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C105702510
|
Anatomy
|
https://doi.org/10.1159/000452856
|
study of the structure and parts of organisms
|
Cellular Scaling Rules for the Brains of Marsupials: Not as “Primitive” as Expected
|
[
{
"display_name": "Biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.8192003,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420"
},
{
"display_name": "Evolution of mammals",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C139690037",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6888782,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q785301"
},
{
"display_name": "Cerebellum",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779652256",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.64379746,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q130983"
},
{
"display_name": "Primate",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780509455",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.599661,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7380"
},
{
"display_name": "Brain size",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C65835030",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.598386,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1030681"
},
{
"display_name": "Marsupial",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777042810",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5806565,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25336"
},
{
"display_name": "Cerebral cortex",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781041448",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.54749125,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75839"
},
{
"display_name": "Neuroscience",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C169760540",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.54009604,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011"
},
{
"display_name": "Allometry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C153026981",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.46078742,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q519888"
},
{
"display_name": "Evolutionary biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C78458016",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4500249,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400"
},
{
"display_name": "Mammalian brain",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3020766347",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43470126,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1073"
},
{
"display_name": "Extant taxon",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C178300618",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42387065,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1898509"
},
{
"display_name": "Nerve net",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780196419",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41754562,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1762173"
},
{
"display_name": "Anatomy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C105702510",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.41415936,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q514"
},
{
"display_name": "Macaque",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778950215",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41049826,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177601"
}
] |
In the effort to understand the evolution of mammalian brains, we have found that common relationships between brain structure mass and numbers of nonneuronal (glial and vascular) cells apply across eutherian mammals, but brain structure mass scales differently with numbers of neurons across structures and across primate and nonprimate clades. This suggests that the ancestral scaling rules for mammalian brains are those shared by extant nonprimate eutherians - but do these scaling relationships apply to marsupials, a sister group to eutherians that diverged early in mammalian evolution? Here we examine the cellular composition of the brains of 10 species of marsupials. We show that brain structure mass scales with numbers of nonneuronal cells, and numbers of cerebellar neurons scale with numbers of cerebral cortical neurons, comparable to what we have found in eutherians. These shared scaling relationships are therefore indicative of mechanisms that have been conserved since the first therians. In contrast, while marsupials share with nonprimate eutherians the scaling of cerebral cortex mass with number of neurons, their cerebella have more neurons than nonprimate eutherian cerebella of a similar mass, and their rest of brain has fewer neurons than eutherian structures of a similar mass. Moreover, Australasian marsupials exhibit ratios of neurons in the cerebral cortex and cerebellum over the rest of the brain, comparable to artiodactyls and primates. Our results suggest that Australasian marsupials have diverged from the ancestral Theria neuronal scaling rules, and support the suggestion that the scaling of average neuronal cell size with increasing numbers of neurons varies in evolution independently of the allocation of neurons across structures.
|
C105702510
|
Anatomy
|
https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.40.3.648
|
study of the structure and parts of organisms
|
JUNCTIONS BETWEEN INTIMATELY APPOSED CELL MEMBRANES IN THE VERTEBRATE BRAIN
|
[
{
"display_name": "Tight junction",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C177779419",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.81447756,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1053832"
},
{
"display_name": "Gap junction",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C158157758",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.80963284,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232438"
},
{
"display_name": "Choroid plexus",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776538271",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6824229,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q926250"
},
{
"display_name": "Uranyl acetate",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781060271",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6751807,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q421620"
},
{
"display_name": "Biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.65793645,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420"
},
{
"display_name": "Cell junction",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C29350253",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.65379226,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189073"
},
{
"display_name": "Anatomy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C105702510",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5850104,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q514"
},
{
"display_name": "Ependymal Cell",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2909073510",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.58251286,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1134467"
},
{
"display_name": "Septate junctions",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C118322738",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.55344164,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7452050"
},
{
"display_name": "Parenchyma",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C196822366",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.55342114,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q270524"
},
{
"display_name": "Horseradish peroxidase",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777676563",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.52280724,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413665"
},
{
"display_name": "Endothelium",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776992346",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43096852,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q111140"
},
{
"display_name": "Biophysics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C12554922",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.42160857,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7100"
},
{
"display_name": "Intracellular",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C79879829",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.37684774,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5571762"
},
{
"display_name": "Ultrastructure",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C87555872",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.31701148,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3141316"
}
] |
Certain junctions between ependymal cells, between astrocytes, and between some electrically coupled neurons have heretofore been regarded as tight, pentalaminar occlusions of the intercellular cleft. These junctions are now redefined in terms of their configuration after treatment of brain tissue in uranyl acetate before dehydration. Instead of a median dense lamina, they are bisected by a median gap 20–30 A wide which is continuous with the rest of the interspace. The patency of these "gap junctions" is further demonstrated by the penetration of horseradish peroxidase or lanthanum into the median gap, the latter tracer delineating there a polygonal substructure. However, either tracer can circumvent gap junctions because they are plaque-shaped rather than complete, circumferential belts. Tight junctions, which retain a pentalaminar appearance after uranyl acetate block treatment, are restricted primarily to the endothelium of parenchymal capillaries and the epithelium of the choroid plexus. They form rows of extensive, overlapping occlusions of the interspace and are neither circumvented nor penetrated by peroxidase and lanthanum. These junctions are morphologically distinguishable from the "labile" pentalaminar appositions which appear or disappear according to the preparative method and which do not interfere with the intercellular movement of tracers. Therefore, the interspaces of the brain are generally patent, allowing intercellular movement of colloidal materials. Endothelial and epithelial tight junctions occlude the interspaces between blood and parenchyma or cerebral ventricles, thereby constituting a structural basis for the blood-brain and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barriers.
|
C105702510
|
Anatomy
|
https://doi.org/10.1161/01.str.10.3.267
|
study of the structure and parts of organisms
|
A new model of bilateral hemispheric ischemia in the unanesthetized rat.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.9144544,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Ischemia",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C541997718",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6980001,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188151"
},
{
"display_name": "Occlusion",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776268601",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.61880517,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q968808"
},
{
"display_name": "Neocortex",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777222312",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5135431,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q726562"
},
{
"display_name": "Perfusion",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C146957229",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.48587388,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1266915"
},
{
"display_name": "Anesthesia",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C42219234",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.48187146,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131130"
},
{
"display_name": "Anatomy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C105702510",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.41661933,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q514"
}
] |
A new model of transient, bilateral hemispheric ischemia in the unanesthetized rat is described. During ether anesthesia the rat's vertebral arteries were electrocauterized through the alar foramina of the first cervical vertebra and reversible clasps placed loosely around the common carotid arteries. Twenty-four hr later, the awake rats were restrained and the carotid clasps tightened to produce 4-vessel occlusion. The carotid clasps were removed after 10, 20 or 30 min of 4-vessel occlusion and the animals killed by perfusion fixation 72 hr later. Rats which convulsed during the ischemic or post-ischemic period were excluded from further study. All rats subjected to 20 or 30 min of 4-vessel occlusion demonstrated ischemic neuronal damage. The H1 and paramedian hippocampus, striatum and layers 3, 5 and 6 of the posterior neocortex were the regions most frequently damaged. The advantages of this model are the ease of preparation of large numbers of animals, a high rate of predictable ischemic neuronal damage, a low incidence of seizures and the absence of anesthesia.
|
C105702510
|
Anatomy
|
https://doi.org/10.2215/cjn.04151206
|
study of the structure and parts of organisms
|
Normal Bone Anatomy and Physiology
|
[
{
"display_name": "Osteocyte",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780973866",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.7537367,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q913236"
},
{
"display_name": "Bone remodeling",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C170033053",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6757071,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q952019"
},
{
"display_name": "Osteoclast",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776033226",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.61367595,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q828410"
},
{
"display_name": "Osteoblast",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778260815",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6025694,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q917177"
},
{
"display_name": "Iliac crest",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779079599",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5996559,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3774464"
},
{
"display_name": "Bone cell",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C133605539",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5870762,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q913236"
},
{
"display_name": "Anatomy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C105702510",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5832467,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q514"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.5782826,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Bone resorption",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C673006",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5332567,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4941581"
},
{
"display_name": "Extracellular matrix",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C189165786",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.51462305,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193825"
},
{
"display_name": "Bone remodeling period",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C12021080",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.44237632,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4941580"
},
{
"display_name": "Bone tissue",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778606738",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4106194,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q265868"
},
{
"display_name": "Pathology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C142724271",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.39884907,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208"
},
{
"display_name": "Cell biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95444343",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3175891,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7141"
}
] |
This review describes normal bone anatomy and physiology as an introduction to the subsequent articles in this section that discuss clinical applications of iliac crest bone biopsy. The normal anatomy and functions of the skeleton are reviewed first, followed by a general description of the processes of bone modeling and remodeling. The bone remodeling process regulates the gain and loss of bone mineral density in the adult skeleton and directly influences bone strength. Thorough understanding of the bone remodeling process is critical to appreciation of the value of and interpretation of the results of iliac crest bone histomorphometry. Osteoclast recruitment, activation, and bone resorption is discussed in some detail, followed by a review of osteoblast recruitment and the process of new bone formation. Next, the collagenous and noncollagenous protein components and function of bone extracellular matrix are summarized, followed by a description of the process of mineralization of newly formed bone matrix. The actions of biomechanical forces on bone are sensed by the osteocyte syncytium within bone via the canalicular network and intercellular gap junctions. Finally, concepts regarding bone remodeling, osteoclast and osteoblast function, extracellular matrix, matrix mineralization, and osteocyte function are synthesized in a summary of the currently understood functional determinants of bone strength. This information lays the groundwork for understanding the utility and clinical applications of iliac crest bone biopsy.
|
C164705383
|
Cardiology
|
https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/eht151
|
branch of medicine dealing with disorders of the heart as well as parts of the circulatory system
|
2013 ESH/ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension
|
[
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.9607539,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Internal medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126322002",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.71458507,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180"
},
{
"display_name": "Cardiology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C164705383",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.68559104,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10379"
},
{
"display_name": "Candesartan",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780036600",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.62585825,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q415970"
},
{
"display_name": "Blood pressure",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C84393581",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5621803,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82642"
},
{
"display_name": "Kidney disease",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778653478",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.48970464,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1054718"
},
{
"display_name": "Diabetes mellitus",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C555293320",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4337868,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12206"
},
{
"display_name": "Stroke (engine)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780645631",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42491576,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q671554"
},
{
"display_name": "Coronary artery disease",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778213512",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4194712,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844935"
}
] |
The ESH/ESC Guidelines represent the views of the ESH and ESC and were arrived at after careful consideration of the available evidence at the time they were written.Health professionals are encouraged to take them fully into account when exercising their clinical judgement.The guidelines do not, however, override the individual responsibility of health professionals to make appropriate decisions in the circumstances of the individual patients, in consultation with that patient, and where appropriate and necessary the patient's guardian or carer.It is also the health professional's responsibility to verify the rules and regulations applicable to drugs and devices at the time of prescription.
|
C164705383
|
Cardiology
|
https://doi.org/10.1161/01.hyp.0000107251.49515.c2
|
branch of medicine dealing with disorders of the heart as well as parts of the circulatory system
|
Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure
|
[
{
"display_name": "Blood pressure",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C84393581",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.83294064,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82642"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.8101547,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Prehypertension",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C118190526",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.72900933,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7239981"
},
{
"display_name": "Internal medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126322002",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5904741,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180"
},
{
"display_name": "Thiazide",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780437262",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.560329,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q665843"
},
{
"display_name": "Diastole",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C57900726",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.531856,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q492905"
},
{
"display_name": "Diabetes mellitus",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C555293320",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.51195323,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12206"
},
{
"display_name": "Diuretic",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779918671",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5110117,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q200656"
},
{
"display_name": "Kidney disease",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778653478",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.50099397,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1054718"
},
{
"display_name": "Antihypertensive drug",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780192228",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4653825,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q575890"
},
{
"display_name": "Cardiology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C164705383",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.45005772,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10379"
},
{
"display_name": "Risk factor",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C50440223",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42212865,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1475848"
},
{
"display_name": "Endocrinology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C134018914",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.31275052,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162606"
}
] |
The National High Blood Pressure Education Program presents the complete Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Like its predecessors, the purpose is to provide an evidence-based approach to the prevention and management of hypertension. The key messages of this report are these: in those older than age 50, systolic blood pressure (BP) of greater than 140 mm Hg is a more important cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factor than diastolic BP; beginning at 115/75 mm Hg, CVD risk doubles for each increment of 20/10 mm Hg; those who are normotensive at 55 years of age will have a 90% lifetime risk of developing hypertension; prehypertensive individuals (systolic BP 120–139 mm Hg or diastolic BP 80–89 mm Hg) require health-promoting lifestyle modifications to prevent the progressive rise in blood pressure and CVD; for uncomplicated hypertension, thiazide diuretic should be used in drug treatment for most, either alone or combined with drugs from other classes; this report delineates specific high-risk conditions that are compelling indications for the use of other antihypertensive drug classes (angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin-receptor blockers, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers); two or more antihypertensive medications will be required to achieve goal BP (<140/90 mm Hg, or <130/80 mm Hg) for patients with diabetes and chronic kidney disease; for patients whose BP is more than 20 mm Hg above the systolic BP goal or more than 10 mm Hg above the diastolic BP goal, initiation of therapy using two agents, one of which usually will be a thiazide diuretic, should be considered; regardless of therapy or care, hypertension will be controlled only if patients are motivated to stay on their treatment plan. Positive experiences, trust in the clinician, and empathy improve patient motivation and satisfaction. This report serves as a guide, and the committee continues to recognize that the responsible physician’s judgment remains paramount.
|
C164705383
|
Cardiology
|
https://doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.97.18.1837
|
branch of medicine dealing with disorders of the heart as well as parts of the circulatory system
|
Prediction of Coronary Heart Disease Using Risk Factor Categories
|
[
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.9328642,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Blood pressure",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C84393581",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7207836,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82642"
},
{
"display_name": "Cholesterol",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778163477",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6169072,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43656"
},
{
"display_name": "Internal medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126322002",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.6134222,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180"
},
{
"display_name": "Diabetes mellitus",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C555293320",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5715634,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12206"
},
{
"display_name": "Risk factor",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C50440223",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.52492267,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1475848"
},
{
"display_name": "Cohort",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C72563966",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.49347174,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1303415"
},
{
"display_name": "Population",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2908647359",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.48037773,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603"
},
{
"display_name": "Cardiology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C164705383",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.47013837,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10379"
},
{
"display_name": "Coronary heart disease",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3018906752",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4256957,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844935"
},
{
"display_name": "Cohort study",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C201903717",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41565496,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1778788"
}
] |
Background —The objective of this study was to examine the association of Joint National Committee (JNC-V) blood pressure and National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) cholesterol categories with coronary heart disease (CHD) risk, to incorporate them into coronary prediction algorithms, and to compare the discrimination properties of this approach with other noncategorical prediction functions. Methods and Results —This work was designed as a prospective, single-center study in the setting of a community-based cohort. The patients were 2489 men and 2856 women 30 to 74 years old at baseline with 12 years of follow-up. During the 12 years of follow-up, a total of 383 men and 227 women developed CHD, which was significantly associated with categories of blood pressure, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and HDL cholesterol (all P <.001). Sex-specific prediction equations were formulated to predict CHD risk according to age, diabetes, smoking, JNC-V blood pressure categories, and NCEP total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol categories. The accuracy of this categorical approach was found to be comparable to CHD prediction when the continuous variables themselves were used. After adjustment for other factors, ≈28% of CHD events in men and 29% in women were attributable to blood pressure levels that exceeded high normal (≥130/85). The corresponding multivariable-adjusted attributable risk percent associated with elevated total cholesterol (≥200 mg/dL) was 27% in men and 34% in women. Conclusions —Recommended guidelines of blood pressure, total cholesterol, and LDL cholesterol effectively predict CHD risk in a middle-aged white population sample. A simple coronary disease prediction algorithm was developed using categorical variables, which allows physicians to predict multivariate CHD risk in patients without overt CHD.
|
C164705383
|
Cardiology
|
https://doi.org/10.1056/nejm200001203420301
|
branch of medicine dealing with disorders of the heart as well as parts of the circulatory system
|
Effects of an Angiotensin-Converting–Enzyme Inhibitor, Ramipril, on Cardiovascular Events in High-Risk Patients
|
[
{
"display_name": "Ramipril",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779888176",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.97496,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q412666"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.92193955,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Internal medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126322002",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.6961768,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180"
},
{
"display_name": "Placebo",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C27081682",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.65005,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q269829"
},
{
"display_name": "Myocardial infarction",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C500558357",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6471208,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12152"
},
{
"display_name": "Heart failure",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778198053",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6260259,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181754"
},
{
"display_name": "Ejection fraction",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C78085059",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6225678,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q641303"
},
{
"display_name": "ACE inhibitor",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779611605",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.60922515,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q288280"
},
{
"display_name": "Relative risk",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C82789193",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.60900766,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2142611"
},
{
"display_name": "Stroke (engine)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780645631",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.58299285,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q671554"
},
{
"display_name": "Angiotensin-converting enzyme",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C27016395",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5385469,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128861"
},
{
"display_name": "Cardiology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C164705383",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5160308,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10379"
},
{
"display_name": "Diabetes mellitus",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C555293320",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4748785,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12206"
},
{
"display_name": "Confidence interval",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C44249647",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.37367898,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208498"
}
] |
Angiotensin-converting–enzyme inhibitors improve the outcome among patients with left ventricular dysfunction, whether or not they have heart failure. We assessed the role of an angiotensin-converting–enzyme inhibitor, ramipril, in patients who were at high risk for cardiovascular events but who did not have left ventricular dysfunction or heart failure.
|
C164705383
|
Cardiology
|
https://doi.org/10.1056/nejm199909023411001
|
branch of medicine dealing with disorders of the heart as well as parts of the circulatory system
|
The Effect of Spironolactone on Morbidity and Mortality in Patients with Severe Heart Failure
|
[
{
"display_name": "Spironolactone",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776379505",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.96186936,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422188"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.92782795,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Heart failure",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778198053",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8134116,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181754"
},
{
"display_name": "Digoxin",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777707475",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.64970124,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422222"
},
{
"display_name": "Internal medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126322002",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.613263,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180"
},
{
"display_name": "Relative risk",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C82789193",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.58369565,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2142611"
},
{
"display_name": "Placebo",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C27081682",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.53267986,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q269829"
},
{
"display_name": "Ejection fraction",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C78085059",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.47829205,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q641303"
},
{
"display_name": "Cardiology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C164705383",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.45260376,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10379"
},
{
"display_name": "Confidence interval",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C44249647",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43915042,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208498"
},
{
"display_name": "Sudden death",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2993353509",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43074238,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q411867"
}
] |
Aldosterone is important in the pathophysiology of heart failure. In a doubleblind study, we enrolled 1663 patients who had severe heart failure and a left ventricular ejection fraction of no more than 35 percent and who were being treated with an angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor, a loop diuretic, and in most cases digoxin. A total of 822 patients were randomly assigned to receive 25 mg of spironolactone daily, and 841 to receive placebo. The primary end point was death from all causes.The trial was discontinued early, after a mean follow-up period of 24 months, because an interim analysis determined that spironolactone was efficacious. There were 386 deaths in the placebo group (46 percent) and 284 in the spironolactone group (35 percent; relative risk of death, 0.70; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.60 to 0.82; P<0.001). This 30 percent reduction in the risk of death among patients in the spironolactone group was attributed to a lower risk of both death from progressive heart failure and sudden death from cardiac causes. The frequency of hospitalization for worsening heart failure was 35 percent lower in the spironolactone group than in the placebo group (relative risk of hospitalization, 0.65; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.54 to 0.77; P<0.001). In addition, patients who received spironolactone had a significant improvement in the symptoms of heart failure, as assessed on the basis of the New York Heart Association functional class (P<0.001). Gynecomastia or breast pain was reported in 10 percent of men who were treated with spironolactone, as compared with 1 percent of men in the placebo group (P<0.001). The incidence of serious hyperkalemia was minimal in both groups of patients.Blockade of aldosterone receptors by spironolactone, in addition to standard therapy, substantially reduces the risk of both morbidity and death among patients with severe heart failure.
|
C164705383
|
Cardiology
|
https://doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.0000134791.68010.fa
|
branch of medicine dealing with disorders of the heart as well as parts of the circulatory system
|
ACC/AHA Guidelines for the Management of Patients With ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction—Executive Summary
|
[
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.96159434,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Myocardial infarction",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C500558357",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.71577704,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12152"
},
{
"display_name": "Cardiology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C164705383",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.61526847,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10379"
},
{
"display_name": "Internal medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126322002",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.592198,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180"
},
{
"display_name": "Executive summary",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780743171",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5065905,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1383611"
}
] |
HomeCirculationVol. 110, No. 5ACC/AHA Guidelines for the Management of Patients With ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction—Executive Summary Free AccessResearch ArticlePDF/EPUBAboutView PDFView EPUBSections ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload citationsTrack citationsPermissions ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InMendeleyRedditDiggEmail Jump toSupplementary MaterialsFree AccessResearch ArticlePDF/EPUBACC/AHA Guidelines for the Management of Patients With ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction—Executive SummaryA Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 1999 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction) Writing Committee Members Elliott M. Antman, MD, FACC, FAHA, Chair, Daniel T. Anbe, MD, FACC, FAHA, Paul Wayne Armstrong, MD, FACC, FAHA, Eric R. Bates, MD, FACC, FAHA, Lee A. Green, MD, MPH, Mary Hand, MSPH, RN, FAHA, Judith S. Hochman, MD, FACC, FAHA, Harlan M. Krumholz, MD, FACC, FAHA, Frederick G. Kushner, MD, FACC, FAHA, Gervasio A. Lamas, MD, FACC, Charles J. Mullany, MB, MS, FACC, Joseph P. Ornato, MD, FACC, FAHA, David L. Pearle, MD, FACC, FAHA, Michael A. Sloan, MD, FACC, Sidney C. SmithJr, MD, FACC, FAHA, Elliott M. Antman, Task Force Members:, MD, FACC, FAHA, Chair, Sidney C. SmithJr, MD, FACC, FAHA, Vice-chair, Joseph S. Alpert, MD, FACC, FAHA, Jeffrey L. Anderson, MD, FACC, FAHA, David P. Faxon, MD, FACC, FAHA, Valentin Fuster, MD, PhD, FACC, FAHA, Raymond J. Gibbons, MD, FACC, FAHA, Gabriel Gregoratos, MD, FACC, FAHA, Jonathan L. Halperin, MD, FACC, FAHA, Loren F. Hiratzka, MD, FACC, FAHA, Sharon Ann Hunt, MD, FACC, FAHA, Alice K. Jacobs, MD, FACC, FAHA and Joseph P. Ornato, MD, FACC, FAHA Writing Committee Members , Elliott M. AntmanElliott M. Antman , Daniel T. AnbeDaniel T. Anbe , Paul Wayne ArmstrongPaul Wayne Armstrong , Eric R. BatesEric R. Bates , Lee A. GreenLee A. Green , Mary HandMary Hand , Judith S. HochmanJudith S. Hochman , Harlan M. KrumholzHarlan M. Krumholz , Frederick G. KushnerFrederick G. Kushner , Gervasio A. LamasGervasio A. Lamas , Charles J. MullanyCharles J. Mullany , Joseph P. OrnatoJoseph P. Ornato , David L. PearleDavid L. Pearle , Michael A. SloanMichael A. Sloan , Sidney C. SmithJrSidney C. SmithJr , Elliott M. AntmanElliott M. Antman , Sidney C. SmithJrSidney C. SmithJr , Joseph S. AlpertJoseph S. Alpert , Jeffrey L. AndersonJeffrey L. Anderson , David P. FaxonDavid P. Faxon , Valentin FusterValentin Fuster , Raymond J. GibbonsRaymond J. Gibbons , Gabriel GregoratosGabriel Gregoratos , Jonathan L. HalperinJonathan L. Halperin , Loren F. HiratzkaLoren F. Hiratzka , Sharon Ann HuntSharon Ann Hunt , Alice K. JacobsAlice K. Jacobs and Joseph P. OrnatoJoseph P. Ornato Originally published3 Aug 2004https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000134791.68010.FACirculation. 2004;110:588–636is corrected byCorrectionI. IntroductionII. Pathology 590A. Epidemiology 590III. Management Before STEMI 590A. Identification of Patients at Risk of STEMI 590B. Patient Education for Early Recognition and Response to STEMI 590IV. Onset of STEMI 592A. Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest 592V. Prehospital Issues 592A. Emergency Medical Services Systems 592B. Prehospital Chest Pain Evaluation and Treatment 592C. Prehospital Fibrinolysis 592D. Prehospital Destination Protocols 593VI. Initial Recognition and Management in the Emergency Department 593A. Optimal Strategies for Emergency Department Triage 593B. Initial Patient Evaluation 5931. History 5952. Physical Examination 5953. Electrocardiogram 5954. Laboratory Examinations 5955. Biomarkers of Cardiac Damage 595a. Bedside Testing for Serum Cardiac Biomarkers 5966. Imaging 596C. Management 5961. Routine Measures 596a. Oxygen 596b. Nitroglycerin 596c. Analgesia 596d. Aspirin 597e. Beta-Blockers 597f. Reperfusion 597• General Concepts 597• Selection of Reperfusion Strategy 597• Pharmacological Reperfusion 598• Percutaneous Coronary Intervention 600• Acute Surgical Reperfusion 605• Patients With STEMI Not Receiving Reperfusion 605• Assessment of Reperfusion 605• Ancillary Therapy 605• Other Pharmacological Measures 607VII. Hospital Management 608A. Location 6081. Coronary Care Unit 6082. Stepdown Unit 608B. Early, General Measures 6091. Level of Activity 6092. Diet 6093. Patient Education in the Hospital Setting 6094. Analgesia/Anxiolytics 609C. Risk Stratification During Early Hospital Course 609D. Medication Assessment 6101. Beta Blockers 6092. Nitroglycerin 6103. Inhibition of the Renin-Angiotensin- Aldosterone System 6104. Antiplatelets 6115. Antithrombotics 6116. Oxygen 611E. Estimation of Infarct Size 6111. Electrocardiographic Techniques 6112. Cardiac Biomarker Methods 6113. Radionuclide Imaging 6114. Echocardiography 6115. Magnetic Resonance Imaging 611F. Hemodynamic Disturbances 6111. Hemodynamic Assessment 6112. Hypotension 6123. Low-Output State 6124. Pulmonary Congestion 6125. Cardiogenic Shock 6136. Right Ventricular Infarction 6147. Mechanical Causes of Heart Failure/Low- Output Syndrome 614a. Diagnosis 614b. Mitral Valve Regurgitation 614c. Ventricular Septal Rupture After STEMI 615d. Left Ventricular Free-Wall Rupture 615e. Left Ventricular Aneurysm 615f. Mechanical Support of the Failing Heart 615• Intra-Aortic Balloon Counterpulsation 615G. Arrhythmias After STEMI 6151. Ventricular Arrhythmias 615a. Ventricular Fibrillation 615b. Ventricular Tachycardia 616c. Ventricular Premature Beats 616d. Accelerated Idioventricular Rhythms and Accelerated Junctional Rhythms 616e. ICD Implantation in Patients After STEMI 6172. Supraventricular Arrhythmias/Atrial Fibrillation 6173. Bradyarrhythmias 618a. Acute Treatment of Conduction Disturbances and Bradyarrhythmias 618• Ventricular Asystole 618b. Use of Permanent Pacemakers 618• Permanent Pacing for Bradycardia or Conduction Blocks Associated With STEMI 618• Sinus Node Dysfunction After STEMI 618• Pacing Mode Selection in Patients With STEMI 618H. Recurrent Chest Pain After STEMI 6181. Pericarditis 6182. Recurrent Ischemia/Infarction 620I. Other Complications 6211. Ischemic Stroke 6212. DVT and Pulmonary Embolism 621J. Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery After STEMI 6211. Timing of Surgery 6212. Arterial Grafting 6213. CABG for Recurrent Ischemia After STEMI 6214. Elective CABG Surgery After STEMI in Patients With Angina 6225. CABG Surgery After STEMI and Antiplatelet Agents 622K. Convalescence, Discharge, and Post-Myocardial Infarction Care 6221. Risk Stratification at Hospital Discharge 622a. Role of Exercise Testing 622b. Role of Echocardiography 622c. Exercise Myocardial Perfusion Imaging 624d. Left Ventricular Function 624e. Invasive Evaluation 624f. Assessment of Ventricular Arrhythmias 624L. Secondary Prevention 6251. Patient Education Before Discharge 6252. Lipid Management 6253. Weight Management 6254. Smoking Cessation 6275. Antiplatelet Therapy 6276. Inhibition of Renin-Angiotensin- Aldosterone-System 6277. Beta-Blockers 6288. Blood Pressure Control 6289. Diabetes Management 62910. Hormone Therapy 62911. Warfarin Therapy 62912. Physical Activity 62913. Antioxidants 629VIII. Long-Term Management 630A. Psychosocial Impact of STEMI 630B. Cardiac Rehabilitation 630C. Follow-Up Visit With Medical Provider 630References 631I. IntroductionAlthough considerable improvement has occurred in the process of care for patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), room for improvement exists.1–3 The purpose of the present guideline is to focus on the numerous advances in the diagnosis and management of patients with STEMI since 1999. This is reflected in the changed name of the guideline: "ACC/AHA Guidelines for the Management of Patients With ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction." The final recommendations for indications for a diagnostic procedure, a particular therapy, or an intervention in patients with STEMI summarize both clinical evidence and expert opinion (Table 1). To provide clinicians with a set of recommendations that can easily be translated into the practice of caring for patients with STEMI, this guideline is organized around the chronology of the interface between the patient and the clinician. The full guideline is available at http://www.acc.org/clinical/guidelines/stemi/index.htm. TABLE 1. Applying Classification of Recommendations and Level of Evidence"Size of Treatment Effect"Class IClass IIaClass IIbClass III"Estimate of Certainty (Precision) of Treatment of Effect"*Data available from clinical trials or registries about the usefulness/efficacy in different subpopulations, such as gender, age, history of diabetes, history of prior MI, history of heart failure, and prior aspirin use.†The ACC/AHA Task Force on Practice Guidelines recently provided a list of suggested phrases to use when writing recommendations. All recommendations in the STEMI guideline have been written in full sentences that express a complete thought, such that a recommendation, even if separated and presented apart from the rest of the document (including headings above sets of recommendations), would still convey the full intent of the recommendation. It is hoped that this will increase readers' comprehension of the guidelines and will allow queries at the individual recommendation level.Benefit ≫> RiskBenefit ≫ RiskBenefit ≥ RiskRisk ≥ BenefitProcedure/Treatment SHOULD be performed/administeredAdditional studies with focused objectives needed IT IS REASONABLE to perform procedure/administer treatmentAdditional studies with broad objectives needed; additional registry data would be helpful Procedure/Treatment MAY BE CONSIDEREDNo additional studies needed Procedure/Treatment should NOT be performed/administered SINCE IT IS NOT HELPFUL AND MAY BE HARMFULLevel A Multiple (3–5) population risk strata evaluated*General consistency of direction and magnitude of effect• Recommendation that procedure or treatment is useful/effective• Recommendation in favor of treatment or procedure being useful/effective• Recommendation's usefulness/efficacy less well established• Recommendation that procedure or treatment is not useful/effective and may be harmful• Sufficient evidence from multiple randomized trials or meta-analyses• Some conflicting evidence from multiple randomized trials or meta-analyses• Greater conflicting evidence from multiple randomized trials or meta- analyses• Sufficient evidence from multiple randomized trials or meta-analysesLevel B Limited (2–3) population risk strata evaluated*• Recommendation that procedure or treatment is useful/effective• Recommendation in favor of treatment or procedure being useful/effective• Recommendation's usefulness/efficacy less well established• Recommendation that procedure or treatment is not useful/effective and may be harmful• Limited evidence from single randomized trial or nonrandomized studies• Some conflicting evidence from single randomized trial or nonrandomized studies• Greater conflicting evidence from single randomized trial or nonrandomized studies• Limited evidence from single randomized trial or nonrandomized studiesLevel C Very limited (1–2) population risk strata evaluated*• Recommendation that procedure or treatment is useful/effective• Recommendation in favor of treatment or procedure being useful/effective• Recommendation's usefulness/efficacy less well established• Recommendation that procedure or treatment is not useful/effective and may be harmful• Only expert opinion, case studies, or standard-of-care• Only diverging expert opinion, case studies, or standard-of-care• Only diverging expert opinion, case studies, or standard-of-care• Only expert opinion, case studies, or standard-of-careSuggested phrases for writing recommendations†should is recommended is indicated is useful/effective/beneficialis reasonable can be useful/effective/ beneficial is probably recommended or indicatedmay/might be considered may/might be reasonable usefulness/effectiveness is unknown/unclear /uncertain or not well establishedis not recommended is not indicated should not is not useful/effective/beneficial may be harmfulII. PathologyA. EpidemiologySTEMI continues to be a significant public health problem in industrialized countries and is becoming an increasingly significant problem in developing countries.4 Although the exact incidence is difficult to ascertain, using first-listed and secondary hospital discharge data, there were 1 680 000 unique discharges for ACS in 2001.5 Applying the conservative estimate of 30% of the ACS patients who have STEMI from the National Registry of Myocardial Infarction-4 [NRMI-4],5a we estimate 500 000 STEMI events per year in the U.S. This writing committee strongly endorses several public health campaigns that are likely to contribute to a reduction in the incidence of and fatality from STEMI in the future and additional research of new strategies for the management of STEMI patients in the community.6–13III. Management Before STEMIA. Identification of Patients at Risk of STEMIClass IPrimary care providers should evaluate the presence and status of control of major risk factors for coronary heart disease (CHD) for all patients at regular intervals (approximately every 3 to 5 years). (Level of Evidence: C)Ten-year risk (National Cholesterol Education Program [NCEP] global risk) of developing symptomatic CHD should be calculated for all patients who have 2 or more major risk factors to assess the need for primary prevention strategies.14(Level of Evidence: B)Patients with established CHD should be identified for secondary prevention, and patients with a CHD risk equivalent (eg, diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease, or 10-year risk greater than 20% as calculated by Framingham equations) should receive equally intensive risk factor intervention as those with clinically apparent CHD. (Level of Evidence: A)B. Patient Education for Early Recognition and Response to STEMIClass I1. Patients with symptoms of STEMI (chest discomfort with or without radiation to the arms[s], back, neck, jaw, or epigastrium; shortness of breath; weakness; diaphoresis; nausea; lightheadedness) should be transported to the hospital by ambulance rather than by friends or relatives. (Level of Evidence: B)2. Healthcare providers should actively address the following issues regarding STEMI with patients and their families:a. The patient's heart attack risk (Level of Evidence: C)b. How to recognize symptoms of STEMI (Level of Evidence: C)c. The advisability of calling 9-1-1 if symptoms are unimproved or worsening after 5 minutes, despite feelings of uncertainty about the symptoms and fear of potential embarrassment (Level of Evidence: C)d. A plan for appropriate recognition and response to a potential acute cardiac event that includes the phone number to access emergency medical services (EMS), generally 9-1-1.15(Level of Evidence: C)3. Healthcare providers should instruct patients for whom nitroglycerin has been prescribed previously to take ONE nitroglycerin dose sublingually in response to chest discomfort/pain. If chest discomfort/pain is unimproved or worsening 5 minutes after 1 sublingual nitroglycerin dose has been taken, it is recommended that the patient or family member/friend call 9-1-1 immediately to access EMS. (Level of Evidence: C)Morbidity and mortality due to STEMI can be reduced significantly if patients and bystanders recognize symptoms early, activate the EMS system, and thereby shorten the time to definitive treatment. Patients with possible symptoms of STEMI should be transported to the hospital by ambulance rather than by friends or relatives because there is a significant association between arrival at the emergency department (ED) by ambulance and early reperfusion therapy.16–19 Although the traditional recommendation is for patients to take 1 nitroglycerin dose sublingually, 5 minutes apart, for up to 3 doses before calling for emergency evaluation, this recommendation has been modified by the writing committee to encourage earlier contacting of EMS by patients with symptoms suggestive of STEMI.20,21IV. Onset of STEMIA. Out-of-Hospital Cardiac ArrestClass IAll communities should create and maintain a strong "Chain of Survival" for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest that includes early access (recognition of the problem and activation of the EMS system by a bystander), early cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), early defibrillation for patients who need it, and early advanced cardiac life support (ACLS). (Level of Evidence: C)Family members of patients experiencing STEMI should be advised to take CPR training and familiarize themselves with the use of an automated external defibrillator (AED). In addition, they should be referred to a CPR training program that has a social support component for family members of post-STEMI patients. (Level of Evidence: B)The links in the chain include early access (recognition of the problem and activation of the EMS system by a bystander), early CPR, early defibrillation for patients who need it, and early ACLS.V. Prehospital IssuesA. Emergency Medical Services SystemsClass IAll EMS first responders who respond to patients with chest pain and/or suspected cardiac arrest should be trained and equipped to provide early defibrillation. (Level of Evidence: A)All public safety first responders who respond to patients with chest pain and/or suspected cardiac arrest should be trained and equipped to provide early defibrillation with AEDs. (Provision of early defibrillation with AEDs by nonpublic safety first responders is a promising new strategy, but further study is needed to determine its safety and efficacy.) (Level of Evidence: B)Dispatchers staffing 9-1-1 center emergency medical calls should have medical training, should use nationally developed and maintained protocols, and should have a quality-improvement system in place to ensure compliance with protocols. (Level of Evidence: C)Early access to EMS is promoted by a 9-1-1 system currently available to more than 90% of the US population. To minimize time to treatment, particularly for cardiopulmonary arrest, many communities allow volunteer and/or paid firefighters and other first-aid providers to function as first responders, providing CPR and, increasingly, early defibrillation using automated external defibrillators (AEDs) until emergency medical technicians and paramedics arrive. Most cities and larger suburban areas provide EMS ambulance services with providers from the fire department, a private ambulance company, and/or volunteers.B. Prehospital Chest Pain Evaluation and TreatmentClass IPrehospital EMS providers should administer 162 to 325 mg of aspirin (chewed) to chest pain patients suspected of having STEMI unless contraindicated or already taken by patient. Although some trials have used enteric-coated aspirin for initial dosing, more rapid buccal absorption occurs with non–enteric-coated formulations. (Level of Evidence: C)Class IIaIt is reasonable for all 9-1-1 dispatchers to advise patients without a history of aspirin allergy who have symptoms of STEMI to chew aspirin (162 to 325 mg) while awaiting arrival of prehospital EMS providers. Although some trials have used enteric-coated aspirin for initial dosing, more rapid buccal absorption occurs with non–enteric-coated formulations. (Level of Evidence: C)It is reasonable that all ACLS providers perform and evaluate 12-lead electrocardiograms (ECGs) routinely on chest pain patients suspected of STEMI. (Level of Evidence: B)If the ECG shows evidence of STEMI, it is reasonable that prehospital ACLS providers review a reperfusion "checklist" and relay the ECG and checklist findings to a predetermined medical control facility and/or receiving hospital. (Level of Evidence: C)It is reasonable for physicians to encourage the prehospital administration of aspirin via EMS personnel (ie, EMS dispatchers and providers) in patients with symptoms suggestive of STEMI unless its use is contraindicated.22 For patients who have ECG evidence of STEMI, it is reasonable that paramedics review a reperfusion checklist and relay the ECG and checklist findings to a predetermined medical control facility and/or receiving hospital.C. Prehospital FibrinolysisClass IIaEstablishment of a prehospital fibrinolysis protocol is reasonable in 1) settings in which physicians are present in the ambulance or in 2) well-organized EMS systems with full-time paramedics who have 12-lead ECGs in the field with transmission capability, paramedic initial and ongoing training in ECG interpretation and STEMI treatment, online medical command, a medical director with training/experience in STEMI management, and an ongoing continuous quality-improvement program. (Level of Evidence: B)Randomized controlled trials of fibrinolytic therapy have demonstrated the benefit of initiating fibrinolytic therapy as early as possible after onset of ischemic-type chest discomfort (Figure 1).23–25 It appears reasonable to expect that if fibrinolytic therapy could be started at the time of prehospital evaluation, a greater number of lives could be saved. Prehospital fibrinolysis is reasonable in those settings in which physicians are present in the ambulance or prehospital transport times are more than 60 minutes in high-volume (more than 25,000 runs per year) EMS systems.26 Other considerations for implementing a prehospital fibrinolytic service include the ability to transmit ECGs, paramedic initial and ongoing training in ECG interpretation and myocardial infarction (MI) treatment, online medical command, a medical director with training/experience in management of STEMI, and full-time paramedics.27Download figureDownload PowerPointFigure 1. Options for transportation of STEMI patients and initial reperfusion treatment. Panel A, Patient transported by EMS after calling 9-1-1: Reperfusion in patients with STEMI can be accomplished by the pharmacological (fibrinolysis) or catheter-based (primary PCI) approaches. Implementation of these strategies varies based on the mode of transportation of the patient and capabilities at the receiving hospital. Transport time to the hospital is variable from case to case, but the goal is to keep total ischemic time within 120 minutes. There are 3 possibilities: (1) If EMS has fibrinolytic capability and the patient qualifies for therapy, prehospital fibrinolysis should be started within 30 minutes of EMS arrival on scene. (2) If EMS is not capable of administering prehospital fibrinolysis and the patient is transported to a non–PCI-capable hospital, the hospital door-to-needle time should be within 30 minutes for patients in whom fibrinolysis is indicated. (3) If EMS is not capable of administering prehospital fibrinolysis and the patient is transported to a PCI-capable hospital, the hospital door-to-balloon time should be within 90 minutes. Interhospital transfer: It is also appropriate to consider emergency interhospital transfer of the patient to a PCI-capable hospital for mechanical revascularization if (1) there is a contraindication to fibrinolysis; (2) PCI can be initiated promptly (within 90 minutes after the patient presented to the initial receiving hospital or within 60 minutes compared to when fibrinolysis with a fibrin-specific agent could be initiated at the initial receiving hospital); or (3) fibrinolysis is administered and is unsuccessful (ie, "rescue PCI"). Secondary nonemergency interhospital transfer can be considered for recurrent ischemia. Patient self-transport: Patient self-transportation is discouraged. If the patient arrives at a non–PCI-capable hospital, the door-to-needle time should be within 30 minutes. If the patient arrives at a PCI-capable hospital, the door-to-balloon time should be within 90 minutes. The treatment options and time recommendations after first hospital arrival are the same. Panel B, For patients who receive fibrinolysis, noninvasive risk stratification is recommended to identify the need for rescue PCI (failed fibrinolysis) or ischemia-driven PCI. See Sections 6.3.1.6.4.5. and 6.3.1.6.7. in the full-text guidelines. Regardless of the initial method of reperfusion treatment, all patients should receive late hospital care and secondary prevention of STEMI. EMS indicates Emergency Medical System; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; CABG, coronary artery bypass graft surgery; Hosp, hospital; Noninv., Noninvasive. * Golden hour = First 60 minutes;† The medical system goal is to facilitate rapid recognition and treatment of patients with STEMI such that door-to-needle (or medical contact–to-needle) time for initiation of fibrinolytic therapy is within 30 minutes or that door-to-balloon (or medical contact–to-balloon) time for PCI is within 90 minutes. These goals should not be understood as ideal times but rather as the longest times that should be considered acceptable for a given system. Systems that are able to achieve even more rapid times for treatment of patients with STEMI should be encouraged. Modified with permission from Armstrong et al. Circulation. 2003;107:2533–7.25D. Prehospital Destination ProtocolsClass IPatients with STEMI who have cardiogenic shock and are less than 75 years of age should be brought immediately or secondarily transferred to facilities capable of cardiac catheterization and rapid revascularization (percutaneous coronary intervention [PCI] or coronary artery bypass graft surgery [CABG]) if it can be performed within 18 hours of onset of shock. (Level of Evidence: A)Patients with STEMI who have contraindications to fibrinolytic therapy should be brought immediately or secondarily transferred promptly (ie, primary-receiving hospital door-to-departure time less than 30 minutes) to facilities capable of cardiac catheterization and rapid revascularization (PCI or CABG). (Level of Evidence: B)Every community should have a written protocol that guides EMS system personnel in determining where to take patients with suspected or confirmed STEMI. (Level of Evidence: C)Class IIaIt is reasonable that patients with STEMI who have cardiogenic shock and are 75 years of age or older be considered for immediate or prompt secondary transfer to facilities capable of cardiac catheterization and rapid revascularization (PCI or CABG) if it can be performed within 18 hours of onset of shock. (Level of Evidence: B)It is reasonable that patients with STEMI who are at especially high risk of dying, including those with severe congestive heart failure (CHF), be considered for immediate or prompt secondary transfer (ie, primary-receiving hospital door-to-departure time less than 30 minutes) to facilities capable of cardiac catheterization and rapid revascularization (PCI or CABG). (Level of Evidence: B)Every community should have a written protocol that guides EMS system personnel in determining where to take patients with suspected or confirmed STEMI. Active involvement of local healthcare providers, particularly cardiologists and emergency physicians, is needed to formulate local EMS destination protocols for these patients. In general, patients with suspected STEMI should be taken to the nearest appropriate hospital. However, patients with STEMI and shock are an exception to this general rule. Whenever possible, STEMI patients less than 75 years of age with shock should be transferred to facilities capable of cardiac catheterization and rapid revascularization (PCI or CABG). On the basis of observations in the SHOCK Trial Registry and other registries, it is reasonable to extend such considerations of transfer to invasive centers for elderly patients with shock (see VII.F.5 and Section 7.6.5 of the full-text guidelines). Patients with STEMI who have contraindications to fibrinolytic therapy should be brought immediately or secondarily transferred promptly (ie, primary-receiving hospital door-to-departure time less than 30 minutes) to facilities capable of cardiac catheterization and rapid revascularization (PCI or CABG).VI. Initial Recognition and Management in the Emergency DepartmentA. Optimal Strategies for Emergency Department TriageClass IHospitals should establish multidisciplinary teams (including primary care physicians, emergency medicine physicians, cardiologists, nurses, and laboratorians) to develop guideline-based, institution-specific written protocols for triaging and managing patients who are seen in the prehospital setting or present to the ED with symptoms suggestive of STEMI. (Level of Evidence: B)B. Initial Patient EvaluationClass IThe delay from patient contact with the healthcare system (typically, arrival at the ED or contact with paramedics) to initiation of fibrinolytic therapy should be less than 30 minutes. Alternatively, if PCI is chosen, the delay from patient contact with the healthcare system (typically, arrival at the ED or contact with paramedics) to balloon inflation should be less than 90 minutes. (Level of Evidence: B)The choice of initial STEMI treatment should be made by the emergency medicine physician on duty based on a predetermined, institution-specific, written protocol that is a collaborative effort of cardiologists (both those involved in coronary care unit management and interventionalists), emergency physicians, primary care physicians, nurses, and other appropriate personnel. For cases in which the initial diagnosis and treatment plan is unclear to the emergency physician or is not covered directly by the agreed-on protocol, immediate cardiology consultation is advisable. (Level of Evidence: C)Regardless of the approach used, all patients presenting to the ED with chest discomfort or other symptoms suggestive of STEMI or unstable angina should be considered high-priority triage cases and should be evaluated and treated based on a predetermined, institution-specific chest pain protocol. The goal for patients with
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C164705383
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Cardiology
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https://doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.106.176857
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branch of medicine dealing with disorders of the heart as well as parts of the circulatory system
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ACC/AHA 2006 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Valvular Heart Disease
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HomeCirculationVol. 114, No. 5ACC/AHA 2006 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Valvular Heart Disease Free AccessReview ArticlePDF/EPUBAboutView PDFSections ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload citationsTrack citationsPermissions ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InMendeleyReddit Jump toFree AccessReview ArticlePDF/EPUBACC/AHA 2006 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Valvular Heart DiseaseA Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 1998 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Valvular Heart Disease): Developed in Collaboration With the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists: Endorsed by the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions and the Society of Thoracic Surgeons Robert O. Bonow, MD, FACC, FAHA, Chair, Blase A. Carabello, MD, FACC, FAHA, Kanu Chatterjee, MB, FACC, Antonio C. de LeonJr, MD, FACC, FAHA, David P. Faxon, MD, FACC, FAHA, Michael D. Freed, MD, FACC, FAHA, William H. Gaasch, MD, FACC, FAHA, Bruce Whitney Lytle, MD, FACC, Rick A. Nishimura, MD, FACC, FAHA, Patrick T. O’Gara, MD, FACC, FAHA, Robert A. O’Rourke, MD, MACC, FAHA, Catherine M. Otto, MD, FACC, FAHA, Pravin M. Shah, MD, MACC, FAHA and Jack S. Shanewise, MD Robert O. BonowRobert O. Bonow Search for more papers by this author , Blase A. CarabelloBlase A. Carabello Search for more papers by this author , Kanu ChatterjeeKanu Chatterjee Search for more papers by this author , Antonio C. de LeonJrAntonio C. de LeonJr Search for more papers by this author , David P. FaxonDavid P. Faxon Search for more papers by this author , Michael D. FreedMichael D. Freed Search for more papers by this author , William H. GaaschWilliam H. Gaasch Search for more papers by this author , Bruce Whitney LytleBruce Whitney Lytle Search for more papers by this author , Rick A. NishimuraRick A. Nishimura Search for more papers by this author , Patrick T. O’GaraPatrick T. O’Gara Search for more papers by this author , Robert A. O’RourkeRobert A. O’Rourke Search for more papers by this author , Catherine M. OttoCatherine M. Otto Search for more papers by this author , Pravin M. ShahPravin M. Shah Search for more papers by this author and Jack S. ShanewiseJack S. Shanewise Search for more papers by this author Originally published1 Aug 2006https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.176857Circulation. 2006;114:e84–e231is corrected byCorrectionCorrection Previous Back to top Next FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsCited By Fogel M, Anwar S, Broberg C, Browne L, Chung T, Johnson T, Muthurangu V, Taylor M, Valsangiacomo-Buechel E and Wilhelm C (2022) Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance/European Society of Cardiovascular Imaging/American Society of Echocardiography/Society for Pediatric Radiology/North American Society for Cardiovascular Imaging Guidelines for the use of cardiovascular magnetic resonance in pediatric congenital and acquired heart disease, Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance, 10.1186/s12968-022-00843-7, 24:1, Online publication date: 1-Dec-2022. 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Fernández-Carbonell A, Rodríguez-Guerrero E, Merino-Cejas C, Conejero-Jurado M, Villalba-Montoro R, Romero-Morales M, Alados-Arboledas P, Casares-Mediavilla J, Fernández-Carbonell M, López-Cillero P and Caro-Barrera J (2021) Predictive Factors for Pulmonary Homograft Dysfunction After Ross Surgery: A 20-Year Follow-up, The Annals of Thoracic Surgery, 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2020.06.032, 111:4, (1338-1344), Online publication date: 1-Apr-2021. Çelik M, Milojevic M, Durko A, Oei F, Mahtab E and Bogers A (2021) Asymptomatic Patients with Severe Aortic Stenosis and the Impact of Intervention, Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease, 10.3390/jcdd8040035, 8:4, (35) Otto C, Nishimura R, Bonow R, Carabello B, Erwin J, Gentile F, Jneid H, Krieger E, Mack M, McLeod C, O’Gara P, Rigolin V, Sundt T, Thompson A and Toly C (2020) 2020 ACC/AHA Guideline for the Management of Patients With Valvular Heart Disease: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines, Circulation, 143:5, (e72-e227), Online publication date: 2-Feb-2021. Ogawa D, Kobayashi S, Yamazaki K, Motomura T, Nishimura T, Shimamura J, Tsukiya T, Mizuno T, Takewa Y, Tatsumi E and Nishinaka T (2020) Evaluation of cardiac beat synchronization control for a rotary blood pump on valvular regurgitation with a mathematical model, Artificial Organs, 10.1111/aor.13795, 45:2, (124-134), Online publication date: 1-Feb-2021. Tagliari A, Perez-Camargo D and Taramasso M (2021) Tricuspid regurgitation: when is it time for surgery?, Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy, 10.1080/14779072.2021.1854734, 19:1, (47-59), Online publication date: 2-Jan-2021. Budra M, Janušauskas V, Drąsutienė A, Zorinas A, Zakarkaitė D, Lipnevičius A, Ručinskas K, Aidietis A, Samalavičius R, Aidietienė S, Bleizgytė V and Puronaitė R (2021) Midterm results of transventricular mitral valve repair: Single-center experience, The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2020.12.142, Online publication date: 1-Jan-2021. Lunardi M, Pighi M, Venturi G, Del Sole P, Pesarini G, Mainardi A, Scarsini R, Ferrero V, Gottin L and Ribichini F (2020) Short-and-Long-Term Outcomes after Coronary Rotational Atherectomy in Patients Treated with Trans-Catheter Aortic Valve Implantation, Journal of Clinical Medicine, 10.3390/jcm10010112, 10:1, (112) Durães Campos I and Vieira C (2020) It Takes a Big Chamber to Disguise a Giant, Circulation: Cardiovascular Imaging, 13:12, Online publication date: 1-Dec-2020. Elhenawy A, Algarni K, Rao V and Yau T (2020) Predictors of hospital mortality after surgery for ischemic mitral regurgitation: the Toronto General Hospital experience, Journal of Cardiac Surgery, 10.1111/jocs.15064, 35:12, (3334-3339), Online publication date: 1-Dec-2020. Karády J, Apor A, Nagy A, Kolossváry M, Bartykowszki A, Szilveszter B, Simon J, Molnár L, Jermendy Á, Panajotu A, Suhai F, Varga A, Rajani R, Maurovich-Horvat P and Merkely B (2020) Quantification of hypo-attenuated leaflet thickening after transcatheter aortic valve implantation: clinical relevance of hypo-attenuated leaflet thickening volume, European Heart Journal - Cardiovascular Imaging, 10.1093/ehjci/jeaa184, 21:12, (1395-1404), Online publication date: 1-Dec-2020. Sharma G, Ghati N, Sharique M, Sharma S, Shetkar S, Karmakar S, Naik N, Lakshmy R, Thakur B, Agarwal A and Saxena A (2020) Role of inflammation in initiation and maintenance of atrial fibrillation in rheumatic mitral stenosis – An analytical cross‐sectional study, Journal of Arrhythmia, 10.1002/joa3.12428, 36:6, (1007-1015), Online publication date: 1-Dec-2020. Miura S, Kurimoto Y, Iba Y, Maruyama R, Hatta E and Yamada A (2020) Quantitative evaluation of superior mesenteric artery calcification in hemodialysis patients undergoing aortic valve replacement, General Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, 10.1007/s11748-020-01352-z, 68:11, (1252-1259), Online publication date: 1-Nov-2020. Sotade O, Falster M, Girardi L, Pearson S and Jorm L (2020) Age-stratified outcomes of bioprosthetic and mechanical aortic valve replacements in an Australian cohort of 13 377 patients, BMJ Surgery, Interventions, & Health Technologies, 10.1136/bmjsit-2020-000036, 2:1, (e000036), Online publication date: 1-Oct-2020. Movahedi M, Motamedi M, Sajjadieh A, Bahrami P, Saeedi M and Saeedi M (2020) Pregnancy outcome in women with mechanical prosthetic heart valvesat their first trimester of pregnancy treated with unfractionated heparin (UFH) or enoxaparin: a randomized clinical trial, Journal of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Research, 10.34172/jcvtr.2020.35, 12:3, (209-213) Sant’Ana L, Vianna J, dos Reis N, de Souza Ribeiro A, de Oliveira Soares B, da Silva Novaes J, Scartoni F and Machado S Eight Weeks of Interval Training Led to no Improvement in Cardiovascular Variables in the Elderly, The Open Sports Sciences Journal, 10.2174/1875399X02013010073, 13:1, (73-80) Ma L, Li R, Jiang L, Li W, Zhao H, Zou Y, Shi L and Ni Y (2020) Contemporary trends in mitral valve surgery in East China: a 10-year experience, Asian Cardiovascular and Thoracic Annals, 10.1177/0218492320932743, 28:7, (404-412), Online publication date: 1-Sep-2020. Raddatz M, Gonzales H, Farber-Eger E, Wells Q, Lindman B and Merryman W (2020) Characterisation of aortic stenosis severity: a retrospective analysis of echocardiography reports in a clinical laboratory, Open Heart, 10.1136/openhrt-2020-001331, 7:2, (e001331), Online publication date: 1-Aug-2020. Kinsara A, Awadallah A, AlZaki M, Goda H and C. Nanda N (2020) Mitral leaflet separation index for mitral valve assessment during balloon mitral valvuloplasty, Echocardiography, 10.1111/echo.14754, 37:8, (1159-1163), Online publication date: 1-Aug-2020. 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Salazar M, Machado H, Dillon N, Tsunemoto H, Szubin R, Dahesh S, Pogliano J, Sakoulas G, Palsson B, Nizet V, Feist A and Marshall C (2020) Genetic Determinants Enabling Medium-Dependent Adaptation to Nafcillin in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus, mSystems, 10.1128/mSystems.00828-19, 5:2, Online publication date: 28-Apr-2020. Brescia A, Ward S, Watt T, Rosenbloom L, Baker M, Khan S, Ziese E, Romano M and Bolling S (2020) Outcomes of Guideline-Directed Concomitant Annuloplasty for Functional Tricuspid Regurgitation, The Annals of Thoracic Surgery, 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2019.07.035, 109:4, (1227-1232), Online publication date: 1-Apr-2020. Wang Y, Wu B, Li J, Liu H and Shu X (2020) Distribution Patterns of Valvular and Vascular Complications in Bicuspid Aortic Valve, International Heart Journal, 10.1536/ihj.19-467, 61:2, (273-280), Online publication date: 28-Mar-2020. Ombelet F, Goossens E, Van De Bruaene A, Budts W and Moons P (2020) Newly Developed Adult Congenital Heart Disease Anatomic and Physiological Classification: First Predictive Validity Evaluation, Journal of the American Heart Association, 9:5, Online publication date: 3-Mar-2020. Alvarez A, Martinez V, Pizarro G, Recio M and Cabrera J (2020) Clinical use of 4D flow MRI for quantification of aortic regurgitation, Open Heart, 10.1136/openhrt-2019-001158, 7:1, (e001158), Online publication date: 1-Feb-2020. Suwa K, Rahman O, Bollache E, Rose M, Rahsepar A, Carr J, Collins J, Barker A and Markl M (2019) Effect of Aortic Valve Disease on 3D Hemodynamics in Patients With Aortic Dilation and Trileaflet Aortic Valve Morphology, Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 10.1002/jmri.26804, 51:2, (481-491), Online publication date: 1-Feb-2020. Kim M, Park E, Lee W and Lee S (2020) Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Feature Tracking in Aortic Stenosis: Exploration of Strain Parameters and Prognostic Value in Asymptomatic Patients with Preserved Ejection Fraction, Korean Journal of Radiology, 10.3348/kjr.2019.0441, 21:3, (268), . Salih M, Ferrer R, Gabra G, Soliman M, Ghalib H and Bader F (2020) Severe Right Atrial Dilation in a Case of Severe Rheumatic Mitral Stenosis, Circulation: Cardiovascular Imaging, 13:1, Online publication date: 1-Jan-2020. Kamada H, Ota H, Nakamura M, Imai Y, Ishida S, Sun W, Sakatsume K, Yoshioka I, Saiki Y and Takase K (2020) Perioperative Hemodynamic Changes in the Thoracic Aorta in Patients With Aortic Valve Stenosis: A Prospective Serial 4D-Flow MRI Study, Seminars in Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, 10.1053/j.semtcvs.2019.07.006, 32:1, (25-34), Online publication date: 1-Sep-2021. Cantinotti M, Giordano R, Koestenberger M, Voges I, Santoro G, Franchi E, Assanta N, Valverde I, Simpson J and Kutty S (2020) Echocardiographic examination of mitral valve abnormalities in the paediatric population: current practices, Cardiology in the Young, 10.1017/S1047951119003196, 30:1, (1-11), Online publication date: 1-Jan-2020. Fatehi Hassanabad A, Burns F, Bristow M, Lydell C, Howarth A, Heydari B, Gao X, Fedak P, White J and Garcia J (2020) Pressure drop mapping using 4D flow MRI in patients with bicuspid aortic valve disease: A novel marker of valvular obstruction, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 10.1016/j.mri.2019.11.011, 65, (175-182), Online publication date: 1-Jan-2020. 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Chen J, Wang H and Zhao L (2019) Long-term outcomes of radiofrequency catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation in rheumatic heart disease patients with mild mitral stenosis, Journal of Interventional Cardiac Electrophysiology, 10.1007/s10840-019-00538-7, 56:3, (313-319), Online publication date: 1-Dec-2019. Lunardi M, Pesarini G, Scarsini R, Pighi M, Zivelonghi C, Ferrero V, Gottin L and Ribichini F (2019) Coronary Rotational Atherectomy in Patients Treated with Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation, Structural Heart, 10.1080/24748706.2019.1646947, 3:6, (471-477), Online publication date: 1-Nov-2019. Landt M, Abdelghani M, Hemetsberger R, Mankerious N, Allali A, Toelg R, Richardt G and Abdel-Wahab M (2019) Impact of Revascularization Completeness on Outcomes of Patients with Coronary Artery Disease Undergoing Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement, Structural Heart, 10.1080/24748706.2019.1628378, 3:5, (393-400), Online publication date: 1-Sep-2019. 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|
C164705383
|
Cardiology
|
https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehs092
|
branch of medicine dealing with disorders of the heart as well as parts of the circulatory system
|
European Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice (version 2012): The Fifth Joint Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and Other Societies on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice (constituted by representatives of nine societies and by invited experts) * Developed with the special contribution of the European Association for Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation (EACPR)
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C-reactive protein CURE Clopidogrel in Unstable Angina to Prevent Recurrent Events CVD cardiovascular disease DALYs disability-adjusted life years DBP diastolic blood
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C66938386
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Structural engineering
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https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-0207(19990910)46:1<131::aid-nme726>3.0.co;2-j
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sub-discipline of civil engineering dealing with the creation of man made structures
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A finite element method for crack growth without remeshing
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}
] |
An improvement of a new technique for modelling cracks in the finite element framework is presented. A standard displacement-based approximation is enriched near a crack by incorporating both discontinuous fields and the near tip asymptotic fields through a partition of unity method. A methodology that constructs the enriched approximation from the interaction of the crack geometry with the mesh is developed. This technique allows the entire crack to be represented independently of the mesh, and so remeshing is not necessary to model crack growth. Numerical experiments are provided to demonstrate the utility and robustness of the proposed technique. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
|
C66938386
|
Structural engineering
|
https://doi.org/10.2172/249299
|
sub-discipline of civil engineering dealing with the creation of man made structures
|
Damage identification and health monitoring of structural and mechanical systems from changes in their vibration characteristics: A literature review
|
[
{
"display_name": "Structural health monitoring",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776247918",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6811098,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423713"
},
{
"display_name": "Flexibility (engineering)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780598303",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6539436,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65921492"
},
{
"display_name": "Truss",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C173534245",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6374287,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1328068"
},
{
"display_name": "Structural engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C66938386",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.62643135,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538"
},
{
"display_name": "Identification (biology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C116834253",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6069463,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217"
},
{
"display_name": "Flexibility method",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C72249523",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5836011,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q492260"
},
{
"display_name": "Stiffness",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779372316",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.56265575,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q569057"
},
{
"display_name": "Vibration",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C198394728",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.52515125,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3695508"
},
{
"display_name": "Modal",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71139939",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.502095,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q910194"
},
{
"display_name": "Modal analysis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C104286136",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5008998,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1416137"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.5007944,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Aerospace",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C167740415",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4495184,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2876213"
},
{
"display_name": "Nonlinear system",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C158622935",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4324313,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660848"
},
{
"display_name": "Engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3898727,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023"
}
] |
This report contains a review of the technical literature concerning the detection, location, and characterization of structural damage via techniques that examine changes in measured structural vibration response. The report first categorizes the methods according to required measured data and analysis technique. The analysis categories include changes in modal frequencies, changes in measured mode shapes (and their derivatives), and changes in measured flexibility coefficients. Methods that use property (stiffness, mass, damping) matrix updating, detection of nonlinear response, and damage detection via neural networks are also summarized. The applications of the various methods to different types of engineering problems are categorized by type of structure and are summarized. The types of structures include beams, trusses, plates, shells, bridges, offshore platforms, other large civil structures, aerospace structures, and composite structures. The report describes the development of the damage-identification methods and applications and summarizes the current state-of-the-art of the technology. The critical issues for future research in the area of damage identification are also discussed.
|
C66938386
|
Structural engineering
|
https://doi.org/10.1115/1.3269294
|
sub-discipline of civil engineering dealing with the creation of man made structures
|
Modal Testing: Theory and Practice
|
[
{
"display_name": "Modal",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71139939",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6980722,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q910194"
},
{
"display_name": "Vibration",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C198394728",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6896713,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3695508"
},
{
"display_name": "Modal analysis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C104286136",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.66076565,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1416137"
},
{
"display_name": "Modal testing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C200239387",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.6208652,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17143727"
},
{
"display_name": "Structural engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C66938386",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.58542895,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538"
},
{
"display_name": "Normal mode",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C32758168",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.55689126,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q900488"
},
{
"display_name": "Mode (computer interface)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C48677424",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.46003163,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888088"
},
{
"display_name": "Engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.45387214,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023"
},
{
"display_name": "Test data",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C16910744",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4509239,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7705759"
},
{
"display_name": "Mathematical model",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C76969082",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.44520304,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486902"
},
{
"display_name": "Suspension (topology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C105341887",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4297166,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1307987"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.4264191,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Dynamic testing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C198824145",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4246902,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442770"
}
] |
A survey of the technology of modal testing, a new method for describing the vibration properties of a structure by constructing mathematical models based on test data rather than using conventional theoretical analysis. Shows how to build a detailed mathematical model of a test structure and analyze and modify the structure to improve its dynamics. Covers techniques for measuring the mode, shapes, and frequencies of practical structures from turbine blades to suspension bridges.
|
C66938386
|
Structural engineering
|
https://doi.org/10.1115/1.3225775
|
sub-discipline of civil engineering dealing with the creation of man made structures
|
A Continuous Damage Mechanics Model for Ductile Fracture
|
[
{
"display_name": "Isotropy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C184050105",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.66184604,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q273163"
},
{
"display_name": "Damage mechanics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781072879",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.66152215,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2258205"
},
{
"display_name": "Materials science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C192562407",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.6410358,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736"
},
{
"display_name": "Plasticity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C79186407",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.52481043,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q472074"
},
{
"display_name": "Structural engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C66938386",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4619814,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538"
},
{
"display_name": "Fracture (geology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C43369102",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43416068,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2307625"
},
{
"display_name": "Elasticity (physics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121854251",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4225812,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q62932"
},
{
"display_name": "Mechanics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C57879066",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.41692787,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41217"
},
{
"display_name": "Composite material",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C159985019",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.31086886,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790"
}
] |
A model of isotropic ductile plastic damage based on a continuum damage variable, on the effective stress concept and on thermodynamics is derived. The damage is linear with equivalent strain and shows a large influence of triaxiality by means of a damage equivalent stress. Identification for several metals is made by means of elasticity modulus change induced by damage. A comparison with the McClintock and Rice-Tracey models and with some experiments is presented for the influence of triaxiality on the strain to rupture.
|
C66938386
|
Structural engineering
|
https://doi.org/10.3151/jact.1.5
|
sub-discipline of civil engineering dealing with the creation of man made structures
|
Self-Compacting Concrete
|
[
{
"display_name": "Materials science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C192562407",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.5294233,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736"
},
{
"display_name": "Structural engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C66938386",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4633463,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538"
},
{
"display_name": "Engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.36536825,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023"
}
] |
Self-compacting concrete was first developed in 1988 to achieve durable concrete structures. Since then, various investigations have been carried out and this type of concrete has been used in practical structures in Japan, mainly by large construction companies. Investigations for establishing a rational mix-design method and self-compactability testing methods have been carried out from the viewpoint of making self-compacting concrete a standard concrete.
|
C66938386
|
Structural engineering
|
https://doi.org/10.1785/bssa0530020403
|
sub-discipline of civil engineering dealing with the creation of man made structures
|
The behavior of inverted pendulum structures during earthquakes
|
[
{
"display_name": "Geology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127313418",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.64476585,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069"
},
{
"display_name": "Inverted pendulum",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C192921069",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.62758327,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q550134"
},
{
"display_name": "Pendulum",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C110639684",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5590077,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20702"
},
{
"display_name": "Ground motion",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2988284105",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.48684448,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11424730"
},
{
"display_name": "Seismology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C165205528",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.44539195,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83371"
},
{
"display_name": "Structural engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C66938386",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4149887,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538"
}
] |
abstract During the Chilean earthquakes of May, 1960, a number of tall, slender structures survived the ground shaking whereas more stable appearing structures were severely damaged. An analysis is made of the rocking motion of structures of inverted pendulum type. It is shown that there is a scale effect which makes tall slender structures more stable against overturning than might have been expected, and, therefore, the survival of such structures during earthquakes is not surprising.
|
C66938386
|
Structural engineering
|
https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-0207(19990330)44:9<1267::aid-nme486>3.0.co;2-7
|
sub-discipline of civil engineering dealing with the creation of man made structures
|
Finite-deformation irreversible cohesive elements for three-dimensional crack-propagation analysis
|
[
{
"display_name": "Finite element method",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C135628077",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.76876116,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220184"
},
{
"display_name": "Discretization",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C73000952",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.70263666,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17007827"
},
{
"display_name": "Deformation (meteorology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C204366326",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5867719,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3027650"
},
{
"display_name": "Materials science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C192562407",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.48418644,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736"
},
{
"display_name": "Cohesive zone model",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C55688453",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.47410208,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17007169"
},
{
"display_name": "Fracture mechanics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C59085676",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4727612,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q957852"
},
{
"display_name": "Mechanics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C57879066",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.45832312,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41217"
},
{
"display_name": "Extended finite element method",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C24810621",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4554945,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3333647"
},
{
"display_name": "Fracture (geology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C43369102",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42482743,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2307625"
},
{
"display_name": "Structural engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C66938386",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.40675682,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538"
}
] |
We develop a three-dimensional finite-deformation cohesive element and a class of irreversible cohesive laws which enable the accurate and efficient tracking of dynamically growing cracks. The cohesive element governs the separation of the crack flanks in accordance with an irreversible cohesive law, eventually leading to the formation of free surfaces, and is compatible with a conventional finite element discretization of the bulk material. The versatility and predictive ability of the method is demonstrated through the simulation of a drop-weight dynamic fracture test similar to those reported by Zehnder and Rosakis. The ability of the method to approximate the experimentally observed crack-tip trajectory is particularly noteworthy. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
|
C66938386
|
Structural engineering
|
https://doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/5/5/006
|
sub-discipline of civil engineering dealing with the creation of man made structures
|
Modeling and control of magnetorheological dampers for seismic response reduction
|
[
{
"display_name": "Magnetorheological fluid",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C108619579",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.8716124,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q902419"
},
{
"display_name": "Damper",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C140096630",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8156961,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3423628"
},
{
"display_name": "Engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.5338522,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023"
},
{
"display_name": "Magnetorheological damper",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781186890",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.5081327,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3493368"
},
{
"display_name": "Reduction (mathematics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C111335779",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4992497,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454686"
},
{
"display_name": "Acceleration",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C117896860",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47501072,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11376"
},
{
"display_name": "Structural engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C66938386",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.42832774,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538"
},
{
"display_name": "Seismic loading",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C123060433",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42831045,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2026731"
},
{
"display_name": "Salient",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780719617",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41644642,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1030752"
},
{
"display_name": "Rendering (computer graphics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C205711294",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41212967,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176953"
},
{
"display_name": "Control theory (sociology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C47446073",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.37034482,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3568134,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Control (management)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2775924081",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.33660936,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371"
}
] |
Control of civil engineering structures for earthquake hazard mitigation represents a relatively new area of research that is growing rapidly. Control systems for these structures have unique requirements and constraints. For example, during a severe seismic event, the external power to a structure may be severed, rendering control schemes relying on large external power supplies ineffective. Magnetorheological (MR) dampers are a new class of devices that mesh well with the requirements and constraints of seismic applications, including having very low power requirements. This paper proposes a clipped-optimal control strategy based on acceleration feedback for controlling MR dampers to reduce structural responses due to seismic loads. A numerical example, employing a newly developed model that accurately portrays the salient characteristics of the MR dampers, is presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the approach.
|
C98274493
|
Pharmacology
|
https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.288.23.2981
|
study of the interactions that occur between a living organism and chemicals that affect normal or abnormal biochemical function
|
Major Outcomes in High-Risk Hypertensive Patients Randomized to Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor or Calcium Channel Blocker vs Diuretic: The Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT)
|
[
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.9784632,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Diuretic",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779918671",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.82423854,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q200656"
},
{
"display_name": "Calcium channel blocker",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780356492",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.65659654,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q421700"
},
{
"display_name": "Randomized controlled trial",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C168563851",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5612418,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1436668"
},
{
"display_name": "Angiotensin-converting enzyme",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C27016395",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4839297,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128861"
},
{
"display_name": "Internal medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126322002",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4745023,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180"
},
{
"display_name": "ACE inhibitor",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779611605",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.4624837,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q288280"
},
{
"display_name": "Pharmacology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C98274493",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.40110463,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128406"
},
{
"display_name": "Cardiology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C164705383",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.38984594,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10379"
},
{
"display_name": "Calcium",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C519063684",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.32605052,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q706"
}
] |
Antihypertensive therapy is well established to reduce hypertension-related morbidity and mortality, but the optimal first-step therapy is unknown.To determine whether treatment with a calcium channel blocker or an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor lowers the incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD) or other cardiovascular disease (CVD) events vs treatment with a diuretic.The Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT), a randomized, double-blind, active-controlled clinical trial conducted from February 1994 through March 2002.A total of 33 357 participants aged 55 years or older with hypertension and at least 1 other CHD risk factor from 623 North American centers.Participants were randomly assigned to receive chlorthalidone, 12.5 to 25 mg/d (n = 15 255); amlodipine, 2.5 to 10 mg/d (n = 9048); or lisinopril, 10 to 40 mg/d (n = 9054) for planned follow-up of approximately 4 to 8 years.The primary outcome was combined fatal CHD or nonfatal myocardial infarction, analyzed by intent-to-treat. Secondary outcomes were all-cause mortality, stroke, combined CHD (primary outcome, coronary revascularization, or angina with hospitalization), and combined CVD (combined CHD, stroke, treated angina without hospitalization, heart failure [HF], and peripheral arterial disease).Mean follow-up was 4.9 years. The primary outcome occurred in 2956 participants, with no difference between treatments. Compared with chlorthalidone (6-year rate, 11.5%), the relative risks (RRs) were 0.98 (95% CI, 0.90-1.07) for amlodipine (6-year rate, 11.3%) and 0.99 (95% CI, 0.91-1.08) for lisinopril (6-year rate, 11.4%). Likewise, all-cause mortality did not differ between groups. Five-year systolic blood pressures were significantly higher in the amlodipine (0.8 mm Hg, P =.03) and lisinopril (2 mm Hg, P<.001) groups compared with chlorthalidone, and 5-year diastolic blood pressure was significantly lower with amlodipine (0.8 mm Hg, P<.001). For amlodipine vs chlorthalidone, secondary outcomes were similar except for a higher 6-year rate of HF with amlodipine (10.2% vs 7.7%; RR, 1.38; 95% CI, 1.25-1.52). For lisinopril vs chlorthalidone, lisinopril had higher 6-year rates of combined CVD (33.3% vs 30.9%; RR, 1.10; 95% CI, 1.05-1.16); stroke (6.3% vs 5.6%; RR, 1.15; 95% CI, 1.02-1.30); and HF (8.7% vs 7.7%; RR, 1.19; 95% CI, 1.07-1.31).Thiazide-type diuretics are superior in preventing 1 or more major forms of CVD and are less expensive. They should be preferred for first-step antihypertensive therapy.
|
C98274493
|
Pharmacology
|
https://doi.org/10.1159/000444256
|
study of the interactions that occur between a living organism and chemicals that affect normal or abnormal biochemical function
|
Modulating Innate and Adaptive Immunity by (R)-Roscovitine: Potential Therapeutic Opportunity in Cystic Fibrosis
|
[
{
"display_name": "Metabolite",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777477808",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7409767,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q407595"
},
{
"display_name": "Pharmacology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C98274493",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5306289,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128406"
},
{
"display_name": "Chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185592680",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.48673394,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329"
},
{
"display_name": "Pharmacokinetics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C112705442",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4374104,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q323936"
},
{
"display_name": "Excretion",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C10146269",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42913008,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185557"
},
{
"display_name": "Biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.36843902,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420"
},
{
"display_name": "Internal medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126322002",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.32654846,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180"
},
{
"display_name": "Biochemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C55493867",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3192501,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094"
}
] |
R-roscovitine (seliciclib, CYC202) is a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor currently in phase II clinical trials in patients with cancer. Here, we describe its mouse metabolism and pharmacokinetics as well as the identification of the principal metabolites in hepatic microsomes, plasma, and urine. Following microsomal incubation of R-roscovitine at 10 microg/mL (28 micromol/L) for 60 minutes, 86.7% of the parent drug was metabolized and 60% of this loss was due to formation of one particular metabolite. This was identified as the carboxylic acid resulting from oxidation of the hydroxymethyl group of the amino alcohol substituent at C2 of the purine core present in R-roscovitine. Identification was confirmed by chemical synthesis and comparison of an authentic sample of the R-roscovitine-derived carboxylate metabolite (COOH-R-roscovitine). Other minor metabolites were identified as C8-oxo-R-roscovitine and N9-desisopropyl-R-roscovitine; these accounted for 4.9% and 2.6% of the parent, respectively. The same metabolic pattern was observed in vivo, with a 4.5-fold lower AUC(infinity) for R-roscovitine (38 micromol/L/h) than for COOH-R-roscovitine (174 micromol/L/h). Excretion of R-roscovitine in the urine up to 24 hours post-dosing accounted for an average of only 0.02% of the administered dose of 50 mg/kg, whereas COOH-R-roscovitine represented 65% to 68% of the dose irrespective of the route of administration (i.v., i.p., or p.o.). A partially deuterated derivative (R-roscovitine-d9) was synthesized to investigate if formation of COOH-R-roscovitine could be inhibited by replacement of metabolically labile protons with deuterium. After 60 minutes of incubation of R-roscovitine-d9 or R-roscovitine with mouse liver microsomes, formation of COOH-R-roscovitine-d9 was decreased by approximately 24% compared with the production of COOH-R-roscovitine. In addition, the levels of R-roscovitine-d9 remaining were 33% higher than those of R-roscovitine. However, formation of several minor R-roscovitine metabolites was enhanced with R-roscovitine-d9, suggesting that metabolic switching from the major carbinol oxidation pathway had occurred. Synthetic COOH-R-roscovitine and C8-oxo-R-roscovitine were tested in functional cyclin-dependent kinase assays and shown to be less active than R-roscovitine, confirming that these metabolic reactions are deactivation pathways.
|
C98274493
|
Pharmacology
|
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.85.14.5274
|
study of the interactions that occur between a living organism and chemicals that affect normal or abnormal biochemical function
|
Drugs abused by humans preferentially increase synaptic dopamine concentrations in the mesolimbic system of freely moving rats.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Nucleus accumbens",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776552330",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.87750506,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1476178"
},
{
"display_name": "Dopamine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C513476851",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.81281877,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170304"
},
{
"display_name": "Dopaminergic",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C137183658",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.53414506,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q461076"
},
{
"display_name": "Pharmacology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C98274493",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4906203,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128406"
},
{
"display_name": "Caudate nucleus",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781423529",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.48525855,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1132309"
},
{
"display_name": "Amphetamine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777193897",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4558084,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179452"
},
{
"display_name": "Diphenhydramine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781292560",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.43364418,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413486"
},
{
"display_name": "Dopamine receptor",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C120069818",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.41682446,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q415496"
},
{
"display_name": "Chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185592680",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.39269,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329"
},
{
"display_name": "Neuroscience",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C169760540",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.37128532,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011"
},
{
"display_name": "Internal medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126322002",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3678957,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180"
},
{
"display_name": "Endocrinology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C134018914",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.35593557,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162606"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.322739,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
}
] |
The effect of various drugs on the extracellular concentration of dopamine in two terminal dopaminergic areas, the nucleus accumbens septi (a limbic area) and the dorsal caudate nucleus (a subcortical motor area), was studied in freely moving rats by using brain dialysis. Drugs abused by humans (e.g., opiates, ethanol, nicotine, amphetamine, and cocaine) increased extracellular dopamine concentrations in both areas, but especially in the accumbens, and elicited hypermotility at low doses. On the other hand, drugs with aversive properties (e.g., agonists of kappa opioid receptors, U-50,488, tifluadom, and bremazocine) reduced dopamine release in the accumbens and in the caudate and elicited hypomotility. Haloperidol, a neuroleptic drug, increased extracellular dopamine concentrations, but this effect was not preferential for the accumbens and was associated with hypomotility and sedation. Drugs not abused by humans [e.g., imipramine (an antidepressant), atropine (an antimuscarinic drug), and diphenhydramine (an antihistamine)] failed to modify synaptic dopamine concentrations. These results provide biochemical evidence for the hypothesis that stimulation of dopamine transmission in the limbic system might be a fundamental property of drugs that are abused.
|
C98274493
|
Pharmacology
|
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-5381.1959.tb00928.x
|
study of the interactions that occur between a living organism and chemicals that affect normal or abnormal biochemical function
|
SOME QUANTITATIVE USES OF DRUG ANTAGONISTS
|
[
{
"display_name": "Atropine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2775859210",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7177399,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26272"
},
{
"display_name": "Acetylcholine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2775910092",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6926789,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180623"
},
{
"display_name": "Histamine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C1122143",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6419195,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q61233"
},
{
"display_name": "Antagonism",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777383412",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.62028027,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4770891"
},
{
"display_name": "Receptor",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C170493617",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6170528,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208467"
},
{
"display_name": "Pharmacology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C98274493",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.6143348,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128406"
},
{
"display_name": "Drug",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780035454",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6039115,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8386"
},
{
"display_name": "Histamine receptor",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C159545944",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.50002074,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q424228"
},
{
"display_name": "Chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185592680",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.42975256,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329"
}
] |
Various applications of p A x measurements are discussed based on the hypothesis that drugs and drug antagonists compete for receptors according to the mass law. Examples are given illustrating the use of p A x measurements to identify agonists which act on the same receptors and to compare the receptors of different tissues. Tests of competitive and noncompetitive antagonism are considered in relation to the antagonisms acetylcholine‐atropine, histamine‐atropine and acetylcholine‐cinchonidine. A new measure, p A h , is introduced to express the activity of unsurmountable antagonists.
|
C98274493
|
Pharmacology
|
https://doi.org/10.1186/1758-2946-6-13
|
study of the interactions that occur between a living organism and chemicals that affect normal or abnormal biochemical function
|
TCMSP: a database of systems pharmacology for drug discovery from herbal medicines
|
[
{
"display_name": "Systems pharmacology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779446555",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.87923217,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7663877"
},
{
"display_name": "ADME",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C69366308",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.7023383,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2272286"
},
{
"display_name": "Traditional Chinese medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C188947578",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5984985,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q200253"
},
{
"display_name": "Drug",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780035454",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.58302927,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8386"
},
{
"display_name": "Drug discovery",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C74187038",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5725118,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1418791"
},
{
"display_name": "Pharmacology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C98274493",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5273103,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128406"
},
{
"display_name": "Lipinski's rule of five",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41847442",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.5157302,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q916723"
},
{
"display_name": "Traditional medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C556039675",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.46432465,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q771035"
},
{
"display_name": "Action (physics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780791683",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.45740986,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846785"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.40422952,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Computational biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C70721500",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.38286585,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177005"
}
] |
Modern medicine often clashes with traditional medicine such as Chinese herbal medicine because of the little understanding of the underlying mechanisms of action of the herbs. In an effort to promote integration of both sides and to accelerate the drug discovery from herbal medicines, an efficient systems pharmacology platform that represents ideal information convergence of pharmacochemistry, ADME properties, drug-likeness, drug targets, associated diseases and interaction networks, are urgently needed.The traditional Chinese medicine systems pharmacology database and analysis platform (TCMSP) was built based on the framework of systems pharmacology for herbal medicines. It consists of all the 499 Chinese herbs registered in the Chinese pharmacopoeia with 29,384 ingredients, 3,311 targets and 837 associated diseases. Twelve important ADME-related properties like human oral bioavailability, half-life, drug-likeness, Caco-2 permeability, blood-brain barrier and Lipinski's rule of five are provided for drug screening and evaluation. TCMSP also provides drug targets and diseases of each active compound, which can automatically establish the compound-target and target-disease networks that let users view and analyze the drug action mechanisms. It is designed to fuel the development of herbal medicines and to promote integration of modern medicine and traditional medicine for drug discovery and development.The particular strengths of TCMSP are the composition of the large number of herbal entries, and the ability to identify drug-target networks and drug-disease networks, which will help revealing the mechanisms of action of Chinese herbs, uncovering the nature of TCM theory and developing new herb-oriented drugs. TCMSP is freely available at http://sm.nwsuaf.edu.cn/lsp/tcmsp.php.
|
C98274493
|
Pharmacology
|
https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehr304
|
study of the interactions that occur between a living organism and chemicals that affect normal or abnormal biochemical function
|
Nitric oxide synthases: regulation and function
|
[
{
"display_name": "Endothelial NOS",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779698670",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.67942154,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408853"
},
{
"display_name": "Nitric oxide synthase",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777622882",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5721929,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q417619"
},
{
"display_name": "Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777989768",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.5564438,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28747"
},
{
"display_name": "Tetrahydrobiopterin",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776145790",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.53385484,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q419808"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.5315668,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Enos",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778326061",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.51260346,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1761022"
},
{
"display_name": "Nitric oxide",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C519581460",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5049036,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207843"
},
{
"display_name": "Internal medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126322002",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.47374117,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180"
},
{
"display_name": "Endocrinology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C134018914",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.46716177,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162606"
},
{
"display_name": "Vasoprotective",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780189551",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.45808473,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4065146"
},
{
"display_name": "Pharmacology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C98274493",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.42034072,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128406"
},
{
"display_name": "Flavin adenine dinucleotide",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2775859393",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.41580945,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28746"
},
{
"display_name": "Biochemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C55493867",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.35547966,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094"
}
] |
Nitric oxide (NO), the smallest signalling molecule known, is produced by three isoforms of NO synthase (NOS; EC 1.14.13.39). They all utilize l-arginine and molecular oxygen as substrates and require the cofactors reduced nicotinamide-adenine-dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), flavin mononucleotide (FMN), and (6R-)5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4). All NOS bind calmodulin and contain haem. Neuronal NOS (nNOS, NOS I) is constitutively expressed in central and peripheral neurons and some other cell types. Its functions include synaptic plasticity in the central nervous system (CNS), central regulation of blood pressure, smooth muscle relaxation, and vasodilatation via peripheral nitrergic nerves. Nitrergic nerves are of particular importance in the relaxation of corpus cavernosum and penile erection. Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors (sildenafil, vardenafil, and tadalafil) require at least a residual nNOS activity for their action. Inducible NOS (NOS II) can be expressed in many cell types in response to lipopolysaccharide, cytokines, or other agents. Inducible NOS generates large amounts of NO that have cytostatic effects on parasitic target cells. Inducible NOS contributes to the pathophysiology of inflammatory diseases and septic shock. Endothelial NOS (eNOS, NOS III) is mostly expressed in endothelial cells. It keeps blood vessels dilated, controls blood pressure, and has numerous other vasoprotective and anti-atherosclerotic effects. Many cardiovascular risk factors lead to oxidative stress, eNOS uncoupling, and endothelial dysfunction in the vasculature. Pharmacologically, vascular oxidative stress can be reduced and eNOS functionality restored with renin- and angiotensin-converting enzyme-inhibitors, with angiotensin receptor blockers, and with statins.
|
C98274493
|
Pharmacology
|
https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa0900212
|
study of the interactions that occur between a living organism and chemicals that affect normal or abnormal biochemical function
|
Inhibition of Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerase in Tumors from<i>BRCA</i>Mutation Carriers
|
[
{
"display_name": "Olaparib",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779962180",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.8751732,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7083106"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.843483,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "PARP inhibitor",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779138821",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.7235369,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7118227"
},
{
"display_name": "BRCA mutation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780194787",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.5782058,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4836333"
},
{
"display_name": "Adverse effect",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C197934379",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.56449336,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2047938"
},
{
"display_name": "Population",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2908647359",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5130238,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603"
},
{
"display_name": "Internal medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126322002",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4944911,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180"
},
{
"display_name": "Pharmacodynamics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C111113717",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.43782514,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q725307"
},
{
"display_name": "Pharmacology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C98274493",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4253283,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128406"
},
{
"display_name": "Mutation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C501734568",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.41137666,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42918"
},
{
"display_name": "Cancer",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121608353",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.3805483,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12078"
},
{
"display_name": "Poly ADP ribose polymerase",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C182979987",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.3563303,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3907241"
},
{
"display_name": "Pharmacokinetics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C112705442",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.35631102,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q323936"
},
{
"display_name": "Oncology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C143998085",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.35141018,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162555"
}
] |
The inhibition of poly(adenosine diphosphate [ADP]–ribose) polymerase (PARP) is a potential synthetic lethal therapeutic strategy for the treatment of cancers with specific DNA-repair defects, including those arising in carriers of a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation. We conducted a clinical evaluation in humans of olaparib (AZD2281), a novel, potent, orally active PARP inhibitor.
|
C98274493
|
Pharmacology
|
https://doi.org/10.1159/000475890
|
study of the interactions that occur between a living organism and chemicals that affect normal or abnormal biochemical function
|
Targeting the KEAP1-NRF2 System to Prevent Kidney Disease Progression
|
[
{
"display_name": "KEAP1",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776529522",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.9239888,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18034700"
},
{
"display_name": "Oxidative stress",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776151105",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.81363857,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q898814"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.7249121,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Kidney disease",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778653478",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7073962,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1054718"
},
{
"display_name": "Kidney",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780091579",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6439488,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9377"
},
{
"display_name": "Acute kidney injury",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780472472",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43279555,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q424337"
},
{
"display_name": "Transcription factor",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86339819",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.40953693,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q407384"
},
{
"display_name": "Internal medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126322002",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.40628123,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180"
},
{
"display_name": "Pharmacology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C98274493",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.40112984,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128406"
},
{
"display_name": "Endocrinology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C134018914",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3412512,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162606"
}
] |
<b><i>Background:</i></b> Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) is a critical transcription factor for the antioxidative stress response and it activates a variety of cytoprotective genes related to redox and detoxification. NRF2 activity is regulated by the oxidative-stress sensor molecule Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (KEAP1) that induces proteasomal degradation of NRF2 through ubiquitinating NRF2 under unstressed conditions. Because oxidative stress is a major pathogenic and aggravating factor for kidney diseases, the KEAP1-NRF2 system has been proposed to be a therapeutic target for renal protection. <b><i>Summary:</i></b> Oxidative-stress molecules, such as reactive oxygen species, accumulate in the kidneys of animal models for acute kidney injury (AKI), in which NRF2 is transiently and slightly activated. Genetic or pharmacological enhancement of NRF2 activity in the renal tubules significantly ameliorates damage related to AKI and prevents AKI progression to chronic kidney disease (CKD) by reducing oxidative stress. These beneficial effects of NRF2 activation highlight the KEAP1-NRF2 system as an important target for kidney disease treatment. However, a phase-3 clinical trial of a KEAP1 inhibitor for patients with stage 4 CKD and type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) was terminated due to the occurrence of cardiovascular events. Because recent basic studies have accumulated positive effects of KEAP1 inhibitors in moderate stages of CKD, phase-2 trials have been restarted. The data from the ongoing projects demonstrate that a KEAP1 inhibitor improves the glomerular filtration rate in patients with stage 3 CKD and T2DM without safety concerns. <b><i>Key Message:</i></b> The KEAP1-NRF2 system is one of the most promising therapeutic targets for kidney disease, and KEAP1 inhibitors could be part of critical therapies for kidney disease.
|
C31258907
|
Computer network
|
https://doi.org/10.1109/mcsa.1999.749281
|
network that allows computers to share resources and communicate with each other
|
Ad-hoc on-demand distance vector routing
|
[
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.7811681,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer network",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C31258907",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.77026486,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371"
},
{
"display_name": "Optimized Link State Routing Protocol",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C204739117",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.70749253,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1368373"
},
{
"display_name": "Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C104503742",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.70268744,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q345335"
},
{
"display_name": "Destination-Sequenced Distance Vector routing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C29436982",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.6855538,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3700557"
},
{
"display_name": "Wireless Routing Protocol",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C47318570",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.6037555,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8026863"
},
{
"display_name": "Dynamic Source Routing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C9659607",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.5841417,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1268903"
},
{
"display_name": "Distance-vector routing protocol",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C202385902",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.5630441,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1229441"
},
{
"display_name": "Wireless ad hoc network",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94523657",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5542728,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4085781"
},
{
"display_name": "Ad hoc wireless distribution service",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C190526755",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.5539573,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4678071"
},
{
"display_name": "Distributed computing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C120314980",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5221922,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634"
},
{
"display_name": "Adaptive quality of service multi-hop routing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C32244324",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.5194123,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4680755"
},
{
"display_name": "Mobile ad hoc network",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C91280400",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.48437175,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4085781"
},
{
"display_name": "Link-state routing protocol",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C89305328",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.44751146,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1755411"
},
{
"display_name": "Routing protocol",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C104954878",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.39574954,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1648707"
}
] |
An ad-hoc network is the cooperative engagement of a collection of mobile nodes without the required intervention of any centralized access point or existing infrastructure. We present Ad-hoc On Demand Distance Vector Routing (AODV), a novel algorithm for the operation of such ad-hoc networks. Each mobile host operates as a specialized router, and routes are obtained as needed (i.e., on-demand) with little or no reliance on periodic advertisements. Our new routing algorithm is quite suitable for a dynamic self starting network, as required by users wishing to utilize ad-hoc networks. AODV provides loop-free routes even while repairing broken links. Because the protocol does not require global periodic routing advertisements, the demand on the overall bandwidth available to the mobile nodes is substantially less than in those protocols that do necessitate such advertisements. Nevertheless we can still maintain most of the advantages of basic distance vector routing mechanisms. We show that our algorithm scales to large populations of mobile nodes wishing to form ad-hoc networks. We also include an evaluation methodology and simulation results to verify the operation of our algorithm.
|
C31258907
|
Computer network
|
https://doi.org/10.1145/190809.190336
|
network that allows computers to share resources and communicate with each other
|
Highly dynamic Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vector routing (DSDV) for mobile computers
|
[
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.8541852,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer network",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C31258907",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.78365964,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371"
},
{
"display_name": "Distributed computing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C120314980",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.6479897,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634"
},
{
"display_name": "Optimized Link State Routing Protocol",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C204739117",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.62031484,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1368373"
},
{
"display_name": "Destination-Sequenced Distance Vector routing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C29436982",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.5647688,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3700557"
},
{
"display_name": "Mobile ad hoc network",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C91280400",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.552261,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4085781"
},
{
"display_name": "Wireless ad hoc network",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94523657",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.51721394,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4085781"
},
{
"display_name": "Adaptive quality of service multi-hop routing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C32244324",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.50351614,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4680755"
},
{
"display_name": "Routing protocol",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C104954878",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5017259,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1648707"
},
{
"display_name": "Wireless Routing Protocol",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C47318570",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.43945205,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8026863"
},
{
"display_name": "Link-state routing protocol",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C89305328",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.431529,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1755411"
},
{
"display_name": "Routing (electronic design automation)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C74172769",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42889154,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1446839"
},
{
"display_name": "Host (biology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126831891",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41336802,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221673"
}
] |
An ad-hoc network is the cooperative engagement of a collection of Mobile Hosts without the required intervention of any centralized Access Point. In this paper we present an innovative design for the operation of such ad-hoc networks. The basic idea of the design is to operate each Mobile Host as a specialized router, which periodically advertises its view of the interconnection topology with other Mobile Hosts within the network. This amounts to a new sort of routing protocol. We have investigated modifications to the basic Bellman-Ford routing mechanisms, as specified by RIP [5], to make it suitable for a dynamic and self-starting network mechanism as is required by users wishing to utilize ad hoc networks. Our modifications address some of the previous objections to the use of Bellman-Ford, related to the poor looping properties of such algorithms in the face of broken links and the resulting time dependent nature of the interconnection topology describing the links between the Mobile Hosts. Finally, we describe the ways in which the basic network-layer routing can be modified to provide MAC-layer support for ad-hoc networks.
|
C31258907
|
Computer network
|
https://doi.org/10.1145/383059.383072
|
network that allows computers to share resources and communicate with each other
|
A scalable content-addressable network
|
[
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.8701693,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Scalability",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C48044578",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.80771893,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490"
},
{
"display_name": "Distributed hash table",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780224649",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.74589396,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q863506"
},
{
"display_name": "Distributed computing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C120314980",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.62533283,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634"
},
{
"display_name": "Hash table",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C67388219",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.62067616,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207440"
},
{
"display_name": "Hash function",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C99138194",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6124618,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183427"
},
{
"display_name": "Robustness (evolution)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C63479239",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.50541186,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546"
},
{
"display_name": "Fault tolerance",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C63540848",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.49754432,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3140932"
},
{
"display_name": "Latency (audio)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C82876162",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47252136,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer network",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C31258907",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.44822153,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371"
},
{
"display_name": "The Internet",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C110875604",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.44185787,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75"
}
] |
Hash tables - which map "keys" onto "values" - are an essential building block in modern software systems. We believe a similar functionality would be equally valuable to large distributed systems. In this paper, we introduce the concept of a Content-Addressable Network (CAN) as a distributed infrastructure that provides hash table-like functionality on Internet-like scales. The CAN is scalable, fault-tolerant and completely self-organizing, and we demonstrate its scalability, robustness and low-latency properties through simulation.
|
C31258907
|
Computer network
|
https://doi.org/10.1145/2342509.2342513
|
network that allows computers to share resources and communicate with each other
|
Fog computing and its role in the internet of things
|
[
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.738691,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Internet of Things",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C81860439",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.72185904,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212"
},
{
"display_name": "Cloud computing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C79974875",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7147012,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639"
},
{
"display_name": "Edge computing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778456923",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6960598,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5337692"
},
{
"display_name": "Location awareness",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776104089",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6224181,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15894079"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer network",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C31258907",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.61507314,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371"
},
{
"display_name": "Fog computing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2986652147",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5904139,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21809931"
},
{
"display_name": "Wireless",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C555944384",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.56298006,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249"
},
{
"display_name": "Latency (audio)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C82876162",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5482885,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504"
},
{
"display_name": "Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162307627",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.49534288,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833"
},
{
"display_name": "Wireless network",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C108037233",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.47193,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11375"
},
{
"display_name": "Distributed computing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C120314980",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.46809366,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634"
},
{
"display_name": "The Internet",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C110875604",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.46209943,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75"
},
{
"display_name": "Smart grid",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C10558101",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4348939,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q689855"
},
{
"display_name": "Grid",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C187691185",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43376338,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720"
},
{
"display_name": "Edge device",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138236772",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.42901397,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25098575"
}
] |
Fog Computing extends the Cloud Computing paradigm to the edge of the network, thus enabling a new breed of applications and services. Defining characteristics of the Fog are: a) Low latency and location awareness; b) Wide-spread geographical distribution; c) Mobility; d) Very large number of nodes, e) Predominant role of wireless access, f) Strong presence of streaming and real time applications, g) Heterogeneity. In this paper we argue that the above characteristics make the Fog the appropriate platform for a number of critical Internet of Things (IoT) services and applications, namely, Connected Vehicle, Smart Grid, Smart Cities, and, in general, Wireless Sensors and Actuators Networks (WSANs).
|
C31258907
|
Computer network
|
https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2004.41
|
network that allows computers to share resources and communicate with each other
|
HEED: a hybrid, energy-efficient, distributed clustering approach for ad hoc sensor networks
|
[
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.7937163,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Wireless sensor network",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C24590314",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.722652,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336038"
},
{
"display_name": "Cluster analysis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C73555534",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7023522,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825"
},
{
"display_name": "Scalability",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C48044578",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.64155066,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490"
},
{
"display_name": "Wireless ad hoc network",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94523657",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6310791,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4085781"
},
{
"display_name": "Topology control",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778034918",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.6230201,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3689301"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer network",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C31258907",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.6212324,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371"
},
{
"display_name": "Node (physics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C62611344",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6188445,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062658"
},
{
"display_name": "Overhead (engineering)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779960059",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5933102,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681"
},
{
"display_name": "Distributed computing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C120314980",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.58542544,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634"
},
{
"display_name": "Network topology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199845137",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5601866,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q145490"
},
{
"display_name": "Topology (electrical circuits)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C184720557",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47514272,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7825049"
},
{
"display_name": "Sensor node",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C111185680",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.4187243,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3866206"
},
{
"display_name": "Key distribution in wireless sensor networks",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41971633",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.33141872,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6398155"
}
] |
Topology control in a sensor network balances load on sensor nodes and increases network scalability and lifetime. Clustering sensor nodes is an effective topology control approach. We propose a novel distributed clustering approach for long-lived ad hoc sensor networks. Our proposed approach does not make any assumptions about the presence of infrastructure or about node capabilities, other than the availability of multiple power levels in sensor nodes. We present a protocol, HEED (Hybrid Energy-Efficient Distributed clustering), that periodically selects cluster heads according to a hybrid of the node residual energy and a secondary parameter, such as node proximity to its neighbors or node degree. HEED terminates in O(1) iterations, incurs low message overhead, and achieves fairly uniform cluster head distribution across the network. We prove that, with appropriate bounds on node density and intracluster and intercluster transmission ranges, HEED can asymptotically almost surely guarantee connectivity of clustered networks. Simulation results demonstrate that our proposed approach is effective in prolonging the network lifetime and supporting scalable data aggregation.
|
C31258907
|
Computer network
|
https://doi.org/10.17487/rfc3626
|
network that allows computers to share resources and communicate with each other
|
Optimized Link State Routing Protocol (OLSR)
|
[
{
"display_name": "Link (geometry)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778753846",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.70661986,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6554239"
},
{
"display_name": "Optimized Link State Routing Protocol",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C204739117",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.65248924,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1368373"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer network",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C31258907",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5355852,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371"
},
{
"display_name": "Protocol (science)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780385302",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.50144315,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.49860144,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Zone Routing Protocol",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C189884158",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.46963927,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8073926"
},
{
"display_name": "Routing protocol",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C104954878",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.38729176,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1648707"
},
{
"display_name": "Routing (electronic design automation)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C74172769",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.37962946,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1446839"
},
{
"display_name": "Link-state routing protocol",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C89305328",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.37384436,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1755411"
}
] |
This document describes the Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) protocol for mobile ad hoc networks.The protocol is an optimization of the classical link state algorithm tailored to the requirements of a mobile wireless LAN.The key concept used in the protocol is that of multipoint relays (MPRs).MPRs are selected nodes which forward broadcast messages during the flooding process.This technique substantially reduces the message overhead as compared to a classical flooding mechanism, where every node retransmits each message when it receives the first copy of the message.In OLSR, link state information is generated only by nodes elected as MPRs.Thus, a second optimization is achieved by minimizing the number of control messages flooded in the network.As a third optimization, an MPR node may chose to report only links between itself and its MPR selectors.Hence, as contrary to the classic link state algorithm, partial link state information is distributed in the network.This information is then used for route calculation.OLSR provides optimal routes (in terms of number of hops).The protocol is particularly suitable for large and dense networks as the technique of MPRs works well in this context.
|
C31258907
|
Computer network
|
https://doi.org/10.1002/wcm.72
|
network that allows computers to share resources and communicate with each other
|
A survey of mobility models for ad hoc network research
|
[
{
"display_name": "Mobility model",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C191485582",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8720526,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6887309"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.86865443,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Wireless ad hoc network",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94523657",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.73657495,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4085781"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer network",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C31258907",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.6789128,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371"
},
{
"display_name": "Mobile ad hoc network",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C91280400",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6128621,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4085781"
},
{
"display_name": "Vehicular ad hoc network",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C192448918",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.59878016,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682677"
},
{
"display_name": "Protocol (science)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780385302",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5125815,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158"
},
{
"display_name": "Optimized Link State Routing Protocol",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C204739117",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.49163085,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1368373"
},
{
"display_name": "Ad hoc wireless distribution service",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C190526755",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.43887937,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4678071"
},
{
"display_name": "Delay-tolerant networking",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C53264328",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.43142372,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55320"
},
{
"display_name": "Distributed computing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C120314980",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.40891787,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634"
}
] |
Abstract In the performance evaluation of a protocol for an ad hoc network, the protocol should be tested under realistic conditions including, but not limited to, a sensible transmission range, limited buffer space for the storage of messages, representative data traffic models and realistic movements of the mobile users (i.e. a mobility model). This paper is a survey of mobility models that are used in the simulations of ad hoc networks. We describe several mobility models that represent mobile nodes whose movements are independent of each other (i.e. entity mobility models) and several mobility models that represent mobile nodes whose movements are dependent on each other (i.e. group mobility models). The goal of this paper is to present a number of mobility models in order to offer researchers more informed choices when they are deciding on a mobility model to use in their performance evaluations. Lastly, we present simulation results that illustrate the importance of choosing a mobility model in the simulation of an ad hoc network protocol. Specifically, we illustrate how the performance results of an ad hoc network protocol drastically change as a result of changing the mobility model simulated. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
|
C31258907
|
Computer network
|
https://doi.org/10.1109/mwc.2004.1368893
|
network that allows computers to share resources and communicate with each other
|
Routing techniques in wireless sensor networks: a survey
|
[
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.811584,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer network",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C31258907",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.72549784,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371"
},
{
"display_name": "Policy-based routing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C196423136",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.7042271,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7209671"
},
{
"display_name": "Link-state routing protocol",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C89305328",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.7039467,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1755411"
},
{
"display_name": "Dynamic Source Routing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C9659607",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.6807646,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1268903"
},
{
"display_name": "Multipath routing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C76522221",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.674155,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5035396"
},
{
"display_name": "Static routing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C204948658",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.6052758,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1119410"
},
{
"display_name": "Wireless Routing Protocol",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C47318570",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.6031153,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8026863"
},
{
"display_name": "Zone Routing Protocol",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C189884158",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.57993346,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8073926"
},
{
"display_name": "Routing protocol",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C104954878",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.55488294,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1648707"
},
{
"display_name": "Distributed computing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C120314980",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4875166,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634"
},
{
"display_name": "Geographic routing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C50558702",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.4674203,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5535067"
},
{
"display_name": "Hierarchical routing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C177818476",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.44212908,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12878103"
}
] |
Wireless sensor networks consist of small nodes with sensing, computation, and wireless communications capabilities. Many routing, power management, and data dissemination protocols have been specifically designed for WSNs where energy awareness is an essential design issue. Routing protocols in WSNs might differ depending on the application and network architecture. In this article we present a survey of state-of-the-art routing techniques in WSNs. We first outline the design challenges for routing protocols in WSNs followed by a comprehensive survey of routing techniques. Overall, the routing techniques are classified into three categories based on the underlying network structure: flit, hierarchical, and location-based routing. Furthermore, these protocols can be classified into multipath-based, query-based, negotiation-based, QoS-based, and coherent-based depending on the protocol operation. We study the design trade-offs between energy and communication overhead savings in every routing paradigm. We also highlight the advantages and performance issues of each routing technique. The article concludes with possible future research areas.
|
C159047783
|
Virology
|
https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa2001017
|
study of viruses
|
A Novel Coronavirus from Patients with Pneumonia in China, 2019
|
[
{
"display_name": "Pneumonia",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777914695",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7995335,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12192"
},
{
"display_name": "Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3008058167",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.76756346,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84263196"
},
{
"display_name": "Coronavirus",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777648638",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.7485354,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q57751738"
},
{
"display_name": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3007834351",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.65132844,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82069695"
},
{
"display_name": "2019-20 coronavirus outbreak",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3006700255",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.64657855,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81068910"
},
{
"display_name": "Virology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C159047783",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.572797,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7215"
},
{
"display_name": "China",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C191935318",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5474737,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q148"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.5086606,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Betacoronavirus",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778137277",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.4843334,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16532287"
}
] |
In December 2019, a cluster of patients with pneumonia of unknown cause was linked to a seafood wholesale market in Wuhan, China. A previously unknown betacoronavirus was discovered through the use of unbiased sequencing in samples from patients with pneumonia. Human airway epithelial cells were used to isolate a novel coronavirus, named 2019-nCoV, which formed a clade within the subgenus sarbecovirus, Orthocoronavirinae subfamily. Different from both MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV, 2019-nCoV is the seventh member of the family of coronaviruses that infect humans. Enhanced surveillance and further investigation are ongoing. (Funded by the National Key Research and Development Program of China and the National Major Project for Control and Prevention of Infectious Disease in China.).
|
C159047783
|
Virology
|
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2012-7
|
study of viruses
|
A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin
|
[
{
"display_name": "Outbreak",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C116675565",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.80339575,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3241045"
},
{
"display_name": "Pneumonia",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777914695",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.67709816,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12192"
},
{
"display_name": "Coronavirus",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777648638",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.6759994,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q57751738"
},
{
"display_name": "Virology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C159047783",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.65060884,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7215"
},
{
"display_name": "Biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.5862823,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420"
},
{
"display_name": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778859668",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.56154215,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q103177"
},
{
"display_name": "Virus",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2522874641",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5043205,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q808"
},
{
"display_name": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3007834351",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.4643626,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82069695"
},
{
"display_name": "Betacoronavirus",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778137277",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.44140235,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16532287"
},
{
"display_name": "Genome",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C141231307",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.42919105,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7020"
},
{
"display_name": "Bronchoalveolar lavage",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777961210",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.41837385,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q927148"
},
{
"display_name": "Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3008058167",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.36455262,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84263196"
},
{
"display_name": "Immunology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C203014093",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3442884,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101929"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.30591416,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
}
] |
Abstract Since the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) 18 years ago, a large number of SARS-related coronaviruses (SARSr-CoVs) have been discovered in their natural reservoir host, bats 1–4 . Previous studies have shown that some bat SARSr-CoVs have the potential to infect humans 5–7 . Here we report the identification and characterization of a new coronavirus (2019-nCoV), which caused an epidemic of acute respiratory syndrome in humans in Wuhan, China. The epidemic, which started on 12 December 2019, had caused 2,794 laboratory-confirmed infections including 80 deaths by 26 January 2020. Full-length genome sequences were obtained from five patients at an early stage of the outbreak. The sequences are almost identical and share 79.6% sequence identity to SARS-CoV. Furthermore, we show that 2019-nCoV is 96% identical at the whole-genome level to a bat coronavirus. Pairwise protein sequence analysis of seven conserved non-structural proteins domains show that this virus belongs to the species of . In addition, 2019-nCoV virus isolated from the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of a critically ill patient could be neutralized by sera from several patients. Notably, we confirmed that 2019-nCoV uses the same cell entry receptor—angiotensin converting enzyme II (ACE2)—as SARS-CoV.
|
C159047783
|
Virology
|
https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa2001316
|
study of viruses
|
Early Transmission Dynamics in Wuhan, China, of Novel Coronavirus–Infected Pneumonia
|
[
{
"display_name": "Coronavirus",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777648638",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.7126489,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q57751738"
},
{
"display_name": "Transmission (telecommunications)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C761482",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.70037955,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093"
},
{
"display_name": "Pneumonia",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777914695",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.66060466,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12192"
},
{
"display_name": "Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3008058167",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.6593557,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84263196"
},
{
"display_name": "Virology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C159047783",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.6162883,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7215"
},
{
"display_name": "China",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C191935318",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.61475587,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q148"
},
{
"display_name": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3007834351",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.58678067,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82069695"
},
{
"display_name": "2019-20 coronavirus outbreak",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3006700255",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.513242,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81068910"
},
{
"display_name": "Dynamics (music)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C145912823",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42593122,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q113558"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.32312852,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Geography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.31274766,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071"
}
] |
The initial cases of novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV)-infected pneumonia (NCIP) occurred in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China, in December 2019 and January 2020. We analyzed data on the first 425 confirmed cases in Wuhan to determine the epidemiologic characteristics of NCIP.We collected information on demographic characteristics, exposure history, and illness timelines of laboratory-confirmed cases of NCIP that had been reported by January 22, 2020. We described characteristics of the cases and estimated the key epidemiologic time-delay distributions. In the early period of exponential growth, we estimated the epidemic doubling time and the basic reproductive number.Among the first 425 patients with confirmed NCIP, the median age was 59 years and 56% were male. The majority of cases (55%) with onset before January 1, 2020, were linked to the Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market, as compared with 8.6% of the subsequent cases. The mean incubation period was 5.2 days (95% confidence interval [CI], 4.1 to 7.0), with the 95th percentile of the distribution at 12.5 days. In its early stages, the epidemic doubled in size every 7.4 days. With a mean serial interval of 7.5 days (95% CI, 5.3 to 19), the basic reproductive number was estimated to be 2.2 (95% CI, 1.4 to 3.9).On the basis of this information, there is evidence that human-to-human transmission has occurred among close contacts since the middle of December 2019. Considerable efforts to reduce transmission will be required to control outbreaks if similar dynamics apply elsewhere. Measures to prevent or reduce transmission should be implemented in populations at risk. (Funded by the Ministry of Science and Technology of China and others.).
|
C159047783
|
Virology
|
https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa2034577
|
study of viruses
|
Safety and Efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine
|
[
{
"display_name": "Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3008058167",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.7876849,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84263196"
},
{
"display_name": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3007834351",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.66014475,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82069695"
},
{
"display_name": "2019-20 coronavirus outbreak",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3006700255",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5976682,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81068910"
},
{
"display_name": "Virology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C159047783",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5813247,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7215"
},
{
"display_name": "Business",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3979357,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.35396558,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
}
] |
BackgroundSevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and the resulting coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) have afflicted tens of millions of people in a worldwide pandemic. Safe and effective vaccines are needed urgently.MethodsIn an ongoing multinational, placebo-controlled, observer-blinded, pivotal efficacy trial, we randomly assigned persons 16 years of age or older in a 1:1 ratio to receive two doses, 21 days apart, of either placebo or the BNT162b2 vaccine candidate (30 μg per dose). BNT162b2 is a lipid nanoparticle–formulated, nucleoside-modified RNA vaccine that encodes a prefusion stabilized, membrane-anchored SARS-CoV-2 full-length spike protein. The primary end points were efficacy of the vaccine against laboratory-confirmed Covid-19 and safety.Download a PDF of the Research Summary.ResultsA total of 43,548 participants underwent randomization, of whom 43,448 received injections: 21,720 with BNT162b2 and 21,728 with placebo. There were 8 cases of Covid-19 with onset at least 7 days after the second dose among participants assigned to receive BNT162b2 and 162 cases among those assigned to placebo; BNT162b2 was 95% effective in preventing Covid-19 (95% credible interval, 90.3 to 97.6). Similar vaccine efficacy (generally 90 to 100%) was observed across subgroups defined by age, sex, race, ethnicity, baseline body-mass index, and the presence of coexisting conditions. Among 10 cases of severe Covid-19 with onset after the first dose, 9 occurred in placebo recipients and 1 in a BNT162b2 recipient. The safety profile of BNT162b2 was characterized by short-term, mild-to-moderate pain at the injection site, fatigue, and headache. The incidence of serious adverse events was low and was similar in the vaccine and placebo groups.ConclusionsA two-dose regimen of BNT162b2 conferred 95% protection against Covid-19 in persons 16 years of age or older. Safety over a median of 2 months was similar to that of other viral vaccines. (Funded by BioNTech and Pfizer; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT04368728.) Quick Take Safety and Efficacy of the BNT162b2 Covid-19 Vaccine 3m 0s
|
C159047783
|
Virology
|
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2008-3
|
study of viruses
|
A new coronavirus associated with human respiratory disease in China
|
[
{
"display_name": "Outbreak",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C116675565",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7696103,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3241045"
},
{
"display_name": "Coronaviridae",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776844884",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.61489886,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1134583"
},
{
"display_name": "Coronavirus",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777648638",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.580823,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q57751738"
},
{
"display_name": "Virology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C159047783",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.56226355,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7215"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.53843176,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Disease",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779134260",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.53164774,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136"
},
{
"display_name": "Betacoronavirus",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778137277",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.51555276,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16532287"
},
{
"display_name": "Novel virus",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781031778",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.46690422,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16000255"
},
{
"display_name": "Epidemiology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C107130276",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.46410334,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133805"
},
{
"display_name": "Human metapneumovirus",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780475896",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.45718336,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q743338"
},
{
"display_name": "Virus",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2522874641",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.45016465,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q808"
},
{
"display_name": "Infectious disease (medical specialty)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C524204448",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.42994586,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788926"
},
{
"display_name": "Biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.35403824,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420"
}
] |
Abstract Emerging infectious diseases, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Zika virus disease, present a major threat to public health 1–3 . Despite intense research efforts, how, when and where new diseases appear are still a source of considerable uncertainty. A severe respiratory disease was recently reported in Wuhan, Hubei province, China. As of 25 January 2020, at least 1,975 cases had been reported since the first patient was hospitalized on 12 December 2019. Epidemiological investigations have suggested that the outbreak was associated with a seafood market in Wuhan. Here we study a single patient who was a worker at the market and who was admitted to the Central Hospital of Wuhan on 26 December 2019 while experiencing a severe respiratory syndrome that included fever, dizziness and a cough. Metagenomic RNA sequencing 4 of a sample of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from the patient identified a new RNA virus strain from the family Coronaviridae , which is designated here ‘WH-Human 1’ coronavirus (and has also been referred to as ‘2019-nCoV’). Phylogenetic analysis of the complete viral genome (29,903 nucleotides) revealed that the virus was most closely related (89.1% nucleotide similarity) to a group of SARS-like coronaviruses (genus Betacoronavirus, subgenus Sarbecovirus) that had previously been found in bats in China 5 . This outbreak highlights the ongoing ability of viral spill-over from animals to cause severe disease in humans.
|
C159047783
|
Virology
|
https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmc2004973
|
study of viruses
|
Aerosol and Surface Stability of SARS-CoV-2 as Compared with SARS-CoV-1
|
[
{
"display_name": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3007834351",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.8382591,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82069695"
},
{
"display_name": "Aerosol",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779345167",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.83597183,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104541"
},
{
"display_name": "Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3008058167",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.67173684,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84263196"
},
{
"display_name": "Sars virus",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3020799909",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.64416,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q85438966"
},
{
"display_name": "2019-20 coronavirus outbreak",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3006700255",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.63775027,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81068910"
},
{
"display_name": "Virology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C159047783",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.599696,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7215"
},
{
"display_name": "Stability (learning theory)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C112972136",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.46478558,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7595718"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39432304",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.4179859,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847"
}
] |
Aerosol and Surface Stability of SARS-CoV-2 In this research letter, investigators report on the stability of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV-1 under experimental conditions. The viability of the two virus...
|
C159047783
|
Virology
|
https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.es.2020.25.3.2000045
|
study of viruses
|
Detection of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) by real-time RT-PCR
|
[
{
"display_name": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3007834351",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.7359131,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82069695"
},
{
"display_name": "European union",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2910001868",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7175263,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q458"
},
{
"display_name": "Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3008058167",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.6870293,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84263196"
},
{
"display_name": "Public health",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138816342",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.67361975,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189603"
},
{
"display_name": "Outbreak",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C116675565",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6221601,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3241045"
},
{
"display_name": "Coronavirus",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777648638",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.6105573,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q57751738"
},
{
"display_name": "Workflow",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C177212765",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.59994644,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q627335"
},
{
"display_name": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2910188402",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.5937006,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q85438966"
},
{
"display_name": "2019-20 coronavirus outbreak",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3006700255",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.53208137,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81068910"
},
{
"display_name": "Virology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C159047783",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.52672577,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7215"
},
{
"display_name": "Betacoronavirus",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778137277",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.49765566,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16532287"
},
{
"display_name": "Biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.34736717,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420"
}
] |
Background The ongoing outbreak of the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) poses a challenge for public health laboratories as virus isolates are unavailable while there is growing evidence that the outbreak is more widespread than initially thought, and international spread through travellers does already occur. Aim We aimed to develop and deploy robust diagnostic methodology for use in public health laboratory settings without having virus material available. Methods Here we present a validated diagnostic workflow for 2019-nCoV, its design relying on close genetic relatedness of 2019-nCoV with SARS coronavirus, making use of synthetic nucleic acid technology. Results The workflow reliably detects 2019-nCoV, and further discriminates 2019-nCoV from SARS-CoV. Through coordination between academic and public laboratories, we confirmed assay exclusivity based on 297 original clinical specimens containing a full spectrum of human respiratory viruses. Control material is made available through European Virus Archive – Global (EVAg), a European Union infrastructure project. Conclusion The present study demonstrates the enormous response capacity achieved through coordination of academic and public laboratories in national and European research networks.
|
C159047783
|
Virology
|
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41564-020-0695-z
|
study of viruses
|
The species Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus: classifying 2019-nCoV and naming it SARS-CoV-2
|
[
{
"display_name": "Coronaviridae",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776844884",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.9517772,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1134583"
},
{
"display_name": "Coronavirus",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777648638",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.76534235,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q57751738"
},
{
"display_name": "Outbreak",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C116675565",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.66479194,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3241045"
},
{
"display_name": "Biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.6399613,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420"
},
{
"display_name": "Virology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C159047783",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.6165537,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7215"
},
{
"display_name": "Nidovirales",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776230035",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.53068376,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q963408"
},
{
"display_name": "Betacoronavirus",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778137277",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.51629394,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16532287"
},
{
"display_name": "Pneumonia",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777914695",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.46101394,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12192"
},
{
"display_name": "Infectious disease (medical specialty)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C524204448",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4346989,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788926"
},
{
"display_name": "Disease",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779134260",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.40320468,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136"
}
] |
The present outbreak of a coronavirus-associated acute respiratory disease called coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) is the third documented spillover of an animal coronavirus to humans in only two decades that has resulted in a major epidemic. The Coronaviridae Study Group (CSG) of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses, which is responsible for developing the classification of viruses and taxon nomenclature of the family Coronaviridae, has assessed the placement of the human pathogen, tentatively named 2019-nCoV, within the Coronaviridae. Based on phylogeny, taxonomy and established practice, the CSG recognizes this virus as forming a sister clade to the prototype human and bat severe acute respiratory syndrome coronaviruses (SARS-CoVs) of the species Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus, and designates it as SARS-CoV-2. In order to facilitate communication, the CSG proposes to use the following naming convention for individual isolates: SARS-CoV-2/host/location/isolate/date. While the full spectrum of clinical manifestations associated with SARS-CoV-2 infections in humans remains to be determined, the independent zoonotic transmission of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 highlights the need for studying viruses at the species level to complement research focused on individual pathogenic viruses of immediate significance. This will improve our understanding of virus–host interactions in an ever-changing environment and enhance our preparedness for future outbreaks.
|
C31903555
|
Food science
|
https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(91)78551-2
|
applied science devoted to the study of food
|
Methods for Dietary Fiber, Neutral Detergent Fiber, and Nonstarch Polysaccharides in Relation to Animal Nutrition
|
[
{
"display_name": "Polysaccharide",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C100817775",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.64736533,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q134219"
},
{
"display_name": "Pectin",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780756937",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6247359,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188154"
},
{
"display_name": "Starch",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C529335014",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5951594,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41534"
},
{
"display_name": "Rumen",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C70262065",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.59379834,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q427652"
},
{
"display_name": "Dietary fiber",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2992741425",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5660663,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215210"
},
{
"display_name": "Amylase",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C170835558",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.54111755,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17153"
},
{
"display_name": "Food science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C31903555",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5326882,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1637030"
},
{
"display_name": "Fermentation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C100544194",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5171618,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41760"
},
{
"display_name": "Enzyme",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C181199279",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.50965214,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8047"
},
{
"display_name": "Lignin",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781052789",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.50675637,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184817"
},
{
"display_name": "Fiber",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C519885992",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.49918985,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161"
},
{
"display_name": "Digestion (alchemy)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781357212",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4751601,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5275608"
},
{
"display_name": "Bacillus subtilis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777272437",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.43830875,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131238"
},
{
"display_name": "Monogastric",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778568511",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.43599322,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1261446"
},
{
"display_name": "Biochemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C55493867",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.42067212,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094"
},
{
"display_name": "Chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185592680",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.4141647,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329"
},
{
"display_name": "Animal nutrition",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C42435023",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.40364996,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4764962"
},
{
"display_name": "Biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.37795338,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420"
}
] |
There is a need to standardize the NDF procedure.Procedures have varied because of the use of different amylases in attempts to remove starch interference.'Ihe original Bacillus subtilis enzyme Type IIIA (XIA) no longer is available and has been replaced by a less effective enzyme.For fiber work, a new enzyme' has received AOAC approval and is rapidly displacing other amylases in analyt- ical work.This enzyme is available from Sigma (Number A3306, Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO).The original publications for NDF and ADF (43, 53) and the Agricultural Handbook 379 (14) are obsolete and of historical interest only.Up to date procedures should be followed.Tnethylene glycol has replaced 2-ethoxyethanol because of reported toxicity.Considerable development in regard to fiber methods has occurred over the past 5 yr because of a redefinition of dietary fiber for man and monogastric animals that includes lignin and all polysaccharides resistant to mammalian digestive enzymes.In addition to NDF, new improved methods for total dietary fiber and nonstarch polysaccharides including pectin and B-glucans now are available.The latter are also of interest in rumen fermentation.Unlike starch.
|
C31903555
|
Food science
|
https://doi.org/10.5264/eiyogakuzashi.44.307
|
applied science devoted to the study of food
|
Studies on products of browning reaction. Antioxidative activities of products of browning reaction prepared from glucosamine.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Ball grid array",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94709252",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.9168284,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q570628"
},
{
"display_name": "Browning",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C53007507",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8770553,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2760809"
},
{
"display_name": "Chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185592680",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.6631114,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329"
},
{
"display_name": "Food science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C31903555",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5373909,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1637030"
},
{
"display_name": "Glucosamine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778125326",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42475542,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327506"
}
] |
グルコサミン塩酸塩を遊離形にし, 37℃インキュベーターで0日から30日間放置褐変した褐変グルコサミン (BGA) の抗酸化性, 還元力, 褐変度, アミノ糖の残存量, pH, 水分量, 全窒素量を, 放置0日から5日間は毎日, 以後5日間の間隔で30日間測定した。一方, 0, 15, 30日間放置褐変したBGAをセファデックスG-15で分画し, 抗酸化性, 還元力, 褐変度, pHについて測定して, 次のような結果を得た。1) 遊離グルコサミンは, 3日間放置後より白色粉末状から褐色ペースト状に急激な変化を示した。2) 最も強い抗酸化性は, 25日間と30日間放置褐変したBGAで認められた。3) BGAのリノール酸に対する抗酸化性は, 褐変度と深い関係を示した。4) 長く放置褐変したBGAは, 分子量が比較的高い領域の褐変生成物質と, 比較的低い領域の褐変生成物質に分画された。5) 長く放置褐変したBGAでは, 高分子の褐変生成物質のフラクションと, 低分子の褐変生成物質のフラクションの中間フラクションに抗酸化性を認めた。
|
C31903555
|
Food science
|
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1005963107
|
applied science devoted to the study of food
|
Impact of diet in shaping gut microbiota revealed by a comparative study in children from Europe and rural Africa
|
[
{
"display_name": "Firmicutes",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777695942",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.78973675,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q149075"
},
{
"display_name": "Prevotella",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780423288",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.7822187,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7242440"
},
{
"display_name": "Gut flora",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C539455810",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7095801,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q739734"
},
{
"display_name": "Bacteroidetes",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777385719",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.6818722,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1061265"
},
{
"display_name": "Biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.6807957,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420"
},
{
"display_name": "Bacteroides",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778168646",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.54707986,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133186"
},
{
"display_name": "Feces",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C61716771",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.49506918,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q496"
},
{
"display_name": "Food science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C31903555",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.40821388,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1637030"
},
{
"display_name": "Microbiology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C89423630",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.39315566,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7193"
},
{
"display_name": "Bacteria",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C523546767",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.35413986,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10876"
}
] |
Gut microbial composition depends on different dietary habits just as health depends on microbial metabolism, but the association of microbiota with different diets in human populations has not yet been shown. In this work, we compared the fecal microbiota of European children (EU) and that of children from a rural African village of Burkina Faso (BF), where the diet, high in fiber content, is similar to that of early human settlements at the time of the birth of agriculture. By using high-throughput 16S rDNA sequencing and biochemical analyses, we found significant differences in gut microbiota between the two groups. BF children showed a significant enrichment in Bacteroidetes and depletion in Firmicutes ( P < 0.001), with a unique abundance of bacteria from the genus Prevotella and Xylanibacter , known to contain a set of bacterial genes for cellulose and xylan hydrolysis, completely lacking in the EU children. In addition, we found significantly more short-chain fatty acids ( P < 0.001) in BF than in EU children. Also, Enterobacteriaceae ( Shigella and Escherichia) were significantly underrepresented in BF than in EU children ( P < 0.05). We hypothesize that gut microbiota coevolved with the polysaccharide-rich diet of BF individuals, allowing them to maximize energy intake from fibers while also protecting them from inflammations and noninfectious colonic diseases. This study investigates and compares human intestinal microbiota from children characterized by a modern western diet and a rural diet, indicating the importance of preserving this treasure of microbial diversity from ancient rural communities worldwide.
|
C31903555
|
Food science
|
https://doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600063048
|
applied science devoted to the study of food
|
The estimation of protein degradability in the rumen from incubation measurements weighted according to rate of passage
|
[
{
"display_name": "Rumen",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C70262065",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.94876707,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q427652"
},
{
"display_name": "Incubation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C25642318",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.82792723,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1992532"
},
{
"display_name": "Animal science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C140793950",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.6488756,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q168091"
},
{
"display_name": "Meal",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778345441",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5643925,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6460735"
},
{
"display_name": "Incubation period",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C143701427",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4421434,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193566"
},
{
"display_name": "Chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185592680",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.43356055,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329"
},
{
"display_name": "Biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.43120405,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420"
},
{
"display_name": "Food science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C31903555",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.43071738,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1637030"
},
{
"display_name": "Allowance (engineering)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779268580",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41323712,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3447087"
}
] |
Summary A method is proposed for estimating the percentage of dietary protein that is degraded by microbial action in the rumen when protein supplement is added to a specified ration. The potential degradability, p , is measured by incubating the supplement in artificial-fibre bags in the rumen and is related to incubation time, t , by the equation p = a+b (1 – e -ct ). The rate constant k , measuring the passage of the supplement from the rumen to the abomasum, is obtained in a separate experiment in which the supplement is combined with a chromium marker which renders it completely indigestible. The effective percentage degradation, p , of the supplement, allowing for rate of passage, is shown to be p = a +[ bc/(c+k) ] (1- e -(e+k)t ) by time, t , after feeding. As t increases, this tends to the asymptotic value a+bc /( c+k ), which therefore provides an estimate of the degradability of the protein supplement under the specified feeding conditions. The method is illustrated by results obtained with soya-bean meal fed as a supplement to a dried-grass diet for sheep. The incubation measurements showed that 89% of the soya-bean protein disappeared within 24 h and indicated that it was all ultimately degradable with this diet. When the dried grass was given at a restricted level of feeding the allowance for time of retention in the rumen reduced the estimate of final degradability to 71% (69% within 24 h). With ad libitum feeding there was a faster rate of passage and the final degradability was estimated to be 66% (65% within 24 h).
|
C31903555
|
Food science
|
https://doi.org/10.1039/c3fo60702j
|
applied science devoted to the study of food
|
A standardised static<i>in vitro</i>digestion method suitable for food – an international consensus
|
[
{
"display_name": "Digestion (alchemy)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781357212",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.56497717,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5275608"
},
{
"display_name": "In vitro",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C202751555",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.51305425,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221681"
},
{
"display_name": "Food science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C31903555",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4002447,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1637030"
},
{
"display_name": "Chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185592680",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.39274344,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329"
},
{
"display_name": "Business",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.34326413,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453"
},
{
"display_name": "Biotechnology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C150903083",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.33673924,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7108"
},
{
"display_name": "Biochemical engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C183696295",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.33620846,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2487696"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3324067,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Computational biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C70721500",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.32288826,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177005"
}
] |
The paper presents an international consensus for a standardised static<italic>in vitro</italic>digestion method for food.
|
C31903555
|
Food science
|
https://doi.org/10.4161/oxim.2.5.9498
|
applied science devoted to the study of food
|
Plant Polyphenols as Dietary Antioxidants in Human Health and Disease
|
[
{
"display_name": "Polyphenol",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C70899900",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.79720116,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q290439"
},
{
"display_name": "Human health",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2987857752",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.56681395,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12147"
},
{
"display_name": "Disease",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779134260",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4836808,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136"
},
{
"display_name": "Food science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C31903555",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4835522,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1637030"
},
{
"display_name": "Antioxidant",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778004101",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43558168,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133948"
},
{
"display_name": "Biotechnology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C150903083",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3997984,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7108"
},
{
"display_name": "Traditional medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C556039675",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.37985322,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q771035"
},
{
"display_name": "Chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185592680",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.37115198,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329"
},
{
"display_name": "Biochemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C55493867",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.34912997,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094"
},
{
"display_name": "Biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.34706497,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420"
}
] |
Polyphenols are secondary metabolites of plants and are generally involved in defense against ultraviolet radiation or aggression by pathogens. In the last decade, there has been much interest in the potential health benefits of dietary plant polyphenols as antioxidant. Epidemiological studies and associated meta‐analyses strongly suggest that long term consumption of diets rich in plant polyphenols offer protection against development of cancers, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, osteoporosis and neurodegenerative diseases. Here we present knowledge about the biological effects of plant polyphenols in the context of relevance to human health.
|
C31903555
|
Food science
|
https://doi.org/10.1128/jb.119.3.736-747.1974
|
applied science devoted to the study of food
|
Culture Medium for Enterobacteria
|
[
{
"display_name": "Biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.6949961,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420"
},
{
"display_name": "Phosphate",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777132085",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.67819774,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46220103"
},
{
"display_name": "Escherichia coli",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C547475151",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.67062914,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25419"
},
{
"display_name": "Chemically defined medium",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C98648569",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.56029755,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5090513"
},
{
"display_name": "Salmonella",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781065037",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5387664,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q150839"
},
{
"display_name": "Limiting",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C188198153",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5181712,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1613840"
},
{
"display_name": "Enterobacteriaceae",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778910516",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.5053645,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380136"
},
{
"display_name": "Micronutrient",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C14522933",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.49708894,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q531507"
},
{
"display_name": "Phosphorus",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C510538283",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.44557264,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q674"
},
{
"display_name": "Growth medium",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780919596",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.44505465,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q575920"
},
{
"display_name": "Biochemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C55493867",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.44386312,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094"
},
{
"display_name": "Ionic bonding",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2182769",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.44351545,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q62500"
},
{
"display_name": "Sulfate",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778343803",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42492974,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172290"
},
{
"display_name": "Food science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C31903555",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4105405,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1637030"
},
{
"display_name": "Ion",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C145148216",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.3723632,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36496"
}
] |
A new minimal medium for enterobacteria has been developed. It supports growth of Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium at rates comparable to those of any of the traditional media that have high phosphate concentrations, but each of the macronutrients (phosphate, sulfate, and nitrogen) is present at a sufficiently low level to permit isotopic labeling. Buffering capacity is provided by an organic dipolar ion, morpholinopropane sulfonate, which has a desirable pK (7.2) and no apparent inhibitory effect on growth. The medium has been developed with the objectives of (i) providing reproducibility of chemical composition, (ii) meeting the experimentally determined nutritional needs of the cell, (iii) avoiding an unnecessary excess of the major ionic species, (iv) facilitating the adjustment of the levels of individual ionic species, both for isotopic labeling and for nutritional studies, (v) supplying a complete array of micronutrients, (vi) setting a particular ion as the crop-limiting factor when the carbon and energy source is in excess, and (vii) providing maximal convenience in the manufacture and storage of the medium.
|
C31903555
|
Food science
|
https://doi.org/10.1017/s0016672308009579
|
applied science devoted to the study of food
|
The hitch-hiking effect of a favourable gene
|
[
{
"display_name": "Action (physics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780791683",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.58749366,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846785"
},
{
"display_name": "Chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185592680",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.55199945,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329"
},
{
"display_name": "Content (measure theory)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778152352",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.49609932,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165061"
},
{
"display_name": "Food science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C31903555",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.42867434,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1637030"
}
] |
An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. As you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.
|
C114614502
|
Combinatorics
|
https://doi.org/10.1214/aos/1176344552
|
branch of discrete mathematics
|
Bootstrap Methods: Another Look at the Jackknife
|
[
{
"display_name": "Jackknife resampling",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C81790035",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.95769024,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q847158"
},
{
"display_name": "Mathematics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.88493824,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395"
},
{
"display_name": "Statistics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C105795698",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.6020698,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483"
},
{
"display_name": "Random variable",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C122123141",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4736337,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176623"
},
{
"display_name": "Distribution (mathematics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C110121322",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42312235,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q865811"
},
{
"display_name": "Linear discriminant analysis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C69738355",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41933537,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1228929"
},
{
"display_name": "Combinatorics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C114614502",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4141589,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592"
},
{
"display_name": "Applied mathematics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C28826006",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3331756,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33521"
}
] |
We discuss the following problem: given a random sample $\mathbf{X} = (X_1, X_2, \cdots, X_n)$ from an unknown probability distribution $F$, estimate the sampling distribution of some prespecified random variable $R(\mathbf{X}, F)$, on the basis of the observed data $\mathbf{x}$. (Standard jackknife theory gives an approximate mean and variance in the case $R(\mathbf{X}, F) = \theta(\hat{F}) - \theta(F), \theta$ some parameter of interest.) A general method, called the "bootstrap," is introduced, and shown to work satisfactorily on a variety of estimation problems. The jackknife is shown to be a linear approximation method for the bootstrap. The exposition proceeds by a series of examples: variance of the sample median, error rates in a linear discriminant analysis, ratio estimation, estimating regression parameters, etc.
|
C114614502
|
Combinatorics
|
https://doi.org/10.1109/tit.2005.862083
|
branch of discrete mathematics
|
Robust uncertainty principles: exact signal reconstruction from highly incomplete frequency information
|
[
{
"display_name": "Omega",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779557605",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7174733,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9890"
},
{
"display_name": "Combinatorics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C114614502",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.62642145,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592"
},
{
"display_name": "Mathematics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.56947786,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395"
},
{
"display_name": "Signal reconstruction",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C70958404",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.52794737,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7512728"
},
{
"display_name": "Superposition principle",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C27753989",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.51676005,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q284885"
},
{
"display_name": "Convex optimization",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C157972887",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4234259,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q463359"
},
{
"display_name": "Discrete mathematics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C118615104",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.40063554,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121416"
},
{
"display_name": "Regular polygon",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C112680207",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.38226056,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q714886"
},
{
"display_name": "Algorithm",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C11413529",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3366871,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366"
},
{
"display_name": "Signal processing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C104267543",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.32862014,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208163"
},
{
"display_name": "Mathematical analysis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C134306372",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.30218333,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754"
}
] |
This paper considers the model problem of reconstructing an object from incomplete frequency samples. Consider a discrete-time signal f/spl isin/C/sup N/ and a randomly chosen set of frequencies /spl Omega/. Is it possible to reconstruct f from the partial knowledge of its Fourier coefficients on the set /spl Omega/? A typical result of this paper is as follows. Suppose that f is a superposition of |T| spikes f(t)=/spl sigma//sub /spl tau//spl isin/T/f(/spl tau/)/spl delta/(t-/spl tau/) obeying |T|/spl les/C/sub M//spl middot/(log N)/sup -1/ /spl middot/ |/spl Omega/| for some constant C/sub M/>0. We do not know the locations of the spikes nor their amplitudes. Then with probability at least 1-O(N/sup -M/), f can be reconstructed exactly as the solution to the /spl lscr//sub 1/ minimization problem. In short, exact recovery may be obtained by solving a convex optimization problem. We give numerical values for C/sub M/ which depend on the desired probability of success. Our result may be interpreted as a novel kind of nonlinear sampling theorem. In effect, it says that any signal made out of |T| spikes may be recovered by convex programming from almost every set of frequencies of size O(|T|/spl middot/logN). Moreover, this is nearly optimal in the sense that any method succeeding with probability 1-O(N/sup -M/) would in general require a number of frequency samples at least proportional to |T|/spl middot/logN. The methodology extends to a variety of other situations and higher dimensions. For example, we show how one can reconstruct a piecewise constant (one- or two-dimensional) object from incomplete frequency samples - provided that the number of jumps (discontinuities) obeys the condition above - by minimizing other convex functionals such as the total variation of f.
|
C114614502
|
Combinatorics
|
https://doi.org/10.1214/aoms/1177730491
|
branch of discrete mathematics
|
On a Test of Whether one of Two Random Variables is Stochastically Larger than the Other
|
[
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"level": 0,
"score": 0.83567023,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395"
},
{
"display_name": "Combinatorics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C114614502",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.58462137,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592"
},
{
"display_name": "Moment (physics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C179254644",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5606055,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13222844"
},
{
"display_name": "Random variable",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C122123141",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.54646397,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176623"
},
{
"display_name": "Statistic",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C89128539",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5148317,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1949963"
},
{
"display_name": "Statistics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C105795698",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4930615,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483"
},
{
"display_name": "Distribution (mathematics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C110121322",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47983763,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q865811"
},
{
"display_name": "Infinity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C7321624",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47581726,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205"
},
{
"display_name": "Normal distribution",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C102094743",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4491989,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133871"
},
{
"display_name": "Test statistic",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C169857963",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4477199,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1461038"
},
{
"display_name": "Cumulative distribution function",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C103784038",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.43619797,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q386228"
},
{
"display_name": "Limit (mathematics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C151201525",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41774184,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177239"
}
] |
Let $x$ and $y$ be two random variables with continuous cumulative distribution functions $f$ and $g$. A statistic $U$ depending on the relative ranks of the $x$'s and $y$'s is proposed for testing the hypothesis $f = g$. Wilcoxon proposed an equivalent test in the Biometrics Bulletin, December, 1945, but gave only a few points of the distribution of his statistic. Under the hypothesis $f = g$ the probability of obtaining a given $U$ in a sample of $n x's$ and $m y's$ is the solution of a certain recurrence relation involving $n$ and $m$. Using this recurrence relation tables have been computed giving the probability of $U$ for samples up to $n = m = 8$. At this point the distribution is almost normal. From the recurrence relation explicit expressions for the mean, variance, and fourth moment are obtained. The 2rth moment is shown to have a certain form which enabled us to prove that the limit distribution is normal if $m, n$ go to infinity in any arbitrary manner. The test is shown to be consistent with respect to the class of alternatives $f(x) > g(x)$ for every $x$.
|
C114614502
|
Combinatorics
|
https://doi.org/10.1109/tit.2005.858979
|
branch of discrete mathematics
|
Decoding by Linear Programming
|
[
{
"display_name": "Mathematics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.6115589,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395"
},
{
"display_name": "Underdetermined system",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C179690561",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5987854,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4316110"
},
{
"display_name": "Decoding methods",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C57273362",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5971567,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576722"
},
{
"display_name": "Combinatorics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C114614502",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.48906,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592"
},
{
"display_name": "Algorithm",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C11413529",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.48068032,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366"
},
{
"display_name": "Convex optimization",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C157972887",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4696723,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q463359"
},
{
"display_name": "Linear programming",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41045048",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.45973006,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202843"
},
{
"display_name": "Overdetermined system",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C81901731",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43778807,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q331348"
},
{
"display_name": "Sigma",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778049214",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42456973,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7512234"
},
{
"display_name": "Matrix (chemical analysis)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C106487976",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41218907,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q685816"
},
{
"display_name": "Discrete mathematics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C118615104",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3964159,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121416"
},
{
"display_name": "Applied mathematics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C28826006",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.31042486,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33521"
}
] |
This paper considers a natural error correcting problem with real valued input/output. We wish to recover an input vector f/spl isin/R/sup n/ from corrupted measurements y=Af+e. Here, A is an m by n (coding) matrix and e is an arbitrary and unknown vector of errors. Is it possible to recover f exactly from the data y? We prove that under suitable conditions on the coding matrix A, the input f is the unique solution to the /spl lscr//sub 1/-minimization problem (/spl par/x/spl par//sub /spl lscr/1/:=/spl Sigma//sub i/|x/sub i/|) min(g/spl isin/R/sup n/) /spl par/y - Ag/spl par//sub /spl lscr/1/ provided that the support of the vector of errors is not too large, /spl par/e/spl par//sub /spl lscr/0/:=|{i:e/sub i/ /spl ne/ 0}|/spl les//spl rho//spl middot/m for some /spl rho/>0. In short, f can be recovered exactly by solving a simple convex optimization problem (which one can recast as a linear program). In addition, numerical experiments suggest that this recovery procedure works unreasonably well; f is recovered exactly even in situations where a significant fraction of the output is corrupted. This work is related to the problem of finding sparse solutions to vastly underdetermined systems of linear equations. There are also significant connections with the problem of recovering signals from highly incomplete measurements. In fact, the results introduced in this paper improve on our earlier work. Finally, underlying the success of /spl lscr//sub 1/ is a crucial property we call the uniform uncertainty principle that we shall describe in detail.
|
C114614502
|
Combinatorics
|
https://doi.org/10.1137/080738970
|
branch of discrete mathematics
|
A Singular Value Thresholding Algorithm for Matrix Completion
|
[
{
"display_name": "Iterated function",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C140479938",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.75481963,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5254619"
},
{
"display_name": "Singular value",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C109282560",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6565299,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4166054"
},
{
"display_name": "Mathematics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.64072585,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395"
},
{
"display_name": "Matrix completion",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778459887",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5857136,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6787865"
},
{
"display_name": "Matrix (chemical analysis)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C106487976",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.57684463,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q685816"
},
{
"display_name": "Algorithm",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C11413529",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5656678,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366"
},
{
"display_name": "Sequence (biology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778112365",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.502187,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3511065"
},
{
"display_name": "Regular polygon",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C112680207",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.45194817,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q714886"
},
{
"display_name": "Combinatorics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C114614502",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.44650415,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592"
},
{
"display_name": "Matrix norm",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C92207270",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.41818103,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q939253"
},
{
"display_name": "Rank (graph theory)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C164226766",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41175842,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7293202"
}
] |
This paper introduces a novel algorithm to approximate the matrix with minimum nuclear norm among all matrices obeying a set of convex constraints. This problem may be understood as the convex relaxation of a rank minimization problem and arises in many important applications as in the task of recovering a large matrix from a small subset of its entries (the famous Netflix problem). Off-the-shelf algorithms such as interior point methods are not directly amenable to large problems of this kind with over a million unknown entries. This paper develops a simple first-order and easy-to-implement algorithm that is extremely efficient at addressing problems in which the optimal solution has low rank. The algorithm is iterative, produces a sequence of matrices $\{\boldsymbol{X}^k,\boldsymbol{Y}^k\}$, and at each step mainly performs a soft-thresholding operation on the singular values of the matrix $\boldsymbol{Y}^k$. There are two remarkable features making this attractive for low-rank matrix completion problems. The first is that the soft-thresholding operation is applied to a sparse matrix; the second is that the rank of the iterates $\{\boldsymbol{X}^k\}$ is empirically nondecreasing. Both these facts allow the algorithm to make use of very minimal storage space and keep the computational cost of each iteration low. On the theoretical side, we provide a convergence analysis showing that the sequence of iterates converges. On the practical side, we provide numerical examples in which $1,000\times1,000$ matrices are recovered in less than a minute on a modest desktop computer. We also demonstrate that our approach is amenable to very large scale problems by recovering matrices of rank about 10 with nearly a billion unknowns from just about 0.4% of their sampled entries. Our methods are connected with the recent literature on linearized Bregman iterations for $\ell_1$ minimization, and we develop a framework in which one can understand these algorithms in terms of well-known Lagrange multiplier algorithms.
|
C114614502
|
Combinatorics
|
https://doi.org/10.2307/2287859
|
branch of discrete mathematics
|
Inequalities: Theory of Majorization and its Applications.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Majorization",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777818330",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.98769826,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1994695"
},
{
"display_name": "Mathematics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.76190424,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395"
},
{
"display_name": "Combinatorics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C114614502",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.51037043,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592"
},
{
"display_name": "Matrix (chemical analysis)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C106487976",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.48776776,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q685816"
},
{
"display_name": "Probabilistic logic",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C49937458",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47209495,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599292"
},
{
"display_name": "Multivariate statistics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C161584116",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.45379388,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1952580"
},
{
"display_name": "Regular polygon",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C112680207",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43997034,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q714886"
},
{
"display_name": "Applied mathematics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C28826006",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4036612,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33521"
},
{
"display_name": "Pure mathematics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C202444582",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.33778334,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863"
},
{
"display_name": "Discrete mathematics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C118615104",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3226944,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121416"
}
] |
Introduction.- Doubly Stochastic Matrices.- Schur-Convex Functions.- Equivalent Conditions for Majorization.- Preservation and Generation of Majorization.- Rearrangements and Majorization.- Combinatorial Analysis.- Geometric Inequalities.- Matrix Theory.- Numerical Analysis.- Stochastic Majorizations.- Probabilistic, Statistical, and Other Applications.- Additional Statistical Applications.- Orderings Extending Majorization.- Multivariate Majorization.- Convex Functions and Some Classical Inequalities.- Stochastic Ordering.- Total Positivity.- Matrix Factorizations, Compounds, Direct Products, and M-Matrices.- Extremal Representations of Matrix Functions.
|
C114614502
|
Combinatorics
|
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10208-009-9045-5
|
branch of discrete mathematics
|
Exact Matrix Completion via Convex Optimization
|
[
{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.81489223,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395"
},
{
"display_name": "Rank (graph theory)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C164226766",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7030332,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7293202"
},
{
"display_name": "Combinatorics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C114614502",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.7026835,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592"
},
{
"display_name": "Matrix completion",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778459887",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.68050075,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6787865"
},
{
"display_name": "Matrix (chemical analysis)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C106487976",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6663878,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q685816"
},
{
"display_name": "Matrix norm",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C92207270",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.64026076,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q939253"
},
{
"display_name": "Exponent",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780388253",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.55563796,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5421508"
},
{
"display_name": "Regular polygon",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C112680207",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4892161,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q714886"
},
{
"display_name": "Convex optimization",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C157972887",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4768109,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q463359"
},
{
"display_name": "Low-rank approximation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C90199385",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.45776254,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6692777"
},
{
"display_name": "Norm (philosophy)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C191795146",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43569964,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3878446"
},
{
"display_name": "Convex body",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C134912446",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.43119353,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5166516"
},
{
"display_name": "Simple (philosophy)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780586882",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42544323,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7520643"
},
{
"display_name": "Binary logarithm",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C63553672",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41450578,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q581168"
},
{
"display_name": "Constant (computer programming)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777027219",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41448706,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1284190"
},
{
"display_name": "Discrete mathematics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C118615104",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.36385062,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121416"
}
] |
We consider a problem of considerable practical interest: the recovery of a data matrix from a sampling of its entries. Suppose that we observe m entries selected uniformly at random from a matrix M. Can we complete the matrix and recover the entries that we have not seen? We show that one can perfectly recover most low-rank matrices from what appears to be an incomplete set of entries. We prove that if the number m of sampled entries obeys $$m\ge C\,n^{1.2}r\log n$$ for some positive numerical constant C, then with very high probability, most n×n matrices of rank r can be perfectly recovered by solving a simple convex optimization program. This program finds the matrix with minimum nuclear norm that fits the data. The condition above assumes that the rank is not too large. However, if one replaces the 1.2 exponent with 1.25, then the result holds for all values of the rank. Similar results hold for arbitrary rectangular matrices as well. Our results are connected with the recent literature on compressed sensing, and show that objects other than signals and images can be perfectly reconstructed from very limited information.
|
C114614502
|
Combinatorics
|
https://doi.org/10.1090/s0002-9939-1956-0078686-7
|
branch of discrete mathematics
|
On the shortest spanning subtree of a graph and the traveling salesman problem
|
[
{
"display_name": "Mathematics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.6804431,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395"
},
{
"display_name": "Combinatorics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C114614502",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.62000597,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592"
},
{
"display_name": "Ring (chemistry)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780378348",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5251926,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25351438"
},
{
"display_name": "Graph",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C132525143",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.51431334,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488"
},
{
"display_name": "Algebraic number",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C9376300",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4257006,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q168817"
},
{
"display_name": "Travelling salesman problem",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C175859090",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41823393,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q322212"
},
{
"display_name": "Discrete mathematics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C118615104",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.36341608,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121416"
}
] |
7. A. Kurosh, Ringtheoretische Probleme die mit dem Burnsideschen Problem uber periodische Gruppen in Zussammenhang stehen, Bull. Acad. Sei. URSS, Ser. Math. vol. 5 (1941) pp. 233-240. 8. J. Levitzki, On the radical of a general ring, Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. vol. 49 (1943) pp. 462^66. 9. -, On three problems concerning nil rings, Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. vol. 49 (1943) pp. 913-919. 10. -, On the structure of algebraic algebras and related rings, Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. vol. 74 (1953) pp. 384-409.
|
C27206212
|
Theology
|
https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa939
|
study of the nature of God and religious belief
|
It Is Time to Address Airborne Transmission of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)
|
[
{
"display_name": "George (robot)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C67101536",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6292555,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5535910"
},
{
"display_name": "Art history",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C52119013",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.54212314,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50637"
},
{
"display_name": "Theology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C27206212",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.44386172,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34178"
},
{
"display_name": "Philosophy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.42486447,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891"
},
{
"display_name": "Art",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C142362112",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.41683465,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735"
}
] |
The following scientists reviewed the document: Jonathan Abbatt, John Adgate, Alireza Afshari, KangHo Ahn, Francis Allard, Joseph Allen, Celia Alves, Meinrat O. Andreae, Isabella Annesi-Maesano,
Ahmet Arisoy, Andrew P. Ault, Gwi-Nam Bae, Gabriel Beko, Scott C. Bell, Allan Bertram, Mahmood
Bhutta, Seweryn Bialasiewicz, Merete Bilde, Tami Bond, Joseph Brain, Marianna Brodach, David M.
Broday, Guangyu Cao, Christopher D. Cappa, Annmarie Carlton, Paul K. S. Chan, Christopher Chao,
Kuan-Fu Chen, Qi Chen, Qingyan Chen, David Cheong, Per Axcel Clausen, Ross Crawford, Derek
Clements-Croome, Geo Clausen, Ian Clifton, Richard L. Corsi, Benjamin J. Cowling, Francesca Romana
d'Ambrosio, Ghassan Dbaibo, Richard de Dear, Gianluigi de Gennaro, Peter DeCarlo, Philip
Demokritou, Hugo Destaillats, Joanna Domagala-Kulawik, Neil M. Donahue, Caroline Duchaine,
Marzenna R. Dudzinska, Dominic E. Dwyer, Greg Evans, Delphine K. Farmer, Kevin P. Fennelly,
Richard Flagan, Janine Frohlich-Nowoisky, Manuel Gameiro da Silva, Christian George, Marianne Glasius, Allen H. Goldstein, Joao Gomes, Michael Gormley, Rafal Gorny, David Grimsrud, Keith
Grimwood, Charles N. Haas, Fariborz Haghighat, Michael Hannigan, Roy Harrison, Ulla HaverinenShaughnessy, Philippa Howden-Chapman, Per Heiselberg, Daven K. Henze, Jean-Michel Heraud,
Hartmut Herrmann, Philip K. Hopke, Ray Horstman, Wei Huang, Alex Huffman, David S. Hui, Tareq
Hussein, Gabriel Isaacman-VanWertz, Jouni J.K. Jaakkola, Matti Jantunen, Lance Jennings, Dennis
Johansson, Jan Kaczmarczyk, George Kallos, David Katoshevski, Frank Kelly, Soren Kjaergaard, Luke D.
Knibbs, Henrik N. Knudsen, GwangPyo Ko, Evelyn S.C. Koay, Jen Kok, Nino Kuenzli, Markku Kulmala,
Kazukiyo Kumagai, Prashant Kumar, Kazumichi Kuroda, Kiyoung Lee, Nelson Lee, Barry Lefer, Vincent
Lemort, Xianting Li, Dusan Licina, Chao-Hsin Lin, Junjie Liu, Kam Lun E. Hon, John C. Little, Li Liu, Janet
M. Macher, Ebba Malmqvist, Corinne Mandin, Ivo Martinac, Dainius Martuzevicius, Mark J. Mendell,
David Miller, Claudia Mohr, Luisa T. Molina, Glenn Morrison, Roya Mortazavi, Edward Nardell,
Athanasios Nenes, Mark Nicas, Zhi Ning, Jianlei Niu, Hidekazu Nishimura, Colin O'Dowd, Bjarne W.
Olesen, Paula J. Olsiewski, Spyros Pandis, Daniel Peckham, Tuukka Petaja, Zbigniew Popiolek, Ulrich
Poschl, Wayne R. Ott, Kimberly Prather, Andre S. H. Prevot, Hua Qian, Shanna Ratnesar-Shumate,
James L. Repace, Tiina Reponen, Ilona Riipinen, Susan Roaf, Allen L. Robinson, Yinon Rudich, Manuel
Ruiz de Adana, Masayuki Saijo, Reiko Saito, Paulo Saldiva, Tunga Salthammer, Joshua L. Santarpia,
John H. Seinfeld, Gary S. Settles, Siegfried Schobesberger, Paul T. J. Scheepers, Max H. Sherman, Alan
Shihadeh, Manabu Shiraiwa, Jeffrey Siegel, Torben Sigsgaard, Brett C. Singer, James N. Smith, Armin
Sorooshian, Jerzy Sowa, Brent Stephens, Huey-Jen Jenny Su, Jordi Sunyer, Jason D. Surratt, Kazuo
Takahashi, Nobuyuki Takegawa, Jorn Toftum, Margaret A. Tolbert, Euan Tovey, Barbara J. Turpin,
Annele Virtanen, John Volckens, Claire Wainwright, Lance A. Wallace, Boguang Wang, Chia C. Wang,
Michael Waring, John Wenger, Charles J. Weschler, Brent Williams, Mary E. Wilson, Armin Wisthaler,
Kazimierz Wojtas, Douglas R. Worsnop, Ying Xu, Naomichi Yamamoto, Xudong Yang, Hui-Ling Yen,
Hiroshi Yoshino, Hassan Zaraket, Zhiqiang (John) Zhai, Junfeng (Jim) Zhang, Qi Zhang, Jensen Zhang,
Yinping Zhang, Bin Zhao, Tong Zhu.
|
C27206212
|
Theology
| null |
study of the nature of God and religious belief
|
Theorising Return Migration: The Conceptual Approach to Return Migrants Revisited
|
[
{
"display_name": "Theology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C27206212",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.52698135,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34178"
},
{
"display_name": "Philosophy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.46046185,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891"
},
{
"display_name": "Combinatorics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C114614502",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.41382274,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592"
},
{
"display_name": "Stereochemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71240020",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.34052846,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186011"
},
{
"display_name": "Physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.33048028,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413"
},
{
"display_name": "Humanities",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15708023",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.32483393,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80083"
}
] |
The growing diversit y of migrat ory c at egories (ranging f rom ec onomic migrant s t o ref ugees and asylum seek ers) nec essit at es a dist inc t ion bet ween t he various t ypes of ret urnee. We st ill need t o k now who ret urns when, and why; andwhy some ret urnees appear as ac t ors of c hange, in spec if ic soc ial and inst it ut ional c irc umst anc es at home, whereas ot hers do not. The f irst obj ec t ive of t his paper is t o analyse how ret urn has been dealt wit h by int ernat ional migrat ion t heories, emphasising part ic ularly t he assumpt ions on whic h t hey rest. This t heoret ic al overview is nec essary t o show how ret urn has been def ined and loc at ed in t ime and spac e, andhow t he ret urnee has been depic t ed. The sec ond obj ec t ive is t o t ak e t he various approac hes t o ret urn migrat ion a st ep f urt her by elaborat ing on t he t heoret ic al insight s t hat have been ex t ensively proposed. The c onc ept ual approac h t o ret urnees is t hen revisit ed, t ak ing int o ac c ount a set of dist inguishing c rit eria, i.e. t he ret urnee' s preparedness and resourc e mobilisat ion .
|
C27206212
|
Theology
|
https://doi.org/10.1097/00000658-196809000-00009
|
study of the nature of God and religious belief
|
Orthotopic Homotransplantation of the Human Liver
|
[
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.76235443,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Human liver",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776418720",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.46127415,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9368"
},
{
"display_name": "Theology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C27206212",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.43314463,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34178"
}
] |
Starzl, Thomas E. Ph.D., M.D.; Groth, Carl G. M.D.; Brettschneider, Lawrence M.D.; Penn, Israel M.D.; Fulginiti, Vincent A. M.D.; Moon, John B. M.D.; Blanchard, Herve M.D.; Martin, Alfred J. Jr. M.D.; Porter, Ken A. M.D. Author Information
|
C27206212
|
Theology
|
https://doi.org/10.4102/sajip.v29i1.88
|
study of the nature of God and religious belief
|
The big five personality dimensions and job performance
|
[
{
"display_name": "Conscientiousness",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C172141706",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.8158428,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1307067"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.7054316,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418"
},
{
"display_name": "Agreeableness",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C170760736",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.6894418,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380358"
},
{
"display_name": "Extraversion and introversion",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127816348",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.6731806,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q127588"
},
{
"display_name": "Openness to experience",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C84976871",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.59718907,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2015673"
},
{
"display_name": "Personality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C187288502",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5201574,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q641118"
},
{
"display_name": "Big Five personality traits",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2865642",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.46778783,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q378132"
},
{
"display_name": "Social psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C77805123",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.44681883,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272"
},
{
"display_name": "Theology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C27206212",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.41391203,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34178"
},
{
"display_name": "Management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C187736073",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3490873,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921"
}
] |
The objective of this research was to determine the relationship between personality dimensions and job performance. A cross-sectional survey design was used. The study population consisted of 159 employees of a pharmaceutical company. The NEO-Personality Inventory – Revised and Performance Appraisal Questionnaire were used as measuring instruments. The results showed that Emotional Stability, Extraversion, Openness to Experience and Conscientiousness were related to task performance and creativity. Three personality dimensions, namely Emotional Stability, Openness to Experience and Agreeableness, explained 28% of the variance in participants’ management performance. Opsomming Die doelstelling van hierdie navorsing was om die verband tussen persoonlikheidsdimensies en werksprestasie te bepaal. ‘n Eenmalige dwarsdeursnee-ontwerp is gebruik. Die ondersoekgroep het bestaan uit 159 werknemers binne ‘n farmaseutiese organisasie. Die NEO-Personality Inventory – Revised en die Prestasiebeoordelingsvraelys is as meetinstrumente gebruik. Die resultate het aangetoon dat Emosionele Stabiliteit, Ekstroversie en Konsensieusheid met taakverrigting en kreatiwiteit verband hou. Drie persoonlikheidsdimensies, naamlik Emosionele Stabiliteit, Openheid vir Ervaring en Inskiklikheid, het 28% van die variansie in bestuursprestasie (soos beoordeel deur toesighouers) voorspel.
|
C27206212
|
Theology
|
https://doi.org/10.1093/jts/os-i.1.1
|
study of the nature of God and religious belief
|
The Journal of Theological Studies
|
[
{
"display_name": "Theology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C27206212",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.46758318,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34178"
},
{
"display_name": "Volume (thermodynamics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C20556612",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42937446,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4469374"
},
{
"display_name": "History",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3742905,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309"
},
{
"display_name": "Philosophy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.35702178,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891"
}
] |
The Journal of Theological Studies Get access H. B. S. H. B. S. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Journal of Theological Studies, Volume os-I, Issue 1, October 1899, Pages 1–2, https://doi.org/10.1093/jts/os-I.1.1 Published: 01 October 1899
|
C27206212
|
Theology
|
https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/43.9.695a
|
study of the nature of God and religious belief
|
The Body Cell Mass and Its Supporting Environment
|
[
{
"display_name": "Ball (mathematics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C122041747",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5032026,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q838611"
},
{
"display_name": "Theology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C27206212",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.42462772,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34178"
}
] |
Journal Article The Body Cell Mass and Its Supporting Environment Get access The Body Cell Mass and Its Supporting Environment. By Francis D. Moore, A.B., M.D., M.Ch., Knute H. Olesen, M.D., D.M.Sc., James D. McMurrey, A.B., M.D., H. Victor Parker, A.B., M.D., Margaret R. Ball, A.B., and Carol Magnus Boyden, B.S., M.S. Cloth, illus., 535 pp., Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Company, 1963. $23.00. H. D. Bouman, M.D. H. D. Bouman, M.D. 1Professor of Physical Medicine University of Wisconsin Medical School Madison Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Physical Therapy, Volume 43, Issue 9, September 1963, Page 695, https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/43.9.695a Published: 01 September 1963
|
C27206212
|
Theology
|
https://doi.org/10.4102/sajip.v30i4.168
|
study of the nature of God and religious belief
|
An item selection procedure to maximise scale reliability and validity
|
[
{
"display_name": "Psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.5467294,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418"
},
{
"display_name": "Exploratory factor analysis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C165957694",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.53846234,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5421350"
},
{
"display_name": "Theology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C27206212",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5167455,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34178"
},
{
"display_name": "Likert scale",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C105776082",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.44401687,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q617473"
},
{
"display_name": "Scale (ratio)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778755073",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4373588,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537"
}
] |
Wille (1996) proposed an item selection strategy which may be used to maximise, first, the internal consistency and, next, the convergent and discriminant validity of items in multi-dimensional Likert-type questionnaires or scales. In terms of his strategy, the latter aspects of validity are maximised by means of exploratory factor analyses. In this article, it is done by means of Tateneni, Mels, Cudeck and Browne’s (2001) Comprehensive Exploratory Factor Analysis (CEFA) program which implements exploratory factor analysis, but provides the advantages of standard confirmatory factor analysis (e.g., the computation of the standard errors of the rotated factor loadings and measures of “model" fit). The benefits that accrue by using this incremental approach are demonstrated in terms of Allport and Ross’ (1967) Religious Orientation Scale, a widely-used psychological instrument. Opsomming Wille (1996) het ’n itemseleksiestrategie voorgestel om eerstens die interne konsekwentheid, en tweedens die konvergente en divergente geldigheid van items in multidimensionele Likert-tipe vraelyste of skale te maksimeer. Volgens sy strategie word laasgenoemde aspekte van geldigheid deur middel van eksploratiewe faktorontledings gemaksimeer. In hierdie artikel, sal dit gedoen word deur Tateneni, Mels, Cudeck en Browne (2001) se program vir Omvattende Eksploratiewe Faktorontleding (CEFA) te gebruik, wat eksploratiewe faktorontleding aanwend, maar ook die voordele van gewone, bevestigende faktorontleding (bv., die berekening van die standaardfoute van die geroteerde faktorbeladings en indekse van modelpassing) bied. Die voordele wat spruit uit die toepassing van hierdie inkrementele benadering word gedemonstreer aan die hand van Allport en Ross (1967) se Religious Orientation Scale, ’n gewilde sielkundige meetintrument.
|
C27206212
|
Theology
|
https://doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.99.1.168
|
study of the nature of God and religious belief
|
Use of Sildenafil (Viagra) in Patients With Cardiovascular Disease
|
[
{
"display_name": "Sildenafil",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776768464",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.9429451,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191521"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.597576,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Theology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C27206212",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.41660285,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34178"
},
{
"display_name": "Erectile dysfunction",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779929075",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41023725,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184674"
},
{
"display_name": "Gerontology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C74909509",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.32639533,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10387"
},
{
"display_name": "Internal medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126322002",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3179623,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180"
}
] |
HomeCirculationVol. 99, No. 1Use of Sildenafil (Viagra) in Patients With Cardiovascular Disease Free AccessOtherPDF/EPUBAboutView PDFView EPUBSections ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload citationsTrack citationsPermissions ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InMendeleyReddit Jump toFree AccessOtherPDF/EPUBUse of Sildenafil (Viagra) in Patients With Cardiovascular Disease Melvin D. Cheitlin, Adolph M. HutterJr, Ralph G. Brindis, Peter Ganz, Sanjay Kaul, Richard O. RussellJr and Randall M. Zusman James S. Forrester, Pamela S. Douglas, David P. Faxon, John D. Fisher, Raymond J. Gibbons, Jonathan L. Halperin, Adolph M. HutterJr, Judith S. Hochman, Sanjiv Kaul, William S. Weintraub, William L. WintersJr and Michael J. Wolk Melvin D. CheitlinMelvin D. Cheitlin , Adolph M. HutterJrAdolph M. HutterJr , Ralph G. BrindisRalph G. Brindis , Peter GanzPeter Ganz , Sanjay KaulSanjay Kaul , Richard O. RussellJrRichard O. RussellJr and Randall M. ZusmanRandall M. Zusman James S. ForresterJames S. Forrester , Pamela S. DouglasPamela S. Douglas , David P. FaxonDavid P. Faxon , John D. FisherJohn D. Fisher , Raymond J. GibbonsRaymond J. Gibbons , Jonathan L. HalperinJonathan L. Halperin , Adolph M. HutterJrAdolph M. HutterJr , Judith S. HochmanJudith S. Hochman , Sanjiv KaulSanjiv Kaul , William S. WeintraubWilliam S. Weintraub , William L. WintersJrWilliam L. WintersJr and Michael J. WolkMichael J. Wolk and Writing Group Membersand Technology and Practice Executive Committee Originally published12 Jan 1999https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.99.1.168Circulation. 1999;99:168–177is corrected byCorrectionExecutive SummaryThe pharmaceutical preparation sildenafil citrate (Viagra) is being widely prescribed as a treatment for male erectile dysfunction, a common problem that in the United States affects between 10 and 30 million men. The introduction of sildenafil has been a valuable contribution to the treatment of erectile dysfunction, which is a relatively common occurrence in patients with cardiovascular disease. This article is written to appropriately caution and not to unduly alarm physicians in their use of sildenafil in patients with heart disease.Reported cardiovascular side effects in the normal healthy population are typically minor and associated with vasodilatation (ie, headache, flushing, and small decreases in systolic and diastolic blood pressures). However, although their incidence is small, serious cardiovascular events, including significant hypotension, can occur in certain populations at risk. Most at risk are individuals who are concurrently taking organic nitrates. Organic nitrate preparations are commonly prescribed to manage the symptoms of angina pectoris. The coadministration of nitrates and Viagra significantly increases the risk of potentially life-threatening hypotension. Therefore, Viagra should not be prescribed to patients receiving any form of nitrate therapy.Although definitive evidence is currently lacking, it is possible that a precipitous reduction in blood pressure with nitrate use may occur over the initial 24 hours after a dose of Viagra. Thus, for patients who experience an acute cardiac ischemic event and who have taken Viagra within the past 24 hours, administration of nitrates should be avoided. In the event that nitrates are given, especially within this critical time interval, it is essential to have the capability to support the patient with fluid resuscitation and α-adrenergic agonists if needed. In patients with recurring angina after Viagra use, other nonnitrate antianginal agents, such as β-blockers, should be considered.Other patients in whom the use of Viagra is potentially hazardous include those with active coronary ischemia; those with congestive heart failure and borderline low blood volume and low blood pressure status; those with complicated, multidrug, antihypertensive therapy regimens; and those taking medications that may affect the metabolic clearance of Viagra. With respect to patients following complicated multidrug, antihypertensive programs, the randomized studies included a large number of hypertensive patients. However, most patients were controlled with 1 antihypertensive agent, and only a small number were controlled with 3 antihypertensive agents. Until adequate studies are done in these subgroups of patients, sildenafil should be prescribed with caution.Viagra acts as a selective inhibitor of cyclic GMP (cGMP)–specific phosphodiesterase type 5, resulting in smooth muscle relaxation, vasodilatation, and enhanced penile erection. Although the cardiovascular effects of sildenafil reported in available randomized, controlled clinical trials were relatively minor, heart disease patients represented only a small fraction of studied patients, and patients with heart failure, patients with myocardial infarction or stroke within 6 months, or patients with uncontrolled hypertension were not included in these studies. Thus, there are possible problems in the use of Viagra in these patients that have not been adequately studied.Given the increasing reports of deaths in which the use of Viagra may be implicated, clinicians need to exercise caution when advising their patients with heart disease about taking this medication. Specific recommendations regarding sildenafil (Viagra) and the cardiac patient are summarized in the following Table.I. PreambleThe present document is an expert consensus. This type of document is intended to inform practitioners, payers, and other interested parties of the opinion of the American College of Cardiology (ACC) concerning evolving areas of clinical practice and/or technologies that are widely available or are new to the practice community. Topics chosen for coverage by Expert Consensus Documents are so designated because the evidence base and experience with the technology or clinical practice are not sufficiently well developed to be evaluated by the formal ACC/American Heart Association (AHA) Practice Guidelines process. Thus, the reader should view the Expert Consensus Documents as the best attempt of the ACC to inform and guide clinical practice in areas in which rigorous evidence is not yet available. Where feasible, Expert Consensus Documents will include indications and contraindications. Some topics covered by Expert Consensus Documents will be addressed subsequently by the ACC/AHA Practice Guideline process.A. Sildenafil (Viagra) Use for Erectile DysfunctionMale erectile dysfunction defined as "the inability to attain and/or maintain penile erection sufficient for satisfactory sexual performance"1 is a common problem in the United States affecting between 10 and 30 million men.23 Sexual dysfunction in men after the diagnosis of coronary artery disease or a myocardial infarction is common. Most is due to fear that the exertion of sexual activity will precipitate another myocardial infarction, but 10% to 15% is due to organic causes of impotence.4 Approximately 5.5 million men take nitrates on a regular basis for angina pectoris,5 and another half a million will experience a heart attack annually and are potential candidates for nitrate therapy.6 Sildenafil is potentially contraindicated in as many as 6 million patients.The introduction of sildenafil citrate (Viagra), a drug that acts as a selective inhibitor of cGMP–specific phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5), which results in smooth muscle relaxation, vasodilatation, and enhanced penile erection, has been a major advancement in the treatment of erectile dysfunction.7 The vasodilating action of sildenafil affects both the arteries and the veins, so the most frequent side effects of sildenafil are headache and facial flushing.8 Sildenafil causes small decreases in systolic and diastolic blood pressures, but clinically significant hypotension is rare. Studies of sildenafil and nitrates taken together show much greater drops in blood pressure. For that reason, it is contraindicated to use sildenafil in patients who take long-acting nitrates or who use short-acting, nitrate-containing medications.In the phase II/III studies completed before Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval, >3700 patients received sildenafil and almost 2000 received placebo in double-blind and open-label studies. None were taking long-acting nitrates, although patients with coronary artery disease were not excluded. Approximately 25% of the patients had hypertension and were taking antihypertensive medications, and 17% were diabetic. In these studies, the incidence of serious cardiovascular adverse effects was similar in the double-blind sildenafil group, the double-blind placebo group, and the open-label group. There were 28 patients who had a myocardial infarction. When adjusted for patient-years of exposure, there were no differences in myocardial infarction rate between the sildenafil group and the placebo group, and no deaths were attributed to treatment. The incidence of myocardial infarction was 1.7/100 patient-years (95% CI, 0.8 to 2.6) in the sildenafil group and 1.4/100 patient-years (95% CI, 0.2 to 2.6) in the placebo group.9 In the subsequent analysis done in May 1998, sildenafil exposure had increased to 4913 patient-years (693 double-blind sildenafil; 4220 open-label extensions), and 26 deaths had been reported, for an incidence rate of 0.53/100 patient-years. The incidence for placebo remained the same (ie, 2 deaths or 0.57/100 patient-years).5There have now been >3.6 million prescriptions10 written for sildenafil, and 4500 patients taking sildenafil have been followed up without any change in the above conclusions. A total of 69 deaths have been reported to the FDA as of August 26, 1998, in patients who have used Viagra.1011 Twenty-one were due to unknown causes, 2 due to stroke, and 46 related to probable cardiac events.1011 Twelve deaths involved a possible interaction between Viagra and nitrates.1011Patients with erectile dysfunction are mostly over age 45 and are in general more likely to have risk factors predisposing them to cardiovascular disease, including myocardial infarction and stroke. The vast majority of patients in the clinical development program did not have known coronary disease or congestive heart failure, nor were hypertensive patients taking complicated, multidrug, antihypertensive medical regimens included in the program. Furthermore, 62% of the patients taking Viagra were within the 45- to 64-year-old age category, and only 23% were aged ≥65 years (Pfizer Inc, unpublished data). Although sildenafil is not presently indicated in women, the cautions referred to in this document should probably apply to both men and women, pending studies performed specifically in women.B. Development of an ACC Expert Consensus DocumentIn July 1998, responding to inquiries from both concerned physicians and the press, ACC president Spencer King asked the ACC Technology and Practice Executive Committee (TPEC) to supervise the writing of a press release, summary statement, and Expert Consensus Document on sildenafil (Viagra). This article was written to appropriately caution and not to unduly alarm physicians in their use of sildenafil in patients with heart disease.Dr King and TPEC chair Dr James Forrester selected a group of physicians with specific expertise to prepare the document. Drs Melvin Cheitlin and Adolph Hutter, Jr, were chosen as cochairs of the Writing Group, on the basis of their status as well-recognized senior clinical cardiologists and their experience in producing clinical practice guidelines. Other members were selected for specific expertise: Dr Brindis (managed care), Dr Ganz (vascular reactivity), Dr Kaul (nitric oxide donors), and Dr Zusman (pharmacology of antihypertensive agents). Dr King also invited the AHA to jointly author the document. Dr Richard Russell (critical care cardiology) was appointed to the Writing Group by AHA president Dr Valentin Fuster. All members of the Writing Group were asked to carefully review any potential conflicts of interest they might have regarding their industry relationships. Those writers who indicated conflicts are identified in the byline.The Writing Group reviewed both the limited published data on Viagra and unpublished data provided by the manufacturer of Viagra, Pfizer Inc. With respect to the unpublished data, all members of the Writing Group who had access to these documents signed statements that they would not distribute this information outside of the Writing Group until such time as it became public information. Members of the Writing Group were instructed to channel all communications with Pfizer through ACC professional staff to eliminate the appearance of bias.After completion of the document, 10 external referees reviewed the text. A copy of the draft was also provided to Pfizer and to the FDA for comment. The comments from external review, which were kept anonymous, were provided to the Writing Group, which made revisions as they deemed appropriate. The Expert Consensus Document was approved by vote of the TPEC for presentation to the ACC Board of Trustees, which voted to approve its publication in the Journal of the American College of Cardiology. The AHA Scientific Advisory Committee also reviewed and approved this document for publication in Circulation.II. BackgroundA. Physiology of ErectionPenile erection is accomplished by engorgement of cavernous spaces within the corpora cavernosa under near-arterial pressures and involves dilation of arterial inflow, relaxation of corpora cavernosa smooth muscle, and constriction of venous outflow.12 The blood flow to the penis is supplied by the cavernosal arteries and their branches, the helicine arteries, which empty directly into the cavernous spaces.12 Erection is initiated by dilation of helicine arteries, resulting in marked augmentation of blood inflow and transmission of arterial pressures to the cavernosal spaces. Relaxation of smooth muscle trabeculae surrounding cavernosal spaces facilitates blood pooling and engorgement. Restriction of venous outflow is also essential to entrapment of blood in the corpora cavernosa and is caused by compression of venules by the expanding smooth muscle trabeculae against the thick tunica albuginea.12B. Role of Nitric Oxide and cGMPThe relaxation of the penile arterial smooth muscle, the corporal smooth muscle, and therefore erection is under the control of the autonomic nervous system.13 The principal neural mediator of penile smooth muscle relaxation is nitric oxide (NO).1314 NO and its derivatives have received much attention because they also account for the biological activity of the endothelium-derived relaxation factor and of organic and inorganic nitrate vasodilators. Three isoforms of NO synthase (NOS) that convert l-arginine to NO have been identified: neuronal (nNOS; type I NOS), inducible (iNOS; type II NOS), and endothelial (eNOS; type III NOS). Terminals containing nNOS densely innervate the corpus cavernosum and its arterial supply.1314 NO derived from the endothelium lining penile arteries and cavernosal sinuses also participates in the erectile response. The arterial dilator actions of NO and its relaxant effect on the smooth muscle of the corpus cavernosum are mediated by the activation of soluble guanylate cyclase and production of cGMP, which acts as a second messenger.1314 Accumulation of cGMP leads to a reduction in intracellular calcium and smooth muscle relaxation. The degradation of cGMP into its inactive form, GMP, is catalyzed by cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase enzymes.1516 The predominant isoform of this enzyme in the corpus cavernosum is PDE5.1215 Inhibitors of the activity of this enzyme prevent the breakdown of cGMP, resulting in enhanced penile erection.III. SildenafilA. Introduction and Mechanism of ActionSildenafil belongs to a class of compounds called PDE inhibitors. PDEs comprise a diverse family of enzymes that hydrolyze cyclic nucleotides (cAMP and cGMP) and therefore play a critical role in the modulation of second-messenger signaling pathways.15Sildenafil is a potent and selective inhibitor of cGMP-specific PDE5 (Pfizer, unpublished data), the predominant isozyme that metabolizes cGMP in the corpus cavernosum of the penis. cGMP is the second messenger of NO and a principal mediator of smooth muscle relaxation and vasodilatation in the penis. By inhibiting the hydrolytic breakdown of cGMP, sildenafil prolongs the action of cGMP. This results in augmented smooth muscle relaxation and hence prolongation of the erection. Prior production of cGMP by NO, released primarily from the nonadrenergic, noncholinergic (nitroxidergic) cavernosal nerves in response to sexual stimulation, is required for sildenafil to be effective.1314Relatively high levels of PDE5 are found in the human corpus cavernosum; in vascular, visceral, and tracheal smooth muscle; and in platelets.15 Sildenafil is a potent inhibitor of PDE5, with favorable selectivity (>1000-fold) for human PDE5 over human PDE2 (isozyme found predominantly in the adrenal cortex),15 PDE3 (found predominantly in smooth muscles, platelets, and cardiac tissue),15 and PDE4 (found predominantly in the brain and lung lymphocytes)15 and moderate selectivity (>80-fold) over PDE1 (a cGMP-hydrolyzing isozyme found predominantly in the brain, kidney, and smooth muscle).15 Sildenafil is only ≈10-fold as potent for PDE5 as for PDE6 (an enzyme found in the photoreceptors of the human retina); this lower selectivity is presumed to be the basis for abnormalities related to color vision observed with higher doses or plasma levels of sildenafil (Pfizer, unpublished data). The ≈4000-fold greater selectivity for PDE5 over PDE3 is important because inhibitors of PDE3 (the isozyme involved in regulation of cardiac contractility), such as milrinone, vesnarinone, and enoximone, that have been used in patients with heart failure are generally associated with increased incidence of cardiac arrhythmias and other serious side effects.17B. Pharmacokinetics and MetabolismSildenafil is rapidly absorbed after oral administration, with absolute bioavailability of ≈40%. Plasma concentrations peak within 30 to 120 minutes (median, 60 minutes) of oral dosing in the fasted state. Sildenafil is primarily metabolized by the cytochrome P450 3A4 (major route) and 2C9 (minor route) hepatic microsomal isoenzymes, which convert it to an active N-desmethyl metabolite that has been shown to possess 50% of the parent drug's potency for inhibiting PDE5. Plasma concentrations of this metabolite are ≈40% of those seen for sildenafil, so that the metabolite accounts for ≈20% of the pharmacological effects of sildenafil. Sildenafil and its active metabolite are both highly bound to plasma proteins (≈96%), and their terminal half-lives are ≈4 hours each. The mean steady-state volume of distribution for sildenafil is 105 L, indicating distribution into the tissues. Sildenafil is excreted as metabolites predominantly in the feces (≈80% of administered oral dose) and to a lesser extent in the urine (≈13% of the administered oral dose). Less than 0.001% of the administered dose appears in the semen; this dose is very unlikely to have any effects in the partners of patients taking sildenafil. Plasma levels of sildenafil are increased in patients aged >65 years (40% increase) and in patients with hepatic impairment (eg, cirrhosis; 80% increase), severe renal impairment (creatinine clearance <30 mL/min; 100% increase), and concomitant use of potent cytochrome P450 3A4 inhibitors (eg, macrolide antibiotics such as erythromycin [200% increase] and clarithromycin; cimetidine; and antifungal agents such as ketoconazole and itraconazole).18 Protease inhibitors such as indinavir, ritonavir, nelfinavir, and saquinavir have not been formally studied but, being potent 3A4 inhibitors, are anticipated to have similar effects on sildenafil metabolism (Pfizer, unpublished data).C. PharmacodynamicsThe pharmacodynamic end points that have been investigated with sildenafil reflect the distribution of PDE5 in different tissues, ie, human corpus cavernosum (penile tumescence), vascular smooth muscle (vasodilatation), and platelets (antiplatelet function).1. Effects on Penile TumescenceThe efficacy of sildenafil in enabling patients with erectile dysfunction due to a broad spectrum of causes, including vasculogenic (diabetes), neuroreflexogenic (spinal cord injury), and psychogenic (nonorganic), to achieve and maintain erection sufficient for satisfactory sexual intercourse has been demonstrated in all 21 double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, multicenter studies (Pfizer, unpublished data).2. Cardiovascular Effectsa. Effects on Cardiac ContractilityUnlike cAMP-specific PDE3 inhibitors (milrinone, vesnarinone, and enoximone) that increase long-term mortality in patients with heart failure,1719 sildenafil is highly selective (>4000-fold) for human PDE5 over human PDE3 and has not been found to elevate cAMP (Pfizer, unpublished data). The cardiotoxic effects of PDE3 inhibitors are thought to be related to increases in intracellular cAMP in the myocardium.151920 Furthermore, PDE5 is not present in cardiac myocytes, and sildenafil has been shown to have no direct inotropic effects on dog trabeculae muscle (Pfizer, unpublished data). However, sildenafil has not been investigated extensively in heart failure patients.b. Effects on Blood Pressure and Heart RateSildenafil produces a transient modest reduction in systolic (8 to 10 mm Hg) and diastolic (5 to 6 mm Hg) blood pressures, with peak effects evident at 1 hour after the dose (coincident with peak plasma concentrations) and returning to baseline values by 4 hours after the dose (Pfizer, unpublished data). No significant effects are observed on heart rate. The hypotensive effects of sildenafil are neither age dependent (similar reductions in blood pressure in patients aged <65 years compared with those >65 years) nor dose related (over the range of 25 to 100 mg) and rarely result in reports of orthostatic effects. Doses as high as 800 mg have been well tolerated in some healthy volunteers.13c. Effects on Central Hemodynamics and Peripheral VasculatureIn normal volunteers, no significant changes in cardiac index were evident up to 12 hours after the dose for oral sildenafil (100 to 200 mg) or intravenous sildenafil (20 to 80 mg) (Pfizer, unpublished data). Significant decreases in systemic vascular resistance index were reported at the end of intravenous sildenafil infusion (20 to 80 mg), when plasma concentrations were highest (Pfizer, unpublished data). Sildenafil has both arteriodilator and venodilator effects on the peripheral vasculature (Pfizer, unpublished data). In 8 patients with stable angina, intravenous sildenafil reduced systemic and pulmonary arterial pressures and cardiac output by 8%, 25%, and 7%, respectively, consistent with its mixed arterial (systemic and pulmonary hypotension) and venous (drop in stroke volume secondary to decreased preload) vasodilator effects.14In conclusion, consistent with the anticipated effects resulting from an increase in cGMP levels in vascular smooth muscle, sildenafil possesses vasodilatory properties, which result in mild, generally clinically insignificant decreases in blood pressure when taken alone.d. Platelet EffectsSildenafil has no direct effects on platelet function but will modestly potentiate the inhibitory effect of the NO donor sodium nitroprusside on ADP-induced platelet aggregation ex vivo, consistent with the requirement for an NO drive for sildenafil to produce its pharmacological effects (Pfizer, unpublished data). No effects on bleeding or prothrombin times were seen in healthy subjects receiving sildenafil alone or concurrently with aspirin or warfarin. In addition, no adverse bleeding episodes have been reported with the use of sildenafil (Pfizer, unpublished data). However, because the effects of sildenafil have not been evaluated in patients with bleeding disorders or in patients taking nonaspirin antiplatelet agents (eg, ticlopidine, clopidogrel, or dipyridamole), caution should be exercised when the drug is administered in these clinical settings.3. Effects on Visual FunctionTransient visual abnormalities (mostly color-tinged [blue-green] vision, increased perception of light, and blurred vision) have been reported in patients taking sildenafil, especially at high oral doses (>100 mg) (Pfizer, unpublished data). These visual effects appear to be related to the weaker inhibiting action of sildenafil on PDE6, which regulates signal transduction pathways in the retinal photoreceptors. Sildenafil is 10-fold selective for PDE5 over PDE6 (Pfizer, unpublished data). In patients with inherited disorders of retinal PDE6, such as retinitis pigmentosa, sildenafil should be administered with extreme caution (Pfizer, unpublished data).4. Adverse EffectsThe adverse effects of sildenafil reflect its pharmacological activity of inhibition of PDE5 in various tissues and can be broadly classified into 4 major adverse reactions: Vasodilatory effects resulting in headache (16%), flushing (10%), and rhinitis (4%) (the latter presumably as a result of hyperemia of nasal mucosa where PDE5 is present). Dizziness (2%), hypotension (<2%), and postural hypotension (<2%) have been reported rarely and occur at a similar rate in sildenafil- and placebo-treated patients (Pfizer, unpublished data).Gastrointestinal effects resulting in dyspepsia and burning sensation from reflux due to relaxation of lower esophageal sphincter (7%) (Pfizer, unpublished data).Visual abnormalities resulting in blue-green color-tinged vision, increased perception of light, and blurred vision (3%), especially at higher doses (Pfizer, unpublished data).Musculoskeletal effects resulting in myalgias, especially with multiple daily doses. No treatment-related changes in serum creatine kinase or electromyogram have been observed, however (Pfizer, unpublished data). There is no obvious pharmacological explanation for this effect.IV. Drug-Drug Interactions and Concomitant Disease StatesA. Interaction With NitratesThe vasodilator actions of nitrates are profoundly amplified with concomitant use of sildenafil, resulting in major hemodynamic compromise and potentially fatal events (Pfizer, unpublished data). This interaction likely applies to all nitrates and NO donors, irrespective of their predominant hemodynamic site of action (see Appendix A for a list of commonly used nitrates). Sildenafil may also potentiate the hypotensive effects of an inhaled form of nitrate, such as amyl nitrate or nitrite, also known as "poppers," and therefore is contraindicated. Poppers act by dilating blood vessels, and the concurrent recreational use of poppers and sildenafil could result in sudden and marked lowering of blood pressure, which can be potentially serious or even fatal. This interaction may be even more pronounced in patients taking protease inhibitors concurrently (eg, indinavir [Crixivan], ritonavir [Norvir], nelfinavir [Viracept], or saquinavir [Invirase]).Dietary sources of nitrites, nitrates, and l-arginine (the substrate from which NO is synthesized) do not contribute to the circulating levels of NO in humans and therefore are unlikely to interact with sildenafil. The anesthetic agent nitrous oxide does not undergo any detectable biotransformation and is eliminated unchanged from the body, mostly via the lungs, usually within minutes of its administration. Because it does not form NO in the human body and does not itself activate guanylate cyclase, there is no contraindication to its use after administration of sildenafil.It is not known how much time must elapse from the time at which a patient takes sildenafil before a nitrate-containing medication might be given without the marked hypotensive effect being produced. On the basis of the pharmacokinetic profile of sildenafil, it can be assumed that the coadministration of a nitrate within the first 24 hours is likely to produce an exaggerated hypotensive response and is therefore contraindicated unless the benefits are determined to far outweigh the risks. After 24 hours, the administration of a nitrate may be considered, but once again, the response to initial dosages must be monitored carefully. In patients in whom the half-life of sildenafil may be prolonged (see below), a more extended period of time from sildenafil administration to nitrate administration may be required. The preferred form of nitrate therapy in this setting would be short-acting intravenous nitroglycerin infusion under close hemodynamic monitoring.Similarly, all patients taking either sildenafil or nitrates must be warned of the contraindications and the potential consequences of taking sildenafil in the 24-hour interval after taking a nitrate preparation, including sublingual nitroglycerin. Although sublingual nitroglycerin is very short-acting, its need in the previous 24 hours suggests that it may be needed again after sildenafil-enhanced sexual relations. Furthermore, the presence of even trace amounts of nitrates may have unknown effects in combination with sildenafil. The administration of sildenafil to a patient who has taken a nitrate in the preceding 24 hours is contraindicated.Appendix A is a listing of nitrate preparations available in the United States. Other preparations may be available in other countries. A careful history of the medications taken by a patient who has taken sildenafil is essential before treatment of the patient for presumed myocardial ischemia or infarction is initiated.B. Interaction With Antiplatelet AgentsA clinical trial combining sildenafil with aspirin showed no pharmacokinetic interaction between the 2 medications and no additional effect of sildenafil on bleeding time. Dipyridamole is believed to exert antipl
|
C6557445
|
Agronomy
|
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1204531
|
science and technology of producing and using plants for food, fuel, fiber, and reclamation
|
Climate Trends and Global Crop Production Since 1980
|
[
{
"display_name": "Production (economics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778348673",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6603172,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q739302"
},
{
"display_name": "Crop",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C137580998",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6406995,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q235352"
},
{
"display_name": "Agronomy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C6557445",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.63544184,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113"
},
{
"display_name": "Crop production",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2989409935",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5745547,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11451"
},
{
"display_name": "Climate change",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C132651083",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.543218,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7942"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39432304",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.5195632,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847"
},
{
"display_name": "Agroforestry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C54286561",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4366265,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q397350"
}
] |
Climate change has decreased global maize and wheat production, while soybean and rice production have remained stable.
|
C6557445
|
Agronomy
|
https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcn125
|
science and technology of producing and using plants for food, fuel, fiber, and reclamation
|
Photosynthesis under drought and salt stress: regulation mechanisms from whole plant to cell
|
[
{
"display_name": "Photosynthesis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C183688256",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.895934,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11982"
},
{
"display_name": "Biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.73964894,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420"
},
{
"display_name": "Salinity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C129513315",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.56353325,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179615"
},
{
"display_name": "Soil salinity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C141650431",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5254302,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q754836"
},
{
"display_name": "Ecophysiology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C137265123",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.43782446,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295425"
},
{
"display_name": "Plant physiology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C161221295",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41126236,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185973"
},
{
"display_name": "Agronomy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C6557445",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.40872243,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113"
},
{
"display_name": "Botany",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C59822182",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.40830463,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441"
}
] |
Background Plants are often subjected to periods of soil and atmospheric water deficits during their life cycle as well as, in many areas of the globe, to high soil salinity.Understanding how plants respond to drought, salt and co-occurring stresses can play a major role in stabilizing crop performance under drought and saline conditions and in the protection of natural vegetation.Photosynthesis, together with cell growth, is among the primary processes to be affected by water or salt stress.† Scope The effects of drought and salt stresses on photosynthesis are either direct (as the diffusion limitations through the stomata and the mesophyll and the alterations in photosynthetic metabolism) or secondary, such as the oxidative stress arising from the superimposition of multiple stresses.The carbon balance of a plant during a period of salt/water stress and recovery may depend as much on the velocity and degree of photosynthetic recovery, as it depends on the degree and velocity of photosynthesis decline during water depletion.Current knowledge about physiological limitations to photosynthetic recovery after different intensities of water and salt stress is still scarce.From the large amount of data available on transcript-profiling studies in plants subjected to drought and salt it is becoming apparent that plants perceive and respond to these stresses by quickly altering gene expression in parallel with physiological and biochemical alterations; this occurs even under mild to moderate stress conditions.From a recent comprehensive study that compared salt and drought stress it is apparent that both stresses led to down-regulation of some photosynthetic genes, with most of the changes being small (ratio threshold lower than 1) possibly reflecting the mild stress imposed.When compared with drought, salt stress affected more genes and more intensely, possibly reflecting the combined effects of dehydration and osmotic stress in salt-stressed plants.
|
C6557445
|
Agronomy
|
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.01224.x
|
science and technology of producing and using plants for food, fuel, fiber, and reclamation
|
What have we learned from 15 years of free‐air CO<sub>2</sub> enrichment (FACE)? A meta‐analytic review of the responses of photosynthesis, canopy properties and plant production to rising CO<sub>2</sub>
|
[
{
"display_name": "Photosynthesis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C183688256",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.72124517,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11982"
},
{
"display_name": "Herbaceous plant",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C30820588",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6688367,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190903"
},
{
"display_name": "Stomatal conductance",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781045423",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.63588357,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7618701"
},
{
"display_name": "Canopy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C101000010",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5560952,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5033434"
},
{
"display_name": "Agronomy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C6557445",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.48224244,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113"
},
{
"display_name": "Transpiration",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C157517311",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.44734502,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167980"
},
{
"display_name": "Enclosure",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C98375054",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43547362,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442709"
},
{
"display_name": "Ecosystem",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C110872660",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4327752,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37813"
},
{
"display_name": "Nitrogen",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C537208039",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42966726,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q627"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39432304",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.38639212,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847"
},
{
"display_name": "Botany",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C59822182",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3686434,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441"
},
{
"display_name": "Biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3331669,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420"
},
{
"display_name": "Chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185592680",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.31814373,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329"
}
] |
Free-air CO(2) enrichment (FACE) experiments allow study of the effects of elevated [CO(2)] on plants and ecosystems grown under natural conditions without enclosure. Data from 120 primary, peer-reviewed articles describing physiology and production in the 12 large-scale FACE experiments (475-600 ppm) were collected and summarized using meta-analytic techniques. The results confirm some results from previous chamber experiments: light-saturated carbon uptake, diurnal C assimilation, growth and above-ground production increased, while specific leaf area and stomatal conductance decreased in elevated [CO(2)]. There were differences in FACE. Trees were more responsive than herbaceous species to elevated [CO(2)]. Grain crop yields increased far less than anticipated from prior enclosure studies. The broad direction of change in photosynthesis and production in elevated [CO(2)] may be similar in FACE and enclosure studies, but there are major quantitative differences: trees were more responsive than other functional types; C(4) species showed little response; and the reduction in plant nitrogen was small and largely accounted for by decreased Rubisco. The results from this review may provide the most plausible estimates of how plants in their native environments and field-grown crops will respond to rising atmospheric [CO(2)]; but even with FACE there are limitations, which are also discussed.
|
C6557445
|
Agronomy
|
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1182570
|
science and technology of producing and using plants for food, fuel, fiber, and reclamation
|
Significant Acidification in Major Chinese Croplands
|
[
{
"display_name": "Hectare",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C202050865",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.842078,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35852"
},
{
"display_name": "Soil acidification",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C184913536",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.77181613,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1152039"
},
{
"display_name": "Soil water",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C159750122",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.71292204,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q96621023"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39432304",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.68785894,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847"
},
{
"display_name": "Soil pH",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C198072978",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.60187215,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q565649"
},
{
"display_name": "Cropping",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C13558536",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.55332524,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q785116"
},
{
"display_name": "Agriculture",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C118518473",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47481334,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11451"
},
{
"display_name": "Nitrogen",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C537208039",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.44491145,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q627"
},
{
"display_name": "Cycling",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C541528975",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.44283226,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q53121"
},
{
"display_name": "Agronomy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C6557445",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.44202697,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113"
},
{
"display_name": "Acid rain",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71827079",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43993205,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40178"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C107872376",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.32192218,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q321355"
}
] |
Soil acidification is a major problem in soils of intensive Chinese agricultural systems. We used two nationwide surveys, paired comparisons in numerous individual sites, and several long-term monitoring-field data sets to evaluate changes in soil acidity. Soil pH declined significantly (P < 0.001) from the 1980s to the 2000s in the major Chinese crop-production areas. Processes related to nitrogen cycling released 20 to 221 kilomoles of hydrogen ion (H+) per hectare per year, and base cations uptake contributed a further 15 to 20 kilomoles of H+ per hectare per year to soil acidification in four widespread cropping systems. In comparison, acid deposition (0.4 to 2.0 kilomoles of H+ per hectare per year) made a small contribution to the acidification of agricultural soils across China.
|
C6557445
|
Agronomy
|
https://doi.org/10.1038/nature07723
|
science and technology of producing and using plants for food, fuel, fiber, and reclamation
|
The Sorghum bicolor genome and the diversification of grasses
|
[
{
"display_name": "Sorghum",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778157034",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8291656,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12111"
},
{
"display_name": "Sorghum bicolor",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2994122767",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.7082626,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q332062"
},
{
"display_name": "Diversification (marketing strategy)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C180916674",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.62311846,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3711935"
},
{
"display_name": "Genome",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C141231307",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5977416,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7020"
},
{
"display_name": "Biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.5026958,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420"
},
{
"display_name": "Agronomy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C6557445",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4589904,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113"
}
] |
Sorghum, an African grass related to sugar cane and maize, is grown for food, feed, fibre and fuel. We present an initial analysis of the ∼730-megabase Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench genome, placing ∼98% of genes in their chromosomal context using whole-genome shotgun sequence validated by genetic, physical and syntenic information. Genetic recombination is largely confined to about one-third of the sorghum genome with gene order and density similar to those of rice. Retrotransposon accumulation in recombinationally recalcitrant heterochromatin explains the ∼75% larger genome size of sorghum compared with rice. Although gene and repetitive DNA distributions have been preserved since palaeopolyploidization ∼70 million years ago, most duplicated gene sets lost one member before the sorghum–rice divergence. Concerted evolution makes one duplicated chromosomal segment appear to be only a few million years old. About 24% of genes are grass-specific and 7% are sorghum-specific. Recent gene and microRNA duplications may contribute to sorghum's drought tolerance. The Sorghum bicolor genome sequence is published this week. Sorghum is a cereal grown widely as food, animal feed, fibre and fuel. Tolerant to hot, dry conditions, it is a staple for large populations in the West African Sahel region. Comparisons of the genome with those of maize and rice shed light on the evolution of grasses and of C4 photosynthesis, which is particularly efficient at assimilating carbon at high temperatures. In addition, protein coding genes and miRNAs that could contribute to sorghum's drought tolerance may also be found. Sorghum yield improvement has lagged behind that of other crops and the availability of the genome sequence could provide a vital boost to work on its improvement. Sorghum is an African grass that is grown for food, animal feed and fuel. The current paper presents an initial analysis of the ∼730 megabase genome of Sorghum bicolor. Genome analysis and its comparison with maize and rice shed light on grass genome evolution and also provide insights into the evolution of C4 photosynthesis, as well as protein coding genes and miRNAs that might contribute to sorghum's drought tolerance.
|
C6557445
|
Agronomy
|
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0906865106
|
science and technology of producing and using plants for food, fuel, fiber, and reclamation
|
Nonlinear temperature effects indicate severe damages to U.S. crop yields under climate change
|
[
{
"display_name": "Crop",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C137580998",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7022452,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q235352"
},
{
"display_name": "Climate change",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C132651083",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6408635,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7942"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39432304",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.6373273,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847"
},
{
"display_name": "Agronomy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C6557445",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5101333,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113"
},
{
"display_name": "Growing season",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C137660486",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4647621,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q732240"
},
{
"display_name": "Sowing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C168741863",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42735332,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q777671"
},
{
"display_name": "Global warming",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C115343472",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4189126,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7942"
},
{
"display_name": "Atmospheric sciences",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C91586092",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3297061,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q757520"
}
] |
The United States produces 41% of the world's corn and 38% of the world's soybeans. These crops comprise two of the four largest sources of caloric energy produced and are thus critical for world food supply. We pair a panel of county-level yields for these two crops, plus cotton (a warmer-weather crop), with a new fine-scale weather dataset that incorporates the whole distribution of temperatures within each day and across all days in the growing season. We find that yields increase with temperature up to 29° C for corn, 30° C for soybeans, and 32° C for cotton but that temperatures above these thresholds are very harmful. The slope of the decline above the optimum is significantly steeper than the incline below it. The same nonlinear and asymmetric relationship is found when we isolate either time-series or cross-sectional variations in temperatures and yields. This suggests limited historical adaptation of seed varieties or management practices to warmer temperatures because the cross-section includes farmers' adaptations to warmer climates and the time-series does not. Holding current growing regions fixed, area-weighted average yields are predicted to decrease by 30–46% before the end of the century under the slowest (B1) warming scenario and decrease by 63–82% under the most rapid warming scenario (A1FI) under the Hadley III model.
|
C6557445
|
Agronomy
|
https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2000.00308.x
|
science and technology of producing and using plants for food, fuel, fiber, and reclamation
|
Soil carbon sequestration and land‐use change: processes and potential
|
[
{
"display_name": "Soil carbon",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39464130",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.81588304,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7554898"
},
{
"display_name": "Carbon sequestration",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C22884784",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.7805993,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15305550"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39432304",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.7561543,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847"
},
{
"display_name": "Soil organic matter",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C182124840",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.55012995,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1154759"
},
{
"display_name": "Vegetation (pathology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776133958",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.547371,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7918366"
},
{
"display_name": "Perennial plant",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C24461792",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.48121384,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q157957"
},
{
"display_name": "Soil science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C159390177",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4645213,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9161265"
},
{
"display_name": "Land use, land-use change and forestry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C122690726",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4540492,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3348639"
},
{
"display_name": "Land use",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C4792198",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4319752,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165944"
},
{
"display_name": "Soil biodiversity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C7959160",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.42919293,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7554896"
},
{
"display_name": "Agronomy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C6557445",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.41804713,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113"
},
{
"display_name": "Grassland",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2775835988",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41012722,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1006733"
},
{
"display_name": "Agroforestry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C54286561",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.34695953,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q397350"
}
] |
Summary When agricultural land is no longer used for cultivation and allowed to revert to natural vegetation or replanted to perennial vegetation, soil organic carbon can accumulate. This accumulation process essentially reverses some of the effects responsible for soil organic carbon losses from when the land was converted from perennial vegetation. We discuss the essential elements of what is known about soil organic matter dynamics that may result in enhanced soil carbon sequestration with changes in land‐use and soil management. We review literature that reports changes in soil organic carbon after changes in land‐use that favour carbon accumulation. This data summary provides a guide to approximate rates of SOC sequestration that are possible with management, and indicates the relative importance of some factors that influence the rates of organic carbon sequestration in soil. There is a large variation in the length of time for and the rate at which carbon may accumulate in soil, related to the productivity of the recovering vegetation, physical and biological conditions in the soil, and the past history of soil organic carbon inputs and physical disturbance. Maximum rates of C accumulation during the early aggrading stage of perennial vegetation growth, while substantial, are usually much less than 100 g C m −2 y −1. Average rates of accumulation are similar for forest or grassland establishment: 33.8 g C m −2 y −1 and 33.2 g C m −2 y −1 , respectively. These observed rates of soil organic C accumulation, when combined with the small amount of land area involved, are insufficient to account for a significant fraction of the missing C in the global carbon cycle as accumulating in the soils of formerly agricultural land.
|
C6557445
|
Agronomy
|
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0813417106
|
science and technology of producing and using plants for food, fuel, fiber, and reclamation
|
Reducing environmental risk by improving N management in intensive Chinese agricultural systems
|
[
{
"display_name": "Environmental science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39432304",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.7567919,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847"
},
{
"display_name": "Leaching (pedology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C90982505",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6440712,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16938886"
},
{
"display_name": "Agronomy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C6557445",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.64038044,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113"
},
{
"display_name": "Fertilizer",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780560099",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5246863,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83323"
},
{
"display_name": "Hectare",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C202050865",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5071027,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35852"
},
{
"display_name": "Irrigation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C88862950",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.49032262,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11453"
},
{
"display_name": "Agriculture",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C118518473",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.48869017,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11451"
},
{
"display_name": "Crop yield",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126343540",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.45251632,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q889514"
},
{
"display_name": "Cropping system",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776394811",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.44431517,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3634497"
},
{
"display_name": "Soil water",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C159750122",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41125104,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q96621023"
},
{
"display_name": "Crop",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C137580998",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.34397265,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q235352"
}
] |
Excessive N fertilization in intensive agricultural areas of China has resulted in serious environmental problems because of atmospheric, soil, and water enrichment with reactive N of agricultural origin. This study examines grain yields and N loss pathways using a synthetic approach in 2 of the most intensive double-cropping systems in China: waterlogged rice/upland wheat in the Taihu region of east China versus irrigated wheat/rainfed maize on the North China Plain. When compared with knowledge-based optimum N fertilization with 30–60% N savings, we found that current agricultural N practices with 550–600 kg of N per hectare fertilizer annually do not significantly increase crop yields but do lead to about 2 times larger N losses to the environment. The higher N loss rates and lower N retention rates indicate little utilization of residual N by the succeeding crop in rice/wheat systems in comparison with wheat/maize systems. Periodic waterlogging of upland systems caused large N losses by denitrification in the Taihu region. Calcareous soils and concentrated summer rainfall resulted in ammonia volatilization (19% for wheat and 24% for maize) and nitrate leaching being the main N loss pathways in wheat/maize systems. More than 2-fold increases in atmospheric deposition and irrigation water N reflect heavy air and water pollution and these have become important N sources to agricultural ecosystems. A better N balance can be achieved without sacrificing crop yields but significantly reducing environmental risk by adopting optimum N fertilization techniques, controlling the primary N loss pathways, and improving the performance of the agricultural Extension Service.
|
C146978453
|
Aerospace engineering
|
https://doi.org/10.1109/tns.2006.869826
|
branch of engineering
|
Geant4 developments and applications
|
[
{
"display_name": "Variety (cybernetics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C136197465",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.62972254,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295"
},
{
"display_name": "Software",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777904410",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5449393,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397"
},
{
"display_name": "Systems engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C201995342",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.51970655,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496"
},
{
"display_name": "Event (particle physics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779662365",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4549257,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5416694"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.45240125,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.44591781,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413"
},
{
"display_name": "Aerospace engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C146978453",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.40114725,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668"
}
] |
Geant4 is a software toolkit for the simulation of the passage of particles through matter. It is used by a large number of experiments and projects in a variety of application domains, including high energy physics, astrophysics and space science, medical physics and radiation protection. Its functionality and modeling capabilities continue to be extended, while its performance is enhanced. An overview of recent developments in diverse areas of the toolkit is presented. These include performance optimization for complex setups; improvements for the propagation in fields; new options for event biasing; and additions and improvements in geometry, physics processes and interactive capabilities
|
C146978453
|
Aerospace engineering
|
https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2012-1818
|
branch of engineering
|
The Digital Twin Paradigm for Future NASA and U.S. Air Force Vehicles
|
[
{
"display_name": "Aeronautics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C178802073",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.49958992,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8421"
},
{
"display_name": "Aerospace engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C146978453",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.49336806,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.40729862,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3364362,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023"
}
] |
Future generations of NASA and U.S. Air Force vehicles will require lighter mass while being subjected to higher loads and more extreme service conditions over longer time periods than the present generation.Current approaches for certification, fleet management and sustainment are largely based on statistical distributions of material properties, heuristic design philosophies, physical testing and assumed similitude between testing and operational conditions and will likely be unable to address these extreme requirements.To address the shortcomings of conventional approaches, a fundamental paradigm shift is needed.This paradigm shift, the Digital Twin, integrates ultra-high fidelity simulation with the vehicle's on-board integrated vehicle health management system, maintenance history and all available historical and fleet data to mirror the life of its flying twin and enable unprecedented levels of safety and reliability.
|
C146978453
|
Aerospace engineering
|
https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198562641.001.0001
|
branch of engineering
|
The Physics of Inertial Fusion
|
[
{
"display_name": "Inertial confinement fusion",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C107430045",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.86011523,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1364409"
},
{
"display_name": "Implosion",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C196046385",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.8490734,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q523919"
},
{
"display_name": "Physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.673101,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413"
},
{
"display_name": "Fusion",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C158525013",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.59782594,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2593739"
},
{
"display_name": "Inertial frame of reference",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C173386949",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5618469,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192735"
},
{
"display_name": "Fusion power",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C24671956",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5260142,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q641442"
},
{
"display_name": "Nuclear fusion",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C69285833",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5104729,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13082"
},
{
"display_name": "Laser",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C520434653",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.49252257,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38867"
},
{
"display_name": "Ignition system",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C159063594",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.48997846,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q248382"
},
{
"display_name": "Plasma",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C82706917",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4336327,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10251"
},
{
"display_name": "Aerospace engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C146978453",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.41422623,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668"
},
{
"display_name": "Nuclear physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185544564",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.33536422,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81197"
}
] |
Abstract The book is devoted to targets for nuclear fusion by inertial confinement and to the various branches of physics involved. It first discusses fusion reactions and general requirements for fusion energy production. It then introduces and illustrates the concept of inertial confinement fusion by spherical implosion, followed by detailed treatments of the physics of fusion ignition and burn, and of energy gain. The next part of the book is mostly devoted to the underlying physics involved in inertial fusion, and covers hydrodynamics, hydrodynamic stability, radiative transport and equations-of-state of hot dense matter, laser and ion beam interaction with plasma. It discusses different approaches to inertial fusion (direct-drive by laser, indirect-drive by laser or ion beams), including recent developments in fast ignition. The goal of the book is to give an introduction to this subject, and also to provide practical results even when derived on the basis of simplified models.
|
C146978453
|
Aerospace engineering
|
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fluid.30.1.579
|
branch of engineering
|
MICRO-ELECTRO-MECHANICAL-SYSTEMS (MEMS) AND FLUID FLOWS
|
[
{
"display_name": "Microelectromechanical systems",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C37977207",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.828693,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175561"
},
{
"display_name": "Actuator",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C172707124",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.709657,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q423488"
},
{
"display_name": "Surface micromachining",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C145667562",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.6584655,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7646003"
},
{
"display_name": "Flow control (data)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C186766456",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.60528874,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q612457"
},
{
"display_name": "Knudsen number",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121838276",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5791438,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q898463"
},
{
"display_name": "Fluid dynamics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C90278072",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5611157,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216320"
},
{
"display_name": "Mechanical engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C78519656",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5054331,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333"
},
{
"display_name": "Flow (mathematics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C38349280",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47909382,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1434290"
},
{
"display_name": "Aerospace engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C146978453",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4216623,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668"
},
{
"display_name": "Transducer",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C56318395",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42055613,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215928"
},
{
"display_name": "Surface force",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C151827568",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4173232,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2009590"
},
{
"display_name": "Materials science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C192562407",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.37882707,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.36623418,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
}
] |
▪ Abstract The micromachining technology that emerged in the late 1980s can provide micron-sized sensors and actuators. These micro transducers are able to be integrated with signal conditioning and processing circuitry to form micro-electro-mechanical-systems (MEMS) that can perform real-time distributed control. This capability opens up a new territory for flow control research. On the other hand, surface effects dominate the fluid flowing through these miniature mechanical devices because of the large surface-to-volume ratio in micron-scale configurations. We need to reexamine the surface forces in the momentum equation. Owing to their smallness, gas flows experience large Knudsen numbers, and therefore boundary conditions need to be modified. Besides being an enabling technology, MEMS also provide many challenges for fundamental flow-science research.
|
C146978453
|
Aerospace engineering
|
https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-19-1207-2001
|
branch of engineering
|
The Cluster Magnetic Field Investigation: overview of in-flight performance and initial results
|
[
{
"display_name": "Magnetosheath",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C61922881",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.7154143,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1067589"
},
{
"display_name": "Magnetopause",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C140161248",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.7095235,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6981"
},
{
"display_name": "Spacecraft",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C29829512",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7033988,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40218"
},
{
"display_name": "Physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.6785762,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413"
},
{
"display_name": "Magnetosphere",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C130443932",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6278719,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6915"
},
{
"display_name": "Magnetometer",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C153946474",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5641186,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333921"
},
{
"display_name": "Aerospace engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C146978453",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5321357,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668"
},
{
"display_name": "Space physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C135736735",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.52184546,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6643326"
},
{
"display_name": "Geophysics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C8058405",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.51429003,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46255"
},
{
"display_name": "Interplanetary magnetic field",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C102988692",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.51416874,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q619254"
},
{
"display_name": "Bow shock (aerodynamics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C155991500",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.488185,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4950685"
},
{
"display_name": "Magnetic field",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C115260700",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4280095,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11408"
},
{
"display_name": "Plasma sheet",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C134581325",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.41416213,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3088158"
},
{
"display_name": "Computational physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C30475298",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4079918,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q909554"
},
{
"display_name": "Solar wind",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C108411613",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.3958248,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79833"
}
] |
Abstract. The accurate measurement of the magnetic field along the orbits of the four Cluster spacecraft is a primary objective of the mission. The magnetic field is a key constituent of the plasma in and around the magnetosphere, and it plays an active role in all physical processes that define the structure and dynamics of magnetospheric phenomena on all scales. With the four-point measurements on Cluster, it has become possible to study the three-dimensional aspects of space plasma phenomena on scales commeasurable with the size of the spacecraft constellation, and to distinguish temporal and spatial dependences of small-scale processes. We present an overview of the instrumentation used to measure the magnetic field on the four Cluster spacecraft and an overview the performance of the operational modes used in flight. We also report on the results of the preliminary in-orbit calibration of the magnetometers; these results show that all components of the magnetic field are measured with an accuracy approaching 0.1 nT. Further data analysis is expected to bring an even more accurate determination of the calibration parameters. Several examples of the capabilities of the investigation are presented from the commissioning phase of the mission, and from the different regions visited by the spacecraft to date: the tail current sheet, the dusk side magnetopause and magnetosheath, the bow shock and the cusp. We also describe the data processing flow and the implementation of data distribution to other Cluster investigations and to the scientific community in general.Key words. Interplanetary physics (instruments and techniques) – magnetospheric physics (magnetospheric configuration and dynamics) – space plasma physics (shock waves)
|
C146978453
|
Aerospace engineering
|
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-013-9993-6
|
branch of engineering
|
The Electric and Magnetic Field Instrument Suite and Integrated Science (EMFISIS) on RBSP
|
[
{
"display_name": "Van Allen Probes",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C170541034",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.88494194,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19266"
},
{
"display_name": "Suite",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C79581498",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.77595633,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1367530"
},
{
"display_name": "Van Allen radiation belt",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C54173289",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.69642913,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188533"
},
{
"display_name": "Key (lock)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C26517878",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.57064164,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039"
},
{
"display_name": "Aerospace engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C146978453",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.48273084,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.46943712,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Remote sensing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C62649853",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4621056,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687"
},
{
"display_name": "Planetary science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C152551177",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4596796,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104499"
},
{
"display_name": "Systems engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C201995342",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4013656,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39432304",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.36997575,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847"
},
{
"display_name": "Physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3645933,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413"
},
{
"display_name": "Magnetic field",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C115260700",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.327065,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11408"
}
] |
The Electric and Magnetic Field Instrument and Integrated Science (EMFISIS) investigation on the NASA Radiation Belt Storm Probes (now named the Van Allen Probes) mission provides key wave and very low frequency magnetic field measurements to understand radiation belt acceleration, loss, and transport. The key science objectives and the contribution that EMFISIS makes to providing measurements as well as theory and modeling are described. The key components of the instruments suite, both electronics and sensors, including key functional parameters, calibration, and performance, demonstrate that EMFISIS provides the needed measurements for the science of the RBSP mission. The EMFISIS operational modes and data products, along with online availability and data tools provide the radiation belt science community with one the most complete sets of data ever collected.
|
C146978453
|
Aerospace engineering
|
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-014-0057-3
|
branch of engineering
|
The Magnetospheric Multiscale Magnetometers
|
[
{
"display_name": "Magnetometer",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C153946474",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.9242357,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333921"
},
{
"display_name": "Fluxgate compass",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C28044941",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.7673496,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2735870"
},
{
"display_name": "Spacecraft",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C29829512",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.75612533,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40218"
},
{
"display_name": "Aerospace engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C146978453",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.59631443,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668"
},
{
"display_name": "Remote sensing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C62649853",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5420348,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687"
},
{
"display_name": "Calibration",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C165838908",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.53759664,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q736777"
},
{
"display_name": "Physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.4624057,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413"
},
{
"display_name": "Space research",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C92851284",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4444899,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15706425"
},
{
"display_name": "Space physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C135736735",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43475658,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6643326"
},
{
"display_name": "Accelerometer",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C89805583",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4326483,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192940"
},
{
"display_name": "Electrical engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C119599485",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.38191295,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.36176565,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Magnetic field",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C115260700",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.34185582,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11408"
},
{
"display_name": "Systems engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C201995342",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.32823288,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496"
}
] |
The success of the Magnetospheric Multiscale mission depends on the accurate measurement of the magnetic field on all four spacecraft. To ensure this success, two independently designed and built fluxgate magnetometers were developed, avoiding single-point failures. The magnetometers were dubbed the digital fluxgate (DFG), which uses an ASIC implementation and was supplied by the Space Research Institute of the Austrian Academy of Sciences and the analogue magnetometer (AFG) with a more traditional circuit board design supplied by the University of California, Los Angeles. A stringent magnetic cleanliness program was executed under the supervision of the Johns Hopkins University’s Applied Physics Laboratory. To achieve mission objectives, the calibration determined on the ground will be refined in space to ensure all eight magnetometers are precisely inter-calibrated. Near real-time data plays a key role in the transmission of high-resolution observations stored on board so rapid processing of the low-resolution data is required. This article describes these instruments, the magnetic cleanliness program, and the instrument pre-launch calibrations, the planned in-flight calibration program, and the information flow that provides the data on the rapid time scale needed for mission success.
|
C146978453
|
Aerospace engineering
|
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-012-9908-y
|
branch of engineering
|
Science Objectives and Rationale for the Radiation Belt Storm Probes Mission
|
[
{
"display_name": "Van Allen Probes",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C170541034",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.9696475,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19266"
},
{
"display_name": "Van Allen radiation belt",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C54173289",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.84315324,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188533"
},
{
"display_name": "Spacecraft",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C29829512",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.81568956,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40218"
},
{
"display_name": "Planetary science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C152551177",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.53384674,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104499"
},
{
"display_name": "Physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.51698196,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413"
},
{
"display_name": "Storm",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C105306849",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.46128434,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81054"
},
{
"display_name": "Aerospace engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C146978453",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.44859847,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668"
},
{
"display_name": "Astrobiology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C87355193",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.41721445,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q411"
},
{
"display_name": "Astronomy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C1276947",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.33266705,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333"
}
] |
The NASA Radiation Belt Storm Probes (RBSP) mission addresses how populations of high energy charged particles are created, vary, and evolve in space environments, and specifically within Earth’s magnetically trapped radiation belts. RBSP, with a nominal launch date of August 2012, comprises two spacecraft making in situ measurements for at least 2 years in nearly the same highly elliptical, low inclination orbits (1.1×5.8 RE, 10∘). The orbits are slightly different so that 1 spacecraft laps the other spacecraft about every 2.5 months, allowing separation of spatial from temporal effects over spatial scales ranging from ∼0.1 to 5 RE. The uniquely comprehensive suite of instruments, identical on the two spacecraft, measures all of the particle (electrons, ions, ion composition), fields (E and B), and wave distributions (d E and d B) that are needed to resolve the most critical science questions. Here we summarize the high level science objectives for the RBSP mission, provide historical background on studies of Earth and planetary radiation belts, present examples of the most compelling scientific mysteries of the radiation belts, present the mission design of the RBSP mission that targets these mysteries and objectives, present the observation and measurement requirements for the mission, and introduce the instrumentation that will deliver these measurements. This paper references and is followed by a number of companion papers that describe the details of the RBSP mission, spacecraft, and instruments.
|
C89423630
|
Microbiology
|
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.284.5418.1318
|
study of microscopic organisms
|
Bacterial Biofilms: A Common Cause of Persistent Infections
|
[
{
"display_name": "Biofilm",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C58123911",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.9398494,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q467410"
},
{
"display_name": "Microbiology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C89423630",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.6413515,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7193"
},
{
"display_name": "Bacteria",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C523546767",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.57178736,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10876"
},
{
"display_name": "Antimicrobial",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C4937899",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.54415566,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q68541106"
},
{
"display_name": "Antibiotic resistance",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94665300",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5420673,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q63391344"
},
{
"display_name": "Biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.5040914,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420"
}
] |
Bacteria that attach to surfaces aggregate in a hydrated polymeric matrix of their own synthesis to form biofilms. Formation of these sessile communities and their inherent resistance to antimicrobial agents are at the root of many persistent and chronic bacterial infections. Studies of biofilms have revealed differentiated, structured groups of cells with community properties. Recent advances in our understanding of the genetic and molecular basis of bacterial community behavior point to therapeutic targets that may provide a means for the control of biofilm infections.
|
C89423630
|
Microbiology
|
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1110591
|
study of microscopic organisms
|
Diversity of the Human Intestinal Microbial Flora
|
[
{
"display_name": "Biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.76290154,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420"
},
{
"display_name": "Flora (microbiology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777234453",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6759587,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2033092"
},
{
"display_name": "Feces",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C61716771",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.54925674,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q496"
},
{
"display_name": "Ribosomal RNA",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C67905577",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.47793224,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215980"
},
{
"display_name": "Microbiology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C89423630",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.46072674,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7193"
},
{
"display_name": "Innate immune system",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C136449434",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.45587793,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428253"
},
{
"display_name": "Immunity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779341262",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4533767,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182581"
},
{
"display_name": "Microbial population biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C81407943",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.43213174,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17149178"
},
{
"display_name": "Microorganism",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C175605896",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.42685604,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39833"
},
{
"display_name": "Bacteria",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C523546767",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.3519305,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10876"
},
{
"display_name": "Gene",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C104317684",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.3443106,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187"
}
] |
The human endogenous intestinal microflora is an essential "organ" in providing nourishment, regulating epithelial development, and instructing innate immunity; yet, surprisingly, basic features remain poorly described. We examined 13,355 prokaryotic ribosomal RNA gene sequences from multiple colonic mucosal sites and feces of healthy subjects to improve our understanding of gut microbial diversity. A majority of the bacterial sequences corresponded to uncultivated species and novel microorganisms. We discovered significant intersubject variability and differences between stool and mucosa community composition. Characterization of this immensely diverse ecosystem is the first step in elucidating its role in health and disease.
|
C89423630
|
Microbiology
|
https://doi.org/10.1128/cmr.15.2.167-193.2002
|
study of microscopic organisms
|
Biofilms: Survival Mechanisms of Clinically Relevant Microorganisms
|
[
{
"display_name": "Biofilm",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C58123911",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.98414314,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q467410"
},
{
"display_name": "Microbiology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C89423630",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.61396664,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7193"
},
{
"display_name": "Microorganism",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C175605896",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5625912,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39833"
},
{
"display_name": "Biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.5253705,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420"
},
{
"display_name": "Extracellular polymeric substance",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C129968341",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.4674215,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1385446"
},
{
"display_name": "Immune system",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C8891405",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4611393,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1059"
},
{
"display_name": "Bacteria",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C523546767",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.30135342,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10876"
}
] |
SUMMARY Though biofilms were first described by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, the theory describing the biofilm process was not developed until 1978. We now understand that biofilms are universal, occurring in aquatic and industrial water systems as well as a large number of environments and medical devices relevant for public health. Using tools such as the scanning electron microscope and, more recently, the confocal laser scanning microscope, biofilm researchers now understand that biofilms are not unstructured, homogeneous deposits of cells and accumulated slime, but complex communities of surface-associated cells enclosed in a polymer matrix containing open water channels. Further studies have shown that the biofilm phenotype can be described in terms of the genes expressed by biofilm-associated cells. Microorganisms growing in a biofilm are highly resistant to antimicrobial agents by one or more mechanisms. Biofilm-associated microorganisms have been shown to be associated with several human diseases, such as native valve endocarditis and cystic fibrosis, and to colonize a wide variety of medical devices. Though epidemiologic evidence points to biofilms as a source of several infectious diseases, the exact mechanisms by which biofilm-associated microorganisms elicit disease are poorly understood. Detachment of cells or cell aggregates, production of endotoxin, increased resistance to the host immune system, and provision of a niche for the generation of resistant organisms are all biofilm processes which could initiate the disease process. Effective strategies to prevent or control biofilms on medical devices must take into consideration the unique and tenacious nature of biofilms. Current intervention strategies are designed to prevent initial device colonization, minimize microbial cell attachment to the device, penetrate the biofilm matrix and kill the associated cells, or remove the device from the patient. In the future, treatments may be based on inhibition of genes involved in cell attachment and biofilm formation.
|
C89423630
|
Microbiology
|
https://doi.org/10.1128/cmr.11.1.142
|
study of microscopic organisms
|
Diarrheagenic<i>Escherichia coli</i>
|
[
{
"display_name": "Escherichia coli",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C547475151",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.7819786,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25419"
},
{
"display_name": "Microbiology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C89423630",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.6692599,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7193"
},
{
"display_name": "Enterobacteriaceae",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778910516",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.47909835,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380136"
},
{
"display_name": "Biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.36288366,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420"
}
] |
Escherichia coli is the predominant nonpathogenic facultative flora of the human intestine. Some E. coli strains, however, have developed the ability to cause disease of the gastrointestinal, urinary, or central nervous system in even the most robust human hosts. Diarrheagenic strains of E. coli can be divided into at least six different categories with corresponding distinct pathogenic schemes. Taken together, these organisms probably represent the most common cause of pediatric diarrhea worldwide. Several distinct clinical syndromes accompany infection with diarrheagenic E. coli categories, including traveler's diarrhea (enterotoxigenic E. coli), hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic-uremic syndrome (enterohemorrhagic E. coli), persistent diarrhea (enteroaggregative E. coli), and watery diarrhea of infants (entero-pathogenic E. coli). This review discusses the current level of understanding of the pathogenesis of the diarrheagenic E. coli strains and describes how their pathogenic schemes underlie the clinical manifestations, diagnostic approach, and epidemiologic investigation of these important pathogens.
|
C89423630
|
Microbiology
|
https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0809.020063
|
study of microscopic organisms
|
Biofilms: Microbial Life on Surfaces
|
[
{
"display_name": "Biofilm",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C58123911",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.9865277,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q467410"
},
{
"display_name": "Quorum sensing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C118687296",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.8311382,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905754"
},
{
"display_name": "Extracellular polymeric substance",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C129968341",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.6259042,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1385446"
},
{
"display_name": "Microbiology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C89423630",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.559672,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7193"
},
{
"display_name": "Microorganism",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C175605896",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.54749197,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39833"
},
{
"display_name": "Extracellular matrix",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C189165786",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.48829508,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193825"
},
{
"display_name": "Bacteria",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C523546767",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.46700725,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10876"
},
{
"display_name": "Biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.45442346,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420"
},
{
"display_name": "Cell biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95444343",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.30219197,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7141"
}
] |
Abstract Microorganisms attach to surfaces and develop biofilms. Biofilm-associated cells can be differentiated from their suspended counterparts by generation of an extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) matrix, reduced growth rates, and the up- and down- regulation of specific genes. Attachment is a complex process regulated by diverse characteristics of the growth medium, substratum, and cell surface. An established biofilm structure comprises microbial cells and EPS, has a defined architecture, and provides an optimal environment for the exchange of genetic material between cells. Cells may also communicate via quorum sensing, which may in turn affect biofilm processes such as detachment. Biofilms have great importance for public health because of their role in certain infectious diseases and importance in a variety of device-related infections. A greater understanding of biofilm processes should lead to novel, effective control strategies for biofilm control and a resulting improvement in patient management.
|
C89423630
|
Microbiology
|
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1241165
|
study of microscopic organisms
|
The Microbial Metabolites, Short-Chain Fatty Acids, Regulate Colonic T <sub>reg</sub> Cell Homeostasis
|
[
{
"display_name": "Metabolite",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777477808",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6891716,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q407595"
},
{
"display_name": "Bacteria",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C523546767",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.68223953,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10876"
},
{
"display_name": "Gut flora",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C539455810",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.67448926,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q739734"
},
{
"display_name": "Biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.5521928,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420"
},
{
"display_name": "Microbiology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C89423630",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5091631,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7193"
},
{
"display_name": "Colitis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2775862500",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41104877,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2453464"
},
{
"display_name": "Homeostasis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C63645605",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41010252,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q103191"
},
{
"display_name": "Biochemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C55493867",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3408965,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094"
}
] |
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) that express the transcription factor Foxp3 are critical for regulating intestinal inflammation. Candidate microbe approaches have identified bacterial species and strain-specific molecules that can affect intestinal immune responses, including species that modulate Treg responses. Because neither all humans nor mice harbor the same bacterial strains, we posited that more prevalent factors exist that regulate the number and function of colonic Tregs. We determined that short-chain fatty acids, gut microbiota-derived bacterial fermentation products, regulate the size and function of the colonic Treg pool and protect against colitis in a Ffar2-dependent manner in mice. Our study reveals that a class of abundant microbial metabolites underlies adaptive immune microbiota coadaptation and promotes colonic homeostasis and health.
|
C89423630
|
Microbiology
|
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0706625104
|
study of microscopic organisms
|
Molecular-phylogenetic characterization of microbial community imbalances in human inflammatory bowel diseases
|
[
{
"display_name": "Ulcerative colitis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780479503",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.79008365,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1477"
},
{
"display_name": "Inflammatory bowel disease",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778260677",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.7638029,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q917447"
},
{
"display_name": "Firmicutes",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777695942",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.6834036,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q149075"
},
{
"display_name": "Pathogenesis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780942790",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6444135,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q372016"
},
{
"display_name": "Bacteroidetes",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777385719",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.60926425,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1061265"
},
{
"display_name": "Biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.5714142,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420"
},
{
"display_name": "NOD2",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C7573103",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.51187384,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q416481"
},
{
"display_name": "Gastrointestinal tract",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780512811",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.50402325,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11829360"
},
{
"display_name": "Disease",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779134260",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.49623066,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136"
},
{
"display_name": "Microbiology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C89423630",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.43465534,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7193"
},
{
"display_name": "Immunology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C203014093",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.42265683,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101929"
},
{
"display_name": "Crohn's disease",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779280984",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4019145,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1472"
},
{
"display_name": "Bacteria",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C523546767",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.3283723,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10876"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.31803513,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
}
] |
The two primary human inflammatory bowel diseases, Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), are idiopathic relapsing disorders characterized by chronic inflammation of the intestinal tract. Although several lines of reasoning suggest that gastrointestinal (GI) microbes influence inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) pathogenesis, the types of microbes involved have not been adequately described. Here we report the results of a culture-independent rRNA sequence analysis of GI tissue samples obtained from CD and UC patients, as well as non-IBD controls. Specimens were obtained through surgery from a variety of intestinal sites and included both pathologically normal and abnormal states. Our results provide comprehensive molecular-based analysis of the microbiota of the human small intestine. Comparison of clone libraries reveals statistically significant differences between the microbiotas of CD and UC patients and those of non-IBD controls. Significantly, our results indicate that a subset of CD and UC samples contained abnormal GI microbiotas, characterized by depletion of commensal bacteria, notably members of the phyla Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes . Patient stratification by GI microbiota provides further evidence that CD represents a spectrum of disease states and suggests that treatment of some forms of IBD may be facilitated by redress of the detected microbiological imbalances.
|
C89423630
|
Microbiology
|
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1002601107
|
study of microscopic organisms
|
Delivery mode shapes the acquisition and structure of the initial microbiota across multiple body habitats in newborns
|
[
{
"display_name": "Microbiome",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C143121216",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7641736,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1330402"
},
{
"display_name": "Biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.7410748,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420"
},
{
"display_name": "Prevotella",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780423288",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.67172635,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7242440"
},
{
"display_name": "Human microbiome",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C91478284",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.501596,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6623796"
},
{
"display_name": "Meconium",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780985857",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.47252423,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q937557"
},
{
"display_name": "Vaginal delivery",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778408130",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4598627,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6679974"
},
{
"display_name": "Anaerobic bacteria",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2992397963",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4454492,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189790"
},
{
"display_name": "Fusobacterium",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780960513",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.42932728,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2720082"
},
{
"display_name": "Human Microbiome Project",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C190944805",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.42354628,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3922751"
},
{
"display_name": "Microbiology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C89423630",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4126975,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7193"
},
{
"display_name": "Physiology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C42407357",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.33121207,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q521"
},
{
"display_name": "Bacteria",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C523546767",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.31623316,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10876"
}
] |
Upon delivery, the neonate is exposed for the first time to a wide array of microbes from a variety of sources, including maternal bacteria. Although prior studies have suggested that delivery mode shapes the microbiota's establishment and, subsequently, its role in child health, most researchers have focused on specific bacterial taxa or on a single body habitat, the gut. Thus, the initiation stage of human microbiome development remains obscure. The goal of the present study was to obtain a community-wide perspective on the influence of delivery mode and body habitat on the neonate's first microbiota. We used multiplexed 16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing to characterize bacterial communities from mothers and their newborn babies, four born vaginally and six born via Cesarean section. Mothers’ skin, oral mucosa, and vagina were sampled 1 h before delivery, and neonates’ skin, oral mucosa, and nasopharyngeal aspirate were sampled <5 min, and meconium <24 h, after delivery. We found that in direct contrast to the highly differentiated communities of their mothers, neonates harbored bacterial communities that were undifferentiated across multiple body habitats, regardless of delivery mode. Our results also show that vaginally delivered infants acquired bacterial communities resembling their own mother's vaginal microbiota, dominated by Lactobacillus , Prevotella, or Sneathia spp., and C-section infants harbored bacterial communities similar to those found on the skin surface, dominated by Staphylococcus , Corynebacterium , and Propionibacterium spp. These findings establish an important baseline for studies tracking the human microbiome's successional development in different body habitats following different delivery modes, and their associated effects on infant health.
|
C29456083
|
Gynecology
|
https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.288.3.321
|
science of the treatment of diseases of the female sexual organs and reproductive tract
|
Risks and Benefits of Estrogen Plus Progestin in Healthy Postmenopausal Women: Principal Results From the Women's Health Initiative Randomized Controlled Trial
|
[
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.95408595,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Women's Health Initiative",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780733421",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.8339025,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1451732"
},
{
"display_name": "Medroxyprogesterone acetate",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776306185",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.7046224,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2823834"
},
{
"display_name": "Hazard ratio",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C207103383",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6143938,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3930246"
},
{
"display_name": "Randomized controlled trial",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C168563851",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5246223,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1436668"
},
{
"display_name": "Placebo",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C27081682",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.49460146,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q269829"
},
{
"display_name": "Hormone therapy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780275930",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.49318856,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1628266"
},
{
"display_name": "Gynecology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C29456083",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4509194,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1221899"
},
{
"display_name": "Endometrial cancer",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777088508",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.44483417,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944777"
},
{
"display_name": "Adverse effect",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C197934379",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.44389492,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2047938"
},
{
"display_name": "Stroke (engine)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780645631",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43913537,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q671554"
},
{
"display_name": "Hormone replacement therapy (female-to-male)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780159708",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.42526138,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17003363"
},
{
"display_name": "Internal medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126322002",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.41724205,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180"
},
{
"display_name": "Breast cancer",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C530470458",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.39874113,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128581"
},
{
"display_name": "Estrogen",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777164284",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.34684327,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q277954"
}
] |
ContextDespite decades of accumulated observational evidence, the balance of risks and benefits for hormone use in healthy postmenopausal women remains uncertain.ObjectiveTo assess the major health benefits and risks of the most commonly used combined hormone preparation in the United States.DesignEstrogen plus progestin component of the Women's Health Initiative, a randomized controlled primary prevention trial (planned duration, 8.5 years) in which 16608 postmenopausal women aged 50-79 years with an intact uterus at baseline were recruited by 40 US clinical centers in 1993-1998.InterventionsParticipants received conjugated equine estrogens, 0.625 mg/d, plus medroxyprogesterone acetate, 2.5 mg/d, in 1 tablet (n = 8506) or placebo (n = 8102).Main Outcomes MeasuresThe primary outcome was coronary heart disease (CHD) (nonfatal myocardial infarction and CHD death), with invasive breast cancer as the primary adverse outcome. A global index summarizing the balance of risks and benefits included the 2 primary outcomes plus stroke, pulmonary embolism (PE), endometrial cancer, colorectal cancer, hip fracture, and death due to other causes.ResultsOn May 31, 2002, after a mean of 5.2 years of follow-up, the data and safety monitoring board recommended stopping the trial of estrogen plus progestin vs placebo because the test statistic for invasive breast cancer exceeded the stopping boundary for this adverse effect and the global index statistic supported risks exceeding benefits. This report includes data on the major clinical outcomes through April 30, 2002. Estimated hazard ratios (HRs) (nominal 95% confidence intervals [CIs]) were as follows: CHD, 1.29 (1.02-1.63) with 286 cases; breast cancer, 1.26 (1.00-1.59) with 290 cases; stroke, 1.41 (1.07-1.85) with 212 cases; PE, 2.13 (1.39-3.25) with 101 cases; colorectal cancer, 0.63 (0.43-0.92) with 112 cases; endometrial cancer, 0.83 (0.47-1.47) with 47 cases; hip fracture, 0.66 (0.45-0.98) with 106 cases; and death due to other causes, 0.92 (0.74-1.14) with 331 cases. Corresponding HRs (nominal 95% CIs) for composite outcomes were 1.22 (1.09-1.36) for total cardiovascular disease (arterial and venous disease), 1.03 (0.90-1.17) for total cancer, 0.76 (0.69-0.85) for combined fractures, 0.98 (0.82-1.18) for total mortality, and 1.15 (1.03-1.28) for the global index. Absolute excess risks per 10 000 person-years attributable to estrogen plus progestin were 7 more CHD events, 8 more strokes, 8 more PEs, and 8 more invasive breast cancers, while absolute risk reductions per 10 000 person-years were 6 fewer colorectal cancers and 5 fewer hip fractures. The absolute excess risk of events included in the global index was 19 per 10 000 person-years.ConclusionsOverall health risks exceeded benefits from use of combined estrogen plus progestin for an average 5.2-year follow-up among healthy postmenopausal US women. All-cause mortality was not affected during the trial. The risk-benefit profile found in this trial is not consistent with the requirements for a viable intervention for primary prevention of chronic diseases, and the results indicate that this regimen should not be initiated or continued for primary prevention of CHD.
|
C29456083
|
Gynecology
|
https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/90.18.1371
|
science of the treatment of diseases of the female sexual organs and reproductive tract
|
Tamoxifen for Prevention of Breast Cancer: Report of the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project P-1 Study
|
[
{
"display_name": "Tamoxifen",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777176818",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.8937658,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q412178"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.8566592,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Breast cancer",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C530470458",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.81888837,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128581"
},
{
"display_name": "Lobular carcinoma",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779296616",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.6571535,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6663895"
},
{
"display_name": "Cumulative incidence",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C88879693",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.53511715,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q217690"
},
{
"display_name": "Oncology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C143998085",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.50443304,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162555"
},
{
"display_name": "Gynecology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C29456083",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.49768594,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1221899"
},
{
"display_name": "Internal medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126322002",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.47734335,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180"
},
{
"display_name": "Cancer",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121608353",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4693868,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12078"
},
{
"display_name": "Incidence (geometry)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C61511704",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4590901,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1671857"
},
{
"display_name": "Obstetrics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C131872663",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.33835828,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5284418"
}
] |
Background: The finding of a decrease in contralateral breast cancer incidence following tamoxifen administration for adjuvant therapy led to the concept that the drug might play a role in breast cancer prevention. To test this hypothesis, the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project initiated the Breast Cancer Prevention Trial (P-1) in 1992. Methods: Women (N = 13 388) at increased risk for breast cancer because they 1) were 60 years of age or older, 2) were 35–59 years of age with a 5-year predicted risk for breast cancer of at least 1.66%, or 3) had a history of lobular carcinoma in situ were randomly assigned to receive placebo (n = 6707) or 20 mg/day tamoxifen (n = 6681) for 5 years. Gail's algorithm, based on a multivariate logistic regression model using combinations of risk factors, was used to estimate the probability (risk) of occurrence of breast cancer over time. Results: Tamoxifen reduced the risk of invasive breast cancer by 49% (two-sided P<.00001), with cumulative incidence through 69 months of follow-up of 43.4 versus 22.0 per 1000 women in the placebo and tamoxifen groups, respectively. The decreased risk occurred in women aged 49 years or younger (44%), 50–59 years (51%), and 60 years or older (55%); risk was also reduced in women with a history of lobular carcinoma in situ (56%) or atypical hyperplasia (86%) and in those with any category of predicted 5-year risk. Tamoxifen reduced the risk of noninvasive breast cancer by 50% (two-sided P<.002). Tamoxifen reduced the occurrence of estrogen receptor-positive tumors by 69%, but no difference in the occurrence of estrogen receptor-negative tumors was seen. Tamoxifen administration did not alter the average annual rate of ischemic heart disease; however, a reduction in hip, radius (Colles'), and spine fractures was observed. The rate of endometrial cancer was increased in the tamoxifen group (risk ratio = 2.53; 95% confidence interval = 1.35–4.97); this increased risk occurred predominantly in women aged 50 years or older. All endometrial cancers in the tamoxifen group were stage I (localized disease); no endometrial cancer deaths have occurred in this group. No liver cancers or increase in colon, rectal, ovarian, or other tumors was observed in the tamoxifen group. The rates of stroke, pulmonary embolism, and deep-vein thrombosis were elevated in the tamoxifen group; these events occurred more frequently in women aged 50 years or older. Conclusions: Tamoxifen decreases the incidence of invasive and noninvasive breast cancer. Despite side effects resulting from administration of tamoxifen, its use as a breast cancer preventive agent is appropriate in many women at increased risk for the disease. [J Natl Cancer Inst 1998;90:1371–88]
|
C29456083
|
Gynecology
|
https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/deh098
|
science of the treatment of diseases of the female sexual organs and reproductive tract
|
Revised 2003 consensus on diagnostic criteria and long-term health risks related to polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)
|
[
{
"display_name": "Polycystic ovary",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3018442814",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.9558954,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q500816"
},
{
"display_name": "Hyperandrogenism",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780186808",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.9475688,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10529545"
},
{
"display_name": "Androgen Excess",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2910605048",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.6710316,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10529545"
},
{
"display_name": "Insulin resistance",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777391703",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6624515,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1053470"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.59549415,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Gynecology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C29456083",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5062815,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1221899"
},
{
"display_name": "Ovary",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778324911",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4264317,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9631"
},
{
"display_name": "Obesity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C511355011",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.36283803,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12174"
},
{
"display_name": "Internal medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126322002",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.34873155,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180"
},
{
"display_name": "Endocrinology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C134018914",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.34337485,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162606"
}
] |
Since the 1990 NIH‐sponsored conference on polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), it has become appreciated that the syndrome encompasses a broader spectrum of signs and symptoms of ovarian dysfunction than those defined by the original diagnostic criteria. The 2003 Rotterdam consensus workshop concluded that PCOS is a syndrome of ovarian dysfunction along with the cardinal features hyperandrogenism and polycystic ovary (PCO) morphology. PCOS remains a syndrome and, as such, no single diagnostic criterion (such as hyperandrogenism or PCO) is sufficient for clinical diagnosis. Its clinical manifestations may include: menstrual irregularities, signs of androgen excess, and obesity. Insulin resistance and elevated serum LH levels are also common features in PCOS. PCOS is associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular events.
|
C29456083
|
Gynecology
|
https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.291.14.1701
|
science of the treatment of diseases of the female sexual organs and reproductive tract
|
Effects of Conjugated Equine Estrogen in Postmenopausal Women With Hysterectomy
|
[
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.96352565,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Women's Health Initiative",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780733421",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.7737382,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1451732"
},
{
"display_name": "Hazard ratio",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C207103383",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5888674,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3930246"
},
{
"display_name": "Internal medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126322002",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.51078916,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180"
},
{
"display_name": "Placebo",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C27081682",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4920406,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q269829"
},
{
"display_name": "Hormone therapy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780275930",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.48849905,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1628266"
},
{
"display_name": "Breast cancer",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C530470458",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4768713,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128581"
},
{
"display_name": "Incidence (geometry)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C61511704",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4742167,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1671857"
},
{
"display_name": "Stroke (engine)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780645631",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.45405984,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q671554"
},
{
"display_name": "Hysterectomy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779494336",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.45362914,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q550675"
},
{
"display_name": "Hormone replacement therapy (female-to-male)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780159708",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.45065802,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17003363"
},
{
"display_name": "Gynecology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C29456083",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4414637,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1221899"
},
{
"display_name": "Myocardial infarction",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C500558357",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43423283,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12152"
},
{
"display_name": "Randomized controlled trial",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C168563851",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41044286,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1436668"
},
{
"display_name": "Cancer",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121608353",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.30595082,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12078"
}
] |
ContextDespite decades of use and considerable research, the role of estrogen alone in preventing chronic diseases in postmenopausal women remains uncertain.ObjectiveTo assess the effects on major disease incidence rates of the most commonly used postmenopausal hormone therapy in the United States.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsA randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled disease prevention trial (the estrogen-alone component of the Women's Health Initiative [WHI]) conducted in 40 US clinical centers beginning in 1993. Enrolled were 10 739 postmenopausal women, aged 50-79 years, with prior hysterectomy, including 23% of minority race/ethnicity.InterventionWomen were randomly assigned to receive either 0.625 mg/d of conjugated equine estrogen (CEE) or placebo.Main Outcome MeasuresThe primary outcome was coronary heart disease (CHD) incidence (nonfatal myocardial infarction or CHD death). Invasive breast cancer incidence was the primary safety outcome. A global index of risks and benefits, including these primary outcomes plus stroke, pulmonary embolism (PE), colorectal cancer, hip fracture, and deaths from other causes, was used for summarizing overall effects.ResultsIn February 2004, after reviewing data through November 30, 2003, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) decided to end the intervention phase of the trial early. Estimated hazard ratios (HRs) (95% confidence intervals [CIs]) for CEE vs placebo for the major clinical outcomes available through February 29, 2004 (average follow-up 6.8 years), were: CHD, 0.91 (0.75-1.12) with 376 cases; breast cancer, 0.77 (0.59-1.01) with 218 cases; stroke, 1.39 (1.10-1.77) with 276 cases; PE, 1.34 (0.87-2.06) with 85 cases; colorectal cancer, 1.08 (0.75-1.55) with 119 cases; and hip fracture, 0.61 (0.41-0.91) with 102 cases. Corresponding results for composite outcomes were: total cardiovascular disease, 1.12 (1.01-1.24); total cancer, 0.93 (0.81-1.07); total fractures, 0.70 (0.63-0.79); total mortality, 1.04 (0.88-1.22), and the global index, 1.01 (0.91-1.12). For the outcomes significantly affected by CEE, there was an absolute excess risk of 12 additional strokes per 10 000 person-years and an absolute risk reduction of 6 fewer hip fractures per 10 000 person-years. The estimated excess risk for all monitored events in the global index was a nonsignificant 2 events per 10 000 person-years.ConclusionsThe use of CEE increases the risk of stroke, decreases the risk of hip fracture, and does not affect CHD incidence in postmenopausal women with prior hysterectomy over an average of 6.8 years. A possible reduction in breast cancer risk requires further investigation. The burden of incident disease events was equivalent in the CEE and placebo groups, indicating no overall benefit. Thus, CEE should not be recommended for chronic disease prevention in postmenopausal women.
|
C29456083
|
Gynecology
|
https://doi.org/10.15537/smj.2016.2.12285
|
science of the treatment of diseases of the female sexual organs and reproductive tract
|
Ki67 expression in breast cancer
|
[
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.9157864,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Progesterone receptor",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C98717036",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.7588591,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14872994"
},
{
"display_name": "Lymphovascular invasion",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778740770",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.6895141,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6708283"
},
{
"display_name": "Breast cancer",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C530470458",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.640007,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128581"
},
{
"display_name": "Estrogen receptor",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C84606932",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.6155696,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q416496"
},
{
"display_name": "Internal medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126322002",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.59858537,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180"
},
{
"display_name": "Immunohistochemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C204232928",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5212582,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899285"
},
{
"display_name": "Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2908728163",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.50833625,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q415271"
},
{
"display_name": "Oncology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C143998085",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.47521004,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162555"
},
{
"display_name": "Lymph node",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780849966",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.46944046,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170758"
},
{
"display_name": "Proliferation index",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2910938049",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4643913,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7249605"
},
{
"display_name": "Proliferative index",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776085573",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4550113,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7249605"
},
{
"display_name": "Ki-67",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777751288",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.42973435,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q409106"
},
{
"display_name": "Cancer",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121608353",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4225628,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12078"
},
{
"display_name": "Metastasis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779013556",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.405546,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181876"
},
{
"display_name": "Gynecology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C29456083",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.40052426,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1221899"
},
{
"display_name": "Pathology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C142724271",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.37574202,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208"
}
] |
To evaluate Ki67 immunoexpression pattern in Saudi breast cancer (BC) patients and investigate any possible predictive or prognostic value for Ki67.This is a retrospective study designed to quantitatively assess the Ki67 proliferative index (PI) in retrieved paraffin blocks of 115 Saudi BC patients diagnosed between January 2005 and March 2015 at the Department of Pathology, King Fahd Hospital, Al Madinah Al Munawarah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The Ki67 PI was correlated with individual and combined immunoprofile data of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2/neu) with their clinicopathological parameters. Ki67 immunoreactivity was highly expressed (greater than 25% of the tumor cells were positive) in 85 (73.9%) patients. The Ki67 PI was significantly associated with poor prognostic clinicopathological parameters including old age (p less than 0.02), high tumor grade (p less than 0.01), lymph node metastasis (p less than 0.001), and Her-2/neu positivity (p less than 0.009). However, the association with ER positivity, PR positivity, tumor size, and lymphovascular invasion were not statistically significant. The Ki67 PI was significantly associated with BC molecular subtypes that were Her2/neu positive (luminal B and HER-2) subtypes compared with the Her2/neu negative (luminal A) subtype (p less than 0.04).The Ki67 PI is significantly higher in Saudi BC patients comparing with the reported literature. Ki67 PI was highest in the HER-2 and luminal-B molecular subtypes. Along with other prognostic indicators, Ki67 PI may be useful in predicting prognosis and management of Saudi BC patients.
|
C29456083
|
Gynecology
|
https://doi.org/10.1200/jco.2013.50.9984
|
science of the treatment of diseases of the female sexual organs and reproductive tract
|
Recommendations for Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 Testing in Breast Cancer: American Society of Clinical Oncology/College of American Pathologists Clinical Practice Guideline Update
|
[
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.8372668,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Guideline",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780182762",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.78299797,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1630279"
},
{
"display_name": "Concordance",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C160798450",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.75624645,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4230870"
},
{
"display_name": "Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2908728163",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.7034693,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q415271"
},
{
"display_name": "Clinical Oncology",
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Purpose To update the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO)/College of American Pathologists (CAP) guideline recommendations for human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) testing in breast cancer to improve the accuracy of HER2 testing and its utility as a predictive marker in invasive breast cancer. Methods ASCO/CAP convened an Update Committee that included coauthors of the 2007 guideline to conduct a systematic literature review and update recommendations for optimal HER2 testing. Results The Update Committee identified criteria and areas requiring clarification to improve the accuracy of HER2 testing by immunohistochemistry (IHC) or in situ hybridization (ISH). The guideline was reviewed and approved by both organizations. Recommendations The Update Committee recommends that HER2 status (HER2 negative or positive) be determined in all patients with invasive (early stage or recurrence) breast cancer on the basis of one or more HER2 test results (negative, equivocal, or positive). Testing criteria define HER2-positive status when (on observing within an area of tumor that amounts to > 10% of contiguous and homogeneous tumor cells) there is evidence of protein overexpression (IHC) or gene amplification (HER2 copy number or HER2/CEP17 ratio by ISH based on counting at least 20 cells within the area). If results are equivocal (revised criteria), reflex testing should be performed using an alternative assay (IHC or ISH). Repeat testing should be considered if results seem discordant with other histopathologic findings. Laboratories should demonstrate high concordance with a validated HER2 test on a sufficiently large and representative set of specimens. Testing must be performed in a laboratory accredited by CAP or another accrediting entity. The Update Committee urges providers and health systems to cooperate to ensure the highest quality testing. This guideline was developed through a collaboration between the American Society of Clinical Oncology and the College of American Pathologists and has been published jointly by invitation and consent in both Journal of Clinical Oncology and the Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine. Copyright © 2013 American Society of Clinical Oncology and College of American Pathologists. All rights reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission by American Society of Clinical Oncology or College of American Pathologists.
|
C29456083
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Gynecology
|
https://doi.org/10.1089/thy.2011.0087
|
science of the treatment of diseases of the female sexual organs and reproductive tract
|
Guidelines of the American Thyroid Association for the Diagnosis and Management of Thyroid Disease During Pregnancy and Postpartum
|
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ThyroidVol. 21, No. 10 Pregnancy and Fetal DevelopmentFree AccessGuidelines of the American Thyroid Association for the Diagnosis and Management of Thyroid Disease During Pregnancy and PostpartumThe American Thyroid Association Taskforce on Thyroid Disease During Pregnancy and Postpartum, Alex Stagnaro-Green, Marcos Abalovich, Erik Alexander, Fereidoun Azizi, Jorge Mestman, Roberto Negro, Angelita Nixon, Elizabeth N. Pearce, Offie P. Soldin, Scott Sullivan, and Wilmar WiersingaThe American Thyroid Association Taskforce on Thyroid Disease During Pregnancy and PostpartumSearch for more papers by this author, Alex Stagnaro-GreenDepartments of Medicine and Obstetrics/Gynecology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, District of Columbia.Search for more papers by this author, Marcos AbalovichEndocrinology Division, Durand Hospital, Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina.Search for more papers by this author, Erik AlexanderDivision of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.Search for more papers by this author, Fereidoun AziziInternal Medicine and Endocrinology, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medicine Sciences, Tehran, Iran.Search for more papers by this author, Jorge MestmanDepartment of Medicine and Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.Search for more papers by this author, Roberto NegroDivision of Endocrinology, V. Fazzi Hospital, Lecce, Italy.Search for more papers by this author, Angelita NixonAngelita Nixon, CNM, LLC, Scott Depot, West Virginia.Search for more papers by this author, Elizabeth N. PearceSection of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts.Search for more papers by this author, Offie P. SoldinDepartments of Medicine, Oncology, and Obstetrics and Gynecology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia.Search for more papers by this author, Scott SullivanDepartment of Obstetrics/Gynecology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina.Search for more papers by this author, and Wilmar WiersingaEndocrinology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.Search for more papers by this authorPublished Online:23 Sep 2011https://doi.org/10.1089/thy.2011.0087AboutSectionsPDF/EPUB Permissions & CitationsPermissionsDownload CitationsTrack CitationsAdd to favorites Back To Publication ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmail IntroductionPregnancy has a profound impact on the thyroid gland and thyroid function. The gland increases 10% in size during pregnancy in iodine-replete countries and by 20%–40% in areas of iodine deficiency. Production of thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) increases by 50%, along with a 50% increase in the daily iodine requirement. These physiological changes may result in hypothyroidism in the later stages of pregnancy in iodine-deficient women who were euthyroid in the first trimester. The range of thyrotropin (TSH), under the impact of placental human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), is decreased throughout pregnancy with the lower normal TSH level in the first trimester being poorly defined and an upper limit of 2.5 mIU/L. Ten percent to 20% of all pregnant women in the first trimester of pregnancy are thyroid peroxidase (TPO) or thyroglobulin (Tg) antibody positive and euthyroid. Sixteen percent of the women who are euthyroid and positive for TPO or Tg antibody in the first trimester will develop a TSH that exceeds 4.0 mIU/L by the third trimester, and 33%–50% of women who are positive for TPO or Tg antibody in the first trimester will develop postpartum thyroiditis. In essence, pregnancy is a stress test for the thyroid, resulting in hypothyroidism in women with limited thyroidal reserve or iodine deficiency, and postpartum thyroiditis in women with underlying Hashimoto's disease who were euthyroid prior to conception.Knowledge regarding the interaction between the thyroid and pregnancy/the postpartum period is advancing at a rapid pace. Only recently has a TSH of 2.5 mIU/L been accepted as the upper limit of normal for TSH in the first trimester. This has important implications in regards to interpretation of the literature as well as a critical impact for the clinical diagnosis of hypothyroidism. Although it is well accepted that overt hypothyroidism and overt hyperthyroidism have a deleterious impact on pregnancy, studies are now focusing on the potential impact of subclinical hypothyroidism and subclinical hyperthyroidism on maternal and fetal health, the association between miscarriage and preterm delivery in euthyroid women positive for TPO and/or Tg antibody, and the prevalence and long-term impact of postpartum thyroiditis. Recently completed prospective randomized studies have begun to produce critically needed data on the impact of treating thyroid disease on the mother, fetus, and the future intellect of the unborn child.It is in this context that the American Thyroid Association (ATA) charged a task force with developing clinical guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of thyroid disease during pregnancy and the postpartum. The task force consisted of international experts in the field of thyroid disease and pregnancy, and included representatives from the ATA, Asia and Oceania Thyroid Association, Latin American Thyroid Society, American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, and the Midwives Alliance of North America. Inclusion of thyroidologists, obstetricians, and midwives on the task force was essential to ensuring widespread acceptance and adoption of the developed guidelines.The clinical guidelines task force commenced its activities in late 2009. The guidelines are divided into the following nine areas: 1) thyroid function tests, 2) hypothyroidism, 3) thyrotoxicosis, 4) iodine, 5) thyroid antibodies and miscarriage/preterm delivery, 6) thyroid nodules and cancer, 7) postpartum thyroiditis, 8) recommendations on screening for thyroid disease during pregnancy, and 9) areas for future research. Each section consists of a series of questions germane to the clinician, followed by a discussion of the questions and concluding with recommendations.Literature review for each section included an analysis of all primary papers in the area published since 1990 and selective review of the primary literature published prior to 1990 that was seminal in the field. In the past 15 years there have been a number of recommendations and guideline statements relating to aspects of thyroid and pregnancy (1,2). In deriving the present guidelines the task force conducted a new and comprehensive analysis of the primary literature as the basis for all of the recommendations. The strength of each recommendation was graded according to the United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) Guidelines outlined below (3).Level A. The USPSTF strongly recommends that clinicians provide (the service) to eligible patients. The USPSTF found good evidence that (the service) improves important health outcomes and concludes that benefits substantially outweigh harms.Level B. The USPSTF recommends that clinicians provide (this service) to eligible patients. The USPSTF found at least fair evidence that (the service) improves important health outcomes and concludes that benefits outweigh harms.Level C. The USPSTF makes no recommendation for or against routine provision of (the service). The USPSTF found at least fair evidence that (the service) can improve health outcomes but concludes that the balance of benefits and harms is too close to justify a general recommendation.Level D. The USPSTF recommends against routinely providing (the service) to asymptomatic patients. The USPSTF found at least fair evidence that (the service) is ineffective or that harms outweigh benefits.Level I. The USPSTF concludes that evidence is insufficient to recommend for or against routinely providing (the service). Evidence that (the service) is effective is lacking, or poor quality, or conflicting, and the balance of benefits and harms cannot be determined.The organization of these guidelines is presented in Table 1. A complete list of the Recommendations is included in the Appendix. It should be noted that although there was unanimity in the vast majority of recommendations there were two recommendations for which one of the committee members did not agree with the final recommendation. The two recommendations for which there were dissenting opinions are Recommendations 9 and 76. The alternative view points are included in the body of the report.Table 1. Organization of Pregnancy Management Guidelines: Sections, Questions, and Recommendations Page numberINTRODUCTIONTHYROID FUNCTION TESTS IN PREGNANCYQ1How do thyroid function tests change during pregnancy?1086Q2What is the normal range for TSH in each trimester?1086R1Trimester-Specific Reference Ranges for TSH, # 11087R2Trimester-Specific Reference Ranges for TSH, # 21087Q3What is the optimal method to assess FT4 during pregnancy?1087R3FT4 Assay Methods, # 11088R4FT4 Assay Methods, # 21088R5FT4 Assay Methods, # 31088HYPOTHYROIDISM IN PREGNANCYQ4What are the definitions of OH and SCH in pregnancy?1088Q5How is isolated hypothyroxinemia defined in pregnancy ?1088Q6What adverse outcomes are associated with OH in pregnancy?1088Q7What adverse outcomes are associated with SCH in pregnancy?1089Q8What adverse outcomes are associated with isolated hypothyroxinemia in pregnancy?1089Q9Should OH be treated in pregnancy?1090R6Treatment of OH in Pregnancy1090Q10Should isolated hypothyroxinemia be treated in pregnancy?1090R7Isolated Hypothyroxinemia in Pregnancy1090Q11Should SCH be treated in pregnancy?1090R8Treatment of SCH in Pregnancy, # 11090R9Treatment of SCH in Pregnancy, # 21090Q12When provided, what is the optimal treatment of OH and SCH?1090R10The Optimal Form of Thyroid Hormone to Treat OH and SCH1090Q13When provided, what is the goal of OH and SCH treatment?1090R11Goal of LT4 Treatment for OH and SCH1090Q14If pregnant women with SCH are not initially treated, how should they be monitored through gestation?1090R12Monitoring Women with SCH Who Are Not Initially Treated During Their Pregnancy1090Q15How do hypothyroid women (receiving LT4) differ from other patients during pregnancy? What changes can be anticipated in such patients during gestation?1091Q16What proportion of treated hypothyroid women (receiving LT4) require changes in their LT4 dose during pregnancy?1091Q17In treated hypothyroid women (receiving LT4) who are planning pregnancy, how should the LT4 dose be adjusted?1091R13LT4 Dose Adjustment for Hypothyroid Women Who Miss a Menstrual Period or Have a Positive Home Pregnancy Test1091Q18In hypothyroid women (receiving LT4) who are newly pregnant, what factors influence thyroid status and LT4 requirements during gestation?1091R14Factors Influencing Changes in LT4 Requirements During Pregnancy1091R15Adjustment of LT4 Dose in Hypothyroid Women Planning Pregnancy1091Q19In hypothyroid women (receiving LT4) who are newly pregnant, how often should maternal thyroid function be monitored during gestation?1091R16Frequency that Maternal Serum TSH Should Be Monitored During Pregnancy in Hypothyroid Women Taking LT4, # 11092R17Frequency that Maternal Serum TSH Should Be Monitored During Pregnancy in Hypothyroid Women Taking LT4, # 21092Q20How should the LT4 dose be adjusted postpartum?1092R18Dose Adjustment and Serum TSH Testing Postpartum1092Q21What is the outcome and long-term prognosis when SCH and OH are effectively treated through gestation?1092Q22Except for measurement of maternal thyroid function, should additional maternal or fetal testing occur in treated, hypothyroid women during pregnancy?1092R19Tests Other Than Serum TSH in Hypothyroid Women Receiving LT4 Who Have an Uncomplicated Pregnancy1092Q23In euthyroid women who are TAb+ prior to conception, what is the risk of hypothyroidism once they become pregnant?1092Q24How should TAb+ euthyroid women be monitored and treated during pregnancy?1092R20Monitoring Women Without a History of Hypothyroidism, but Who Are TAb+ During Pregnancy1092Q25Should TAb+ euthyroid women be monitored or treated for complications other than the risk of hypothyroidism during pregnancy?1092R21Selenium Supplementation During Pregnancy for Women Who Are TPOAb+1093THYROTOXICOSIS IN PREGNANCYQ26What are the causes of thyrotoxicosis in pregnancy?1093Q27What is the appropriate initial evaluation of a suppressed serum TSH concentration during the first trimester of pregnancy?1093Q28How can gestational hyperthyroidism be differentiated from Graves' hyperthyroidism in pregnancy?1093R22Workup of Suppressed Serum TSH in First Trimester of Pregnancy1093R23Ultrasound to Work-up Differential Diagnosis of Thyrotoxicosis in Pregnancy1093R24Prohibition of Radioactive Iodine Scans and Uptake Studies During Pregnancy1093Q29What is the appropriate management of gestational hyperthyroidism?1093R25Management of Women with Gestational Hyperthyroidism and Hyperemesis Gravidarum1094R26Antithyroid Drugs in the Management of Gestational Hyperthyroidism1094Q30How should women with Graves' disease be counseled before pregnancy?1094R27Need to Render Hyperthyroid Women Euthyroid Before Pregnancy1094Q31What is the management of patients with Graves' hyperthyroidism in pregnancy?1094R28Timing of PTU and MMI Use in Pregnancy1094R29Combining ATDs and LT4 During Pregnancy1094Q32What tests should be performed in women treated during pregnancy with ATDs? What is the target value of FT4?1095R30Monitoring Frequency of FT4 and Target FT4 in Women on Antithyroid Drugs During Pregnancy1095Q33What are the indications and timing for thyroidectomy in the management of Graves' disease during pregnancy1095R31Relative Role of Thyroidectomy and Its Timing for Managing Thyrotoxicosis in Pregnancy1095Q34What is the value of TRAb measurement in the evaluation of a pregnant women with Graves' hyperthyroidism?1095R32History of Graves' Disease as a Determinant of TRAb Measurement, and Timing of TRAb Measurement, in Pregnancy1095Q35Under what circumstances should additional fetal ultrasound monitoring for growth, heart rate, and goiter be performed in women with Graves' hyperthyroidism in pregnancy?1095R33Recommendations for Pregnant Women with High Risk of Fetal Thyroid Dysfunction1096Q36When should umbilical blood sampling be considered in women with Graves' disease in pregnancy?1096R34Cordocentesis in Pregnancy1096Q37What are the etiologies of thyrotoxicosis in the postpartum period?1096Q38How should the etiology of new thyrotoxicosis be determined in the postpartum period?1096Q39How should Graves' hyperthyroidism be treated in lactating women?1096R35Safe Doses of Antithyroid Drugs for Infants of Breastfeeding Mothers1096CLINICAL GUIDELINES FOR IODINE NUTRITIONQ40Why is increased iodine intake required in pregnancy and lactation, and how is iodine intake assessed?1096Q41What is the impact of severe iodine deficiency on the mother, fetus, and child?1096Q42What is the impact of mild to moderate iodine deficiency on the mother, fetus, and child?1097Q43What is the iodine status of pregnant and breastfeeding women in the United States?1097Q44What is the iodine status of pregnant and breastfeeding women worldwide?1097Q45Does iodine supplementation in pregnancy and lactation improve outcomes in severe iodine deficiency?1097Q46Does iodine supplementation in pregnancy and lactation improve outcomes in mildly to moderately iodine-deficient women?1097Q47What is the recommended daily iodine intake in women planning pregnancy, women who are pregnant, and women who are breastfeeding?1097R36Minimum Iodine Intake Requirements in Pregnant Women, # 11098R37Minimum Iodine Intake Requirements in Pregnant Women, # 21098R38Minimum Iodine Intake Requirements in Pregnant Women, # 31098Q48What is the safe upper limit for iodine consumption in pregnant and breastfeeding women?1098R39Recommendation Against High Amounts of Iodine in Pregnancy, # 11098R40Recommendation Against High Amounts of Iodine in Pregnancy, # 21098SPONTANEOUS PREGNANCY LOSS, PRETERM DELIVERY, AND THYROID ANTIBODIESQ49Is there an association between thyroid antibody positivity and sporadic spontaneous abortion in euthyroid women?1099Q50Should women be screened for TPO antibodies before or during pregnancy with the goal of treating TPOAb+ euthyroid women with LT4 to decrease the rate of spontaneous miscarriage?1099R41Screening for Thyroid Antibodies in the First Trimester1099Q51Is there an association between thyroid antibodies and recurrent spontaneous abortion in euthyroid women?1099Q52Should women with recurrent abortion be screened for TAb before or during pregnancy with the goal of treating euthyroid TAb+ women with LT4 or IVIG therapy to decrease the rate of recurrent spontaneous abortion?1099R42Screening for TAb+ and Treating TAb+ Women with LT4in the First Trimester1099Q53Should euthyroid women who are known to be TAb+ either before or during pregnancy be treated with LT4 in order to decrease the chance of sporadic or recurrent miscarriage?1100R43Treating Euthyroid, TAb+ Women with LT4 in Pregnancy1100Q54Is there an association between thyroid antibody positivity and pregnancy loss in euthyroid women undergoing IVF?1100Q55Should women undergoing in vitro fertilization be screened for TPOAb+ before or during pregnancy with the goal of treating euthyroid TPOAb+ women with LT4 to decrease the rate of spontaneous miscarriage?1100R44Treating Euthyroid TAb+ Women Undergoing Assisted Reproduction Technologies with LT41100Q56Is there an association between thyroid antibodies and preterm delivery in euthyroid women?1100Q57Should women be screened for thyroid antibodies before or during pregnancy with the goal of treating TAb+ euthyroid women with LT4 to decrease the rate of preterm delivery?1100R45First Trimester Screening for Thyroid Antibodies with Consideration of LT4 Therapy to Decrease the Risk of Preterm Delivery1100THYROID NODULES AND THYROID CANCERQ58What is the frequency of thyroid nodules during pregnancy?1100Q59What is the frequency of thyroid cancer in women with thyroid nodules discovered during pregnancy?1101Q60What is the optimal diagnostic strategy for thyroid nodules detected during pregnancy?1101R46Workup of Thyroid Nodules During Pregnancy1101R47Measurement of Serum Calcitonin in Pregnant Women with Thyroid Nodules1101R48Risk of FNA of Thyroid Nodules in Pregnancy1102R49FNA of Thyroid Nodules in Pregnancy1102R50Recommendation Against Use of Radioiodine in Pregnancy1102Q61Does pregnancy impact the prognosis of thyroid carcinoma?1102R51Time of Surgery for Pregnant Women with Well-Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma1102R52Time of Surgery for Pregnant Women with Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma1102Q62What are the perioperative risks to mother and fetus of surgery for thyroid cancer during pregnancy?1102R53Risk of Surgery for Thyroid Carcinoma in the Second Trimester1102Q63How should benign thyroid nodules be managed during pregnancy?1103R54Surgery During Pregnancy for Benign Thyroid Nodules1103Q64How should DTC be managed during pregnancy?1103R55Role of Thyroid Ultrasound in Pregnant Women with Suspected Thyroid Carcinoma1103R56Time of Surgery for Pregnant Women with Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma1103R57LT4Treatment in Pregnant Women with Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma1103Q65How should suspicious thyroid nodules be managed during pregnancy?1103R58Time of Surgery for Pregnant Women with FNA Suspicious for Thyroid Cancer1103Q66What are the TSH goals during pregnancy for women with previously treated thyroid cancer and who are on LT4 therapy?1103R59Goal for TSH Level in Pregnant Women with History of Thyroid Cancer1104Q67What is the effect of RAI treatment for DTC on subsequent pregnancies?1104R60Timing of Pregnancy in Women with a History of Radioactive Iodine Treatment1105Q68Does pregnancy increase the risk of DTC recurrence?1105Q69What type of monitoring should be performed during pregnancy in a patient who has already been treated for DTC prior to pregnancy?1105R61Role of Ultrasound and Tg Monitoring During Pregnancy in Women with a History of Low-Risk DTC1105R62Role of Ultrasound Monitoring in Women with DTC and High Thyroglobulin Levels or Persistent Structural Disease1105POSTPARTUM THYROIDITISQ70What is the definition of PPT and what are its clinical implications?1105Q71What is the etiology of PPT?1105Q72Are there predictors of PPT?1105Q73What is the prevalence of PPT?1106Q74What symptoms are associated with PPT?1106Q75Is PPT associated with depression?1106R63Postpartum Depression as an Indication for Thyroid Function Testing1106Q76What is the treatment for the thyrotoxic phase of PPT?1106R64Propranolol Treatment of PPT1106R65Recommendation Against Use of ATDs to Treat PPT1106Q77Once the thyrotoxic phase of PPT resolves, how often should serum TSH be measured to screen for the hypothyroid phase1106R66Timing of Serum TSH After Resolution of the Thyrotoxic Phase of PPT, # 1 of 31106Q78What is the treatment for the hypothyroid phase of PPT?1106R67Timing of Serum TSH After PPT, # 2 of 31106R68Indication for Treatment with LT4 in Women with PPT1106Q79How long should LT4 be continued in women with postpartum thyroiditis?1106R69Indication and Method for Stopping LT4 in Women with a History of PPT1106Q80How often should screening be performed after the hypothyroid phase of PPT resolves?1107R70Timing of Serum TSH After PPT, # 3 of 31107Q81Does treatment of TAb+ euthyroid women with LT4 or iodine during pregnancy prevent PPT?1107R71Recommendation Against Use of LT4 or Iodine for Prevention of PPT in Euthyroid TAb+ Women1107Q82Does treatment of TAb+ euthyroid women with selenium during pregnancy prevent PPT?1107THYROID FUNCTION SCREENING IN PREGNANCYQ83Should all pregnant women be screened for serum TSH level in the first trimester of pregnancy?1107R72Recommendation Regarding Universal Screening with Serum TSH Determination at the First Trimester Visit1109R73Recommendation Regarding Universal Screening with Serum Free T4 Determination in Pregnant Women1109Q84Should serum TSH testing be carried out in a targeted population of pregnant women?1109R74Determination of Serum TSH Before Pregnancy in Women at High Risk for Hypothyroidism1110R75History Taking in Pregnant Women at Their Initial Prenatal Visit1110R76Determination of Serum TSH in Early Pregnancy in Women at High Risk for OH1111FUTURE RESEARCH DIRECTIONSATD, antithyroid drug; DTC, differentiated thyroid carcinoma; FNA, fine-needle aspiration; FT4, free thyroxine; IVF, in vitro fertilization; IVIG, intravenous immunoglobin; LT4, levothyroxine; MMI, methimazole; OH, overt hypothyroidism; PPT, postpartum thyroiditis; PTU, propylthiouracil; Q, Question; R, Recommendation; RAI, radioactive iodine; SCH, subclinical hypothyroidism; TAb+, positive for thyroid peroxidase antibody and/or thyroglobulin antibody; Tg, thyroglobulin; TPOAb+, positive for thyroid peroxidase antibody; TRAb, TSH receptor antibodies; TSH, thyrotropin.The final document was approved by the ATA Board of Directors and officially endorsed by the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists (AACE), British Thyroid Association (BTA), Endocrine Society of Australia (ESA), European Association of Nuclear Medicine (EANM), European Thyroid Association (ETA), Italian Association of Clinical Endocrinologists (AME), Korean Thyroid Association (KTA), and Latin American Thyroid Society (LATS).Finally, the committee recognizes that knowledge on the interplay between the thyroid gland and pregnancy/postpartum is dynamic, and new data will continue to come forth at a rapid rate. It is understood that the present guidelines are applicable only until future data refine our understanding, define new areas of importance, and perhaps even refute some of our recommendations. In the interim, it is our hope that the present guidelines provide useful information to clinicians and help achieve our ultimate goal of the highest quality clinical care for pregnant women and their unborn children.ResultsThyroid Function Tests in PregnancyQuestion 1: How do thyroid function tests change during pregnancy?To meet the challenge of increased metabolic needs during pregnancy, the thyroid adapts through changes in thyroid hormone economy and in the regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis (4,5). Consequently, thyroid function test results of healthy pregnant women differ from those of healthy nonpregnant women. This calls for pregnancy-specific and ideally trimester-specific reference intervals for all thyroid function tests but in particular for the most widely applied tests, TSH and free T4 (FT4).Following conception, circulating total T4 (TT4) and T4 binding globulin (TBG) concentrations increase by 6–8 weeks and remain high until delivery. Thyrotropic activity of hCG results in a decrease in serum TSH in the first trimester (5,6). Therefore, during pregnancy, women have lower serum TSH concentrations than before pregnancy, and frequently TSH is below the classical lower limit of 0.4 mIU/L (7,8).Most studies also report a substantial decrease in serum FT4 concentrations with progression of gestation (7,9,10). Serum FT4 measurements in pregnant women are complicated by increased TBG and decreased albumin concentrations that can cause immunoassays to be unreliable (11,12). Therefore the analytical method used for serum FT4 analysis should be taken into consideration.Question 2: What is the normal range for TSH in each trimester?There is strong evidence in the literature that the reference range for TSH is lower throughout pregnancy; i.e., both the lower normal limit and the upper normal limit of serum TSH are decreased by about 0.1–0.2 mIU/L and 1.0 mIU/L, respectively, compared with the customary TSH reference interval of 0.4–4.0 mIU/L of nonpregnant women. The largest decrease in serum TSH is observed during the first trimester and is transient, apparently related to hCG levels, which are highest early in gestation (Table 2). The median TSH values in the three trimesters in Table 2 are quite consistent, except for the study by Marwaha et al. (18) which, for unexplained reasons, reports higher TSH values throughout pregnancy. Serum TSH and its reference range gradually rise in the second and third trimesters, but it is noteworthy that the TSH reference interval remains lower than in nonpregnant women (13,15). Since hCG concentrations are higher in multiple pregnancies than in singleton pregnancies, the downward shift in the TSH reference interval is greater in twin pregnancies than in singleton pregnancies (19). In a study of 63 women with hCG concentrations >200,000 IU/L, TSH was suppressed (≤0.2 mIU/L) in 67% of women, and in 100% of women if hCG concentrations were >400,000 IU/L (20).Table 2. Sample Trimester-Specific Reference Intervals for Serum TSH TrimesteraReferenceFirstSecondThirdHaddow et al. (13)0.94 (0.08–2.73)1.29 (0.39–2.70)—Stricker et al. (14)1.04 (0.09–2.83)1.02 (0.20–2.79)1.14 (0.31–2.90)Panesar et al. (15)0.80 (0.03–2.30)1.10 (0.03–3.10)1.30 (0.13–3.50)Soldin et al. (16)0.98 (0.24–2.99)1.09 (0.46–2.95)1.20 (0.43–2.78)Bocos-Terraz et al. (17)0.92 (0.03–2.65)1.12 (0.12–2.64)1.29 (0.23–3.56)Marwaha et al. (18)2.10 (0.60–5.00)2.40 (0.43–5.78)2.10 (0.74–5.70)aMedian TSH in mIU/L, with parenthetical data indicating 5th and 95th percentiles (13,15,18) or 2.5th and 97.5th percentiles (14,16,17).In a small percentage of women, TSH can be very suppressed (<0.01 mIU/L) and yet still represent a normal pregnancy. There are slight but significant ethnic differences in serum TSH concentrations. Black and Asian women have TSH values that are on average 0.4 mIU/L lower than in white women; these differences persist during pregnancy (21,22). Pregnant women of Moroccan, Turkish, or Surinamese descent residing in The Netherlands, have TSH values 0.2–0.3 mIU/L lower than Dutch women throughout pregnancy (23). TSH ranges vary slightly depending on differences between methods of analysis (24). Subclinical hyperthyroidism is not associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes; therefore, a TSH value that is within detection is unlikely to be clinically significant (25).■ RECOMMENDATION 1Trimester-specific reference ranges for TSH, as defined in populations with optimal iodine intake, should be applied. Level B-USPSTF■ RECOMMENDATION 2If trimester-specific reference ranges for TSH are not available in the laboratory, the following reference ranges are recommended: first trimester, 0.1–2.5 mIU/L; second trimester, 0.2–3.0 mIU/L; third trimester, 0.3–3.0 mIU/L. Level I-USPSTFQuestion 3: What is the optimal method to assess FT4 during pregnancy?The normal ranges for FT4 index are calculated by TT4 × T3 uptake or a ratio of TT4 and TBG, but trimester-specific reference intervals for FT4 index have not been established in a reference population. Only 0.03% of serum TT4 content is unbound to serum proteins and is the FT4 available for tissue uptake. Sera TT4 concentrations are in the nanomolar range, but FT4 concentrations are in the picomolar range. Measuring FT4 in the presence of high concentrations of bound T4 has proved challenging especially in abnormal binding-protein states such as pregnancy.Equilibrium dialysis and ultrafiltration are used for physical separation of serum FT4 from bound T4 prior to analysis of the dialysate or ultrafiltrate. Assays based on classical equilibrium dialysis or ultrafiltration are laborious, time-consuming, expensive, and not widely available.FT4 immunoassay approaches are liable to error by disrupting the original equilibrium, which is dependent on dilution, temperature, buffer composition, affinity, and concentration of the T4
|
C29456083
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Gynecology
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https://doi.org/10.3322/canjclin.57.2.75
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science of the treatment of diseases of the female sexual organs and reproductive tract
|
American Cancer Society Guidelines for Breast Screening with MRI as an Adjunct to Mammography
|
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] |
CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians publishes information about the prevention, early detection, and treatment of cancer, as well as nutrition, palliative care, survivorship, and additional topics of interest related to cancer care.
|
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