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didn't know at all who that was" of the dean of medicine at
the University of Vienna, Professor H. H. Schmid, rector of the
University of Zurich, issued a statement expressing the univer-
358
Appendix
sity's 'outrage over this grave violation of academic freedom of
speech,.22 The professors of the Zoological Institute and the dean
of the Faculty of Science have also unequivocally condemned
the disruption, and the major German-language newspapers in
Zurich gave objective coverage to the events and to my views.23
Meanwhile Germans and Austrians, both in academic life and
in the press, have shown themselves sadly lacking in the commitment
exemplified by the celebrated utterance attributed to
Voltaire: 'I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the
death your right to say it'. No one has, as yet, been asked to
risk death in order to defend my right to discuss euthanasia in
Germany, but it is important that many more should be prepared
to risk a little hostility from the minority that is trying to silence
a debate on central ethical questions.
22 'Zur Sprengung einer Vortragsveranstaltung an der Universitat', Unipresse
Dienst, Universitat Zurich, May 31, 1991.
23 See, for example, 'Mit Trillerpfeifen gegen einen Philosophen', and 'Diese
Probleme kann and soil man besprechen', both in Tages-Anzeiger, May 29,
1991; 'Niedergeschrien', Neue Zurcher Zeitung, May 27, 1991; and (despite
the pejorative headline) 'Ein Totungshelfer mit faschistischem Gedankengut?'
Die Weltwoche, May 23, 1991.
359
Preface
NOTES, REFERENCES, AND
FURTHER READING
The quotation on comparing humans and animals is from Ethische
Grundaussagen (Ethical foundational statements) by the Board of the
Federal Association Lebenshilfe fiir geistig Behinderte e.V., published
in the journal of the association, Geistige Behinderung, vol. 29 no. 4
(1990): 256.
Chapter 1: About ethics
The issues discussed in the first section - relativism, subjectivism, and
the alleged dependence of ethics on religion - are dealt with in several
textbooks. R. B. Brandt's Ethical Theory (Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1959)
is more thorough than most. See also the articles on these topics by
David Wong, James Rachels, and Jonathan Berg, respectively, in P.
Singer (ed.), A Companion to Ethics (Oxford, 1991). Plato's argument
against defining 'good' as 'what the gods approve' is in his Euthyphro.
Engels's discussion of the Marxist view of morality, and his reference
to a 'really human morality' is in his Herr Eugen Diihring's Revolution
in Science, chap. 9. For a discussion of Marx's critique of morality, see
Allen Wood, 'Marx against Morality' in P. Singer (ed.), A Companion
to Ethics. C. L. Stevenson's emotivist theory is most fully expounded
in his Ethics and Language (New Haven, 1944). R. M. Hare's basic
position is to be found in The Language of Morals (Oxford, 1952); Freedom
and Reason (Oxford, 1963), and Moral Thinking (Oxford, 1981).
For a summary statement, see Hare's essay 'Universal Prescriptivism'
in P. Singer (ed.), A Companion to Ethics. J. L. Mackie's Ethics: Inventing
Right and Wrong (Harmondsworth, Middlesex, 1977) defends a version
of subjectivism.
The more important formulations of the universalisability principle
referred to in the second section are in I. Kant, Groundwork of the
360
Notes and References
Metaphysic of Morals, Section II (various translations and editions); R.
M. ,Hare, Freedom and Reason and Moral Thinking; R. Firth, 'Ethical
Absolutism and the Ideal Observer', Philosophy and Phenomenological
Research, vol. 12 (1951-2); J. J. C. Smart and B. Williams, Utilitarianism,
For and Against (Cambridge, 1973); John Rawls, A Theory of Justice
(Oxford, 1972); J. P. Sartre, 'Existentialism Is a Humanism', in W.
Kaufmann (ed.), Existentialism from Dostoevsky to Sartre, 2d ed. (New
York, 1975); and Jiirgen Habermas, Legitimation Crisis (trans. T.
McCarthy, London 1976), pt. Ill, chaps. 2-4.
The tentative argument for a utilitarianism based on interests or
preferences owes most to Hare, although it does not go as far as the
argument to be found in Moral Thinking.
Chapter 2: Equality and its implications
Rawls's argument that equality can be based on the natural characteristics
of human beings is to be found in sec. 77 of A Theory of Justice.
The principal arguments in favour of a link between IQ and race
can be found in A. R. Jensen, Genetics and Education (London, 1972)
and Educability and Group Differences (London, 1973); and in H. J.
Eysenck's Race, Intelligence and Education (London, 1971). A variety of
objections are collected in K. Richardson and D. Spears (eds.), Race,
Culture and Intelligence (Harmondsworth, Middlesex, 1972). See also
N. J. Block and G. Dworkin, The IQ Controversy (New York, 1976).
Thomas Jefferson's comment on the irrelevance of intelligence to the
issue of rights was made in a letter to Henri Gregoire, 25 February
1809.
The debate over the nature and origin of psychological differences
between the sexes is soberly and comprehensively surveyed in E. Maccoby
and C. Jacklin, The Psychology of Sex Differences (Stanford, 1974).
Corinne Hutt, in Males and Females (Harmondsworth, Middlesex,
1972), states the case for a biological basis for sex differences. Steven
Goldberg's The Inevitability of Patriarchy (New York, 1973) is a polemic
against feminist views like those in Kate Millett's Sexual Politics (New
York, 1971) or Juliet Mitchell's Women's Estate (Harmondsworth, Middlesex,
1971). A different view is presented in A. H. Eagly, Sex Differences
in Social Behavior: A Social Role Interpretation (Hillsdale, N.J., 1987). For
recent confirmation of the existence of sex differences, see Eleanor E.
Maccoby, 'Gender and Relationships: A Developmental Account',
American Psychologist, 1990, pp. 513-20; and for a popular report,
361
Notes and References
Christine Gorman 'Sizing Up the Sexes', Time, 20 January 1992,

didn't know at all who that was" of the dean of medicine at

the University of Vienna, Professor H. H. Schmid, rector of the

University of Zurich, issued a statement expressing the univer-

358

Appendix

sity's 'outrage over this grave violation of academic freedom of

speech,.22 The professors of the Zoological Institute and the dean

of the Faculty of Science have also unequivocally condemned

the disruption, and the major German-language newspapers in

Zurich gave objective coverage to the events and to my views.23

Meanwhile Germans and Austrians, both in academic life and

in the press, have shown themselves sadly lacking in the commitment

exemplified by the celebrated utterance attributed to

Voltaire: 'I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the

death your right to say it'. No one has, as yet, been asked to

risk death in order to defend my right to discuss euthanasia in

Germany, but it is important that many more should be prepared

to risk a little hostility from the minority that is trying to silence

a debate on central ethical questions.

22 'Zur Sprengung einer Vortragsveranstaltung an der Universitat', Unipresse

Dienst, Universitat Zurich, May 31, 1991.

23 See, for example, 'Mit Trillerpfeifen gegen einen Philosophen', and 'Diese

Probleme kann and soil man besprechen', both in Tages-Anzeiger, May 29,

1991; 'Niedergeschrien', Neue Zurcher Zeitung, May 27, 1991; and (despite

the pejorative headline) 'Ein Totungshelfer mit faschistischem Gedankengut?'

Die Weltwoche, May 23, 1991.

359

Preface

NOTES, REFERENCES, AND

FURTHER READING

The quotation on comparing humans and animals is from Ethische

Grundaussagen (Ethical foundational statements) by the Board of the

Federal Association Lebenshilfe fiir geistig Behinderte e.V., published

in the journal of the association, Geistige Behinderung, vol. 29 no. 4

(1990): 256.

Chapter 1: About ethics

The issues discussed in the first section - relativism, subjectivism, and

the alleged dependence of ethics on religion - are dealt with in several

textbooks. R. B. Brandt's Ethical Theory (Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1959)

is more thorough than most. See also the articles on these topics by

David Wong, James Rachels, and Jonathan Berg, respectively, in P.

Singer (ed.), A Companion to Ethics (Oxford, 1991). Plato's argument

against defining 'good' as 'what the gods approve' is in his Euthyphro.

Engels's discussion of the Marxist view of morality, and his reference

to a 'really human morality' is in his Herr Eugen Diihring's Revolution

in Science, chap. 9. For a discussion of Marx's critique of morality, see

Allen Wood, 'Marx against Morality' in P. Singer (ed.), A Companion

to Ethics. C. L. Stevenson's emotivist theory is most fully expounded

in his Ethics and Language (New Haven, 1944). R. M. Hare's basic

position is to be found in The Language of Morals (Oxford, 1952); Freedom

and Reason (Oxford, 1963), and Moral Thinking (Oxford, 1981).

For a summary statement, see Hare's essay 'Universal Prescriptivism'

in P. Singer (ed.), A Companion to Ethics. J. L. Mackie's Ethics: Inventing

Right and Wrong (Harmondsworth, Middlesex, 1977) defends a version

of subjectivism.

The more important formulations of the universalisability principle

referred to in the second section are in I. Kant, Groundwork of the

360

Notes and References

Metaphysic of Morals, Section II (various translations and editions); R.

M. ,Hare, Freedom and Reason and Moral Thinking; R. Firth, 'Ethical

Absolutism and the Ideal Observer', Philosophy and Phenomenological

Research, vol. 12 (1951-2); J. J. C. Smart and B. Williams, Utilitarianism,

For and Against (Cambridge, 1973); John Rawls, A Theory of Justice

(Oxford, 1972); J. P. Sartre, 'Existentialism Is a Humanism', in W.

Kaufmann (ed.), Existentialism from Dostoevsky to Sartre, 2d ed. (New

York, 1975); and Jiirgen Habermas, Legitimation Crisis (trans. T.

McCarthy, London 1976), pt. Ill, chaps. 2-4.

The tentative argument for a utilitarianism based on interests or

preferences owes most to Hare, although it does not go as far as the

argument to be found in Moral Thinking.

Chapter 2: Equality and its implications

Rawls's argument that equality can be based on the natural characteristics

of human beings is to be found in sec. 77 of A Theory of Justice.

The principal arguments in favour of a link between IQ and race

can be found in A. R. Jensen, Genetics and Education (London, 1972)

and Educability and Group Differences (London, 1973); and in H. J.

Eysenck's Race, Intelligence and Education (London, 1971). A variety of

objections are collected in K. Richardson and D. Spears (eds.), Race,

Culture and Intelligence (Harmondsworth, Middlesex, 1972). See also

N. J. Block and G. Dworkin, The IQ Controversy (New York, 1976).

Thomas Jefferson's comment on the irrelevance of intelligence to the

issue of rights was made in a letter to Henri Gregoire, 25 February

1809.

The debate over the nature and origin of psychological differences

between the sexes is soberly and comprehensively surveyed in E. Maccoby

and C. Jacklin, The Psychology of Sex Differences (Stanford, 1974).

Corinne Hutt, in Males and Females (Harmondsworth, Middlesex,

1972), states the case for a biological basis for sex differences. Steven

Goldberg's The Inevitability of Patriarchy (New York, 1973) is a polemic

against feminist views like those in Kate Millett's Sexual Politics (New

York, 1971) or Juliet Mitchell's Women's Estate (Harmondsworth, Middlesex,

1971). A different view is presented in A. H. Eagly, Sex Differences

in Social Behavior: A Social Role Interpretation (Hillsdale, N.J., 1987). For

recent confirmation of the existence of sex differences, see Eleanor E.

Maccoby, 'Gender and Relationships: A Developmental Account',

American Psychologist, 1990, pp. 513-20; and for a popular report,

361

Notes and References

Christine Gorman 'Sizing Up the Sexes', Time, 20 January 1992,