolic dysfunction, magnetic connectors, PAS-Port automated proximal clampless anastomotic device, patency, proximal connectors, renal disease, sequential anastomosis, sternotomy, symmetry connector, symptomatic ischemia, proximal connectors, sequential anastomosis, T grafts, thoracotomy, U-clips, Ventrica Magnetic Vascular Port system, Y grafts. Additionally, the committee reviewed documents related to the subject matter previously published by the ACCF and AHA. References selected and published in this document are representative but not all-inclusive.To provide clinicians with a comprehensive set of data, whenever deemed appropriate or when published, the absolute risk difference and number needed to treat or harm are provided in the guideline, along with confidence interval (CI) and data related to the relative treatment effects such as odds ratio (OR), relative risk (RR), hazard ratio (HR), or incidence rate ratio.The focus of these guidelines is the safe, appropriate, and efficacious performance of CABG.1.2. Organization of the Writing CommitteeThe committee was composed of acknowledged experts in CABG, interventional cardiology, general cardiology, and cardiovascular anesthesiology. The committee included representatives from the ACCF, AHA, American Association for Thoracic Surgery, Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS).1.3. Document Review and ApprovalThis document was reviewed by 2 official reviewers, each nominated by both the ACCF and the AHA, as well as 1 reviewer each from the American Association for Thoracic Surgery, Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists, and STS, as well as members from the ACCF/AHA Task Force on Data Standards, ACCF/AHA Task Force on Performance Measures, ACCF Surgeons' Scientific Council, ACCF Interventional Scientific Council, and Southern Thoracic Surgical Association. All information on reviewers' RWI was distributed to the writing committee and is published in this document (Appendix 2).This document was approved for publication by the governing bodies of the ACCF and the AHA and endorsed by the American Association for Thoracic Surgery, Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists, and STS.2. Procedural Considerations2.1. Intraoperative Considerations2.1.1. Anesthetic Considerations: RecommendationsClass IAnesthetic management directed toward early postoperative extubation and accelerated recovery of low- to medium-risk patients undergoing uncomplicated CABG is recommended.4–6(Level of Evidence: B)Multidisciplinary efforts are indicated to ensure an optimal level of analgesia and patient comfort throughout the perioperative period.7–11(Level of Evidence: B)Efforts are recommended to improve interdisciplinary communication and patient safety in the perioperative environment (eg, formalized checklist-guided multidisciplinary communication).12–15(Level of Evidence: B)A fellowship-trained cardiac anesthesiologist (or experienced board-certified practitioner) credentialed in the use of perioperative transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is recommended to provide or supervise anesthetic care of patients who are considered to be at high risk.16–18(Level of Evidence: C)Class IIaVolatile anesthetic-based regimens can be useful in facilitating early extubation and reducing patient recall.5,19–21(Level of Evidence: A)Class IIbThe effectiveness of high thoracic epidural anesthesia/analgesia for routine analgesic use is uncertain.22–25(Level of Evidence: B)Class III: HARMCyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors are not recommended for pain relief in the postoperative period after CABG.26,27(Level of Evidence: B)Routine use of early extubation strategies in facilities with limited backup for airway emergencies or advanced respiratory support is potentially harmful. (Level of Evidence: C)See Online Data Supplement 1 for additional data on anesthetic considerations.Anesthetic management of the CABG patient mandates a favorable balance of myocardial oxygen supply and demand to prevent or minimize myocardial injury (Section 2.1.8). Historically, the popularity of several anesthetic techniques for CABG has varied on the basis of their known or potential adverse cardiovascular effects (eg, cardiovascular depression with high doses of volatile anesthesia, lack of such depression with high-dose opioids, or coronary vasodilation and concern for a “steal” phenomenon with isoflurane) as well as concerns about interactions with preoperative medications (eg, cardiovascular depression with beta blockers or hypotension with angiotensin-converting enzyme [ACE] inhibitors and angiotensin-receptor blockers [ARBs]28–30) (Sections 2.1.8 and 4.5). Independent of these concerns, efforts to improve outcomes and to reduce costs have led to shorter periods of postoperative mechanical ventilation and even, in some patients, to prompt extubation in the operating room (“accelerated recovery protocols” or “fast-track management”).5,31High-dose opioid anesthesia with benzodiazepine supplementation was used commonly in CABG patients in the United States in the 1970s and 1980s. Subsequently, it became clear that volatile anesthetics are protective in the setting of myocardial ischemia and reperfusion, and this, in combination with a shift to accelerated recovery or “fast-track” strategies, led to their ubiquitous use. As a result, opioids have been relegated to an adjuvant role.32,33 Despite their widespread use, volatile anesthetics have not been shown to provide a mortality rate advantage when compared with other intravenous regimens (Section 2.1.8).Optimal anesthesia care in CABG patients should include 1) a careful preoperative evaluation and treatment of modifiable risk factors; 2) proper handling of all medications given preoperatively (Sections 4.1, 4.3, and 4.5); 3) establishment of central venous access and careful cardiovascular monitoring; 4) induction of a state of unconsciousness, analgesia, and immobility; and 5) a smooth transition to the early postoperative period, with a goal of early extubation, patient mobilization, and hospital discharge. Attention should be directed at preventing or minimizing adverse hemodynamic and hormonal alterations that may induce myocardial ischemia or exert a deleterious effect on myocardial metabolism (as may occur during cardiopulmonary bypass [CPB]) (Section 2.1.8). This requires close interaction betwe
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C150903083
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https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpha.2015.11.005
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}
] |
In recent years, there has been a growing interest in researching and developing new antimicrobial agents from various sources to combat microbial resistance. Therefore, a greater attention has been paid to antimicrobial activity screening and evaluating methods. Several bioassays such as disk-diffusion, well diffusion and broth or agar dilution are well known and commonly used, but others such as flow cytofluorometric and bioluminescent methods are not widely used because they require specified equipment and further evaluation for reproducibility and standardization, even if they can provide rapid results of the antimicrobial agent's effects and a better understanding of their impact on the viability and cell damage inflicted to the tested microorganism. In this review article, an exhaustive list of in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility testing methods and detailed information on their advantages and limitations are reported.
|
C150903083
|
Biotechnology
|
https://doi.org/10.1128/mmbr.66.3.506-577.2002
|
use of living systems and organisms to develop or make useful products
|
Microbial Cellulose Utilization: Fundamentals and Biotechnology
|
[
{
"display_name": "Biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.8717289,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420"
},
{
"display_name": "Cellulose",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779251873",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.57974666,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80294"
},
{
"display_name": "Biotechnology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C150903083",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.55568814,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7108"
},
{
"display_name": "Biochemical engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C183696295",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4564694,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2487696"
},
{
"display_name": "Computational biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C70721500",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3935992,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177005"
}
] |
Fundamental features of microbial cellulose utilization are examined at successively higher levels of aggregation encompassing the structure and composition of cellulosic biomass, taxonomic diversity, cellulase enzyme systems, molecular biology of cellulase enzymes, physiology of cellulolytic microorganisms, ecological aspects of cellulase-degrading communities, and rate-limiting factors in nature. The methodological basis for studying microbial cellulose utilization is considered relative to quantification of cells and enzymes in the presence of solid substrates as well as apparatus and analysis for cellulose-grown continuous cultures. Quantitative description of cellulose hydrolysis is addressed with respect to adsorption of cellulase enzymes, rates of enzymatic hydrolysis, bioenergetics of microbial cellulose utilization, kinetics of microbial cellulose utilization, and contrasting features compared to soluble substrate kinetics. A biological perspective on processing cellulosic biomass is presented, including features of pretreated substrates and alternative process configurations. Organism development is considered for "consolidated bioprocessing" (CBP), in which the production of cellulolytic enzymes, hydrolysis of biomass, and fermentation of resulting sugars to desired products occur in one step. Two organism development strategies for CBP are examined: (i) improve product yield and tolerance in microorganisms able to utilize cellulose, or (ii) express a heterologous system for cellulose hydrolysis and utilization in microorganisms that exhibit high product yield and tolerance. A concluding discussion identifies unresolved issues pertaining to microbial cellulose utilization, suggests approaches by which such issues might be resolved, and contrasts a microbially oriented cellulose hydrolysis paradigm to the more conventional enzymatically oriented paradigm in both fundamental and applied contexts.
|
C150903083
|
Biotechnology
|
https://doi.org/10.1017/jns.2016.41
|
use of living systems and organisms to develop or make useful products
|
Flavonoids: an overview
|
[
{
"display_name": "Nutraceutical",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17857428",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.73201716,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q533025"
},
{
"display_name": "Flavonoid",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779054382",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.56373495,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q72185287"
},
{
"display_name": "Broad spectrum",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3020442560",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5031614,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4971815"
},
{
"display_name": "Health benefits",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3018122547",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.46303853,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5690813"
},
{
"display_name": "Traditional medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C556039675",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.44710124,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q771035"
},
{
"display_name": "Human health",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2987857752",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41198552,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12147"
},
{
"display_name": "Biotechnology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C150903083",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4002566,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7108"
},
{
"display_name": "Biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.33772576,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.30293256,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
}
] |
Abstract Flavonoids, a group of natural substances with variable phenolic structures, are found in fruits, vegetables, grains, bark, roots, stems, flowers, tea and wine. These natural products are well known for their beneficial effects on health and efforts are being made to isolate the ingredients so called flavonoids. Flavonoids are now considered as an indispensable component in a variety of nutraceutical, pharmaceutical, medicinal and cosmetic applications. This is attributed to their anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-mutagenic and anti-carcinogenic properties coupled with their capacity to modulate key cellular enzyme function. Research on flavonoids received an added impulse with the discovery of the low cardiovascular mortality rate and also prevention of CHD. Information on the working mechanisms of flavonoids is still not understood properly. However, it has widely been known for centuries that derivatives of plant origin possess a broad spectrum of biological activity. Current trends of research and development activities on flavonoids relate to isolation, identification, characterisation and functions of flavonoids and finally their applications on health benefits. Molecular docking and knowledge of bioinformatics are also being used to predict potential applications and manufacturing by industry. In the present review, attempts have been made to discuss the current trends of research and development on flavonoids, working mechanisms of flavonoids, flavonoid functions and applications, prediction of flavonoids as potential drugs in preventing chronic diseases and future research directions.
|
C150903083
|
Biotechnology
|
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-313x.2008.03492.x
|
use of living systems and organisms to develop or make useful products
|
Microalgal triacylglycerols as feedstocks for biofuel production: perspectives and advances
|
[
{
"display_name": "Biofuel",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C53991642",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7126294,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128991"
},
{
"display_name": "Biomass (ecology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C115540264",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5625626,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2945560"
},
{
"display_name": "Biotechnology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C150903083",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.48315853,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7108"
},
{
"display_name": "Biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.4814367,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420"
},
{
"display_name": "Commodity chemicals",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C179720865",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.43933362,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1550480"
},
{
"display_name": "Metabolic engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C6350086",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.43008518,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6822347"
},
{
"display_name": "Biorefinery",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780301381",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.42207444,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q864683"
},
{
"display_name": "Biochemical engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C183696295",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.35632044,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2487696"
},
{
"display_name": "Biochemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C55493867",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.33363783,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094"
}
] |
Summary Microalgae represent an exceptionally diverse but highly specialized group of micro‐organisms adapted to various ecological habitats. Many microalgae have the ability to produce substantial amounts (e.g. 20–50% dry cell weight) of triacylglycerols (TAG) as a storage lipid under photo‐oxidative stress or other adverse environmental conditions. Fatty acids, the building blocks for TAGs and all other cellular lipids, are synthesized in the chloroplast using a single set of enzymes, of which acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACCase) is key in regulating fatty acid synthesis rates. However, the expression of genes involved in fatty acid synthesis is poorly understood in microalgae. Synthesis and sequestration of TAG into cytosolic lipid bodies appear to be a protective mechanism by which algal cells cope with stress conditions, but little is known about regulation of TAG formation at the molecular and cellular level. While the concept of using microalgae as an alternative and renewable source of lipid‐rich biomass feedstock for biofuels has been explored over the past few decades, a scalable, commercially viable system has yet to emerge. Today, the production of algal oil is primarily confined to high‐value specialty oils with nutritional value, rather than commodity oils for biofuel. This review provides a brief summary of the current knowledge on oleaginous algae and their fatty acid and TAG biosynthesis, algal model systems and genomic approaches to a better understanding of TAG production, and a historical perspective and path forward for microalgae‐based biofuel research and commercialization.
|
C150903083
|
Biotechnology
|
https://doi.org/10.1128/mmbr.62.3.775-806.1998
|
use of living systems and organisms to develop or make useful products
|
<i>Bacillus thuringiensis</i> and Its Pesticidal Crystal Proteins
|
[
{
"display_name": "Bacillus thuringiensis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779035793",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.9315922,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q310467"
},
{
"display_name": "Biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.8186275,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420"
},
{
"display_name": "Organism",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C137858568",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.55994296,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7239"
},
{
"display_name": "Biotechnology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C150903083",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.55773,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7108"
},
{
"display_name": "Genetically modified crops",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C122172344",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.4453604,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1503477"
},
{
"display_name": "Computational biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C70721500",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.33216804,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177005"
}
] |
SUMMARY During the past decade the pesticidal bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis has been the subject of intensive research. These efforts have yielded considerable data about the complex relationships between the structure, mechanism of action, and genetics of the organism’s pesticidal crystal proteins, and a coherent picture of these relationships is beginning to emerge. Other studies have focused on the ecological role of the B. thuringiensis crystal proteins, their performance in agricultural and other natural settings, and the evolution of resistance mechanisms in target pests. Armed with this knowledge base and with the tools of modern biotechnology, researchers are now reporting promising results in engineering more-useful toxins and formulations, in creating transgenic plants that express pesticidal activity, and in constructing integrated management strategies to insure that these products are utilized with maximum efficiency and benefit.
|
C150903083
|
Biotechnology
|
https://doi.org/10.6064/2012/963401
|
use of living systems and organisms to develop or make useful products
|
Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria: Mechanisms and Applications
|
[
{
"display_name": "Agriculture",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C118518473",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.70668125,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11451"
},
{
"display_name": "Plant growth",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2982966219",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6079757,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045481"
},
{
"display_name": "Sustainable agriculture",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C54924851",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5186105,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2751054"
},
{
"display_name": "Agricultural productivity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C128383755",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.47683373,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3816336"
},
{
"display_name": "Biotechnology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C150903083",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.46187094,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7108"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmentally friendly",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C171534860",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4571637,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q655870"
},
{
"display_name": "Business",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.36414468,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453"
},
{
"display_name": "Natural resource economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C175605778",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3594087,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3299701"
},
{
"display_name": "Biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.31037077,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420"
}
] |
The worldwide increases in both environmental damage and human population pressure have the unfortunate consequence that global food production may soon become insufficient to feed all of the world's people. It is therefore essential that agricultural productivity be significantly increased within the next few decades. To this end, agricultural practice is moving toward a more sustainable and environmentally friendly approach. This includes both the increasing use of transgenic plants and plant growth-promoting bacteria as a part of mainstream agricultural practice. Here, a number of the mechanisms utilized by plant growth-promoting bacteria are discussed and considered. It is envisioned that in the not too distant future, plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) will begin to replace the use of chemicals in agriculture, horticulture, silviculture, and environmental cleanup strategies. While there may not be one simple strategy that can effectively promote the growth of all plants under all conditions, some of the strategies that are discussed already show great promise.
|
C150903083
|
Biotechnology
|
https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/19.6.1349
|
use of living systems and organisms to develop or make useful products
|
A simple and rapid method for the preparation of plant genomic DNA for PCR analysis
|
[
{
"display_name": "Biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.60114956,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420"
},
{
"display_name": "Section (typography)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780129039",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5846943,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1931107"
},
{
"display_name": "Library science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C161191863",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5314383,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199655"
},
{
"display_name": "Plant science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2994435560",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5024164,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441"
},
{
"display_name": "Simple (philosophy)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780586882",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47752538,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7520643"
},
{
"display_name": "Biotechnology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C150903083",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.45997927,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7108"
},
{
"display_name": "genomic DNA",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17757408",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4356375,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4135516"
},
{
"display_name": "DNA",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C552990157",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.334499,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7430"
},
{
"display_name": "Botany",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C59822182",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.31297874,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441"
}
] |
Journal Article A simple and rapid method for the preparation of plant genomic DNA for PCR analysis Get access K. Edwards, K. Edwards Plant Biotechnology Section, ICI Seeds, Jealott's Hill Research StationBracknell, Berks, UK Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar C. Johnstone, C. Johnstone Plant Biotechnology Section, ICI Seeds, Jealott's Hill Research StationBracknell, Berks, UK Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar C. Thompson C. Thompson Plant Biotechnology Section, ICI Seeds, Jealott's Hill Research StationBracknell, Berks, UK Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Nucleic Acids Research, Volume 19, Issue 6, 25 March 1991, Page 1349, https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/19.6.1349 Published: 25 March 1991 Article history Accepted: 02 January 1991 Published: 25 March 1991
|
C150903083
|
Biotechnology
|
https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.71.9.4951-4959.2005
|
use of living systems and organisms to develop or make useful products
|
Use of Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria for Biocontrol of Plant Diseases: Principles, Mechanisms of Action, and Future Prospects
|
[
{
"display_name": "Plant growth",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2982966219",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6824722,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045481"
},
{
"display_name": "Biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.6379302,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420"
},
{
"display_name": "Bacteria",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C523546767",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6344962,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10876"
},
{
"display_name": "Biotechnology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C150903083",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5929601,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7108"
},
{
"display_name": "Biological pest control",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C104727253",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5667254,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q116890"
},
{
"display_name": "Microbiology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C89423630",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.40218574,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7193"
},
{
"display_name": "Biochemical engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C183696295",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.36670935,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2487696"
}
] |
Pathogenic microorganisms affecting plant health are a major and chronic threat to food production and ecosystem stability worldwide. As agricultural production intensified over the past few decades, producers became more and more dependent on agrochemicals as a relatively reliable method of crop
|
C149635348
|
Embedded system
|
https://doi.org/10.1145/1165389.945462
|
computer system with a dedicated function within a larger mechanical or electrical system.
|
Xen and the art of virtualization
|
[
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.8590853,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Operating system",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C111919701",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.8296775,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135"
},
{
"display_name": "Virtualization",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C513985346",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.7170293,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q270471"
},
{
"display_name": "Temporal isolation among virtual machines",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C142355369",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.68871033,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7698919"
},
{
"display_name": "Virtual machine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C25344961",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6786941,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192726"
},
{
"display_name": "Hypervisor",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C112904061",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.5951617,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1077480"
},
{
"display_name": "Full virtualization",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C47878483",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.54990125,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q848333"
},
{
"display_name": "Hardware virtualization",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C68793194",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.5479049,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1616095"
},
{
"display_name": "Porting",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C106251023",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5384564,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q851989"
},
{
"display_name": "Provisioning",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C172191483",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.51179093,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071806"
},
{
"display_name": "x86",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C170723468",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.50080895,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182933"
},
{
"display_name": "Embedded system",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C149635348",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.49801278,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040"
},
{
"display_name": "Linux kernel",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C553261973",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42447978,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14579"
}
] |
Numerous systems have been designed which use virtualization to subdivide the ample resources of a modern computer. Some require specialized hardware, or cannot support commodity operating systems. Some target 100% binary compatibility at the expense of performance. Others sacrifice security or functionality for speed. Few offer resource isolation or performance guarantees; most provide only best-effort provisioning, risking denial of service.This paper presents Xen, an x86 virtual machine monitor which allows multiple commodity operating systems to share conventional hardware in a safe and resource managed fashion, but without sacrificing either performance or functionality. This is achieved by providing an idealized virtual machine abstraction to which operating systems such as Linux, BSD and Windows XP, can be ported with minimal effort.Our design is targeted at hosting up to 100 virtual machine instances simultaneously on a modern server. The virtualization approach taken by Xen is extremely efficient: we allow operating systems such as Linux and Windows XP to be hosted simultaneously for a negligible performance overhead --- at most a few percent compared with the unvirtualized case. We considerably outperform competing commercial and freely available solutions in a range of microbenchmarks and system-wide tests.
|
C149635348
|
Embedded system
|
https://doi.org/10.1109/2.976921
|
computer system with a dedicated function within a larger mechanical or electrical system.
|
Networks on chips: a new SoC paradigm
|
[
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.81061876,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Modular design",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C101468663",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.60729975,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1620158"
},
{
"display_name": "Time to market",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779229675",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.57430524,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q445235"
},
{
"display_name": "System on a chip",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C118021083",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5622718,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q610398"
},
{
"display_name": "Embedded system",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C149635348",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.55256826,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040"
},
{
"display_name": "Component (thermodynamics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C168167062",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5033571,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1117970"
},
{
"display_name": "Electronics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138331895",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47229412,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11650"
},
{
"display_name": "Plug-in",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C4924752",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4556641,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184148"
},
{
"display_name": "Process (computing)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C98045186",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.45000485,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663"
},
{
"display_name": "Integrated circuit design",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C74524168",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42285258,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074539"
},
{
"display_name": "Chip",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C165005293",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41712052,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074500"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer architecture",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C118524514",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.41412234,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212"
},
{
"display_name": "Software",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777904410",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4131067,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397"
}
] |
On-chip micronetworks, designed with a layered methodology, will meet the distinctive challenges of providing functionally correct, reliable operation of interacting system-on-chip components. A system on chip (SoC) can provide an integrated solution to challenging design problems in the telecommunications, multimedia, and consumer electronics domains. Much of the progress in these fields hinges on the designers' ability to conceive complex electronic engines under strong time-to-market pressure. Success will require using appropriate design and process technologies, as well as interconnecting existing components reliably in a plug-and-play fashion. Focusing on using probabilistic metrics such as average values or variance to quantify design objectives such as performance and power will lead to a major change in SoC design methodologies. Overall, these designs will be based on both deterministic and stochastic models. Creating complex SoCs requires a modular, component-based approach to both hardware and software design. Despite numerous challenges, the authors believe that developers will solve the problems of designing SoC networks. At the same time, they believe that a layered micronetwork design methodology will likely be the only path to mastering the complexity of future SoC designs.
|
C149635348
|
Embedded system
|
https://doi.org/10.1145/3079856.3080246
|
computer system with a dedicated function within a larger mechanical or electrical system.
|
In-Datacenter Performance Analysis of a Tensor Processing Unit
|
[
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.80931145,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Central processing unit",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C49154492",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5781798,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5300"
},
{
"display_name": "Application-specific integrated circuit",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C77390884",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5089016,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q217302"
},
{
"display_name": "Parallel computing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C173608175",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.48625362,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661"
},
{
"display_name": "Throughput",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C157764524",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4559728,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1383412"
},
{
"display_name": "Embedded system",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C149635348",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4430982,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer hardware",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C9390403",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.31381208,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966"
},
{
"display_name": "Operating system",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C111919701",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.30542052,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135"
}
] |
Many architects believe that major improvements in cost-energy-performance must now come from domain-specific hardware. This paper evaluates a custom ASIC---called a Tensor Processing Unit (TPU) --- deployed in datacenters since 2015 that accelerates the inference phase of neural networks (NN). The heart of the TPU is a 65,536 8-bit MAC matrix multiply unit that offers a peak throughput of 92 TeraOps/second (TOPS) and a large (28 MiB) software-managed on-chip memory. The TPU's deterministic execution model is a better match to the 99th-percentile response-time requirement of our NN applications than are the time-varying optimizations of CPUs and GPUs that help average throughput more than guaranteed latency. The lack of such features helps explain why, despite having myriad MACs and a big memory, the TPU is relatively small and low power. We compare the TPU to a server-class Intel Haswell CPU and an Nvidia K80 GPU, which are contemporaries deployed in the same datacenters. Our workload, written in the high-level TensorFlow framework, uses production NN applications (MLPs, CNNs, and LSTMs) that represent 95% of our datacenters' NN inference demand. Despite low utilization for some applications, the TPU is on average about 15X -- 30X faster than its contemporary GPU or CPU, with TOPS/Watt about 30X -- 80X higher. Moreover, using the CPU's GDDR5 memory in the TPU would triple achieved TOPS and raise TOPS/Watt to nearly 70X the GPU and 200X the CPU.
|
C149635348
|
Embedded system
|
https://doi.org/10.1145/356989.356998
|
computer system with a dedicated function within a larger mechanical or electrical system.
|
System architecture directions for networked sensors
|
[
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.8597641,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Byte",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C43364308",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6839425,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8799"
},
{
"display_name": "Concurrency",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C193702766",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6005732,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414548"
},
{
"display_name": "Embedded system",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C149635348",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5733026,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040"
},
{
"display_name": "Architecture",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C123657996",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5097077,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271"
},
{
"display_name": "Scheduling (production processes)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C206729178",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4867811,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2271896"
},
{
"display_name": "Modularity (biology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779478453",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4621089,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6889748"
},
{
"display_name": "Context (archaeology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779343474",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43149108,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175"
},
{
"display_name": "Context switch",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C53833338",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4256106,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1061424"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer architecture",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C118524514",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4160212,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212"
},
{
"display_name": "Distributed computing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C120314980",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.41090587,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634"
}
] |
Technological progress in integrated, low-power, CMOS communication devices and sensors makes a rich design space of networked sensors viable. They can be deeply embedded in the physical world and spread throughout our environment like smart dust. The missing elements are an overall system architecture and a methodology for systematic advance. To this end, we identify key requirements, develop a small device that is representative of the class, design a tiny event-driven operating system, and show that it provides support for efficient modularity and concurrency-intensive operation. Our operating system fits in 178 bytes of memory, propagates events in the time it takes to copy 1.25 bytes of memory, context switches in the time it takes to copy 6 bytes of memory and supports two level scheduling. The analysis lays a groundwork for future architectural advances.
|
C149635348
|
Embedded system
|
https://doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2016.2616357
|
computer system with a dedicated function within a larger mechanical or electrical system.
|
Eyeriss: An Energy-Efficient Reconfigurable Accelerator for Deep Convolutional Neural Networks
|
[
{
"display_name": "Dram",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C7366592",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8355218,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1255620"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.793144,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Dataflow",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C96324660",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.77049863,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205446"
},
{
"display_name": "Convolutional neural network",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C81363708",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7242214,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460"
},
{
"display_name": "Efficient energy use",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2742236",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7235344,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713"
},
{
"display_name": "Computation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C45374587",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.56765836,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525"
},
{
"display_name": "Parallel computing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C173608175",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5371701,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661"
},
{
"display_name": "Throughput",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C157764524",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5305282,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1383412"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer hardware",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C9390403",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5015826,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966"
},
{
"display_name": "Chip",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C165005293",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.46669394,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074500"
},
{
"display_name": "Energy consumption",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780165032",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4418635,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822"
},
{
"display_name": "Embedded system",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C149635348",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4234627,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer architecture",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C118524514",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.37848085,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212"
}
] |
Eyeriss is an accelerator for state-of-the-art deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs). It optimizes for the energy efficiency of the entire system, including the accelerator chip and off-chip DRAM, for various CNN shapes by reconfiguring the architecture. CNNs are widely used in modern AI systems but also bring challenges on throughput and energy efficiency to the underlying hardware. This is because its computation requires a large amount of data, creating significant data movement from on-chip and off-chip that is more energy-consuming than computation. Minimizing data movement energy cost for any CNN shape, therefore, is the key to high throughput and energy efficiency. Eyeriss achieves these goals by using a proposed processing dataflow, called row stationary (RS), on a spatial architecture with 168 processing elements. RS dataflow reconfigures the computation mapping of a given shape, which optimizes energy efficiency by maximally reusing data locally to reduce expensive data movement, such as DRAM accesses. Compression and data gating are also applied to further improve energy efficiency. Eyeriss processes the convolutional layers at 35 frames/s and 0.0029 DRAM access/multiply and accumulation (MAC) for AlexNet at 278 mW (batch size N = 4), and 0.7 frames/s and 0.0035 DRAM access/MAC for VGG-16 at 236 mW (N = 3).
|
C149635348
|
Embedded system
|
https://doi.org/10.1145/1468075.1468121
|
computer system with a dedicated function within a larger mechanical or electrical system.
|
Sorting networks and their applications
|
[
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.7797742,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Scheme (mathematics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C77618280",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.69693434,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772"
},
{
"display_name": "Sorting",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C111696304",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6913783,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2303697"
},
{
"display_name": "Limiting",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C188198153",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5687681,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1613840"
},
{
"display_name": "Throughput",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C157764524",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5424093,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1383412"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer hardware",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C9390403",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.47519052,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966"
},
{
"display_name": "Parallel computing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C173608175",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4712767,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661"
},
{
"display_name": "Matrix (chemical analysis)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C106487976",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4548829,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q685816"
},
{
"display_name": "Embedded system",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C149635348",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.42071998,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040"
},
{
"display_name": "Matrix multiplication",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17349429",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.41228402,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1049914"
}
] |
To achieve high throughput rates today's computers perform several operations simultaneously. Not only are I/O operations performed concurrently with computing, but also, in multiprocessors, several computing operations are done concurrently. A major problem in the design of such a computing system is the connecting together of the various parts of the system (the I/O devices, memories, processing units, etc.) in such a way that all the required data transfers can be accommodated. One common scheme is a high-speed bus which is time-shared by the various parts; speed of available hardware limits this scheme. Another scheme is a cross-bar switch or matrix; limiting factors here are the amount of hardware (an m × n matrix requires m × n cross-points) and the fan-in and fan-out of the hardware.
|
C149635348
|
Embedded system
|
https://doi.org/10.1145/971701.50214
|
computer system with a dedicated function within a larger mechanical or electrical system.
|
A case for redundant arrays of inexpensive disks (RAID)
|
[
{
"display_name": "RAID",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C133320665",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.9743494,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179299"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.85660404,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Scalability",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C48044578",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6660459,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490"
},
{
"display_name": "Operating system",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C111919701",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5724196,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135"
},
{
"display_name": "Power consumption",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2984118289",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5710127,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29954"
},
{
"display_name": "IBM",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C70388272",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.490039,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5968558"
},
{
"display_name": "Reliability (semiconductor)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C43214815",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.41338488,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987"
},
{
"display_name": "Data striping",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C83489325",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41292706,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1332256"
},
{
"display_name": "Embedded system",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C149635348",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4001543,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040"
},
{
"display_name": "Parallel computing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C173608175",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.39109454,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661"
},
{
"display_name": "Power (physics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C163258240",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.32775804,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342"
}
] |
Increasing performance of CPUs and memories will be squandered if not matched by a similar performance increase in I/O. While the capacity of Single Large Expensive Disks (SLED) has grown rapidly, the performance improvement of SLED has been modest. Redundant Arrays of Inexpensive Disks (RAID), based on the magnetic disk technology developed for personal computers, offers an attractive alternative to SLED, promising improvements of an order of magnitude in performance, reliability, power consumption, and scalability. This paper introduces five levels of RAIDs, giving their relative cost/performance, and compares RAID to an IBM 3380 and a Fujitsu Super Eagle.
|
C149635348
|
Embedded system
|
https://doi.org/10.1145/1105734.1105747
|
computer system with a dedicated function within a larger mechanical or electrical system.
|
Multifacet's general execution-driven multiprocessor simulator (GEMS) toolset
|
[
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.79297507,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Multiprocessing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C4822641",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7325728,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846651"
},
{
"display_name": "Leverage (statistics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C153083717",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6855271,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6535263"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer architecture simulator",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C201203610",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6782062,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5157524"
},
{
"display_name": "Suite",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C79581498",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6079137,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1367530"
},
{
"display_name": "Operating system",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C111919701",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5452774,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135"
},
{
"display_name": "Embedded system",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C149635348",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4287145,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040"
},
{
"display_name": "Set (abstract data type)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C177264268",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4203921,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer architecture",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C118524514",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.38128054,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212"
}
] |
The Wisconsin Multifacet Project has created a simulation toolset to characterize and evaluate the performance of multiprocessor hardware systems commonly used as database and web servers. We leverage an existing full-system functional simulation infrastructure (Simics [14]) as the basis around which to build a set of timing simulator modules for modeling the timing of the memory system and microprocessors. This simulator infrastructure enables us to run architectural experiments using a suite of scaled-down commercial workloads [3]. To enable other researchers to more easily perform such research, we have released these timing simulator modules as the Multifacet General Execution-driven Multiprocessor Simulator (GEMS) Toolset, release 1.0, under GNU GPL [9].
|
C545542383
|
Medical emergency
|
https://doi.org/10.1161/str.0b013e318284056a
|
injury or illness that is acute and poses an immediate risk to a person's life or long term health
|
Guidelines for the Early Management of Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke
|
[
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.90252167,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Stroke (engine)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780645631",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.74847424,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q671554"
},
{
"display_name": "Guideline",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780182762",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6038034,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1630279"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychological intervention",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C27415008",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5822811,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7256382"
},
{
"display_name": "Triage",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777120189",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5541081,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q780067"
},
{
"display_name": "Intensive care medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C177713679",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.46805686,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q679690"
},
{
"display_name": "Medical emergency",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C545542383",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.46611884,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2751242"
},
{
"display_name": "Grading (engineering)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777286243",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.46363562,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5591926"
},
{
"display_name": "Emergency department",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780724011",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43760216,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1295316"
},
{
"display_name": "Emergency medical services",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C545288138",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4354715,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860447"
},
{
"display_name": "Health care",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C160735492",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41610807,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207"
},
{
"display_name": "Emergency medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C194828623",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.41136488,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2861470"
},
{
"display_name": "MEDLINE",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779473830",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41094488,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899"
}
] |
Background and Purpose— The authors present an overview of the current evidence and management recommendations for evaluation and treatment of adults with acute ischemic stroke. The intended audiences are prehospital care providers, physicians, allied health professionals, and hospital administrators responsible for the care of acute ischemic stroke patients within the first 48 hours from stroke onset. These guidelines supersede the prior 2007 guidelines and 2009 updates. Methods— Members of the writing committee were appointed by the American Stroke Association Stroke Council’s Scientific Statement Oversight Committee, representing various areas of medical expertise. Strict adherence to the American Heart Association conflict of interest policy was maintained throughout the consensus process. Panel members were assigned topics relevant to their areas of expertise, reviewed the stroke literature with emphasis on publications since the prior guidelines, and drafted recommendations in accordance with the American Heart Association Stroke Council’s Level of Evidence grading algorithm. Results— The goal of these guidelines is to limit the morbidity and mortality associated with stroke. The guidelines support the overarching concept of stroke systems of care and detail aspects of stroke care from patient recognition; emergency medical services activation, transport, and triage; through the initial hours in the emergency department and stroke unit. The guideline discusses early stroke evaluation and general medical care, as well as ischemic stroke, specific interventions such as reperfusion strategies, and general physiological optimization for cerebral resuscitation. Conclusions— Because many of the recommendations are based on limited data, additional research on treatment of acute ischemic stroke remains urgently needed.
|
C545542383
|
Medical emergency
|
https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2016.35
|
injury or illness that is acute and poses an immediate risk to a person's life or long term health
|
MIMIC-III, a freely accessible critical care database
|
[
{
"display_name": "Coursework",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781110425",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6061415,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2074695"
},
{
"display_name": "Database",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C77088390",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5239587,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513"
},
{
"display_name": "Intensive care",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2987404301",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.48708797,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q679690"
},
{
"display_name": "Tertiary care",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2991842025",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47602135,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207"
},
{
"display_name": "Medical emergency",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C545542383",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4364358,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2751242"
},
{
"display_name": "MEDLINE",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779473830",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43402973,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.431252,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Patient care",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2989236134",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4106845,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.37944013,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
}
] |
MIMIC-III ('Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care') is a large, single-center database comprising information relating to patients admitted to critical care units at a large tertiary care hospital. Data includes vital signs, medications, laboratory measurements, observations and notes charted by care providers, fluid balance, procedure codes, diagnostic codes, imaging reports, hospital length of stay, survival data, and more. The database supports applications including academic and industrial research, quality improvement initiatives, and higher education coursework.
|
C545542383
|
Medical emergency
|
https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehv316
|
injury or illness that is acute and poses an immediate risk to a person's life or long term health
|
2015 ESC Guidelines for the management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death
|
[
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.84494716,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Medical prescription",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2426938",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5412822,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3355478"
},
{
"display_name": "Ambiguity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780522230",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5370722,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1140419"
},
{
"display_name": "Health professionals",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3019806175",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5117662,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11974939"
},
{
"display_name": "Health care",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C160735492",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47144544,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207"
},
{
"display_name": "Medical emergency",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C545542383",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.44353592,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2751242"
},
{
"display_name": "Contradiction",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776728590",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41449887,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q363948"
},
{
"display_name": "Public health",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138816342",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4116575,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189603"
}
] |
The ESC Guidelines represent the views of the ESC and were produced after careful consideration of the scientific and medical knowledge and the evidence available at the time of their publication.The ESC is not responsible in the event of any contradiction, discrepancy and/or ambiguity between the ESC Guidelines and any other official recommendations or guidelines issued by the relevant public health authorities, in particular in relation to good use of healthcare or therapeutic strategies.Health professionals are encouraged to take the ESC Guidelines fully into account when exercising their clinical judgment, as well as in the determination and the implementation of preventive, diagnostic or therapeutic medical strategies; however, the ESC Guidelines do not override, in any way whatsoever, the individual responsibility of health professionals to make appropriate and accurate decisions in consideration of each patient's health condition and in consultation with that patient and, where appropriate and/or necessary, the patient's caregiver.Nor do the ESC Guidelines exempt health professionals from taking into full and careful consideration the relevant official updated recommendations or guidelines issued by the competent public health authorities, in order to manage each patient's case in light of the scientifically accepted data pursuant to their respective ethical and professional obligations.It is also the health professional's responsibility to verify the applicable rules and regulations relating to drugs and medical devices at the time of prescription.
|
C545542383
|
Medical emergency
|
https://doi.org/10.15620/cdc.5571
|
injury or illness that is acute and poses an immediate risk to a person's life or long term health
|
Traumatic brain injury in the United States : emergency department visits, hospitalizations, and deaths, 2002-2006
|
[
{
"display_name": "Emergency department",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780724011",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.67600214,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1295316"
},
{
"display_name": "Traumatic brain injury",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781017439",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6482711,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1995526"
},
{
"display_name": "Independence (probability theory)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C35651441",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5535878,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q625303"
},
{
"display_name": "Dimension (graph theory)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C33676613",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.542508,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13415176"
},
{
"display_name": "Face (sociological concept)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779304628",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.48694932,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480"
},
{
"display_name": "Medical emergency",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C545542383",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.47210136,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2751242"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.44840834,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418"
},
{
"display_name": "Function (biology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C14036430",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4454784,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076"
},
{
"display_name": "Brain function",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3018390542",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43702114,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1073"
},
{
"display_name": "Work (physics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C18762648",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41404969,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.40204197,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
}
] |
traumatic Brain Injury in the united states This body of work is a vital tool for those who devise the strategies for prevention and treatment.However, a critical dimension will be lost if one sees it only as data, if one does not try to put even a fleeting face behind the numbers.They represent people who -if they survived -have had their lives significantly affected.Through research, we are finding better ways to prevent injury and improve acute care.We who are injured may experience improvement both in function and the quality of our lives when we have access to rehabilitation and support to develop and utilize our remaining strengths and abilities.With so many lives affected, we seek and have the potential for independence, to have the chance to move beyond our disabilities and give back to society.As a survivor, as a disabled physician, I applaud this publication as a step toward making that possible."
|
C545542383
|
Medical emergency
|
https://doi.org/10.1634/theoncologist.5-4-302
|
injury or illness that is acute and poses an immediate risk to a person's life or long term health
|
SPIKES—A Six-Step Protocol for Delivering Bad News: Application to the Patient with Cancer
|
[
{
"display_name": "Protocol (science)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780385302",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.8991238,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.85533667,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Cancer",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121608353",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47379085,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12078"
},
{
"display_name": "Medical information",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3019150057",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.45146987,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q92779279"
},
{
"display_name": "Medical emergency",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C545542383",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4296495,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2751242"
},
{
"display_name": "Medical physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C19527891",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.422604,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1120908"
},
{
"display_name": "Medical education",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C509550671",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.36323452,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126945"
},
{
"display_name": "Family medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C512399662",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.33897063,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3505712"
}
] |
We describe a protocol for disclosing unfavorable information-"breaking bad news"-to cancer patients about their illness. Straightforward and practical, the protocol meets the requirements defined by published research on this topic. The protocol (SPIKES) consists of six steps. The goal is to enable the clinician to fulfill the four most important objectives of the interview disclosing bad news: gathering information from the patient, transmitting the medical information, providing support to the patient, and eliciting the patient's collaboration in developing a strategy or treatment plan for the future. Oncologists, oncology trainees, and medical students who have been taught the protocol have reported increased confidence in their ability to disclose unfavorable medical information to patients. Directions for continuing assessment of the protocol are suggested.
|
C545542383
|
Medical emergency
|
https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmsa052049
|
injury or illness that is acute and poses an immediate risk to a person's life or long term health
|
A National Evaluation of the Effect of Trauma-Center Care on Mortality
|
[
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.9035888,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Trauma center",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780110798",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.86261135,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2980337"
},
{
"display_name": "Trauma care",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2991660318",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6934111,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1064904"
},
{
"display_name": "Emergency medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C194828623",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.56985664,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2861470"
},
{
"display_name": "Center (category theory)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779463800",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.56359094,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5062222"
},
{
"display_name": "Medical emergency",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C545542383",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4529355,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2751242"
}
] |
Hospitals have difficulty justifying the expense of maintaining trauma centers without strong evidence of their effectiveness. To address this gap, we examined differences in mortality between level 1 trauma centers and hospitals without a trauma center (non–trauma centers).
|
C545542383
|
Medical emergency
|
https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehp298
|
injury or illness that is acute and poses an immediate risk to a person's life or long term health
|
Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of syncope (version 2009): The Task Force for the Diagnosis and Management of Syncope of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)
|
[
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.92675996,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Judgement",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776548248",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7592552,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12621536"
},
{
"display_name": "Guardian",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776680780",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.738279,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15964604"
},
{
"display_name": "Syncope (phonology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780703726",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.72486645,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1136950"
},
{
"display_name": "Clinical judgement",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3018781618",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6669975,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q454812"
},
{
"display_name": "Health professionals",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3019806175",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6329196,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11974939"
},
{
"display_name": "Task force",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2985871740",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5811566,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1637368"
},
{
"display_name": "Medical prescription",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2426938",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5522416,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3355478"
},
{
"display_name": "Task (project management)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780451532",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47985023,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676"
},
{
"display_name": "Medical emergency",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C545542383",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4218544,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2751242"
},
{
"display_name": "Health care",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C160735492",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.3420788,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207"
}
] |
The ESC Guidelines represent the views of the ESC and were arrived at after careful consideration of the available evidence at the time they were written.Health professionals are encouraged to take them fully into account when exercising their clinical judgement.The guidelines do not, however, override the individual responsibility of health professionals to make appropriate decisions in the circumstances of the individual patients, in consultation with that patient, and where appropriate and necessary the patient's guardian or carer.It is also the health professional's responsibility to verify the rules and regulations applicable to drugs and devices at the time of prescription.
|
C545542383
|
Medical emergency
|
https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.ss6609a1
|
injury or illness that is acute and poses an immediate risk to a person's life or long term health
|
Traumatic Brain Injury–Related Emergency Department Visits, Hospitalizations, and Deaths — United States, 2007 and 2013
|
[
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.865942,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Emergency department",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780724011",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.81105447,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1295316"
},
{
"display_name": "Traumatic brain injury",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781017439",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6650658,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1995526"
},
{
"display_name": "Injury prevention",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C190385971",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.61759216,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q373494"
},
{
"display_name": "Poison control",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3017944768",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.58280826,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1450463"
},
{
"display_name": "Occupational safety and health",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C187155963",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.53760684,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q629029"
},
{
"display_name": "Death certificate",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777683767",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.51048696,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q708653"
},
{
"display_name": "Emergency medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C194828623",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5025928,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2861470"
},
{
"display_name": "Suicide prevention",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C526869908",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.45926252,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3298118"
},
{
"display_name": "Incidence (geometry)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C61511704",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43498087,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1671857"
},
{
"display_name": "Public health",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138816342",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43482617,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189603"
},
{
"display_name": "Medical emergency",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C545542383",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.41391504,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2751242"
},
{
"display_name": "Cause of death",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C29374701",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.38875398,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1931388"
}
] |
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) has short- and long-term adverse clinical outcomes, including death and disability. TBI can be caused by a number of principal mechanisms, including motor-vehicle crashes, falls, and assaults. This report describes the estimated incidence of TBI-related emergency department (ED) visits, hospitalizations, and deaths during 2013 and makes comparisons to similar estimates from 2007.
|
C87717796
|
Environmental engineering
|
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b05416
|
integration of sciences and engineering principles to improve the natural environment for life
|
Wastewater Treatment Works (WwTW) as a Source of Microplastics in the Aquatic Environment
|
[
{
"display_name": "Microplastics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780401329",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.9888536,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6839919"
},
{
"display_name": "Effluent",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C147455438",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.93301845,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1057706"
},
{
"display_name": "Wastewater",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94061648",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7046028,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336191"
},
{
"display_name": "Sewage treatment",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C57442070",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6338256,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221275"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39432304",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.62729144,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847"
},
{
"display_name": "Aquatic environment",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2991714712",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5129966,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3289906"
},
{
"display_name": "Pulp and paper industry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C528095902",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.46936443,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2283886"
},
{
"display_name": "Grease",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777811205",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4676556,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q629823"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C87717796",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.44214457,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146326"
},
{
"display_name": "Waste management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C548081761",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.42495352,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180388"
},
{
"display_name": "Population",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2908647359",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42057335,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C107872376",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.35602543,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q321355"
}
] |
Municipal effluent discharged from wastewater treatment works (WwTW) is suspected to be a significant contributor of microplastics (MP) to the environment as many personal care products contain plastic microbeads. A secondary WwTW (population equivalent 650 000) was sampled for microplastics at different stages of the treatment process to ascertain at what stage in the treatment process the MP are being removed. The influent contained on average 15.70 (±5.23) MP·L–1. This was reduced to 0.25 (±0.04) MP·L–1 in the final effluent, a decrease of 98.41%. Despite this large reduction we calculate that this WwTW is releasing 65 million microplastics into the receiving water every day. A significant proportion of the microplastic accumulated in and was removed during the grease removal stage (19.67 (±4.51) MP/2.5 g), it was only in the grease that the much publicised microbeads were found. This study shows that despite the efficient removal rates of MP achieved by this modern treatment plant when dealing with such a large volume of effluent even a modest amount of microplastics being released per liter of effluent could result in significant amounts of microplastics entering the environment. This is the first study to describe in detail the fate of microplastics during the wastewater treatment process.
|
C87717796
|
Environmental engineering
|
https://doi.org/10.3390/w2030530
|
integration of sciences and engineering principles to improve the natural environment for life
|
Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment
|
[
{
"display_name": "Wetland",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C67715294",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.92092144,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170321"
},
{
"display_name": "Subsurface flow",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C100187453",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.8524157,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7632182"
},
{
"display_name": "Macrophyte",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C132000320",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7752193,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186101"
},
{
"display_name": "Wastewater",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94061648",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7653066,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336191"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39432304",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.7088593,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847"
},
{
"display_name": "Hydrology (agriculture)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C76886044",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.59331036,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2883300"
},
{
"display_name": "Sewage treatment",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C57442070",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.58617705,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221275"
},
{
"display_name": "Constructed wetland",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780367215",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5776673,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1376406"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C87717796",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.47605488,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146326"
},
{
"display_name": "Vegetation (pathology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776133958",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.44013882,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7918366"
}
] |
The first experiments using wetland macrophytes for wastewater treatment were carried out in Germany in the early 1950s. Since then, the constructed wetlands have evolved into a reliable wastewater treatment technology for various types of wastewater. The classification of constructed wetlands is based on: the vegetation type (emergent, submerged, floating leaved, free-floating); hydrology (free water surface and subsurface flow); and subsurface flow wetlands can be further classified according to the flow direction (vertical or horizontal). In order to achieve better treatment performance, namely for nitrogen, various types of constructed wetlands could be combined into hybrid systems.
|
C87717796
|
Environmental engineering
|
https://doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwaa137
|
integration of sciences and engineering principles to improve the natural environment for life
|
Enhanced secondary pollution offset reduction of primary emissions during COVID-19 lockdown in China
|
[
{
"display_name": "Haze",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C79974267",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7757765,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q643546"
},
{
"display_name": "Pollution",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C521259446",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7121098,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q58734"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39432304",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.6666723,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847"
},
{
"display_name": "Particulates",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C24245907",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6256094,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q498957"
},
{
"display_name": "Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3008058167",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.60943747,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84263196"
},
{
"display_name": "Air quality index",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126314574",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5738393,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2364111"
},
{
"display_name": "Air pollution",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C559116025",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.550824,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131123"
},
{
"display_name": "China",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C191935318",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.53888416,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q148"
},
{
"display_name": "Pollutant",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C82685317",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.48484647,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19829510"
},
{
"display_name": "Ozone",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C508106653",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.45848984,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36933"
},
{
"display_name": "Population",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2908647359",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43647966,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental protection",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C526734887",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.42306787,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q832237"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C87717796",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4146308,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146326"
},
{
"display_name": "Atmospheric sciences",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C91586092",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.38433993,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q757520"
},
{
"display_name": "Meteorology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C153294291",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.32548577,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261"
}
] |
To control the spread of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19), China imposed nationwide restrictions on the movement of its population (lockdown) after the Chinese New Year of 2020, leading to large reductions in economic activities and associated emissions. Despite such large decreases in primary pollution, there were nonetheless several periods of heavy haze pollution in eastern China, raising questions about the well-established relationship between human activities and air quality. Here, using comprehensive measurements and modeling, we show that the haze during the COVID lockdown was driven by enhancements of secondary pollution. In particular, large decreases in NOx emissions from transportation increased ozone and nighttime NO3 radical formation, and these increases in atmospheric oxidizing capacity in turn facilitated the formation of secondary particulate matter. Our results, afforded by the tragic natural experiment of the COVID-19 pandemic, indicate that haze mitigation depends upon a coordinated and balanced strategy for controlling multiple pollutants.
|
C87717796
|
Environmental engineering
|
https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes2040804
|
integration of sciences and engineering principles to improve the natural environment for life
|
Biofouling of Water Treatment Membranes: A Review of the Underlying Causes, Monitoring Techniques and Control Measures
|
[
{
"display_name": "Biofouling",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C6047279",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.9671616,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1439821"
},
{
"display_name": "Sewage treatment",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C57442070",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5904024,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221275"
},
{
"display_name": "Water treatment",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C190960625",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5541472,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1058719"
},
{
"display_name": "Biochemical engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C183696295",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5233887,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2487696"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39432304",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.49393326,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847"
},
{
"display_name": "Wastewater",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94061648",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4898691,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336191"
},
{
"display_name": "Monitoring and control",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2987858997",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.45797276,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7312160"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C87717796",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4344409,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146326"
},
{
"display_name": "Membrane",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41625074",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41988698,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176088"
},
{
"display_name": "Waste management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C548081761",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.32885247,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180388"
},
{
"display_name": "Engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.30868882,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023"
}
] |
Biofouling is a critical issue in membrane water and wastewater treatment as it greatly compromises the efficiency of the treatment processes. It is difficult to control, and significant economic resources have been dedicated to the development of effective biofouling monitoring and control strategies. This paper highlights the underlying causes of membrane biofouling and provides a review on recent developments of potential monitoring and control methods in water and wastewater treatment with the aim of identifying the remaining issues and challenges in this area.
|
C87717796
|
Environmental engineering
|
https://doi.org/10.1006/jema.1995.0131
|
integration of sciences and engineering principles to improve the natural environment for life
|
Environmental Impacts of Solid Waste Landfilling
|
[
{
"display_name": "Leachate",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C16925390",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8887381,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2281647"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39432304",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.6863062,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847"
},
{
"display_name": "Municipal solid waste",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C75779659",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6855084,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18538"
},
{
"display_name": "Waste management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C548081761",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.6586924,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180388"
},
{
"display_name": "Landfill gas",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C32571094",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5970356,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1191614"
},
{
"display_name": "Bioreactor landfill",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C21177189",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5427274,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4915232"
},
{
"display_name": "Pollution",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C521259446",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.52298546,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q58734"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C87717796",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.52296597,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146326"
},
{
"display_name": "Settlement (finance)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777063073",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.48050344,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1553237"
},
{
"display_name": "Hazardous waste",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C22507642",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.45367002,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069369"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental impact assessment",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C164749845",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.44096008,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q320389"
},
{
"display_name": "Vegetation (pathology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776133958",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42283836,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7918366"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental protection",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C526734887",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.35063636,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q832237"
}
] |
Inevitable consequences of the practice of solid waste disposal in landfills are gas and leachate generation due primarily to microbial decomposition, climatic conditions, refuse characteristics and landfilling operations. The migration of gas and leachate away from the landfill boundaries and their release into the surrounding environment present serious environmental concerns at both existing and new facilities. Besides potential health hazards, these concerns include, and are not limited to, fires and explosions, vegetation damage, unpleasant odors, landfill settlement, ground water pollution, air pollution and global warming. This paper presents an overview of gas and leachate formation mechanisms in landfills and their adverse environmental impacts, and describes control methods to eliminate or minimize these impacts.
|
C87717796
|
Environmental engineering
|
https://doi.org/10.1080/10473289.1991.10466898
|
integration of sciences and engineering principles to improve the natural environment for life
|
Biofiltration: An Innovative Air Pollution Control Technology For VOC Emissions
|
[
{
"display_name": "Biofilter",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C49671963",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.9196769,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q864323"
},
{
"display_name": "Pollutant",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C82685317",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7059127,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19829510"
},
{
"display_name": "Volatile organic compound",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778150766",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6462741,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q910267"
},
{
"display_name": "Air pollution",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C559116025",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.61310196,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131123"
},
{
"display_name": "Waste management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C548081761",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.57463676,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180388"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39432304",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.56575567,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847"
},
{
"display_name": "Pollution",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C521259446",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.46408817,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q58734"
},
{
"display_name": "Air pollutants",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2987853052",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.460165,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131123"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C87717796",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.436296,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146326"
},
{
"display_name": "Criteria air contaminants",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C180949853",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.41624248,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6970339"
}
] |
Biofiltration is a relatively recent air pollution control (APC) technology in which off-gases containing biodegradable volatile organic compounds (VOC) or inorganic air toxics are vented through a biologically active material. This technology has been successfully applied in Germany and The Netherlands in many full-scale applications to control odors, VOC and air toxic emissions from a wide range of industrial and public sector sources. Control efficiencies of more than 90 percent have been achieved for many common air pollutants. Due to lower operating costs, biofiltration can provide significant economic advantages over other APC technologies if applied to off-gases that contain readily biodegradable pollutants in low concentrations. Environmental benefits include low energy requirements and the avoidance of cross media transfer of pollutants. This paper reviews the history and current status of biofiltration, outlines its underlying scientific and engineering principles, and discusses the applicability of biofilters for a wide range of specific emission sources.
|
C87717796
|
Environmental engineering
|
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.6b00050
|
integration of sciences and engineering principles to improve the natural environment for life
|
The Critical Need for Increased Selectivity, Not Increased Water Permeability, for Desalination Membranes
|
[
{
"display_name": "Desalination",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776870568",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.80200016,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190873"
},
{
"display_name": "Membrane",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41625074",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.77976876,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176088"
},
{
"display_name": "Selectivity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C118792377",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.59967333,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q108584245"
},
{
"display_name": "Water scarcity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C51193700",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.49889326,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5376358"
},
{
"display_name": "Thin-film composite membrane",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C85268084",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.466758,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7784239"
},
{
"display_name": "Permeability (electromagnetism)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C120882062",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.46446604,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28352"
},
{
"display_name": "Water treatment",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C190960625",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.44461447,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1058719"
},
{
"display_name": "Membrane permeability",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2992270614",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.42229524,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29548"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C87717796",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.40887523,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146326"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39432304",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.40730232,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847"
},
{
"display_name": "Process engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C21880701",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3613047,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2144042"
},
{
"display_name": "Chemical engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C42360764",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.35594124,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83588"
},
{
"display_name": "Biochemical engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C183696295",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3246637,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2487696"
}
] |
Desalination membranes are essential for the treatment of unconventional water sources, such as seawater and wastewater, to alleviate water scarcity. Promising research efforts on novel membrane materials may yield significant performance gains over state-of-the-art thin-film composite (TFC) membranes, which are constrained by the permeability–selectivity trade-off. However, little guidance currently exists on the practical impact of such performance gains, namely enhanced water permeability or enhanced water–solute selectivity. In this critical review, we first discuss the performance of current TFC membranes. We then highlight and provide context for recent module-scale modeling studies that have found limited impact of increased water permeability on the efficiency of desalination processes. Next we cover several important examples of water treatment processes in which inadequate membrane selectivity hinders process efficacy. We conclude with a brief discussion of how the need for enhanced selectivity may influence the design strategies of future membranes.
|
C87717796
|
Environmental engineering
|
https://doi.org/10.1021/es300826w
|
integration of sciences and engineering principles to improve the natural environment for life
|
Effectiveness of Green Infrastructure for Improvement of Air Quality in Urban Street Canyons
|
[
{
"display_name": "Air quality index",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126314574",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7443113,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2364111"
},
{
"display_name": "Canyon",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C84859931",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7437633,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q150784"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39432304",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.6918801,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847"
},
{
"display_name": "Vegetation (pathology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776133958",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6527442,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7918366"
},
{
"display_name": "Deposition (geology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C64297162",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.638692,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1987070"
},
{
"display_name": "Air pollution",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C559116025",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.57686234,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131123"
},
{
"display_name": "Particulates",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C24245907",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5338052,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q498957"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C87717796",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.43825898,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146326"
},
{
"display_name": "Hydrology (agriculture)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C76886044",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.38357073,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2883300"
}
] |
Street-level concentrations of nitrogen dioxide (NO(2)) and particulate matter (PM) exceed public health standards in many cities, causing increased mortality and morbidity. Concentrations can be reduced by controlling emissions, increasing dispersion, or increasing deposition rates, but little attention has been paid to the latter as a pollution control method. Both NO(2) and PM are deposited onto surfaces at rates that vary according to the nature of the surface; deposition rates to vegetation are much higher than those to hard, built surfaces. Previously, city-scale studies have suggested that deposition to vegetation can make a very modest improvement (<5%) to urban air quality. However, few studies take full account of the interplay between urban form and vegetation, specifically the enhanced residence time of air in street canyons. This study shows that increasing deposition by the planting of vegetation in street canyons can reduce street-level concentrations in those canyons by as much as 40% for NO(2) and 60% for PM. Substantial street-level air quality improvements can be gained through action at the scale of a single street canyon or across city-sized areas of canyons. Moreover, vegetation will continue to offer benefits in the reduction of pollution even if the traffic source is removed from city centers. Thus, judicious use of vegetation can create an efficient urban pollutant filter, yielding rapid and sustained improvements in street-level air quality in dense urban areas.
|
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