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C187212893
|
Pediatrics
|
https://doi.org/10.1159/000454668
|
field of medicine dealing with the care of children
|
The “Golden Age” of Probiotics: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized and Observational Studies in Preterm Infants
|
[
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.89709544,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Mucositis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778496288",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.7992532,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6931269"
},
{
"display_name": "Necrotizing enterocolitis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779303187",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.78611207,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10859678"
},
{
"display_name": "Bifidobacterium breve",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779707754",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.7050244,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2902069"
},
{
"display_name": "Placebo",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C27081682",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.662941,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q269829"
},
{
"display_name": "Probiotic",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780255968",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6579163,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1816730"
},
{
"display_name": "Enterocolitis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776258884",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6084677,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3055368"
},
{
"display_name": "Incidence (geometry)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C61511704",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6022592,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1671857"
},
{
"display_name": "Chemotherapy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776694085",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.56325126,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q974135"
},
{
"display_name": "Low birth weight",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779083892",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.50255656,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6692979"
},
{
"display_name": "Clinical trial",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C535046627",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.46797517,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30612"
},
{
"display_name": "Antibiotics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C501593827",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.45177737,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12187"
},
{
"display_name": "Randomized controlled trial",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C168563851",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43540865,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1436668"
},
{
"display_name": "Internal medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126322002",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.428498,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180"
},
{
"display_name": "Birth weight",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C66322754",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4165303,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4128476"
},
{
"display_name": "Pediatrics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C187212893",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.41018742,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q123028"
},
{
"display_name": "Bifidobacterium",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780305828",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.3629344,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q132656"
},
{
"display_name": "Gastroenterology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C90924648",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.35704064,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q120569"
}
] |
This review reports the beneficial effects, observed in our clinical studies, of Bifidobacterium breve for premature infants, and children with cancers undergoing chemotherapy. To investigate the protective effects of B. breve (M-16V) as a probiotic on necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) and infection in premature infants, we carried out a clinical study in 338 very low birth weight infants over a five-year period. These patients were supplemented with B. breve starting several hours after birth (Bifido group). 226 premature infants served as controls. Infants of the Bifido group were administered B. breve in a daily dose of 1×10(9) cells/day. The incidence of NEC was significantly reduced in the Bifido group (nil) compared with that in controls (6 cases, P<0.01). Infection also decreased significantly. Thus, administration of B. breve as a probiotic looks to be a very effective treatment for preventing NEC and infection in preterm infants. Mucositis, also referred to as mucosal barrier injury, is one of the most debilitating side effects of chemotherapy treatment. To evaluate the effects of the administration of B. breve (BBG-01, another strain than that used in the study of premature infants), a clinical study was performed to ascertain whether it attenuated intestinal mucositis in children with cancers on chemotherapy. A placebo-controlled trial was performed in patients with malignancies admitted for chemotherapy (n=42), who were randomised into two groups receiving probiotic or placebo. The frequency of fever and the use of intravenous antibiotics were significantly lower in the Bifido group than the placebo group. The B. breve administration enhanced the colonisation of anaerobes. Disruption of the intestinal microbiota after chemotherapy, such as the increase in the population levels of Enterobacteriaceae, was more pronounced in the placebo group. In conclusion, these data suggest that administration of B. breve is an effective approach to attenuating chemotherapy-induced mucositis in children with cancers. The study results strongly suggest that B. breve administration as a probiotic is an effective therapy for the prevention of NEC and infection in premature infants, and also a promising treatment for attenuating chemotherapy-induced mucositis in children with cancers.
|
C187212893
|
Pediatrics
|
https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.1585
|
field of medicine dealing with the care of children
|
Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients With 2019 Novel Coronavirus–Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan, China
|
[
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.96207094,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Interquartile range",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C119060515",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.9337616,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1916617"
},
{
"display_name": "Epidemiology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C107130276",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6455034,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133805"
},
{
"display_name": "Pneumonia",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777914695",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5850208,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12192"
},
{
"display_name": "Retrospective cohort study",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C167135981",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.57908195,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2146302"
},
{
"display_name": "Internal medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126322002",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4542946,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180"
},
{
"display_name": "Pediatrics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C187212893",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.40176117,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q123028"
},
{
"display_name": "Emergency medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C194828623",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.38614208,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2861470"
}
] |
<h3>Importance</h3> In December 2019, novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV)–infected pneumonia (NCIP) occurred in Wuhan, China. The number of cases has increased rapidly but information on the clinical characteristics of affected patients is limited. <h3>Objective</h3> To describe the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of NCIP. <h3>Design, Setting, and Participants</h3> Retrospective, single-center case series of the 138 consecutive hospitalized patients with confirmed NCIP at Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University in Wuhan, China, from January 1 to January 28, 2020; final date of follow-up was February 3, 2020. <h3>Exposures</h3> Documented NCIP. <h3>Main Outcomes and Measures</h3> Epidemiological, demographic, clinical, laboratory, radiological, and treatment data were collected and analyzed. Outcomes of critically ill patients and noncritically ill patients were compared. Presumed hospital-related transmission was suspected if a cluster of health professionals or hospitalized patients in the same wards became infected and a possible source of infection could be tracked. <h3>Results</h3> Of 138 hospitalized patients with NCIP, the median age was 56 years (interquartile range, 42-68; range, 22-92 years) and 75 (54.3%) were men. Hospital-associated transmission was suspected as the presumed mechanism of infection for affected health professionals (40 [29%]) and hospitalized patients (17 [12.3%]). Common symptoms included fever (136 [98.6%]), fatigue (96 [69.6%]), and dry cough (82 [59.4%]). Lymphopenia (lymphocyte count, 0.8 × 10<sup>9</sup>/L [interquartile range {IQR}, 0.6-1.1]) occurred in 97 patients (70.3%), prolonged prothrombin time (13.0 seconds [IQR, 12.3-13.7]) in 80 patients (58%), and elevated lactate dehydrogenase (261 U/L [IQR, 182-403]) in 55 patients (39.9%). Chest computed tomographic scans showed bilateral patchy shadows or ground glass opacity in the lungs of all patients. Most patients received antiviral therapy (oseltamivir, 124 [89.9%]), and many received antibacterial therapy (moxifloxacin, 89 [64.4%]; ceftriaxone, 34 [24.6%]; azithromycin, 25 [18.1%]) and glucocorticoid therapy (62 [44.9%]). Thirty-six patients (26.1%) were transferred to the intensive care unit (ICU) because of complications, including acute respiratory distress syndrome (22 [61.1%]), arrhythmia (16 [44.4%]), and shock (11 [30.6%]). The median time from first symptom to dyspnea was 5.0 days, to hospital admission was 7.0 days, and to ARDS was 8.0 days. Patients treated in the ICU (n = 36), compared with patients not treated in the ICU (n = 102), were older (median age, 66 years vs 51 years), were more likely to have underlying comorbidities (26 [72.2%] vs 38 [37.3%]), and were more likely to have dyspnea (23 [63.9%] vs 20 [19.6%]), and anorexia (24 [66.7%] vs 31 [30.4%]). Of the 36 cases in the ICU, 4 (11.1%) received high-flow oxygen therapy, 15 (41.7%) received noninvasive ventilation, and 17 (47.2%) received invasive ventilation (4 were switched to extracorporeal membrane oxygenation). As of February 3, 47 patients (34.1%) were discharged and 6 died (overall mortality, 4.3%), but the remaining patients are still hospitalized. Among those discharged alive (n = 47), the median hospital stay was 10 days (IQR, 7.0-14.0). <h3>Conclusions and Relevance</h3> In this single-center case series of 138 hospitalized patients with confirmed NCIP in Wuhan, China, presumed hospital-related transmission of 2019-nCoV was suspected in 41% of patients, 26% of patients received ICU care, and mortality was 4.3%.
|
C187212893
|
Pediatrics
|
https://doi.org/10.1056/nejm199803263381301
|
field of medicine dealing with the care of children
|
Declining Morbidity and Mortality among Patients with Advanced Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection
|
[
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.8876085,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Mortality rate",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C179755657",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5743141,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q58702"
},
{
"display_name": "Pneumonia",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777914695",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5236908,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12192"
},
{
"display_name": "Internal medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126322002",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5015278,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180"
},
{
"display_name": "Incidence (geometry)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C61511704",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.46014416,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1671857"
},
{
"display_name": "Esophageal candidiasis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781005205",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.4492381,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5398631"
},
{
"display_name": "Opportunistic infection",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779196057",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.429478,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q835718"
},
{
"display_name": "Pediatrics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C187212893",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.41164872,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q123028"
},
{
"display_name": "Immunology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C203014093",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.37148196,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101929"
}
] |
National surveillance data show recent, marked reductions in morbidity and mortality associated with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). To evaluate these declines, we analyzed data on 1255 patients, each of whom had at least one CD4+ count below 100 cells per cubic millimeter, who were seen at nine clinics specializing in the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in eight U.S. cities from January 1994 through June 1997.Mortality among the patients declined from 29.4 per 100 person-years in the first quarter of 1995 to 8.8 per 100 in the second quarter of 1997. There were reductions in mortality regardless of sex, race, age, and risk factors for transmission of HIV. The incidence of any of three major opportunistic infections (Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, Mycobacterium avium complex disease, and cytomegalovirus retinitis) declined from 21.9 per 100 person-years in 1994 to 3.7 per 100 person-years by mid-1997. In a failure-rate model, increases in the intensity of antiretroviral therapy (classified as none, monotherapy, combination therapy without a protease inhibitor, and combination therapy with a protease inhibitor) were associated with stepwise reductions in morbidity and mortality. Combination antiretroviral therapy was associated with the most benefit; the inclusion of protease inhibitors in such regimens conferred additional benefit. Patients with private insurance were more often prescribed protease inhibitors and had lower mortality rates than those insured by Medicare or Medicaid.The recent declines in morbidity and mortality due to AIDS are attributable to the use of more intensive antiretroviral therapies.
|
C187212893
|
Pediatrics
|
https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.6775
|
field of medicine dealing with the care of children
|
Presenting Characteristics, Comorbidities, and Outcomes Among 5700 Patients Hospitalized With COVID-19 in the New York City Area
|
[
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.97478354,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Interquartile range",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C119060515",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8816953,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1916617"
},
{
"display_name": "Comorbidity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779159551",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.56241214,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414874"
},
{
"display_name": "Intensive care unit",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776376669",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.50918955,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5094647"
},
{
"display_name": "Mechanical ventilation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777080012",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.48498845,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3766250"
},
{
"display_name": "Emergency medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C194828623",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.46658924,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2861470"
},
{
"display_name": "Pediatrics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C187212893",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4544362,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q123028"
},
{
"display_name": "Diabetes mellitus",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C555293320",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43840432,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12206"
},
{
"display_name": "Mortality rate",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C179755657",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42719346,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q58702"
},
{
"display_name": "Internal medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126322002",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.40249693,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180"
}
] |
There is limited information describing the presenting characteristics and outcomes of US patients requiring hospitalization for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).To describe the clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with COVID-19 hospitalized in a US health care system.Case series of patients with COVID-19 admitted to 12 hospitals in New York City, Long Island, and Westchester County, New York, within the Northwell Health system. The study included all sequentially hospitalized patients between March 1, 2020, and April 4, 2020, inclusive of these dates.Confirmed severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection by positive result on polymerase chain reaction testing of a nasopharyngeal sample among patients requiring admission.Clinical outcomes during hospitalization, such as invasive mechanical ventilation, kidney replacement therapy, and death. Demographics, baseline comorbidities, presenting vital signs, and test results were also collected.A total of 5700 patients were included (median age, 63 years [interquartile range {IQR}, 52-75; range, 0-107 years]; 39.7% female). The most common comorbidities were hypertension (3026; 56.6%), obesity (1737; 41.7%), and diabetes (1808; 33.8%). At triage, 30.7% of patients were febrile, 17.3% had a respiratory rate greater than 24 breaths/min, and 27.8% received supplemental oxygen. The rate of respiratory virus co-infection was 2.1%. Outcomes were assessed for 2634 patients who were discharged or had died at the study end point. During hospitalization, 373 patients (14.2%) (median age, 68 years [IQR, 56-78]; 33.5% female) were treated in the intensive care unit care, 320 (12.2%) received invasive mechanical ventilation, 81 (3.2%) were treated with kidney replacement therapy, and 553 (21%) died. As of April 4, 2020, for patients requiring mechanical ventilation (n = 1151, 20.2%), 38 (3.3%) were discharged alive, 282 (24.5%) died, and 831 (72.2%) remained in hospital. The median postdischarge follow-up time was 4.4 days (IQR, 2.2-9.3). A total of 45 patients (2.2%) were readmitted during the study period. The median time to readmission was 3 days (IQR, 1.0-4.5) for readmitted patients. Among the 3066 patients who remained hospitalized at the final study follow-up date (median age, 65 years [IQR, 54-75]), the median follow-up at time of censoring was 4.5 days (IQR, 2.4-8.1).This case series provides characteristics and early outcomes of sequentially hospitalized patients with confirmed COVID-19 in the New York City area.
|
C187212893
|
Pediatrics
|
https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2014.732
|
field of medicine dealing with the care of children
|
Prevalence of Childhood and Adult Obesity in the United States, 2011-2012
|
[
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.92358917,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779874844",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.74120706,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1967281"
},
{
"display_name": "Percentile",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C122048520",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.70379525,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2913954"
},
{
"display_name": "Obesity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C511355011",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.69913906,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12174"
},
{
"display_name": "Body mass index",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780221984",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.68247104,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131191"
},
{
"display_name": "Childhood obesity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779422640",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.57762706,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3241451"
},
{
"display_name": "Demography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C149923435",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5637739,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732"
},
{
"display_name": "Pediatrics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C187212893",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4978578,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q123028"
},
{
"display_name": "Overweight",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780586474",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.3813791,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q332428"
},
{
"display_name": "Gerontology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C74909509",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.32425547,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10387"
}
] |
<h3>Importance</h3> More than one-third of adults and 17% of youth in the United States are obese, although the prevalence remained stable between 2003-2004 and 2009-2010. <h3>Objective</h3> To provide the most recent national estimates of childhood obesity, analyze trends in childhood obesity between 2003 and 2012, and provide detailed obesity trend analyses among adults. <h3>Design, Setting, and Participants</h3> Weight and height or recumbent length were measured in 9120 participants in the 2011-2012 nationally representative National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. <h3>Main Outcomes and Measures</h3> In infants and toddlers from birth to 2 years, high weight for recumbent length was defined as weight for length at or above the 95th percentile of the sex-specific Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) growth charts. In children and adolescents aged 2 to 19 years, obesity was defined as a body mass index (BMI) at or above the 95th percentile of the sex-specific CDC BMI-for-age growth charts. In adults, obesity was defined as a BMI greater than or equal to 30. Analyses of trends in high weight for recumbent length or obesity prevalence were conducted overall and separately by age across 5 periods (2003-2004, 2005-2006, 2007-2008, 2009-2010, and 2011-2012). <h3>Results</h3> In 2011-2012, 8.1% (95% CI, 5.8%-11.1%) of infants and toddlers had high weight for recumbent length, and 16.9% (95% CI, 14.9%-19.2%) of 2- to 19-year-olds and 34.9% (95% CI, 32.0%-37.9%) of adults (age-adjusted) aged 20 years or older were obese. Overall, there was no significant change from 2003-2004 through 2011-2012 in high weight for recumbent length among infants and toddlers, obesity in 2- to 19-year-olds, or obesity in adults. Tests for an interaction between survey period and age found an interaction in children (<i>P</i> = .03) and women (<i>P</i> = .02). There was a significant decrease in obesity among 2- to 5-year-old children (from 13.9% to 8.4%;<i>P</i> = .03) and a significant increase in obesity among women aged 60 years and older (from 31.5% to 38.1%;<i>P</i> = .006). <h3>Conclusions and Relevance</h3> Overall, there have been no significant changes in obesity prevalence in youth or adults between 2003-2004 and 2011-2012. Obesity prevalence remains high and thus it is important to continue surveillance.
|
C187212893
|
Pediatrics
|
https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaneurol.2020.1127
|
field of medicine dealing with the care of children
|
Neurologic Manifestations of Hospitalized Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Wuhan, China
|
[
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.8596549,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Pediatrics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C187212893",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5530532,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q123028"
},
{
"display_name": "Disease",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779134260",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5410586,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136"
},
{
"display_name": "Medical record",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C195910791",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.52277017,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1324077"
},
{
"display_name": "Ataxia",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780906641",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5009713,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q213373"
},
{
"display_name": "Diarrhea",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779802037",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.46016026,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40878"
},
{
"display_name": "Pneumonia",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777914695",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4417925,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12192"
},
{
"display_name": "Retrospective cohort study",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C167135981",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43100363,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2146302"
},
{
"display_name": "Outbreak",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C116675565",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41825342,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3241045"
},
{
"display_name": "Internal medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126322002",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4095328,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180"
}
] |
The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Wuhan, China, is serious and has the potential to become an epidemic worldwide. Several studies have described typical clinical manifestations including fever, cough, diarrhea, and fatigue. However, to our knowledge, it has not been reported that patients with COVID-19 had any neurologic manifestations.
|
C187212893
|
Pediatrics
|
https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(17)32129-3
|
field of medicine dealing with the care of children
|
Worldwide trends in body-mass index, underweight, overweight, and obesity from 1975 to 2016: a pooled analysis of 2416 population-based measurement studies in 128·9 million children, adolescents, and adults
|
[
{
"display_name": "Underweight",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781121325",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.9229284,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1146902"
},
{
"display_name": "Overweight",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780586474",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.8631678,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q332428"
},
{
"display_name": "Body mass index",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780221984",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8013816,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131191"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.7963669,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Demography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C149923435",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.68994063,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732"
},
{
"display_name": "Obesity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C511355011",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6653613,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12174"
},
{
"display_name": "Population",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2908647359",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5523315,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603"
},
{
"display_name": "Pediatrics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C187212893",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.44713563,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q123028"
}
] |
Underweight, overweight, and obesity in childhood and adolescence are associated with adverse health consequences throughout the life-course. Our aim was to estimate worldwide trends in mean body-mass index (BMI) and a comprehensive set of BMI categories that cover underweight to obesity in children and adolescents, and to compare trends with those of adults.We pooled 2416 population-based studies with measurements of height and weight on 128·9 million participants aged 5 years and older, including 31·5 million aged 5-19 years. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends from 1975 to 2016 in 200 countries for mean BMI and for prevalence of BMI in the following categories for children and adolescents aged 5-19 years: more than 2 SD below the median of the WHO growth reference for children and adolescents (referred to as moderate and severe underweight hereafter), 2 SD to more than 1 SD below the median (mild underweight), 1 SD below the median to 1 SD above the median (healthy weight), more than 1 SD to 2 SD above the median (overweight but not obese), and more than 2 SD above the median (obesity).Regional change in age-standardised mean BMI in girls from 1975 to 2016 ranged from virtually no change (-0·01 kg/m2 per decade; 95% credible interval -0·42 to 0·39, posterior probability [PP] of the observed decrease being a true decrease=0·5098) in eastern Europe to an increase of 1·00 kg/m2 per decade (0·69-1·35, PP>0·9999) in central Latin America and an increase of 0·95 kg/m2 per decade (0·64-1·25, PP>0·9999) in Polynesia and Micronesia. The range for boys was from a non-significant increase of 0·09 kg/m2 per decade (-0·33 to 0·49, PP=0·6926) in eastern Europe to an increase of 0·77 kg/m2 per decade (0·50-1·06, PP>0·9999) in Polynesia and Micronesia. Trends in mean BMI have recently flattened in northwestern Europe and the high-income English-speaking and Asia-Pacific regions for both sexes, southwestern Europe for boys, and central and Andean Latin America for girls. By contrast, the rise in BMI has accelerated in east and south Asia for both sexes, and southeast Asia for boys. Global age-standardised prevalence of obesity increased from 0·7% (0·4-1·2) in 1975 to 5·6% (4·8-6·5) in 2016 in girls, and from 0·9% (0·5-1·3) in 1975 to 7·8% (6·7-9·1) in 2016 in boys; the prevalence of moderate and severe underweight decreased from 9·2% (6·0-12·9) in 1975 to 8·4% (6·8-10·1) in 2016 in girls and from 14·8% (10·4-19·5) in 1975 to 12·4% (10·3-14·5) in 2016 in boys. Prevalence of moderate and severe underweight was highest in India, at 22·7% (16·7-29·6) among girls and 30·7% (23·5-38·0) among boys. Prevalence of obesity was more than 30% in girls in Nauru, the Cook Islands, and Palau; and boys in the Cook Islands, Nauru, Palau, Niue, and American Samoa in 2016. Prevalence of obesity was about 20% or more in several countries in Polynesia and Micronesia, the Middle East and north Africa, the Caribbean, and the USA. In 2016, 75 (44-117) million girls and 117 (70-178) million boys worldwide were moderately or severely underweight. In the same year, 50 (24-89) million girls and 74 (39-125) million boys worldwide were obese.The rising trends in children's and adolescents' BMI have plateaued in many high-income countries, albeit at high levels, but have accelerated in parts of Asia, with trends no longer correlated with those of adults.Wellcome Trust, AstraZeneca Young Health Programme.
|
C187212893
|
Pediatrics
|
https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.5394
|
field of medicine dealing with the care of children
|
Baseline Characteristics and Outcomes of 1591 Patients Infected With SARS-CoV-2 Admitted to ICUs of the Lombardy Region, Italy
|
[
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.9516827,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Intensive care unit",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776376669",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6440583,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5094647"
},
{
"display_name": "Intensive care",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2987404301",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.58421856,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q679690"
},
{
"display_name": "Comorbidity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779159551",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5319066,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414874"
},
{
"display_name": "Emergency medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C194828623",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.50883895,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2861470"
},
{
"display_name": "Pandemic",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C89623803",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.43789744,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12184"
},
{
"display_name": "Pediatrics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C187212893",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.437739,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q123028"
},
{
"display_name": "Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3008058167",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.4223846,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84263196"
},
{
"display_name": "Internal medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126322002",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.37079504,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180"
}
] |
In December 2019, a novel coronavirus (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 [SARS-CoV-2]) emerged in China and has spread globally, creating a pandemic. Information about the clinical characteristics of infected patients who require intensive care is limited.To characterize patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) requiring treatment in an intensive care unit (ICU) in the Lombardy region of Italy.Retrospective case series of 1591 consecutive patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 referred for ICU admission to the coordinator center (Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy) of the COVID-19 Lombardy ICU Network and treated at one of the ICUs of the 72 hospitals in this network between February 20 and March 18, 2020. Date of final follow-up was March 25, 2020.SARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed by real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay of nasal and pharyngeal swabs.Demographic and clinical data were collected, including data on clinical management, respiratory failure, and patient mortality. Data were recorded by the coordinator center on an electronic worksheet during telephone calls by the staff of the COVID-19 Lombardy ICU Network.Of the 1591 patients included in the study, the median (IQR) age was 63 (56-70) years and 1304 (82%) were male. Of the 1043 patients with available data, 709 (68%) had at least 1 comorbidity and 509 (49%) had hypertension. Among 1300 patients with available respiratory support data, 1287 (99% [95% CI, 98%-99%]) needed respiratory support, including 1150 (88% [95% CI, 87%-90%]) who received mechanical ventilation and 137 (11% [95% CI, 9%-12%]) who received noninvasive ventilation. The median positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) was 14 (IQR, 12-16) cm H2O, and Fio2 was greater than 50% in 89% of patients. The median Pao2/Fio2 was 160 (IQR, 114-220). The median PEEP level was not different between younger patients (n = 503 aged ≤63 years) and older patients (n = 514 aged ≥64 years) (14 [IQR, 12-15] vs 14 [IQR, 12-16] cm H2O, respectively; median difference, 0 [95% CI, 0-0]; P = .94). Median Fio2 was lower in younger patients: 60% (IQR, 50%-80%) vs 70% (IQR, 50%-80%) (median difference, -10% [95% CI, -14% to 6%]; P = .006), and median Pao2/Fio2 was higher in younger patients: 163.5 (IQR, 120-230) vs 156 (IQR, 110-205) (median difference, 7 [95% CI, -8 to 22]; P = .02). Patients with hypertension (n = 509) were older than those without hypertension (n = 526) (median [IQR] age, 66 years [60-72] vs 62 years [54-68]; P < .001) and had lower Pao2/Fio2 (median [IQR], 146 [105-214] vs 173 [120-222]; median difference, -27 [95% CI, -42 to -12]; P = .005). Among the 1581 patients with ICU disposition data available as of March 25, 2020, 920 patients (58% [95% CI, 56%-61%]) were still in the ICU, 256 (16% [95% CI, 14%-18%]) were discharged from the ICU, and 405 (26% [95% CI, 23%-28%]) had died in the ICU. Older patients (n = 786; age ≥64 years) had higher mortality than younger patients (n = 795; age ≤63 years) (36% vs 15%; difference, 21% [95% CI, 17%-26%]; P < .001).In this case series of critically ill patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 admitted to ICUs in Lombardy, Italy, the majority were older men, a large proportion required mechanical ventilation and high levels of PEEP, and ICU mortality was 26%.
|
C179104552
|
Inorganic chemistry
|
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0602439103
|
study of the synthesis and behavior of inorganic and organometallic compounds
|
Exceptional chemical and thermal stability of zeolitic imidazolate frameworks
|
[
{
"display_name": "Imidazolate",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780596747",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.9270072,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21099655"
},
{
"display_name": "Zeolitic imidazolate framework",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C27983359",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.8618675,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8069274"
},
{
"display_name": "Thermal stability",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C59061564",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6887555,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7783071"
},
{
"display_name": "Adsorption",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C150394285",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.56813806,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180254"
},
{
"display_name": "Aluminosilicate",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C85704489",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.56222016,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q429979"
},
{
"display_name": "Chemical stability",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C186399102",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.54999846,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q903517"
},
{
"display_name": "Chemical engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C42360764",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5054219,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83588"
},
{
"display_name": "Inorganic chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C179104552",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4930944,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11165"
},
{
"display_name": "Porosity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C6648577",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4604019,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622669"
},
{
"display_name": "Chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185592680",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.45590726,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329"
},
{
"display_name": "Metal-organic framework",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C179366358",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.45078033,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q909212"
},
{
"display_name": "Materials science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C192562407",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.4301123,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736"
},
{
"display_name": "Crystallography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C8010536",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.32601345,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160398"
}
] |
Twelve zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs; termed ZIF-1 to -12) have been synthesized as crystals by copolymerization of either Zn(II) (ZIF-1 to -4, -6 to -8, and -10 to -11) or Co(II) (ZIF-9 and -12) with imidazolate-type links. The ZIF crystal structures are based on the nets of seven distinct aluminosilicate zeolites: tetrahedral Si(Al) and the bridging O are replaced with transition metal ion and imidazolate link, respectively. In addition, one example of mixed-coordination imidazolate of Zn(II) and In(III) (ZIF-5) based on the garnet net is reported. Study of the gas adsorption and thermal and chemical stability of two prototypical members, ZIF-8 and -11, demonstrated their permanent porosity (Langmuir surface area = 1,810 m(2)/g), high thermal stability (up to 550 degrees C), and remarkable chemical resistance to boiling alkaline water and organic solvents.
|
C179104552
|
Inorganic chemistry
|
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mattod.2014.10.040
|
study of the synthesis and behavior of inorganic and organometallic compounds
|
Li-ion battery materials: present and future
|
[
{
"display_name": "Materials science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C192562407",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.7047907,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736"
},
{
"display_name": "Lithium (medication)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778541603",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6344995,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q152763"
},
{
"display_name": "Cobalt oxide",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779664699",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6127852,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q726248"
},
{
"display_name": "Cobalt",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C515602321",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5581499,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740"
},
{
"display_name": "Battery (electricity)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C555008776",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.55590874,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q267298"
},
{
"display_name": "Anode",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C89395315",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5385903,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181232"
},
{
"display_name": "Nickel",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C504270822",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.53240734,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q744"
},
{
"display_name": "Oxide",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779851234",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.52625006,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50690"
},
{
"display_name": "Cathode",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C49110097",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5201676,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175233"
},
{
"display_name": "Inorganic chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C179104552",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4773084,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11165"
},
{
"display_name": "Manganese",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C528890316",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.44834536,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q731"
},
{
"display_name": "Intercalation (chemistry)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C137824038",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.44050148,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175562"
},
{
"display_name": "Dissolution",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C88380143",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4276502,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q416674"
},
{
"display_name": "Electrode",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17525397",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4055191,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176140"
},
{
"display_name": "Nanotechnology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C171250308",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.37994307,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468"
}
] |
This review covers key technological developments and scientific challenges for a broad range of Li-ion battery electrodes. Periodic table and potential/capacity plots are used to compare many families of suitable materials. Performance characteristics, current limitations, and recent breakthroughs in the development of commercial intercalation materials such as lithium cobalt oxide (LCO), lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide (NCM), lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide (NCA), lithium iron phosphate (LFP), lithium titanium oxide (LTO) and others are contrasted with that of conversion materials, such as alloying anodes (Si, Ge, Sn, etc.), chalcogenides (S, Se, Te), and metal halides (F, Cl, Br, I). New polyanion cathode materials are also discussed. The cost, abundance, safety, Li and electron transport, volumetric expansion, material dissolution, and surface reactions for each type of electrode materials are described. Both general and specific strategies to overcome the current challenges are covered and categorized.
|
C179104552
|
Inorganic chemistry
|
https://doi.org/10.1039/c5ee03874j
|
study of the synthesis and behavior of inorganic and organometallic compounds
|
Cesium-containing triple cation perovskite solar cells: improved stability, reproducibility and high efficiency
|
[
{
"display_name": "Formamidinium",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2775959666",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.9734348,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q423088"
},
{
"display_name": "Perovskite (structure)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C155011858",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.88912684,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3036449"
},
{
"display_name": "Caesium",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C519659679",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.86140424,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1108"
},
{
"display_name": "Photovoltaics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C542589376",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.70181686,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192127"
},
{
"display_name": "Reproducibility",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C9893847",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5380077,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1425625"
},
{
"display_name": "Impurity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71987851",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.53726,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7216430"
},
{
"display_name": "Materials science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C192562407",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.53674734,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736"
},
{
"display_name": "Phase (matter)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C44280652",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4965952,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104837"
},
{
"display_name": "Inorganic chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C179104552",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.42898571,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11165"
},
{
"display_name": "Chemical engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C42360764",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4242797,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83588"
},
{
"display_name": "Chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185592680",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.31735379,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329"
}
] |
Today's best perovskite solar cells use a mixture of formamidinium and methylammonium as the monovalent cations. With the addition of inorganic cesium, the resulting triple cation perovskite compositions are thermally more stable, contain less phase impurities and are less sensitive to processing conditions. This enables more reproducible device performances to reach a stabilized power output of 21.1% and ∼18% after 250 hours under operational conditions. These properties are key for the industrialization of perovskite photovoltaics.
|
C179104552
|
Inorganic chemistry
|
https://doi.org/10.1021/nn901850u
|
study of the synthesis and behavior of inorganic and organometallic compounds
|
Nitrogen-Doped Graphene as Efficient Metal-Free Electrocatalyst for Oxygen Reduction in Fuel Cells
|
[
{
"display_name": "Graphene",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C30080830",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8780726,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169917"
},
{
"display_name": "Electrocatalyst",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C33989665",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.78007716,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5357962"
},
{
"display_name": "Catalysis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C161790260",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7049879,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82264"
},
{
"display_name": "Materials science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C192562407",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.65582585,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736"
},
{
"display_name": "Oxygen",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C540031477",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5594602,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q629"
},
{
"display_name": "Inorganic chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C179104552",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.52754116,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11165"
},
{
"display_name": "Carbon fibers",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C140205800",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.51485866,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5860"
},
{
"display_name": "Oxygen reduction",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2992754303",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.48126906,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1641506"
},
{
"display_name": "Platinum",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C518104683",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4426697,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q880"
},
{
"display_name": "Metal",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C544153396",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43488923,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11426"
},
{
"display_name": "Chemical engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C42360764",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.43214202,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83588"
},
{
"display_name": "Electrode",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17525397",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42096034,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176140"
},
{
"display_name": "Nanotechnology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C171250308",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3088936,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468"
}
] |
Nitrogen-doped graphene (N-graphene) was synthesized by chemical vapor deposition of methane in the presence of ammonia. The resultant N-graphene was demonstrated to act as a metal-free electrode with a much better electrocatalytic activity, long-term operation stability, and tolerance to crossover effect than platinum for oxygen reduction via a four-electron pathway in alkaline fuel cells. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the use of graphene and its derivatives as metal-free catalysts for oxygen reduction. The important role of N-doping to oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) can be applied to various carbon materials for the development of other metal-free efficient ORR catalysts for fuel cell applications, even new catalytic materials for applications beyond fuel cells.
|
C179104552
|
Inorganic chemistry
|
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1241488
|
study of the synthesis and behavior of inorganic and organometallic compounds
|
Cation Intercalation and High Volumetric Capacitance of Two-Dimensional Titanium Carbide
|
[
{
"display_name": "MXenes",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776453213",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.91870993,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25303690"
},
{
"display_name": "Intercalation (chemistry)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C137824038",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.81518006,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175562"
},
{
"display_name": "Lithium (medication)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778541603",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.69511455,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q152763"
},
{
"display_name": "Materials science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C192562407",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.6850769,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736"
},
{
"display_name": "Electrochemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C52859227",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.68255866,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7877"
},
{
"display_name": "Capacitance",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C30066665",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.64835566,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q164399"
},
{
"display_name": "Supercapacitor",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C6585489",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.61608374,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q754523"
},
{
"display_name": "Titanium carbide",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777121994",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.59022045,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420675"
},
{
"display_name": "Carbide",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C5335593",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5099503,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q241906"
},
{
"display_name": "Chemical engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C42360764",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.49411157,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83588"
},
{
"display_name": "Aqueous solution",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C184651966",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.49388772,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q906356"
},
{
"display_name": "Ion",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C145148216",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.49011812,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36496"
},
{
"display_name": "Energy storage",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C73916439",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.48691618,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837718"
},
{
"display_name": "Inorganic chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C179104552",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4653201,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11165"
},
{
"display_name": "Titanium",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C506065880",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.46258637,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q716"
},
{
"display_name": "Salt (chemistry)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776371256",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.44045657,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12370"
},
{
"display_name": "Electrochemical energy storage",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2993969710",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.4229396,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837718"
},
{
"display_name": "Nanotechnology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C171250308",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.30660552,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468"
}
] |
Toward Titanium Carbide Batteries Many batteries and capacitors make use of lithium intercalation as a means of storing and transporting charge. Lithium is commonly used because it offers the best energy density, but also because there are difficulties in storing larger cations without disrupting the crystal structure of the host. Lukatskaya et al. (p. 1500 ) developed a series of MX compounds, where M represents a transition metal and X is carbon or nitrogen.The compound Ti 3 C 2 forms a two dimensional layered structure, which is capable of accommodating a wide range of cations, including multivalent ones, either spontaneously or electrochemically
|
C179104552
|
Inorganic chemistry
|
https://doi.org/10.1021/ja510442p
|
study of the synthesis and behavior of inorganic and organometallic compounds
|
Benchmarking Hydrogen Evolving Reaction and Oxygen Evolving Reaction Electrocatalysts for Solar Water Splitting Devices
|
[
{
"display_name": "Overpotential",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C186460083",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.93150055,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333853"
},
{
"display_name": "Oxygen evolution",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C135473242",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.8021928,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4147614"
},
{
"display_name": "Chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185592680",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.7965015,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329"
},
{
"display_name": "Water splitting",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C35590869",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.79300046,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2697332"
},
{
"display_name": "Catalysis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C161790260",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7829321,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82264"
},
{
"display_name": "Electrocatalyst",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C33989665",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.74674547,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5357962"
},
{
"display_name": "Inorganic chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C179104552",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.47736287,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11165"
},
{
"display_name": "Aqueous solution",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C184651966",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47265306,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q906356"
},
{
"display_name": "Noble metal",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2775871042",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4371199,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q585302"
},
{
"display_name": "Solar fuel",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C108655655",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.43530574,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7556699"
},
{
"display_name": "Chemical engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C42360764",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.43135962,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83588"
},
{
"display_name": "Hydrogen production",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C202189072",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.41489536,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1929999"
},
{
"display_name": "Electrochemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C52859227",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.35754544,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7877"
}
] |
Objective comparisons of electrocatalyst activity and stability using standard methods under identical conditions are necessary to evaluate the viability of existing electrocatalysts for integration into solar-fuel devices as well as to help inform the development of new catalytic systems. Herein, we use a standard protocol as a primary screen for evaluating the activity, short-term (2 h) stability, and electrochemically active surface area (ECSA) of 18 electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and 26 electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) under conditions relevant to an integrated solar water-splitting device in aqueous acidic or alkaline solution. Our primary figure of merit is the overpotential necessary to achieve a magnitude current density of 10 mA cm(-2) per geometric area, the approximate current density expected for a 10% efficient solar-to-fuels conversion device under 1 sun illumination. The specific activity per ECSA of each material is also reported. Among HER catalysts, several could operate at 10 mA cm(-2) with overpotentials <0.1 V in acidic and/or alkaline solutions. Among OER catalysts in acidic solution, no non-noble metal based materials showed promising activity and stability, whereas in alkaline solution many OER catalysts performed with similar activity achieving 10 mA cm(-2) current densities at overpotentials of ~0.33-0.5 V. Most OER catalysts showed comparable or better specific activity per ECSA when compared to Ir and Ru catalysts in alkaline solutions, while most HER catalysts showed much lower specific activity than Pt in both acidic and alkaline solutions. For select catalysts, additional secondary screening measurements were conducted including Faradaic efficiency and extended stability measurements.
|
C179104552
|
Inorganic chemistry
|
https://doi.org/10.1021/ja403440e
|
study of the synthesis and behavior of inorganic and organometallic compounds
|
Nanostructured Nickel Phosphide as an Electrocatalyst for the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
|
[
{
"display_name": "Phosphide",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780654602",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.9568441,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q411835"
},
{
"display_name": "Electrocatalyst",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C33989665",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.91878843,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5357962"
},
{
"display_name": "Chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185592680",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.8707164,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329"
},
{
"display_name": "Catalysis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C161790260",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6792969,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82264"
},
{
"display_name": "Nickel",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C504270822",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6472016,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q744"
},
{
"display_name": "Electrolysis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C163127949",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.64078623,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q64403"
},
{
"display_name": "Nanoparticle",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C155672457",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.61582655,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q61231"
},
{
"display_name": "Exchange current density",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C96606616",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.5306427,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3705514"
},
{
"display_name": "Inorganic chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C179104552",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.50755584,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11165"
},
{
"display_name": "Electrolysis of water",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C48256821",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.4700493,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q903456"
},
{
"display_name": "Chemical engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C42360764",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.42453617,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83588"
},
{
"display_name": "Hydrogen",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C512968161",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4242128,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q556"
},
{
"display_name": "Yield (engineering)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C134121241",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42112285,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899301"
},
{
"display_name": "Noble metal",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2775871042",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.41990763,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q585302"
},
{
"display_name": "Electrochemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C52859227",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.33553815,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7877"
}
] |
Nanoparticles of nickel phosphide (Ni2P) have been investigated for electrocatalytic activity and stability for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in acidic solutions, under which proton exchange membrane-based electrolysis is operational. The catalytically active Ni2P nanoparticles were hollow and faceted to expose a high density of the Ni2P(001) surface, which has previously been predicted based on theory to be an active HER catalyst. The Ni2P nanoparticles had among the highest HER activity of any non-noble metal electrocatalyst reported to date, producing H2(g) with nearly quantitative faradaic yield, while also affording stability in aqueous acidic media.
|
C179104552
|
Inorganic chemistry
|
https://doi.org/10.1021/ja405351s
|
study of the synthesis and behavior of inorganic and organometallic compounds
|
An Investigation of Thin-Film Ni–Fe Oxide Catalysts for the Electrochemical Evolution of Oxygen
|
[
{
"display_name": "Tafel equation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C172404476",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.87651855,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q902130"
},
{
"display_name": "Oxygen evolution",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C135473242",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.8188213,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4147614"
},
{
"display_name": "Chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185592680",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.744689,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329"
},
{
"display_name": "Electrochemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C52859227",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.676277,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7877"
},
{
"display_name": "Electrolyte",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C68801617",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.61238277,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162908"
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{
"display_name": "Catalysis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C161790260",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5419581,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82264"
},
{
"display_name": "Oxide",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779851234",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5105844,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50690"
},
{
"display_name": "Redox",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C55904794",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.48797983,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82682"
},
{
"display_name": "Thin film",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C19067145",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.485401,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1137203"
},
{
"display_name": "Nickel",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C504270822",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.46289176,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q744"
},
{
"display_name": "Oxygen",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C540031477",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.44710758,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q629"
},
{
"display_name": "Inorganic chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C179104552",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4444129,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11165"
},
{
"display_name": "Analytical Chemistry (journal)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C113196181",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.331331,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485223"
}
] |
A detailed investigation has been carried out of the structure and electrochemical activity of electrodeposited Ni-Fe films for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in alkaline electrolytes. Ni-Fe films with a bulk and surface composition of 40% Fe exhibit OER activities that are roughly 2 orders of magnitude higher than that of a freshly deposited Ni film and about 3 orders of magnitude higher than that of an Fe film. The freshly deposited Ni film increases in activity by as much as 20-fold during exposure to the electrolyte (KOH); however, all films containing Fe are stable as deposited. The oxidation of Ni(OH)2 to NiOOH in Ni films occurs at potentials below the onset of the OER. Incorporation of Fe into the film increases the potential at which Ni(OH)2/NiOOH redox occurs and decreases the average oxidation state of Ni in NiOOH. The Tafel slope (40 mV dec(-1)) and reaction order in OH(-) (1) for the mixed Ni-Fe films (containing up to 95% Fe) are the same as those for aged Ni films. In situ Raman spectra acquired in 0.1 M KOH at OER potentials show two bands characteristic of NiOOH. The relative intensities of these bands vary with Fe content, indicating a change in the local environment of Ni-O. Similar changes in the relative intensities of the bands and an increase in OER activity are observed when pure Ni films are aged. These observations suggest that the OER is catalyzed by Ni in Ni-Fe films and that the presence of Fe alters the redox properties of Ni, causing a positive shift in the potential at which Ni(OH)2/NiOOH redox occurs, a decrease in the average oxidation state of the Ni sites, and a concurrent increase in the activity of Ni cations for the OER.
|
C78458016
|
Evolutionary biology
|
https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/mst197
|
sub-field of biology
|
MEGA6: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis Version 6.0
|
[
{
"display_name": "Biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.6660644,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420"
},
{
"display_name": "Phylogenetic tree",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C193252679",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6090472,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q242125"
},
{
"display_name": "Mega-",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781078984",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5820974,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107205"
},
{
"display_name": "Phylogenetics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C90132467",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.55383146,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171184"
},
{
"display_name": "Divergence (linguistics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C207390915",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5443889,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1230525"
},
{
"display_name": "Inference",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776214188",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5366354,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386"
},
{
"display_name": "Wizard",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776784076",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.49155554,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q580334"
},
{
"display_name": "Graphical user interface",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C37789001",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47767124,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q782543"
},
{
"display_name": "Human evolutionary genetics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C167683757",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.47231814,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5937774"
},
{
"display_name": "Software",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777904410",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4381397,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.42937353,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Multiple sequence alignment",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C88031987",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.42227778,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1377767"
},
{
"display_name": "Sequence (biology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778112365",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41270375,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3511065"
},
{
"display_name": "Evolutionary biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C78458016",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4099362,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400"
},
{
"display_name": "Sequence alignment",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C45484198",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.3587775,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q827246"
}
] |
We announce the release of an advanced version of the Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis (MEGA) software, which currently contains facilities for building sequence alignments, inferring phylogenetic histories, and conducting molecular evolutionary analysis. In version 6.0, MEGA now enables the inference of timetrees, as it implements the RelTime method for estimating divergence times for all branching points in a phylogeny. A new Timetree Wizard in MEGA6 facilitates this timetree inference by providing a graphical user interface (GUI) to specify the phylogeny and calibration constraints step-by-step. This version also contains enhanced algorithms to search for the optimal trees under evolutionary criteria and implements a more advanced memory management that can double the size of sequence data sets to which MEGA can be applied. Both GUI and command-line versions of MEGA6 can be downloaded from www.megasoftware.net free of charge.
|
C78458016
|
Evolutionary biology
|
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1985.tb00420.x
|
sub-field of biology
|
CONFIDENCE LIMITS ON PHYLOGENIES: AN APPROACH USING THE BOOTSTRAP
|
[
{
"display_name": "Biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.9157255,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420"
},
{
"display_name": "Confidence interval",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C44249647",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5249143,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208498"
},
{
"display_name": "Evolutionary biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C78458016",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4292137,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400"
},
{
"display_name": "Statistics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C105795698",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.34766257,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483"
}
] |
The recently-developed statistical method known as the "bootstrap" can be used to place confidence intervals on phylogenies. It involves resampling points from one's own data, with replacement, to create a series of bootstrap samples of the same size as the original data. Each of these is analyzed, and the variation among the resulting estimates taken to indicate the size of the error involved in making estimates from the original data. In the case of phylogenies, it is argued that the proper method of resampling is to keep all of the original species while sampling characters with replacement, under the assumption that the characters have been independently drawn by the systematist and have evolved independently. Majority-rule consensus trees can be used to construct a phylogeny showing all of the inferred monophyletic groups that occurred in a majority of the bootstrap samples. If a group shows up 95% of the time or more, the evidence for it is taken to be statistically significant. Existing computer programs can be used to analyze different bootstrap samples by using weights on the characters, the weight of a character being how many times it was drawn in bootstrap sampling. When all characters are perfectly compatible, as envisioned by Hennig, bootstrap sampling becomes unnecessary; the bootstrap method would show significant evidence for a group if it is defined by three or more characters.
|
C78458016
|
Evolutionary biology
|
https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msr121
|
sub-field of biology
|
MEGA5: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis Using Maximum Likelihood, Evolutionary Distance, and Maximum Parsimony Methods
|
[
{
"display_name": "Phylogenetic tree",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C193252679",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.7961995,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q242125"
},
{
"display_name": "Biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.75764906,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420"
},
{
"display_name": "Maximum parsimony",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C22799545",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.64872503,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1805805"
},
{
"display_name": "Mega-",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781078984",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.636194,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107205"
},
{
"display_name": "Phylogenetics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C90132467",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5265054,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171184"
},
{
"display_name": "Tree (set theory)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C113174947",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5169298,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2859736"
},
{
"display_name": "Evolutionary biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C78458016",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.51579165,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400"
},
{
"display_name": "Molecular evolution",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C166393388",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.50278234,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q856529"
},
{
"display_name": "Software",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777904410",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.44487754,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397"
},
{
"display_name": "Inference",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776214188",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4301988,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386"
},
{
"display_name": "Computational biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C70721500",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.38033903,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177005"
}
] |
Comparative analysis of molecular sequence data is essential for reconstructing the evolutionary histories of species and inferring the nature and extent of selective forces shaping the evolution of genes and species. Here, we announce the release of Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis version 5 (MEGA5), which is a user-friendly software for mining online databases, building sequence alignments and phylogenetic trees, and using methods of evolutionary bioinformatics in basic biology, biomedicine, and evolution. The newest addition in MEGA5 is a collection of maximum likelihood (ML) analyses for inferring evolutionary trees, selecting best-fit substitution models (nucleotide or amino acid), inferring ancestral states and sequences (along with probabilities), and estimating evolutionary rates site-by-site. In computer simulation analyses, ML tree inference algorithms in MEGA5 compared favorably with other software packages in terms of computational efficiency and the accuracy of the estimates of phylogenetic trees, substitution parameters, and rate variation among sites. The MEGA user interface has now been enhanced to be activity driven to make it easier for the use of both beginners and experienced scientists. This version of MEGA is intended for the Windows platform, and it has been configured for effective use on Mac OS X and Linux desktops. It is available free of charge from http://www.megasoftware.net.
|
C78458016
|
Evolutionary biology
|
https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msw054
|
sub-field of biology
|
MEGA7: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis Version 7.0 for Bigger Datasets
|
[
{
"display_name": "Biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.93467796,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420"
},
{
"display_name": "Human evolutionary genetics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C167683757",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.6440478,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5937774"
},
{
"display_name": "Evolutionary biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C78458016",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.60514706,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400"
},
{
"display_name": "Computational biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C70721500",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.43715066,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177005"
},
{
"display_name": "Molecular evolution",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C166393388",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.42207375,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q856529"
},
{
"display_name": "Genetics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C54355233",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.41489285,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162"
}
] |
Abstract We present the latest version of the Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis (M ega ) software, which contains many sophisticated methods and tools for phylogenomics and phylomedicine. In this major upgrade, M ega has been optimized for use on 64-bit computing systems for analyzing larger datasets. Researchers can now explore and analyze tens of thousands of sequences in M ega . The new version also provides an advanced wizard for building timetrees and includes a new functionality to automatically predict gene duplication events in gene family trees. The 64-bit M ega is made available in two interfaces: graphical and command line. The graphical user interface (GUI) is a native Microsoft Windows application that can also be used on Mac OS X. The command line M ega is available as native applications for Windows, Linux, and Mac OS X. They are intended for use in high-throughput and scripted analysis. Both versions are available from www.megasoftware.net free of charge.
|
C78458016
|
Evolutionary biology
|
https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/155.2.945
|
sub-field of biology
|
Inference of Population Structure Using Multilocus Genotype Data
|
[
{
"display_name": "Biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.88589203,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420"
},
{
"display_name": "Microsatellite",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C61320498",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.7246014,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q265193"
},
{
"display_name": "Genotype",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C135763542",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.69972193,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q106016"
},
{
"display_name": "Locus (genetics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C84597430",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6394267,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q106227"
},
{
"display_name": "Genetics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C54355233",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.6267232,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162"
},
{
"display_name": "Inference",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776214188",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5956359,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386"
},
{
"display_name": "Population",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2908647359",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5881674,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603"
},
{
"display_name": "Population genetics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C85721925",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5372448,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31151"
},
{
"display_name": "Cluster analysis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C73555534",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5149923,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825"
},
{
"display_name": "Allele",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C180754005",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5032615,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80726"
},
{
"display_name": "Genetic structure",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C46576788",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.5004599,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532925"
},
{
"display_name": "Population structure",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2983611323",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.47786158,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7229822"
},
{
"display_name": "Evolutionary biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C78458016",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4755449,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400"
},
{
"display_name": "Allele frequency",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C37463918",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.46225306,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q387981"
},
{
"display_name": "Genetic data",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2993807623",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.45772183,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7020"
},
{
"display_name": "Computational biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C70721500",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.34770107,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177005"
}
] |
Abstract We describe a model-based clustering method for using multilocus genotype data to infer population structure and assign individuals to populations. We assume a model in which there are K populations (where K may be unknown), each of which is characterized by a set of allele frequencies at each locus. Individuals in the sample are assigned (probabilistically) to populations, or jointly to two or more populations if their genotypes indicate that they are admixed. Our model does not assume a particular mutation process, and it can be applied to most of the commonly used genetic markers, provided that they are not closely linked. Applications of our method include demonstrating the presence of population structure, assigning individuals to populations, studying hybrid zones, and identifying migrants and admixed individuals. We show that the method can produce highly accurate assignments using modest numbers of loci—e.g., seven microsatellite loci in an example using genotype data from an endangered bird species. The software used for this article is available from http://www.stats.ox.ac.uk/~pritch/home.html.
|
C78458016
|
Evolutionary biology
|
https://doi.org/10.1186/gb-2009-10-3-r25
|
sub-field of biology
|
Ultrafast and memory-efficient alignment of short DNA sequences to the human genome
|
[
{
"display_name": "Biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.85096824,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420"
},
{
"display_name": "Human genetics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C47042493",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.77711624,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q265799"
},
{
"display_name": "Human genome",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C197077220",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.62809044,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q720988"
},
{
"display_name": "Genome",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C141231307",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.59753793,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7020"
},
{
"display_name": "Computational biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C70721500",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5605996,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177005"
},
{
"display_name": "Genetics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C54355233",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5436075,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162"
},
{
"display_name": "Genome Biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C64015301",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.52870905,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5533480"
},
{
"display_name": "Computational genomics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39238701",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.5162801,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2091816"
},
{
"display_name": "DNA",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C552990157",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5098895,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7430"
},
{
"display_name": "DNA sequencing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C51679486",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.43758646,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380546"
},
{
"display_name": "Evolutionary biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C78458016",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4190398,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400"
},
{
"display_name": "Genomics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C189206191",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.3925833,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q222046"
}
] |
Abstract Bowtie is an ultrafast, memory-efficient alignment program for aligning short DNA sequence reads to large genomes. For the human genome, Burrows-Wheeler indexing allows Bowtie to align more than 25 million reads per CPU hour with a memory footprint of approximately 1.3 gigabytes. Bowtie extends previous Burrows-Wheeler techniques with a novel quality-aware backtracking algorithm that permits mismatches. Multiple processor cores can be used simultaneously to achieve even greater alignment speeds. Bowtie is open source http://bowtie.cbcb.umd.edu .
|
C78458016
|
Evolutionary biology
|
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294x.2005.02553.x
|
sub-field of biology
|
Detecting the number of clusters of individuals using the software <scp>structure</scp>: a simulation study
|
[
{
"display_name": "Biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.71438503,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420"
},
{
"display_name": "Bayesian probability",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C107673813",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5594854,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q812534"
},
{
"display_name": "Homogeneous",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C66882249",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5340653,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169336"
},
{
"display_name": "Statistic",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C89128539",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5324987,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1949963"
},
{
"display_name": "Biological dispersal",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C47559259",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.52118176,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q778143"
},
{
"display_name": "Identification (biology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C116834253",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.51101935,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217"
},
{
"display_name": "Statistics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C105795698",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.49691775,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483"
},
{
"display_name": "Microsatellite",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C61320498",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.48171622,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q265193"
},
{
"display_name": "Population",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2908647359",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.46972266,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603"
},
{
"display_name": "Software",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777904410",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4524048,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397"
},
{
"display_name": "Sample size determination",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C129848803",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.44593903,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2564360"
},
{
"display_name": "Sample (material)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C198531522",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.44108376,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485146"
},
{
"display_name": "Evolutionary biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C78458016",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4253684,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.31212097,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
}
] |
Abstract The identification of genetically homogeneous groups of individuals is a long standing issue in population genetics. A recent Bayesian algorithm implemented in the software structure allows the identification of such groups. However, the ability of this algorithm to detect the true number of clusters ( K ) in a sample of individuals when patterns of dispersal among populations are not homogeneous has not been tested. The goal of this study is to carry out such tests, using various dispersal scenarios from data generated with an individual‐based model. We found that in most cases the estimated ‘log probability of data’ does not provide a correct estimation of the number of clusters, K . However, using an ad hoc statistic Δ K based on the rate of change in the log probability of data between successive K values, we found that structure accurately detects the uppermost hierarchical level of structure for the scenarios we tested. As might be expected, the results are sensitive to the type of genetic marker used (AFLP vs. microsatellite), the number of loci scored, the number of populations sampled, and the number of individuals typed in each sample.
|
C78458016
|
Evolutionary biology
|
https://doi.org/10.1038/nature15393
|
sub-field of biology
|
A global reference for human genetic variation
|
[
{
"display_name": "Variation (astronomy)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778334786",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6845215,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1586270"
},
{
"display_name": "Human genetic variation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C40583040",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.6492831,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1502105"
},
{
"display_name": "Genetic variation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C68873052",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.53355294,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q349856"
},
{
"display_name": "Evolutionary biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C78458016",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.44469312,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400"
},
{
"display_name": "Biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.38997254,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420"
},
{
"display_name": "Computational biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C70721500",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.32843754,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177005"
},
{
"display_name": "Human genome",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C197077220",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.31522876,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q720988"
},
{
"display_name": "Genetics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C54355233",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.30133876,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162"
}
] |
The 1000 Genomes Project set out to provide a comprehensive description of common human genetic variation by applying whole-genome sequencing to a diverse set of individuals from multiple populations. Here we report completion of the project, having reconstructed the genomes of 2,504 individuals from 26 populations using a combination of low-coverage whole-genome sequencing, deep exome sequencing, and dense microarray genotyping. We characterized a broad spectrum of genetic variation, in total over 88 million variants (84.7 million single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), 3.6 million short insertions/deletions (indels), and 60,000 structural variants), all phased onto high-quality haplotypes. This resource includes >99% of SNP variants with a frequency of >1% for a variety of ancestries. We describe the distribution of genetic variation across the global sample, and discuss the implications for common disease studies.
|
C71240020
|
Stereochemistry
|
https://doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9258(17)37680-9
|
subdiscipline of chemistry about stereoisomers and the relative spatial arrangement of atoms
|
A specific inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, 2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one (LY294002).
|
[
{
"display_name": "Benzopyran",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776286485",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.76306176,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q421311"
},
{
"display_name": "Phosphatidylinositol",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780610907",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6507224,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2273248"
},
{
"display_name": "LY294002",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776912716",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.5855944,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4042503"
},
{
"display_name": "Chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185592680",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.54303795,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329"
},
{
"display_name": "Kinase",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C184235292",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47118428,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q421851"
},
{
"display_name": "Stereochemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71240020",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.44200745,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186011"
}
] |
Phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) 3-kinase is an enzyme implicated in growth factor signal transduction by associating with receptor and nonreceptor tyrosine kinases, including the platelet-derived growth factor receptor. Inhibitors of PtdIns 3-kinase could potentially give a better understanding of the function and regulatory mechanisms of the enzyme. Quercetin, a naturally occurring bioflavinoid, was previously shown to inhibit PtdIns 3-kinase with an IC50 of 1.3 microgram/ml (3.8 microM); inhibition appeared to be directed at the ATP-binding site of the kinase. Analogs of quercetin were investigated as PtdIns 3-kinase inhibitors, with the most potent ones exhibiting IC50 values in the range of 1.7-8.4 micrograms/ml. In contrast, genistein, a potent tyrosine kinase inhibitor of the isoflavone class, did not inhibit PtdIns 3-kinase significantly (IC50 > 30 micrograms/ml). Since quercetin has also been shown to inhibit other PtdIns and protein kinases, other chromones were evaluated as inhibitors of PtdIns 3-kinase without affecting PtdIns 4-kinase or selected protein kinases. One such compound, 2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one (also known as 2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenylchromone, LY294002), completely and specifically abolished PtdIns 3-kinase activity (IC50 = 0.43 microgram/ml; 1.40 microM) but did not inhibit PtdIns 4-kinase or tested protein and lipid kinases. Analogs of LY294002 demonstrated a very selective structure-activity relationship, with slight changes in structure causing marked decreases in inhibition. LY294002 was shown to completely abolish PtdIns 3-kinase activity in fMet-Leu-Phe-stimulated human neutrophils, as well as inhibit proliferation of smooth muscle cells in cultured rabbit aortic segments. Since PtdIns 3-kinase appears to be centrally involved with growth factor signal transduction, the development of specific inhibitors against the kinase may be beneficial in the treatment of proliferative diseases as well as in elucidating the biological role of the kinase in cellular proliferation and growth factor response.
|
C71240020
|
Stereochemistry
|
https://doi.org/10.1128/aac.39.6.1211
|
subdiscipline of chemistry about stereoisomers and the relative spatial arrangement of atoms
|
A functional classification scheme for beta-lactamases and its correlation with molecular structure
|
[
{
"display_name": "Enzyme",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C181199279",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6617788,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8047"
},
{
"display_name": "Chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185592680",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.51114064,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329"
},
{
"display_name": "Stereochemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71240020",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.49849868,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186011"
},
{
"display_name": "Biochemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C55493867",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4807034,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094"
},
{
"display_name": "Clavulanic acid",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779454058",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.48056343,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q415709"
},
{
"display_name": "Active site",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41183919",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4779658,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q423026"
},
{
"display_name": "Cephalosporin",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C64778159",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.46590075,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q271021"
},
{
"display_name": "Lactam",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776131168",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41864422,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251124"
},
{
"display_name": "Amino acid",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C515207424",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4145477,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8066"
},
{
"display_name": "Antibiotics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C501593827",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.36307573,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12187"
}
] |
A classification scheme for b-lactamases based on functional characteristics is presented. Three major groups of enzymes are defined by their substrate and inhibitor profiles: group 1 cephalosporinases that are not well inhibited by clavulanic acid; group 2 penicillinases, cephalosporinases, and broadspectrum b-lactamases that are generally inhibited by active site-directed b-lactamase inhibitors; and the group 3 metallob-lactamases that hydrolyze penicillins, cephalosporins, and carbapenems and that are poorly inhibited by almost all b-lactam-containing molecules. Functional characteristics have been correlated with molecular structure in a dendrogram for those enzymes with known amino acid sequences. b-Lactamases (EC 3.5.2.6) have been designated by the Nomenclature Committee of the International Union of Biochemistry as ‘‘enzymes hydrolysing amides, amidines and other CON bonds . . . separated on the basis of the substrate: . . . cyclic amides’’ (323). These enzymes are the major cause of bacterial resistance to b-lactam antibiotics and have been the subject of extensive microbiological, biochemical, and genetic investigations. Investigators have described more than 190 unique bacterial proteins with the ability to interact with the variety of b-lactam-containing molecules that can serve as sub-
|
C71240020
|
Stereochemistry
|
https://doi.org/10.1128/aac.01009-09
|
subdiscipline of chemistry about stereoisomers and the relative spatial arrangement of atoms
|
Updated Functional Classification of β-Lactamases
|
[
{
"display_name": "Serine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776414213",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.67667204,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183290"
},
{
"display_name": "Enzyme",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C181199279",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.64837044,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8047"
},
{
"display_name": "Classification scheme",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C13460635",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.54867375,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q85753676"
},
{
"display_name": "Substrate (aquarium)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777289219",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42666894,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7632154"
},
{
"display_name": "Sequence (biology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778112365",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4223485,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3511065"
},
{
"display_name": "Substrate specificity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2994592520",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4185825,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5090496"
},
{
"display_name": "Hydrolysis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94412978",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41131523,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q103135"
},
{
"display_name": "Chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185592680",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.40700907,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329"
},
{
"display_name": "Stereochemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71240020",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.40670663,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186011"
},
{
"display_name": "Biochemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C55493867",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.38932204,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094"
},
{
"display_name": "Biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.38883513,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420"
},
{
"display_name": "Computational biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C70721500",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3822473,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177005"
}
] |
Two classification schemes for beta-lactamases are currently in use. The molecular classification is based on the amino acid sequence and divides beta-lactamases into class A, C, and D enzymes which utilize serine for beta-lactam hydrolysis and class B metalloenzymes which require divalent zinc ions for substrate hydrolysis. The functional classification scheme updated herein is based on the 1995 proposal by Bush et al. (K. Bush, G. A. Jacoby, and A. A. Medeiros, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 39:1211-1233, 1995). It takes into account substrate and inhibitor profiles in an attempt to group the enzymes in ways that can be correlated with their phenotype in clinical isolates. Major groupings generally correlate with the more broadly based molecular classification. The updated system includes group 1 (class C) cephalosporinases; group 2 (classes A and D) broad-spectrum, inhibitor-resistant, and extended-spectrum beta-lactamases and serine carbapenemases; and group 3 metallo-beta-lactamases. Several new subgroups of each of the major groups are described, based on specific attributes of individual enzymes. A list of attributes is also suggested for the description of a new beta-lactamase, including the requisite microbiological properties, substrate and inhibitor profiles, and molecular sequence data that provide an adequate characterization for a new beta-lactam-hydrolyzing enzyme.
|
C71240020
|
Stereochemistry
|
https://doi.org/10.1093/protein/5.3.197
|
subdiscipline of chemistry about stereoisomers and the relative spatial arrangement of atoms
|
The <i>α</i>/<i>β</i> hydrolase fold
|
[
{
"display_name": "Catalytic triad",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C145770059",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.9535929,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q751908"
},
{
"display_name": "Serine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776414213",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.7402917,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183290"
},
{
"display_name": "Histidine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778460671",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.7047827,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485277"
},
{
"display_name": "Proteases",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C182220744",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5994288,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7251226"
},
{
"display_name": "Hydrolase",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780120296",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5764726,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q96286"
},
{
"display_name": "Enzyme",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C181199279",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.55707175,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8047"
},
{
"display_name": "Stereochemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71240020",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.49226156,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186011"
},
{
"display_name": "Active site",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41183919",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.46855244,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q423026"
},
{
"display_name": "Biochemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C55493867",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.46462613,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094"
},
{
"display_name": "Amino acid",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C515207424",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4606187,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8066"
},
{
"display_name": "Peptide sequence",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C167625842",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.44706115,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899763"
},
{
"display_name": "Chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185592680",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.44554627,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329"
},
{
"display_name": "Oxyanion hole",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C179506582",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.44407833,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7115108"
},
{
"display_name": "Triad (sociology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C176038584",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43274707,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q626432"
},
{
"display_name": "Cysteine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779201268",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.41821072,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186474"
},
{
"display_name": "Serine protease",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777807008",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.4155461,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q87324999"
},
{
"display_name": "Protease",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776714187",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.37417972,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q212410"
}
] |
We have identified a new protein fold—the α/β hydrolase fold—that is common to several hydrolytic enzymes of widely differing phylogenetic origin and catalytic function. The core of each enzyme is similar: an α/β sheet, not barrel, of eight β-sheets connected by α-helices. These enzymes have diverged from a common ancestor so as to preserve the arrangement of the catalytic residues, not the binding site. They all have a catalytic triad, the elements of which are borne on loops which are the best-conserved structural features in the fold. Only the histidine in the nucleophile-histidine-acid catalytic triad is completely conserved, with the nucleophile and acid loops accommodating more than one type of amino acid. The unique topological and sequence arrangement of the triad residues produces a catalytic triad which is, in a sense, a mirror-image of the serine protease catalytic triad. There are now four groups of enzymes which contain catalytic triads and which are related by convergent evolution towards a stable, useful active site: the eukaryotic serine proteases, the cysteine proteases, subtilisins and the α/β hydrolase fold enzymes.
|
C71240020
|
Stereochemistry
|
https://doi.org/10.1002/prot.340170110
|
subdiscipline of chemistry about stereoisomers and the relative spatial arrangement of atoms
|
Primary structure effects on peptide group hydrogen exchange
|
[
{
"display_name": "Dipeptide",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779138802",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.8535106,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418602"
},
{
"display_name": "Steric effects",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C201194858",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8383148,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q898238"
},
{
"display_name": "Chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185592680",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.735445,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329"
},
{
"display_name": "Peptide",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779281246",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.68021965,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172847"
},
{
"display_name": "Amino acid",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C515207424",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5928038,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8066"
},
{
"display_name": "Side chain",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C204921945",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5814191,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899689"
},
{
"display_name": "Alanine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779856020",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.51829046,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q218642"
},
{
"display_name": "Hydrogen bond",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C112887158",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4773562,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169324"
},
{
"display_name": "Solvent",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780471494",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.44140634,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146505"
},
{
"display_name": "Additive function",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C38803922",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4375665,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q95745348"
},
{
"display_name": "Stereochemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71240020",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4356471,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186011"
}
] |
Abstract The rate of exchange of peptide group NH hydrogens with the hydrogens of aqueous solvent is sensitive to neighboring side chains. To evaluate the effects of protein side chains, all 20 naturally occurring amino acids were studied using dipeptide models. Both inductive and steric blocking effects are apparent. The additivity of nearest‐neighbor blocking and inductive effects was tested in oligo‐and polypeptides and, suprisingly, confirmed. Reference rates for alanine‐containing peptides were determined and effects of temperature considered. These results provide the information necessary to evaluate measured protein NH to ND exchange rates by comparing them with rates to be expected for the same amino acid sequence is unstructured aligo‐ and polypeptides. The application of this approach to protein studies is discussed. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
|
C71240020
|
Stereochemistry
|
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1168750
|
subdiscipline of chemistry about stereoisomers and the relative spatial arrangement of atoms
|
Structure of P-Glycoprotein Reveals a Molecular Basis for Poly-Specific Drug Binding
|
[
{
"display_name": "Multiple drug resistance",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C133936738",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6232716,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q643839"
},
{
"display_name": "Chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185592680",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.61602354,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329"
},
{
"display_name": "P-glycoprotein",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778707650",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.5978046,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q412902"
},
{
"display_name": "Drug",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780035454",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5972496,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8386"
},
{
"display_name": "Cytoplasm",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C190062978",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.58010536,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79899"
},
{
"display_name": "Lipid bilayer",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39944091",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.57200825,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q423279"
},
{
"display_name": "Binding site",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C107824862",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5379586,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q616005"
},
{
"display_name": "Rational design",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C53105671",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.48882598,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14777816"
},
{
"display_name": "Plasma protein binding",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C51639874",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4736853,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167149"
},
{
"display_name": "Angstrom",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C37407028",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.45919147,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81454"
},
{
"display_name": "Glycoprotein",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C108625454",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42396942,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187126"
},
{
"display_name": "Stereochemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71240020",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.41882086,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186011"
},
{
"display_name": "Peptide",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779281246",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41600937,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172847"
},
{
"display_name": "Drug design",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C192071366",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41192776,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2991682"
},
{
"display_name": "Biochemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C55493867",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.40341973,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094"
},
{
"display_name": "Biophysics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C12554922",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3778935,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7100"
}
] |
P-glycoprotein (P-gp) detoxifies cells by exporting hundreds of chemically unrelated toxins but has been implicated in multidrug resistance (MDR) in the treatment of cancers. Substrate promiscuity is a hallmark of P-gp activity, thus a structural description of poly-specific drug-binding is important for the rational design of anticancer drugs and MDR inhibitors. The x-ray structure of apo P-gp at 3.8 angstroms reveals an internal cavity of approximately 6000 angstroms cubed with a 30 angstrom separation of the two nucleotide-binding domains. Two additional P-gp structures with cyclic peptide inhibitors demonstrate distinct drug-binding sites in the internal cavity capable of stereoselectivity that is based on hydrophobic and aromatic interactions. Apo and drug-bound P-gp structures have portals open to the cytoplasm and the inner leaflet of the lipid bilayer for drug entry. The inward-facing conformation represents an initial stage of the transport cycle that is competent for drug binding.
|
C71240020
|
Stereochemistry
|
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.83.18.7104
|
subdiscipline of chemistry about stereoisomers and the relative spatial arrangement of atoms
|
The anticonvulsant MK-801 is a potent N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Phencyclidine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778851735",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.78163564,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q407324"
},
{
"display_name": "Chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185592680",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.64752114,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329"
},
{
"display_name": "Kainate receptor",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C189184402",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.5986896,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454536"
},
{
"display_name": "Dizocilpine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777836312",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.5773676,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4386371"
},
{
"display_name": "NMDA receptor",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C67018056",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.52188736,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q414896"
},
{
"display_name": "Pharmacology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C98274493",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4712817,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128406"
},
{
"display_name": "Mechanism of action",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776120743",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4417083,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3271540"
},
{
"display_name": "Stereochemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71240020",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4125327,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186011"
},
{
"display_name": "Receptor",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C170493617",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.33164147,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208467"
}
] |
The compound MK-801 [(+)-5-methyl-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d] cyclohepten-5,10-imine maleate)] is a potent anticonvulsant that is active after oral administration and whose mechanism of action is unknown. We have detected high-affinity (Kd = 37.2 +/- 2.7 nM) binding sites for [3H]MK-801 in rat brain membranes. These sites are heat-labile, stereoselective, and regionally specific, with the hippocampus showing the highest density of sites, followed by cerebral cortex, corpus striatum, and medulla-pons. There was no detectable binding in the cerebellum. MK-801 binding sites exhibited a novel pharmacological profile, since none of the major neurotransmitter candidates were active at these sites. The only compounds that were able to compete for [3H]MK-801 binding sites were substances known to block the responses of excitatory amino acids mediated by the N-methyl-D-aspartate (N-Me-D-Asp) receptor subtype. These comprised the dissociative anesthetics phencyclidine and ketamine and the sigma-type opioid N-allylnormetazocine (SKF 10,047). Neurophysiological studies in vitro, using a rat cortical-slice preparation, demonstrated a potent, selective, and noncompetitive antagonistic action of MK-801 on depolarizing responses to N-Me-D-Asp but not to kainate or quisqualate. The potencies of phencyclidine, ketamine, SKF 10,047, and the enantiomers of MK-801 as N-Me-D-Asp antagonists correlated closely (r = 0.99) with their potencies as inhibitors of [3H]MK-801 binding. This suggests that the MK-801 binding sites are associated with N-Me-D-Asp receptors and provides an explanation for the mechanism of action of MK-801 as an anticonvulsant.
|
C71240020
|
Stereochemistry
|
https://doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9258(18)94484-4
|
subdiscipline of chemistry about stereoisomers and the relative spatial arrangement of atoms
|
Substrate-inducible Microsomal Aryl Hydroxylase in Mammalian Cell Culture
|
[
{
"display_name": "Anthracene",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779563022",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.76054955,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422152"
},
{
"display_name": "Microsome",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C87644729",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.72872925,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q547502"
},
{
"display_name": "Chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185592680",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.7184059,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329"
},
{
"display_name": "Substrate (aquarium)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777289219",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6835067,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7632154"
},
{
"display_name": "Enzyme",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C181199279",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.65201944,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8047"
},
{
"display_name": "Pyrene",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778951431",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.61083144,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q415723"
},
{
"display_name": "Methylcholanthrene",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780303067",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5497683,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q223099"
},
{
"display_name": "Divalent",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C74884574",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5060126,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171407"
},
{
"display_name": "Enzyme assay",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C28212737",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.46071324,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5381543"
},
{
"display_name": "Biochemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C55493867",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.45519245,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094"
},
{
"display_name": "Enzyme inducer",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C132154277",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4428473,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5381545"
},
{
"display_name": "Stereochemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71240020",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.44058937,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186011"
},
{
"display_name": "Metabolism",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C62231903",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41268733,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1057"
},
{
"display_name": "Carcinogen",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C114246631",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.3179354,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187661"
}
] |
Abstract The aryl hydroxylase enzyme system is inducible in hamster fetus cell cultures. The enzyme system is localized in the 105,000 x g pellet (microsomal fraction), has an absolute requirement for NADPH and molecular O2, a pH optimum of pH 7.5, and a partial requirement for divalent cations. Exposure to carbon monoxide reduces the enzyme activity. Treatment with ethylenediaminetetraacetate or trypsin completely prevents enzymatic activity. The Km for the hydroxylase is approximately 0.6 µm with benzo[a]pyrene as substrate. Benz[a]anthracene, 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene, 3-methylcholanthrene, dibenz[a,h]anthracene, and dibenz[a,c]anthracene are also substrates for the enzyme system. The spectrophotofluorometric determination of hydroxylated benzo[a]pyrene products is sufficiently sensitive to detect 10-12 mole per ml and, hence, has great utility in measuring the hydroxylase activity of cells grown in culture. This mammalian cell culture system is advantageous for the study of the mechanism of microsomal enzyme induction and the related areas of carcinogenesis and drug and steroid metabolism.
|
C90924648
|
Gastroenterology
|
https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa1200690
|
branch of medicine focused on the digestive system and its disorders
|
Safety, Activity, and Immune Correlates of Anti–PD-1 Antibody in Cancer
|
[
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.93193305,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Adverse effect",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C197934379",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6730435,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2047938"
},
{
"display_name": "Melanoma",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777658100",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5814073,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180614"
},
{
"display_name": "Cancer",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121608353",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5732494,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12078"
},
{
"display_name": "Internal medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126322002",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5597886,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180"
},
{
"display_name": "Lung cancer",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776256026",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5518695,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47912"
},
{
"display_name": "Immune system",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C8891405",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.54262894,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1059"
},
{
"display_name": "Prostate cancer",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780192828",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4717109,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181257"
},
{
"display_name": "Gastroenterology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C90924648",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.46042562,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q120569"
},
{
"display_name": "Antibody",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C159654299",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.451041,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79460"
},
{
"display_name": "Renal cell carcinoma",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777472916",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4209385,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1164529"
},
{
"display_name": "Oncology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C143998085",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3877526,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162555"
},
{
"display_name": "Immunology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C203014093",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.33469415,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101929"
}
] |
Blockade of programmed death 1 (PD-1), an inhibitory receptor expressed by T cells, can overcome immune resistance. We assessed the antitumor activity and safety of BMS-936558, an antibody that specifically blocks PD-1.
|
C90924648
|
Gastroenterology
|
https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.28431
|
branch of medicine focused on the digestive system and its disorders
|
Global epidemiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease—Meta‐analytic assessment of prevalence, incidence, and outcomes
|
[
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.85802686,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Internal medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126322002",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.75864315,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180"
},
{
"display_name": "Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776954865",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.74699265,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1546498"
},
{
"display_name": "Metabolic syndrome",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780578515",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.65519685,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q657193"
},
{
"display_name": "Epidemiology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C107130276",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5235828,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133805"
},
{
"display_name": "Gastroenterology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C90924648",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5062043,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q120569"
},
{
"display_name": "Incidence (geometry)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C61511704",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4961551,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1671857"
},
{
"display_name": "Fatty liver",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778772119",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4888355,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6058862"
},
{
"display_name": "Population",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2908647359",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47325093,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603"
},
{
"display_name": "Cirrhosis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777214474",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.46757296,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147778"
},
{
"display_name": "Type 2 diabetes",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777180221",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.45313472,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3025883"
},
{
"display_name": "Diabetes mellitus",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C555293320",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.37536922,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12206"
},
{
"display_name": "Obesity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C511355011",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.34960192,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12174"
}
] |
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a major cause of liver disease worldwide. We estimated the global prevalence, incidence, progression, and outcomes of NAFLD and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). PubMed/MEDLINE were searched from 1989 to 2015 for terms involving epidemiology and progression of NAFLD. Exclusions included selected groups (studies that exclusively enrolled morbidly obese or diabetics or pediatric) and no data on alcohol consumption or other liver diseases. Incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), cirrhosis, overall mortality, and liver-related mortality were determined. NASH required histological diagnosis. All studies were reviewed by three independent investigators. Analysis was stratified by region, diagnostic technique, biopsy indication, and study population. We used random-effects models to provide point estimates (95% confidence interval [CI]) of prevalence, incidence, mortality and incidence rate ratios, and metaregression with subgroup analysis to account for heterogeneity. Of 729 studies, 86 were included with a sample size of 8,515,431 from 22 countries. Global prevalence of NAFLD is 25.24% (95% CI: 22.10-28.65) with highest prevalence in the Middle East and South America and lowest in Africa. Metabolic comorbidities associated with NAFLD included obesity (51.34%; 95% CI: 41.38-61.20), type 2 diabetes (22.51%; 95% CI: 17.92-27.89), hyperlipidemia (69.16%; 95% CI: 49.91-83.46%), hypertension (39.34%; 95% CI: 33.15-45.88), and metabolic syndrome (42.54%; 95% CI: 30.06-56.05). Fibrosis progression proportion, and mean annual rate of progression in NASH were 40.76% (95% CI: 34.69-47.13) and 0.09 (95% CI: 0.06-0.12). HCC incidence among NAFLD patients was 0.44 per 1,000 person-years (range, 0.29-0.66). Liver-specific mortality and overall mortality among NAFLD and NASH were 0.77 per 1,000 (range, 0.33-1.77) and 11.77 per 1,000 person-years (range, 7.10-19.53) and 15.44 per 1,000 (range, 11.72-20.34) and 25.56 per 1,000 person-years (range, 6.29-103.80). Incidence risk ratios for liver-specific and overall mortality for NAFLD were 1.94 (range, 1.28-2.92) and 1.05 (range, 0.70-1.56).As the global epidemic of obesity fuels metabolic conditions, the clinical and economic burden of NAFLD will become enormous. (Hepatology 2016;64:73-84).
|
C90924648
|
Gastroenterology
|
https://doi.org/10.1056/nejm199603143341104
|
branch of medicine focused on the digestive system and its disorders
|
Liver Transplantation for the Treatment of Small Hepatocellular Carcinomas in Patients with Cirrhosis
|
[
{
"display_name": "Hepatocellular carcinoma",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778019345",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.9254447,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1148337"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.9235922,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Cirrhosis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777214474",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8448053,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147778"
},
{
"display_name": "Liver transplantation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779609443",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.7406385,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1368191"
},
{
"display_name": "Transplantation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2911091166",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6494093,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q106419912"
},
{
"display_name": "Gastroenterology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C90924648",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.62209773,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q120569"
},
{
"display_name": "Internal medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126322002",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5419624,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180"
},
{
"display_name": "Biopsy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2775934546",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5156864,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179991"
},
{
"display_name": "Survival rate",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776283816",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4663289,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q332823"
},
{
"display_name": "Hepatitis C",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776455275",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4216337,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q154869"
},
{
"display_name": "Surgery",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C141071460",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.34294558,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40821"
}
] |
The role of orthotopic liver transplantation in the treatment of patients with cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma is controversial, and determining which patients are likely to have a good outcome after liver transplantation is difficult.
|
C90924648
|
Gastroenterology
|
https://doi.org/10.1159/000444436
|
branch of medicine focused on the digestive system and its disorders
|
Changes of Intestinal Functions in Liver Cirrhosis
|
[
{
"display_name": "Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780999109",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.79944694,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1271831"
},
{
"display_name": "Gastroenterology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C90924648",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.79676175,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q120569"
},
{
"display_name": "Cirrhosis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777214474",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.78060436,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147778"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.7557912,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Internal medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126322002",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.73428017,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180"
},
{
"display_name": "Hepatic encephalopathy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780325230",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6667045,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q642548"
},
{
"display_name": "Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777364826",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6399499,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3128789"
},
{
"display_name": "Lactulose",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777448540",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6004119,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422689"
},
{
"display_name": "Intestinal permeability",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781071285",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47138247,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17141320"
},
{
"display_name": "Abdominal pain",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780955771",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43980467,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183425"
},
{
"display_name": "Diarrhea",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779802037",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41012514,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40878"
}
] |
<b><i>Background:</i></b> Understanding of the gut-liver axis is important for the up-to-date management of liver cirrhosis, and changes of intestinal functions form the core of this interesting research field. <b><i>Summary:</i></b> Most investigators noted small intestinal dysmotility in their patients with liver cirrhosis. Marked changes in the contraction pattern were observed in early manometric studies. The orocecal transit time, particularly small intestinal transit, has generally been reported to be prolonged, which has been demonstrated in multiple investigations to be related to the severity of the liver disease (e.g., Child-Pugh class), the presence of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) and hepatic encephalopathy (HE) as well as a history of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Bacteriologically proven SIBO in proximal jejunal aspiration has been reported to be present in up to 59% of cirrhotic patients and is associated with systemic endotoxemia. Clinical and experimental studies suggest that delayed small bowel transit in liver cirrhosis may lead to SIBO, which could contribute to the symptoms of abdominal pain and diarrhea. In addition to autonomic neuropathy, metabolic derangements and diabetic state, SIBO itself may delay intestinal transit in cirrhotic patients. Several studies, both from the West and the East, have shown that the gut microbiota is altered in cirrhotic patients and particularly those with HE. Further, a quantitative change in <i>Bacteroides/Firmicutes</i> ratio, with a prevalence of potentially pathogenic bacteria (e.g., <i>Enterobacteriaceae</i>) and reduction in specific commensals (e.g., <i>Lachnospiraceae</i>), has been described. Structural and functional changes in the intestinal mucosa that contribute to increases in intestinal permeability for bacteria and their products have been observed in patients with liver cirrhosis, which is considered as an important pathogenetic factor for several complications. The mechanism of intestinal barrier dysfunction in cirrhosis is multifactorial, including alcohol, portal hypertension (vascular congestion and dysregulation), endotoxemia, SIBO, local inflammation and, most likely, immunological factors and medications. <b><i>Key Messages:</i></b> This review summarizes major achievements regarding intestinal dysfunction in cirrhosis for future gastroenterology research. The question of whether this intestinal barrier dysfunction is accompanied and/or at least partly caused by structural and functional changes in the epithelial tight junction proteins is as yet unsolved. Development of new strategies to modulate gut-liver interaction is urgently needed.
|
C90924648
|
Gastroenterology
|
https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa020047
|
branch of medicine focused on the digestive system and its disorders
|
Peginterferon Alfa-2a plus Ribavirin for Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Infection
|
[
{
"display_name": "Ribavirin",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780040827",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.9271696,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q421862"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.91427326,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Peginterferon alfa-2a",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776235749",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.782199,
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"display_name": "Alpha interferon",
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C27081682",
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776178377",
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Treatment with peginterferon alfa-2a alone produces significantly higher sustained virologic responses than treatment with interferon alfa-2a alone in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. We compared the efficacy and safety of peginterferon alfa-2a plus ribavirin, interferon alfa-2b plus ribavirin, and peginterferon alfa-2a alone in the initial treatment of chronic hepatitis C.
|
C90924648
|
Gastroenterology
|
https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.29367
|
branch of medicine focused on the digestive system and its disorders
|
The diagnosis and management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Practice guidance from the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases
|
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Potential conflict of interest: Dr. Chalasani consults for and received grants from Eli Lilly. He consults for NuSirt, AbbVie, Afimmune, Tobira, Madrigal, Shire, Cempra, Ardelyx, Axovant, and Amarin. He received grants from Intercept, Gilead, Galectin, and Cumberland. Dr. Younossi consults for Bristol‐Myers Squibb, Gilead, Intercept, Allergan, and GlaxoSmithKline. He advises for Vertex and Janssen. Dr. Brunt advises for Gilead. Dr. Charlton consults for and received grants from Gilead, Intercept, NGM Bio, Genfit, and Novartis. He received grants from Conatus. Dr. Cusi consults for and received grants from Novo Nordisk. He consults for Tobira. He received grants from Cirius, Novartis, Janssen, Zydus, Nordic, and Lilly. Dr. Rinella consults for Intercept, Gilead, Genfit, Novartis, NGM Bio, and Nusirt. She advises for Fibrogen, Immuron, Enanta, and AbbVie. Dr. Harrison consults for Madrigal, NGM Bio, Genfit, Echosens, Prometheus, Cirius, Perspectum, and HistoIndex. He advises for Garland, Intercept, Novartis, and Pfizer. He is on the speakers' bureau for AbbVie, Gilead, and Alexion. Dr. Sanyal consults for and received grants from Salix, Conatus, Galectin, Gilead, malinckrodt, Echosens‐Sandhill, Novartis, and Sequana. He consults for and is employed by Sanyal Bio. He consults for and owns stock in GenFit, Hemoshear, Durect, and Indalo. He consults for Immuron, Intercept, Pfizer, Boehringer Ingleheim, Nimbus, Nitto Denko, Lilly, Novo Nordisk, Fractyl, Allergan, Chemomab, Affimmune, Teva, and Ardelyx. He received grants from Bristol‐Myers Squibb and Merck. He received royalties from UptoDate. He owns stock in Exhalenz, Arkana, and NewCo LLC. The funding for the development of this Practice Guidance was provided by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. This practice guidance was approved by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases on June 15, 2017. Preamble This guidance provides a data‐supported approach to the diagnostic, therapeutic, and preventive aspects of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) care. A "Guidance" document is different from a "Guideline." Guidelines are developed by a multidisciplinary panel of experts and rate the quality (level) of the evidence and the strength of each recommendation using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment Development, and Evaluation system. A guidance document is developed by a panel of experts in the topic, and guidance statements, not recommendations, are put forward to help clinicians understand and implement the most recent evidence. This Practice Guidance was commissioned by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD) and is an update to the Practice Guideline published in 2012 in conjunction with the American Gastroenterology Association and the American College of Gastroenterology (ACG).1 Sections where there have been no notable newer publications are not modified, so some paragraphs remain unchanged. This narrative review and guidance statements are based on the following: (1) a formal review and analysis of the recently published world literature on the topic (Medline search up to August 2016); (2) the American College of Physicians' Manual for Assessing Health Practices and Designing Practice Guidelines2; (3) guideline policies of the AASLD; and (4) the experience of the authors and independent reviewers with regard to NAFLD. This practice guidance is intended for use by physicians and other health professionals. As clinically appropriate, guidance statements should be tailored for individual patients. Specific guidance statements are evidence based whenever possible, and, when such evidence is not available or is inconsistent, guidance statements are made based on the consensus opinion of the authors.3 This is a practice guidance for clinicians rather than a review article, and interested readers can refer to several recent comprehensive reviews.4 Because this guidance document is lengthy, to make it easier for the reader, a list of all guidance statements and recommendations are provided in a tabular form as Supporting Table S1. Definitions For defining NAFLD, there must be (1) evidence of hepatic steatosis (HS), either by imaging or histology, and (2) lack of secondary causes of hepatic fat accumulation such as significant alcohol consumption, long‐term use of a steatogenic medication, or monogenic hereditary disorders (Table 1). In the majority of patients, NAFLD is commonly associated with metabolic comorbidities such as obesity, diabetes mellitus, and dyslipidemia. NAFLD can be categorized histologically into nonalcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) or nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH; Table 2). NAFL is defined as the presence of ≥5% HS without evidence of hepatocellular injury in the form of hepatocyte ballooning. NASH is defined as the presence of ≥5% HS and inflammation with hepatocyte injury (e.g., ballooning), with or without any fibrosis. For defining "advanced" fibrosis, this guidance document will be referring specifically to stages 3 or 4, that is, bridging fibrosis or cirrhosis. Table 1 - Common Causes of Secondary HS Macrovesicular steatosis ‐ Excessive alcohol consumption ‐ Hepatitis C (genotype 3) ‐ WD ‐ Lipodystrophy ‐ Starvation ‐ Parenteral nutrition ‐ Abetalipoproteinemia ‐ Medications (e.g., mipomersen, lomitapide, amiodarone, methotrexate, tamoxifen, corticosteroids) Microvesicular steatosis ‐ Reye's syndrome ‐ Medications (valproate, antiretroviral medicines) ‐ Acute fatty liver of pregnancy ‐ HELLP syndrome ‐ Inborn errors of metabolism (e.g., lecithin‐cholesterol acyltransferase deficiency, cholesterol ester storage disease, Wolman's disease) Table 2 - NAFLD and Related Definitions NAFLD Encompasses the entire spectrum of FLD in individuals without significant alcohol consumption, ranging from fatty liver to SH to cirrhosis NAFL Presence of ≥5% HS without evidence of hepatocellular injury in the form of ballooning of the hepatocytes or evidence of fibrosis. The risk of progression to cirrhosis and liver failure is considered minimal. NASH Presence of ≥5% HS with inflammation and hepatocyte injury (ballooning) with or without fibrosis. This can progress to cirrhosis, liver failure, and rarely liver cancer. NASH cirrhosis Presence of cirrhosis with current or previous histological evidence of steatosis or SH Cryptogenic cirrhosis Presence of cirrhosis with no obvious etiology. Patients with cryptogenic cirrhosis are heavily enriched with metabolic risk factors such as obesity and MetS. NAS An unweighted composite of steatosis, lobular inflammation, and ballooning scores. NAS is a useful tool to measure changes in liver histology in patients with NAFLD in clinical trials. Fibrosis is scored separately.126 SAF score A semiquantitative score consisting of steatosis amount, activity (lobular inflammation plus ballooning), and fibrosis.130 Incidence and Prevalence of NAFLD in the General Population INCIDENCE OF NAFLD There is a paucity of data regarding the incidence of NAFLD in the general population. A few studies have reported incidence of NAFLD from Asian countries, which are briefly summarized below: In a study that followed 11,448 subjects for 5 years, incidence of NAFLD documented by ultrasound was 12% (n = 1,418).10 In a study of 635 Nagasaki atomic bomb survivors who were followed for 11.6 years, incidence of NAFLD documented by ultrasound was 19.9 per 1,000 person‐years.11 In 565 subjects, the incidence of NAFLD at 3‐5 years, diagnosed using magnetic resonance (MR) imaging (MRI) and transient elastography (TE), was estimated to be 13.5% (34 per 1,000 person‐years).12 In a cohort study, 77,425 subjects free of NAFLD at baseline were followed for an average of 4.5 years. During 348,193.5 person‐years of follow‐up, 10,340 participants developed NAFLD documented by ultrasound, translating to an incidence rate of 29.7 per 1,000 person‐years.13 The incidence rates for NAFLD in the general population of Western countries are even less commonly reported: A study from England using International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (ICD‐10) codes reported an incidence rate for NAFLD of 29 per 100,000 person‐years. Given the inaccuracy of administrative coding such as ICD‐10, this study most likely underestimates the true incidence of NAFLD.14 A study from Israel reported an incidence rate of 28 per 1,000 person‐years.15 A recent meta‐analysis estimated that the pooled regional incidence of NAFLD from Asia to be 52.34 per 1,000 person‐years (95% confidence interval [CI], 28.31‐96.77) whereas the incidence rate from the West is estimated to be around 28 per 1,000 person‐years (95% CI, 19.34‐40.57).16 PREVALENCE OF NAFLD In contrast to the incidence data, there is a significantly higher number of publications describing the prevalence of NAFLD in the general population. These studies are summarized in a recent meta‐analysis of the epidemiology of NAFLD: The meta‐analysis estimated that the overall global prevalence of NAFLD diagnosed by imaging is around 25.24% (95% CI, 22.10‐28.65).16 The highest prevalence of NAFLD is reported from the Middle East (31.79% [95% CI, 13.48‐58.23]) and South America (30.45% [95% CI, 22.74‐39.440]) whereas the lowest prevalence rate is reported from Africa (13.48% [5.69‐28.69]).16 As described elsewhere, the gold standard for diagnosing NASH remains a liver biopsy. Given that liver biopsy is not feasible in studies of the general population, there is no direct assessment of the incidence or prevalence of NASH. Nevertheless, there have been some attempts to estimate the prevalence of NASH by indirect means.16 The data regarding the prevalence of NASH in the general population are summarized in the following paragraphs: The prevalence of NASH among NAFLD patients who had liver biopsy for a "clinical indication" is estimated to be 59.10% (95% CI, 47.55‐69.73).16 The prevalence of NASH among NAFLD patients who had liver biopsy without a specific "clinical indication" (random biopsy for living‐related donors, etc.) is estimated from 6.67% (95% CI, 2.17‐18.73) to 29.85% (95% CI, 22.72‐38.12).16 Given these estimates, one estimates that the prevalence of NASH in the general population ranges between 1.5% and 6.45%.16 Prevalence of NAFLD in High‐Risk Groups Features of metabolic syndrome (MetS) are not only highly prevalent in patients with NAFLD, but components of MetS also increase the risk of developing NAFLD.16 This bidirectional association between NAFLD and components of MetS has been strongly established. In this context, Table 3 provides a list of the established conditions (obesity, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia) and emerging conditions (sleep apnea, colorectal cancer, osteoporosis, psoriasis, endocrinopathies, and polycystic ovary syndrome independent of obesity) that are associated with NAFLD.21 Obesity (excessive body mass index [BMI] and visceral obesity) is the most common and well‐documented risk factor for NAFLD. In fact, the entire spectrum of obesity, ranging from overweight to obese and severely obese, is associated with NAFLD. In this context, the majority (>95%) of patients with severe obesity undergoing bariatric surgery will have NAFLD.23 Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM): There is a very high prevalence of NAFLD in individuals with T2DM. In fact, some studies have suggested that around one third to two thirds of diabetic patients have NAFLD.18 It is also important to remember the importance of bidirectional association between NAFLD and T2DM. In this context, T2DM and NAFLD can develop almost simultaneously in a patient, which confounds the prevalence of NAFLD in patients with T2DM or the prevalence of T2DM in patients with NAFLD. Nevertheless, this association and its bidirectional causal relationship require additional investigation.28 Dyslipidemia: High serum triglyceride (TG) levels and low serum high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) levels are also common in patients with NAFLD. The prevalence of NAFLD in individuals with dyslipidemia attending lipid clinics has been estimated to be 50%.29 In a large, cross‐sectional study conducted among 44,767 Taiwanese patients who attended a single clinic, the enrollees were stratified into four subgroups based on their total cholesterol to HDL‐cholesterol and TG to HDL‐cholesterol ratios. The overall prevalence rate of NAFLD was 53.76%; however, the NAFLD prevalence rate for those with the lowest total cholesterol to HDL‐cholesterol and TG to HDL‐cholesterol ratios was 33.41%, whereas the prevalence rate in the group with the highest ratios was 78.04%. Age, sex, and ethnicity: The prevalence of NAFLD may vary according to age, sex, and ethnicity.31 In fact, both the prevalence of NAFLD and stage of liver disease appear to increase with age.34 Table 3 - Risk Factors Associated With NAFLD Common Conditions With Established Association Other Conditions Associated With NAFLD Obesity Hypothyroidism T2DM Obstructive sleep apnea Dyslipidemia Hypopituitarism MetSa Hypogonadism Polycystic ovary syndrome Pancreatoduodenal resection Psoriasis aThe Adult Treatment Panel III clinical definition of MetS requires the presence of three or more of the following features: (1) waist circumference greater than 102 cm in men or greater than 88 cm in women; (2) TG level 150 mg/dL or greater; (3) HDL cholesterol level less than 40 mg/dL in men and less than 50 mg/dL in women; (4) systolic blood pressure 130 mm Hg or greater or diastolic pressure 85 mm Hg or greater; and (5) fasting plasma glucose level 110 mg/dL or greater.287 Although controversial, male sex has been considered a risk factor for NAFLD. Furthermore, the prevalence of NAFLD in men is 2 times higher than in women.33 The issues of ethnicity and its impact on NAFLD have evolved over the years. In fact, initial reports suggested that compared to non‐Hispanic whites, Hispanic individuals have a significantly higher prevalence of NAFLD, whereas non‐Hispanic blacks have a significantly lower prevalence of NAFLD.39 Although the prevalence of NAFLD among American‐Indian and Alaskan‐Native populations seem to be lower (0.6%‐2.2%), these rates need to be confirmed.31 It is intriguing that most of the recent data suggest that the ethnic differences reported for NAFLD may be explained by the genetic variation related to the patatin‐like phospholipase domain‐containing protein 3 (PNPLA‐3) gene.40 In summary, the incidence of NAFLD varies across the world, ranging from 28.01 per 1,000 person‐years (95% CI, 19.34‐40.57) to 52.34 per 1,000 person‐years (95% CI, 28.31‐96.77). Natural History and Outcomes of NAFLD Over the past two decades, studies have reported the natural history of patients with NAFLD.1 There is growing evidence that patients with histological NASH, especially those with some degree of fibrosis, are at higher risk for adverse outcomes such as cirrhosis and liver‐related mortality.1 These studies have also shown the following: Patients with NAFLD have increased overall mortality compared to matched control populations without NAFLD.53 The most common cause of death in patients with NAFLD is cardiovascular disease (CVD), independent of other metabolic comorbidities. Although liver‐related mortality is the 12th leading cause of death in the general population, it is the second or third cause of death among patients with NAFLD.55 Cancer‐related mortality is among the top three causes of death in subjects with NAFLD.55 Patients with histological NASH have an increased liver‐related mortality rate.56 In a recent meta‐analysis, liver‐specific and overall mortality rates among NAFLD and NASH were determined to be 0.77 per 1,000 (range, 0.33‐1.77) and 11.77 per 1,000 person‐years (range, 7.10‐19.53) and 15.44 per 1,000 (range, 11.72‐20.34) and 25.56 per 1,000 person‐years (range, 6.29‐103.80), respectively.16 The incidence risk ratios for liver‐specific and overall mortality for NAFLD were also determined to be 1.94 (range, 1.28‐2.92) and 1.05 (range, 0.70‐1.56), respectively.16 The most important histological feature of NAFLD associated with long‐term mortality is fibrosis; specifically, zone 3 sinusoidal fibrosis plus periportal fibrosis (stage 2) to advanced (bridging fibrosis [stage 3] or cirrhosis [stage 4]). These are independently predictive of liver‐related mortality.44 NAFLD is now considered the third‐most common cause of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in the United States, likely attributed to the enormous number of patients with the condition.60 Given the growing epidemic of obesity, the incidence of NAFLD‐related HCC has been shown to increase at a 9% annual rate.61 Patients with NAFLD‐related HCC are older, have a shorter survival time, more often have heart disease, and are more likely to die from their primary liver cancer than other HCC patients.60 Around 13% of HCC reported from a study of patients from the Veteran Administration did not have cirrhosis. Among other factors, having NAFLD was independently associated with HCC in the absence of cirrhosis. This study confirms past small reports of HCC in NAFLD patients without cirrhosis.62 It is important to recognize that most patients with cryptogenic cirrhosis may have what is considered "burned out" NAFLD.63 This particular group of patients with cryptogenic cirrhosis have a disproportionately high prevalence of metabolic risk factors (T2DM, obesity, and MetS) that resemble patients with NAFLD, but the pathological assessment seldom reports histological features consistent with NASH or even steatosis in the presence of cirrhosis.63 Important Outcomes in Patients With NAFLD One of the important surrogates for advanced liver disease is documentation of progressive hepatic fibrosis (HF). In the recent meta‐analysis, HF progression in patients with histological NASH at baseline showed a mean annual fibrosis progression rate of 0.09 (95% CI, 0.06‐0.12).16 Several studies investigated the natural history of NASH cirrhosis in comparison to patients with hepatitis C cirrhosis.9 One large, prospective, U.S.‐based study observed a lower rate of decompensation and mortality in patients with NASH cirrhosis as compared to patients with hepatitis C cirrhosis.65 However, a more recent international study of 247 NAFLD patients with advanced fibrosis (bridging fibrosis and cirrhosis) followed over a mean duration of 85.6 ± 54.5 months showed an overall 10‐year survival of 81.5%—a survival rate not different from matched patients with hepatitis C cirrhosis.1 This is confirmed with increasing numbers of patients with NAFLD presenting with HCC or requiring liver transplantation (LT). In fact, NASH is now ranked as the second‐most common cause of LT and will likely overtake hepatitis as the number one cause of LT in the future, as more hepatitis C virus (HCV) patients are treated with highly curative antiviral regimens.9 As noted previously, another important, long‐term outcome of liver disease is the development of HCC. The current HCC incidence rate among NAFLD patients was determined to be 0.44 (range, 0.29‐0.66) per 1,000 person‐years.16 In another study of patients with HCC, 54.9% of the HCC cases were related to HCV, 16.4% to alcoholic liver disease, 14.1% were related to NAFLD, and 9.5% to hepatitis B virus. However, it is estimated that the risk for developing HCC in NAFLD patients without cirrhosis is very small given the extremely large number of patients with NAFLD without cirrhosis within the general population.61 Alcohol Consumption and Definition of NAFLD By definition, NAFLD indicates the lack of evidence for ongoing or recent consumption of significant amounts of alcohol. However, the precise definition of significant alcohol consumption in patients with suspected NAFLD is uncertain. A consensus meeting recommended that, for NASH clinical trials candidate eligibility purposes, significant alcohol consumption be defined as >21 standard drinks per week in men and >14 standard drinks per week in women over a 2‐year period preceding baseline liver histology.68 According to the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), a standard alcoholic drink is any drink that contains about 14 g of pure alcohol.69 Unfortunately, the definition of significant alcohol consumption in published NAFLD literature has been inconsistent.70 Guidance Statement: 1. Ongoing or recent alcohol consumption >21 standard drinks on average per week in men and >14 standard drinks on average per week in women is a reasonable threshold for significant alcohol consumption when evaluating patients with suspected NAFLD. Evaluation of Incidentally Discovered HEPATIC STEATOSIS (HS) Some patients undergoing thoracic and abdominal imaging for reasons other than liver symptoms, signs, or abnormal biochemistry may demonstrate unsuspected HS. A recent study showed that 11% of patients with incidentally discovered HS may be at high risk for advanced hepatic fibrosis based on the calculated NAFLD fibrosis score (NFS).71 However, the natural history and optimal diagnostic and management strategies for this patient population have not been investigated. Guidance Statements: 2. Patients with unsuspected HS detected on imaging who have symptoms or signs attributable to liver disease or have abnormal liver chemistries should be evaluated as though they have suspected NAFLD and worked up accordingly. 3. Patients with incidental HS detected on imaging who lack any liver‐related symptoms or signs and have normal liver biochemistries should be assessed for metabolic risk factors (e.g., obesity, diabetes mellitus, or dyslipidemia) and alternate causes for HS such as significant alcohol consumption or medications. Screening for NAFLD in Primary Care, Diabetes, and Obesity Clinics It can be argued that there should be systematic screening for NAFLD, at least among higher‐risk individuals with diabetes or obesity. For example, not only do patients with type 2 diabetes have higher prevalence of NAFLD, but the available evidence suggests higher prevalence of NASH and advanced stages of fibrosis among type 2 diabetes patients.72 However, there are significant gaps in our knowledge regarding the diagnosis, natural history, and treatment of NAFLD. A recent, cost‐effective analysis using a Markov model suggested that screening for NASH in individuals with diabetes is not cost‐effective at present, because of disutility associated with available treatment.75 Given that liver biochemistries can be normal in patients with NAFLD, they may not be sufficiently sensitive to serve as screening tests, whereas liver ultrasound or TE are potentially more sensitive, but their utility as screening tools is unproven. Some experts recently have called for "vigilance" for chronic liver disease (CLD) in patients with type 2 diabetes, but not routine screening.76 Guidance Statements: 4. Routine Screening for NAFLD in high‐risk groups attending primary care, diabetes, or obesity clinics is not advised at this time because of uncertainties surrounding diagnostic tests and treatment options, along with lack of knowledge related to long‐term benefits and cost‐effectiveness of screening. 5. There should be a high index of suspicion for NAFLD and NASH in patients with type 2 diabetes. Clinical decision aids such as NFS or fibrosis‐4 index (FIB‐4) or vibration controlled transient elastography (VCTE) can be used to identify those at low or high risk for advanced fibrosis (bridging fibrosis or cirrhosis). Screening of Family Members Several studies suggest familial clustering of NAFLD.77 In a retrospective cohort study, Willner et al. observed that 18% of patients with NASH have a similarly affected first‐degree relative.80 In a familial aggregation study of overweight children with and without NAFLD, after adjusting for age, sex, race, and BMI, the heritability of MR‐measured liver fat fraction was 0.386, and fatty liver was present in 18% of family members of children with NAFLD in the absence of elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and obesity.81 Data reporting the heritability of NAFLD have been highly variable, ranging from no detectable heritability, in a large Hungarian twin cohort, to nearly universal heritability, in a study of obese adolescents.77 In an ongoing, well‐characterized cohort of community‐dwelling twins in California, using MRI to quantify steatosis and fibrosis, both steatosis and fibrosis correlated between monozygotic, but not dizygotic, twin pairs, and, after multivariable adjustment, the heritability of HS and HF was 0.52 (95% CI, 0.31‐0.73; P < 1.1 × 10–11) and 0.50 (95% CI, 0.28‐0.72; P < 6.1 × 10–1), respectively.84 Guidance Statement: 6. Systematic screening of family members for NAFLD is not recommended currently. Initial Evaluation of the Patient With Suspected NAFLD The diagnosis of NAFLD requires that (1) there is HS by imaging or histology, (2) there is no significant alcohol consumption, (3) there are no competing etiologies for HS, and (4) there are no coexisting causes of CLD. Common alternative causes of HS are significant alcohol consumption, hepatitis C, medications, parenteral nutrition, Wilson's disease (WD), and severe malnutrition (Table 1). When evaluating a patient with newly suspected NAFLD, it is important to exclude coexisting etiologies for CLD, including hemochromatosis, autoimmune liver disease, chronic viral hepatitis, alpha‐1 antitrypsin deficiency, WD, and drug‐induced liver injury. Serological evaluation can uncover laboratory abnormalities in patients with NAFLD that do not always reflect the presence of another liver disease. Two examples of this are elevated serum ferritin and autoimmune antibodies. Mildly elevated serum ferritin is a common feature of NAFLD that does not necessarily indicate hepatic iron overload, though it can impact disease progression. Although the data are somewhat conflicting, serum ferritin >1.5 upper limit of normal (ULN) was associated with more advanced fibrosis in a retrospective cohort of 628 adults.85 If serum ferritin and transferrin saturation are elevated in a patient with suspected NAFLD, genetic hemochromatosis should be excluded. Mutations in the HFE gene occur with variable frequency in patients with NAFLD, and the clinical significance is unclear.86 Liver biopsy should be considered in the setting of high ferritin and a high iron saturation to determine the presence or extent of hepatic iron accumulation and to exclude significant hepatic injury in a patient with suspected NAFLD. Low titers of serum autoantibodies, particularly antismooth muscle and antinuclear antibodies, are common in patients with NAFLD and are generally considered to be an epiphenomenon of no clinical consequence, though they often require liver biopsy to exclude autoimmune disease. In a study of 864 well‐characterized NAFLD subjects from the NASH Clinical Research Network (NASH CRN), significant elevations in serum autoantibodies (antinuclear antibodies >1:160 or antismooth muscle antibodies >1:40) were present in 21% and were not associated with more advanced disease or atypical histological features.87 While other diseases are being excluded, history should be carefully taken for the presence of commonly associated comorbidities, including central obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes or insulin resistance (IR), hypothyroidism, polycystic ovary syndrome, and obstructive sleep apnea. Guidance Statements: 7. When evaluating a patient with suspected NAFLD, it is essential to exclude competing etiologies for steatosis and coexisting common CLD. 8. In patients with suspected NAFLD, persistently high serum ferritin, and increased iron saturation, especially in the context of homozygote or heterozygote C282Y HFE mutation, a liver biopsy should be considered. 9. High serum titers of autoantibodies in association with other features suggestive of autoimmune liver disease (>5 ULN aminotransferases, high globulins, or high total protein to albumin ratio) should prompt a work‐up for autoimmune liver disease. 10. Initial evaluation of patients with suspected NAFLD should carefully consider the presence of commonly associated comorbidities such as obesity, dyslipidemia, IR or diabetes, hypothyroidism, polycystic ovary syndrome, and sleep apnea. Noninvasive Assessment of Steatohepatitis and Advanced Fibrosis in NAFLD The natural history of NAFLD is fairly dichotomous—NAFL is generally benign, whereas NASH can progress to cirrhosis, liver failure, and liver cancer. Liver biopsy is currently the most reliable approach for identifying the presence of steatohepatitis (SH) and fibrosis in patients with NAFLD, but it is generally acknowledged that biopsy is limited by cost, sampling error, and procedure‐related morbidity and mortality. Serum aminotransferase levels and imaging tests, such as ultrasound, computed tomography (CT), and MR, do not reliably reflect the spectrum of liver histology in patients with NAFLD. Therefore, there has been significant interest in developing clinical prediction rules and noninvasive biomarkers for identifying SH in patients with NAFLD, but their detailed discussion is beyond the scope of this practice guidance.47 NONINVASIVE QUANTIFICATION OF HEPATIC STEATOSIS (HS) IN NAFLD Some studies suggest that degree of steatosis may predict the severity of histological features (e.g., ballooning and SH)88 and the incidence and prevalence of diabetes in patients with NAFLD.89 MR imaging, either by spectroscopy92 or by proton density fat fraction,93 is an excellent noninvasive modality for quantifying HS and is being widely used in NAFLD clinical trials.95 The use of TE to obtain continuous attenuation parameters is a promising tool for quantifying hepatic fat in an ambulatory setting.74 However, the utility of noninvasively qua
|
C90924648
|
Gastroenterology
|
https://doi.org/10.1056/nejm200003233421202
|
branch of medicine focused on the digestive system and its disorders
|
C-Reactive Protein and Other Markers of Inflammation in the Prediction of Cardiovascular Disease in Women
|
[
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.84527516,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Internal medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126322002",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.6815411,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180"
},
{
"display_name": "C-reactive protein",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781195455",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6760723,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422766"
},
{
"display_name": "Serum amyloid A",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C55359608",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.59352875,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3113038"
},
{
"display_name": "Homocysteine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777090595",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5569835,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192466"
},
{
"display_name": "Inflammation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776914184",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.52067626,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101991"
},
{
"display_name": "Myocardial infarction",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C500558357",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5075575,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12152"
},
{
"display_name": "Quartile",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C68443243",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.50289196,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2786686"
},
{
"display_name": "Risk factor",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C50440223",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.48579693,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1475848"
},
{
"display_name": "Prospective cohort study",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C188816634",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4749948,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2113324"
},
{
"display_name": "Univariate analysis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144301174",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4596301,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7893852"
},
{
"display_name": "Apolipoprotein B",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C62746215",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.45919573,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14890615"
},
{
"display_name": "Cholesterol",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778163477",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.45271006,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43656"
},
{
"display_name": "Gastroenterology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C90924648",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4290399,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q120569"
},
{
"display_name": "Cardiology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C164705383",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.38176954,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10379"
},
{
"display_name": "Endocrinology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C134018914",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3574729,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162606"
},
{
"display_name": "Confidence interval",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C44249647",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.35633534,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208498"
}
] |
Since inflammation is believed to have a role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular events, measurement of markers of inflammation has been proposed as a method to improve the prediction of the risk of these events.
|
C90924648
|
Gastroenterology
|
https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa065044
|
branch of medicine focused on the digestive system and its disorders
|
Sunitinib versus Interferon Alfa in Metastatic Renal-Cell Carcinoma
|
[
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.95070267,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Sunitinib",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779490328",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.9456253,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q417542"
},
{
"display_name": "Renal cell carcinoma",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777472916",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8201479,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1164529"
},
{
"display_name": "Interferon alfa",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781228144",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.7019162,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6046441"
},
{
"display_name": "Internal medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126322002",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.67328775,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180"
},
{
"display_name": "Sunitinib malate",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2908861226",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.666853,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q417542"
},
{
"display_name": "Hazard ratio",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C207103383",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.64382565,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3930246"
},
{
"display_name": "Gastroenterology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C90924648",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5669125,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q120569"
},
{
"display_name": "Clinical endpoint",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C203092338",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5324968,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1340863"
},
{
"display_name": "Alpha interferon",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2909179924",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.46975043,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6046488"
},
{
"display_name": "Oncology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C143998085",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4175319,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162555"
},
{
"display_name": "Confidence interval",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C44249647",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.3783411,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208498"
},
{
"display_name": "Urology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126894567",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.340799,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q105650"
},
{
"display_name": "Randomized controlled trial",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C168563851",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.33313662,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1436668"
},
{
"display_name": "Interferon",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776178377",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.3227744,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188269"
}
] |
Since sunitinib malate has shown activity in two uncontrolled studies in patients with metastatic renal-cell carcinoma, a comparison of the drug with interferon alfa in a phase 3 trial is warranted.
|
C24326235
|
Electronic engineering
|
https://doi.org/10.1002/ett.4460100604
|
electrical engineering discipline which utilizes nonlinear and active electrical components to design electronic circuits, devices, and their systems
|
Capacity of Multi‐antenna Gaussian Channels
|
[
{
"display_name": "Antenna (radio)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C21822782",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6803408,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131214"
},
{
"display_name": "Fading",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C81978471",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6572304,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1196572"
},
{
"display_name": "Gaussian",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C163716315",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.64312506,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901177"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.59084654,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Channel (broadcasting)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127162648",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5522839,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953"
},
{
"display_name": "Electronic engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C24326235",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4661371,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095"
},
{
"display_name": "Topology (electrical circuits)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C184720557",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.39156657,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7825049"
},
{
"display_name": "Telecommunications",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C76155785",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.38777366,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418"
},
{
"display_name": "Algorithm",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C11413529",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.35157996,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366"
},
{
"display_name": "Mathematics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.32882553,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395"
}
] |
Abstract We investigate the use of multiple transmitting and/or receiving antennas for single user communications over the additive Gaussian channel with and without fading. We derive formulas for the capacities and error exponents of such channels, and describe computational procedures to evaluate such formulas. We show that the potential gains of such multi‐antenna systems over single‐antenna systems is rather large under independenceassumptions for the fades and noises at different receiving antennas.
|
C24326235
|
Electronic engineering
|
https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2013.2260813
|
electrical engineering discipline which utilizes nonlinear and active electrical components to design electronic circuits, devices, and their systems
|
Millimeter Wave Mobile Communications for 5G Cellular: It Will Work!
|
[
{
"display_name": "Extremely high frequency",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C45764600",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8105665,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q570342"
},
{
"display_name": "Broadband",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C509933004",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7153958,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194163"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.7029852,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Cellular network",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C153646914",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7026749,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535695"
},
{
"display_name": "Bandwidth (computing)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776257435",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.64062375,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576430"
},
{
"display_name": "Cellular communication",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C30436405",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6302299,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210973"
},
{
"display_name": "Base station",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C68649174",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6158293,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1379116"
},
{
"display_name": "Wireless",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C555944384",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.57378125,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249"
},
{
"display_name": "Economic shortage",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C194051981",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5599023,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1337691"
},
{
"display_name": "Mobile telephony",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95491727",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5260765,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q992968"
},
{
"display_name": "Mobile broadband",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C78834623",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5239306,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q640394"
},
{
"display_name": "Electronic engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C24326235",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.44696,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095"
},
{
"display_name": "Telecommunications",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C76155785",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.43924084,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418"
},
{
"display_name": "Broadband networks",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C125599584",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.43221807,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15057100"
},
{
"display_name": "Cellular radio",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2986910011",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4132142,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17517"
}
] |
The global bandwidth shortage facing wireless carriers has motivated the exploration of the underutilized millimeter wave (mm-wave) frequency spectrum for future broadband cellular communication networks. There is, however, little knowledge about cellular mm-wave propagation in densely populated indoor and outdoor environments. Obtaining this information is vital for the design and operation of future fifth generation cellular networks that use the mm-wave spectrum. In this paper, we present the motivation for new mm-wave cellular systems, methodology, and hardware for measurements and offer a variety of measurement results that show 28 and 38 GHz frequencies can be used when employing steerable directional antennas at base stations and mobile devices.
|
C24326235
|
Electronic engineering
|
https://doi.org/10.1002/0471221619
|
electrical engineering discipline which utilizes nonlinear and active electrical components to design electronic circuits, devices, and their systems
|
Microstrip Filters for RF/Microwave Applications
|
[
{
"display_name": "Microstrip",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C123657345",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.72286433,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q639055"
},
{
"display_name": "Chebyshev filter",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C21424316",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6428063,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q718621"
},
{
"display_name": "Distributed element filter",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C109767898",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.5194687,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5283150"
},
{
"display_name": "Microwave",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C44838205",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.44631726,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q127995"
},
{
"display_name": "Electronic engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C24326235",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.44216692,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095"
},
{
"display_name": "Resonator",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C97126364",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43933222,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q349669"
},
{
"display_name": "Materials science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C192562407",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.42551106,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736"
},
{
"display_name": "Filter (signal processing)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C106131492",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.40331325,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3072260"
},
{
"display_name": "Electrical engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C119599485",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.38271445,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035"
},
{
"display_name": "Engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.36882943,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023"
},
{
"display_name": "Low-pass filter",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C44682112",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.35881305,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918242"
},
{
"display_name": "Physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.35670286,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413"
},
{
"display_name": "Acoustics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C24890656",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.35382366,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811"
},
{
"display_name": "Prototype filter",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C175742284",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.33973926,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1415537"
},
{
"display_name": "Optoelectronics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C49040817",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.32013637,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091"
}
] |
filters, 235 Ceramics, 211 Chain matrix, 12 Channelized active filters, 218 Characteristic admittance(s), 56, 122 Characteristic impedance(s), 14, 55, 78, 110 462 INDEX Chebyshev filter(s), 33, 446 function(s), 33, 166, 184 lowpass prototype, 41-43 response, 32 Chemical vapor deposition, 212 Chip capacitors, 420 Circuit analyses, 274 laws, 236 models, 282 Circular disk resonator, 204 Circular spiral inductor, 95 Closed-form expressions coupled microstrip lines, 85-89 microstrip discontinuities, 89-92 microstrip lines, 79-54 C-mode impedances, 136 Coarse model, 295 Coarse model, 310 Cold finger, 435 Combline, see also Pseudocombline filter filters, 142, 226 resonators, 145 Commensurate network, 165 Commensurate-length, 61 Communication satellites, 204 Compact filters, 379-428.See also Advanced RF/microwave filters Compensations
|
C24326235
|
Electronic engineering
|
https://doi.org/10.1109/msp.2011.2178495
|
electrical engineering discipline which utilizes nonlinear and active electrical components to design electronic circuits, devices, and their systems
|
Scaling Up MIMO: Opportunities and Challenges with Very Large Arrays
|
[
{
"display_name": "MIMO",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C207987634",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.8670906,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176862"
},
{
"display_name": "3G MIMO",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C165650700",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.6246688,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4636347"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.5903526,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Antenna (radio)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C21822782",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.53957963,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131214"
},
{
"display_name": "Spatial multiplexing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C85884896",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.52913344,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7574075"
},
{
"display_name": "Multi-user MIMO",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C91330434",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.50543475,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q738298"
},
{
"display_name": "Multiplexing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C19275194",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.48491865,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q222903"
},
{
"display_name": "Electronic engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C24326235",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.45109814,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095"
},
{
"display_name": "Fieldbus",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776690351",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.43288475,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1141640"
},
{
"display_name": "MIMO-OFDM",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C130946814",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.4129964,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5988271"
},
{
"display_name": "Telecommunications",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C76155785",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.39207745,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418"
},
{
"display_name": "Channel (broadcasting)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127162648",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.34695306,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953"
}
] |
This paper surveys recent advances in the area of very large MIMO systems. With very large MIMO, we think of systems that use antenna arrays with an order of magnitude more elements than in systems being built today, say a hundred antennas or more. Very large MIMO entails an unprecedented number of antennas simultaneously serving a much smaller number of terminals. The disparity in number emerges as a desirable operating condition and a practical one as well. The number of terminals that can be simultaneously served is limited, not by the number of antennas, but rather by our inability to acquire channel-state information for an unlimited number of terminals. Larger numbers of terminals can always be accommodated by combining very large MIMO technology with conventional time- and frequency-division multiplexing via OFDM. Very large MIMO arrays is a new research field both in communication theory, propagation, and electronics and represents a paradigm shift in the way of thinking both with regards to theory, systems and implementation. The ultimate vision of very large MIMO systems is that the antenna array would consist of small active antenna units, plugged into an (optical) fieldbus.
|
C24326235
|
Electronic engineering
|
https://doi.org/10.1109/tit.2009.2021379
|
electrical engineering discipline which utilizes nonlinear and active electrical components to design electronic circuits, devices, and their systems
|
Channel Polarization: A Method for Constructing Capacity-Achieving Codes for Symmetric Binary-Input Memoryless Channels
|
[
{
"display_name": "Channel capacity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C97744766",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6489547,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q870845"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.5993484,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Binary number",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C48372109",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5837967,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3913"
},
{
"display_name": "Binary symmetric channel",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C173988684",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.55289173,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q863510"
},
{
"display_name": "Channel code",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C166366890",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5317401,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q602136"
},
{
"display_name": "Channel (broadcasting)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127162648",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.46751457,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953"
},
{
"display_name": "Polarization (electrochemistry)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C205049153",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43327248,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2698605"
},
{
"display_name": "Binary code",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C63435697",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.43169323,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q864135"
},
{
"display_name": "Algorithm",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C11413529",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.42589575,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366"
},
{
"display_name": "Electronic engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C24326235",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.42305806,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095"
},
{
"display_name": "Decoding methods",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C57273362",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4045844,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576722"
},
{
"display_name": "Telecommunications",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C76155785",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3886672,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418"
},
{
"display_name": "Theoretical computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C80444323",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.37665,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974"
}
] |
A method is proposed, called channel polarization, to construct code sequences that achieve the symmetric capacity $I(W)$ of any given binary-input discrete memoryless channel (B-DMC) $W$. The symmetric capacity is the highest rate achievable subject to using the input letters of the channel with equal probability. Channel polarization refers to the fact that it is possible to synthesize, out of $N$ independent copies of a given B-DMC $W$, a second set of $N$ binary-input channels $\{W_N^{(i)}:1\le i\le N\}$ such that, as $N$ becomes large, the fraction of indices $i$ for which $I(W_N^{(i)})$ is near 1 approaches $I(W)$ and the fraction for which $I(W_N^{(i)})$ is near 0 approaches $1-I(W)$. The polarized channels $\{W_N^{(i)}\}$ are well-conditioned for channel coding: one need only send data at rate 1 through those with capacity near 1 and at rate 0 through the remaining. Codes constructed on the basis of this idea are called polar codes. The paper proves that, given any B-DMC $W$ with $I(W)>0$ and any target rate $R < I(W)$, there exists a sequence of polar codes $\{{\mathscr C}_n;n\ge 1\}$ such that ${\mathscr C}_n$ has block-length $N=2^n$, rate $\ge R$, and probability of block error under successive cancellation decoding bounded as $P_{e}(N,R) \le \bigoh(N^{-\frac14})$ independently of the code rate. This performance is achievable by encoders and decoders with complexity $O(N\log N)$ for each.
|
C24326235
|
Electronic engineering
|
https://doi.org/10.1109/tie.2010.2049719
|
electrical engineering discipline which utilizes nonlinear and active electrical components to design electronic circuits, devices, and their systems
|
Recent Advances and Industrial Applications of Multilevel Converters
|
[
{
"display_name": "Converters",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778422915",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.88478136,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10302051"
},
{
"display_name": "Network topology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199845137",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5869187,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q145490"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.45621648,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.4444494,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023"
},
{
"display_name": "Electronic engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C24326235",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.40177882,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095"
},
{
"display_name": "Systems engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C201995342",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.34603918,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496"
}
] |
Multilevel converters have been under research and development for more than three decades and have found successful industrial application. However, this is still a technology under development, and many new contributions and new commercial topologies have been reported in the last few years. The aim of this paper is to group and review these recent contributions, in order to establish the current state of the art and trends of the technology, to provide readers with a comprehensive and insightful review of where multilevel converter technology stands and is heading. This paper first presents a brief overview of well-established multilevel converters strongly oriented to their current state in industrial applications to then center the discussion on the new converters that have made their way into the industry. In addition, new promising topologies are discussed. Recent advances made in modulation and control of multilevel converters are also addressed. A great part of this paper is devoted to show nontraditional applications powered by multilevel converters and how multilevel converters are becoming an enabling technology in many industrial sectors. Finally, some future trends and challenges in the further development of this technology are discussed to motivate future contributions that address open problems and explore new possibilities.
|
C24326235
|
Electronic engineering
|
https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2019.2936025
|
electrical engineering discipline which utilizes nonlinear and active electrical components to design electronic circuits, devices, and their systems
|
Intelligent Reflecting Surface Enhanced Wireless Network via Joint Active and Passive Beamforming
|
[
{
"display_name": "Beamforming",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C54197355",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.91391397,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992"
},
{
"display_name": "MIMO",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C207987634",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.7237991,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176862"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.7200521,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Transmitter power output",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C65422117",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.5737698,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q358527"
},
{
"display_name": "Wireless",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C555944384",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.56975704,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249"
},
{
"display_name": "Electronic engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C24326235",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.45250994,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095"
},
{
"display_name": "Telecommunications",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C76155785",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.44321772,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418"
},
{
"display_name": "Signal-to-noise ratio (imaging)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C13944312",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42455435,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7512748"
},
{
"display_name": "Interference (communication)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C32022120",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4228053,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q797225"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer network",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C31258907",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4097895,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371"
}
] |
Intelligent reflecting surface (IRS) is a revolutionary and transformative technology for achieving spectrum and energy efficient wireless communication cost-effectively in the future. Specifically, an IRS consists of a large number of low-cost passive elements each being able to reflect the incident signal independently with an adjustable phase shift so as to collaboratively achieve three-dimensional (3D) passive beamforming without the need of any transmit radio-frequency (RF) chains. In this paper, we study an IRS-aided single-cell wireless system where one IRS is deployed to assist in the communications between a multi-antenna access point (AP) and multiple single-antenna users. We formulate and solve new problems to minimize the total transmit power at the AP by jointly optimizing the transmit beamforming by active antenna array at the AP and reflect beamforming by passive phase shifters at the IRS, subject to users' individual signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) constraints. Moreover, we analyze the asymptotic performance of IRS's passive beamforming with infinitely large number of reflecting elements and compare it to that of the traditional active beamforming/relaying. Simulation results demonstrate that an IRS-aided MIMO system can achieve the same rate performance as a benchmark massive MIMO system without using IRS, but with significantly reduced active antennas/RF chains. We also draw useful insights into optimally deploying IRS in future wireless systems.
|
C24326235
|
Electronic engineering
|
https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2014.011714.130846
|
electrical engineering discipline which utilizes nonlinear and active electrical components to design electronic circuits, devices, and their systems
|
Spatially Sparse Precoding in Millimeter Wave MIMO Systems
|
[
{
"display_name": "Precoding",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C160562895",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.9199797,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7239557"
},
{
"display_name": "Beamforming",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C54197355",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7933532,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.7616974,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "MIMO",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C207987634",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.59950024,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176862"
},
{
"display_name": "Baseband",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C65165936",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5905673,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q575784"
},
{
"display_name": "Electronic engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C24326235",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.57414645,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095"
},
{
"display_name": "Transceiver",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C7720470",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5351492,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q954187"
},
{
"display_name": "Zero-forcing precoding",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C155437304",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.51948154,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8069444"
},
{
"display_name": "Antenna (radio)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C21822782",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.48517948,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131214"
},
{
"display_name": "Extremely high frequency",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C45764600",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4631182,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q570342"
},
{
"display_name": "Wireless",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C555944384",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4399346,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249"
}
] |
Millimeter wave (mmWave) signals experience orders-of-magnitude more pathloss than the microwave signals currently used in most wireless applications and all cellular systems. MmWave systems must therefore leverage large antenna arrays, made possible by the decrease in wavelength, to combat pathloss with beamforming gain. Beamforming with multiple data streams, known as precoding, can be used to further improve mmWave spectral efficiency. Both beamforming and precoding are done digitally at baseband in traditional multi-antenna systems. The high cost and power consumption of mixed-signal devices in mmWave systems, however, make analog processing in the RF domain more attractive. This hardware limitation restricts the feasible set of precoders and combiners that can be applied by practical mmWave transceivers. In this paper, we consider transmit precoding and receiver combining in mmWave systems with large antenna arrays. We exploit the spatial structure of mmWave channels to formulate the precoding/combining problem as a sparse reconstruction problem. Using the principle of basis pursuit, we develop algorithms that accurately approximate optimal unconstrained precoders and combiners such that they can be implemented in low-cost RF hardware. We present numerical results on the performance of the proposed algorithms and show that they allow mmWave systems to approach their unconstrained performance limits, even when transceiver hardware constraints are considered.
|
C143998085
|
Oncology
|
https://doi.org/10.1159/000453569
|
branch of medicine dealing with cancer
|
PD-1 and PD-L1 Immune Checkpoint Blockade to Treat Breast Cancer
|
[
{
"display_name": "Blockade",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778468042",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.7910926,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q273976"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.7057888,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Breast cancer",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C530470458",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6678853,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128581"
},
{
"display_name": "Immune checkpoint",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780851360",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.66563874,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21686041"
},
{
"display_name": "Oncology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C143998085",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.56198496,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162555"
},
{
"display_name": "PD-L1",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781053074",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.55692065,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21100639"
},
{
"display_name": "Internal medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126322002",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4599942,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180"
},
{
"display_name": "Cancer",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121608353",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.45925093,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12078"
},
{
"display_name": "Immune system",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C8891405",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42846087,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1059"
}
] |
Immune checkpoint inhibition represents a major recent breakthrough in the treatment of malignant diseases including breast cancer. Blocking the programmed death receptor-1 (PD-1) and its ligand, PD-L1, has shown impressive antitumor activity and may lead to durable long-term disease control, especially in the triple-negative subtypes of breast cancer (TNBC). Although immune checkpoint blockade is generally well tolerated, specific immune-related adverse events (irAEs) may occur. This review summarizes the clinical efficacy, perspectives, and future challenges of using PD-1/PD-L1-directed antibodies in the treatment of breast cancer.
|
C143998085
|
Oncology
|
https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa043330
|
branch of medicine dealing with cancer
|
Radiotherapy plus Concomitant and Adjuvant Temozolomide for Glioblastoma
|
[
{
"display_name": "Temozolomide",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777389519",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.97642064,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q425088"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.94840205,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Radiation therapy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C509974204",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.87103546,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180507"
},
{
"display_name": "Concomitant",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779384505",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.78003514,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17007513"
},
{
"display_name": "Glioblastoma",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776194525",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7699882,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282142"
},
{
"display_name": "Adjuvant",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777863537",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.65914977,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q357896"
},
{
"display_name": "Adjuvant radiotherapy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3018454096",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.54213023,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2481887"
},
{
"display_name": "Oncology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C143998085",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.49493617,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162555"
},
{
"display_name": "Internal medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126322002",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.421008,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180"
},
{
"display_name": "Surgery",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C141071460",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.35919335,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40821"
}
] |
Glioblastoma, the most common primary brain tumor in adults, is usually rapidly fatal. The current standard of care for newly diagnosed glioblastoma is surgical resection to the extent feasible, followed by adjuvant radiotherapy. In this trial we compared radiotherapy alone with radiotherapy plus temozolomide, given concomitantly with and after radiotherapy, in terms of efficacy and safety.Patients with newly diagnosed, histologically confirmed glioblastoma were randomly assigned to receive radiotherapy alone (fractionated focal irradiation in daily fractions of 2 Gy given 5 days per week for 6 weeks, for a total of 60 Gy) or radiotherapy plus continuous daily temozolomide (75 mg per square meter of body-surface area per day, 7 days per week from the first to the last day of radiotherapy), followed by six cycles of adjuvant temozolomide (150 to 200 mg per square meter for 5 days during each 28-day cycle). The primary end point was overall survival.A total of 573 patients from 85 centers underwent randomization. The median age was 56 years, and 84 percent of patients had undergone debulking surgery. At a median follow-up of 28 months, the median survival was 14.6 months with radiotherapy plus temozolomide and 12.1 months with radiotherapy alone. The unadjusted hazard ratio for death in the radiotherapy-plus-temozolomide group was 0.63 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.52 to 0.75; P<0.001 by the log-rank test). The two-year survival rate was 26.5 percent with radiotherapy plus temozolomide and 10.4 percent with radiotherapy alone. Concomitant treatment with radiotherapy plus temozolomide resulted in grade 3 or 4 hematologic toxic effects in 7 percent of patients.The addition of temozolomide to radiotherapy for newly diagnosed glioblastoma resulted in a clinically meaningful and statistically significant survival benefit with minimal additional toxicity.
|
C143998085
|
Oncology
|
https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa1003466
|
branch of medicine dealing with cancer
|
Improved Survival with Ipilimumab in Patients with Metastatic Melanoma
|
[
{
"display_name": "Ipilimumab",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781433595",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.96598196,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2459042"
},
{
"display_name": "Metastatic melanoma",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2994587330",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.8183322,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180614"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.7536708,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Melanoma",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777658100",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7432914,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180614"
},
{
"display_name": "Cytotoxic T cell",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C154317977",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.62348795,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q376266"
},
{
"display_name": "Antigen",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C147483822",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4884969,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q103537"
},
{
"display_name": "Oncology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C143998085",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4825358,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162555"
},
{
"display_name": "Cancer research",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C502942594",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.44103977,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3421914"
},
{
"display_name": "Overall survival",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3019894029",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43784603,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q332823"
},
{
"display_name": "Peptide",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779281246",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42892426,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172847"
},
{
"display_name": "Internal medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126322002",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.42575914,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180"
},
{
"display_name": "Immunotherapy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777701055",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.39334202,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1427096"
},
{
"display_name": "Immunology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C203014093",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.370982,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101929"
}
] |
An improvement in overall survival among patients with metastatic melanoma has been an elusive goal. In this phase 3 study, ipilimumab — which blocks cytotoxic T-lymphocyte–associated antigen 4 to potentiate an antitumor T-cell response — administered with or without a glycoprotein 100 (gp100) peptide vaccine was compared with gp100 alone in patients with previously treated metastatic melanoma.
|
C143998085
|
Oncology
|
https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa0708857
|
branch of medicine dealing with cancer
|
Sorafenib in Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma
|
[
{
"display_name": "Sorafenib",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778695046",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.9734199,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q421136"
},
{
"display_name": "Hepatocellular carcinoma",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778019345",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.9377967,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1148337"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.9181947,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Internal medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126322002",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.564434,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180"
},
{
"display_name": "Vascular endothelial growth factor",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777025900",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.54278255,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29725"
},
{
"display_name": "Carcinoma",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777546739",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5058162,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33525"
},
{
"display_name": "VEGF receptors",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C167734588",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.49142015,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4356503"
},
{
"display_name": "Oncology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C143998085",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4754079,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162555"
},
{
"display_name": "Cancer research",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C502942594",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3816703,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3421914"
}
] |
No effective systemic therapy exists for patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. A preliminary study suggested that sorafenib, an oral multikinase inhibitor of the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor, the platelet-derived growth factor receptor, and Raf may be effective in hepatocellular carcinoma.
|
C143998085
|
Oncology
|
https://doi.org/10.1056/nejm200103153441101
|
branch of medicine dealing with cancer
|
Use of Chemotherapy plus a Monoclonal Antibody against HER2 for Metastatic Breast Cancer That Overexpresses HER2
|
[
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.93902045,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Trastuzumab",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779786085",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.9259081,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q412616"
},
{
"display_name": "Epirubicin",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780835546",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.8245959,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q425122"
},
{
"display_name": "Anthracycline",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776802502",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.81989324,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q417589"
},
{
"display_name": "Internal medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126322002",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.7003259,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180"
},
{
"display_name": "Breast cancer",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C530470458",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.61264515,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128581"
},
{
"display_name": "Oncology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C143998085",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.61247694,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162555"
},
{
"display_name": "Cyclophosphamide",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776755627",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5997102,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408524"
},
{
"display_name": "Chemotherapy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776694085",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5878643,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q974135"
},
{
"display_name": "Doxorubicin",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781303535",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.47032607,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18936"
},
{
"display_name": "Metastatic breast cancer",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2775930923",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.4562896,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12859063"
},
{
"display_name": "Paclitaxel",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777292972",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.44013295,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q423762"
},
{
"display_name": "Cancer",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121608353",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.40136147,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12078"
},
{
"display_name": "Gastroenterology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C90924648",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.39557144,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q120569"
}
] |
The HER2 gene, which encodes the growth factor receptor HER2, is amplified and HER2 is overexpressed in 25 to 30 percent of breast cancers, increasing the aggressiveness of the tumor.
|
C143998085
|
Oncology
|
https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa032691
|
branch of medicine dealing with cancer
|
Bevacizumab plus Irinotecan, Fluorouracil, and Leucovorin for Metastatic Colorectal Cancer
|
[
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.95026493,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Irinotecan",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780259306",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.9287355,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q412197"
},
{
"display_name": "Bevacizumab",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777802072",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.88992745,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413299"
},
{
"display_name": "Fluorouracil",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780456651",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.84154797,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q238512"
},
{
"display_name": "Colorectal cancer",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C526805850",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.732301,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188874"
},
{
"display_name": "Oncology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C143998085",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.6118407,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162555"
},
{
"display_name": "Internal medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126322002",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5433636,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180"
},
{
"display_name": "Chemotherapy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776694085",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.33108237,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q974135"
}
] |
Bevacizumab, a monoclonal antibody against vascular endothelial growth factor, has shown promising preclinical and clinical activity against metastatic colorectal cancer, particularly in combination with chemotherapy.
|
C143998085
|
Oncology
|
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.191367098
|
branch of medicine dealing with cancer
|
Gene expression patterns of breast carcinomas distinguish tumor subclasses with clinical implications
|
[
{
"display_name": "Breast cancer",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C530470458",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.75197554,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128581"
},
{
"display_name": "Biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.62410694,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420"
},
{
"display_name": "Complementary DNA",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C187882448",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6143038,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q283478"
},
{
"display_name": "Microarray",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C186836561",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.5867719,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1931516"
},
{
"display_name": "Gene expression",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C150194340",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.57289594,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26972"
},
{
"display_name": "Estrogen receptor",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C84606932",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.54088837,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q416496"
},
{
"display_name": "DNA microarray",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95371953",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.49998903,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q591745"
},
{
"display_name": "Basal (medicine)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778024521",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.49386388,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55639806"
},
{
"display_name": "Gene",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C104317684",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47868186,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187"
},
{
"display_name": "Tissue microarray",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C193270364",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.47794083,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17141925"
},
{
"display_name": "Breast carcinoma",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3018521938",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.4541071,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128581"
},
{
"display_name": "Gene expression profiling",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C18431079",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.43401662,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1502169"
},
{
"display_name": "Cancer",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121608353",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43190005,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12078"
},
{
"display_name": "Fibroadenoma",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776524808",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.42965066,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1410808"
},
{
"display_name": "Microarray analysis techniques",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C8415881",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.41751474,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6839217"
},
{
"display_name": "Oncology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C143998085",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4042107,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162555"
},
{
"display_name": "Internal medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126322002",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.39853904,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180"
},
{
"display_name": "Cancer research",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C502942594",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3791101,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3421914"
},
{
"display_name": "Pathology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C142724271",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3598379,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208"
}
] |
The purpose of this study was to classify breast carcinomas based on variations in gene expression patterns derived from cDNA microarrays and to correlate tumor characteristics to clinical outcome. A total of 85 cDNA microarray experiments representing 78 cancers, three fibroadenomas, and four normal breast tissues were analyzed by hierarchical clustering. As reported previously, the cancers could be classified into a basal epithelial-like group, an ERBB2 -overexpressing group and a normal breast-like group based on variations in gene expression. A novel finding was that the previously characterized luminal epithelial/estrogen receptor-positive group could be divided into at least two subgroups, each with a distinctive expression profile. These subtypes proved to be reasonably robust by clustering using two different gene sets: first, a set of 456 cDNA clones previously selected to reflect intrinsic properties of the tumors and, second, a gene set that highly correlated with patient outcome. Survival analyses on a subcohort of patients with locally advanced breast cancer uniformly treated in a prospective study showed significantly different outcomes for the patients belonging to the various groups, including a poor prognosis for the basal-like subtype and a significant difference in outcome for the two estrogen receptor-positive groups.
|
C143998085
|
Oncology
|
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1099314
|
branch of medicine dealing with cancer
|
<i>EGFR</i> Mutations in Lung Cancer: Correlation with Clinical Response to Gefitinib Therapy
|
[
{
"display_name": "Gefitinib",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780580887",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.988014,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q417824"
},
{
"display_name": "Lung cancer",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776256026",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7909725,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47912"
},
{
"display_name": "Epidermal growth factor receptor",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779438470",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.782995,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q424401"
},
{
"display_name": "Adenocarcinoma",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781182431",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.605325,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q356033"
},
{
"display_name": "Cancer research",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C502942594",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.58837485,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3421914"
},
{
"display_name": "Somatic cell",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C134305767",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.52376837,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q725508"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.5041052,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Oncology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C143998085",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4803787,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162555"
},
{
"display_name": "Tyrosine kinase",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C42362537",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.46709272,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q87099740"
},
{
"display_name": "Internal medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126322002",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.45049843,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180"
},
{
"display_name": "Tyrosine-kinase inhibitor",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778820342",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.44358605,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q906415"
},
{
"display_name": "Cancer",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121608353",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.38340682,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12078"
},
{
"display_name": "Biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.37403256,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420"
}
] |
Receptor tyrosine kinase genes were sequenced in non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and matched normal tissue. Somatic mutations of the epidermal growth factor receptor gene EGFR were found in 15of 58 unselected tumors from Japan and 1 of 61 from the United States. Treatment with the EGFR kinase inhibitor gefitinib (Iressa) causes tumor regression in some patients with NSCLC, more frequently in Japan. EGFR mutations were found in additional lung cancer samples from U.S. patients who responded to gefitinib therapy and in a lung adenocarcinoma cell line that was hypersensitive to growth inhibition by gefitinib, but not in gefitinib-insensitive tumors or cell lines. These results suggest that EGFR mutations may predict sensitivity to gefitinib.
|
C70410870
|
Clinical psychology
|
https://doi.org/10.1177/014662167700100306
|
integration of science and clinical knowledge for the purpose of relieving psychologically based dysfunction
|
The CES-D Scale
|
[
{
"display_name": "Psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.7352833,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418"
},
{
"display_name": "Scale (ratio)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778755073",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.65831345,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537"
},
{
"display_name": "Construct validity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C49453240",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6379531,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1592163"
},
{
"display_name": "Reliability (semiconductor)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C43214815",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5669507,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987"
},
{
"display_name": "Test validity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C116211729",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5561449,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5372350"
},
{
"display_name": "Clinical psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C70410870",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5550817,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199906"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychometrics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C171606756",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5433704,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q506132"
},
{
"display_name": "Population",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2908647359",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5205663,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603"
},
{
"display_name": "Internal consistency",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3018868096",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.47653183,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2693233"
}
] |
The CES-D scale is a short self-report scale designed to measure depressive symptomatology in the general population. The items of the scale are symptoms associated with depression which have been used in previously validated longer scales. The new scale was tested in household interview surveys and in psychiatric settings. It was found to have very high internal consistency and adequate test- retest repeatability. Validity was established by pat terns of correlations with other self-report measures, by correlations with clinical ratings of depression, and by relationships with other variables which support its construct validity. Reliability, validity, and factor structure were similar across a wide variety of demographic characteristics in the general population samples tested. The scale should be a useful tool for epidemiologic studies of de pression.
|
C70410870
|
Clinical psychology
|
https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/13.2.261
|
integration of science and clinical knowledge for the purpose of relieving psychologically based dysfunction
|
The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) for Schizophrenia
|
[
{
"display_name": "Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780135775",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.8156357,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7233251"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychopathology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C123273963",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.76551807,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q624758"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.6897515,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418"
},
{
"display_name": "Concurrent validity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C198999979",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.62489235,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5159115"
},
{
"display_name": "Schizophrenia (object-oriented programming)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776412080",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6146784,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7431605"
},
{
"display_name": "Clinical psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C70410870",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.58483624,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199906"
},
{
"display_name": "Rating scale",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C83849319",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5400172,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7295720"
},
{
"display_name": "Predictive validity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C20685875",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.52218646,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7239678"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychiatry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C118552586",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4642741,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychometrics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C171606756",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41917166,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q506132"
},
{
"display_name": "Test validity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C116211729",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.41842443,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5372350"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychosis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779727114",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.3800246,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170082"
}
] |
The variable results of positive-negative research with schizophrenics underscore the importance of well-characterized, standardized measurement techniques. We report on the development and initial standardization of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) for typological and dimensional assessment. Based on two established psychiatric rating systems, the 30-item PANSS was conceived as an operationalized, drug-sensitive instrument that provides balanced representation of positive and negative symptoms and gauges their relationship to one another and to global psychopathology. It thus constitutes four scales measuring positive and negative syndromes, their differential, and general severity of illness. Study of 101 schizophrenics found the four scales to be normally distributed and supported their reliability and stability. Positive and negative scores were inversely correlated once their common association with general psychopathology was extracted, suggesting that they represent mutually exclusive constructs. Review of five studies involving the PANSS provided evidence of its criterion-related validity with antecedent, genealogical, and concurrent measures, its predictive validity, its drug sensitivity, and its utility for both typological and dimensional assessment.
|
C70410870
|
Clinical psychology
|
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01545.x
|
integration of science and clinical knowledge for the purpose of relieving psychologically based dysfunction
|
The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire: A Research Note
|
[
{
"display_name": "Rutter",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778373884",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.9789829,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1863018"
},
{
"display_name": "Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776793905",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.9574965,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7623268"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.83290815,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418"
},
{
"display_name": "Prosocial behavior",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C158608086",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8016435,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2990613"
},
{
"display_name": "Clinical psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C70410870",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5804858,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199906"
},
{
"display_name": "Developmental psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138496976",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.52413064,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychometrics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C171606756",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4282014,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q506132"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychiatry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C118552586",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.38264257,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867"
}
] |
A novel behavioural screening questionnaire, the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), was administered along with Rutter questionnaires to parents and teachers of 403 children drawn from dental and psychiatric clinics. Scores derived from the SDQ and Rutter questionnaires were highly correlated; parent-teacher correlations for the two sets of measures were comparable or favoured the SDQ. The two sets of measures did not differ in their ability to discriminate between psychiatric and dental clinic attenders. These preliminary findings suggest that the SDQ functions as well as the Rutter questionnaires while offering the following additional advantages: a focus on strengths as well as difficulties; better coverage of inattention, peer relationships, and prosocial behaviour; a shorter format; and a single form suitable for both parents and teachers, perhaps thereby increasing parent-teacher correlations.
|
C70410870
|
Clinical psychology
|
https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.84.4.822
|
integration of science and clinical knowledge for the purpose of relieving psychologically based dysfunction
|
The benefits of being present: Mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Mindfulness",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780444219",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.9668033,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q341045"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.8768715,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418"
},
{
"display_name": "Experience sampling method",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C65499552",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.651818,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5421061"
},
{
"display_name": "Mood",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780733359",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.53019065,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q331769"
},
{
"display_name": "Well-being",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776420229",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5209823,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7981051"
},
{
"display_name": "Clinical psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C70410870",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.48994392,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199906"
},
{
"display_name": "Consciousness",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C186720457",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.46775413,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7087"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychotherapist",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C542102704",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.41287875,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183257"
},
{
"display_name": "Intervention (counseling)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780665704",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41265774,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959298"
},
{
"display_name": "Social psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C77805123",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.35744464,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272"
}
] |
Mindfulness is an attribute of consciousness long believed to promote well-being. This research provides a theoretical and empirical examination of the role of mindfulness in psychological well-being. The development and psychometric properties of the dispositional Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS) are described. Correlational, quasi-experimental, and laboratory studies then show that the MAAS measures a unique quality of consciousness that is related to a variety of well-being constructs, that differentiates mindfulness practitioners from others, and that is associated with enhanced self-awareness. An experience-sampling study shows that both dispositional and state mindfulness predict self-regulated behavior and positive emotional states. Finally, a clinical intervention study with cancer patients demonstrates that increases in mindfulness over time relate to declines in mood disturbance and stress.
|
C70410870
|
Clinical psychology
|
https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa5201_2
|
integration of science and clinical knowledge for the purpose of relieving psychologically based dysfunction
|
The Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support
|
[
{
"display_name": "Psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.879465,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418"
},
{
"display_name": "Social support",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778087770",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.72030044,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297111"
},
{
"display_name": "Checklist",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779356329",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.58988065,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q922625"
},
{
"display_name": "Reliability (semiconductor)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C43214815",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5750134,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987"
},
{
"display_name": "Clinical psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C70410870",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5702974,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199906"
},
{
"display_name": "Construct validity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C49453240",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5605334,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1592163"
},
{
"display_name": "Test validity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C116211729",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.54161364,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5372350"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychometrics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C171606756",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5231044,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q506132"
},
{
"display_name": "Scale (ratio)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778755073",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.49438667,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537"
},
{
"display_name": "Anxiety",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C558461103",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47644073,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q154430"
},
{
"display_name": "Social anxiety",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777545354",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.464768,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3557657"
},
{
"display_name": "Developmental psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138496976",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3647811,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002"
}
] |
Abstract The development of a self-report measure of subjectively assessed social support, the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS), is described. Subjects included 136 female and 139 male university undergraduates. Three subscales, each addressing a different source of support, were identified and found to have strong factorial validity: (a) Family, (b) Friends, and (c) Significant Other. In addition, the research demonstrated that the MSPSS has good internal and test-retest reliability as well as moderate construct validity. As predicted, high levels of perceived social support were associated with low levels of depression and anxiety symptomatology as measured by the Hopkins Symptom Checklist. Gender differences with respect to the MSPSS are also presented. The value of the MSPSS as a research instrument is discussed, along with implications for future research.
|
C70410870
|
Clinical psychology
|
https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-199707000-00021
|
integration of science and clinical knowledge for the purpose of relieving psychologically based dysfunction
|
Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children-Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL): Initial Reliability and Validity Data
|
[
{
"display_name": "Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780468923",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.8016862,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7431050"
},
{
"display_name": "Inter-rater reliability",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C61863361",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.7696786,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q470749"
},
{
"display_name": "Medical diagnosis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C534262118",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7564236,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177719"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.570626,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychiatry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C118552586",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5661406,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867"
},
{
"display_name": "Clinical psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C70410870",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5080359,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199906"
},
{
"display_name": "Schizophrenia (object-oriented programming)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776412080",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.50304455,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7431605"
},
{
"display_name": "Anxiety",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C558461103",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.46830213,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q154430"
},
{
"display_name": "Rating scale",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C83849319",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4581444,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7295720"
},
{
"display_name": "Test validity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C116211729",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.43371585,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5372350"
},
{
"display_name": "Anxiety disorder",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776317618",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.422941,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q544006"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychometrics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C171606756",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.39216292,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q506132"
}
] |
ObJective: To describe the psychometric properties of the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children-Present and Lifetime version (K-SADS-PL) interview, which surveys additional disorders not assessed in prior K-SADS, contains improved probes and anchor points, includes diagnosis-specific impairment ratings, generates DSM-IfI-R and DSM-IV diagnoses, and divides symptoms surveyed into a screening interview and five diagnostic supplements.Method: Subjects were 55 psychiatric outpatients and 11 normal controls (aged 7 through 17 years).Both parents and children were used as informants.Concurrent validity of the screen criteria and the K-SADS-PL diagnoses was assessed against standard self-report scales.Interrater (n = 15) and test-retest (n = 20) reliability data were also collected (mean retest interval: 18 days: range: 2 to 38 days).Results: Rating scale data support the concurrent validity of screens and K-SADS-PL diagnoses.Interrater agreement in scoring screens and diagnoses was high (range: 93% to 100%).Test-retest reliability l( coefficients were in the excellent range for present and/or lifetime diagnoses of major depression, any bipolar, generalized anxiety, conduct, and oppositional defiant disorder (.77 to 1.00) and in the good range for present diagnoses of posttraumatic stress disorder and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (.63 to .67).Conclusion: Results suggest the K-SADS•PL generates reliable and valid child psychiatric diagnoses.J.
|
C70410870
|
Clinical psychology
|
https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1965.01720310065008
|
integration of science and clinical knowledge for the purpose of relieving psychologically based dysfunction
|
A Self-Rating Depression Scale
|
[
{
"display_name": "Depression (economics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776867660",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7435123,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1814941"
},
{
"display_name": "Rating scale",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C83849319",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6960699,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7295720"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.63315755,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418"
},
{
"display_name": "Affect (linguistics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776035688",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.60470694,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1606558"
},
{
"display_name": "Major depressive disorder",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780051608",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5740427,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42844"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychiatry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C118552586",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5139598,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867"
},
{
"display_name": "Scale (ratio)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778755073",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5042819,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537"
},
{
"display_name": "Clinical psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C70410870",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.48891488,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199906"
},
{
"display_name": "Arousal",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C36951298",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.48151,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q379784"
}
] |
The fact that there is a need for assessing depression, whether as an affect, a symptom, or a disorder is obvious by the numerous scales and inventories available and in use today. The need to assess depression simply and specifically as a psychiatric disorder has not been met by most scales available today. We became acutely aware of this situation in a research project where we needed to correlate both the presence and severity of a depressive disorder in patients with other parameters such as arousal response during sleep and changes with treatment of the depressive disorder. It was felt that the general depression scales used were insufficient for our purpose and that the more specific scales were also inadequate. These inadequacies related to factors such as the length of a scale or inventory being too long and too time consuming, especially for a patient
|
C70410870
|
Clinical psychology
|
https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291798006667
|
integration of science and clinical knowledge for the purpose of relieving psychologically based dysfunction
|
Development of the World Health Organization WHOQOL-BREF Quality of Life Assessment
|
[
{
"display_name": "Quality of life (healthcare)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779951463",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7692065,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7268788"
},
{
"display_name": "Reliability (semiconductor)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C43214815",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.61329424,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987"
},
{
"display_name": "Discriminant validity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C120107772",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.5509004,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q168554"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.50663644,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418"
},
{
"display_name": "Internal consistency",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3018868096",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.49759272,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2693233"
},
{
"display_name": "Domain (mathematical analysis)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C36503486",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47212964,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244"
},
{
"display_name": "Test (biology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777267654",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41263694,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023"
},
{
"display_name": "Clinical psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C70410870",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.40467173,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199906"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychometrics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C171606756",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4005893,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q506132"
},
{
"display_name": "Gerontology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C74909509",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.37135658,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10387"
}
] |
Background. The paper reports on the development of the WHOQOL-BREF, an abbreviated version of the WHOQOL-100 quality of life assessment. Method. The WHOQOL-BREF was derived from data collected using the WHOQOL-100. It produces scores for four domains related to quality of life: physical health, psychological, social relationships and environment. It also includes one facet on overall quality of life and general health. Results. Domain scores produced by the WHOQOL-BREF correlate highly (0·89 or above) with WHOQOL-100 domain scores (calculated on a four domain structure). WHOQOL-BREF domain scores demonstrated good discriminant validity, content validity, internal consistency and test–retest reliability. Conclusion. These data suggest that the WHOQOL-BREF provides a valid and reliable alternative to the assessment of domain profiles using the WHOQOL-100. It is envisaged that the WHOQOL-BREF will be most useful in studies that require a brief assessment of quality of life, for example, in large epidemiological studies and clinical trials where quality of life is of interest. In addition, the WHOQOL-BREF may be of use to health professionals in the assessment and evaluation of treatment efficacy.
|
C58640448
|
Cartography
|
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1538-4632.1995.tb00338.x
|
study of making maps
|
Local Indicators of Spatial Association—LISA
|
[
{
"display_name": "Statistic",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C89128539",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.82363766,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1949963"
},
{
"display_name": "Outlier",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C79337645",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6690403,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q779824"
},
{
"display_name": "Spatial analysis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C159620131",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6581105,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1938983"
},
{
"display_name": "Identification (biology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C116834253",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.51066834,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217"
},
{
"display_name": "Geography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.4639952,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071"
},
{
"display_name": "Statistics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C105795698",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.45181587,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483"
},
{
"display_name": "Cartography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C58640448",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.42630902,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515"
},
{
"display_name": "Association (psychology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C142853389",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41768152,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q744778"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.39719585,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Econometrics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C149782125",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.38970348,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039"
},
{
"display_name": "Data science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2522767166",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.34963727,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463"
}
] |
The capabilities for visualization, rapid data retrieval, and manipulation in geographic information systems (GIS) have created the need for new techniques of exploratory data analysis that focus on the “spatial” aspects of the data. The identification of local patterns of spatial association is an important concern in this respect. In this paper, I outline a new general class of local indicators of spatial association (LISA) and show how they allow for the decomposition of global indicators, such as Moran's I, into the contribution of each observation. The LISA statistics serve two purposes. On one hand, they may be interpreted as indicators of local pockets of nonstationarity, or hot spots, similar to the G i and G* i statistics of Getis and Ord (1992). On the other hand, they may be used to assess the influence of individual locations on the magnitude of the global statistic and to identify “outliers,” as in Anselin's Moran scatterplot (1993a). An initial evaluation of the properties of a LISA statistic is carried out for the local Moran, which is applied in a study of the spatial pattern of conflict for African countries and in a number of Monte Carlo simulations.
|
C58640448
|
Cartography
|
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2012.02.001
|
study of making maps
|
Landslide inventory maps: New tools for an old problem
|
[
{
"display_name": "Landslide",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C186295008",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.9361274,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167903"
},
{
"display_name": "Geology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127313418",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.5838852,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069"
},
{
"display_name": "Remote sensing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C62649853",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.56850004,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687"
},
{
"display_name": "Panchromatic film",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C107445234",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5619387,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q280995"
},
{
"display_name": "Cartography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C58640448",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5528606,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515"
},
{
"display_name": "Digital elevation model",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C181843262",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5501337,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q640492"
},
{
"display_name": "Orthophoto",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C82789328",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.544865,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q922585"
},
{
"display_name": "Hazard",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C49261128",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5333531,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1132455"
},
{
"display_name": "Aerial photography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C133214962",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.49861097,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191839"
},
{
"display_name": "Multispectral image",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C173163844",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.48320854,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1761440"
},
{
"display_name": "Satellite imagery",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778102629",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4740524,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q725252"
},
{
"display_name": "Natural hazard",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39410599",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43298355,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3433179"
},
{
"display_name": "Geospatial analysis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C9770341",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42393658,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1938983"
},
{
"display_name": "Land cover",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780648208",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4134413,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3001793"
},
{
"display_name": "Geography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.37502137,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071"
}
] |
Landslides are present in all continents, and play an important role in the evolution of landscapes. They also represent a serious hazard in many areas of the world. Despite their importance, we estimate that landslide maps cover less than 1% of the slopes in the landmasses, and systematic information on the type, abundance, and distribution of landslides is lacking. Preparing landslide maps is important to document the extent of landslide phenomena in a region, to investigate the distribution, types, pattern, recurrence and statistics of slope failures, to determine landslide susceptibility, hazard, vulnerability and risk, and to study the evolution of landscapes dominated by mass-wasting processes. Conventional methods for the production of landslide maps rely chiefly on the visual interpretation of stereoscopic aerial photography, aided by field surveys. These methods are time consuming and resource intensive. New and emerging techniques based on satellite, airborne, and terrestrial remote sensing technologies, promise to facilitate the production of landslide maps, reducing the time and resources required for their compilation and systematic update. In this work, we first outline the principles for landslide mapping, and we review the conventional methods for the preparation of landslide maps, including geomorphological, event, seasonal, and multi-temporal inventories. Next, we examine recent and new technologies for landslide mapping, considering (i) the exploitation of very-high resolution digital elevation models to analyze surface morphology, (ii) the visual interpretation and semi-automatic analysis of different types of satellite images, including panchromatic, multispectral, and synthetic aperture radar images, and (iii) tools that facilitate landslide field mapping. Next, we discuss the advantages and the limitations of the new remote sensing data and technology for the production of geomorphological, event, seasonal, and multi-temporal inventory maps. We conclude by arguing that the new tools will help to improve the quality of landslide maps, with positive effects on all derivative products and analyses, including erosion studies and landscape modeling, susceptibility and hazard assessments, and risk evaluations.
|
C58640448
|
Cartography
|
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2018.03.001
|
study of making maps
|
A review of statistically-based landslide susceptibility models
|
[
{
"display_name": "Landslide",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C186295008",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8242705,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167903"
},
{
"display_name": "Thematic map",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C93692415",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.78573805,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1502030"
},
{
"display_name": "Terrain",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C161840515",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5435372,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186131"
},
{
"display_name": "Logistic regression",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C151956035",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5339939,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1132755"
},
{
"display_name": "Cartography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C58640448",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4603723,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515"
},
{
"display_name": "Data mining",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C124101348",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.42212144,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491"
},
{
"display_name": "Statistics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C105795698",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.37067246,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3491848,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Geology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127313418",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3104071,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069"
}
] |
In this paper, we do a critical review of statistical methods for landslide susceptibility modelling and associated terrain zonations. Landslide susceptibility is the likelihood of a landslide occurring in an area depending on local terrain conditions, estimating "where" landslides are likely to occur. Since the first attempts to assess landslide susceptibility in the mid-1970s, hundreds of papers have been published using a variety of approaches and methods in different geological and climatic settings. Here, we critically review the statistically-based landslide susceptibility assessment literature by systematically searching for and then compiling an extensive database of 565 peer-review articles from 1983 to 2016. For each article in the literature database, we noted 31 categories/sub-categories of information including study region/extent, landslide type/number, inventory type and period covered, statistical model used, including variable types, model fit/prediction performance evaluation method, and strategy used to assess the model uncertainty. We present graphical visualisations and discussions of commonalities and differences found as a function of region and time, revealing a significant heterogeneity of thematic data types and scales, modelling approaches, and model evaluation criteria. We found that the range of thematic data types used for susceptibility assessment has not changed significantly with time, and that for a number of studies the geomorphological significance of the thematic data used is poorly justified. We also found that the most common statistical methods for landslide susceptibility modelling include logistic regression, neural network analysis, data-overlay, index-based and weight of evidence analyses, with an increasing preference towards machine learning methods in the recent years. Although an increasing number of studies in recent years have assessed the model performance, in terms of model fit and prediction performance, only a handful of studies have evaluated the model uncertainty. Adopting a Susceptibility Quality Level index, we found that the quality of published models has improved over the years, but top-quality assessments remain rare. We identified a clear geographical bias in susceptibility study locations, with many studies in China, India, Italy and Turkey, and only a few in Africa, South America and Oceania. Based on previous literature reviews, the analysis of the information collected in the literature database, and our own experience on the subject, we provide recommendations for the preparation, evaluation, and use of landslide susceptibility models and associated terrain zonations.
|
C58640448
|
Cartography
|
https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhu239
|
study of making maps
|
Generation and Evaluation of a Cortical Area Parcellation from Resting-State Correlations
|
[
{
"display_name": "Functional connectivity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3018011982",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5814934,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7316120"
},
{
"display_name": "Boundary (topology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C62354387",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.50700355,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875399"
},
{
"display_name": "Cartography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C58640448",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.47237045,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515"
},
{
"display_name": "Brain mapping",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C50231774",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4400958,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q639842"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.42629457,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Pattern recognition (psychology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C153180895",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.3418219,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389"
},
{
"display_name": "Neuroscience",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C169760540",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.34178096,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011"
}
] |
The cortical surface is organized into a large number of cortical areas; however, these areas have not been comprehensively mapped in the human. Abrupt transitions in resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) patterns can noninvasively identify locations of putative borders between cortical areas (RSFC-boundary mapping; Cohen et al. 2008). Here we describe a technique for using RSFC-boundary maps to define parcels that represent putative cortical areas. These parcels had highly homogenous RSFC patterns, indicating that they contained one unique RSFC signal; furthermore, the parcels were much more homogenous than a null model matched for parcel size when tested in two separate datasets. Several alternative parcellation schemes were tested this way, and no other parcellation was as homogenous as or had as large a difference compared with its null model. The boundary map-derived parcellation contained parcels that overlapped with architectonic mapping of areas 17, 2, 3, and 4. These parcels had a network structure similar to the known network structure of the brain, and their connectivity patterns were reliable across individual subjects. These observations suggest that RSFC-boundary map-derived parcels provide information about the location and extent of human cortical areas. A parcellation generated using this method is available at http://www.nil.wustl.edu/labs/petersen/Resources.html.
|
C58640448
|
Cartography
|
https://doi.org/10.14358/pers.72.3.249
|
study of making maps
|
A Global Assessment of the SRTM Performance
|
[
{
"display_name": "Shuttle Radar Topography Mission",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C184149073",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.93238145,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q965136"
},
{
"display_name": "Geography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.53437525,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071"
},
{
"display_name": "Cartography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C58640448",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.50800043,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515"
},
{
"display_name": "Remote sensing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C62649853",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.49338952,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.34033448,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental resource management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C107826830",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3330493,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q929380"
}
] |
The NASA/NGA Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) collected interferometric radar data which has been used by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory to generate a near-global topography data product for latitudes smaller than 60°. One of the primary goals of the mission was to produce a data set that was globally consistent and with quantified errors. To achieve this goal, an extensive global ground campaign was conducted by NGA and NASA to collect ground truth that would allow for the global validation of this unique data set. This paper documents the results of this SRTM validation effort using this global data set. The table shown below summarizes our results (all quantities represent 90 percent errors in meters).
|
C58640448
|
Cartography
|
https://doi.org/10.14358/pers.70.5.627
|
study of making maps
|
Thematic Map Comparison
|
[
{
"display_name": "Thematic map",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C93692415",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8015452,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1502030"
},
{
"display_name": "Geography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.61922914,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071"
},
{
"display_name": "Cartography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C58640448",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.59609956,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515"
},
{
"display_name": "Remote sensing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C62649853",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.40954593,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.33519912,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Information retrieval",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C23123220",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.32036018,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826"
}
] |
The accuracy of thematic maps derived by image classification analyses is often compared in remote sensing studies. This comparison is typically achieved by a basic subjective assessment of the observed difference in accuracy but should be undertaken in a statistically rigorous fashion. One approach for the evaluation of the statistical significance of a difference in map accuracy that has been widely used in remote sensing research is based on the comparison of the kappa coefficient of agreement derived for each map. The conventional approach to the comparison of kappa coefficients assumes that the samples used in their calculation are independent, an assumption that is commonly unsatisfied because the same sample of ground data sites is often used for each map. Alternative methods to evaluate the statistical significance of differences in accuracy are available for both related and independent samples. Approaches for map comparison based on the kappa coefficient and proportion of correctly allocated cases, the two most widely used metrics of thematic map accuracy in remote sensing, are discussed. An example illustrates how classifications based on the same sample of ground data sites may be compared rigorously and highlights the importance of distinguishing between one- and two-sided statistical tests in the comparison of classification accuracy statements.
|
C58640448
|
Cartography
|
https://doi.org/10.15468/d5o7bf
|
study of making maps
|
Flora Atlas N.T.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Atlas (anatomy)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776673561",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7287526,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q655357"
},
{
"display_name": "Flora (microbiology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777234453",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.67916584,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2033092"
},
{
"display_name": "Geography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.47637865,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071"
},
{
"display_name": "Cartography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C58640448",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4088833,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515"
},
{
"display_name": "Biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.36325282,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420"
},
{
"display_name": "Ecology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C18903297",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3293479,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150"
}
] |
Record flora observational summary data within the N.T. Taxonomic and collection data for observed and collected plants. Includes presence/absence info, date, and location.
|
C58640448
|
Cartography
|
https://doi.org/10.1002/pro.3307
|
study of making maps
|
The human protein atlas: A spatial map of the human proteome
|
[
{
"display_name": "Atlas (anatomy)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776673561",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7933737,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q655357"
},
{
"display_name": "Human Protein Atlas",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C158163496",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.68732834,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5937310"
},
{
"display_name": "Human proteome project",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94795543",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.67406285,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3813754"
},
{
"display_name": "Proteome",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C104397665",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.58366436,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860947"
},
{
"display_name": "Computational biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C70721500",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.51563466,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177005"
},
{
"display_name": "Cartography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C58640448",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.45675406,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515"
},
{
"display_name": "Geography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.42877078,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071"
},
{
"display_name": "Biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3433398,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420"
}
] |
The correct spatial distribution of proteins is vital for their function and often mis-localization or ectopic expression leads to diseases. For more than a decade, the Human Protein Atlas (HPA) has constituted a valuable tool for researchers studying protein localization and expression in human tissues and cells. The centerpiece of the HPA is its unique antibody collection for mapping the entire human proteome by immunohistochemistry and immunocytochemistry. By these approaches, more than 10 million images showing protein expression patterns at a single-cell level were generated and are publicly available at www.proteinatlas.org. The antibody-based approach is combined with transcriptomics data for an overview of global expression profiles. The present article comprehensively describes the HPA database functions and how users can utilize it for their own research as well as discusses the future path of spatial proteomics.
|
C126255220
|
Mathematical optimization
|
https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1412.6980
|
study of mathematical algorithms for optimization problems
|
Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimization
|
[
{
"display_name": "Regret",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C50817715",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6122739,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79895177"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.5568274,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Mathematical optimization",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126255220",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5504745,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495"
},
{
"display_name": "Diagonal",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C130367717",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5084433,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189791"
},
{
"display_name": "Stochastic optimization",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C194387892",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5060887,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1747770"
},
{
"display_name": "Convergence (economics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777303404",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5008626,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759757"
},
{
"display_name": "Rate of convergence",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C57869625",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.49109364,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1783502"
},
{
"display_name": "Optimization problem",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C137836250",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43487656,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q984063"
},
{
"display_name": "Mathematics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.36870557,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395"
}
] |
We introduce Adam, an algorithm for first-order gradient-based optimization of stochastic objective functions, based on adaptive estimates of lower-order moments. The method is straightforward to implement, is computationally efficient, has little memory requirements, is invariant to diagonal rescaling of the gradients, and is well suited for problems that are large in terms of data and/or parameters. The method is also appropriate for non-stationary objectives and problems with very noisy and/or sparse gradients. The hyper-parameters have intuitive interpretations and typically require little tuning. Some connections to related algorithms, on which Adam was inspired, are discussed. We also analyze the theoretical convergence properties of the algorithm and provide a regret bound on the convergence rate that is comparable to the best known results under the online convex optimization framework. Empirical results demonstrate that Adam works well in practice and compares favorably to other stochastic optimization methods. Finally, we discuss AdaMax, a variant of Adam based on the infinity norm.
|
C126255220
|
Mathematical optimization
|
https://doi.org/10.1109/4235.996017
|
study of mathematical algorithms for optimization problems
|
A fast and elitist multiobjective genetic algorithm: NSGA-II
|
[
{
"display_name": "Mathematical optimization",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126255220",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.75499785,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495"
},
{
"display_name": "Sorting",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C111696304",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.75390536,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2303697"
},
{
"display_name": "Evolutionary algorithm",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C159149176",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.65536124,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14489129"
},
{
"display_name": "Multi-objective optimization",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C68781425",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.63781893,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2052203"
},
{
"display_name": "Pareto principle",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C137635306",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.54124945,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182667"
},
{
"display_name": "Population",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2908647359",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.49846435,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.46970078,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Computational complexity theory",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C179799912",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.45895347,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205084"
},
{
"display_name": "Selection (genetic algorithm)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C81917197",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.44139883,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760"
},
{
"display_name": "Convergence (economics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777303404",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43460774,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759757"
},
{
"display_name": "Genetic algorithm",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C8880873",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43443108,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187787"
},
{
"display_name": "Mathematics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.42343128,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395"
},
{
"display_name": "Algorithm",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C11413529",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.35380423,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366"
}
] |
Multi-objective evolutionary algorithms (MOEAs) that use non-dominated sorting and sharing have been criticized mainly for: (1) their O(MN/sup 3/) computational complexity (where M is the number of objectives and N is the population size); (2) their non-elitism approach; and (3) the need to specify a sharing parameter. In this paper, we suggest a non-dominated sorting-based MOEA, called NSGA-II (Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II), which alleviates all of the above three difficulties. Specifically, a fast non-dominated sorting approach with O(MN/sup 2/) computational complexity is presented. Also, a selection operator is presented that creates a mating pool by combining the parent and offspring populations and selecting the best N solutions (with respect to fitness and spread). Simulation results on difficult test problems show that NSGA-II is able, for most problems, to find a much better spread of solutions and better convergence near the true Pareto-optimal front compared to the Pareto-archived evolution strategy and the strength-Pareto evolutionary algorithm - two other elitist MOEAs that pay special attention to creating a diverse Pareto-optimal front. Moreover, we modify the definition of dominance in order to solve constrained multi-objective problems efficiently. Simulation results of the constrained NSGA-II on a number of test problems, including a five-objective, seven-constraint nonlinear problem, are compared with another constrained multi-objective optimizer, and the much better performance of NSGA-II is observed.
|
C126255220
|
Mathematical optimization
|
https://doi.org/10.1214/aos/1013203451
|
study of mathematical algorithms for optimization problems
|
Greedy function approximation: A gradient boosting machine.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Mathematics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.8035607,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395"
},
{
"display_name": "Gradient boosting",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C70153297",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.7412802,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5591907"
},
{
"display_name": "Boosting (machine learning)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C46686674",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.70192003,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466303"
},
{
"display_name": "Gradient descent",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C153258448",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6848011,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1199743"
},
{
"display_name": "Regression",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C83546350",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5273966,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1139051"
},
{
"display_name": "Mathematical optimization",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126255220",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4711011,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495"
},
{
"display_name": "Minification",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C147764199",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4494179,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6865248"
},
{
"display_name": "Logistic regression",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C151956035",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4352938,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1132755"
},
{
"display_name": "Applied mathematics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C28826006",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.38607222,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33521"
}
] |
Function estimation/approximation is viewed from the perspective of numerical optimization in function space, rather than parameter space. A connection is made between stagewise additive expansions and steepest-descent minimization. A general gradient descent “boosting” paradigm is developed for additive expansions based on any fitting criterion.Specific algorithms are presented for least-squares, least absolute deviation, and Huber-M loss functions for regression, and multiclass logistic likelihood for classification. Special enhancements are derived for the particular case where the individual additive components are regression trees, and tools for interpreting such “TreeBoost” models are presented. Gradient boosting of regression trees produces competitive, highly robust, interpretable procedures for both regression and classification, especially appropriate for mining less than clean data. Connections between this approach and the boosting methods of Freund and Shapire and Friedman, Hastie and Tibshirani are discussed.
|
C126255220
|
Mathematical optimization
|
https://doi.org/10.1561/9781601984616
|
study of mathematical algorithms for optimization problems
|
Distributed Optimization and Statistical Learning via the Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers
|
[
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.65386045,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Optimization problem",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C137836250",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.51913375,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q984063"
},
{
"display_name": "Convex optimization",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C157972887",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.46302098,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q463359"
},
{
"display_name": "Mathematical optimization",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126255220",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.45560473,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495"
},
{
"display_name": "Regular polygon",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C112680207",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.3858559,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q714886"
},
{
"display_name": "Algorithm",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C11413529",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.36434874,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366"
}
] |
Many problems of recent interest in statistics and machine learning can be posed in the framework of convex optimization. Due to the explosion in size and complexity of modern datasets, it is increasingly important to be able to solve problems with a very large number of features or training examples. As a result, both the decentralized collection or storage of these datasets as well as accompanying distributed solution methods are either necessary or at least highly desirable. Distributed Optimization and Statistical Learning via the Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers argues that the alternating direction method of multipliers is well suited to distributed convex optimization, and in particular to large-scale problems arising in statistics, machine learning, and related areas. The method was developed in the 1970s, with roots in the 1950s, and is equivalent or closely related to many other algorithms, such as dual decomposition, the method of multipliers, Douglas-Rachford splitting, Spingarn's method of partial inverses, Dykstra's alternating projections, Bregman iterative algorithms for ?1 problems, proximal methods, and others. After briefly surveying the theory and history of the algorithm, it discusses applications to a wide variety of statistical and machine learning problems of recent interest, including the lasso, sparse logistic regression, basis pursuit, covariance selection, support vector machines, and many others. It also discusses general distributed optimization, extensions to the nonconvex setting, and efficient implementation, including some details on distributed MPI and Hadoop MapReduce implementations.
|
C126255220
|
Mathematical optimization
|
https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v033.i01
|
study of mathematical algorithms for optimization problems
|
Regularization Paths for Generalized Linear Models via Coordinate Descent
|
[
{
"display_name": "Coordinate descent",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C157553263",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.88715184,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5168004"
},
{
"display_name": "Elastic net regularization",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C203868755",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.8859657,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5353562"
},
{
"display_name": "Lasso (programming language)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C37616216",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.79761654,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3218363"
},
{
"display_name": "Regularization (linguistics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776135515",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.76020646,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17143721"
},
{
"display_name": "Linear regression",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C48921125",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.58163285,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10861030"
},
{
"display_name": "Regression",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C83546350",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4917951,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1139051"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.49159917,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Generalized linear model",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41587187",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47389072,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1501882"
},
{
"display_name": "Linear model",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C163175372",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4693692,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3339222"
},
{
"display_name": "Regular polygon",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C112680207",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4504767,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q714886"
},
{
"display_name": "Logistic regression",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C151956035",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.44709414,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1132755"
},
{
"display_name": "Mathematics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.44281673,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395"
},
{
"display_name": "Ridge",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C32277403",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43525583,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740445"
},
{
"display_name": "Algorithm",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C11413529",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.41281655,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366"
},
{
"display_name": "Mathematical optimization",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126255220",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.40754548,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495"
},
{
"display_name": "Applied mathematics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C28826006",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4046207,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33521"
}
] |
We develop fast algorithms for estimation of generalized linear models with convex penalties. The models include linear regression, two-class logistic regression, and multi- nomial regression problems while the penalties include ℓ<sub>1</sub> (the lasso), ℓ<sub>2</sub> (ridge regression) and mixtures of the two (the elastic net). The algorithms use cyclical coordinate descent, computed along a regularization path. The methods can handle large problems and can also deal efficiently with sparse features. In comparative timings we find that the new algorithms are considerably faster than competing methods.
|
C126255220
|
Mathematical optimization
| null |
study of mathematical algorithms for optimization problems
|
Regularization Paths for Generalized Linear Models via Coordinate Descent.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Coordinate descent",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C157553263",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8464438,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5168004"
},
{
"display_name": "Elastic net regularization",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C203868755",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.83411705,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5353562"
},
{
"display_name": "Lasso (programming language)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C37616216",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7421962,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3218363"
},
{
"display_name": "Regularization (linguistics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776135515",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.71846324,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17143721"
},
{
"display_name": "Multinomial logistic regression",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C117568660",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.640921,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1650843"
},
{
"display_name": "Linear regression",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C48921125",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.52559996,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10861030"
},
{
"display_name": "Generalized linear model",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41587187",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5214045,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1501882"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.5121112,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Linear model",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C163175372",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47267634,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3339222"
},
{
"display_name": "Multinomial distribution",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C192065140",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.45324343,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1147928"
},
{
"display_name": "Mathematical optimization",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126255220",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4432582,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495"
},
{
"display_name": "Applied mathematics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C28826006",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.43019152,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33521"
},
{
"display_name": "Regression",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C83546350",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41968673,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1139051"
},
{
"display_name": "Mathematics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.4144998,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395"
},
{
"display_name": "Algorithm",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C11413529",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.38950232,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366"
}
] |
We develop fast algorithms for estimation of generalized linear models with convex penalties. The models include linear regression, two-class logistic regression, and multinomial regression problems while the penalties include ℓ(1) (the lasso), ℓ(2) (ridge regression) and mixtures of the two (the elastic net). The algorithms use cyclical coordinate descent, computed along a regularization path. The methods can handle large problems and can also deal efficiently with sparse features. In comparative timings we find that the new algorithms are considerably faster than competing methods.
|
C126255220
|
Mathematical optimization
|
https://doi.org/10.1109/4235.585893
|
study of mathematical algorithms for optimization problems
|
No free lunch theorems for optimization
|
[
{
"display_name": "Minimax",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C149728462",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6438272,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q751319"
},
{
"display_name": "Optimization problem",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C137836250",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.64026207,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q984063"
},
{
"display_name": "Mathematical optimization",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126255220",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5820359,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495"
},
{
"display_name": "Class (philosophy)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777212361",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5498441,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848"
},
{
"display_name": "A priori and a posteriori",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C75553542",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5284431,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178161"
},
{
"display_name": "Mathematics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.4823765,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395"
},
{
"display_name": "Interpretation (philosophy)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C527412718",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.45179084,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q855395"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.4448648,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "L-reduction",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C62114133",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.4386145,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5366944"
},
{
"display_name": "Algorithm",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C11413529",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.33585906,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366"
}
] |
A framework is developed to explore the connection between effective optimization algorithms and the problems they are solving. A number of "no free lunch" (NFL) theorems are presented which establish that for any algorithm, any elevated performance over one class of problems is offset by performance over another class. These theorems result in a geometric interpretation of what it means for an algorithm to be well suited to an optimization problem. Applications of the NFL theorems to information-theoretic aspects of optimization and benchmark measures of performance are also presented. Other issues addressed include time-varying optimization problems and a priori "head-to-head" minimax distinctions between optimization algorithms, distinctions that result despite the NFL theorems' enforcing of a type of uniformity over all algorithms.
|
C126255220
|
Mathematical optimization
|
https://doi.org/10.1002/nav.3800020109
|
study of mathematical algorithms for optimization problems
|
The Hungarian method for the assignment problem
|
[
{
"display_name": "Assignment problem",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C85044808",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5849699,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q620614"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.566082,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Hungarian algorithm",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C21785340",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.53612506,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q281922"
},
{
"display_name": "Yield (engineering)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C134121241",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4813943,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899301"
},
{
"display_name": "Work (physics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C18762648",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47479433,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213"
},
{
"display_name": "Mathematical optimization",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126255220",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4269839,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495"
},
{
"display_name": "Mathematics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.37719762,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395"
}
] |
Abstract Assuming that numerical scores are available for the performance of each of n persons on each of n jobs, the “assignment problem” is the quest for an assignment of persons to jobs so that the sum of the n scores so obtained is as large as possible. It is shown that ideas latent in the work of two Hungarian mathematicians may be exploited to yield a new method of solving this problem.
|
C2522767166
|
Data science
|
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.b2535
|
interdisciplinary field of study focused on deriving knowledge and insights from data
|
Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement
|
[
{
"display_name": "Systematic review",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C189708586",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.7104284,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1504425"
},
{
"display_name": "Statement (logic)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777026412",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6835536,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2684591"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.5353335,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Information retrieval",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C23123220",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.49497455,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826"
},
{
"display_name": "Data science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2522767166",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.47169355,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463"
},
{
"display_name": "MEDLINE",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779473830",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42469996,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.36716568,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "World Wide Web",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C136764020",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.35063654,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466"
}
] |
Structured summary 2 Provide a structured summary including, as applicable, background, objectives, data sources, study eligibility criteria, participants, interventions, study appraisal and synthesis methods, results, limitations, conclusions and implications of key findings, systematic review registration number Flow of information through the different phases of a systematic review No of records identified through database searching No of additional records identified through other sources No of records after duplicates removed No of studies included in qualitative synthesis No of studies included in quantitative synthesis (meta-analysis)
|
C2522767166
|
Data science
|
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.327.7414.557
|
interdisciplinary field of study focused on deriving knowledge and insights from data
|
Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses
|
[
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.5832133,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Data science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2522767166",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5164528,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463"
},
{
"display_name": "Information retrieval",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C23123220",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.43524528,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826"
},
{
"display_name": "World Wide Web",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C136764020",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.35861537,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466"
}
] |
Cochrane Reviews have recently started including the quantity I 2 to help readers assess the consistency of the results of studies in meta-analyses. What does this new quantity mean, and why is assessment of heterogeneity so important to clinical practice?
Systematic reviews and meta-analyses can provide convincing and reliable evidence relevant to many aspects of medicine and health care.1 Their value is especially clear when the results of the studies they include show clinically important effects of similar magnitude. However, the conclusions are less clear when the included studies have differing results. In an attempt to establish whether studies are consistent, reports of meta-analyses commonly present a statistical test of heterogeneity. The test seeks to determine whether there are genuine differences underlying the results of the studies (heterogeneity), or whether the variation in findings is compatible with chance alone (homogeneity). However, the test is susceptible to the number of trials included in the meta-analysis. We have developed a new quantity, I 2, which we believe gives a better measure of the consistency between trials in a meta-analysis.
Assessment of the consistency of effects across studies is an essential part of meta-analysis. Unless we know how consistent the results of studies are, we cannot determine the generalisability of the findings of the meta-analysis. Indeed, several hierarchical systems for grading evidence state that the results of studies must be consistent or homogeneous to obtain the highest grading.2–4
Tests for heterogeneity are commonly used to decide on methods for combining studies and for concluding consistency or inconsistency of findings.5 6 But what does the test achieve in practice, and how should the resulting P values be interpreted?
A test for heterogeneity examines the null hypothesis that all studies are evaluating the same effect. The usual test statistic …
|
C2522767166
|
Data science
|
https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.49-3305
|
interdisciplinary field of study focused on deriving knowledge and insights from data
|
Data mining: concepts and techniques
|
[
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.5311044,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Data science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2522767166",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.42918754,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463"
},
{
"display_name": "Data mining",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C124101348",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3398261,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491"
}
] |
The increasing volume of data in modern business and science calls for more complex and sophisticated tools. Although advances in data mining technology have made extensive data collection much easier, it's still always evolving and there is a constant need for new techniques and tools that can help us transform this data into useful information and knowledge. Since the previous edition's publication, great advances have been made in the field of data mining. Not only does the third of edition of Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques continue the tradition of equipping you with an understanding and application of the theory and practice of discovering patterns hidden in large data sets, it also focuses on new, important topics in the field: data warehouses and data cube technology, mining stream, mining social networks, and mining spatial, multimedia and other complex data. Each chapter is a stand-alone guide to a critical topic, presenting proven algorithms and sound implementations ready to be used directly or with strategic modification against live data. This is the resource you need if you want to apply today's most powerful data mining techniques to meet real business challenges. * Presents dozens of algorithms and implementation examples, all in pseudo-code and suitable for use in real-world, large-scale data mining projects. * Addresses advanced topics such as mining object-relational databases, spatial databases, multimedia databases, time-series databases, text databases, the World Wide Web, and applications in several fields. *Provides a comprehensive, practical look at the concepts and techniques you need to get the most out of real business data
|
C2522767166
|
Data science
|
https://doi.org/10.1137/s003614450342480
|
interdisciplinary field of study focused on deriving knowledge and insights from data
|
The Structure and Function of Complex Networks
|
[
{
"display_name": "Random graph",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C47458327",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6577031,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q910404"
},
{
"display_name": "Complex network",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C34947359",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6420744,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q665189"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.6332437,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Cluster analysis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C73555534",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6219208,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825"
},
{
"display_name": "Degree distribution",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C87414783",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5724056,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1002603"
},
{
"display_name": "Preferential attachment",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780600066",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5672091,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7239828"
},
{
"display_name": "Clustering coefficient",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C22047676",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5577931,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q898680"
},
{
"display_name": "Biological network",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C28225019",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5564083,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4915005"
},
{
"display_name": "Variety (cybernetics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C136197465",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5546679,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295"
},
{
"display_name": "Evolving networks",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C36647736",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5206684,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5418752"
},
{
"display_name": "The Internet",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C110875604",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.503993,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75"
},
{
"display_name": "Field (mathematics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C9652623",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47820234,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109"
},
{
"display_name": "Theoretical computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C80444323",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.46717888,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974"
},
{
"display_name": "Network science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C137753397",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4510429,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2434424"
},
{
"display_name": "Small-world network",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C183331307",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.44724503,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840026"
},
{
"display_name": "Network formation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C68416499",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.44062558,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7001033"
},
{
"display_name": "Data science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2522767166",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.43768525,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463"
},
{
"display_name": "Graph",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C132525143",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41451436,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488"
},
{
"display_name": "Artificial intelligence",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C154945302",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.34845307,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660"
}
] |
Inspired by empirical studies of networked systems such as the Internet, social networks, and biological networks, researchers have in recent years developed a variety of techniques and models to help us understand or predict the behavior of these systems. Here we review developments in this field, including such concepts as the small-world effect, degree distributions, clustering, network correlations, random graph models, models of network growth and preferential attachment, and dynamical processes taking place on networks.
|
C2522767166
|
Data science
|
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0061217
|
interdisciplinary field of study focused on deriving knowledge and insights from data
|
phyloseq: An R Package for Reproducible Interactive Analysis and Graphics of Microbiome Census Data
|
[
{
"display_name": "UniFrac",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C151437367",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.7004176,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7884646"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.6611798,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Data science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2522767166",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.6590486,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463"
},
{
"display_name": "Data mining",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C124101348",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5434007,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491"
},
{
"display_name": "Visualization",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C36464697",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5426361,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553"
},
{
"display_name": "Data visualization",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C172367668",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4870563,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6504956"
},
{
"display_name": "Graphics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C21442007",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.48285943,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1027879"
},
{
"display_name": "Microbiome",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C143121216",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4686218,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1330402"
},
{
"display_name": "R package",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2984074130",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43922627,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q73539779"
},
{
"display_name": "Software",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777904410",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41683003,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397"
},
{
"display_name": "Information retrieval",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C23123220",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.37820745,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826"
}
] |
Background The analysis of microbial communities through DNA sequencing brings many challenges: the integration of different types of data with methods from ecology, genetics, phylogenetics, multivariate statistics, visualization and testing. With the increased breadth of experimental designs now being pursued, project-specific statistical analyses are often needed, and these analyses are often difficult (or impossible) for peer researchers to independently reproduce. The vast majority of the requisite tools for performing these analyses reproducibly are already implemented in R and its extensions (packages), but with limited support for high throughput microbiome census data. Results Here we describe a software project, phyloseq, dedicated to the object-oriented representation and analysis of microbiome census data in R. It supports importing data from a variety of common formats, as well as many analysis techniques. These include calibration, filtering, subsetting, agglomeration, multi-table comparisons, diversity analysis, parallelized Fast UniFrac, ordination methods, and production of publication-quality graphics; all in a manner that is easy to document, share, and modify. We show how to apply functions from other R packages to phyloseq-represented data, illustrating the availability of a large number of open source analysis techniques. We discuss the use of phyloseq with tools for reproducible research, a practice common in other fields but still rare in the analysis of highly parallel microbiome census data. We have made available all of the materials necessary to completely reproduce the analysis and figures included in this article, an example of best practices for reproducible research. Conclusions The phyloseq project for R is a new open-source software package, freely available on the web from both GitHub and Bioconductor.
|
C2522767166
|
Data science
|
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.122653799
|
interdisciplinary field of study focused on deriving knowledge and insights from data
|
Community structure in social and biological networks
|
[
{
"display_name": "Community structure",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C133079900",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.76698446,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5155065"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.7132261,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Centrality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C53811970",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7102489,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5062194"
},
{
"display_name": "Transitive relation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C191399111",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.65247977,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q64861"
},
{
"display_name": "Clique percolation method",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C128243737",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.61658776,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5134414"
},
{
"display_name": "Reliability (semiconductor)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C43214815",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6056722,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987"
},
{
"display_name": "Property (philosophy)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C189950617",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.60530084,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q937228"
},
{
"display_name": "Complex network",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C34947359",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5795408,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q665189"
},
{
"display_name": "Data science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2522767166",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5132644,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463"
},
{
"display_name": "Evolving networks",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C36647736",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.49523345,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5418752"
},
{
"display_name": "Biological network",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C28225019",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4607002,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4915005"
},
{
"display_name": "Degree distribution",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C87414783",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.45412368,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1002603"
},
{
"display_name": "Network science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C137753397",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4539556,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2434424"
},
{
"display_name": "Theoretical computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C80444323",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.43551838,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974"
},
{
"display_name": "Data mining",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C124101348",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4248822,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491"
},
{
"display_name": "Social network (sociolinguistics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C4727928",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4220463,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17164759"
},
{
"display_name": "The Internet",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C110875604",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41043848,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75"
},
{
"display_name": "Network analysis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C32946077",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41030878,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q618079"
},
{
"display_name": "World Wide Web",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C136764020",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.32674122,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466"
}
] |
A number of recent studies have focused on the statistical properties of networked systems such as social networks and the World-Wide Web. Researchers have concentrated particularly on a few properties which seem to be common to many networks: the small-world property, power-law degree distributions, and network transitivity. In this paper, we highlight another property which is found in many networks, the property of community structure, in which network nodes are joined together in tightly-knit groups between which there are only looser connections. We propose a new method for detecting such communities, built around the idea of using centrality indices to find community boundaries. We test our method on computer generated and real-world graphs whose community structure is already known, and find that it detects this known structure with high sensitivity and reliability. We also apply the method to two networks whose community structure is not well-known - a collaboration network and a food web - and find that it detects significant and informative community divisions in both cases.
|
C2522767166
|
Data science
|
https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkn923
|
interdisciplinary field of study focused on deriving knowledge and insights from data
|
Bioinformatics enrichment tools: paths toward the comprehensive functional analysis of large gene lists
|
[
{
"display_name": "Biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.61495775,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420"
},
{
"display_name": "Data science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2522767166",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5851081,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463"
},
{
"display_name": "Annotation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776321320",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.55745786,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q857525"
},
{
"display_name": "Task (project management)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780451532",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.51313525,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676"
},
{
"display_name": "Computational biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C70721500",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.444492,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177005"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3978765,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Bioinformatics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C60644358",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.33921897,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128570"
}
] |
Functional analysis of large gene lists, derived in most cases from emerging high-throughput genomic, proteomic and bioinformatics scanning approaches, is still a challenging and daunting task. The gene-annotation enrichment analysis is a promising high-throughput strategy that increases the likelihood for investigators to identify biological processes most pertinent to their study. Approximately 68 bioinformatics enrichment tools that are currently available in the community are collected in this survey. Tools are uniquely categorized into three major classes, according to their underlying enrichment algorithms. The comprehensive collections, unique tool classifications and associated questions/issues will provide a more comprehensive and up-to-date view regarding the advantages, pitfalls and recent trends in a simpler tool-class level rather than by a tool-by-tool approach. Thus, the survey will help tool designers/developers and experienced end users understand the underlying algorithms and pertinent details of particular tool categories/tools, enabling them to make the best choices for their particular research interests.
|
C2522767166
|
Data science
|
https://doi.org/10.1126/scisignal.2004088
|
interdisciplinary field of study focused on deriving knowledge and insights from data
|
Integrative Analysis of Complex Cancer Genomics and Clinical Profiles Using the cBioPortal
|
[
{
"display_name": "Genomics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C189206191",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.6945977,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q222046"
},
{
"display_name": "Visualization",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C36464697",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.65073323,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553"
},
{
"display_name": "Interface (matter)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C113843644",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.51860285,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901882"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.489366,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Computational biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C70721500",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.47429493,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177005"
},
{
"display_name": "Data visualization",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C172367668",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4584195,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6504956"
},
{
"display_name": "Software",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777904410",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42695683,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397"
},
{
"display_name": "Data science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2522767166",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.41923228,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463"
},
{
"display_name": "Bioinformatics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C60644358",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.39260426,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128570"
},
{
"display_name": "World Wide Web",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C136764020",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.33664343,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466"
},
{
"display_name": "Genome",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C141231307",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.30069864,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7020"
}
] |
The cBioPortal for Cancer Genomics (http://cbioportal.org) provides a Web resource for exploring, visualizing, and analyzing multidimensional cancer genomics data. The portal reduces molecular profiling data from cancer tissues and cell lines into readily understandable genetic, epigenetic, gene expression, and proteomic events. The query interface combined with customized data storage enables researchers to interactively explore genetic alterations across samples, genes, and pathways and, when available in the underlying data, to link these to clinical outcomes. The portal provides graphical summaries of gene-level data from multiple platforms, network visualization and analysis, survival analysis, patient-centric queries, and software programmatic access. The intuitive Web interface of the portal makes complex cancer genomics profiles accessible to researchers and clinicians without requiring bioinformatics expertise, thus facilitating biological discoveries. Here, we provide a practical guide to the analysis and visualization features of the cBioPortal for Cancer Genomics.
|
C74650414
|
Classical mechanics
|
https://doi.org/10.1049/sqj.1966.0063
|
sub-field of mechanics, which is concerned with the set of physical laws describing the motion of bodies under the action of a system of forces
|
Quantum Mechanics and Path Integrals
|
[
{
"display_name": "Path integral formulation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C154018700",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.7320815,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q898323"
},
{
"display_name": "Path (computing)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777735758",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.46756846,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q817765"
},
{
"display_name": "Classical mechanics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C74650414",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.45555338,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11397"
},
{
"display_name": "Relation between Schrödinger's equation and the path integral formulation of quantum mechanics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C146857524",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.44565064,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310696"
},
{
"display_name": "Physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.43042135,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413"
},
{
"display_name": "Quantum mechanics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C62520636",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.36675364,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944"
},
{
"display_name": "Theoretical physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C33332235",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.34566307,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18362"
},
{
"display_name": "Mathematics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.32773703,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395"
},
{
"display_name": "Statistical physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121864883",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.32045567,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q677916"
},
{
"display_name": "Quantum",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C84114770",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.31172943,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344"
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] |
Au sommaire : 1.The fundamental concepts of quantum mechanics ; 2.The quantum-mechanical law of motion ; 3.Developing the concepts with special examples ; 4.The schrodinger description of quantum mechanics ; 5.Measurements and operators ; 6.The perturbation method in quantum mechanics ; 7.Transition elements ; 8.Harmonic oscillators ; 9.Quantum electrodynamics ; 10.Statistical mechanics ; 11.The variational method ; 12.Other problems in probability.
|
C74650414
|
Classical mechanics
|
https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511524646
|
sub-field of mechanics, which is concerned with the set of physical laws describing the motion of bodies under the action of a system of forces
|
The Large Scale Structure of Space-Time
|
[
{
"display_name": "General relativity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C147452769",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.75520885,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11452"
},
{
"display_name": "Theoretical physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C33332235",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.58284676,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18362"
},
{
"display_name": "Physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.5808685,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413"
},
{
"display_name": "Einstein",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C146846114",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5665561,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901448"
},
{
"display_name": "Theory of relativity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C149324446",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.53893936,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43514"
},
{
"display_name": "Spacetime",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C130187892",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.49753645,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133327"
},
{
"display_name": "Gravitational collapse",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C118396296",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.49475497,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q329273"
},
{
"display_name": "Gravitational singularity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C12843",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.46814233,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201721"
},
{
"display_name": "Space (punctuation)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778572836",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.45549637,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380933"
},
{
"display_name": "Destiny (ISS module)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C44761211",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.45440975,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q752841"
},
{
"display_name": "Space time",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C96402334",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.44395825,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3030793"
},
{
"display_name": "Black hole (networking)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C50341732",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.44100735,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q880302"
},
{
"display_name": "Gravitation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C124017977",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42944667,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11412"
},
{
"display_name": "Curvature",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C195065555",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42022967,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214881"
},
{
"display_name": "Classical mechanics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C74650414",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.40860373,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11397"
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] |
Einstein's General Theory of Relativity leads to two remarkable predictions: first, that the ultimate destiny of many massive stars is to undergo gravitational collapse and to disappear from view, leaving behind a 'black hole' in space; and secondly, that there will exist singularities in space-time itself. These singularities are places where space-time begins or ends, and the presently known laws of physics break down. They will occur inside black holes, and in the past are what might be construed as the beginning of the universe. To show how these predictions arise, the authors discuss the General Theory of Relativity in the large. Starting with a precise formulation of the theory and an account of the necessary background of differential geometry, the significance of space-time curvature is discussed and the global properties of a number of exact solutions of Einstein's field equations are examined. The theory of the causal structure of a general space-time is developed, and is used to study black holes and to prove a number of theorems establishing the inevitability of singualarities under certain conditions. A discussion of the Cauchy problem for General Relativity is also included in this 1973 book.
|
C74650414
|
Classical mechanics
|
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1125907
|
sub-field of mechanics, which is concerned with the set of physical laws describing the motion of bodies under the action of a system of forces
|
Controlling Electromagnetic Fields
|
[
{
"display_name": "Cloaking",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C62973154",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.8554885,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q868018"
},
{
"display_name": "Poynting vector",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C193614536",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.807521,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504186"
},
{
"display_name": "Electromagnetic field",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C28843909",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.771157,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177625"
},
{
"display_name": "Physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.66712755,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413"
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{
"display_name": "Metamaterial",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C110367647",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.60577875,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q497166"
},
{
"display_name": "Metamaterial cloaking",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C73859625",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.50576735,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6822969"
},
{
"display_name": "Electromagnetic induction",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C102130693",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.50418794,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q988780"
},
{
"display_name": "Electromagnetic radiation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C149773537",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.48299778,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12969754"
},
{
"display_name": "Classical mechanics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C74650414",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.43778688,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11397"
},
{
"display_name": "Optical field",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C154452299",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.42271942,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7098853"
},
{
"display_name": "Electromagnetic compatibility",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C125470083",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41158795,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q747288"
},
{
"display_name": "Magnetic field",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C115260700",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.40313172,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11408"
},
{
"display_name": "Quantum electrodynamics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3079626",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.34255457,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q234881"
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] |
Using the freedom of design that metamaterials provide, we show how electromagnetic fields can be redirected at will and propose a design strategy. The conserved fields—electric displacement field D , magnetic induction field B , and Poynting vector B —are all displaced in a consistent manner. A simple illustration is given of the cloaking of a proscribed volume of space to exclude completely all electromagnetic fields. Our work has relevance to exotic lens design and to the cloaking of objects from electromagnetic fields.
|
C74650414
|
Classical mechanics
|
https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1474579
|
sub-field of mechanics, which is concerned with the set of physical laws describing the motion of bodies under the action of a system of forces
|
Theory of open quantum systems
|
[
{
"display_name": "Dissipation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C135402231",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6850966,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q898440"
},
{
"display_name": "Quantum",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C84114770",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.53108376,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344"
},
{
"display_name": "Statistical physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121864883",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5271955,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q677916"
},
{
"display_name": "Physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.52701247,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413"
},
{
"display_name": "Detailed balance",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C135694725",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5264852,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1201087"
},
{
"display_name": "Brownian motion",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C112401455",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.48076507,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178036"
},
{
"display_name": "Boundary value problem",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C182310444",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4718145,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1332643"
},
{
"display_name": "Classical mechanics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C74650414",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4701519,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11397"
},
{
"display_name": "Open system (computing)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C163677043",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.44537666,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2382874"
},
{
"display_name": "Mathematics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.38225698,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395"
},
{
"display_name": "Quantum mechanics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C62520636",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.38063955,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944"
}
] |
A quantum dissipation theory is constructed with the system–bath interaction being treated rigorously at the second-order cumulant level for both reduced dynamics and initial canonical boundary condition. The theory is valid for arbitrary bath correlation functions and time-dependent external driving fields, and satisfies correlated detailed-balance relation at any temperatures. The general formulation assumes a particularly simple form in driven Brownian oscillator systems in which the correlated driving-dissipation effects can be accounted for exactly in terms of local-field correction. Remarks on a class of widely used phenomenological quantum master equations that neglects the bath dispersion-induced dissipation are also made in contact with the present theory.
|
C74650414
|
Classical mechanics
|
https://doi.org/10.1103/physrev.115.485
|
sub-field of mechanics, which is concerned with the set of physical laws describing the motion of bodies under the action of a system of forces
|
Significance of Electromagnetic Potentials in the Quantum Theory
|
[
{
"display_name": "Physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.7849901,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413"
},
{
"display_name": "Electromagnetic field",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C28843909",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.56287867,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177625"
},
{
"display_name": "Interpretation (philosophy)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C527412718",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.51484364,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q855395"
},
{
"display_name": "Quantum mechanics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C62520636",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5057566,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944"
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{
"display_name": "Classical mechanics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C74650414",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.49930072,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11397"
},
{
"display_name": "Quantum",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C84114770",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.49790835,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344"
},
{
"display_name": "Theoretical physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C33332235",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.37239802,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18362"
},
{
"display_name": "Quantum electrodynamics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3079626",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.35518366,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q234881"
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] |
In this paper, we discuss some interesting properties of the electromagnetic potentials in the quantum domain. We shall show that, contrary to the conclusions of classical mechanics, there exist effects of potentials on charged particles, even in the region where all the fields (and therefore the forces on the particles) vanish. We shall then discuss possible experiments to test these conclusions; and, finally, we shall suggest further possible developments in the interpretation of the potentials.
|
C74650414
|
Classical mechanics
|
https://doi.org/10.1063/1.474659
|
sub-field of mechanics, which is concerned with the set of physical laws describing the motion of bodies under the action of a system of forces
|
A new integral equation formalism for the polarizable continuum model: Theoretical background and applications to isotropic and anisotropic dielectrics
|
[
{
"display_name": "Isotropy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C184050105",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.89900696,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q273163"
},
{
"display_name": "Anisotropy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C85725439",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.72628725,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466686"
},
{
"display_name": "Integral equation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C27016315",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6467566,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q580101"
},
{
"display_name": "Dielectric",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C133386390",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.63413185,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184996"
},
{
"display_name": "Polarizability",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C139287275",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.59411395,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q869891"
},
{
"display_name": "Equivalence (formal languages)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780069185",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.54558176,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7977945"
},
{
"display_name": "Formalism (music)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C73301696",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.50528127,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5469984"
},
{
"display_name": "Physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.43161273,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413"
},
{
"display_name": "Classical mechanics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C74650414",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.42782807,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11397"
},
{
"display_name": "Polarizable continuum model",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776122248",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.4193405,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510715"
},
{
"display_name": "Statistical physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121864883",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.32347924,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q677916"
}
] |
We present a new integral equation formulation of the polarizable continuum model (PCM) which allows one to treat in a single approach dielectrics of different nature: standard isotropic liquids, intrinsically anisotropic medialike liquid crystals and solid matrices, or ionic solutions. The present work shows that integral equation methods may be used with success also for the latter cases, which are usually studied with three-dimensional methods, by far less competitive in terms of computational effort. We present the theoretical bases which underlie the method and some numerical tests which show both a complete equivalence with standard PCM versions for isotropic solvents, and a good efficiency for calculations with anisotropic dielectrics.
|
C74650414
|
Classical mechanics
|
https://doi.org/10.1103/physrev.37.405
|
sub-field of mechanics, which is concerned with the set of physical laws describing the motion of bodies under the action of a system of forces
|
Reciprocal Relations in Irreversible Processes. I.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Reciprocal",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777742833",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6883512,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1964083"
},
{
"display_name": "Physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.6000453,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413"
},
{
"display_name": "Thermal conduction",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C172100665",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5203478,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7465774"
},
{
"display_name": "Onsager reciprocal relations",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C153081606",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4876348,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901483"
},
{
"display_name": "Helmholtz free energy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C27592594",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47335386,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q865821"
},
{
"display_name": "Thermodynamics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C97355855",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.46922383,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473"
},
{
"display_name": "Anisotropy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C85725439",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.45254657,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466686"
},
{
"display_name": "Dissipation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C135402231",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4467436,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q898440"
},
{
"display_name": "Maxwell relations",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C159936349",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.43179476,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187465"
},
{
"display_name": "Classical mechanics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C74650414",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.40924984,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11397"
},
{
"display_name": "Theoretical physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C33332235",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.32234162,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18362"
}
] |
Examples of coupled irreversible processes like the thermoelectric phenomena, the transference phenomena in electrolytes and heat conduction in an anisotropic medium are considered. For certain cases of such interaction reciprocal relations have been deduced by earlier writers, e.g., Thomson's theory of thermoelectric phenomena and Helmholtz' theory for the e.m.f. of electrolytic cells with liquid junction. These earlier derivations may be classed as quasi-thermodynamic; in fact, Thomson himself pointed out that his argument was incomplete, and that his relation ought to be established on an experimental basis. A general class of such relations will be derived by a new theoretical treatment from the principle of microscopic reversibility. (\textsection{}\textsection{}1-2.) The analogy with a chemical monomolecular triangle reaction is discussed; in this case a a simple kinetic consideration assuming microscopic reversibility yields a reciprocal relation that is not necessary for fulfilling the requirements of thermodynamics (\textsection{}3). Reciprocal relations for heat conduction in an anisotropic medium are derived from the assumption of microscopic reversibility, applied to fluctuations. (\textsection{}4.) The reciprocal relations can be expressed in terms of a potential, the dissipation-function. Lord Rayleigh's "principle of the least dissipation of energy" is generalized to include the case of anisotropic heat conduction. A further generalization is announced. (\textsection{}5.) The conditions for stationary flow are formulated; the connection with earlier quasi-thermodynamic theories is discussed. (\textsection{}6.) The principle of dynamical reversibility does not apply when (external) magnetic fields or Coriolis forces are present, and the reciprocal relations break down. (\textsection{}7.)
|
C74650414
|
Classical mechanics
|
https://doi.org/10.1098/rstl.1805.0005
|
sub-field of mechanics, which is concerned with the set of physical laws describing the motion of bodies under the action of a system of forces
|
III. An essay on the cohesion of fluids
|
[
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{
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},
{
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},
{
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{
"display_name": "Theoretical physics",
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{
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] |
It has already been asserted, by Mr. Monge and others, that the phenomena of capillary tubes are referable to the cohesive attraction of the superficial particles only of the fluids employed, and that the surfaces must consequently be formed into curves of the nature of lintearias, which are supposed to be the results of a uniform tension of a surface, resisting the pressure of a fluid, either uniform, or varying according to a given law. Segner, who appears to have been the first that maintained a similar opinion, has shown in what manner the principle may be deduced from the doctrine of attraction, but his demonstration is complicated, and not perfectly satisfactory; and in applying the law to the forms of drops, he has neglected to consider the very material effects of the double curvature, which is evidently the cause of the want of a perfect coincidence of some of his experiments with his theory. Since the time of Segner, little has been done in investigating accurately and in detail the various consequences of the principle. It will perhaps be most agreeable to the experimental philosopher, although less consistent with the strict course of logical argument, to proceed in the first place to the comparison of this theory with the phenomena, and to inquire afterwards for its foundation in the ultimate properties of matter. But it is necessary to premise one observation, which appears to be new, and which is equally consistent with theory and with experiment; that is, that for each combination of a solid and a fluid, there is an appropriate angle of contact between the surfaces of the fluid, exposed to the air, and to the solid. This angle, for glass and water, and in all cases where a solid is perfectly wetted by a fluid, is evanescent: for glass and mercury, it is about 140°, in common temperatures, and when the mercury is moderately clean.
|
C195244886
|
Ancient history
|
https://doi.org/10.1097/hjh.0000000000003480
|
aggregate of past events from the beginning of recorded human history to the Early Middle Ages
|
2023 ESH Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension The Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension
|
[
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"level": 0,
"score": 0.5960851,
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{
"display_name": "Slovak",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780102689",
"level": 3,
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"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9058"
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{
"display_name": "China",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C191935318",
"level": 2,
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"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q148"
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{
"display_name": "Ancient history",
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{
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"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732"
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{
"display_name": "Czech",
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"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9056"
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] |
Document Reviewers: Luis Alcocer (Mexico), Christina Antza (Greece), Mustafa Arici (Turkey), Eduardo Barbosa (Brazil), Adel Berbari (Lebanon), Luís Bronze (Portugal), John Chalmers (Australia), Tine De Backer (Belgium), Alejandro de la Sierra (Spain), Kyriakos Dimitriadis (Greece), Dorota Drozdz (Poland), Béatrice Duly-Bouhanick (France), Brent M. Egan (USA), Serap Erdine (Turkey), Claudio Ferri (Italy), Slavomira Filipova (Slovak Republic), Anthony Heagerty (UK), Michael Hecht Olsen (Denmark), Dagmara Hering (Poland), Sang Hyun Ihm (South Korea), Uday Jadhav (India), Manolis Kallistratos (Greece), Kazuomi Kario (Japan), Vasilios Kotsis (Greece), Adi Leiba (Israel), Patricio López-Jaramillo (Colombia), Hans-Peter Marti (Norway), Terry McCormack (UK), Paolo Mulatero (Italy), Dike B. Ojji (Nigeria), Sungha Park (South Korea), Priit Pauklin (Estonia), Sabine Perl (Austria), Arman Postadzhian (Bulgaria), Aleksander Prejbisz (Poland), Venkata Ram (India), Ramiro Sanchez (Argentina), Markus Schlaich (Australia), Alta Schutte (Australia), Cristina Sierra (Spain), Sekib Sokolovic (Bosnia and Herzegovina), Jonas Spaak (Sweden), Dimitrios Terentes-Printzios (Greece), Bruno Trimarco (Italy), Thomas Unger (The Netherlands), Bert-Jan van den Born (The Netherlands), Anna Vachulova (Slovak Republic), Agostino Virdis (Italy), Jiguang Wang (China), Ulrich Wenzel (Germany), Paul Whelton (USA), Jiri Widimsky (Czech Republic), Jacek Wolf (Poland), Grégoire Wuerzner (Switzerland), Eugene Yang (USA), Yuqing Zhang (China).
|
C195244886
|
Ancient history
|
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.261.5124.995
|
aggregate of past events from the beginning of recorded human history to the Early Middle Ages
|
The Genesis and Collapse of Third Millennium North Mesopotamian Civilization
|
[
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{
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"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8432"
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{
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{
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{
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{
"display_name": "Geology",
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"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069"
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{
"display_name": "Archaeology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.36067155,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498"
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{
"display_name": "Physical geography",
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"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52107"
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] |
Archaeological and soil-stratigraphic data define the origin, growth, and collapse of Subir, the third millennium rain-fed agriculture civilization of northern Mesopotamia on the Habur Plains of Syria. At 2200 B. C., a marked increase in aridity and wind circulation, subsequent to a volcanic eruption, induced a considerable degradation of land-use conditions. After four centuries of urban life, this abrupt climatic change evidently caused abandonment of Tell Leilan, regional desertion, and collapse of the Akkadian empire based in southern Mesopotamia. Synchronous collapse in adjacent regions suggests that the impact of the abrupt climatic change was extensive.
|
C195244886
|
Ancient history
|
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0407921102
|
aggregate of past events from the beginning of recorded human history to the Early Middle Ages
|
Fermented beverages of pre- and proto-historic China
|
[
{
"display_name": "Ancient history",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C195244886",
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"score": 0.58002985,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41493"
},
{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C191935318",
"level": 2,
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},
{
"display_name": "Prehistory",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C204852536",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47635722,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11756"
},
{
"display_name": "Bronze",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778478046",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47060734,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34095"
},
{
"display_name": "Shang dynasty",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C512054716",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4590162,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128938"
},
{
"display_name": "Pottery",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C130056557",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4559326,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11642"
},
{
"display_name": "History of China",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C119795817",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.43213522,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82972"
},
{
"display_name": "Archaeology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.36924535,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498"
},
{
"display_name": "Geography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.36008856,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071"
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] |
Chemical analyses of ancient organics absorbed into pottery jars from the early Neolithic village of Jiahu in Henan province in China have revealed that a mixed fermented beverage of rice, honey, and fruit (hawthorn fruit and/or grape) was being produced as early as the seventh millennium before Christ (B.C.). This prehistoric drink paved the way for unique cereal beverages of the proto-historic second millennium B.C., remarkably preserved as liquids inside sealed bronze vessels of the Shang and Western Zhou Dynasties. These findings provide direct evidence for fermented beverages in ancient Chinese culture, which were of considerable social, religious, and medical significance, and help elucidate their earliest descriptions in the Shang Dynasty oracle inscriptions.
|
C195244886
|
Ancient history
|
https://doi.org/10.2307/2543928
|
aggregate of past events from the beginning of recorded human history to the Early Middle Ages
|
Ceremonies of Possession in Europe's Conquest of the New World, 1492-1640.
|
[
{
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"level": 2,
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{
"display_name": "Possession (linguistics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780193096",
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"score": 0.8927202,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3543662"
},
{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C195244886",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5426278,
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},
{
"display_name": "History",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.46786928,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309"
},
{
"display_name": "Art",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C142362112",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.4612118,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735"
},
{
"display_name": "Classics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C74916050",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.36108708,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q841090"
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] |
Introduction 1. Houses, gardens, and fences: signs of English possession in the New World 2. Ceremonies: the theatrical rituals of French political possession 3. The requirement: a protocol for conquest 4. 'A New Sky and New Stars': Arabic and Hebrew science, Portuguese seamanship, and the discovery of America 5. Sailing in the wake of the Portuguese Conclusion: the habits of history.
|
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