id
stringclasses 283
values | name
stringclasses 283
values | doi
stringlengths 28
82
⌀ | description
stringclasses 266
values | title
stringlengths 14
500
| concepts
listlengths 2
22
| abstract
stringlengths 10k
43.8k
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C199289684
|
Mineralogy
|
https://doi.org/10.2118/942054-g
|
scientific study of minerals
|
The Electrical Resistivity Log as an Aid in Determining Some Reservoir Characteristics
|
[
{
"display_name": "Electrical resistivity and conductivity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C69990965",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8829161,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65402698"
},
{
"display_name": "Borehole",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C150560799",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7831551,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q502102"
},
{
"display_name": "Geology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127313418",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.645241,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069"
},
{
"display_name": "Formation water",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2992173645",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.46129665,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7247687"
},
{
"display_name": "Petroleum engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C78762247",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.42294937,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1273174"
},
{
"display_name": "Mineralogy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199289684",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4044397,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83353"
},
{
"display_name": "Soil science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C159390177",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.34051067,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9161265"
}
] |
The usefulness of the electrical resistivity log in determining reservoircharacteristics is governed largely by:the accuracy with which the trueresistivity of the formation can be determined;the scope of detailed dataconcerning the relation of resistivity measurements to formationcharacteristics;the available information concerning the conductivity ofconnate or formation waters;the extent of geologic knowledge regardingprobable changes in facies within given horizons, both vertically andlaterally, particularly in relation to the resultant effect on the electricalproperties of the reservoir. Simple examples are given in the following pagesto illustrate the use of resistivity logs in the solution of some problemsdealing with oil and gas reservoirs. From the available information, it isapparent that much care must be exercised in applying to more complicated casesthe methods suggested. It should be remembered that the equations given are notprecise and represent only approximate relationships. It is believed, however, that under favorable conditions their application falls within useful limits ofaccuracy. Introduction The electrical log has been used extensively in a qualitative way tocorrelate formations penetrated by the drill in the exploitation of oil and gasreservoirs and to provide some indication of reservoir content. However, itsuse in a quantitative way has been limited because of various factors that tendto obscure the significance of the electrical readings obtained. Some of thesefactors are the borehole size, the resistivity of the mud in the borehole, theeffect of invasion of the mud filtrate into the formation, the relation of therecorded thickness of beds to electrode spacing, the heterogeneity of geologicformations, the salinity or conductivity of connate water, and, perhaps ofgreatest importance, the lack of data indicating the relationship of theresistivity of a formation in situ to its character and fluid content. On the Gulf Coast it is found that the effects of the size of the boreholeand the mud resistivity are generally of little importance, except when dealingwith high formational resistivities or extremely low mud resistivities.Fortunately, little practical significance need be attached to the exact valuesof the higher resistivities recorded. Low mud resistivities are not common, butwhen this condition is encountered it may be corrected by replacing the mudcolumn. With the present advanced knowledge of mud control, invasion of mudfiltrate into sands can be minimized, thereby increasing the dependability ofthe electrical log. The effect of electrode spacing on the recorded thicknessof a bed is often subject to compensation or can be sufficiently accounted forto provide an acceptable approximation of the true resistivity of theformation. T.P. 1422
|
C199289684
|
Mineralogy
|
https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.103.257602
|
scientific study of minerals
|
Large Piezoelectric Effect in Pb-Free Ceramics
|
[
{
"display_name": "Piezoelectricity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C100082104",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.83211446,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183759"
},
{
"display_name": "Phase boundary",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C188324986",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.8277323,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7180938"
},
{
"display_name": "Tetragonal crystal system",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C170751736",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.692779,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q503601"
},
{
"display_name": "Ferroelectricity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C79090758",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.65769666,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1045739"
},
{
"display_name": "Materials science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C192562407",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.6443711,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736"
},
{
"display_name": "Phase diagram",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C85906118",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.63969254,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186693"
},
{
"display_name": "Ceramic",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C134132462",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5822115,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45621"
},
{
"display_name": "Piezoelectric coefficient",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C135405054",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5765874,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7193131"
},
{
"display_name": "Anisotropy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C85725439",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.53626454,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466686"
},
{
"display_name": "Polarization (electrochemistry)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C205049153",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5258891,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2698605"
},
{
"display_name": "Triple point",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C58070368",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.52251816,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q106410"
},
{
"display_name": "Tricritical point",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C70850613",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.5145035,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7841310"
},
{
"display_name": "Condensed matter physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C26873012",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.49501127,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214781"
},
{
"display_name": "Dielectric",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C133386390",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.46312484,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184996"
},
{
"display_name": "Mineralogy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199289684",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.41827917,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83353"
},
{
"display_name": "Phase (matter)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C44280652",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41287318,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104837"
},
{
"display_name": "Analytical Chemistry (journal)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C113196181",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.33282164,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485223"
},
{
"display_name": "Crystal structure",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C115624301",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.3240077,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q895901"
}
] |
We report a non-Pb piezoelectric ceramic system Ba(Ti(0.8)Zr(0.2))O(3)-(Ba(0.7)Ca(0.3))TiO(3) which shows a surprisingly high piezoelectric coefficient of d(33) approximately 620 pC/N at optimal composition. Its phase diagram shows a morphotropic phase boundary (MPB) starting from a tricritical triple point of a cubic paraelectric phase (C), ferroelectric rhombohedral (R), and tetragonal (T) phases. The high piezoelectricity of the MPB compositions stems from the composition proximity of the MPB to the tricritical triple point, which leads to a nearly vanishing polarization anisotropy and thus facilitates polarization rotation between 001T and 111R states. We predict that the single-crystal form of the MPB composition of the present system may reach a giant d(33) = 1500-2000 pC/N. Our work may provide a new recipe for designing highly piezoelectric materials (both Pb-free and Pb-containing) by searching MPBs starting from a TCP.
|
C199289684
|
Mineralogy
|
https://doi.org/10.1029/jb085ib11p06248
|
scientific study of minerals
|
Limits on lithospheric stress imposed by laboratory experiments
|
[
{
"display_name": "Geology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127313418",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.7146712,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069"
},
{
"display_name": "Quartz",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779870107",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.681603,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43010"
},
{
"display_name": "Olivine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780364934",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5564438,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22693"
},
{
"display_name": "Hydrostatic equilibrium",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C134853933",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5471323,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208641"
},
{
"display_name": "Stress (linguistics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C21036866",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5146938,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181767"
},
{
"display_name": "Hydrostatic pressure",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2910081258",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5103325,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177807"
},
{
"display_name": "Lithosphere",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C16942324",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.48032895,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83296"
},
{
"display_name": "Effective stress",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C85676937",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47525594,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2251807"
},
{
"display_name": "Mineralogy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199289684",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4698212,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83353"
},
{
"display_name": "Differential stress",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780012869",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.46721187,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1977085"
},
{
"display_name": "Permeability (electromagnetism)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C120882062",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.45745862,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28352"
},
{
"display_name": "Geotechnical engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C187320778",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3826106,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1349130"
}
] |
Laboratory measurements of rock strength provide limiting values of lithospheric stress, provided that one effective principal stress is known. Fracture strengths are too variable to be useful; however, rocks at shallow depth are probably fractured so that frictional strength may apply. A single linear friction law, termed Byerlee's law, holds for all materials except clays, to pressures of more than 1 GPa, to temperatures of 500°C, and over a wide range of strain rates. Byerlee's law, converted to maximum or minimum stress, is a good upper or lower bound to observed in situ stresses to 5 km, for pore pressure hydrostatic or subhydrostatic. Byerlee's law combined with the quartz or olivine flow law provides a maximum stress profile to about 25 or 50 km, respectively. For a temperature gradient of 15°K/km, stress will be close to zero at the surface and at 25 km (quartz) or 50 km (olivine) and reaches a maximum of 600 MPa (quartz) or 1100 MPa (olivine) for hydrostatic pore pressure. Some new permeability studies of crystalline rocks suggest that pore pressure will be low in the absence of a thick argillaceous cover.
|
C199289684
|
Mineralogy
|
https://doi.org/10.1029/2003gc000597
|
scientific study of minerals
|
Composition of the depleted mantle
|
[
{
"display_name": "Mantle (geology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C67236022",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.72048503,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4364434"
},
{
"display_name": "Geology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127313418",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.69916695,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069"
},
{
"display_name": "Chondrite",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C116862484",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6846424,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48361"
},
{
"display_name": "Basalt",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C161509811",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6318774,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43338"
},
{
"display_name": "Incompatible element",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C83948199",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.5745936,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1663708"
},
{
"display_name": "Geochemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17409809",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.57428193,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161764"
},
{
"display_name": "Silicate",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777335606",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.53394383,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7130787"
},
{
"display_name": "Trace element",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C34682378",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.51119524,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q351792"
},
{
"display_name": "Primitive mantle",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779417233",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.49657184,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2135323"
},
{
"display_name": "Crust",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776698055",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4393132,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4232578"
},
{
"display_name": "Oceanic crust",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C154200439",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.4319265,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q238851"
},
{
"display_name": "Continental crust",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C141646446",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.43084902,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q858571"
},
{
"display_name": "Mineralogy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199289684",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.41865513,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83353"
},
{
"display_name": "Chemical composition",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C149849071",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4162163,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1263816"
},
{
"display_name": "Partial melting",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C79572550",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.31443053,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2054924"
}
] |
We present an estimate for the composition of the depleted mantle (DM), the source for mid‐ocean ridge basalts (MORBs). A combination of approaches is required to estimate the major and trace element abundances in DM. Absolute concentrations of few elements can be estimated directly, and the bulk of the estimates is derived using elemental ratios. The isotopic composition of MORB allows calculation of parent‐daughter ratios. These estimates form the “backbone” of the abundances of the trace elements that make up the Coryell‐Masuda diagram (spider diagram). The remaining elements of the Coryell‐Masuda diagram are estimated through the composition of MORB. A third group of estimates is derived from the elemental and isotopic composition of peridotites. The major element composition is obtained by subtraction of a low‐degree melt from a bulk silicate Earth (BSE) composition. The continental crust (CC) is thought to be complementary to the DM, and ratios that are chondritic in the CC are expected to also be chondritic in the DM. Thus some of the remaining elements are estimated using the composition of CC and chondrites. Volatile element and noble gas concentrations are estimated using constraints from the composition of MORBs and ocean island basalts (OIBs). Mass balance with BSE, CC, and DM indicates that CC and this estimate of the DM are not complementary reservoirs.
|
C199289684
|
Mineralogy
|
https://doi.org/10.2118/1863-a
|
scientific study of minerals
|
Electrical Conductivities in Oil-Bearing Shaly Sands
|
[
{
"display_name": "Electrical resistivity and conductivity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C69990965",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.77526116,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65402698"
},
{
"display_name": "Oil shale",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C153127940",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7213259,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221378"
},
{
"display_name": "Porosity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C6648577",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.61490744,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622669"
},
{
"display_name": "Water saturation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2992996259",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6050607,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q373499"
},
{
"display_name": "Saturation (graph theory)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C9930424",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5974221,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7426587"
},
{
"display_name": "Borehole",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C150560799",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5352633,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q502102"
},
{
"display_name": "Geology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127313418",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.5150571,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069"
},
{
"display_name": "Mineralogy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199289684",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.48655906,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83353"
},
{
"display_name": "Soil science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C159390177",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.48467377,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9161265"
},
{
"display_name": "Cation-exchange capacity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C197484155",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4815655,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q898477"
},
{
"display_name": "Geotechnical engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C187320778",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4514526,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1349130"
},
{
"display_name": "Oil sands",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C131779963",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.44457254,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q297322"
},
{
"display_name": "Permeability (electromagnetism)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C120882062",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4272525,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28352"
},
{
"display_name": "Petroleum engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C78762247",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.39373782,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1273174"
}
] |
ABSTRACT A simple physical model was used to develop an equation that relates the electrical conductivity of a water-saturated shaly sand to the water conductivity and the cation- exchange capacity per unit pore volume of the rock. This equation fits both the experimental data of Hill and Milburn and data obtained recently on selected shaly sands with a wide range of cation-exchange capacities. This model was extended to cases where both oil and water are present in the shaly sand. This results in an additional expression, relating the resistivity ratio to water saturation, water conductivity and cation-exchange capacity per unit pore volume. The effect of shale content on the resistivity index- water saturation function is demonstrated by several numerical examples. INTRODUCTION A principal aim of well logging is to provide quantitative information concerning porosity and oil saturation of the permeable formations penetrated by the borehole. For clean sands, the relationships between measured physical quantities and porosity or saturation are well known. However, the presence of clay minerals greatly complicates log interpretation, particularly the electrical resistivity and SP logs, and considerably affects evaluation of hydrocarbon-bearing formations. The conductance and electrochemical behavior of shaly sands and their relation to log interpretation have been studied by many workers. Wyllie and Lynch reviewed this work in some detail. Virtually all laboratory measurements of electrical resistivity and electrochemical potential of shaly sands published to date are the work of Hill and Milburn.
|
C199289684
|
Mineralogy
|
https://doi.org/10.1029/95jb03446
|
scientific study of minerals
|
Poisson's ratio and crustal seismology
|
[
{
"display_name": "Geology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127313418",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.76210797,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069"
},
{
"display_name": "Poisson's ratio",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C149505630",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.7215246,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190453"
},
{
"display_name": "Anorthite",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778993962",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.70463115,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q244994"
},
{
"display_name": "Plagioclase",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779181077",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6973153,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q714830"
},
{
"display_name": "Poisson distribution",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C100906024",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.65167594,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205692"
},
{
"display_name": "Olivine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780364934",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.61834365,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22693"
},
{
"display_name": "Mafic",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C167284885",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5053242,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q764372"
},
{
"display_name": "Metamorphism",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C112764850",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42925507,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380971"
},
{
"display_name": "Albite",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2775859737",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.42549217,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182264"
},
{
"display_name": "Mineralogy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199289684",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4252397,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83353"
}
] |
New measurements of compressional and shear wave velocities to hydrostatic pressures of 1 GPa are summarized for 678 rocks. Emphasis was placed on obtaining high‐accuracy velocity measurements, which are shown to be critical in calculating Poisson's ratios from velocities. The rocks have been divided into 29 major groups for which velocities, velocity ratios, and Poisson's ratios are presented at several pressures. Observed Poisson's ratios for the monomineralic rocks compare favorably with theoretical Poisson's ratios calculated from single‐crystal elastic constants. Plagioclase feldspar composition is important in understanding rock Poisson's ratios, since Poisson's ratio of albite increases from 0.28 to a predicted value of 0.31 for anorthite. Fe substitution for Mg in pyroxene and olivine also increases Poisson's ratio. Plotting rock compressional wave velocities versus Poisson's ratios reveals a triangular distribution bounded by quartzite with low compressional wave velocity and low Poisson's ratio, dunite with high compressional wave velocity and intermediate Poisson's ratio, and serpentinite with low compressional wave velocity and high Poisson's ratio. For common plutonic igneous rocks, there is a clear trend relating Poisson's ratio to composition, in which Poisson's ratio for granitic rocks increases from 0.24 to 0.29 as composition changes to gabbro and then decreases with decreasing plagioclase and increasing olivine contents to 0.25 in dunite. Changes in Poisson's ratio with progressive metamorphism of mafic and pelitic rocks correlate reasonably well with mineral reactions. There is no simple correlation between Poisson's ratio and felsic and mafic rock compositions; however, a linear correlation of increasing Poisson's ratio with decreasing SiO 2 content is observed for rocks with 55 to 75 wt % SiO 2 . Average Poisson's ratios for continental and oceanic crusts are estimated to be 0.265 and 0.30, respectively.
|
C199289684
|
Mineralogy
|
https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1999.6351350x
|
scientific study of minerals
|
Aggregate and Soil Organic Matter Dynamics under Conventional and No‐Tillage Systems
|
[
{
"display_name": "Tillage",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C16397148",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7127749,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q878333"
},
{
"display_name": "Chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185592680",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.6301843,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329"
},
{
"display_name": "Grassland",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2775835988",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5304108,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1006733"
},
{
"display_name": "Organic matter",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C48743137",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5177878,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1783121"
},
{
"display_name": "Aggregate (composite)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C4679612",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.48658454,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q866298"
},
{
"display_name": "Conventional tillage",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780696901",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.48425862,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5166322"
},
{
"display_name": "Soil science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C159390177",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.46078196,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9161265"
},
{
"display_name": "Mineralogy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199289684",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.44353405,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83353"
},
{
"display_name": "Vegetation (pathology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776133958",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4193565,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7918366"
},
{
"display_name": "Soil structure",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C120991184",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.41436163,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q889539"
},
{
"display_name": "Agronomy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C6557445",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.41075605,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113"
},
{
"display_name": "Soil water",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C159750122",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.35788876,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q96621023"
},
{
"display_name": "Animal science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C140793950",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3251739,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q168091"
}
] |
Tillage generally reduces aggregation and particulate organic matter (POM) content. We hypothesized that reduced C sequestration in conventional tillage (CT) compared with no‐tillage (NT) is related to differences in aggregate turnover. Four soils (Haplustoll, Fragiudalf, Hapludalf, and Paleudalf), each with NT, CT, and native vegetation (NV) treatments, were separated into aggregates. Free light fraction (LF) and intraaggregate POM (iPOM) were isolated. At one site we used 13 C natural abundance to differentiate crop‐ and grassland‐derived C. Concentrations of coarse iPOM C (250–2000 μm iPOM in macroaggregates), expressed on a per unit aggregate weight (g iPOM C kg −1 aggregate), did not differ between tillage treatments. In contrast, concentrations of fine iPOM C (53–250 μm iPOM in macroaggregates) were less in CT compared to NT macroaggregates. On a whole soil basis, fine iPOM C was on average 51% less in CT than in NT, and accounted for 21% of the total C difference between NT and CT. The concentration of free LF C was not affected by tillage, but was on average 45% less in the cultivated systems than NV. Proportions of crop‐derived C in macroaggregates were similar in NT and CT, but were three times greater in microaggregates from NT than microaggregates from CT. We suggest that a faster turnover rate of macroaggregates in CT compared with NT leads to a slower rate of microaggregate formation within macroaggregates and less stabilization of new SOM in free microaggregates under CT.
|
C199289684
|
Mineralogy
|
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-9817-2012
|
scientific study of minerals
|
Heterogeneous ice nucleation on atmospheric aerosols: a review of results from laboratory experiments
|
[
{
"display_name": "Nucleation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C61048295",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.9216321,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q909022"
},
{
"display_name": "Ice nucleus",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C122409099",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.9177103,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3136993"
},
{
"display_name": "Supersaturation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C200447597",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.86558557,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q334104"
},
{
"display_name": "Aerosol",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779345167",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.66744196,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104541"
},
{
"display_name": "Soot",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2775925408",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5777448,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13174856"
},
{
"display_name": "Sea ice growth processes",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126603772",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.56478053,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7440067"
},
{
"display_name": "Chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185592680",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.53793657,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329"
},
{
"display_name": "Ice crystals",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C125388846",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5373769,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1325808"
},
{
"display_name": "Particle (ecology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778517922",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.52036947,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7140482"
},
{
"display_name": "Mineral dust",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C160529264",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.50324744,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11942233"
},
{
"display_name": "Deposition (geology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C64297162",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.49646455,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1987070"
},
{
"display_name": "Cloud condensation nuclei",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C33332676",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4752714,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q906347"
},
{
"display_name": "Ammonium sulfate",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780925461",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.45006055,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191831"
},
{
"display_name": "Condensation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C200093464",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4396247,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166583"
},
{
"display_name": "Atmospheric sciences",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C91586092",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4292831,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q757520"
},
{
"display_name": "Chemical physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C159467904",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4280401,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2001702"
},
{
"display_name": "Mineralogy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199289684",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.41893765,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83353"
}
] |
Abstract. A small subset of the atmospheric aerosol population has the ability to induce ice formation at conditions under which ice would not form without them (heterogeneous ice nucleation). While no closed theoretical description of this process and the requirements for good ice nuclei is available, numerous studies have attempted to quantify the ice nucleation ability of different particles empirically in laboratory experiments. In this article, an overview of these results is provided. Ice nucleation "onset" conditions for various mineral dust, soot, biological, organic and ammonium sulfate particles are summarized. Typical temperature-supersaturation regions can be identified for the "onset" of ice nucleation of these different particle types, but the various particle sizes and activated fractions reported in different studies have to be taken into account when comparing results obtained with different methodologies. When intercomparing only data obtained under the same conditions, it is found that dust mineralogy is not a consistent predictor of higher or lower ice nucleation ability. However, the broad majority of studies agrees on a reduction of deposition nucleation by various coatings on mineral dust. The ice nucleation active surface site (INAS) density is discussed as a simple and empirical normalized measure for ice nucleation activity. For most immersion and condensation freezing measurements on mineral dust, estimates of the temperature-dependent INAS density agree within about two orders of magnitude. For deposition nucleation on dust, the spread is significantly larger, but a general trend of increasing INAS densities with increasing supersaturation is found. For soot, the presently available results are divergent. Estimated average INAS densities are high for ice-nucleation active bacteria at high subzero temperatures. At the same time, it is shown that INAS densities of some other biological aerosols, like certain pollen grains, fungal spores and diatoms, tend to be similar to those of dust. These particles may owe their high ice nucleation onsets to their large sizes. Surface-area-dependent parameterizations of heterogeneous ice nucleation are discussed. For immersion freezing on mineral dust, fitted INAS densities are available, but should not be used outside the temperature interval of the data they were based on. Classical nucleation theory, if employed with only one fitted contact angle, does not reproduce the observed temperature dependence for immersion nucleation, the temperature and supersaturation dependence for deposition nucleation, and the time dependence of ice nucleation. Formulations of classical nucleation theory with distributions of contact angles offer possibilities to overcome these weaknesses.
|
C118487528
|
Ophthalmology
|
https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa054481
|
field of medicine treating eye disorders
|
Ranibizumab for Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration
|
[
{
"display_name": "Macular degeneration",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776403814",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.9727516,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27429789"
},
{
"display_name": "Ranibizumab",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781100027",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.97135395,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q414270"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.919669,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Monoclonal",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C163864487",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.55414814,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6901461"
},
{
"display_name": "Ophthalmology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C118487528",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5378904,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161437"
},
{
"display_name": "Vascular endothelial growth factor",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777025900",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.48846355,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29725"
},
{
"display_name": "Monoclonal antibody",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C542903549",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4680552,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422248"
},
{
"display_name": "Bevacizumab",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777802072",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4525832,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413299"
},
{
"display_name": "Degeneration (medical)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779354088",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43737054,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15467261"
},
{
"display_name": "Recombinant DNA",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C40767141",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.42951584,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q285697"
},
{
"display_name": "VEGF receptors",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C167734588",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.33728817,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4356503"
}
] |
Ranibizumab--a recombinant, humanized, monoclonal antibody Fab that neutralizes all active forms of vascular endothelial growth factor A--has been evaluated for the treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration.In this multicenter, 2-year, double-blind, sham-controlled study, we randomly assigned patients with age-related macular degeneration with either minimally classic or occult (with no classic lesions) choroidal neovascularization to receive 24 monthly intravitreal injections of ranibizumab (either 0.3 mg or 0.5 mg) or sham injections. The primary end point was the proportion of patients losing fewer than 15 letters from baseline visual acuity at 12 months.We enrolled 716 patients in the study. At 12 months, 94.5% of the group given 0.3 mg of ranibizumab and 94.6% of those given 0.5 mg lost fewer than 15 letters, as compared with 62.2% of patients receiving sham injections (P<0.001 for both comparisons). Visual acuity improved by 15 or more letters in 24.8% of the 0.3-mg group and 33.8% of the 0.5-mg group, as compared with 5.0% of the sham-injection group (P<0.001 for both doses). Mean increases in visual acuity were 6.5 letters in the 0.3-mg group and 7.2 letters in the 0.5-mg group, as compared with a decrease of 10.4 letters in the sham-injection group (P<0.001 for both comparisons). The benefit in visual acuity was maintained at 24 months. During 24 months, presumed endophthalmitis was identified in five patients (1.0%) and serious uveitis in six patients (1.3%) given ranibizumab.Intravitreal administration of ranibizumab for 2 years prevented vision loss and improved mean visual acuity, with low rates of serious adverse events, in patients with minimally classic or occult (with no classic lesions) choroidal neovascularization secondary to age-related macular degeneration. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00056836 [ClinicalTrials.gov].).
|
C118487528
|
Ophthalmology
|
https://doi.org/10.1056/nejm199412013312203
|
field of medicine treating eye disorders
|
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in Ocular Fluid of Patients with Diabetic Retinopathy and Other Retinal Disorders
|
[
{
"display_name": "Diabetic retinopathy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779829184",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.78945047,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631361"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.78866714,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Vascular endothelial growth factor",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777025900",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.68199986,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29725"
},
{
"display_name": "Proliferative vitreoretinopathy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779059073",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.6149991,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7249608"
},
{
"display_name": "Retinopathy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778313320",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.57828796,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q550455"
},
{
"display_name": "Neovascularization",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778271429",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.57205844,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1281049"
},
{
"display_name": "Liter",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C176674119",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.56025875,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11582"
},
{
"display_name": "Retinal",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780827179",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.55593604,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422001"
},
{
"display_name": "Retinal detachment",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780428090",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.52915174,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q625164"
},
{
"display_name": "Ophthalmology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C118487528",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.44022366,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161437"
},
{
"display_name": "Internal medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126322002",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.37653986,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180"
},
{
"display_name": "Endocrinology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C134018914",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.33663553,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162606"
}
] |
Retinal ischemia induces intraocular neovascularization, which often leads to glaucoma, vitreous hemorrhage, and retinal detachment, presumably by stimulating the release of angiogenic molecules. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is an endothelial-cell-specific angiogenic factor whose production is increased by hypoxia.
|
C118487528
|
Ophthalmology
|
https://doi.org/10.1001/archopht.120.6.701
|
field of medicine treating eye disorders
|
The Ocular Hypertension Treatment Study
|
[
{
"display_name": "Ocular hypertension",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776521421",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.88638574,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9294051"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.88480985,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Intraocular pressure",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781092963",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7486349,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q650050"
},
{
"display_name": "Glaucoma",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778527774",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7476183,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159701"
},
{
"display_name": "Ophthalmology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C118487528",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.72246736,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161437"
},
{
"display_name": "Randomized controlled trial",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C168563851",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.49535266,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1436668"
},
{
"display_name": "Open angle glaucoma",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2991803831",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.45694265,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159701"
},
{
"display_name": "Clinical endpoint",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C203092338",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4322642,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1340863"
},
{
"display_name": "Optic disc",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779735895",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.41430098,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16873995"
},
{
"display_name": "Latanoprost",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776740260",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4123737,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q634959"
}
] |
<h3>Background</h3> Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is one of the leading causes of blindness in the United States and worldwide. Three to 6 million people in the United States are at increased risk for developing POAG because of elevated intraocular pressure (IOP), or ocular hypertension. There is no consensus on the efficacy of medical treatment in delaying or preventing the onset of POAG in individuals with elevated IOP. Therefore, we designed a randomized clinical trial, the Ocular Hypertension Treatment Study. <h3>Objective</h3> To determine the safety and efficacy of topical ocular hypotensive medication in delaying or preventing the onset of POAG. <h3>Methods</h3> A total of 1636 participants with no evidence of glaucomatous damage, aged 40 to 80 years, and with an IOP between 24 mm Hg and 32 mm Hg in one eye and between 21 mm Hg and 32 mm Hg in the other eye were randomized to either observation or treatment with commercially available topical ocular hypotensive medication. The goal in the medication group was to reduce the IOP by 20% or more and to reach an IOP of 24 mm Hg or less. <h3>Main Outcome Measures</h3> The primary outcome was the development of reproducible visual field abnormality or reproducible optic disc deterioration attributed to POAG. Abnormalities were determined by masked certified readers at the reading centers, and attribution to POAG was decided by the masked Endpoint Committee. <h3>Results</h3> During the course of the study, the mean ± SD reduction in IOP in the medication group was 22.5% ± 9.9%. The IOP declined by 4.0%± 11.6% in the observation group. At 60 months, the cumulative probability of developing POAG was 4.4% in the medication group and 9.5% in the observation group (hazard ratio, 0.40; 95% confidence interval, 0.27-0.59;<i>P</i><.0001). There was little evidence of increased systemic or ocular risk associated with ocular hypotensive medication. <h3>Conclusions</h3> Topical ocular hypotensive medication was effective in delaying or preventing the onset of POAG in individuals with elevated IOP. Although this does not imply that all patients with borderline or elevated IOP should receive medication, clinicians should consider initiating treatment for individuals with ocular hypertension who are at moderate or high risk for developing POAG.
|
C118487528
|
Ophthalmology
|
https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa062655
|
field of medicine treating eye disorders
|
Ranibizumab versus Verteporfin for Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration
|
[
{
"display_name": "Verteporfin",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781148688",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.9942673,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q782318"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.94066036,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Ranibizumab",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781100027",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.8994431,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q414270"
},
{
"display_name": "Macular degeneration",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776403814",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.89191294,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27429789"
},
{
"display_name": "Ophthalmology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C118487528",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.70222104,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161437"
},
{
"display_name": "Visual acuity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778257484",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6564821,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q555066"
},
{
"display_name": "Endophthalmitis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777235844",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5383952,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1294912"
},
{
"display_name": "Surgery",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C141071460",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.39700294,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40821"
},
{
"display_name": "Bevacizumab",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777802072",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.37217915,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413299"
},
{
"display_name": "Choroidal neovascularization",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781359195",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.34157777,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5105209"
}
] |
We compared ranibizumab — a recombinant, humanized, monoclonal antibody Fab that neutralizes all active forms of vascular endothelial growth factor A — with photodynamic therapy with verteporfin in the treatment of predominantly classic neovascular age-related macular degeneration.
|
C118487528
|
Ophthalmology
|
https://doi.org/10.1001/archopht.119.10.1417
|
field of medicine treating eye disorders
|
A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Clinical Trial of High-Dose Supplementation With Vitamins C and E, Beta Carotene, and Zinc for Age-Related Macular Degeneration and Vision Loss
|
[
{
"display_name": "Macular degeneration",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776403814",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.79777735,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27429789"
},
{
"display_name": "Drusen",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779093074",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.7946856,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1140528"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.7830989,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Placebo",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C27081682",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6643715,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q269829"
},
{
"display_name": "Visual acuity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778257484",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6281161,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q555066"
},
{
"display_name": "Odds ratio",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C156957248",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5444523,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1862216"
},
{
"display_name": "Vitamin E",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777551382",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.50627077,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141180"
},
{
"display_name": "Ophthalmology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C118487528",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.48649663,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161437"
},
{
"display_name": "Internal medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126322002",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.39678445,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180"
},
{
"display_name": "Surgery",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C141071460",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.34694874,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40821"
}
] |
<h3>Background</h3> Observational and experimental data suggest that antioxidant and/or zinc supplements may delay progression of age-related macular degeneration(AMD) and vision loss. <h3>Objective</h3> To evaluate the effect of high-dose vitamins C and E, beta carotene, and zinc supplements on AMD progression and visual acuity. <h3>Design</h3> The Age-Related Eye Disease Study, an 11-center double-masked clinical trial, enrolled participants in an AMD trial if they had extensive small drusen, intermediate drusen, large drusen, noncentral geographic atrophy, or pigment abnormalities in 1 or both eyes, or advanced AMD or vision loss due to AMD in 1 eye. At least 1 eye had best-corrected visual acuity of 20/32 or better. Participants were randomly assigned to receive daily oral tablets containing:(1) antioxidants (vitamin C, 500 mg; vitamin E, 400 IU; and beta carotene, 15 mg); (2) zinc, 80 mg, as zinc oxide and copper, 2 mg, as cupric oxide;(3) antioxidants plus zinc; or (4) placebo. <h3>Main Outcome Measures</h3> (1) Photographic assessment of progression to or treatment for advanced AMD and (2) at least moderate visual acuity loss from baseline (≥15 letters). Primary analyses used repeated-measures logistic regression with a significance level of .01, unadjusted for covariates. Serum level measurements, medical histories, and mortality rates were used for safety monitoring. <h3>Results</h3> Average follow-up of the 3640 enrolled study participants, aged 55-80 years, was 6.3 years, with 2.4% lost to follow-up. Comparison with placebo demonstrated a statistically significant odds reduction for the development of advanced AMD with antioxidants plus zinc (odds ratio [OR], 0.72; 99% confidence interval [CI], 0.52-0.98). The ORs for zinc alone and antioxidants alone are 0.75 (99% CI, 0.55-1.03) and 0.80 (99% CI, 0.59-1.09), respectively. Participants with extensive small drusen, nonextensive intermediate size drusen, or pigment abnormalities had only a 1.3% 5-year probability of progression to advanced AMD. Odds reduction estimates increased when these 1063 participants were excluded (antioxidants plus zinc: OR, 0.66; 99% CI, 0.47-0.91; zinc: OR, 0.71; 99% CI, 0.52-0.99; antioxidants: OR, 0.76; 99% CI, 0.55-1.05). Both zinc and antioxidants plus zinc significantly reduced the odds of developing advanced AMD in this higher-risk group. The only statistically significant reduction in rates of at least moderate visual acuity loss occurred in persons assigned to receive antioxidants plus zinc (OR, 0.73; 99% CI, 0.54-0.99). No statistically significant serious adverse effect was associated with any of the formulations. <h3>Conclusions</h3> Persons older than 55 years should have dilated eye examinations to determine their risk of developing advanced AMD. Those with extensive intermediate size drusen, at least 1 large druse, noncentral geographic atrophy in 1 or both eyes, or advanced AMD or vision loss due to AMD in 1 eye, and without contraindications such as smoking, should consider taking a supplement of antioxidants plus zinc such as that used in this study.
|
C118487528
|
Ophthalmology
|
https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2014.3192
|
field of medicine treating eye disorders
|
The Pathophysiology and Treatment of Glaucoma
|
[
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.9444238,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Glaucoma",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778527774",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7850119,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159701"
},
{
"display_name": "Intraocular pressure",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781092963",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.63391924,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q650050"
},
{
"display_name": "Open angle glaucoma",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2991803831",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.61435646,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159701"
},
{
"display_name": "Ophthalmology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C118487528",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.56030434,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161437"
},
{
"display_name": "Optic nerve",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780837183",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5392576,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186029"
},
{
"display_name": "Pathophysiology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C10162356",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.52996117,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1135939"
},
{
"display_name": "Cochrane Library",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776478404",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4907323,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1105187"
},
{
"display_name": "Asymptomatic",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777910003",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.48320663,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1707292"
},
{
"display_name": "Disease",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779134260",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47628397,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136"
},
{
"display_name": "Intensive care medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C177713679",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3602031,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q679690"
},
{
"display_name": "Surgery",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C141071460",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.30604964,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40821"
}
] |
<h3>Importance</h3> Glaucoma is a worldwide leading cause of irreversible vision loss. Because it may be asymptomatic until a relatively late stage, diagnosis is frequently delayed. A general understanding of the disease pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment may assist primary care physicians in referring high-risk patients for comprehensive ophthalmologic examination and in more actively participating in the care of patients affected by this condition. <h3>Objective</h3> To describe current evidence regarding the pathophysiology and treatment of open-angle glaucoma and angle-closure glaucoma. <h3>Evidence Review</h3> A literature search was conducted using MEDLINE, the Cochrane Library, and manuscript references for studies published in English between January 2000 and September 2013 on the topics open-angle glaucoma and angle-closure glaucoma. From the 4334 abstracts screened, 210 articles were selected that contained information on pathophysiology and treatment with relevance to primary care physicians. <h3>Findings</h3> The glaucomas are a group of progressive optic neuropathies characterized by degeneration of retinal ganglion cells and resulting changes in the optic nerve head. Loss of ganglion cells is related to the level of intraocular pressure, but other factors may also play a role. Reduction of intraocular pressure is the only proven method to treat the disease. Although treatment is usually initiated with ocular hypotensive drops, laser trabeculoplasty and surgery may also be used to slow disease progression. <h3>Conclusions and Relevance</h3> Primary care physicians can play an important role in the diagnosis of glaucoma by referring patients with positive family history or with suspicious optic nerve head findings for complete ophthalmologic examination. They can improve treatment outcomes by reinforcing the importance of medication adherence and persistence and by recognizing adverse reactions from glaucoma medications and surgeries.
|
C118487528
|
Ophthalmology
|
https://doi.org/10.1136/bjo.80.5.389
|
field of medicine treating eye disorders
|
Number of people with glaucoma worldwide.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Glaucoma",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778527774",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.9136018,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159701"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.87853634,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Optometry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C119767625",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.71070707,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q618211"
},
{
"display_name": "Blindness",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780929884",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.674132,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q737460"
},
{
"display_name": "Open angle glaucoma",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2991803831",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.52916193,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159701"
},
{
"display_name": "Population",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2908647359",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.48906928,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603"
},
{
"display_name": "Ophthalmology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C118487528",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.46315637,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161437"
},
{
"display_name": "Disease",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779134260",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42631274,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136"
}
] |
AIM: To estimate the prevalence of glaucoma among people worldwide. METHODS: Available published data on glaucoma prevalence were reviewed to determine the relation of open angle and angle closure glaucoma with age in people of European, African, and Asian origin. A comparison was made with estimated world population data for the year 2000. RESULTS: The number of people with primary glaucoma in the world by the year 2000 is estimated at nearly 66.8 million, with 6.7 million suffering from bilateral blindness. In developed countries, fewer than 50% of those with glaucoma are aware of their disease. In the developing world, the rate of known disease is even lower. CONCLUSIONS: Glaucoma is the second leading cause of vision loss in the world. Improved methods of screening and therapy for glaucoma are urgently needed.
|
C118487528
|
Ophthalmology
|
https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1970.sp009022
|
field of medicine treating eye disorders
|
The period of susceptibility to the physiological effects of unilateral eye closure in kittens
|
[
{
"display_name": "Monocular deprivation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C183836922",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.80932146,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6901499"
},
{
"display_name": "Nissl body",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C37753355",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.53578234,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q911877"
},
{
"display_name": "Monocular",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C65909025",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5250121,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1945033"
},
{
"display_name": "Sensory deprivation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779083617",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.50987065,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944333"
},
{
"display_name": "Closure (psychology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C146834321",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.46475995,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2979672"
},
{
"display_name": "Vitreous chamber",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781264644",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.45437592,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16885473"
},
{
"display_name": "Ophthalmology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C118487528",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.43803313,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161437"
},
{
"display_name": "Lateral geniculate nucleus",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776362945",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.42498708,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q719179"
},
{
"display_name": "Anatomy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C105702510",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.41972485,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q514"
},
{
"display_name": "Period (music)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781291010",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41768873,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178580"
},
{
"display_name": "Geniculate",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777452900",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.41318578,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5533164"
},
{
"display_name": "Visual cortex",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779345533",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.36539036,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75785"
},
{
"display_name": "Ocular dominance",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C6084040",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.33904415,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q760286"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.33312178,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.32918888,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420"
}
] |
1. Kittens were visually deprived by suturing the lids of the right eye for various periods of time at different ages. Recordings were subsequently made from the striate cortex, and responses from the two eyes compared. As previously reported, monocular eye closure during the first few months of life causes a sharp decline in the number of cells that can be influenced by the previously closed eye.2. Susceptibility to the effects of eye closure begins suddenly near the start of the fourth week, remains high until some time between the sixth and eighth weeks, and then declines, disappearing finally around the end of the third month. Monocular closure for over a year in an adult cat produces no detectable effects.3. During the period of high susceptibility in the fourth and fifth weeks eye closure for as little as 3-4 days leads to a sharp decline in the number of cells that can be driven from both eyes, as well as an over-all decline in the relative influence of the previously closed eye. A 6-day closure is enough to give a reduction in the number of cells that can be driven by the closed eye to a fraction of the normal. The physiological picture is similar to that following a 3-month monocular deprivation from birth, in which the proportion of cells the eye can influence drops from 85 to about 7%.4. Cells of the lateral geniculate receiving input from a deprived eye are noticeably smaller and paler to Nissl stain following 3 or 6 days' deprivation during the fourth week.5. Following 3 months of monocular deprivation, opening the eye for up to 5 yr produces only a very limited recovery in the cortical physiology, and no obvious recovery of the geniculate atrophy, even though behaviourally there is some return of vision in the deprived eye. Closing the normal eye, though necessary for behavioural recovery, has no detectable effect on the cortical physiology. The amount of possible recovery in the striate cortex is probably no greater if the period of eye closure is limited to weeks, but after a 5-week closure there is a definite enhancement of the recovery, even though it is far from complete.
|
C178802073
|
Aeronautics
|
https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2012-1818
|
science and art of study, design, manufacturing, and operation of airflight-capable machines
|
The Digital Twin Paradigm for Future NASA and U.S. Air Force Vehicles
|
[
{
"display_name": "Aeronautics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C178802073",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.49958992,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8421"
},
{
"display_name": "Aerospace engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C146978453",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.49336806,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.40729862,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3364362,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023"
}
] |
Future generations of NASA and U.S. Air Force vehicles will require lighter mass while being subjected to higher loads and more extreme service conditions over longer time periods than the present generation.Current approaches for certification, fleet management and sustainment are largely based on statistical distributions of material properties, heuristic design philosophies, physical testing and assumed similitude between testing and operational conditions and will likely be unable to address these extreme requirements.To address the shortcomings of conventional approaches, a fundamental paradigm shift is needed.This paradigm shift, the Digital Twin, integrates ultra-high fidelity simulation with the vehicle's on-board integrated vehicle health management system, maintenance history and all available historical and fleet data to mirror the life of its flying twin and enable unprecedented levels of safety and reliability.
|
C178802073
|
Aeronautics
|
https://doi.org/10.1037/e729262011-001
|
science and art of study, design, manufacturing, and operation of airflight-capable machines
|
The Impact of Driver Inattention on Near-Crash/Crash Risk: An Analysis Using the 100-Car Naturalistic Driving Study Data
|
[
{
"display_name": "Crash",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C183469790",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.87372375,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333501"
},
{
"display_name": "Naturalistic observation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C167699689",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.45228007,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1521337"
},
{
"display_name": "Aeronautics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C178802073",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.43064675,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8421"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.35677466,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.33722103,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.33582655,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023"
}
] |
United States. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Office of Human-Vehicle Performance Research
|
C178802073
|
Aeronautics
|
https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/ijisrt24may2437
|
science and art of study, design, manufacturing, and operation of airflight-capable machines
|
Analysis of Work Measurement Using a Stopwatch in a Motorcycle Workshop
|
[
{
"display_name": "Stopwatch",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C206388871",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.9848516,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q843994"
},
{
"display_name": "Work (physics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C18762648",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.56352735,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.4728891,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Aeronautics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C178802073",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.42779705,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8421"
}
] |
In realizing competitiveness, a company/ business organization must have operational excellence. Operational excellence is obtained through the provision of facilities in the form of tools or work systems that enable workers to operate them more efficiently and effectively, where efficiency and effectiveness are two things that produce productivity. Apart from many influencing factors, such as worker experience and knowledge, CV. XYZ – a work organization engaged in the repair of two-wheeled motorized vehicles – is also trying to create an advantage that allows them to increase their productivity. This research is a quantitative descriptive study, which takes time data from the two jobs most routinely carried out by CV. XYZ, namely changing engine oil and gear oil. This research was carried out with the aim of finding out the standard time needed for workers to complete their work and making recommendations for possible improvements to be implemented by CV management. XYZ, namely recommendations for the layout of work facilities and also the sequence of work processes. The measurement results show that the standard time required to complete the job of changing engine oil and garden oil is 372.68 seconds and 417.99 seconds, respectively. Creating an operational flow map (current FPC) shows that the average distance that workers need to travel while working on engine oil and garden oil is 22 meters. The results of the FPC recommendation provided show that the distance has decreased to 16.5 meters or 5.5 meters shorter.
|
C178802073
|
Aeronautics
|
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.320.7237.781
|
science and art of study, design, manufacturing, and operation of airflight-capable machines
|
On error management: lessons from aviation
|
[
{
"display_name": "Aeronautics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C178802073",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.68129826,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8421"
},
{
"display_name": "Aviation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C74448152",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6619318,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q765633"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.41680267,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3579968,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023"
}
] |
Pilots and doctors operate in complex environments where teams interact with technology. In both domains, risk varies from low to high with threats coming from a variety of sources in the environment. Safety is paramount for both professions, but cost issues can influence the commitment of resources for safety efforts. Aircraft accidents are infrequent, highly visible, and often involve massive loss of life, resulting in exhaustive investigation into causal factors, public reports, and remedial action. Research by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration into aviation accidents has found that 70% involve human error.1
In contrast, medical adverse events happen to individual patients and seldom receive national publicity. More importantly, there is no standardised method of investigation, documentation, and dissemination. The US Institute of Medicine estimates that each year between 44 000 and 98 000 people die as a result of medical errors. When error is suspected, litigation and new regulations are threats in both medicine and aviation.
#### Summary points
In aviation, accidents are usually highly visible, and as a result aviation has developed standardised methods of investigating, documenting, and disseminating errors and their lessons
Although operating theatres are not cockpits, medicine could learn from aviation
Observation of flights in operation has identified failures of compliance, communication, procedures, proficiency, and decision making in contributing to errors
Surveys in operating theatres have confirmed that pilots and doctors have common interpersonal problem areas and similarities in professional culture
Accepting the inevitability of error and the importance of reliable data on error and its management will allow systematic efforts to reduce the frequency and severity of adverse events
Error results from physiological and psychological limitations of humans.2 Causes of error include fatigue, workload, and fear as well as cognitive overload, poor interpersonal communications, imperfect information processing, and flawed decision making.3 In both aviation …
|
C178802073
|
Aeronautics
|
https://doi.org/10.1002/rob.20255
|
science and art of study, design, manufacturing, and operation of airflight-capable machines
|
Autonomous driving in urban environments: Boss and the Urban Challenge
|
[
{
"display_name": "Boss",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777020290",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.9482862,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4947493"
},
{
"display_name": "Process (computing)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C98045186",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6226541,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663"
},
{
"display_name": "Track (disk drive)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C89992363",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5328622,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5961558"
},
{
"display_name": "Event (particle physics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779662365",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.52199686,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5416694"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.50310963,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Motion planning",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C81074085",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4798331,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q366872"
},
{
"display_name": "Simulation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C44154836",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.42641887,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045"
},
{
"display_name": "Layer (electronics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779227376",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41652337,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6505497"
},
{
"display_name": "Aeronautics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C178802073",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.41361225,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8421"
},
{
"display_name": "Real-time computing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C79403827",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.38648325,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988"
},
{
"display_name": "Engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3835678,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023"
}
] |
Abstract Boss is an autonomous vehicle that uses on‐board sensors (global positioning system, lasers, radars, and cameras) to track other vehicles, detect static obstacles, and localize itself relative to a road model. A three‐layer planning system combines mission, behavioral, and motion planning to drive in urban environments. The mission planning layer considers which street to take to achieve a mission goal. The behavioral layer determines when to change lanes and precedence at intersections and performs error recovery maneuvers. The motion planning layer selects actions to avoid obstacles while making progress toward local goals. The system was developed from the ground up to address the requirements of the DARPA Urban Challenge using a spiral system development process with a heavy emphasis on regular, regressive system testing. During the National Qualification Event and the 85‐km Urban Challenge Final Event, Boss demonstrated some of its capabilities, qualifying first and winning the challenge. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
|
C178802073
|
Aeronautics
|
https://doi.org/10.1002/fld.3767
|
science and art of study, design, manufacturing, and operation of airflight-capable machines
|
High‐order CFD methods: current status and perspective
|
[
{
"display_name": "Astronautics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C60808876",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.9073923,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22719"
},
{
"display_name": "Aerospace",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C167740415",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8606935,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2876213"
},
{
"display_name": "Engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.54833436,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023"
},
{
"display_name": "Aeronautics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C178802073",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.54277664,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8421"
},
{
"display_name": "Order (exchange)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C182306322",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.48748112,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1779371"
},
{
"display_name": "Perspective (graphical)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C12713177",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47949916,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281"
},
{
"display_name": "German",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C154775046",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.46981528,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188"
},
{
"display_name": "Broad spectrum",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3020442560",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4561921,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4971815"
},
{
"display_name": "Government (linguistics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778137410",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4452094,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820"
},
{
"display_name": "Management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C187736073",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.42334396,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921"
},
{
"display_name": "Computational fluid dynamics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C1633027",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41999802,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815820"
},
{
"display_name": "Operations research",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C42475967",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.38521612,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292"
},
{
"display_name": "Engineering management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C110354214",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3277261,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6314146"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3269141,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442"
}
] |
SUMMARY After several years of planning, the 1st International Workshop on High‐Order CFD Methods was successfully held in Nashville, Tennessee, on January 7–8, 2012, just before the 50th Aerospace Sciences Meeting. The American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, the Air Force Office of Scientific Research, and the German Aerospace Center provided much needed support, financial and moral. Over 70 participants from all over the world across the research spectrum of academia, government labs, and private industry attended the workshop. Many exciting results were presented. In this review article, the main motivation and major findings from the workshop are described. Pacing items requiring further effort are presented. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
|
C178802073
|
Aeronautics
|
https://doi.org/10.3390/rs4061671
|
science and art of study, design, manufacturing, and operation of airflight-capable machines
|
Unmanned Aircraft Systems in Remote Sensing and Scientific Research: Classification and Considerations of Use
|
[
{
"display_name": "Variety (cybernetics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C136197465",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.583938,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295"
},
{
"display_name": "Systems engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C201995342",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.53790957,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.5299034,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Aeronautics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C178802073",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.50891423,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8421"
},
{
"display_name": "Global Positioning System",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C60229501",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.49180964,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822"
},
{
"display_name": "State (computer science)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C48103436",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4726029,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031"
},
{
"display_name": "Remote sensing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C62649853",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.33609653,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687"
}
] |
Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) have evolved rapidly over the past decade driven primarily by military uses, and have begun finding application among civilian users for earth sensing reconnaissance and scientific data collection purposes. Among UAS, promising characteristics are long flight duration, improved mission safety, flight repeatability due to improving autopilots, and reduced operational costs when compared to manned aircraft. The potential advantages of an unmanned platform, however, depend on many factors, such as aircraft, sensor types, mission objectives, and the current UAS regulatory requirements for operations of the particular platform. The regulations concerning UAS operation are still in the early development stages and currently present significant barriers to entry for scientific users. In this article we describe a variety of platforms, as well as sensor capabilities, and identify advantages of each as relevant to the demands of users in the scientific research sector. We also briefly discuss the current state of regulations affecting UAS operations, with the purpose of informing the scientific community about this developing technology whose potential for revolutionizing natural science observations is similar to those transformations that GIS and GPS brought to the community two decades ago.
|
C178802073
|
Aeronautics
|
https://doi.org/10.2514/1.9084
|
science and art of study, design, manufacturing, and operation of airflight-capable machines
|
Design of the Blended Wing Body Subsonic Transport
|
[
{
"display_name": "Airplane",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781407631",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.9238795,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197"
},
{
"display_name": "Wing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C97257150",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.78482693,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161358"
},
{
"display_name": "Aeronautics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C178802073",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.67055774,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8421"
},
{
"display_name": "Aerospace engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C146978453",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.64738095,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668"
},
{
"display_name": "Wingtip device",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C4164206",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4741228,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q691858"
},
{
"display_name": "Engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.45673442,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023"
},
{
"display_name": "Range (aeronautics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C204323151",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.45536748,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424"
},
{
"display_name": "Work (physics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C18762648",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42125583,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213"
},
{
"display_name": "Wing configuration",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86811826",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.414847,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2992500"
},
{
"display_name": "Automotive engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C171146098",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3940848,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3335117,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
}
] |
The Boeing Blended-Wing-Body (BWB) airplane concept represents a potential breakthrough in subsonic transport efficiency. Work began on this concept via a study to demonstrate feasibility and begin development of this new class of airplane. In this initial study, 800-passenger BWB and conventional configuration airplanes were sized and compared for a 7000-n mile design range. Both airplanes were based on engine and structural (composite) technology for a 2010 entry into service
|
C80444323
|
Theoretical computer science
|
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.286.5439.509
|
subfield of computer science and mathematics
|
Emergence of Scaling in Random Networks
|
[
{
"display_name": "Vertex (graph theory)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C80899671",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6619867,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1304193"
},
{
"display_name": "Complex network",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C34947359",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.65356433,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q665189"
},
{
"display_name": "Scaling",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C99844830",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6077471,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q102441924"
},
{
"display_name": "Scale-free network",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C25580894",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5824725,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071058"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.5255807,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Topology (electrical circuits)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C184720557",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.50540376,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7825049"
},
{
"display_name": "Preferential attachment",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780600066",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4949302,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7239828"
},
{
"display_name": "Theoretical computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C80444323",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.42362872,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974"
},
{
"display_name": "Random graph",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C47458327",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.41116607,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q910404"
},
{
"display_name": "Statistical physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121864883",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3440301,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q677916"
}
] |
Systems as diverse as genetic networks or the World Wide Web are best described as networks with complex topology. A common property of many large networks is that the vertex connectivities follow a scale-free power-law distribution. This feature was found to be a consequence of two generic mechanisms: (i) networks expand continuously by the addition of new vertices, and (ii) new vertices attach preferentially to sites that are already well connected. A model based on these two ingredients reproduces the observed stationary scale-free distributions, which indicates that the development of large networks is governed by robust self-organizing phenomena that go beyond the particulars of the individual systems.
|
C80444323
|
Theoretical computer science
|
https://doi.org/10.1103/revmodphys.74.47
|
subfield of computer science and mathematics
|
Statistical mechanics of complex networks
|
[
{
"display_name": "Complex network",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C34947359",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7276501,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q665189"
},
{
"display_name": "Statistical mechanics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C99874945",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.64904004,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188715"
},
{
"display_name": "Network topology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199845137",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.64607346,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q145490"
},
{
"display_name": "Random graph",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C47458327",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.59467655,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q910404"
},
{
"display_name": "Interdependent networks",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C101142422",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.59122664,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17101727"
},
{
"display_name": "Evolving networks",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C36647736",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5695672,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5418752"
},
{
"display_name": "Robustness (evolution)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C63479239",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.54888344,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546"
},
{
"display_name": "Scale-free network",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C25580894",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.54491985,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071058"
},
{
"display_name": "Network formation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C68416499",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.523187,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7001033"
},
{
"display_name": "Topology (electrical circuits)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C184720557",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.50166464,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7825049"
},
{
"display_name": "Hierarchical network model",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C64900535",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.48434603,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5753111"
},
{
"display_name": "Network science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C137753397",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.46632674,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2434424"
},
{
"display_name": "Network dynamics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C123757187",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.46480122,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9195957"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.45936766,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Preferential attachment",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780600066",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.45928383,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7239828"
},
{
"display_name": "Theoretical computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C80444323",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.44999588,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974"
},
{
"display_name": "The Internet",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C110875604",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.422951,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75"
},
{
"display_name": "Distributed computing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C120314980",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.38655788,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634"
},
{
"display_name": "Physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.38137436,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413"
},
{
"display_name": "Statistical physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121864883",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3601725,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q677916"
}
] |
Complex networks describe a wide range of systems in nature and society, much quoted examples including the cell, a network of chemicals linked by chemical reactions, or the Internet, a network of routers and computers connected by physical links. While traditionally these systems were modeled as random graphs, it is increasingly recognized that the topology and evolution of real networks is governed by robust organizing principles. Here we review the recent advances in the field of complex networks, focusing on the statistical mechanics of network topology and dynamics. After reviewing the empirical data that motivated the recent interest in networks, we discuss the main models and analytical tools, covering random graphs, small-world and scale-free networks, as well as the interplay between topology and the network's robustness against failures and attacks.
|
C80444323
|
Theoretical computer science
|
https://doi.org/10.1109/cvpr.2018.00745
|
subfield of computer science and mathematics
|
Squeeze-and-Excitation Networks
|
[
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.82277405,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Convolution (computer science)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C45347329",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6872345,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5166604"
},
{
"display_name": "Block (permutation group theory)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777210771",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6273697,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4927124"
},
{
"display_name": "Convolutional neural network",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C81363708",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5745642,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460"
},
{
"display_name": "Code (set theory)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776760102",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.53165984,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990"
},
{
"display_name": "Encoding (memory)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C125411270",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.53059494,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18653"
},
{
"display_name": "Focus (optics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C192209626",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5246558,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909"
},
{
"display_name": "Construct (python library)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780801425",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.51681745,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164392"
},
{
"display_name": "Channel (broadcasting)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127162648",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.49689725,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953"
},
{
"display_name": "Feature (linguistics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776401178",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47573733,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496"
},
{
"display_name": "Decoding methods",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C57273362",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4702921,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576722"
},
{
"display_name": "Artificial intelligence",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C154945302",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.45959362,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660"
},
{
"display_name": "Theoretical computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C80444323",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.41521144,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974"
},
{
"display_name": "Pattern recognition (psychology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C153180895",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.3845893,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C113775141",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.36425245,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691"
}
] |
Convolutional neural networks are built upon the convolution operation, which extracts informative features by fusing spatial and channel-wise information together within local receptive fields. In order to boost the representational power of a network, several recent approaches have shown the benefit of enhancing spatial encoding. In this work, we focus on the channel relationship and propose a novel architectural unit, which we term the "Squeeze-and-Excitation" (SE) block, that adaptively recalibrates channel-wise feature responses by explicitly modelling interdependencies between channels. We demonstrate that by stacking these blocks together, we can construct SENet architectures that generalise extremely well across challenging datasets. Crucially, we find that SE blocks produce significant performance improvements for existing state-of-the-art deep architectures at minimal additional computational cost. SENets formed the foundation of our ILSVRC 2017 classification submission which won first place and significantly reduced the top-5 error to 2.251%, achieving a ~25% relative improvement over the winning entry of 2016. Code and models are available at https://github.com/hujie-frank/SENet.
|
C80444323
|
Theoretical computer science
|
https://doi.org/10.1137/s003614450342480
|
subfield of computer science and mathematics
|
The Structure and Function of Complex Networks
|
[
{
"display_name": "Random graph",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C47458327",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6577031,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q910404"
},
{
"display_name": "Complex network",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C34947359",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6420744,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q665189"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.6332437,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Cluster analysis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C73555534",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6219208,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825"
},
{
"display_name": "Degree distribution",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C87414783",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5724056,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1002603"
},
{
"display_name": "Preferential attachment",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780600066",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5672091,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7239828"
},
{
"display_name": "Clustering coefficient",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C22047676",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5577931,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q898680"
},
{
"display_name": "Biological network",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C28225019",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5564083,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4915005"
},
{
"display_name": "Variety (cybernetics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C136197465",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5546679,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295"
},
{
"display_name": "Evolving networks",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C36647736",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5206684,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5418752"
},
{
"display_name": "The Internet",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C110875604",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.503993,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75"
},
{
"display_name": "Field (mathematics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C9652623",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47820234,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109"
},
{
"display_name": "Theoretical computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C80444323",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.46717888,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974"
},
{
"display_name": "Network science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C137753397",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4510429,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2434424"
},
{
"display_name": "Small-world network",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C183331307",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.44724503,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840026"
},
{
"display_name": "Network formation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C68416499",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.44062558,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7001033"
},
{
"display_name": "Data science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2522767166",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.43768525,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463"
},
{
"display_name": "Graph",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C132525143",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41451436,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488"
},
{
"display_name": "Artificial intelligence",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C154945302",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.34845307,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660"
}
] |
Inspired by empirical studies of networked systems such as the Internet, social networks, and biological networks, researchers have in recent years developed a variety of techniques and models to help us understand or predict the behavior of these systems. Here we review developments in this field, including such concepts as the small-world effect, degree distributions, clustering, network correlations, random graph models, models of network growth and preferential attachment, and dynamical processes taking place on networks.
|
C80444323
|
Theoretical computer science
|
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.122653799
|
subfield of computer science and mathematics
|
Community structure in social and biological networks
|
[
{
"display_name": "Community structure",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C133079900",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.76698446,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5155065"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.7132261,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Centrality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C53811970",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7102489,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5062194"
},
{
"display_name": "Transitive relation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C191399111",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.65247977,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q64861"
},
{
"display_name": "Clique percolation method",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C128243737",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.61658776,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5134414"
},
{
"display_name": "Reliability (semiconductor)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C43214815",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6056722,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987"
},
{
"display_name": "Property (philosophy)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C189950617",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.60530084,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q937228"
},
{
"display_name": "Complex network",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C34947359",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5795408,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q665189"
},
{
"display_name": "Data science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2522767166",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5132644,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463"
},
{
"display_name": "Evolving networks",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C36647736",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.49523345,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5418752"
},
{
"display_name": "Biological network",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C28225019",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4607002,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4915005"
},
{
"display_name": "Degree distribution",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C87414783",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.45412368,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1002603"
},
{
"display_name": "Network science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C137753397",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4539556,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2434424"
},
{
"display_name": "Theoretical computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C80444323",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.43551838,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974"
},
{
"display_name": "Data mining",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C124101348",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4248822,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491"
},
{
"display_name": "Social network (sociolinguistics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C4727928",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4220463,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17164759"
},
{
"display_name": "The Internet",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C110875604",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41043848,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75"
},
{
"display_name": "Network analysis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C32946077",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41030878,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q618079"
},
{
"display_name": "World Wide Web",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C136764020",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.32674122,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466"
}
] |
A number of recent studies have focused on the statistical properties of networked systems such as social networks and the World-Wide Web. Researchers have concentrated particularly on a few properties which seem to be common to many networks: the small-world property, power-law degree distributions, and network transitivity. In this paper, we highlight another property which is found in many networks, the property of community structure, in which network nodes are joined together in tightly-knit groups between which there are only looser connections. We propose a new method for detecting such communities, built around the idea of using centrality indices to find community boundaries. We test our method on computer generated and real-world graphs whose community structure is already known, and find that it detects this known structure with high sensitivity and reliability. We also apply the method to two networks whose community structure is not well-known - a collaboration network and a food web - and find that it detects significant and informative community divisions in both cases.
|
C80444323
|
Theoretical computer science
|
https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1609.02907
|
subfield of computer science and mathematics
|
Semi-Supervised Classification with Graph Convolutional Networks
|
[
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.6711172,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Graph",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C132525143",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.66083914,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488"
},
{
"display_name": "Convolutional neural network",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C81363708",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.56603,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460"
},
{
"display_name": "Scalability",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C48044578",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5202385,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490"
},
{
"display_name": "Artificial intelligence",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C154945302",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4918163,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660"
},
{
"display_name": "ENCODE",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C66746571",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.48016873,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1134833"
},
{
"display_name": "Margin (machine learning)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C774472",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.460147,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6760393"
},
{
"display_name": "Theoretical computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C80444323",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.45507753,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974"
},
{
"display_name": "Pattern recognition (psychology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C153180895",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.3938824,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389"
},
{
"display_name": "Machine learning",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C119857082",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.32120565,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539"
}
] |
We present a scalable approach for semi-supervised learning on graph-structured data that is based on an efficient variant of convolutional neural networks which operate directly on graphs. We motivate the choice of our convolutional architecture via a localized first-order approximation of spectral graph convolutions. Our model scales linearly in the number of graph edges and learns hidden layer representations that encode both local graph structure and features of nodes. In a number of experiments on citation networks and on a knowledge graph dataset we demonstrate that our approach outperforms related methods by a significant margin.
|
C80444323
|
Theoretical computer science
|
https://doi.org/10.1103/physreve.69.026113
|
subfield of computer science and mathematics
|
Finding and evaluating community structure in networks
|
[
{
"display_name": "Betweenness centrality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C117045392",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.91888714,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4899215"
},
{
"display_name": "Community structure",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C133079900",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8278937,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5155065"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.6551167,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Complex network",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C34947359",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6122071,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q665189"
},
{
"display_name": "Metric (unit)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C176217482",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5506097,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554"
},
{
"display_name": "Set (abstract data type)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C177264268",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5289459,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741"
},
{
"display_name": "Measure (data warehouse)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780009758",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.51310647,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804172"
},
{
"display_name": "Network structure",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2988224531",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.50130963,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20830730"
},
{
"display_name": "Data mining",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C124101348",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4822853,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491"
},
{
"display_name": "Theoretical computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C80444323",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.42864046,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974"
},
{
"display_name": "Natural (archaeology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776608160",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42462796,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4785462"
},
{
"display_name": "Evolving networks",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C36647736",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4105437,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5418752"
},
{
"display_name": "Data science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2522767166",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3258693,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463"
}
] |
We propose and study a set of algorithms for discovering community structure in networks-natural divisions of network nodes into densely connected subgroups. Our algorithms all share two definitive features: first, they involve iterative removal of edges from the network to split it into communities, the edges removed being identified using any one of a number of possible "betweenness" measures, and second, these measures are, crucially, recalculated after each removal. We also propose a measure for the strength of the community structure found by our algorithms, which gives us an objective metric for choosing the number of communities into which a network should be divided. We demonstrate that our algorithms are highly effective at discovering community structure in both computer-generated and real-world network data, and show how they can be used to shed light on the sometimes dauntingly complex structure of networked systems.
|
C80444323
|
Theoretical computer science
|
https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-5468/2008/10/p10008
|
subfield of computer science and mathematics
|
Fast unfolding of communities in large networks
|
[
{
"display_name": "Modularity (biology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779478453",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7679571,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6889748"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.75177705,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Heuristic",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C173801870",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6634079,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201413"
},
{
"display_name": "Computation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C45374587",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.63114834,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525"
},
{
"display_name": "Modular design",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C101468663",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.57586336,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1620158"
},
{
"display_name": "Simple (philosophy)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780586882",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5717157,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7520643"
},
{
"display_name": "Graph",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C132525143",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5617934,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488"
},
{
"display_name": "Mobile phone",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777421447",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5521846,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17517"
},
{
"display_name": "Community structure",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C133079900",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5409028,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5155065"
},
{
"display_name": "Phone",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778707766",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.45121765,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202064"
},
{
"display_name": "Theoretical computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C80444323",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4077009,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974"
},
{
"display_name": "Distributed computing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C120314980",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3703775,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634"
},
{
"display_name": "Data science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2522767166",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.32696152,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463"
},
{
"display_name": "Data mining",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C124101348",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.32417837,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491"
}
] |
We propose a simple method to extract the community structure of large networks. Our method is a heuristic method that is based on modularity optimization. It is shown to outperform all other known community detection methods in terms of computation time. Moreover, the quality of the communities detected is very good, as measured by the so-called modularity. This is shown first by identifying language communities in a Belgian mobile phone network of 2 million customers and by analysing a web graph of 118 million nodes and more than one billion links. The accuracy of our algorithm is also verified on ad hoc modular networks.
|
C159390177
|
Soil science
|
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0169748
|
study of soil as a natural resource on the surface of the earth
|
SoilGrids250m: Global gridded soil information based on machine learning
|
[
{
"display_name": "Random forest",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C169258074",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.68313116,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748"
},
{
"display_name": "Landform",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C108497213",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5974331,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q271669"
},
{
"display_name": "Soil texture",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C175963888",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5643965,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5026010"
},
{
"display_name": "Gradient boosting",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C70153297",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.54016286,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5591907"
},
{
"display_name": "Soil science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C159390177",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.48470354,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9161265"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39432304",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.4741544,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847"
},
{
"display_name": "Soil map",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71864017",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.45704988,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q889561"
},
{
"display_name": "Shuttle Radar Topography Mission",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C184149073",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4566393,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q965136"
},
{
"display_name": "Ensemble learning",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C45942800",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.44700906,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245652"
},
{
"display_name": "Spatial variability",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94747663",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43288335,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7574086"
},
{
"display_name": "Standard deviation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C22679943",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41925874,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159375"
},
{
"display_name": "Land cover",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780648208",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.41542542,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3001793"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.35074598,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Remote sensing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C62649853",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.33810744,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687"
}
] |
This paper describes the technical development and accuracy assessment of the most recent and improved version of the SoilGrids system at 250m resolution (June 2016 update). SoilGrids provides global predictions for standard numeric soil properties (organic carbon, bulk density, Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC), pH, soil texture fractions and coarse fragments) at seven standard depths (0, 5, 15, 30, 60, 100 and 200 cm), in addition to predictions of depth to bedrock and distribution of soil classes based on the World Reference Base (WRB) and USDA classification systems (ca. 280 raster layers in total). Predictions were based on ca. 150,000 soil profiles used for training and a stack of 158 remote sensing-based soil covariates (primarily derived from MODIS land products, SRTM DEM derivatives, climatic images and global landform and lithology maps), which were used to fit an ensemble of machine learning methods—random forest and gradient boosting and/or multinomial logistic regression—as implemented in the R packages ranger, xgboost, nnet and caret. The results of 10–fold cross-validation show that the ensemble models explain between 56% (coarse fragments) and 83% (pH) of variation with an overall average of 61%. Improvements in the relative accuracy considering the amount of variation explained, in comparison to the previous version of SoilGrids at 1 km spatial resolution, range from 60 to 230%. Improvements can be attributed to: (1) the use of machine learning instead of linear regression, (2) to considerable investments in preparing finer resolution covariate layers and (3) to insertion of additional soil profiles. Further development of SoilGrids could include refinement of methods to incorporate input uncertainties and derivation of posterior probability distributions (per pixel), and further automation of spatial modeling so that soil maps can be generated for potentially hundreds of soil variables. Another area of future research is the development of methods for multiscale merging of SoilGrids predictions with local and/or national gridded soil products (e.g. up to 50 m spatial resolution) so that increasingly more accurate, complete and consistent global soil information can be produced. SoilGrids are available under the Open Data Base License.
|
C159390177
|
Soil science
|
https://doi.org/10.1029/2008gb003327
|
study of soil as a natural resource on the surface of the earth
|
Soil organic carbon pools in the northern circumpolar permafrost region
|
[
{
"display_name": "Permafrost",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15098985",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.98084855,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179918"
},
{
"display_name": "Soil water",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C159750122",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7731081,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q96621023"
},
{
"display_name": "Total organic carbon",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C158787203",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.75133896,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q900291"
},
{
"display_name": "Soil carbon",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39464130",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.70462203,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7554898"
},
{
"display_name": "Peat",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C53657456",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5996665,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184624"
},
{
"display_name": "Geology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127313418",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.5572717,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069"
},
{
"display_name": "Carbon fibers",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C140205800",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.55666083,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5860"
},
{
"display_name": "Dissolved organic carbon",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C36574619",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42636967,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q449096"
},
{
"display_name": "Soil science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C159390177",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.40300345,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9161265"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39432304",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.37721038,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847"
},
{
"display_name": "Hydrology (agriculture)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C76886044",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.33052522,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2883300"
}
] |
The Northern Circumpolar Soil Carbon Database was developed in order to determine carbon pools in soils of the northern circumpolar permafrost region. The area of all soils in the northern permafrost region is approximately 18,782 × 10 3 km 2 , or approximately 16% of the global soil area. In the northern permafrost region, organic soils (peatlands) and cryoturbated permafrost‐affected mineral soils have the highest mean soil organic carbon contents (32.2–69.6 kg m −2 ). Here we report a new estimate of the carbon pools in soils of the northern permafrost region, including deeper layers and pools not accounted for in previous analyses. Carbon pools were estimated to be 191.29 Pg for the 0–30 cm depth, 495.80 Pg for the 0–100 cm depth, and 1024.00 Pg for the 0–300 cm depth. Our estimate for the first meter of soil alone is about double that reported for this region in previous analyses. Carbon pools in layers deeper than 300 cm were estimated to be 407 Pg in yedoma deposits and 241 Pg in deltaic deposits. In total, the northern permafrost region contains approximately 1672 Pg of organic carbon, of which approximately 1466 Pg, or 88%, occurs in perennially frozen soils and deposits. This 1672 Pg of organic carbon would account for approximately 50% of the estimated global belowground organic carbon pool.
|
C159390177
|
Soil science
|
https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2000.00308.x
|
study of soil as a natural resource on the surface of the earth
|
Soil carbon sequestration and land‐use change: processes and potential
|
[
{
"display_name": "Soil carbon",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39464130",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.81588304,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7554898"
},
{
"display_name": "Carbon sequestration",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C22884784",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.7805993,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15305550"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39432304",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.7561543,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847"
},
{
"display_name": "Soil organic matter",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C182124840",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.55012995,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1154759"
},
{
"display_name": "Vegetation (pathology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776133958",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.547371,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7918366"
},
{
"display_name": "Perennial plant",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C24461792",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.48121384,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q157957"
},
{
"display_name": "Soil science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C159390177",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4645213,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9161265"
},
{
"display_name": "Land use, land-use change and forestry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C122690726",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4540492,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3348639"
},
{
"display_name": "Land use",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C4792198",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4319752,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165944"
},
{
"display_name": "Soil biodiversity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C7959160",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.42919293,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7554896"
},
{
"display_name": "Agronomy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C6557445",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.41804713,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113"
},
{
"display_name": "Grassland",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2775835988",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41012722,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1006733"
},
{
"display_name": "Agroforestry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C54286561",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.34695953,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q397350"
}
] |
Summary When agricultural land is no longer used for cultivation and allowed to revert to natural vegetation or replanted to perennial vegetation, soil organic carbon can accumulate. This accumulation process essentially reverses some of the effects responsible for soil organic carbon losses from when the land was converted from perennial vegetation. We discuss the essential elements of what is known about soil organic matter dynamics that may result in enhanced soil carbon sequestration with changes in land‐use and soil management. We review literature that reports changes in soil organic carbon after changes in land‐use that favour carbon accumulation. This data summary provides a guide to approximate rates of SOC sequestration that are possible with management, and indicates the relative importance of some factors that influence the rates of organic carbon sequestration in soil. There is a large variation in the length of time for and the rate at which carbon may accumulate in soil, related to the productivity of the recovering vegetation, physical and biological conditions in the soil, and the past history of soil organic carbon inputs and physical disturbance. Maximum rates of C accumulation during the early aggrading stage of perennial vegetation growth, while substantial, are usually much less than 100 g C m −2 y −1. Average rates of accumulation are similar for forest or grassland establishment: 33.8 g C m −2 y −1 and 33.2 g C m −2 y −1 , respectively. These observed rates of soil organic C accumulation, when combined with the small amount of land area involved, are insufficient to account for a significant fraction of the missing C in the global carbon cycle as accumulating in the soils of formerly agricultural land.
|
C159390177
|
Soil science
|
https://doi.org/10.2118/1863-a
|
study of soil as a natural resource on the surface of the earth
|
Electrical Conductivities in Oil-Bearing Shaly Sands
|
[
{
"display_name": "Electrical resistivity and conductivity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C69990965",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.77526116,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65402698"
},
{
"display_name": "Oil shale",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C153127940",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7213259,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221378"
},
{
"display_name": "Porosity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C6648577",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.61490744,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622669"
},
{
"display_name": "Water saturation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2992996259",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6050607,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q373499"
},
{
"display_name": "Saturation (graph theory)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C9930424",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5974221,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7426587"
},
{
"display_name": "Borehole",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C150560799",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5352633,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q502102"
},
{
"display_name": "Geology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127313418",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.5150571,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069"
},
{
"display_name": "Mineralogy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199289684",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.48655906,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83353"
},
{
"display_name": "Soil science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C159390177",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.48467377,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9161265"
},
{
"display_name": "Cation-exchange capacity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C197484155",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4815655,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q898477"
},
{
"display_name": "Geotechnical engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C187320778",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4514526,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1349130"
},
{
"display_name": "Oil sands",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C131779963",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.44457254,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q297322"
},
{
"display_name": "Permeability (electromagnetism)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C120882062",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4272525,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28352"
},
{
"display_name": "Petroleum engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C78762247",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.39373782,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1273174"
}
] |
ABSTRACT A simple physical model was used to develop an equation that relates the electrical conductivity of a water-saturated shaly sand to the water conductivity and the cation- exchange capacity per unit pore volume of the rock. This equation fits both the experimental data of Hill and Milburn and data obtained recently on selected shaly sands with a wide range of cation-exchange capacities. This model was extended to cases where both oil and water are present in the shaly sand. This results in an additional expression, relating the resistivity ratio to water saturation, water conductivity and cation-exchange capacity per unit pore volume. The effect of shale content on the resistivity index- water saturation function is demonstrated by several numerical examples. INTRODUCTION A principal aim of well logging is to provide quantitative information concerning porosity and oil saturation of the permeable formations penetrated by the borehole. For clean sands, the relationships between measured physical quantities and porosity or saturation are well known. However, the presence of clay minerals greatly complicates log interpretation, particularly the electrical resistivity and SP logs, and considerably affects evaluation of hydrocarbon-bearing formations. The conductance and electrochemical behavior of shaly sands and their relation to log interpretation have been studied by many workers. Wyllie and Lynch reviewed this work in some detail. Virtually all laboratory measurements of electrical resistivity and electrochemical potential of shaly sands published to date are the work of Hill and Milburn.
|
C159390177
|
Soil science
|
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-6573-2014
|
study of soil as a natural resource on the surface of the earth
|
Estimated stocks of circumpolar permafrost carbon with quantified uncertainty ranges and identified data gaps
|
[
{
"display_name": "Permafrost",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15098985",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.9558131,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179918"
},
{
"display_name": "Soil water",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C159750122",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7419144,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q96621023"
},
{
"display_name": "Soil carbon",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39464130",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6873685,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7554898"
},
{
"display_name": "Circumpolar star",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C38935664",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5982551,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12115"
},
{
"display_name": "Geology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127313418",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.5746074,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069"
},
{
"display_name": "Arctic",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C518008717",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.56493735,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25322"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39432304",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.5014219,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847"
},
{
"display_name": "Physical geography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C100970517",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.48284823,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52107"
},
{
"display_name": "Soil science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C159390177",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4325481,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9161265"
},
{
"display_name": "Hydrology (agriculture)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C76886044",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41626242,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2883300"
},
{
"display_name": "Overburden",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777201227",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41121456,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q331224"
}
] |
Abstract. Soils and other unconsolidated deposits in the northern circumpolar permafrost region store large amounts of soil organic carbon (SOC). This SOC is potentially vulnerable to remobilization following soil warming and permafrost thaw, but SOC stock estimates were poorly constrained and quantitative error estimates were lacking. This study presents revised estimates of permafrost SOC stocks, including quantitative uncertainty estimates, in the 0–3 m depth range in soils as well as for sediments deeper than 3 m in deltaic deposits of major rivers and in the Yedoma region of Siberia and Alaska. Revised estimates are based on significantly larger databases compared to previous studies. Despite this there is evidence of significant remaining regional data gaps. Estimates remain particularly poorly constrained for soils in the High Arctic region and physiographic regions with thin sedimentary overburden (mountains, highlands and plateaus) as well as for deposits below 3 m depth in deltas and the Yedoma region. While some components of the revised SOC stocks are similar in magnitude to those previously reported for this region, there are substantial differences in other components, including the fraction of perennially frozen SOC. Upscaled based on regional soil maps, estimated permafrost region SOC stocks are 217 ± 12 and 472 ± 27 Pg for the 0–0.3 and 0–1 m soil depths, respectively (±95% confidence intervals). Storage of SOC in 0–3 m of soils is estimated to 1035 ± 150 Pg. Of this, 34 ± 16 Pg C is stored in poorly developed soils of the High Arctic. Based on generalized calculations, storage of SOC below 3 m of surface soils in deltaic alluvium of major Arctic rivers is estimated as 91 ± 52 Pg. In the Yedoma region, estimated SOC stocks below 3 m depth are 181 ± 54 Pg, of which 74 ± 20 Pg is stored in intact Yedoma (late Pleistocene ice- and organic-rich silty sediments) with the remainder in refrozen thermokarst deposits. Total estimated SOC storage for the permafrost region is ∼1300 Pg with an uncertainty range of ∼1100 to 1500 Pg. Of this, ∼500 Pg is in non-permafrost soils, seasonally thawed in the active layer or in deeper taliks, while ∼800 Pg is perennially frozen. This represents a substantial ∼300 Pg lowering of the estimated perennially frozen SOC stock compared to previous estimates.
|
C159390177
|
Soil science
|
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02665.x
|
study of soil as a natural resource on the surface of the earth
|
Soil organic matter turnover is governed by accessibility not recalcitrance
|
[
{
"display_name": "Decomposer",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C104170005",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.90712047,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q842391"
},
{
"display_name": "Soil water",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C159750122",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.74388087,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q96621023"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39432304",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.71511924,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847"
},
{
"display_name": "Ecosystem",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C110872660",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5933403,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37813"
},
{
"display_name": "Soil organic matter",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C182124840",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5687798,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1154759"
},
{
"display_name": "Plant litter",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C45962647",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.49983,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2512035"
},
{
"display_name": "Organic matter",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C48743137",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4837244,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1783121"
},
{
"display_name": "Soil carbon",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39464130",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4781845,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7554898"
},
{
"display_name": "Carbon cycle",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C6939412",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4592831,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167751"
},
{
"display_name": "Ecology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C18903297",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.43355304,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150"
},
{
"display_name": "Soil science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C159390177",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4060765,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9161265"
}
] |
Abstract Mechanisms to mitigate global climate change by sequestering carbon ( C ) in different ‘sinks' have been proposed as at least temporary measures. Of the major global C pools, terrestrial ecosystems hold the potential to capture and store substantially increased volumes of C in soil organic matter ( SOM ) through changes in management that are also of benefit to the multitude of ecosystem services that soils provide. This potential can only be realized by determining the amount of SOM stored in soils now, with subsequent quantification of how this is affected by management strategies intended to increase SOM concentrations, and used in soil C models for the prediction of the roles of soils in future climate change. An apparently obvious method to increase C stocks in soils is to augment the soil C pools with the longest mean residence times ( MRT ). Computer simulation models of soil C dynamics, e.g. RothC and Century, partition these refractory constituents into slow and passive pools with MRT s of centuries to millennia. This partitioning is assumed to reflect: (i) the average biomolecular properties of SOM in the pools with reference to their source in plant litter, (ii) the accessibility of the SOM to decomposer organisms or catalytic enzymes, or (iii) constraints imposed on decomposition by environmental conditions, including soil moisture and temperature. However, contemporary analytical approaches suggest that the chemical composition of these pools is not necessarily predictable because, despite considerable progress with understanding decomposition processes and the role of decomposer organisms, along with refinements in simulation models, little progress has been made in reconciling biochemical properties with the kinetically defined pools. In this review, we will explore how advances in quantitative analytical techniques have redefined the new understanding of SOM dynamics and how this is affecting the development and application of new modelling approaches to soil C .
|
C159390177
|
Soil science
|
https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1999.6351350x
|
study of soil as a natural resource on the surface of the earth
|
Aggregate and Soil Organic Matter Dynamics under Conventional and No‐Tillage Systems
|
[
{
"display_name": "Tillage",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C16397148",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7127749,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q878333"
},
{
"display_name": "Chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185592680",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.6301843,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329"
},
{
"display_name": "Grassland",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2775835988",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5304108,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1006733"
},
{
"display_name": "Organic matter",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C48743137",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5177878,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1783121"
},
{
"display_name": "Aggregate (composite)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C4679612",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.48658454,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q866298"
},
{
"display_name": "Conventional tillage",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780696901",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.48425862,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5166322"
},
{
"display_name": "Soil science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C159390177",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.46078196,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9161265"
},
{
"display_name": "Mineralogy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199289684",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.44353405,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83353"
},
{
"display_name": "Vegetation (pathology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776133958",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4193565,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7918366"
},
{
"display_name": "Soil structure",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C120991184",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.41436163,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q889539"
},
{
"display_name": "Agronomy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C6557445",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.41075605,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113"
},
{
"display_name": "Soil water",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C159750122",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.35788876,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q96621023"
},
{
"display_name": "Animal science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C140793950",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3251739,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q168091"
}
] |
Tillage generally reduces aggregation and particulate organic matter (POM) content. We hypothesized that reduced C sequestration in conventional tillage (CT) compared with no‐tillage (NT) is related to differences in aggregate turnover. Four soils (Haplustoll, Fragiudalf, Hapludalf, and Paleudalf), each with NT, CT, and native vegetation (NV) treatments, were separated into aggregates. Free light fraction (LF) and intraaggregate POM (iPOM) were isolated. At one site we used 13 C natural abundance to differentiate crop‐ and grassland‐derived C. Concentrations of coarse iPOM C (250–2000 μm iPOM in macroaggregates), expressed on a per unit aggregate weight (g iPOM C kg −1 aggregate), did not differ between tillage treatments. In contrast, concentrations of fine iPOM C (53–250 μm iPOM in macroaggregates) were less in CT compared to NT macroaggregates. On a whole soil basis, fine iPOM C was on average 51% less in CT than in NT, and accounted for 21% of the total C difference between NT and CT. The concentration of free LF C was not affected by tillage, but was on average 45% less in the cultivated systems than NV. Proportions of crop‐derived C in macroaggregates were similar in NT and CT, but were three times greater in microaggregates from NT than microaggregates from CT. We suggest that a faster turnover rate of macroaggregates in CT compared with NT leads to a slower rate of microaggregate formation within macroaggregates and less stabilization of new SOM in free microaggregates under CT.
|
C159390177
|
Soil science
|
https://doi.org/10.1029/92jd00509
|
study of soil as a natural resource on the surface of the earth
|
A model of nitrous oxide evolution from soil driven by rainfall events: 1. Model structure and sensitivity
|
[
{
"display_name": "Denitrification",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C73593433",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.803519,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q742637"
},
{
"display_name": "Nitrification",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C164752452",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.7531608,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q668677"
},
{
"display_name": "Nitrous oxide",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777573673",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.74137914,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905750"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39432304",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.70049417,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847"
},
{
"display_name": "Soil water",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C159750122",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.63455856,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q96621023"
},
{
"display_name": "Organic matter",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C48743137",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5067368,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1783121"
},
{
"display_name": "Nitrate",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776384668",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.48719257,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182168"
},
{
"display_name": "Soil science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C159390177",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.48151502,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9161265"
},
{
"display_name": "Soil carbon",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39464130",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.47661605,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7554898"
},
{
"display_name": "Soil organic matter",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C182124840",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4703845,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1154759"
},
{
"display_name": "Carbon dioxide",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C530467964",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.45538497,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1997"
},
{
"display_name": "Nitrogen",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C537208039",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.45443243,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q627"
},
{
"display_name": "Precipitation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C107054158",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.45383197,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25257"
},
{
"display_name": "Decomposition",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C124681953",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.44497573,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q339062"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C107872376",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.43034583,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q321355"
},
{
"display_name": "Nitrogen cycle",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C49045045",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4300903,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82551"
},
{
"display_name": "Water content",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C24939127",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42793876,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q373499"
},
{
"display_name": "Atmospheric sciences",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C91586092",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.36805472,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q757520"
}
] |
This paper describes a rain‐event driven, process‐oriented simulation model, DNDC, for the evolution of nitrous oxide (N 2 O), carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), and dinitrogen (N 2 ) from agricultural soils. The model consists of three submodels: thermal‐hydraulic, decomposition, and denitrification. Basic climate data drive the model to produce dynamic soil temperature and moisture profiles and shifts of aerobic‐anaerobic conditions. Additional input data include soil texture and biochemical properties as well as agricultural practices. Between rainfall events the decomposition of organic matter and other oxidation reactions (including nitrification) dominate, and the levels of total organic carbon, soluble carbon, and nitrate change continuously. During rainfall events, denitrification dominates and produces N 2 O and N 2 . Daily emissions of N 2 O and N 2 are computed during each rainfall event and cumulative emissions of the gases are determined by including nitrification N 2 O emissions as well. Sensitivity analyses reveal that rainfall patterns strongly influence N 2 O emissions from soils but that soluble carbon and nitrate can be limiting factors for N 2 O evolution during denitrification. During a year sensitivity simulation, variations in temperature, precipitation, organic C, clay content, and pH had significant effects on denitrification rates and N 2 O emissions. The responses of DNDC to changes of external parameters are consistent with field and experimental results reported in the literature.
|
C77595967
|
Forensic engineering
|
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.09.007
|
investigation of failures
|
Recycled Tyre Rubber Modified Bitumens for road asphalt mixtures: A literature review
|
[
{
"display_name": "Asphalt",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C168056786",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.86524546,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202251"
},
{
"display_name": "Natural rubber",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C176933379",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7138921,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131877"
},
{
"display_name": "Crumb rubber",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776122628",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.63412476,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5190030"
},
{
"display_name": "Waste management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C548081761",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.44582194,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180388"
},
{
"display_name": "Work (physics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C18762648",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4402721,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213"
},
{
"display_name": "Engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.42966774,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39432304",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.41651872,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847"
},
{
"display_name": "Forensic engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C77595967",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.41433084,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3151013"
}
] |
Nowadays, only a small percentage of waste tyres are being land-filled. The Recycled Tyre Rubber is being used in new tyres, in tyre-derived fuel, in civil engineering applications and products, in moulded rubber products, in agricultural uses, recreational and sports applications and in rubber modified asphalt applications. The benefits of using rubber modified asphalts are being more widely experienced and recognized, and the incorporation of tyres into asphalt is likely to increase. The technology with much different evidence of success demonstrated by roads built in the last 40 years is the rubberised asphalt mixture obtained through the so-called “wet process” which involves the utilisation of the Recycled Tyre Rubber Modified Bitumens (RTR-MBs). Since 1960s, asphalt mixtures produced with RTR-MBs have been used in different parts of the world as solutions for different quality problems and, despite some downsides, in the majority of the cases they have demonstrated to enhance performance of road’s pavement. This study reports the results of a literature review upon the existing technologies and specifications related to the production, handling and storage of RTR-MBs and on their current applications within road asphalt mixtures. Furthermore, considering that RTR-MBs technologies are still struggling to be fully adopted worldwide, mainly because of poor information, lack of training of personnel and stakeholders and rare support of local policies, the present work aims to be an up-to-date reference to clarify benefits and issues associated to this family of technologies and to finally provide suggestions for their wide-spread use.
|
C77595967
|
Forensic engineering
|
https://doi.org/10.1136/ip.2010.029629
|
investigation of failures
|
Preventing intimate partner and sexual violence against women: taking action and generating evidence
|
[
{
"display_name": "Action (physics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780791683",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6714836,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846785"
},
{
"display_name": "Poison control",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3017944768",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.58549696,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1450463"
},
{
"display_name": "Human factors and ergonomics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C166735990",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.58489555,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1750812"
},
{
"display_name": "Suicide prevention",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C526869908",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5595693,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3298118"
},
{
"display_name": "Injury prevention",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C190385971",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5400572,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q373494"
},
{
"display_name": "Occupational safety and health",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C187155963",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.52048963,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q629029"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.5159236,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418"
},
{
"display_name": "Domestic violence",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C542059537",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.5019338,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q156537"
},
{
"display_name": "Forensic engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C77595967",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4776472,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3151013"
},
{
"display_name": "Sexual violence",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777996642",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4363272,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q558075"
},
{
"display_name": "Criminology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C73484699",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.40851134,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161733"
},
{
"display_name": "Medical emergency",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C545542383",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.395154,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2751242"
},
{
"display_name": "Social psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C77805123",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3928078,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272"
},
{
"display_name": "Engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3322956,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023"
}
] |
Intimate partner and sexual violence affect a large proportion of the population. The majority of those directly experiencing such violence are women, and the majority perpetrating it are men. The WHO Multi-Country Study on Women's Health and Domestic Violence against Women,1 for instance, indicated that 15-71% of women experience physical and/or sexual violence by an intimate partner at some point in their lives. The majority of those directly experiencing such violence are women, and the majority perpetrating it are men.
The harm these forms of violence cause can last a lifetime and span generations. They have serious adverse effects on health, education, employment and the wider economy. The health outcomes due to intimate partner and sexual violence are comparable to (and in some cases exceed) those associated with many other better-known health risk factors. For example, a study in Victoria, Australia, estimated that among women 18–44 years of age, intimate partner violence was associated with 7% of the overall burden of disease and was a larger risk factor than raised blood pressure, tobacco use and increased body weight.2 Intimate partner violence also very often has severe negative impacts on the emotional and social well-being of entire families, affecting parenting skills …
|
C77595967
|
Forensic engineering
|
https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.tb.dmlahtc.9781627083409
|
investigation of failures
|
Damage Mechanisms and Life Assessment of High-Temperature Components
|
[
{
"display_name": "Creep",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C149912024",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6273773,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q462188"
},
{
"display_name": "Embrittlement",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C142282041",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.60915774,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2919530"
},
{
"display_name": "Welding",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C19474535",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.52158874,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131172"
},
{
"display_name": "Reliability (semiconductor)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C43214815",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.43883452,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987"
},
{
"display_name": "Forensic engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C77595967",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.43014455,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3151013"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.36728007,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Structural engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C66938386",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3239962,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538"
},
{
"display_name": "Materials science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C192562407",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.31969193,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736"
},
{
"display_name": "Engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.31819957,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023"
}
] |
Damage Mechanisms and Life Assessment of High-Temperature Components deals with the underlying causes of high-temperature failures and their effect on component life and reliability. The first few chapters develop the theory necessary to understand and analyze high-temperature damage phenomena, including fracture, creep, and fatigue. Various forms of embrittlement and corrosion are also addressed as are creep-fatigue, thermal fatigue, and welding defects. The chapters that follow discuss the practical implications of these phenomena, explaining how to assess damage and estimate the remaining service life of boiler tubes, turbine blades, reactor vessels, nozzles, and other components. Life-assessment procedures draw on a knowledge of design, material behavior, and nondestructive inspection techniques, which are covered as well. The book makes extensive use of data plots, diagrams, and images and includes many worked-out examples and case histories. It also serves as a ready source of material property data. For information on the print version, ISBN 978-0-87170-358-3, follow this link.
|
C77595967
|
Forensic engineering
|
https://doi.org/10.1108/acmm.1999.12846cae.001
|
investigation of failures
|
Fatigue Assessment of Welded Joints by Local Approaches
|
[
{
"display_name": "Welding",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C19474535",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7450181,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131172"
},
{
"display_name": "Structural engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C66938386",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5536655,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538"
},
{
"display_name": "Forensic engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C77595967",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.40861964,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3151013"
},
{
"display_name": "Materials science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C192562407",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.35924187,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736"
},
{
"display_name": "Engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.33818728,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023"
}
] |
Introduction Nominal stress approach for welded joints Structural stress or strain approach for seam-welded joints Notch stress approach for seam-welded joints Notch strain approach for seam-welded joints Crack propagation approach for seam-welded joints Notch stress intensity approach for seam-welded joints Local approaches applied to a seam-welded tubular joint Structural stress or strain approach for spot-welded and similar lap joints Stress intensity approach for spot-welded and similar lap joints Notch stress, notch strain and crack propagation approach for spot-welded and similar lap joints Significance, limitations and potential of local approaches.
|
C77595967
|
Forensic engineering
|
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0361-3666.2005.00275.x
|
investigation of failures
|
An Analysis of the Causes and Circumstances of Flood Disaster Deaths
|
[
{
"display_name": "Flood myth",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C74256435",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.9261053,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q134052"
},
{
"display_name": "Poison control",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3017944768",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.55524963,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1450463"
},
{
"display_name": "Injury prevention",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C190385971",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5155873,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q373494"
},
{
"display_name": "Occupational safety and health",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C187155963",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.45960099,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q629029"
},
{
"display_name": "Suicide prevention",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C526869908",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4497516,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3298118"
},
{
"display_name": "Geography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.44823003,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental health",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C99454951",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4314003,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068"
},
{
"display_name": "Forensic engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C77595967",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.40505064,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3151013"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental planning",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C91375879",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.37024876,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15473274"
},
{
"display_name": "Medical emergency",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C545542383",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3607516,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2751242"
}
] |
The objective of this paper is to investigate and to improve understanding of the causes and circumstances of flood disaster deaths. A standardised method of classifying flood deaths is proposed and the difficulties associated with comparing and assessing existing information on flood deaths are discussed. Thirteen flood cases from Europe and the United States, resulting in 247 flood disaster fatalities, were analysed and taken as indicative of flood disaster deaths. Approximately two-thirds of the deaths occurred through drowning. Thus, a substantial number of flood disaster fatalities are not related to drowning. Furthermore, males are highly vulnerable to dying in floods and unnecessary risk-taking behaviour contributes significantly to flood disaster deaths. Based on these results, recommendations are made to prevent loss of life in floods. To provide a more solid basis for the formulation of prevention strategies, better systematic recording of flood fatalities is suggested, especially those caused by different types of floods in all countries.
|
C77595967
|
Forensic engineering
|
https://doi.org/10.56748/ejse.671
|
investigation of failures
|
Blast Loading and Blast Effects on Structures – An Overview
|
[
{
"display_name": "Blast wave",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C203224028",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5831732,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1201510"
},
{
"display_name": "Progressive collapse",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780185282",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.52537835,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2894315"
},
{
"display_name": "Engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.4991026,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023"
},
{
"display_name": "Forensic engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C77595967",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4860702,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3151013"
},
{
"display_name": "Structural integrity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2984185122",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47189602,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1309431"
},
{
"display_name": "Structural engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C66938386",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.41719544,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538"
},
{
"display_name": "Structural failure",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2993051997",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4104717,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1309431"
}
] |
The use of vehicle bombs to attack city centers has been a feature of campaigns by terrorist organizations around the world. A bomb explosion within or immediately nearby a building can cause catastrophic damage on the building's external and internal structural frames, collapsing of walls, blowing out of large expanses of windows, and shutting down of critical life-safety systems. Loss of life and injuries to occupants can result from many causes, including direct blast-effects, structural collapse, debris impact, fire, and smoke.The indirect effects can combine to inhibit or prevent timely evacuation, thereby contributing to additional casualties. In addition, major catastrophes resulting from gas-chemical explosions result in large dynamic loads, greater than the original design loads, of many structures. Due to the threat from such extreme loading conditions, efforts have been made during the past three decades to develop methods of structural analysis and design to resist blast loads. The analysis and design of structures subjected to blast loads require a detailed understanding of blast phenomena and the dynamic response of various structural elements. This paper presents a comprehensive overview of the effects of explosion on structures. An explanation of the nature of explosions and the mechanism of blast waves in free air is given. This paper also introduces different methods to estimate blast loads and structural response.
|
C77595967
|
Forensic engineering
|
https://doi.org/10.1109/mie.2013.2287651
|
investigation of failures
|
Trends in Fault Diagnosis for Electrical Machines: A Review of Diagnostic Techniques
|
[
{
"display_name": "Downtime",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C180591934",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8861081,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1253369"
},
{
"display_name": "Reliability engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C200601418",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.6490705,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887"
},
{
"display_name": "Fault (geology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C175551986",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.55661726,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47089"
},
{
"display_name": "Process (computing)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C98045186",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47296494,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663"
},
{
"display_name": "Engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.47269323,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023"
},
{
"display_name": "Production (economics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778348673",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.46542543,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q739302"
},
{
"display_name": "Population",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2908647359",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.44348887,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603"
},
{
"display_name": "Forensic engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C77595967",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.40019983,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3151013"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.36319065,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Risk analysis (engineering)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C112930515",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.36262178,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547"
}
] |
The fault diagnosis of rotating electrical machines has received an intense amount of research interest during the last 30 years. Reducing maintenance costs and preventing unscheduled downtimes, which result in losses of production and financial incomes, are the priorities of electrical drives manufacturers and operators. In fact, both correct diagnosis and early detection of incipient faults lead to fast unscheduled maintenance and short downtime for the process under consideration. They also prevent the harmful and sometimes devastating consequences of faults and failures. This topic has become far more attractive and critical as the population of electric machines has greatly increased in recent years. The total number of operating electrical machines in the world was around 16.1 billion in 2011, with a growth rate of about 50% in the last five years [1].
|
C77595967
|
Forensic engineering
|
https://doi.org/10.2307/1143476
|
investigation of failures
|
Evaluating Competencies: Forensic Assessments and Instruments
|
[
{
"display_name": "Forensic science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C140505726",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.66615665,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q495304"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.44902596,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418"
},
{
"display_name": "Forensic engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C77595967",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.43682146,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3151013"
},
{
"display_name": "Applied psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C75630572",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3773892,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q538904"
},
{
"display_name": "Engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.35388905,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023"
},
{
"display_name": "Data science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2522767166",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.33487383,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463"
}
] |
As in its first edition, this book offers a conceptual model for understanding the nature of legal competencies. The model is interpreted to assist mental health professionals in designing and performing assessments for legal competencies defined in criminal and civil law, and to guide research that will improve the practice of evaluations for legal competencies. A special feature is the book's evaluative review of specialized forensic assessment instruments for each of several legal competencies. Three-fourths of the 37 instruments reviewed in the second edition are new and thus were not reviewed in the first edition.Application of the assessment model and reviews of instruments are provided for six areas of legal competence: *Competence to Stand Trial; *Waiver of Rights to Silence and Legal Counsel; *Not Guilty by Reason of Insanity; *Parenting Capacity - Determination of Child Custody; *Guardianship and Conservatorship; and *Competence to Consent to Treatment.
|
C112930515
|
Risk analysis (engineering)
|
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.328.7454.1490
|
Scientific assessment and study of risks
|
Grading quality of evidence and strength of recommendations
|
[
{
"display_name": "Grading (engineering)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777286243",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.84472215,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5591926"
},
{
"display_name": "Quality of evidence",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3018989441",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6054888,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q691640"
},
{
"display_name": "Risk analysis (engineering)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C112930515",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5953917,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.5691035,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Certainty",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C7493553",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5673398,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1520777"
},
{
"display_name": "Guideline",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780182762",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5114902,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1630279"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychological intervention",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C27415008",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.46780398,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7256382"
},
{
"display_name": "Quality (philosophy)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779530757",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4479831,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505"
},
{
"display_name": "Process management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C195094911",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3423117,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14167904"
}
] |
GRADE Working Group (oxman{at}online.no)Informed Choice Research Department, Norwegian Health Services Research Centre, PO Box 7004, St Olavs Plass, 0130 Oslo, NorwayCorrespondence to: Andrew D Oxman,Accepted 5 March 2004
|
C112930515
|
Risk analysis (engineering)
|
https://doi.org/10.1002/sim.2929
|
Scientific assessment and study of risks
|
Evaluating the added predictive ability of a new marker: From area under the ROC curve to reclassification and beyond
|
[
{
"display_name": "Receiver operating characteristic",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C58471807",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.75356126,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327120"
},
{
"display_name": "Framingham Risk Score",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C11783203",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.66291666,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5478027"
},
{
"display_name": "Identification (biology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C116834253",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6099365,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.57659316,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Predictive modelling",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C45804977",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.53678554,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7239673"
},
{
"display_name": "Framingham Heart Study",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C111815664",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.50750345,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1440693"
},
{
"display_name": "Risk assessment",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C12174686",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.50173306,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1058438"
},
{
"display_name": "Biomarker",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781197716",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4681243,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q864574"
},
{
"display_name": "Machine learning",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C119857082",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4098416,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539"
},
{
"display_name": "Risk analysis (engineering)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C112930515",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.40415993,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.38228244,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Data science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2522767166",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.34822857,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463"
},
{
"display_name": "Data mining",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C124101348",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.33030856,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491"
},
{
"display_name": "Disease",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779134260",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.31429097,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136"
}
] |
Abstract Identification of key factors associated with the risk of developing cardiovascular disease and quantification of this risk using multivariable prediction algorithms are among the major advances made in preventive cardiology and cardiovascular epidemiology in the 20th century. The ongoing discovery of new risk markers by scientists presents opportunities and challenges for statisticians and clinicians to evaluate these biomarkers and to develop new risk formulations that incorporate them. One of the key questions is how best to assess and quantify the improvement in risk prediction offered by these new models. Demonstration of a statistically significant association of a new biomarker with cardiovascular risk is not enough. Some researchers have advanced that the improvement in the area under the receiver‐operating‐characteristic curve (AUC) should be the main criterion, whereas others argue that better measures of performance of prediction models are needed. In this paper, we address this question by introducing two new measures, one based on integrated sensitivity and specificity and the other on reclassification tables. These new measures offer incremental information over the AUC. We discuss the properties of these new measures and contrast them with the AUC. We also develop simple asymptotic tests of significance. We illustrate the use of these measures with an example from the Framingham Heart Study. We propose that scientists consider these types of measures in addition to the AUC when assessing the performance of newer biomarkers. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
|
C112930515
|
Risk analysis (engineering)
|
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1231335100
|
Scientific assessment and study of risks
|
A framework for vulnerability analysis in sustainability science
|
[
{
"display_name": "Vulnerability (computing)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95713431",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8922291,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631425"
},
{
"display_name": "Resilience (materials science)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779585090",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6772516,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3457762"
},
{
"display_name": "Sustainability",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C66204764",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.66287875,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q219416"
},
{
"display_name": "Vulnerability assessment",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C167063184",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6501986,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1400839"
},
{
"display_name": "Biosphere",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C107218244",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5667329,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42762"
},
{
"display_name": "Function (biology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C14036430",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5230447,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076"
},
{
"display_name": "Risk analysis (engineering)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C112930515",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5194211,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental resource management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C107826830",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4788901,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q929380"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental planning",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C91375879",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4737214,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15473274"
},
{
"display_name": "Adaptive capacity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777006462",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.43245682,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3738275"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychological resilience",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C137176749",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.40509176,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4105337"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.4044856,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Business",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.34786004,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453"
}
] |
Global environmental change and sustainability science increasingly recognize the need to address the consequences of changes taking place in the structure and function of the biosphere. These changes raise questions such as: Who and what are vulnerable to the multiple environmental changes underway, and where? Research demonstrates that vulnerability is registered not by exposure to hazards (perturbations and stresses) alone but also resides in the sensitivity and resilience of the system experiencing such hazards. This recognition requires revisions and enlargements in the basic design of vulnerability assessments, including the capacity to treat coupled human–environment systems and those linkages within and without the systems that affect their vulnerability. A vulnerability framework for the assessment of coupled human–environment systems is presented.
|
C112930515
|
Risk analysis (engineering)
|
https://doi.org/10.1109/3468.844354
|
Scientific assessment and study of risks
|
A model for types and levels of human interaction with automation
|
[
{
"display_name": "Automation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C115901376",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.89237297,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184199"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.62010145,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Action (physics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780791683",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.49821424,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846785"
},
{
"display_name": "Selection (genetic algorithm)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C81917197",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4872569,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760"
},
{
"display_name": "Reliability (semiconductor)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C43214815",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.46027848,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987"
},
{
"display_name": "Process automation system",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C21457203",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.41538835,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4056293"
},
{
"display_name": "Risk analysis (engineering)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C112930515",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4105428,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547"
},
{
"display_name": "Software engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C115903868",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.38629514,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993"
},
{
"display_name": "Systems engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C201995342",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.38059503,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496"
}
] |
We outline a model for types and levels of automation that provides a framework and an objective basis for deciding which system functions should be automated and to what extent. Appropriate selection is important because automation does not merely supplant but changes human activity and can impose new coordination demands on the human operator. We propose that automation can be applied to four broad classes of functions: 1) information acquisition; 2) information analysis; 3) decision and action selection; and 4) action implementation. Within each of these types, automation can be applied across a continuum of levels from low to high, i.e., from fully manual to fully automatic. A particular system can involve automation of all four types at different levels. The human performance consequences of particular types and levels of automation constitute primary evaluative criteria for automation design using our model. Secondary evaluative criteria include automation reliability and the costs of decision/action consequences, among others. Examples of recommended types and levels of automation are provided to illustrate the application of the model to automation design.
|
C112930515
|
Risk analysis (engineering)
|
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.1988.tb01168.x
|
Scientific assessment and study of risks
|
The Social Amplification of Risk: A Conceptual Framework
|
[
{
"display_name": "Risk perception",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C163355716",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6686474,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2154783"
},
{
"display_name": "Interpersonal communication",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C164850336",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6000146,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3685487"
},
{
"display_name": "Risk assessment",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C12174686",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5457222,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1058438"
},
{
"display_name": "Conceptual model",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C13606891",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.51698387,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2623243"
},
{
"display_name": "Risk analysis (engineering)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C112930515",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5136408,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547"
},
{
"display_name": "Social psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C77805123",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5124355,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272"
},
{
"display_name": "Conceptual framework",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C14224292",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5024798,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13600188"
},
{
"display_name": "Perception",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C26760741",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.48589176,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402"
},
{
"display_name": "Event (particle physics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779662365",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.44562048,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5416694"
},
{
"display_name": "IT risk",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C186870795",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.43522865,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1114582"
},
{
"display_name": "Factor analysis of information risk",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C168785665",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.4286393,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5428720"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.40764794,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418"
},
{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.33363682,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201"
}
] |
One of the most perplexing problems in risk analysis is why some relatively minor risks or risk events, as assessed by technical experts, often elicit strong public concerns and result in substantial impacts upon society and economy. This article sets forth a conceptual framework that seeks to link systematically the technical assessment of risk with psychological, sociological, and cultural perspectives of risk perception and risk‐related behavior. The main thesis is that hazards interact with psychological, social, institutional, and cultural processes in ways that may amplify or attenuate public responses to the risk or risk event. A structural description of the social amplification of risk is now possible. Amplification occurs at two stages: in the transfer of information about the risk, and in the response mechanisms of society. Signals about risk are processed by individual and social amplification stations, including the scientist who communicates the risk assessment, the news media, cultural groups, interpersonal networks, and others. Key steps of amplifications can be identified at each stage. The amplified risk leads to behavioral responses, which, in turn, result in secondary impacts. Models are presented that portray the elements and linkages in the proposed conceptual framework.
|
C112930515
|
Risk analysis (engineering)
|
https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2013.00177
|
Scientific assessment and study of risks
|
The growing use of herbal medicines: issues relating to adverse reactions and challenges in monitoring safety
|
[
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.6824388,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Adverse effect",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C197934379",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4607073,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2047938"
},
{
"display_name": "Quality (philosophy)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779530757",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.45105493,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505"
},
{
"display_name": "Risk analysis (engineering)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C112930515",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4443286,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547"
},
{
"display_name": "Traditional medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C556039675",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.38719264,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q771035"
},
{
"display_name": "Intensive care medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C177713679",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.34578088,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q679690"
},
{
"display_name": "Pharmacology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C98274493",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.31683254,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128406"
}
] |
The use of herbal medicinal products and supplements has increased tremendously over the past three decades with not less than 80% of people worldwide relying on them for some part of primary health care. Although therapies involving these agents have shown promising potential with the efficacy of a good number of herbal products clearly established, many of them remain untested and their use are either poorly monitored or not even monitored at all. The consequence of this is an inadequate knowledge of their mode of action, potential adverse reactions, contraindications and interactions with existing orthodox pharmaceuticals and functional foods to promote both safe and rational use of these agents. Since safety continues to be a major issue with the use of herbal remedies, it becomes imperative, therefore, that relevant regulatory authorities put in place appropriate measures to protect public health by ensuring that all herbal medicines are safe and of suitable quality. This review discusses toxicity related-issues and major safety concerns arising from the use of herbal medicinal products and also highlights some important challenges associated with effective monitoring of their safety.
|
C112930515
|
Risk analysis (engineering)
|
https://doi.org/10.2307/2555589
|
Scientific assessment and study of risks
|
Standardization, Compatibility, and Innovation
|
[
{
"display_name": "Standardization",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C188087704",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.9751744,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q369577"
},
{
"display_name": "Compatibility (geochemistry)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778648169",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8100609,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q967768"
},
{
"display_name": "Inertia",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C110407247",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.58915573,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q122508"
},
{
"display_name": "Industrial organization",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C40700",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.53211886,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1411783"
},
{
"display_name": "Risk analysis (engineering)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C112930515",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.47252613,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547"
},
{
"display_name": "New product development",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C19351080",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.45451686,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1395034"
},
{
"display_name": "Business",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.4447108,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.39333406,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.37840256,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Microeconomics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C175444787",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.33016065,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072"
}
] |
There are often benefits to consumers and to firms from standardization of a product. We examine whether these standardization benefits can trap an industry in an obsolete or inferior standard when there is a better alternative available. With complete information and identical preferences among firms the answer is no; but when information is incomplete this excess inertia can occur. We also discuss the extent to which the problem can be overcome by communication.
|
C112930515
|
Risk analysis (engineering)
|
https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.34
|
Scientific assessment and study of risks
|
Adverse outcome pathways: A conceptual framework to support ecotoxicology research and risk assessment
|
[
{
"display_name": "Adverse Outcome Pathway",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2910206359",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.95032954,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18559532"
},
{
"display_name": "Risk assessment",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C12174686",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.614053,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1058438"
},
{
"display_name": "Outcome (game theory)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C148220186",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.550192,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7111912"
},
{
"display_name": "Construct (python library)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780801425",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5277441,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164392"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.48920894,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Risk analysis (engineering)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C112930515",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.48637822,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental risk assessment",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2984109670",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.46204588,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q320389"
},
{
"display_name": "Conceptual framework",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C14224292",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4550768,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13600188"
},
{
"display_name": "Linkage (software)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C31266012",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.45183098,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6554340"
},
{
"display_name": "Biochemical engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C183696295",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.38214666,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2487696"
},
{
"display_name": "Data science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2522767166",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.32339638,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463"
}
] |
Abstract Ecological risk assessors face increasing demands to assess more chemicals, with greater speed and accuracy, and to do so using fewer resources and experimental animals. New approaches in biological and computational sciences may be able to generate mechanistic information that could help in meeting these challenges. However, to use mechanistic data to support chemical assessments, there is a need for effective translation of this information into endpoints meaningful to ecological risk—effects on survival, development, and reproduction in individual organisms and, by extension, impacts on populations. Here we discuss a framework designed for this purpose, the adverse outcome pathway (AOP). An AOP is a conceptual construct that portrays existing knowledge concerning the linkage between a direct molecular initiating event and an adverse outcome at a biological level of organization relevant to risk assessment. The practical utility of AOPs for ecological risk assessment of chemicals is illustrated using five case examples. The examples demonstrate how the AOP concept can focus toxicity testing in terms of species and endpoint selection, enhance across‐chemical extrapolation, and support prediction of mixture effects. The examples also show how AOPs facilitate use of molecular or biochemical endpoints (sometimes referred to as biomarkers) for forecasting chemical impacts on individuals and populations. In the concluding sections of the paper, we discuss how AOPs can help to guide research that supports chemical risk assessments and advocate for the incorporation of this approach into a broader systems biology framework. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:730–741. © 2009 SETAC
|
C138921699
|
Political economy
|
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9248.1996.tb00343.x
|
study of production, buying, and selling, and their relations with law, custom, and government
|
Political Science and the Three New Institutionalisms
|
[
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.66980517,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.59155893,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442"
},
{
"display_name": "Political economy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138921699",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.45019698,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47555"
},
{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.30458117,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201"
}
] |
The ‘new institutionalism’ is a term that now appears with growing frequency in political science. However, there is considerable confusion about just what the ‘new institutionalism’ is, how it differs from other approaches, and what sort of promise or problems it displays. The object of this essay is to provide some preliminary answers to these questions by reviewing recent work in a burgeoning literature. Some of the ambiguities surrounding the new institutionalism can be dispelled if we recognize that it does not constitute a unified body of thought. Instead, at least three different analytical approaches, each of which calls itself a ‘new institutionalism’, have appeared over the past fifteen years. We label these three schools of thought: historical institutionalism, rational choice institutionalism, and sociological institutionalism.’ All of these approaches developed in reaction to the behavioural perspectives that were influential during the 1960s and 1970s and all seek to elucidate the role that institutions play in the determination of social and political outcomes. However, they paint quite different pictures of the political world. In the sections that follow, we provide a brief account of the genesis of each school and characterize what is distinctive about its approach to social and political problems. We then compare their analytical strengths and weaknesses, * An earlier version of this paper WLS presented at the 1994 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association and at a Conference on ‘What is Institutionalism Now? at the
|
C138921699
|
Political economy
|
https://doi.org/10.1093/oep/gpf064
|
study of production, buying, and selling, and their relations with law, custom, and government
|
Greed and grievance in civil war
|
[
{
"display_name": "Grievance",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777483011",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.9617858,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3042652"
},
{
"display_name": "Explanatory power",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777402642",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7591661,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2557224"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6716929,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163"
},
{
"display_name": "Spanish Civil War",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C81631423",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.648357,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10859"
},
{
"display_name": "Proxy (statistics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780148112",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6164338,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1432581"
},
{
"display_name": "Political economy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138921699",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.59391844,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47555"
},
{
"display_name": "Power (physics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C163258240",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5602169,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342"
},
{
"display_name": "Ethnic group",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C137403100",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.49315065,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41710"
},
{
"display_name": "Inequality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C45555294",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.46860445,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28113351"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.44918215,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442"
},
{
"display_name": "Political repression",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781062241",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.44756404,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1899269"
},
{
"display_name": "Civil rights",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2994225426",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42955276,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191600"
},
{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.35960525,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201"
},
{
"display_name": "Development economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C47768531",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.35381317,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1127188"
}
] |
We investigate the causes of civil war, using a new data set of wars during 1960–99. Rebellion may be explained by atypically severe grievances, such as high inequality, a lack of political rights, or ethnic and religious divisions in society. Alternatively, it might be explained by atypical opportunities for building a rebel organization. While it is difficult to find proxies for grievances and opportunities, we find that political and social variables that are most obviously related to grievances have little explanatory power. By contrast, economic variables, which could proxy some grievances but are perhaps more obviously related to the viability of rebellion, provide considerably more explanatory power.
|
C138921699
|
Political economy
|
https://doi.org/10.1017/s0020818300027764
|
study of production, buying, and selling, and their relations with law, custom, and government
|
Anarchy is what states make of it: the social construction of power politics
|
[
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.70863885,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163"
},
{
"display_name": "Power (physics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C163258240",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6844892,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342"
},
{
"display_name": "State (computer science)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C48103436",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.58580774,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031"
},
{
"display_name": "International relations",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C34355311",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.552936,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166542"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.5393325,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442"
},
{
"display_name": "Law and economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C190253527",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5039255,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295354"
},
{
"display_name": "Action (physics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780791683",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.46479577,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846785"
},
{
"display_name": "International relations theory",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C196927870",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.434115,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1785609"
},
{
"display_name": "Political economy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138921699",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4306084,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47555"
},
{
"display_name": "Economic system",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C74363100",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4019159,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q273005"
},
{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3526434,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201"
}
] |
The debate between realists and liberals has reemerged as an axis of contention in international relations theory. Revolving in the past around competing theories of human nature, the debate is more concerned today with the extent to which state action is influenced by “structure” (anarchy and the distribution of power) versus “process” (interaction and learning) and institutions. Does the absence of centralized political authority force states to play competitive power politics? Can international regimes overcome this logic, and under what conditions? What in anarchy is given and immutable, and what is amenable to change?
|
C138921699
|
Political economy
|
https://doi.org/10.1017/s0020818300018993
|
study of production, buying, and selling, and their relations with law, custom, and government
|
International regimes, transactions, and change: embedded liberalism in the postwar economic order
|
[
{
"display_name": "Demise",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777720223",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6268088,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5255430"
},
{
"display_name": "Meaning (existential)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780876879",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.60878825,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3054749"
},
{
"display_name": "Realm",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778757428",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5916272,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1250464"
},
{
"display_name": "Liberalism",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C547727832",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.52353764,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6216"
},
{
"display_name": "Order (exchange)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C182306322",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5172887,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1779371"
},
{
"display_name": "Neoclassical economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C133425853",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.48834345,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60571"
},
{
"display_name": "Positivism",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C128706718",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4790774,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131015"
},
{
"display_name": "Power (physics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C163258240",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4658656,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342"
},
{
"display_name": "Economic system",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C74363100",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.45111373,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q273005"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.4330957,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442"
},
{
"display_name": "Political economy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138921699",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.432671,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47555"
},
{
"display_name": "Reductionism",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C173366509",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4226538,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q206829"
},
{
"display_name": "State (computer science)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C48103436",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42049736,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031"
},
{
"display_name": "Economic liberalism",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C522663455",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.41367143,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q729119"
},
{
"display_name": "Law and economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C190253527",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.38718835,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295354"
},
{
"display_name": "Positive economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C118084267",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.37031326,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26110"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3460899,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134"
},
{
"display_name": "Epistemology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C111472728",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.33833116,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471"
}
] |
The prevailing model of international economic regimes is strictly positivistic in its epistemological orientation and stresses the distribution of material power capabilities in its explanatory logic. It is inadequate to account for the current set of international economic regimes and for the differences between past and present regimes. The model elaborated here departs from the prevailing view in two respects, while adhering to it in a third. First, it argues that regimes comprise not simply what actors say and do, but also what they understand and find acceptable within an intersubjective framework of meaning. Second, it argues that in the economic realm such a framework of meaning cannot be deduced from the distribution of material power capabilities, but must be sought in the configuration of state-society relations that is characteristic of the regime-making states. Third, in incorporating these notions into our understanding of the formation and transformation of international economic regimes, the formulation self-consciously strives to remain at the systemic level and to avoid becoming reductionist in attributing cause and effect relations. The article can therefore argue that the prevailing view is deficient on its own terms and must be expanded and modified. Addressing the world of actual international economic regimes, the article argues that the pax Britannica and the pax Americana cannot be equated in any meaningful sense, and that the postwar regimes for money and trade live on notwithstanding premature announcements of their demise.
|
C138921699
|
Political economy
|
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-7053.2004.00135.x
|
study of production, buying, and selling, and their relations with law, custom, and government
|
The Populist Zeitgeist
|
[
{
"display_name": "Zeitgeist",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C190136086",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.9907242,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211679"
},
{
"display_name": "Populism",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C526877150",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.96182746,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180490"
},
{
"display_name": "Mainstream",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777617010",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7858466,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18957"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.60168725,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163"
},
{
"display_name": "Political economy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138921699",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.44006175,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47555"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.43764699,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442"
},
{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3156406,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201"
}
] |
Abstract Since the 1980s the rise of so-called ‘populist parties’ has given rise to thousands of books, articles, columns and editorials. This article aims to make a threefold contribution to the current debate on populism in liberal democracies. First, a clear and new definition of populism is presented. Second, the normal-pathology thesis is rejected; instead it is argued that today populist discourse has become mainstream in the politics of western democracies. Indeed, one can even speak of a populist Zeitgeist. Third, it is argued that the explanations of and reactions to the current populist Zeitgeist are seriously flawed and might actually strengthen rather than weaken it.
|
C138921699
|
Political economy
|
https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8330.00247
|
study of production, buying, and selling, and their relations with law, custom, and government
|
Neoliberalizing Space
|
[
{
"display_name": "Neoliberalism (international relations)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C118589477",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.96706647,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1417017"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.52692336,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163"
},
{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.5131684,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201"
},
{
"display_name": "Transformative learning",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C70587473",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5108637,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7834111"
},
{
"display_name": "Constitution",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776154427",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4772377,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7755"
},
{
"display_name": "Political economy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138921699",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.45532775,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47555"
},
{
"display_name": "Stylized fact",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C38935604",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41831142,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4330363"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.40849406,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442"
},
{
"display_name": "Economic system",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C74363100",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3312816,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q273005"
}
] |
This paper revisits the question of the political and theoretical status of neoliberalism, making the case for a process–based analysis of “neoliberalization.” Drawing on the experience of the heartlands of neoliberal discursive production, North America and Western Europe, it is argued that the transformative and adaptive capacity of this far–reaching political–economic project has been repeatedly underestimated. Amongst other things, this calls for a close reading of the historical and geographical (re)constitution of the process of neoliberalization and of the variable ways in which different “local neoliberalisms” are embedded within wider networks and structures of neoliberalism. The paper’s contribution to this project is to establish a stylized distinction between the destructive and creative moments of the process of neoliberalism—which are characterized in terms of “roll–back” and “roll–out” neoliberalism, respectively—and then to explore some of the ways in which neoliberalism, in its changing forms, is playing a part in the reconstruction of extralocal relations, pressures, and disciplines.
|
C138921699
|
Political economy
|
https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-5965.00353
|
study of production, buying, and selling, and their relations with law, custom, and government
|
Normative Power Europe: A Contradiction in Terms?
|
[
{
"display_name": "Normative",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C44725695",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.87824637,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q288156"
},
{
"display_name": "Contradiction",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776728590",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.80287325,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q363948"
},
{
"display_name": "European union",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2910001868",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.704273,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q458"
},
{
"display_name": "Power (physics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C163258240",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.68785155,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.5979193,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442"
},
{
"display_name": "International relations",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C34355311",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.522723,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166542"
},
{
"display_name": "European community",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3018369621",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47041824,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52847"
},
{
"display_name": "Security policy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C154908896",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4407598,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2167404"
},
{
"display_name": "International community",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779872411",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4229501,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1774161"
},
{
"display_name": "Political economy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138921699",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.41411006,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47555"
},
{
"display_name": "Law and economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C190253527",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.40843347,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295354"
},
{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.34980577,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.34647417,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748"
},
{
"display_name": "Positive economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C118084267",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.32148954,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26110"
},
{
"display_name": "International trade",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C155202549",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.30885231,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178803"
}
] |
Twenty years ago, in the pages of the, Journal of Common Market Studies , Hedley Bull launched a searing critique of the European Community’s ‘civilian power’ in international affairs. Since that time the increasing role of the European Union (EU) in areas of security and defence policy has led to a seductiveness in adopting the notion of ‘military power Europe’. In contrast, I will attempt to argue that by thinking beyond traditional conceptions of the EU’s international role and examining the case study of its international pursuit of the abolition of the death penalty, we may best conceive of the EU as a ‘normative power Europe’.
|
C138921699
|
Political economy
|
https://doi.org/10.1037/e504012013-001
|
study of production, buying, and selling, and their relations with law, custom, and government
|
Breaking the Conflict Trap: Civil War and Development Policy
|
[
{
"display_name": "Trap (plumbing)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121099081",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.843189,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q665580"
},
{
"display_name": "Spanish Civil War",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C81631423",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.73391473,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10859"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.56726015,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442"
},
{
"display_name": "Civil Conflict",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776594853",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.44589663,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20708710"
},
{
"display_name": "Political economy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138921699",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4123358,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47555"
}
] |
3.5 Modeling the duration of civil war 80 4.1 Recurrent conflicts example 1: Afghanistan 104 4.2 Recurrent conflicts example 2: Angola 105 5.1 A comparison of Botswana and Sierra Leone 127 5.2 Transparency of oil revenues in Chad 131 5.3 The rough diamond trade and the Kimberley process 143 5.4 The Khmer Rouge and the logs of war 145 C O N T E N T S viii 4.8 Development of risk of civil war for the marginalized and successful developers, 2000-2020 103 4.9 The conflict trap: risk of civil war relative to a country with no recent war 106 4.10 The conflict trap by type of country 107 4.11 Risk components for marginalized countries in the conflict trap, relative to the same countries preconflict 107 4.12 The conflict trap in 2000: annual flows into and out of conflict 109 4.13a The conflict trap in 2020: annual flows into and out of conflict 111 4.13b The conflict trap in 2050: annual flows into and out of conflict 111 4.14 The incidence of civil war in South and East Asia and in Oceania, 1950-2001 112 4.15 The incidence of civil war in Latin America and the Caribbean, 1950-2001 113 4.16 The incidence of civil war in Eastern Europe and Central Asia, 1950-2001 113 4.17 The incidence of civil war in the Middle East and North Africa, 1950-2001 114 4.18 The incidence of civil war in Sub-Saharan Africa, 1950-2001 114 4.19 The incidence of civil war in Africa and other developing countries, 1950-2001 115 5.1 The contribution to peace of faster growth in the successful developers 124 5.2 The contribution to peace of faster growth in the marginalized countries 135 5.3 The contribution to peace of shortening conflicts 141 5.4 The contribution to peace of successful postconflict policies 151 6.1 The contribution of the policy package to peace
|
C22212356
|
Transport engineering
|
https://doi.org/10.1109/tiv.2016.2578706
|
academic discipline and occupational field
|
A Survey of Motion Planning and Control Techniques for Self-Driving Urban Vehicles
|
[
{
"display_name": "Automotive industry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C526921623",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6929673,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190117"
},
{
"display_name": "Self driving",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3018391801",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.67805386,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q741490"
},
{
"display_name": "Control (management)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2775924081",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.60019636,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.5665107,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Transport engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C22212356",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4855163,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775325"
},
{
"display_name": "Motion planning",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C81074085",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.43126792,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q366872"
},
{
"display_name": "State (computer science)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C48103436",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4181831,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031"
},
{
"display_name": "Simulation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C44154836",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.34180945,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045"
},
{
"display_name": "Engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.30205283,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023"
}
] |
Self-driving vehicles are a maturing technology with the potential to reshape mobility by enhancing the safety, accessibility, efficiency, and convenience of automotive transportation. Safety-critical tasks that must be executed by a self-driving vehicle include planning of motions through a dynamic environment shared with other vehicles and pedestrians, and their robust executions via feedback control. The objective of this paper is to survey the current state of the art on planning and control algorithms with particular regard to the urban setting. A selection of proposed techniques is reviewed along with a discussion of their effectiveness. The surveyed approaches differ in the vehicle mobility model used, in assumptions on the structure of the environment, and in computational requirements. The side by side comparison presented in this survey helps to gain insight into the strengths and limitations of the reviewed approaches and assists with system level design choices.
|
C22212356
|
Transport engineering
|
https://doi.org/10.1108/9781848552517
|
academic discipline and occupational field
|
The Handbook of Road Safety Measures
|
[
{
"display_name": "Publicity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776003135",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.9434205,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1333727"
},
{
"display_name": "Enforcement",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779777834",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6578841,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4202277"
},
{
"display_name": "Transport engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C22212356",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.6277814,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775325"
},
{
"display_name": "Law enforcement",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780262971",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.53878653,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44554"
},
{
"display_name": "Road traffic safety",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777636896",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.49166495,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1147899"
},
{
"display_name": "Control (management)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2775924081",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.45923978,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371"
},
{
"display_name": "Road traffic",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2985695025",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43286017,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4323994"
},
{
"display_name": "Traffic accident",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2989506057",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41359627,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9687"
},
{
"display_name": "Engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.38431513,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023"
},
{
"display_name": "Business",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.36797577,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer security",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C38652104",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.34429273,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521"
}
] |
Contains summaries of the knowledge regarding the effects of 128 road safety measures. This title covers various areas of road safety including: traffic control; vehicle inspection; driver training; publicity campaigns; police enforcement; and, general policy instruments. It also covers topics such as post-accident care, and speed cameras.
|
C22212356
|
Transport engineering
|
https://doi.org/10.1109/jproc.2003.819610
|
academic discipline and occupational field
|
Review of road traffic control strategies
|
[
{
"display_name": "Software deployment",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C105339364",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7162141,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.5997784,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Traffic flow (computer networking)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C207512268",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5765394,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3074551"
},
{
"display_name": "Transport engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C22212356",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5269034,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775325"
},
{
"display_name": "Work (physics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C18762648",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.508137,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213"
},
{
"display_name": "Road traffic",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2985695025",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4802268,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4323994"
}
] |
Traffic congestion in urban road and freeway networks leads to a strong degradation of the network infrastructure and accordingly reduced throughput, which can be countered via suitable control measures and strategies. After illustrating the main reasons for infrastructure deterioration due to traffic congestion, a comprehensive overview of proposed and implemented control strategies is provided for three areas: urban road networks, freeway networks, and route guidance. Selected application results, obtained from either simulation studies or field implementations, are briefly outlined to illustrate the impact of various control actions and strategies. The paper concludes with a brief discussion of future needs in this important technical area.
|
C22212356
|
Transport engineering
|
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1611675114
|
academic discipline and occupational field
|
On-demand high-capacity ride-sharing via dynamic trip-vehicle assignment
|
[
{
"display_name": "Implementation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C26713055",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6627726,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245962"
},
{
"display_name": "Transport engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C22212356",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.6440478,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775325"
},
{
"display_name": "Traffic congestion",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779888511",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6168281,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q244156"
},
{
"display_name": "Control (management)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2775924081",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.59392303,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.59130937,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Throughput",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C157764524",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.52787536,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1383412"
},
{
"display_name": "Field (mathematics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C9652623",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5258824,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109"
},
{
"display_name": "Network congestion",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C195563490",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.42678767,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180368"
}
] |
Significance Ride-sharing services can provide not only a very personalized mobility experience but also ensure efficiency and sustainability via large-scale ride pooling. Large-scale ride-sharing requires mathematical models and algorithms that can match large groups of riders to a fleet of shared vehicles in real time, a task not fully addressed by current solutions. We present a highly scalable anytime optimal algorithm and experimentally validate its performance using New York City taxi data and a shared vehicle fleet with passenger capacities of up to ten. Our results show that 2,000 vehicles (15% of the taxi fleet) of capacity 10 or 3,000 of capacity 4 can serve 98% of the demand within a mean waiting time of 2.8 min and mean trip delay of 3.5 min.
|
C22212356
|
Transport engineering
|
https://doi.org/10.1002/rob.20258
|
academic discipline and occupational field
|
Junior: The Stanford entry in the Urban Challenge
|
[
{
"display_name": "Pooling",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C70437156",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.791498,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7228652"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.6244957,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Scalability",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C48044578",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.57715255,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490"
},
{
"display_name": "Bike sharing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2994001137",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5300657,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1358919"
},
{
"display_name": "Scale (ratio)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778755073",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.505635,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537"
},
{
"display_name": "Transport engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C22212356",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.46729854,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775325"
},
{
"display_name": "Car sharing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2983061281",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.45588574,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q847201"
},
{
"display_name": "Task (project management)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780451532",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43934798,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676"
},
{
"display_name": "On demand",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2983523559",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4279733,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q410657"
},
{
"display_name": "Travel time",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2985733770",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41302532,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1233007"
},
{
"display_name": "Operations research",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C42475967",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.37088537,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292"
}
] |
Abstract This article presents the architecture of Junior, a robotic vehicle capable of navigating urban environments autonomously. In doing so, the vehicle is able to select its own routes, perceive and interact with other traffic, and execute various urban driving skills including lane changes, U‐turns, parking, and merging into moving traffic. The vehicle successfully finished and won second place in the DARPA Urban Challenge, a robot competition organized by the U.S. Government. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
|
C22212356
|
Transport engineering
|
https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-3-19
|
academic discipline and occupational field
|
Do attributes in the physical environment influence children's physical activity? A review of the literature.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Architecture",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C123657996",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6390322,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271"
},
{
"display_name": "Competition (biology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C91306197",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6199293,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45767"
},
{
"display_name": "Robot",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C90509273",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.57653034,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012"
},
{
"display_name": "Government (linguistics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778137410",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5244941,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820"
},
{
"display_name": "Transport engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C22212356",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.52423006,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775325"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.4543081,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.39171723,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023"
},
{
"display_name": "Simulation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C44154836",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.34941697,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045"
},
{
"display_name": "Artificial intelligence",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C154945302",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.33343476,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660"
}
] |
Many youth today are physically inactive. Recent attention linking the physical or built environment to physical activity in adults suggests an investigation into the relationship between the built environment and physical activity in children could guide appropriate intervention strategies.
|
C22212356
|
Transport engineering
|
https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2009.0495
|
academic discipline and occupational field
|
The complex network of global cargo ship movements
|
[
{
"display_name": "Recreation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C110269972",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.82982814,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184872"
},
{
"display_name": "Built environment",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C148803439",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.68837106,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4986688"
},
{
"display_name": "Physical activity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3020255362",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.62805545,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q747883"
},
{
"display_name": "Destinations",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776687071",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5613113,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5265193"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental health",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C99454951",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4702239,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068"
},
{
"display_name": "Level design",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C146508145",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.46591285,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1046315"
},
{
"display_name": "Transport engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C22212356",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.44303393,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775325"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.425443,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418"
},
{
"display_name": "Physical fitness",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C171687745",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41902238,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309252"
},
{
"display_name": "Human factors and ergonomics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C166735990",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.41527256,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1750812"
},
{
"display_name": "Applied psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C75630572",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4100527,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q538904"
},
{
"display_name": "Poison control",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3017944768",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.3793115,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1450463"
},
{
"display_name": "Business",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3466316,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453"
},
{
"display_name": "Geography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.33521503,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071"
}
] |
Transportation networks play a crucial role in human mobility, the exchange of goods and the spread of invasive species. With 90 per cent of world trade carried by sea, the global network of merchant ships provides one of the most important modes of transportation. Here, we use information about the itineraries of 16 363 cargo ships during the year 2007 to construct a network of links between ports. We show that the network has several features that set it apart from other transportation networks. In particular, most ships can be classified into three categories: bulk dry carriers, container ships and oil tankers. These three categories do not only differ in the ships' physical characteristics, but also in their mobility patterns and networks. Container ships follow regularly repeating paths whereas bulk dry carriers and oil tankers move less predictably between ports. The network of all ship movements possesses a heavy-tailed distribution for the connectivity of ports and for the loads transported on the links with systematic differences between ship types. The data analysed in this paper improve current assumptions based on gravity models of ship movements, an important step towards understanding patterns of global trade and bioinvasion.
|
C22212356
|
Transport engineering
|
https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.93.9.1478
|
academic discipline and occupational field
|
Walking, Bicycling, and Urban Landscapes: Evidence From the San Francisco Bay Area
|
[
{
"display_name": "Container (type theory)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781018962",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8361486,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164884"
},
{
"display_name": "Bulk cargo",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C206037427",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.59610736,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1359395"
},
{
"display_name": "Construct (python library)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780801425",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.54251987,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164392"
},
{
"display_name": "Marine engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199104240",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.46301198,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118291"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.4409126,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Transport engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C22212356",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.43305355,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775325"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39432304",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.32769984,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847"
}
] |
Some claim that cardependent cities contribute to obesity by discouraging walking and bicycling. In this article, we use household activity data from the San Francisco region to study the links between urban environments and nonmotorized travel. We used factor analysis to represent the urban design and land-use diversity dimensions of built environments. Combining factor scores with control variables, like steep terrain, that gauge impediments to walking and bicycling, we estimated discrete-choice models. Builtenvironment factors exerted far weaker, although not inconsequential, influences on walking and bicycling than control variables. Stronger evidence on the importance of urban landscapes in shaping foot and bicycle travel is needed if the urban planning and public health professions are to forge an effective alliance against cardependent sprawl.
|
C155202549
|
International trade
|
https://doi.org/10.3386/w3914
|
exchange of capital, goods, and services across international borders or territories
|
Environmental Impacts of a North American Free Trade Agreement
|
[
{
"display_name": "Computable general equilibrium",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C20522121",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8808838,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3589458"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.63939834,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134"
},
{
"display_name": "Investment (military)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C27548731",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5276196,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q88272"
},
{
"display_name": "International economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C18547055",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5208895,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47417"
},
{
"display_name": "Per capita",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127598652",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5037622,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q558635"
},
{
"display_name": "Foreign direct investment",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C33842695",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4785838,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q490513"
},
{
"display_name": "Free trade",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C35532855",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.45032987,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q200435"
},
{
"display_name": "Free trade agreement",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2993512723",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.44657508,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3536928"
},
{
"display_name": "Real gross domestic product",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C181683161",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41899732,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7301159"
},
{
"display_name": "Liberalization",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C58823610",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41063464,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q746418"
},
{
"display_name": "Gross domestic product",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C114350782",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41030303,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12638"
},
{
"display_name": "International trade",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C155202549",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.40434897,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178803"
},
{
"display_name": "Agricultural economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C48824518",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3804406,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q396340"
}
] |
A reduction in trade barriers generally will affect the environment by expanding the scale of economic activity, by altering the composition of economic activity, and by bringing about a change in the techniques of production.We present empirical evidence to assess the relative magnitudes of these three effects as they apply to further trade liberalization in Mexico.In Section 1. we use comparable measures of three air pollutants in a cross-section of urban areas located in 42 countries to study the relationship between air quality and economic growth.We find for two pollutants (sulfur dioxide and smoke") that concentrations increase with per capita GDP at low levels of national income, but decrease with GD? growth at higher levels of income.Section 2 studies the determinants of the industry pattern of U.S. imports from Mexico and of value added by Mexico's maquiladora sector.We investigate whether the size of pollution abatement costs in the U.S. industry influences the pattern of international trade and investment.Finally, in Section 3, we use the results from a computable general equilibrium model to study the likely compositional effect of a NAFTA on pollution in Mexico.
|
C155202549
|
International trade
|
https://doi.org/10.1257/000282804322970814
|
exchange of capital, goods, and services across international borders or territories
|
Export Versus FDI with Heterogeneous Firms
|
[
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.77653754,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134"
},
{
"display_name": "Foreign direct investment",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C33842695",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.68776864,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q490513"
},
{
"display_name": "International economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C18547055",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.51638377,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47417"
},
{
"display_name": "International trade",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C155202549",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4093559,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178803"
},
{
"display_name": "Monetary economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C556758197",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.39930785,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q580018"
}
] |
This paper builds a multi-country, multi-sector general equilibrium model that explains the decision of heterogeneous firms to serve foreign markets either through exports or local subsidiary sales (FDI).These modes of market access involve different relative costs, some of which are sunk while others vary with sales volume (such as transport costs and tariffs).Relative to investment in a subsidiary, exporting involves lower sunk costs but higher per-unit costs.In equilibrium, only the more productive firms choose to serve the foreign markets and the most productive among this group will further choose to serve the overseas market via FDI.The paper then explores several implications of the individual firms' decisions for aggregate export and FDI sales relative to the domestic and foreign market sizes.In particular, it is shown that firm level heterogeneity is an important determinant of relative export and FDI flows.We use the model to derive testable empirical predictions on the relative aggregate export and FDI sales in a given country for a given sector based both on relative costs and the extent of firm level heterogeneity in that sector.These predictions are tested on data of US affiliate sales and US exports in 38 different countries and 52 sectors.The comparative statics based on relative costs are very similar to those tested by Brainard (AER 1997) and are confirmed in our data: sector/country specific transport costs and tariffs have a strong negative effect on export sales relative to FDI.More importantly, our new predictions for the effects of firm-level heterogeneity on the relative export and FDI sales are also strongly supported by the data: more heterogeneity leads to significantly more FDI sales relative to export sales.
|
C155202549
|
International trade
|
https://doi.org/10.1257/000282803769206296
|
exchange of capital, goods, and services across international borders or territories
|
Plants and Productivity in International Trade
|
[
{
"display_name": "Productivity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C204983608",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8020842,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2111958"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.7852862,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134"
},
{
"display_name": "Imperfect competition",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777098679",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7262262,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q281682"
},
{
"display_name": "Liberian dollar",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C109168655",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6709084,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q242988"
},
{
"display_name": "Globalization",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2119116",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5835346,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7181"
},
{
"display_name": "International economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C18547055",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5749514,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47417"
},
{
"display_name": "Competition (biology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C91306197",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.56712836,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45767"
},
{
"display_name": "International trade",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C155202549",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.56214714,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178803"
},
{
"display_name": "Dispersion (optics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C177562468",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42887986,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182893"
},
{
"display_name": "Bilateral trade",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780967403",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.42769504,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q256330"
},
{
"display_name": "Trade barrier",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C182769425",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4184458,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q377302"
},
{
"display_name": "Imperfect",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780310539",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41575384,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12547192"
}
] |
We reconcile trade theory with plant-level export behavior, extending the Ricardian model to accommodate many countries, geographic barriers, and imperfect competition. Our model captures qualitatively basic facts about U.S. plants: (i) productivity dispersion, (ii) higher productivity among exporters, (iii) the small fraction who export, (iv) the small fraction earned from exports among exporting plants, and (v) the size advantage of exporters. Fitting the model to bilateral trade among the United States and 46 major trade partners, we examine the impact of globalization and dollar appreciation on productivity, plant entry and exit, and labor turnover in U.S. manufacturing.
|
C155202549
|
International trade
|
https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.91.4.877
|
exchange of capital, goods, and services across international borders or territories
|
Is Free Trade Good for the Environment?
|
[
{
"display_name": "Openness to experience",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C84976871",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8209854,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2015673"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.73333865,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134"
},
{
"display_name": "Pollution",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C521259446",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.66873765,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q58734"
},
{
"display_name": "International economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C18547055",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.48087695,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47417"
},
{
"display_name": "Scale (ratio)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778755073",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47542408,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537"
},
{
"display_name": "Trade barrier",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C182769425",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4316663,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q377302"
},
{
"display_name": "International trade",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C155202549",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.42847067,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178803"
},
{
"display_name": "Scale effects",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3017912452",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4215051,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5970087"
}
] |
This paper investigates how openness to international goods markets affects pollution concentrations. We develop a theoretical model to divide trade's impact on pollution into scale, technique, and composition effects and then examine this theory using data on sulfur dioxide concentrations. We find international trade creates relatively small changes in pollution concentrations when it alters the composition of national output. Estimates of the trade-induced technique and scale effects imply a net reduction in pollution from these sources. Combining our estimates of all three effects yields a somewhat surprising conclusion: freer trade appears to be good for the environment. (JEL F11, Q25)
|
C155202549
|
International trade
|
https://doi.org/10.1257/0002828041464605
|
exchange of capital, goods, and services across international borders or territories
|
Does Foreign Direct Investment Increase the Productivity of Domestic Firms? In Search of Spillovers Through Backward Linkages
|
[
{
"display_name": "Foreign direct investment",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C33842695",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.938658,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q490513"
},
{
"display_name": "Productivity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C204983608",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8123583,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2111958"
},
{
"display_name": "Upstream (networking)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C191172861",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.75957024,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7899321"
},
{
"display_name": "International economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C18547055",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.57427466,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47417"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.49334493,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134"
},
{
"display_name": "Business",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.47390544,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453"
},
{
"display_name": "International trade",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C155202549",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.46618742,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178803"
},
{
"display_name": "Investment (military)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C27548731",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.445,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q88272"
},
{
"display_name": "Downstream (manufacturing)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776207758",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.412434,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5303302"
},
{
"display_name": "Monetary economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C556758197",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.40774167,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q580018"
},
{
"display_name": "Labour economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C145236788",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.33875227,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28161"
}
] |
Many countries strive to attract foreign direct investment (FDI) hoping that knowledge brought by multinationals will spill over to domestic industries and increase their productivity. In contrast with earlier literature that failed to find positive intraindustry spillovers from FDI, this study focuses on effects operating across industries. The analysis, based on firm-level data from Lithuania, produces evidence consistent with positive productivity spillovers from FDI taking place through contacts between foreign affiliates and their local suppliers in upstream sectors. The data indicate that spillovers are associated with projects with shared domestic and foreign ownership but not with fully owned foreign investments.
|
C155202549
|
International trade
|
https://doi.org/10.1086/654419
|
exchange of capital, goods, and services across international borders or territories
|
Trade Policy and Economic Growth: A Skeptic's Guide to the Cross-National Evidence
|
[
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.8102979,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134"
},
{
"display_name": "Romer",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777601356",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7532577,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3690040"
},
{
"display_name": "Openness to experience",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C84976871",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7449969,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2015673"
},
{
"display_name": "Skepticism",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C18296254",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6253246,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1395219"
},
{
"display_name": "Tariff",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776060655",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.51693124,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52389"
},
{
"display_name": "Commercial policy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C140413371",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.50731367,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q572564"
},
{
"display_name": "Trade barrier",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C182769425",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.49423364,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q377302"
},
{
"display_name": "Empirical evidence",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C166052673",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47441074,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83021"
},
{
"display_name": "Liberian dollar",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C109168655",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.46034434,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q242988"
},
{
"display_name": "International economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C18547055",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.44499034,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47417"
},
{
"display_name": "International trade",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C155202549",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4163243,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178803"
},
{
"display_name": "Public economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C100001284",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.33484685,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2248246"
}
] |
Do countries with lower policy-induced barriers to international trade grow faster, once other relevant country characteristics are controlled for? There exists a large empirical literature providing an affirmative answer to this question. We argue that methodological problems with the empirical strategies employed in this literature leave the results open to diverse interpretations. In many cases, the indicators of openness used by researchers are poor measures of trade barriers or are highly correlated with other sources of bad economic performance. In other cases, the methods used to ascertain the link between trade policy and growth have serious shortcomings. Papers that we review include those by Dollar (1992), Ben-David (1993), Sachs and Warner (1995), Edwards (1998), and Frankel and Romer (1999). We find little evidence that open trade policies-in the sense of lower tariff and nontariff barriers to trade-are significantly associated with economic growth.
|
C155202549
|
International trade
|
https://doi.org/10.1257/0022051042177685
|
exchange of capital, goods, and services across international borders or territories
|
International Technology Diffusion
|
[
{
"display_name": "Pace",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777526511",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.74756485,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q691543"
},
{
"display_name": "Productivity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C204983608",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.69176316,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2111958"
},
{
"display_name": "Frontier",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778571376",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6882063,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1355821"
},
{
"display_name": "Diffusion",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C69357855",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.63259315,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q163214"
},
{
"display_name": "Convergence (economics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777303404",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6039859,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759757"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.5445784,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134"
},
{
"display_name": "Economic geography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C26271046",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5242622,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187097"
},
{
"display_name": "International trade",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C155202549",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.43984276,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178803"
},
{
"display_name": "Technological change",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C137996800",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4299038,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q762702"
},
{
"display_name": "Diffusion of innovations",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780917687",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41263002,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q304994"
},
{
"display_name": "Regional science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C148383697",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.34617555,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1781695"
},
{
"display_name": "Business",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.340799,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453"
},
{
"display_name": "Industrial organization",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C40700",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.32683626,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1411783"
},
{
"display_name": "Development economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C47768531",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.32507598,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1127188"
}
] |
This paper surveys what is known about the extent of international technology diffusion and channels through which technology spreads. Productivity differences explain much of the variation in incomes across countries, and technology plays a key role in determining productivity. The pattern of worldwide technical change is determined largely by international technology diffusion because a few rich countries account for most of the world's creation of new technology. Cross-country income convergence turns on whether technology diffusion is global or local. There is no indication that international diffusion is inevitable or automatic, but rather, domestic technology investments are necessary. Better understanding of what determines the effectiveness of technology diffusion sheds light on the pace at which the world's technology frontier may expand.
|
C155202549
|
International trade
|
https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.21.3.105
|
exchange of capital, goods, and services across international borders or territories
|
Firms in International Trade
|
[
{
"display_name": "Stylized fact",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C38935604",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8488313,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4330363"
},
{
"display_name": "New trade theory",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776651077",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.63851106,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7016512"
},
{
"display_name": "Productivity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C204983608",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.63699967,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2111958"
},
{
"display_name": "Production (economics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778348673",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.57324076,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q739302"
},
{
"display_name": "International economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C18547055",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.54016,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47417"
},
{
"display_name": "Trade barrier",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C182769425",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.535548,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q377302"
},
{
"display_name": "International trade",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C155202549",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.535302,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178803"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.5227026,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134"
},
{
"display_name": "Distribution (mathematics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C110121322",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5154739,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q865811"
},
{
"display_name": "Business",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.43753973,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453"
}
] |
Since the mid-1990s, researchers have used micro datasets to study countries' production and trade at the firm level and have found that exporting firms differ substantially from firms that solely serve the domestic market. Across a wide range of countries and industries, exporting firms have been shown to be larger, more productive, more skill- and capital-intensive, and to pay higher wages than nonexporting firms. These differences exist even before exporting begins and have important consequences for evaluating the gains from trade and their distribution across factors of production. The new empirical research challenges traditional models of international trade and, as a result, the focus of the international trade field has shifted from countries and industries towards firms and products. Recently available transaction-level U.S. trade data reveal new stylized facts about firms' participation in international markets, and recent theories of international trade incorporating the behavior of heterogenous firms have made substantial progress in explaining patterns of trade and productivity growth.
|
C120314980
|
Distributed computing
|
https://doi.org/10.1109/mcsa.1999.749281
|
system whose components are located on different networked computers
|
Ad-hoc on-demand distance vector routing
|
[
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.7811681,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer network",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C31258907",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.77026486,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371"
},
{
"display_name": "Optimized Link State Routing Protocol",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C204739117",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.70749253,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1368373"
},
{
"display_name": "Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C104503742",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.70268744,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q345335"
},
{
"display_name": "Destination-Sequenced Distance Vector routing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C29436982",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.6855538,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3700557"
},
{
"display_name": "Wireless Routing Protocol",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C47318570",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.6037555,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8026863"
},
{
"display_name": "Dynamic Source Routing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C9659607",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.5841417,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1268903"
},
{
"display_name": "Distance-vector routing protocol",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C202385902",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.5630441,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1229441"
},
{
"display_name": "Wireless ad hoc network",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94523657",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5542728,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4085781"
},
{
"display_name": "Ad hoc wireless distribution service",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C190526755",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.5539573,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4678071"
},
{
"display_name": "Distributed computing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C120314980",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5221922,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634"
},
{
"display_name": "Adaptive quality of service multi-hop routing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C32244324",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.5194123,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4680755"
},
{
"display_name": "Mobile ad hoc network",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C91280400",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.48437175,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4085781"
},
{
"display_name": "Link-state routing protocol",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C89305328",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.44751146,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1755411"
},
{
"display_name": "Routing protocol",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C104954878",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.39574954,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1648707"
}
] |
An ad-hoc network is the cooperative engagement of a collection of mobile nodes without the required intervention of any centralized access point or existing infrastructure. We present Ad-hoc On Demand Distance Vector Routing (AODV), a novel algorithm for the operation of such ad-hoc networks. Each mobile host operates as a specialized router, and routes are obtained as needed (i.e., on-demand) with little or no reliance on periodic advertisements. Our new routing algorithm is quite suitable for a dynamic self starting network, as required by users wishing to utilize ad-hoc networks. AODV provides loop-free routes even while repairing broken links. Because the protocol does not require global periodic routing advertisements, the demand on the overall bandwidth available to the mobile nodes is substantially less than in those protocols that do necessitate such advertisements. Nevertheless we can still maintain most of the advantages of basic distance vector routing mechanisms. We show that our algorithm scales to large populations of mobile nodes wishing to form ad-hoc networks. We also include an evaluation methodology and simulation results to verify the operation of our algorithm.
|
C120314980
|
Distributed computing
|
https://doi.org/10.1109/jproc.2006.887293
|
system whose components are located on different networked computers
|
Consensus and Cooperation in Networked Multi-Agent Systems
|
[
{
"display_name": "Flocking (texture)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781220375",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.74966824,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q814208"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.7275609,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Distributed computing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C120314980",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.66854453,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634"
},
{
"display_name": "Rendezvous",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779968344",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5683227,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3932925"
},
{
"display_name": "Consensus algorithm",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2983222225",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.55438,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2994424"
},
{
"display_name": "Consensus",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C107107730",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.539613,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2994424"
},
{
"display_name": "Multi-agent system",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41550386",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.52380884,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q529909"
},
{
"display_name": "Markov chain",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C98763669",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.50492054,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176645"
},
{
"display_name": "Robustness (evolution)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C63479239",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5026643,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546"
},
{
"display_name": "Gossip",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C62989814",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.48359913,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q854648"
},
{
"display_name": "Network topology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199845137",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47393897,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q145490"
},
{
"display_name": "Graph theory",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C88230418",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.46323913,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131476"
},
{
"display_name": "Algebraic graph theory",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C25799778",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.449686,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4724003"
},
{
"display_name": "Complex network",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C34947359",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41985655,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q665189"
},
{
"display_name": "Theoretical computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C80444323",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.40276644,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974"
},
{
"display_name": "Topology (electrical circuits)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C184720557",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.34807104,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7825049"
}
] |
<para xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> This paper provides a theoretical framework for analysis of consensus algorithms for multi-agent networked systems with an emphasis on the role of directed information flow, robustness to changes in network topology due to link/node failures, time-delays, and performance guarantees. An overview of basic concepts of information consensus in networks and methods of convergence and performance analysis for the algorithms are provided. Our analysis framework is based on tools from matrix theory, algebraic graph theory, and control theory. We discuss the connections between consensus problems in networked dynamic systems and diverse applications including synchronization of coupled oscillators, flocking, formation control, fast consensus in small-world networks, Markov processes and gossip-based algorithms, load balancing in networks, rendezvous in space, distributed sensor fusion in sensor networks, and belief propagation. We establish direct connections between spectral and structural properties of complex networks and the speed of information diffusion of consensus algorithms. A brief introduction is provided on networked systems with nonlocal information flow that are considerably faster than distributed systems with lattice-type nearest neighbor interactions. Simulation results are presented that demonstrate the role of small-world effects on the speed of consensus algorithms and cooperative control of multivehicle formations. </para>
|
C120314980
|
Distributed computing
|
https://doi.org/10.1145/359545.359563
|
system whose components are located on different networked computers
|
Time, clocks, and the ordering of events in a distributed system
|
[
{
"display_name": "Synchronizing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162932704",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.9702645,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1058791"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.72263825,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Synchronization (alternating current)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778562939",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6157695,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1298791"
},
{
"display_name": "Event (particle physics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779662365",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.60028243,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5416694"
},
{
"display_name": "Distributed computing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C120314980",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.55639887,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634"
},
{
"display_name": "Clock synchronization",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C129891060",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.50046325,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1513059"
},
{
"display_name": "Distributed algorithm",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C130120984",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.44351593,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2835898"
},
{
"display_name": "Algorithm",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C11413529",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.35642806,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366"
},
{
"display_name": "Theoretical computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C80444323",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.34749496,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974"
},
{
"display_name": "Real-time computing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C79403827",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.34240168,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988"
}
] |
The concept of one event happening before another in a distributed system is examined, and is shown to define a partial ordering of the events. A distributed algorithm is given for synchronizing a system of logical clocks which can be used to totally order the events. The use of the total ordering is illustrated with a method for solving synchronization problems. The algorithm is then specialized for synchronizing physical clocks, and a bound is derived on how far out of synchrony the clocks can become.
|
C120314980
|
Distributed computing
|
https://doi.org/10.1145/321738.321743
|
system whose components are located on different networked computers
|
Scheduling Algorithms for Multiprogramming in a Hard-Real-Time Environment
|
[
{
"display_name": "Computer multitasking",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C154556556",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.84504247,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192969"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.8118926,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Scheduling (production processes)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C206729178",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6855326,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2271896"
},
{
"display_name": "Fixed-priority pre-emptive scheduling",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C122141398",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.5596083,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5456330"
},
{
"display_name": "Earliest deadline first scheduling",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C32310161",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.5589424,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q666365"
},
{
"display_name": "Parallel computing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C173608175",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.48582742,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661"
},
{
"display_name": "Fair-share scheduling",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C31689143",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4812705,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q733809"
},
{
"display_name": "Distributed computing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C120314980",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.46829218,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634"
},
{
"display_name": "Dynamic priority scheduling",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C107568181",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4657954,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5319000"
},
{
"display_name": "Rate-monotonic scheduling",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127456818",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.45726642,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q238879"
},
{
"display_name": "Algorithm",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C11413529",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.38754433,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366"
},
{
"display_name": "Real-time computing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C79403827",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.36454558,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988"
}
] |
The problem of multiprogram scheduling on a single processor is studied from the viewpoint of the characteristics peculiar to the program functions that need guaranteed service. It is shown that an optimum fixed priority scheduler possesses an upper bound to processor utilization which may be as low as 70 percent for large task sets. It is also shown that full processor utilization can be achieved by dynamically assigning priorities on the basis of their current deadlines. A combination of these two scheduling techniques is also discussed.
|
C120314980
|
Distributed computing
|
https://doi.org/10.1145/190809.190336
|
system whose components are located on different networked computers
|
Highly dynamic Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vector routing (DSDV) for mobile computers
|
[
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.8541852,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer network",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C31258907",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.78365964,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371"
},
{
"display_name": "Distributed computing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C120314980",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.6479897,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634"
},
{
"display_name": "Optimized Link State Routing Protocol",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C204739117",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.62031484,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1368373"
},
{
"display_name": "Destination-Sequenced Distance Vector routing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C29436982",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.5647688,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3700557"
},
{
"display_name": "Mobile ad hoc network",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C91280400",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.552261,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4085781"
},
{
"display_name": "Wireless ad hoc network",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94523657",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.51721394,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4085781"
},
{
"display_name": "Adaptive quality of service multi-hop routing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C32244324",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.50351614,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4680755"
},
{
"display_name": "Routing protocol",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C104954878",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5017259,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1648707"
},
{
"display_name": "Wireless Routing Protocol",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C47318570",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.43945205,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8026863"
},
{
"display_name": "Link-state routing protocol",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C89305328",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.431529,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1755411"
},
{
"display_name": "Routing (electronic design automation)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C74172769",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42889154,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1446839"
},
{
"display_name": "Host (biology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126831891",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41336802,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221673"
}
] |
An ad-hoc network is the cooperative engagement of a collection of Mobile Hosts without the required intervention of any centralized Access Point. In this paper we present an innovative design for the operation of such ad-hoc networks. The basic idea of the design is to operate each Mobile Host as a specialized router, which periodically advertises its view of the interconnection topology with other Mobile Hosts within the network. This amounts to a new sort of routing protocol. We have investigated modifications to the basic Bellman-Ford routing mechanisms, as specified by RIP [5], to make it suitable for a dynamic and self-starting network mechanism as is required by users wishing to utilize ad hoc networks. Our modifications address some of the previous objections to the use of Bellman-Ford, related to the poor looping properties of such algorithms in the face of broken links and the resulting time dependent nature of the interconnection topology describing the links between the Mobile Hosts. Finally, we describe the ways in which the basic network-layer routing can be modified to provide MAC-layer support for ad-hoc networks.
|
C120314980
|
Distributed computing
|
https://doi.org/10.1145/383059.383072
|
system whose components are located on different networked computers
|
A scalable content-addressable network
|
[
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.8701693,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Scalability",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C48044578",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.80771893,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490"
},
{
"display_name": "Distributed hash table",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780224649",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.74589396,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q863506"
},
{
"display_name": "Distributed computing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C120314980",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.62533283,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634"
},
{
"display_name": "Hash table",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C67388219",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.62067616,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207440"
},
{
"display_name": "Hash function",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C99138194",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6124618,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183427"
},
{
"display_name": "Robustness (evolution)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C63479239",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.50541186,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546"
},
{
"display_name": "Fault tolerance",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C63540848",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.49754432,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3140932"
},
{
"display_name": "Latency (audio)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C82876162",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47252136,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer network",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C31258907",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.44822153,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371"
},
{
"display_name": "The Internet",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C110875604",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.44185787,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75"
}
] |
Hash tables - which map "keys" onto "values" - are an essential building block in modern software systems. We believe a similar functionality would be equally valuable to large distributed systems. In this paper, we introduce the concept of a Content-Addressable Network (CAN) as a distributed infrastructure that provides hash table-like functionality on Internet-like scales. The CAN is scalable, fault-tolerant and completely self-organizing, and we demonstrate its scalability, robustness and low-latency properties through simulation.
|
C120314980
|
Distributed computing
|
https://doi.org/10.1145/2342509.2342513
|
system whose components are located on different networked computers
|
Fog computing and its role in the internet of things
|
[
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.738691,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Internet of Things",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C81860439",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.72185904,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212"
},
{
"display_name": "Cloud computing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C79974875",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7147012,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639"
},
{
"display_name": "Edge computing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778456923",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6960598,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5337692"
},
{
"display_name": "Location awareness",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776104089",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6224181,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15894079"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer network",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C31258907",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.61507314,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371"
},
{
"display_name": "Fog computing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2986652147",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5904139,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21809931"
},
{
"display_name": "Wireless",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C555944384",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.56298006,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249"
},
{
"display_name": "Latency (audio)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C82876162",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5482885,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504"
},
{
"display_name": "Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162307627",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.49534288,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833"
},
{
"display_name": "Wireless network",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C108037233",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.47193,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11375"
},
{
"display_name": "Distributed computing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C120314980",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.46809366,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634"
},
{
"display_name": "The Internet",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C110875604",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.46209943,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75"
},
{
"display_name": "Smart grid",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C10558101",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4348939,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q689855"
},
{
"display_name": "Grid",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C187691185",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43376338,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720"
},
{
"display_name": "Edge device",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138236772",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.42901397,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25098575"
}
] |
Fog Computing extends the Cloud Computing paradigm to the edge of the network, thus enabling a new breed of applications and services. Defining characteristics of the Fog are: a) Low latency and location awareness; b) Wide-spread geographical distribution; c) Mobility; d) Very large number of nodes, e) Predominant role of wireless access, f) Strong presence of streaming and real time applications, g) Heterogeneity. In this paper we argue that the above characteristics make the Fog the appropriate platform for a number of critical Internet of Things (IoT) services and applications, namely, Connected Vehicle, Smart Grid, Smart Cities, and, in general, Wireless Sensors and Actuators Networks (WSANs).
|
C120314980
|
Distributed computing
|
https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2004.41
|
system whose components are located on different networked computers
|
HEED: a hybrid, energy-efficient, distributed clustering approach for ad hoc sensor networks
|
[
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.7937163,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Wireless sensor network",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C24590314",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.722652,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336038"
},
{
"display_name": "Cluster analysis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C73555534",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7023522,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825"
},
{
"display_name": "Scalability",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C48044578",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.64155066,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490"
},
{
"display_name": "Wireless ad hoc network",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94523657",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6310791,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4085781"
},
{
"display_name": "Topology control",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778034918",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.6230201,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3689301"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer network",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C31258907",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.6212324,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371"
},
{
"display_name": "Node (physics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C62611344",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6188445,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062658"
},
{
"display_name": "Overhead (engineering)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779960059",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5933102,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681"
},
{
"display_name": "Distributed computing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C120314980",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.58542544,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634"
},
{
"display_name": "Network topology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199845137",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5601866,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q145490"
},
{
"display_name": "Topology (electrical circuits)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C184720557",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47514272,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7825049"
},
{
"display_name": "Sensor node",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C111185680",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.4187243,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3866206"
},
{
"display_name": "Key distribution in wireless sensor networks",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41971633",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.33141872,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6398155"
}
] |
Topology control in a sensor network balances load on sensor nodes and increases network scalability and lifetime. Clustering sensor nodes is an effective topology control approach. We propose a novel distributed clustering approach for long-lived ad hoc sensor networks. Our proposed approach does not make any assumptions about the presence of infrastructure or about node capabilities, other than the availability of multiple power levels in sensor nodes. We present a protocol, HEED (Hybrid Energy-Efficient Distributed clustering), that periodically selects cluster heads according to a hybrid of the node residual energy and a secondary parameter, such as node proximity to its neighbors or node degree. HEED terminates in O(1) iterations, incurs low message overhead, and achieves fairly uniform cluster head distribution across the network. We prove that, with appropriate bounds on node density and intracluster and intercluster transmission ranges, HEED can asymptotically almost surely guarantee connectivity of clustered networks. Simulation results demonstrate that our proposed approach is effective in prolonging the network lifetime and supporting scalable data aggregation.
|
C37914503
|
Mathematical physics
|
https://doi.org/10.4310/atmp.1998.v2.n2.a1
|
use of mathematics to solve physics problems
|
The large $N$ limit of superconformal field theories and supergravity
|
[
{
"display_name": "Supergravity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C78710322",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.8929486,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q958871"
},
{
"display_name": "Limit (mathematics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C151201525",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.73287886,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177239"
},
{
"display_name": "Higher-dimensional supergravity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C139739703",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.58749294,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5757952"
},
{
"display_name": "Physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.5827749,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413"
},
{
"display_name": "Field (mathematics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C9652623",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.56543744,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109"
},
{
"display_name": "Mathematical physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C37914503",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.51111585,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q156495"
},
{
"display_name": "Quantum electrodynamics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3079626",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.50932705,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q234881"
},
{
"display_name": "Supersymmetry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C116674579",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.37646037,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193442"
},
{
"display_name": "Theoretical physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C33332235",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.37244168,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18362"
}
] |
We show that the large N limit of certain conformal field theories in various dimensions include in their Hilbert space a sector describing supergravity on the product of Anti-deSitter spacetimes, spheres and other compact manifolds.This is shown by taking some branes in the full M/string theory and then taking a low energy limit where the field theory on the brane decouples from the bulk.We observe that, in this limit, we can still trust the near horizon geometry for large N.The enhanced supersymmetries of the near horizon geometry correspond to the extra supersymmetry generators present in the superconformal group (as opposed to just the super-Poincare group).The 't Hooft limit of 3+1 J\f = 4 super-Yang-Mills at the conformal point is shown to contain strings: they are IIB strings.We conjecture that compactifications of M/string theory on various Anti-deSitter spacetimes is dual to various conformal field theories.This leads to a new proposal for a definition of M-theory which could be extended to include five noncompact dimensions. General IdeaIn the last few years it has been extremely fruitful to derive quantum field theories by taking various limits of string or M-theory.In some cases this
|
C37914503
|
Mathematical physics
|
https://doi.org/10.4310/atmp.1998.v2.n2.a2
|
use of mathematics to solve physics problems
|
Anti de Sitter space and holography
|
[
{
"display_name": "De Sitter space",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C22366356",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.6666939,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1179448"
},
{
"display_name": "Anti-de Sitter space",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C107829132",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6195607,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q574780"
},
{
"display_name": "Space (punctuation)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778572836",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.50386447,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380933"
},
{
"display_name": "de Sitter–Schwarzschild metric",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C49811471",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.5013435,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5244744"
},
{
"display_name": "Physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.4770764,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413"
},
{
"display_name": "Holography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C187590223",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.45727116,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q527628"
},
{
"display_name": "de Sitter invariant special relativity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C88118005",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.456786,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5244743"
},
{
"display_name": "De Sitter universe",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C19262093",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4493962,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3036474"
},
{
"display_name": "Mathematical physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C37914503",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.44466627,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q156495"
},
{
"display_name": "Theoretical physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C33332235",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.36282986,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18362"
}
] |
Recently, it has been proposed by Maldacena that large N limits of certain conformal field theories in d dimensions can be described in terms of supergravity (and string theory) on the product of d 4-1dimensional AdS space with a compact manifold.Here we elaborate on this idea and propose a precise correspondence between conformal field theory observables and those of supergravity: correlation functions in conformal field theory are given by the dependence of the supergravity action on the asymptotic behavior at infinity.In particular, dimensions of operators in conformal field theory are given by masses of particles in supergravity.As quantitative confirmation of this correspondence, we note that the Kaluza-Klein modes of Type IIB supergravity on AdS^ x S 5 match with the chiral operators of Af = 4 super Yang-Mills theory in four dimensions.With some further assumptions, one can deduce a H'amiltonian version of the correspondence and show that the Af = 4 theory has a large N phase transition related to the thermodynamics of AdS black holes.
|
C37914503
|
Mathematical physics
|
https://doi.org/10.1103/revmodphys.65.851
|
use of mathematics to solve physics problems
|
Pattern formation outside of equilibrium
|
[
{
"display_name": "Physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.85892284,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413"
},
{
"display_name": "Omega",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779557605",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6325672,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9890"
},
{
"display_name": "Type (biology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777299769",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5875163,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3707858"
},
{
"display_name": "Instability",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C207821765",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.58712775,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q405372"
},
{
"display_name": "Nonlinear system",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C158622935",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47971362,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660848"
},
{
"display_name": "Space (punctuation)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778572836",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.46739396,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380933"
},
{
"display_name": "Pattern formation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C207016750",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.46442544,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1955627"
},
{
"display_name": "Mathematical physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C37914503",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.43859053,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q156495"
}
] |
A comprehensive review of spatiotemporal pattern formation in systems driven away from equilibrium is presented, with emphasis on comparisons between theory and quantitative experiments. Examples include patterns in hydrodynamic systems such as thermal convection in pure fluids and binary mixtures, Taylor-Couette flow, parametric-wave instabilities, as well as patterns in solidification fronts, nonlinear optics, oscillatory chemical reactions and excitable biological media. The theoretical starting point is usually a set of deterministic equations of motion, typically in the form of nonlinear partial differential equations. These are sometimes supplemented by stochastic terms representing thermal or instrumental noise, but for macroscopic systems and carefully designed experiments the stochastic forces are often negligible. An aim of theory is to describe solutions of the deterministic equations that are likely to be reached starting from typical initial conditions and to persist at long times. A unified description is developed, based on the linear instabilities of a homogeneous state, which leads naturally to a classification of patterns in terms of the characteristic wave vector ${q}_{0}$ and frequency ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{0}$ of the instability. Type ${\mathrm{I}}_{\mathrm{s}}$ systems (${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{0}=0$, ${q}_{0}\ensuremath{\ne}0$) are stationary in time and periodic in space; type ${\mathrm{III}}_{\mathrm{o}}$ systems (${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{0}\ensuremath{\ne}0$, ${q}_{0}=0$) are periodic in time and uniform in space; and type ${\mathrm{I}}_{\mathrm{o}}$ systems (${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{0}\ensuremath{\ne}0$, ${q}_{0}\ensuremath{\ne}0$) are periodic in both space and time. Near a continuous (or supercritical) instability, the dynamics may be accurately described via "amplitude equations," whose form is universal for each type of instability. The specifics of each system enter only through the nonuniversal coefficients. Far from the instability threshold a different universal description known as the "phase equation" may be derived, but it is restricted to slow distortions of an ideal pattern. For many systems appropriate starting equations are either not known or too complicated to analyze conveniently. It is thus useful to introduce phenomenological order-parameter models, which lead to the correct amplitude equations near threshold, and which may be solved analytically or numerically in the nonlinear regime away from the instability. The above theoretical methods are useful in analyzing "real pattern effects" such as the influence of external boundaries, or the formation and dynamics of defects in ideal structures. An important element in nonequilibrium systems is the appearance of deterministic chaos. A greal deal is known about systems with a small number of degrees of freedom displaying "temporal chaos," where the structure of the phase space can be analyzed in detail. For spatially extended systems with many degrees of freedom, on the other hand, one is dealing with spatiotemporal chaos and appropriate methods of analysis need to be developed. In addition to the general features of nonequilibrium pattern formation discussed above, detailed reviews of theoretical and experimental work on many specific systems are presented. These include Rayleigh-B\'enard convection in a pure fluid, convection in binary-fluid mixtures, electrohydrodynamic convection in nematic liquid crystals, Taylor-Couette flow between rotating cylinders, parametric surface waves, patterns in certain open flow systems, oscillatory chemical reactions, static and dynamic patterns in biological media, crystallization fronts, and patterns in nonlinear optics. A concluding section summarizes what has and has not been accomplished, and attempts to assess the prospects for the future.
|
C37914503
|
Mathematical physics
|
https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.80.5243
|
use of mathematics to solve physics problems
|
Real Spectra in Non-Hermitian Hamiltonians Having<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mi mathvariant="bold-script">P</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="bold-script">T</mml:mi></mml:math>Symmetry
|
[
{
"display_name": "Hamiltonian (control theory)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C130787639",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6417607,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5645293"
},
{
"display_name": "Hermitian matrix",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94940",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6017515,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q652941"
},
{
"display_name": "Physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.5988438,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413"
},
{
"display_name": "Bounded function",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C34388435",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5906586,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2267362"
},
{
"display_name": "Eigenvalues and eigenvectors",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C158693339",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.55185676,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190524"
},
{
"display_name": "Mathematical physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C37914503",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.44805172,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q156495"
},
{
"display_name": "Spectral line",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C4839761",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42034072,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q212111"
},
{
"display_name": "Quantum mechanics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C62520636",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3006387,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944"
}
] |
The condition of self-adjointness ensures that the eigenvalues of a Hamiltonian are real and bounded below. Replacing this condition by the weaker condition of $\mathrm{PT}$ symmetry, one obtains new infinite classes of complex Hamiltonians whose spectra are also real and positive. These $\mathrm{PT}$ symmetric theories may be viewed as analytic continuations of conventional theories from real to complex phase space. This paper describes the unusual classical and quantum properties of these theories.
|
C37914503
|
Mathematical physics
|
https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.77.1413
|
use of mathematics to solve physics problems
|
Separability Criterion for Density Matrices
|
[
{
"display_name": "Physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.7236771,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413"
},
{
"display_name": "Density matrix",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C56911000",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6627395,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q831774"
},
{
"display_name": "Eigenvalues and eigenvectors",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C158693339",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.53033864,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190524"
},
{
"display_name": "Mathematical physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C37914503",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5235754,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q156495"
},
{
"display_name": "Quantum mechanics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C62520636",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.48228315,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944"
},
{
"display_name": "Separable space",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C70710897",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4553022,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q680081"
},
{
"display_name": "Quantum",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C84114770",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4502999,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344"
},
{
"display_name": "Matrix (chemical analysis)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C106487976",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.44724882,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q685816"
},
{
"display_name": "Combinatorics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C114614502",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.43823317,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592"
}
] |
A quantum system consisting of two subsystems is separable if its density matrix can be written as $\ensuremath{\rho}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\Sigma}{A}^{}{w}_{A}{\ensuremath{\rho}}_{A}^{\ensuremath{'}}\ensuremath{\bigotimes}{\ensuremath{\rho}}_{A}^{\ensuremath{'}\ensuremath{'}},$ where ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{A}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ and ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{A}^{\ensuremath{'}\ensuremath{'}}$ are density matrices for the two subsystems, and the positive weights ${w}_{A}$ satisfy $\ensuremath{\Sigma}{w}_{A}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}1$. In this Letter, it is proved that a necessary condition for separability is that a matrix, obtained by partial transposition of \ensuremath{\rho}, has only non-negative eigenvalues. Some examples show that this criterion is more sensitive than Bell's inequality for detecting quantum inseparability.
|
C37914503
|
Mathematical physics
|
https://doi.org/10.1103/revmodphys.20.367
|
use of mathematics to solve physics problems
|
Space-Time Approach to Non-Relativistic Quantum Mechanics
|
[
{
"display_name": "Physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.8885964,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413"
},
{
"display_name": "Path integral formulation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C154018700",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6144324,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q898323"
},
{
"display_name": "Action (physics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780791683",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.53260887,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846785"
},
{
"display_name": "Quantum mechanics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C62520636",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.526668,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944"
},
{
"display_name": "Relativistic quantum mechanics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C57476683",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.5242144,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3332147"
},
{
"display_name": "Schrödinger equation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C63036615",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5191964,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165498"
},
{
"display_name": "Relation between Schrödinger's equation and the path integral formulation of quantum mechanics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C146857524",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.47331274,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310696"
},
{
"display_name": "Operator (biology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17020691",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.46482068,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q139677"
},
{
"display_name": "Phase space",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C151342819",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.45324412,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q62542"
},
{
"display_name": "Quantum",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C84114770",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42423773,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344"
},
{
"display_name": "Classical mechanics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C74650414",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.41536033,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11397"
},
{
"display_name": "Wave function",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C113603373",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41152745,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2362761"
},
{
"display_name": "Mathematical physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C37914503",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.40605444,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q156495"
}
] |
Non-relativistic quantum mechanics is formulated here in a different way. It is, however, mathematically equivalent to the familiar formulation. In quantum mechanics the probability of an event which can happen in several different ways is the absolute square of a sum of complex contributions, one from each alternative way. The probability that a particle will be found to have a path $x(t)$ lying somewhere within a region of space time is the square of a sum of contributions, one from each path in the region. The contribution from a single path is postulated to be an exponential whose (imaginary) phase is the classical action (in units of $\ensuremath{\hbar}$) for the path in question. The total contribution from all paths reaching $x$, $t$ from the past is the wave function $\ensuremath{\psi}(x, t)$. This is shown to satisfy Schroedinger's equation. The relation to matrix and operator algebra is discussed. Applications are indicated, in particular to eliminate the coordinates of the field oscillators from the equations of quantum electrodynamics.
|
C37914503
|
Mathematical physics
|
https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.30.1343
|
use of mathematics to solve physics problems
|
Ultraviolet Behavior of Non-Abelian Gauge Theories
|
[
{
"display_name": "Physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.8009968,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413"
},
{
"display_name": "Gauge theory",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C181830111",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.666518,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214850"
},
{
"display_name": "Abelian group",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C136170076",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6480438,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181296"
},
{
"display_name": "Asymptotic freedom",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C149374227",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5327307,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q752732"
},
{
"display_name": "Introduction to gauge theory",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C65211518",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.52987707,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16743426"
},
{
"display_name": "Logarithm",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39927690",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.49917364,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11197"
},
{
"display_name": "Supersymmetric gauge theory",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C65266758",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4705204,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3984151"
},
{
"display_name": "Hamiltonian lattice gauge theory",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C27428435",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.46976706,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5645297"
},
{
"display_name": "Theoretical physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C33332235",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.46571374,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18362"
},
{
"display_name": "Gauge (firearms)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C40976572",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.46344924,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2330873"
},
{
"display_name": "Quantum electrodynamics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3079626",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4501401,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q234881"
},
{
"display_name": "Scaling",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C99844830",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43675458,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q102441924"
},
{
"display_name": "Mathematical physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C37914503",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.42551968,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q156495"
},
{
"display_name": "Symmetry (geometry)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779886137",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42381454,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21030012"
}
] |
It is shown that a wide class of non-Abelian gauge theories have, up to calculable logarithmic corrections, free-field-theory asymptotic behavior. It is suggested that Bjorken scaling may be obtained from strong-interaction dynamics based on non-Abelian gauge symmetry.
|
C37914503
|
Mathematical physics
|
https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.7.1888
|
use of mathematics to solve physics problems
|
Radiative Corrections as the Origin of Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking
|
[
{
"display_name": "Physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.91124415,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413"
},
{
"display_name": "Meson",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C200006409",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5409369,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q102742"
},
{
"display_name": "Scalar (mathematics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C57691317",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5395626,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1289248"
},
{
"display_name": "Coupling constant",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C183276030",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5350825,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1193095"
},
{
"display_name": "Spontaneous symmetry breaking",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C125881977",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5044209,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q736716"
},
{
"display_name": "Gauge theory",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C181830111",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.49930477,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214850"
},
{
"display_name": "Symmetry breaking",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C204795200",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4546086,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q903282"
},
{
"display_name": "Massless particle",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C54937798",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.45052913,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2024141"
},
{
"display_name": "Particle physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C109214941",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.44260192,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18334"
},
{
"display_name": "Mathematical physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C37914503",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.41064227,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q156495"
},
{
"display_name": "Quantum electrodynamics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3079626",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3751311,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q234881"
},
{
"display_name": "Quantum mechanics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C62520636",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3513665,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944"
}
] |
We investigate the possibility that radiative corrections may produce spontaneous symmetry breakdown in theories for which the semiclassical (tree) approximation does not indicate such breakdown. The simplest model in which this phenomenon occurs is the electrodynamics of massless scalar mesons. We find (for small coupling constants) that this theory more closely resembles the theory with an imaginary mass (the Abelian Higgs model) than one with a positive mass; spontaneous symmetry breaking occurs, and the theory becomes a theory of a massive vector meson and a massive scalar meson. The scalar-to-vector mass ratio is computable as a power series in $e$, the electromagnetic coupling constant. We find, to lowest order, $\frac{{m}^{2}(S)}{{m}^{2}(V)}=(\frac{3}{2\ensuremath{\pi}})(\frac{{e}^{2}}{4\ensuremath{\pi}})$. We extend our analysis to non-Abelian gauge theories, and find qualitatively similar results. Our methods are also applicable to theories in which the tree approximation indicates the occurrence of spontaneous symmetry breakdown, but does not give complete information about its character. (This typically occurs when the scalar-meson part of the Lagrangian admits a greater symmetry group than the total Lagrangian.) We indicate how to use our methods in these cases.
|
C49204034
|
Climatology
|
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(1996)077<0437:tnyrp>2.0.co;2
|
study of climate
|
The NCEP/NCAR 40-Year Reanalysis Project
|
[
{
"display_name": "Radiosonde",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C11999413",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7969002,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q852817"
},
{
"display_name": "Data assimilation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C24552861",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7697682,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2670177"
},
{
"display_name": "Meteorology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C153294291",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.61075616,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39432304",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.5995378,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847"
},
{
"display_name": "Troposphere",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C9075549",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5008056,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40631"
},
{
"display_name": "Climatology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C49204034",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.47187772,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52139"
},
{
"display_name": "Satellite",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C19269812",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47172537,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.38215047,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Database",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C77088390",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.37163803,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513"
}
] |
The NCEP and NCAR are cooperating in a project (denoted “reanalysis”) to produce a 40-year record of global analyses of atmospheric fields in support of the needs of the research and climate monitoring communities. This effort involves the recovery of land surface, ship, rawinsonde, pibal, aircraft, satellite, and other data; quality controlling and assimilating these data with a data assimilation system that is kept unchanged over the reanalysis period 1957–96. This eliminates perceived climate jumps associated with changes in the data assimilation system. The NCEP/NCAR 40-yr reanalysis uses a frozen state-of-the-art global data assimilation system and a database as complete as possible. The data assimilation and the model used are identical to the global system implemented operationally at the NCEP on 11 January 1995, except that the horizontal resolution is T62 (about 210 km). The database has been enhanced with many sources of observations not available in real time for operations, provided by different countries and organizations. The system has been designed with advanced quality control and monitoring components, and can produce 1 mon of reanalysis per day on a Cray YMP/8 supercomputer. Different types of output archives are being created to satisfy different user needs, including a “quick look” CD-ROM (one per year) with six tropospheric and stratospheric fields available twice daily, as well as surface, top-of-the-atmosphere, and isentropic fields. Reanalysis information and selected output is also available on-line via the Internet (http//:nic.fb4.noaa.gov:8000). A special CDROM, containing 13 years of selected observed, daily, monthly, and climatological data from the NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis, is included with this issue. Output variables are classified into four classes, depending on the degree to which they are influenced by the observations and/or the model. For example, “C” variables (such as precipitation and surface fluxes) are completely determined by the model during the data assimilation and should be used with caution. Nevertheless, a comparison of these variables with observations and with several climatologies shows that they generally contain considerable useful information. Eight-day forecasts, produced every 5 days, should be useful for predictability studies and for monitoring the quality of the observing systems. The 40 years of reanalysis (1957–96) should be completed in early 1997. A continuation into the future through an identical Climate Data Assimilation System will allow researchers to reliably compare recent anomalies with those in earlier decades. Since changes in the observing systems will inevitably produce perceived changes in the climate, parallel reanalyses (at least 1 year long) will be generated for the periods immediately after the introduction of new observing systems, such as new types of satellite data. NCEP plans currently call for an updated reanalysis using a state-of-the-art system every five years or so. The successive reanalyses will be greatly facilitated by the generation of the comprehensive database in the present reanalysis.
|
C49204034
|
Climatology
|
https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.828
|
study of climate
|
The ERA‐Interim reanalysis: configuration and performance of the data assimilation system
|
[
{
"display_name": "Interim",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776957806",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8777517,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4895105"
},
{
"display_name": "Data assimilation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C24552861",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8108023,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2670177"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39432304",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.6282885,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847"
},
{
"display_name": "Meteorology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C153294291",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.6095623,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261"
},
{
"display_name": "Climatology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C49204034",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.6042019,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52139"
},
{
"display_name": "General Circulation Model",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C141452985",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.41845274,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q650994"
},
{
"display_name": "Atmospheric circulation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C150284090",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41768757,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2615451"
},
{
"display_name": "Consistency (knowledge bases)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776436953",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41150966,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5163215"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3674507,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Climate change",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C132651083",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.3140331,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7942"
}
] |
ERA-Interim is the latest global atmospheric reanalysis produced by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). The ERA-Interim project was conducted in part to prepare for a new atmospheric reanalysis to replace ERA-40, which will extend back to the early part of the twentieth century. This article describes the forecast model, data assimilation method, and input datasets used to produce ERA-Interim, and discusses the performance of the system. Special emphasis is placed on various difficulties encountered in the production of ERA-40, including the representation of the hydrological cycle, the quality of the stratospheric circulation, and the consistency in time of the reanalysed fields. We provide evidence for substantial improvements in each of these aspects. We also identify areas where further work is needed and describe opportunities and objectives for future reanalysis projects at ECMWF. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
|
C49204034
|
Climatology
|
https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781107415324.004
|
study of climate
|
Summary for Policymakers
|
[
{
"display_name": "Climate change",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C132651083",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.702474,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7942"
},
{
"display_name": "Climatology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C49204034",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.65750945,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52139"
},
{
"display_name": "Adaptation (eye)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C139807058",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.54641503,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q352374"
},
{
"display_name": "Climate extremes",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2993643576",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.44016773,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1277161"
},
{
"display_name": "Geography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.42305088,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071"
},
{
"display_name": "Climate change adaptation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778851808",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.42020944,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q260607"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39432304",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.40640432,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental resource management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C107826830",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3841565,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q929380"
}
] |
The Working Group I contribution to the IPCC's Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) considers new evidence of climate change based on many independent scientific analyses from observations of the climate system, paleoclimate archives, theoretical studies of climate processes and simulations using climate models. It builds upon the Working Group I contribution to the IPCC's Fourth Assessment Report (AR4), and incorporates subsequent new findings of research. As a component of the fifth assessment cycle, the IPCC Special Report on Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation (SREX) is an important basis for information on changing weather and climate extremes.
|
C49204034
|
Climatology
|
https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803
|
study of climate
|
The ERA5 global reanalysis
|
[
{
"display_name": "Climatology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C49204034",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.6750792,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52139"
},
{
"display_name": "Data assimilation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C24552861",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6272243,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2670177"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39432304",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.6012822,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847"
},
{
"display_name": "Meteorology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C153294291",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5660305,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261"
},
{
"display_name": "Buoy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779847632",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5339749,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30026"
},
{
"display_name": "Radiosonde",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C11999413",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5221579,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q852817"
},
{
"display_name": "Troposphere",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C9075549",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5085372,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40631"
},
{
"display_name": "Horizontal resolution",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2984089914",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.46695858,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q305896"
}
] |
Abstract Within the Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), ECMWF is producing the ERA5 reanalysis which, once completed, will embody a detailed record of the global atmosphere, land surface and ocean waves from 1950 onwards. This new reanalysis replaces the ERA‐Interim reanalysis (spanning 1979 onwards) which was started in 2006. ERA5 is based on the Integrated Forecasting System (IFS) Cy41r2 which was operational in 2016. ERA5 thus benefits from a decade of developments in model physics, core dynamics and data assimilation. In addition to a significantly enhanced horizontal resolution of 31 km, compared to 80 km for ERA‐Interim, ERA5 has hourly output throughout, and an uncertainty estimate from an ensemble (3‐hourly at half the horizontal resolution). This paper describes the general set‐up of ERA5, as well as a basic evaluation of characteristics and performance, with a focus on the dataset from 1979 onwards which is currently publicly available. Re‐forecasts from ERA5 analyses show a gain of up to one day in skill with respect to ERA‐Interim. Comparison with radiosonde and PILOT data prior to assimilation shows an improved fit for temperature, wind and humidity in the troposphere, but not the stratosphere. A comparison with independent buoy data shows a much improved fit for ocean wave height. The uncertainty estimate reflects the evolution of the observing systems used in ERA5. The enhanced temporal and spatial resolution allows for a detailed evolution of weather systems. For precipitation, global‐mean correlation with monthly‐mean GPCP data is increased from 67% to 77%. In general, low‐frequency variability is found to be well represented and from 10 hPa downwards general patterns of anomalies in temperature match those from the ERA‐Interim, MERRA‐2 and JRA‐55 reanalyses.
|
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.