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0.999965 | <urn:uuid:0037484e-0d14-4f56-99f1-995e44d0803c> | en | 0.950066 | How can you tell the difference between a bonobo and a chimpanzee?
Bonobos have a more slender, gracile build than chimpanzees, who are considered more robust. From birth, bonobos tend to have dark faces with pink lips and hair that often looks as if it were parted down the middle. Chimpanzees, on the other hand, are usually born with light faces that freckle and darken with age.
What are three differences between bonobos and chimpanzees?
Chimpanzees also tend to make hooting, grunting, and screaming sounds more often than bonobos. To recap, the 4 ways bonobos can be visually distinguished from chimps are 1) body size and shape, 2) the way they walk, 3) facial features and 4) the sounds they make.
Why are bonobos and chimps so different?
Why are chimpanzees bottoms so big?
What’s wrong with their butts? Chimpanzees, along with many other primates such as baboons and macaques, advertise their fertility by means of sexual swellings. As they approach ovulation, ovarian hormones induce the skin around their genitals to swell and take on a pink hue, an effect known as tumescence.
Can a chimpanzee mate with a bonobo?
The closest known data is that hybridization between chimpanzees and bonobos, which share 99.6% of the genome (and see the chart) is easily possible.
Are humans closer to chimps or bonobos?
Did bonobos evolve from chimps?
Can bonobo mate with chimp?
Are bonobos nicer than chimps?
Behold the bonobo, our ape cousin that’s kinder and gentler than the chimp or, well, us. Now scientists have mapped the primate’s DNA, and some researchers say that may eventually reveal secrets about how the darker side of our nature evolved.
Why do we have butts?
On humans, the gluteus maximus attaches to the upper part of the pelvis, the ilium. This placement allows for trunk stability and helps keep us balanced. Most researchers believe that we have big butts because it helps us stay upright, and helps balance us when walking and running.
Why do chimps throw poop?
Not only is throwing poop or objects an emotional release for chimps but it is a form of communication. The better the chimp is at hitting the target, the better their communication is amongst the group.
What is the difference between a chimpanzee and a bonobo?
While chimpanzees are xenophobic, meaning they are wary of strangers, bonobos are the opposite.
What is the difference between a chimp and a chimpanzee?
They both belong to one genus, but there are enough differences to distinguish one from the other based on their physical characteristics, behaviours, and the natural distribution. Chimpanzee, Common Chimpanzee, Robust Chimpanzee, or Chimp is scientifically known as Pan troglodytes.
What is the difference between a bonobo male and female?
Second, like chimps, bonobo females are smaller than bonobo males (although body type differences between the sexes are not as great in bonobos). This makes it clear that bonobo females don’t take the upper hand by using sheer force.
Why do we need to protect chimpanzees and bonobos?
Chimpanzees and bonobos are two very similar primate species. However, the differences, especially in behavior, are very striking. Therefore, these distant relatives are two unique species that we must protect in order to ensure their survival. It might interest you… | https://www.ufoscience.org/how-can-you-tell-the-difference-between-a-bonobo-and-a-chimpanzee/ | dclm-gs1-260175422 |
0.036035 | <urn:uuid:d27d6c44-06b9-4fa9-a8a0-ff8a65699cea> | en | 0.969056 | Of many female believe that your brain ‘s the hottest part of the human body
As you have already discovered, most Russian women can be better-experienced and you will always make their rational skills in every you’ll suggests. It’s one reason why as to why he or she is looking for lovers that happen to be on the same (or higher) level of development with these people. For this reason, a smart child who’ll maintain any topic and talk about some other something, appearing a good sense regarding humor and you may wittiness, are always stand out from the crowd and you may mark the attention from females. So why do females get a hold of instance a partner? Communications is an integral part of a healthy and balanced relationship, and because Russian women are seeking the most suitable choice abroad, it’s not alarming one practical the male is especially wished.
Therefore, ladies to your brides matchmaking dot com anticipate its lovers to consider from the specific essential times within relationships, build merchandise or at least render an excellent bouquet regarding plants
Sex spots will always be split in the community, and you may the male is brought up with a depend on that they ought not to inform you the thoughts in public places. For this reason, constantly, people act quite crude remaining their thoughts around a hundred tresses. Although not, every woman dreams about somebody who will feel a neck so you can cry for the and certainly will tell you sympathy when needed. Russian people need to believe that he’s loved and enjoyed, thus the greatest spouse can find the right second showing its emotions. They would like to show the advice and you can ambitions making use of their extreme other people and get read. Regrettably, not totally all the male is sensitive sufficient towards the the new experiences of their lovers, and it’s important for women to talk due to their people and you can know that he is hearing him or her. It’s how they getting an effective psychological connection with the beloved boys.
In the event real owing to has-been a part of for the past, people however including men just who act from inside the a classic-fashioned trend. Really, a gentleman isn’t just regarding a person who is also unlock a door facing a lady, but it is about esteem that a person treats his beloved that while others. As a whole, respect is known as an enormous a portion of the base on which happier and healthy matchmaking was centered. Besides, getting a gentleman mode taking care of a lady, maybe not making it possible for their to bring big handbags, and being constantly happy to assist her having some thing. All women really wants to become liked and addressed with appeal. Russian females tune in to like information and wish to begin enough time relationships which have people that will remove him or her the way they deserve it.
Maybe you have read several times that a sound judgment out-of humor is actually regarding crucial pros when it comes to dating and you may dating that have a sexy Russian lady. It will help in most the newest spheres regarding lifestyle, and sometimes, it can become a genuine defense ring, so Russian people seek males with a decent sense of laughs. Amusing laughs becomes a wonderful icebreaker and easy a worried moment. We all know you to every day life is just on having a good time and delighted circumstances, but if you can find something confident actually with the a rainy go out, you glow self-confident vibes. So it function pulls and helps lay yourself so you can positive advice as well. And since women are very delicate and you will emotional, they echo excessively regarding many things; they need someone who will keep a confident feeling and then make her or him laugh.
Tips to Appeal good Russian Girl
As soon as we instance some one and wish to victory them more than, i subconsciously just be sure to impress her or him one way or another. We want to draw their interest and feature our selves about best possible sides since if to make a try out and you can trying to so you’re able to encourage them what an excellent bring they rating. The brand new relationships scene is not much various other in this regard, and the majority of guys try to try everything you are able to so you’re able to stand out from the others and you can interest female they like. datingmentor.org/nl/russische-dating/ When you yourself have come across an enchanting Russian lady for the greatest brides dating internet site, then you should come with a strategy for the method that you is also draw the woman notice and you can impress, following dating an excellent Russian girl legislation. | https://www.ulalalab.com/2022/09/22/of-many-female-believe-that-your-brain-s-the/ | dclm-gs1-260185422 |
0.101036 | <urn:uuid:4ede91a1-1a96-4502-99d7-cc16910b13aa> | en | 0.952287 | Dr. Fauci: Some states facing 'serious problem' as COVID-19 cases surge
Dr. Anthony Fauci, director of the National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, is seen testifying during a House committee hearing on Tuesday. Photo by Kevin Dietsch/UPI | <a href="/News_Photos/lp/c0a86b8255eb6c53730f7afcb247217a/" target="_blank">License Photo</a>
June 26 (UPI) -- Dr. Anthony Fauci, the nation's top infectious diseases expert, warned Friday that some parts of the country are facing "a serious problem" as COVID-19 infection rates spiral in several U.S. states across the South and West.
Fauci, appearing Friday at the first briefing held by the White House coronavirus task force in nearly two months, noted the sharp jumps in infections and hospitalizations in Texas, Florida, Arizona and elsewhere.
While some U.S. states have been able to reopen their economies in a "prudent manner," in others, he said, "we have a serious problem."
Fauci urged individual citizens in areas facing surging coronavirus infections to take responsibility for their actions, noting that more younger people are testing positive for coronavirus.
RELATED Trump again blames testing for high coronavirus numbers during Arizona rally
"When you have an outbreak of an infectious disease, it's a dynamic process that is global, so remember, what happened in China affected us, what happened in Europe affected us, what's happening here is affecting others," he said.
"We can't get away from that. It's interconnected. Therefore, if we are an interconnected society we've got to look at what our role is in trying to put an end to this."
Vice President Mike Pence, the task force's chairman, opened the briefing by offering condolences for the 126,000 deaths and the 2.5 million infections recorded in the United States so far, then added, "We have made truly remarkable progress in moving our nation forward."
RELATED Fauci: No requests to slow down COVID-19 testing, vaccine timeline unchanged
He asserted that "all 50 states" are "opening up safely and responsibly" a day after the United States set a new record for new COVID-19 cases recorded in a single day.
The briefing was held at the Department of Health and Human Services rather than at the White House, as previous task force briefings were.
President Donald Trump was not present at the event.
RELATED FDA pulls emergency approval for malaria drugs to treat COVID-19
In contrast to the highly visible daily briefings hosted by the president in the early days of the COVID-19 pandemic, the task force has receded from public view in recent weeks as the administration has instead focused its attentions on reopening the economy.
Fauci said June 16 he hadn't spoken to Trump during the previous two weeks, but added the task force is still making "substantial" efforts to tackle the pandemic.
The president continued to stress economic recovery Thursday, tweeting, "Coronavirus deaths are way down. Mortality rate is one of the lowest in the World. Our Economy is roaring back and will NOT be shut down. 'Embers' or flare ups will be put out, as necessary!"
Those assurances came as the United States registered more than 40,000 infections of COVID-19 in the previous 24 hours, according to two live trackers of the deadly and infections coronavirus. That set a new record for cases recorded in a single day.
Dr. Robert Redfield, director of the CDC, said Thursday that more than 20 million people may have been infected in the country.
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0.159262 | <urn:uuid:70f1498f-d5ca-4b72-b95a-3f207e85f0d8> | en | 0.941578 | What Is Deep Sleep?
man asleep in bed
Tara Moore / Getty Images
What Is Deep Sleep?
There are two main sleep stages: non-rapid eye movement (non-REM) sleep and rapid eye movement sleep (REM).
What Happens During Deep Sleep
During deep sleep, your body goes through many essential processes for the optimal functioning of your brain. When you are in deep sleep, you’ll find that you are not easily awakened, and even when you are, you’ll feel disoriented and groggy.
Some research shows that for several minutes or even hours after you’ve been awakened from the deeper stages of sleep, your mental performance will be impaired, and you’ll have a strong desire to go back to sleep. This phenomenon is known as sleep inertia.
During deep sleep, your declarative memory, which are the memories of facts and events from your day-to-day life, improves. Growth hormones that help with organ, muscle, and tissue repair are also released from your pituitary gland. If you are recovering from an injury, this is when your body does the most work in healing itself.
Sleep disorders such as bedwetting, night terrors, sleepwalking, and sleep eating is likely to occur during deep sleep.
Stages of Sleep
When you fall asleep, your body doesn’t go straight into deep sleep. In fact, throughout the night, you’ll go through several stages of sleep. Non-REM and REM are the two main phases.
Non-REM sleep is the first part of sleep and is made up of three stages. Next is REM sleep. Getting context into how the other stages of sleep occur will help you better understand what deep sleep is and how it happens.
Non-REM sleep
The non-REM phase of your sleep cycle is made up of three stages:
• The first stage happens when you first fall asleep. It typically lasts for only a few minutes, and it’s easy for you to still awaken at this stage. You might experience rolling eye movement or sudden muscle spasms during this stage.
• The second stage occurs just before your body goes into the deep sleep phase. Here your body temperature reduces, and your heart rate and breathing slow. The rolling eye movements you experienced during the first stage will also stop.
• The third stage is deep sleep, your heart rate and breathing rate slow down even more and your brain and body get to work repairing themselves.
REM Sleep
REM sleep occurs when your body starts to cycle from deep sleep. Your heart rate and breathing begin to quicken, and you are most likely to dream during this stage.
The first cycle of REM sleep occurs about 90 minutes after you go to bed. Changes to your brain and body also occur in both REM and non-REM stages. Throughout the night, your body will continue to cycle through these stages until you wake up.
Each time you go through the cycle, you’ll spend less time in the deeper stages of sleep. You are most likely to go through this cycle four to five times a night.
Why You Need Deep Sleep
Getting quality deep sleep is essential for your well-being. During deep sleep, your brain has a chance to recover from all the activity it went through during the day. For young children and teenagers who are still developing, deep sleep is crucial as there’s an increase in growth hormone secretion during this stage of sleep.
One of the most critical functions of deep sleep is the consolidation of new memories. This is typically referred to as sleep-dependent memory processing. People with insomnia or some other sleep disorder typically suffer an impairment of this function.
As we grow older, the amount of deep sleep we get reduces. This makes it all the more important to get enough quality sleep through the night. Some of the most important brain and body functions occur during deep sleep. Not getting enough quality shuteye has been linked to the development of conditions such as:
• Heart disease
• Obesity
• Diabetes
• Hypertension
Tips to Get More Deep Sleep
The easiest way to ensure that your body is getting enough time for deep sleep is to ensure that you are getting enough sleep time in general. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends that adults get more than 7 hours of sleep daily for their optimal well-being.
In addition to this, here are a couple of tips that can help you get more deep sleep:
• Exercise: Research shows that regular exercise can increase and improve the quality of your deep sleep.
• Spend some time in the sauna: Some research shows that heat can help you get better deep sleep. Taking a hot shower before bed, or hitting the sauna are great ways to get some heat in.
• Have a healthy diet: There are many reasons to have a healthy diet, and getting quality sleep is one of them. One study shows that eating less fiber and more fats and sugars can cause your sleep to be more disrupted. Instead of these, consume more foods that are low in fat and high in protein and fiber.
• Listen to white or pink noise: If you struggle a little with going to sleep at night, listening to some white or pink noise can help with that.
• No coffee before bed: Coffee lovers might drink cups of coffee around the clock when left to their own devices. However, it’s important to avoid caffeine at least 7 hours before you go to bed to have a good night’s sleep.
• Cut down on alcohol: While alcohol might seem like it helps you fall asleep, in reality, it reduces the quality and period of deep sleep that you get.
7 Sources
2. American Sleep Association. Deep Sleep: How to Get More of It. 2017
3. Berkeley News. Deep sleep may act as fountain of youth in old age. April 5, 2017
4. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. How Much Sleep Do I Need. March 2, 2017
5. Hussain J, Cohen M. Clinical effects of regular dry sauna bathing: a systematic review. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2018;2018:e1857413.
6. American Academy of Sleep Medicine. Study suggests that what you eat can influence how you sleep. January 14, 2016
7. Cleveland Clinic. Sleep Basics. July 12, 2020
By Toketemu Ohwovoriole | https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-deep-sleep-5207950 | dclm-gs1-260205422 |
0.498737 | <urn:uuid:725f67c6-ec0d-4b7e-9e1d-bbba931c3194> | en | 0.847859 | video placeholder
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Jaya and Diwakar's banter
2m | Kannada | Reality | 2021
Day 11: Jaya Srinivasan and Diwakar have a playful exchange of dialogues between each other. Watch to know what the conversation is about in this unseen moment, only on Voot. | https://www.voot.com/shows/bigg-boss-kannada/5/541343/jaya-and-diwakars-banter/544474 | dclm-gs1-260225422 |
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Pushkar, the dark horse!
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Day 20: Describing Pushkar Jog as the dark horse, Anil Thatte claims that Pushkar is one of the strongest contenders in the house. Watch all the unseen discussions and interactions from the house, only on Voot! | https://www.voot.com/shows/bigg-boss-marathi/1/596072/pushkar-the-dark-horse/601008 | dclm-gs1-260235422 |
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U/A 13+ | Social themes,Women-centric drama
When Anokhi asks Jashoda for permission to meet Abhay, Jashoda refuses and warns Anokhi to stay away from Abhay for a while. Watch the recap of the episodes gone by in the highlight clip, on Voot! | https://www.voot.com/shows/maru-mann-mohi-gayu/1/1206985/anokhis-request-to-jashoda/1321079 | dclm-gs1-260245422 |
0.022967 | <urn:uuid:9558aab2-6d28-43a0-a719-3aaa9ce357c0> | en | 0.870326 | Brief Article Open Access
World J Gastroenterol. Jul 21, 2013; 19(27): 4325-4333
Published online Jul 21, 2013. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i27.4325
Phytoestrogens/insoluble fibers and colonic estrogen receptor β: Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study
Mariabeatrice Principi, Alfredo Di Leo, Maria Pricci, Maria Principia Scavo, Raffaella Guido, Sabina Tanzi, Domenico Piscitelli, Antonio Pisani, Enzo Ierardi, Maria Cristina Comelli, Michele Barone
Mariabeatrice Principi, Alfredo Di Leo, Maria Pricci, Maria Principia Scavo, Raffaella Guido, Sabina Tanzi, Antonio Pisani, Michele Barone, Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy
Domenico Piscitelli, Pathology Unit, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy
Enzo Ierardi, Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71100 Foggia, Italy
Maria Cristina Comelli, R and D, CMD Pharma Limited, London SW1V4BJ, United Kingdom
Author contributions: Di Leo A and Comelli MC contributed formulation and invention of the active dietary intervention and designed research; Pricci M, Scavo MP, Guido R, Tanzi S, Piscitelli D and Pisani A performed research; Principi M, Ierardi E and Barone M analyzed data and wrote the paper.
Supported by Wholly granted from R and D, CMD Pharma Limited, United Kingdom
Correspondence to: Alfredo Di Leo, Professor, Chief of Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy.
Telephone: +39-80-5502577 Fax: +39-80-5593251
Received: February 8, 2013
Revised: April 18, 2013
Accepted: May 8, 2013
Published online: July 21, 2013
AIM: To assess the safety and effect of the supplementation of a patented blend of dietary phytoestrogens and insoluble fibers on estrogen receptor (ER)-β and biological parameters in sporadic colonic adenomas.
METHODS: A randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trial was performed. Patients scheduled to undergo surveillance colonoscopy for previous sporadic colonic adenomas were identified, and 60 eligible patients were randomized to placebo or active dietary intervention (ADI) twice a day, for 60 d before surveillance colonoscopy. ADI was a mixture of 175 mg milk thistle extract, 20 mg secoisolariciresinol and 750 mg oat fiber extract. ER-β and ER-α expression, apoptosis and proliferation (Ki-67 LI) were assessed in colon samples.
RESULTS: No adverse event related to ADI was recorded. ADI administration showed a significant increases in ER-β protein (0.822 ± 0.08 vs 0.768 ± 0.10, P = 0.04) and a general trend to an increase in ER-β LI (39.222 ± 2.69 vs 37.708 ± 5.31, P = 0.06), ER-β/ER-α LI ratio (6.564 ± 10.04 vs 2.437 ± 1.53, P = 0.06), terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (35.592 ± 14.97 vs 31.541 ± 11.54, P = 0.07) and Ki-67 (53.923 ± 20.91 vs 44.833 ± 10.38, P = 0.07) approximating statistical significance. A significant increase of ER-β protein (0.805 ± 0.13 vs 0.773 ± 0.13, P = 0.04), mRNA (2.278 ± 1.19 vs 1.105 ± 1.07, P < 0.02) and LI (47.533 ± 15.47 vs 34.875 ± 16.67, P < 0.05) and a decrease of ER-α protein (0.423 ± 0.06 vs 0.532 ± 0.11, P < 0.02) as well as a trend to increase of ER-β/ER-α protein in ADI vs placebo group were observed in patients without polyps (1.734 ± 0.20 vs 1.571 ± 0.42, P = 0.07).
CONCLUSION: The role of ER-β on the control of apoptosis, and its amenability to dietary intervention, are supported in our study.
Key Words: Estrogen receptor-β, Estrogen receptor-α, Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling, Sporadic adenomatous polyposis, Phytoestrogens, Insoluble fibers
Core tip: Active dietary intervention, a mixture of phytoestrogens and insoluble fibers, was administered in patients with sporadic colonic adenomas in a randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Dietary supplementation induced an increase in estrogen receptor (ER)-β protein and the ER-β/ER-α ratio with a general trend towards an increase in epithelial proliferation and apoptosis. These results, even if limited by the small number of subjects and short period of dietary supplementation, suggest the possibility of an interaction with epithelial apoptosis by means of mediating ER-β levels.
There is considerable evidence, both observational and interventional, to suggest that estrogens may have a chemopreventive activity for colorectal cancer (CRC). Women have a lower rate of colonic adenomas and cancers than men before menopause but the differences progressively lessen after menopause[1]. The mortality from CRC has been decreasing progressively in women compared to men since 1950[2] and this decrease is correlated with the time frames of increasing use of hormone replacement therapy (HRT), as confirmed by controlled trials[3,4].
Any chemopreventive effect of estrogens for CRC would likely be mediated by the interaction of circulating estrogens with estrogen receptors (ERs) in the colonic epithelium[5]; the presence of these receptors has been investigated by different methods, in many papers since the 1980s[6-8]. There are two distinct types of estrogen receptors (ERs) in human tissues. ER-α is primarily expressed in the breast and endometrium, whereas ER-β is found in a wide variety of tissues that are traditionally considered non-hormonal, including the colon. ER-α and ER-β activation may lead to biologically opposite patterns, as demonstrated in cancer cell lines (HC 11, LoVo)[9,10]. Thus, it is reasonable to hypothesize that estrogens could have dissimilar biological consequences in different tissues according to the amount and type of ERs[11]; the ER-β/ER-α ratio has therefore been developed to measure this phenomenon[12]. There is a substantial body of evidence suggesting that the level of ER-β expression itself, and/or the ER-β/ER-α ratio, is related to colonic carcinogenesis in both humans and animal models of CRC. ER-β is abundantly expressed in the normal colon but its expression is progressively decreased in adenomas and CRC in relation to the disease aggressiveness[13-15]. Similarly, familial adenomatous polyposis shows progressively lowered ER-β levels and a reduced ER-β/ER-α ratio in pre-neoplastic and neoplastic tissue[14]. Finally, the results of different studies suggest that some herbal supplements may exert significant and potentially beneficial effects on decreasing the amount of precancerous lesions by inducing apoptosis in the large intestine[16-19]. In an adenomatous polyposis coliMin/+ (ApcMin/+) mouse model, dietary supplementation significantly counteracted the intestinal tumorigenesis and increased the ER-β expression in the colon[20]. Moreover, observational studies suggest that phytoestrogens intake in whole grain, as well as enterolignans and silibinin, may be associated with a decreased incidence of advanced colon adenomas and cancers in both men and women[21-24].
On these bases, we conducted a randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled study to determine whether short term administration of dietary phytoestrogens and insoluble fibers, (silymarin, secoisolariciresinol diglycoside from flaxseed and insoluble fibers from oat extract, (Eviendep® CMD Pharma Limited. A Nestle Health Science Company, London, United Kingdom) can selectively alter ERs expression in the normal appearing colonic mucosa of patients undergoing surveillance colonoscopy after a previous polypectomy. Epithelial proliferation and apoptosis were assessed at the same time.
The expression of these biomarkers was evaluated in two steps: firstly analysis after administration of the active dietary intervention (ADI, Eviendep) vs the placebo, and then a further subdivision into 4 subgroups: ADI vs placebo, with, or without polyp recurrence.
Study design and patient population
The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the University Hospital of Bari (No. 1410). All patients signed informed consent, in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration, revision 1983. The study was registered at Clinical (ID: NCT01402648). In accordance with the CONSORT statement flowchart, the study design and flow is described in Figure 1.
Figure 1
Figure 1 Diagram of study design.
All subjects with endoscopic records, males or post-menopausal females (defined as the absence of a menstrual cycle for at least 2 years prior to enrollment) aged at least 50 years, who had undergone a previous endoscopic polypectomy and were enrolled in follow-up for surveillance colonoscopy to be performed 3 or 5 years later, according to standard guidelines, were screened for study eligibility. Six hundred patients, potentially eligible by chart-review, were contacted by the EC authorized Clinical Investigators by telephone-interview to explain the study and invite them to participate.
Inclusion criteria were based on biochemical evaluation of blood samples i.e., hemoglobin ≥ 12.0 g/dL; platelets ≥ 120000/mm3; international normalized ratio ≤ 1.5; alanine aminotranferease or aspartate aminotransferase ≤ 1.5 times the upper limit of normal values (ULN); alkaline phosphatase ≤ 1.5 times ULN; bilirubin ≤ 1.5 times ULN; blood urea nitrogen ≤ 40 mg/dL and normal blood pressure or controlled hypertension.
The following were exclusion criteria: chronic inflammatory bowel disease, intestinal and/or extra-intestinal malignant neoplasms, acute or chronic renal disease, anemia, coagulation disorders or a body mass index (BMI) > 30 kg/m2, anti-cancer treatment and/or systemic corticosteroids within 6 mo of enrollment; anticoagulants or platelet anti-aggregants and antibiotics within 30 d of enrollment, HRT, selective estrogen receptor modulator, e.g., tamoxifene and related compounds or other supplemented phytoestrogens, aspirin and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs within the previous 6 mo.
Sixty consenting, eligible patients, out of 600 interviewed, were randomly allocated to placebo (PL) or ADI (Eviendep) in a 1:1 ratio at baseline (T0), i.e., 60 d in advance of their scheduled surveillance colonoscopy (T60). The period of 60 d of supplementation was chosen as adequate for complete turnover of the colonic epithelial cells (migration from the crypt and release into the lumen) approximately eight times and, therefore, for the reliability of the biological evaluation[25].
ADI was provided as a sachet composed of 750 mg insoluble and indigestible oat fiber (cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin), 50 mg flaxseed dry extract (containing 20% secoisolariciresinol diglycoside), and 175 mg milk thistle extract (70% silymarin by UV and 30% silibinin by high performance liquid chromatography). PL sachets contained maltodextrins (910 mg), and 100% of ADI excipients. The ADI and PL were provided by the Sponsor in identical boxes and sachets, and labeled with the protocol code and the allocated participant number. The ADI and PL were stored and distributed, according to the assigned treatment group, to the participants through the Hospital Pharmacy. The patients and investigators were blinded to assignment. There were no dietary restrictions.
Computer-generated randomization, study monitoring, database acquisition and statistical analysis were conducted through a contract with medical trial analysis (Ferrara, Italy), an independent Clinical Research Organization.
Safety was assessed by vital signs (heart rate, blood pressure); and blood homeworks at baseline (T0), and after 30 d (T30) and 60 d (T60).
Phytoestrogen intake, and compliance were assessed by urinary measurements i.e., enterolignans enterodiol (ED) and enterolactone (EL), at T0, T30 and T60[19,20]. A few d before colonoscopy, all patients were asked to avoid fruit and vegetable intake and received bowel cleansing with PEG 4000 (1120 g/4 L water solution).
Endoscopy and histology
The number, location and size of all visualized polyps were recorded during endoscopy. A standard protocol for polyp removal was followed. Diminutive polyps (0.5 cm) were ablated with electrocoagulation, whereas all polyps > 0.5 cm in size were removed and submitted for histological assessment. Eight biopsies of the normal appearing sigmoidal mucosa were collected from all participants; seven of the biopsies were frozen in liquid nitrogen for biochemical and biologic endpoint analyses and one was well-oriented on blotting paper and then fixed in 4% formalin for immunostaining. The polyps were classified as hyperplastic or dysplastic by a gastrointestinal pathologist.
Biochemical and biologic endpoint analyses
Colonic biopsies were assessed for ER-β and ER-α mRNA by reverse transcriptase (RT)-polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and protein by Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbant Assay. Total RNA was extracted from biopsies using the RNA easy mini kit (Qiagen), according to the manufacturer’s instructions. RNA concentration and quality were assessed by spectrophotometric readings at 260 and 280 nm. ER-β and ER-α cDNA were generated by Reverse Transcription of 0.5 μg of total RNA in a 20 μL reaction volume (iScript Select cDNA Synthesis Kit, Biorad), according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Two rounds of amplification (PCR-1 and PCR-2) were performed. The outer and inner primers used to detect ER-β and ER-α mRNAs at exon 3 have been previously described[26]. PCR-1 was performed in 50 μL final volume (iTaq DNA Polymerase Kit-Biorad) containing 2 μL cDNA and 40 pmol of outer primers through a denaturation step (95 °C for 3 min), 30 cycles (94 °C for 30 s, 55 °C for 30 s, 72 °C for 30 s) and a final primer extension step (72 °C for 10 min). For PCR-2, PCR-1-derived ER-β and ER-α were diluted tenfold, and a 3 μL aliquot was amplified with 40 pmol of inner primers as per PCR1 conditions. β-actin cDNA (0.5 μL) served as internal control. DNA fragments were separated on a 2% agarose gel stained with ethidium bromide and size assessed by comparison with 100 bp DNA marker using Molecular Imager ChemiDOC XRS+ (Biorad). After normalization to the fluorescent β-actin PCR band intensity, ER-β and ER-α mRNA were expressed as arbitrary units of fluorescence.
For the extraction of proteins, colonic biopsies were homogenized in lysis buffer [100 mmol/L Tris-HCl (pH 7.5), 300 mmol/L NaCl, 4 mmol/L EDTA, 2% NP40, 0.5% Na deoxycholate, 1 mmol/L sodium orthovanadate and a protease inhibitor cocktail-Roche]. Supernatants were collected after centrifugation (13000 g for 25 min) and the total protein concentration was measured by the Bradford method (Biorad). ER-β and ER-α were measured using QuantiSir specific gene knockdown quantification specific kits (Epigentek, Brooklyn, NY, United States), following the manufacturer’s instructions. ERs content was normalized to GAPDH and expressed as optical densities (A) by computer-assisted densitometry.
Human urine spot samples (fasting) were extracted and measured by mass spectroscopy using a waters quattro premier mass spectrometer and waters acquity equipment. The lower and upper limit of quantitation (LLOQ and ULOQ) were 0.5 ng/mL and 2000 ng/mL for EL and ED, respectively. Two full calibration lines prepared in surrogate matrix (phosphate buffered saline; PBS), corresponding to five different EL and ED concentrations over the LLOQ and ULOQ, served as quality control (QC) samples. Duplicate QC samples prepared in the calibrated range were run together with the clinical samples. The concentration of ED and EL (ng/mL) and the coefficient of variation [CV (%) = SD of results/mean of results × 100] were measured.
Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence
Immunohistochemistry evaluated ERs expression, cell proliferation by Ki-67 and apoptosis by both terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) and caspase-3. In all cases, IHC data was expressed as labeling index (LI), i.e., the percent of immunostained colonocytes over the total counted cells along the length of 10 well oriented crypts. A further evaluation was based on the intensity of IHC staining divided into weak, moderate and strong. Both LI and intensity staining were calculated by two independent observers (MPS, ST) in a blinded fashion. Diagnostic agreement was revealed by a weighted k statistics coefficient > 0.8.
IHC was performed only on the sections of biopsies taken from non-adenomatous mucosa[4,14]. After permeabilization and antigen retrieval under shaking conditions in TBS buffer with TWEEN 0.025% for ER-β (15 min) and by microwave irradiation in citric buffer at pH 6.0 for ER-α (3 cycles of 5 min), the slides were covered with 5% goat serum for 30’ at room temperature (RT) to block non-specific binding. The slides were incubated with primary antibodies diluted 1:50 in PBS, at 4 °C overnight (anti-ER-β: Novocastra Menarini, Milano, Italy and anti-ERα: Santa Cruz, CA, United States). Negative controls were obtained by dipping slides in PBS without primary antibodies. Reactions were detected by a polymer-based visualization kit (EnVision, Dako, Glostrup, Denmark). Slides were then incubated with the chromogen 3, 3-diaminobenzidine-tetrahydrochloride (DAB, Vector laboratories) for 40 min at RT, and Harris hematoxylin (Sigma) served for nuclear counterstaining.
Ki-67 expression was evaluated by monoclonal antibody (clone MIB-1, Dako, Glostrup, Denmark). The sections were treated in a microwave oven twice for 5 min in citrate buffer (pH 6.0) at high power (750 W) before primary antibody incubation for 1 h at RT. The secondary peroxidase-conjugated antibody (EnVision, Dako, Glostrup, Denmark) was applied to the sections. Peroxidase activity was visualized by diaminobenzidine chromogen (DAB, Vector laboratory) and counterstained with hematoxylin.
TUNEL was investigated by the in situ cell death detection kit, Roche. In brief, sections were treated with 0.1 mol/L citrate buffer (pH 6.0) cooled to an internal temperature of sub-boiling in the microwave oven at 350 W for 10 min, incubated with TUNEL probe at 37 °C for 1 h and counterstained with TOPRO 3 (Invitrogen Molecular Probes), diluted at 1:5000. All sections were observed at × 400 magnification by confocal microscopy (Leica TSC SP2 confocal laser scanning microscope).
Caspase-3 was detected with a methodological approach allowing evaluation of both its exclusive expression and co-expression with ER-β. In detail, a rabbit polyclonal antibody from cell signaling (clone D 175) was used. Antigen retrieval was performed by rocking the slides in TBS buffer with TWEEN 0.025% for 10 min followed by microwave irradiation in citric buffer at pH 6.0 for 10 min at 750 watts; slides were incubated for 1 h at room temperature in 1% BSA blocking solution and then dipped in a mixture of the two primary antibodies (ER-β 1:50, Caspase-3 1:30) at 4 °C overnight. The sections were covered with the secondary antibody, Alexa 555 fluorescent-conjugated Goat anti-Rabbit (Invitrogen), diluted to 1:100 in PBS. TOPRO-3 (Invitrogen-Molecular Probes) diluted in PBS and incubated for 10’ at room temperature, providing nuclear counterstaining. Cells were counted at × 400 magnification, by confocal microscopy (Leica TSC SP2 confocal laser scanning microscope).
Statistical analysis
Sample size estimation was based on the assumption of an equivalence margin between the study arms of 0.05 and an actual difference (meanADI - meanPL) of 1, SDADI = 2 and SDPL = 2. Sixty patients were required to complete the study for an 80% powered study and a two-tailed 0.05 α error. The non parametric, two sided Wilcoxon Rank Sums test weighted ERs and biomarkers expression in study groups. ANOVA, χ2 or t test were used to compare demographics and all the other functional parameters. Spearman’s correlation was applied to assess relationships among ERs and the other biomarkers with the common diet and the allocated supplements. All analyses were performed using SAS version 8.2 (Statistical Analysis Software, Cary, NC). Diagnostic agreement was tested by calculating the weighted k statistics coefficient interpreted in accordance with the benchmarks of Landis and Koch. A value below 0.4 indicated poor agreement, a value between 0.4 and 0.8 moderate to good agreement, and a value of more than 0.8 excellent agreement[26].
A flow diagram of the study is shown in Figure 1. A total of 60 eligible consenting subjects were identified from 600 interviewed potential participants. They were enrolled and randomly assigned 1:1 to placebo or ADI. The groups were matched for age, gender, BMI, and season of enrollment; this last character displayed the absence of biases in phytoestrogen intake.
Ten out of 60 subjects dropped out, as reported in Figure 1. The final per protocol population consisted of 50 participants who completed the 60 d treatment with dietary supplements and underwent surveillance colonoscopy.
Endoscopy and histology findings
In 21 subjects (42%) polyps were found; the majority of these (58%) were electrocoagulated while the remainders were processed for histological examination. None showed high grade dysplasia.
Adverse events and compliance
No adverse events or biochemical modifications were reported in either the ADI or the placebo group.
Urinary enterolignan levels (ED, EL and ED + EL: ng/mL) were comparable between the study groups at baseline (Table 1). ADI treatment induced a significant increase in all urinary enterolignan levels at T30 and T60.
Table 1 Urinary enterolignans (ng/mL) in study groups at different timepoints (mean ± SD).
Placebo (n = 23)ADI (n = 27)P value
ED + ELT0697.8 ± 963.3410.3 ± 336.90.270
ED + ELT30472.4 ± 475.53300.1 ± 1535.5< 0.001
ED + ELT60116.0 ± 235.2327.5 ± 313.1< 0.001
At T60 an expected fall in urinary lignans occurred in both groups due to the dietary restriction of fruits, vegetables and the colonoscopy bowel cleansing.
Molecular estrogen receptors assay
The effect of ADI on ER-β and ER-α protein and mRNA content at T60 is shown in Table 2. ADI induced a statistically significant increase of ER-β protein. ER-β mRNA levels were higher in the ADI than placebo group but the difference did not reach significance. ER-α protein and mRNA content were similar between the two groups; the ER-β/ER-α protein ratio showed a trend to an increase in the ADI group.
Table 2 T60 colonoscopy: Estrogen receptor-β and estrogen receptor-α expression values in the normal sigmoid mucosa of study groups (mean ± SD).
ER-β protein0.768 ± 0.100.822 ± 0.080.04
ER-β mRNA0.994 ± 0.991.266 ± 1.240.10
ER-β protein0.510 ± 0.110.490 ± 0.120.50
ER-β mRNA0.139 ± 0.280.230 ± 0.240.20
ER-β/ER-α protein1.571 ± 0.421.734 ± 0.200.07
The median value of ER-β and ER-α proteins, referred to all 50 patients enrolled, were 0.82 and 0.47 A, respectively. The patients distribution around these numbers was different for the two proteins. The ADI group showed a spread above the value of ER-β in a higher percentage as compared to the placebo group (62.96% vs 34.78%; P < 0.05) while, on the contrary, in the ADI group the median value of ER-α protein decreased as compared to the placebo group (66.7% vs 34.8%; P = 0.02).
Treatment-related immunohistochemical biomarkers
Analysis of agreement between the observers provided κ = 0.87 (95%CI = 0.76-0.98). The assessment of intensity staining did not affect the results of LI, as the percentage of weakly stained cells was less than 10% and the results were referred only to moderate-strong intensity.
Table 3 reports the effect of ADI on the LI of ER-β, ER-α, Ki-67, TUNEL and caspase-3. The ADI treated patients had a trend towards an increase in ER-β LI (P = 0.06), the ER-β/ER-α LI ratio (2.5 fold compared to PL; P = 0.06), TUNEL (P = 0.07) and Ki-67 (P = 0.07) as compared to the placebo group, although none of these differences reached statistical significance.
Table 3 T60 colonoscopy: Labeling index (mean ± SD).
LIPlacebo (n = 23)ADI (n = 27)P value
ER-β37.708 ± 5.3139.222 ± 2.690.06
ER-β20.416 ± 10.7116.481 ± 10.670.20
ER-β/ER-α2.437 ± 1.536.564 ± 10.040.06
TUNEL31.541 ± 11.5435.592 ± 14.970.07
Caspase-329.717 ± 7.9832.937 ± 13.540.10
Ki-6744.833 ± 10.3853.923 ± 20.910.07
Spearman correlation showed that, in the ADI group, the ER-β LI was directly correlated with the TUNEL LI (r = 0.406, P = 0.03) and caspase-3 LI (r = 0.529, P < 0.004). The relationship between ER-β and apoptosis was confirmed by the IHC evidence of ER-β caspase 3 co-localization, as clearly shown in Figure 2. In the PL group these correlations showed the same direction but did not reach statistical significance (r = 0.379, P = 0.07 and r = 0.134, P = 0.55, respectively).
Figure 2
Figure 2 Colocalization estrogen receptor-β receptor and caspase-3. A: Nuclear estrogen receptor (ER)-β expression (red signal); B: Nuclear caspase-3 expression (green signal); C: Nuclear contrast with TOPRO-3 (blue signal); D: merge of the three signals. Both molecules are localized in the upper third of the crypts (Confocal microscope × 400).
Biomarker expression in patients with or without polyp recurrence
The expression of biomarkers in the normal mucosa of patients with (recurrent) and without (non-recurrent) polyps, was assessed. Table 4 shows that in patients without recurrence, there was a significant increase of the ER-β pattern (mRNA, protein and LI) and a decrease of ER-α protein in the ADI vs the placebo group. An increased ER-β/ER-α protein ratio (P = 0.01, not shown in the table) was also observed.
Table 4 Estrogen receptor-β and estrogen receptor-α, apoptosis and mitosis in non-recurrent patients.
Non- recurrentER-βproteinER-βmRNAER-βLIER-βproteinER-βmRNAER-βLITUNEL LICaspase-3 LIKi-67 LI
ADI (median)0.8052.27847.5330.4230.29515.33343.77739.44455.33
PL (median)0.7731.10534.8750.5320.15916.75031.37529.5345.31
In patients with recurrence, a higher ER-β protein (P = 0.04) and a lower ER-α LI (P = 0.02), were also demonstrated in the ADI group.
There are substantial observational human data to suggest the possibility that ERs expression might be a marker of colon cancer risk. The ApcMin/+ mouse model of intestinal neoplasia has been used to study this association. Barone et al[20] reported that the ER-β level and ER-β/ER-α ratio was substantially lower in the normal small intestinal mucosa of ApcMin/+ mice than in syngenic wild type mice, and there was a consequent decrease of intestinal apoptotic activity. This fall was regulated by silymarin and an insoluble fibers (consisting of 6% lignin, known to be intestinally converted to the active enterolignans, enterodiol and EL) mixture. In this combination, silymarin is a potent ER-β agonist[27,28] and lignans have a substantial phytoestrogenic activity[29]. The silymarin/lignan combination also markedly decreased the number and size of intestinal tumors in ApcMin/+ mice[20]. Moreover, it was demonstrated that oophorectomy in female ApcMin/+ mice led to an increased number of polyps, which could be abolished by the administration of estrogens[3] or a ER-β selective agonist[4] like coumestrol. Similarly, in intact male ApcMin/+ mice, ER-β up-regulation via administration of a dietary ER-β selective agonist can reduce the number of adenomas with high grade dysplasia[22]. Giroux et al[31] addressed this relationship directly, showing that ER-β deficiency induced by ER-β knock-out in female ApcMin/+ mice led to enhanced small intestine tumorigenesis.
The current study was designed to investigate whether a similar dietary supplement could modify ERs levels in humans. ADI (Eviendep® CMD Pharma Limited, United Kingdom), a dietary supplement containing a patented combination of insoluble fibers and dietary phytoestrogens (silymarin and lignans) can substantially increase phytoestrogen levels in humans. We determined whether ADI affects the balance of expression of the ERs, as well as between proliferation and apoptosis, in the colonic mucosa of men and post-menopausal women undergoing surveillance colonoscopy for previous adenomas. The expression of these parameters was evaluated in two study steps, firstly analysis of the situation after active treatment vs placebo, and then a further analysis of the same biomarkers in 4 subgroups: supplement vs placebo, with, or without recurrence.
In the first step, in comparison with the placebo group, the ADI group showed a mild but significant increase in the mean ER-β protein content (P = 0.04), as well as a trend towards increase of the ER-β/ER-α ratio (P = 0.07), while ER-α protein (P = 0.5) and the mRNA content (P = 0.2) were similar between the two groups. In our study, we found that ADI induced a statistically significant increase of ER-β protein, whilst ER-β mRNA levels were higher than in placebo group but the difference did not reach significance. Moreover, both the protein and mRNA were significantly increased in the subjects without the finding of polyps at endoscopy. A possible explanation of our result may be due to an increased synthesis as well as a reduced degradation of ER-β protein. Indeed, the transcription, synthesis and degradation of ER protein are processes subjected to mechanisms of complex control through highly regulated adjustment systems. Degradation, in particular, takes place in the cell by a cytosolic complex, the proteasome. It is mediated by ubiquitin that binds to the ligand binding domain of the receptor (ubiquitination)[32,33]. It is possible that these mechanisms may be different in the colonic mucosa prepared or not the development of polyps. Furthermore, TUNEL (P = 0.07) and Ki-67 (P = 0.07) approximated statistical significance. Finally, correlation tests suggested a link between ER-β and apoptosis, thus confirming previous experiences[20]. Moreover, it has been shown that ER-βin vitro can up-regulate Lo Vo cells, which in turn activate the caspase 3 and 8 to induce apoptosis in Lo Vo cells, i.e., transient transfected cellular elements used with the aim of evaluating a relationship between ERs and apoptosis[9]. Therefore, in the context of our randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled study, short-term exposure to ADI increased ER-β without substantially affecting ER-α in the normal colonic mucosa of patients who had had a previous polypectomy, regardless of whether they had adenomas at T60 surveillance colonoscopy. The overall increase in the ER-β/ER-α ratio in the ADI group was associated with an increased apoptotic rate in the normal appearing colonic mucosa. Indeed, the real goal was the assessment of biomarkers (estrogen receptors and indicators of proliferation/apoptosis) after a short period of diet. Merely for diet duration, highly significant results were not in our expectations, although a trend of our dietary supplementation to modify the biomarkers is clear from our study.
The second step led us to conclude that ADI administration was unable to affect polyp recurrence, but it should be remembered that the period of administration was not designed for this purpose. Of course, we failed to prove ADI clinical effects since the aim of our study could not be to demonstrate that our dietary supplementation had a chemopreventive effect on the growth of intestinal polyps. Indeed, a long time is needed for the development of these lesions (years), whilst the duration of the diet was very short (2 mo). However, we demonstrated that ADI significantly reduces ER-α and increases ER-β independently of polyp recurrence. Moreover, ADI induces apoptosis through TUNEL and caspase 3 expression. To our knowledge this is the first demonstration that ER-β expression can be modified in humans. If loss of ER-β is a marker of risk for CRC, high levels of ER-β, induced by ADI, might have chemoprotective effects and the mixture of sylimarin and lignans could increase ER-β signaling by increasing and activating the receptor signaling pathway.
As far as the safety of ADI treatment is concerned, there were no adverse events nor changes in blood chemistry. Moreover, the absence of an ER-α expression (mRNA, protein and immunochemically stained cells) increase after ADI supplementation empirically supported this evidence.
As expected, ADI substantially increased phytoestrogen levels, as indirectly measured by urinary enterolignan (ED and EL) levels. Although total urinary enterolignans were decreased in both the ADI and placebo groups at T60 due to dietary restriction of fruits and vegetables prior to colonoscopy, they were significantly increased (8 fold) at T30 in the ADI group. This assay was conducted to demonstrate the adherence to the diet of the subjects as well as to avoid that external dietary factors could affect our results. This evaluation could be an indirect index of phytoestrogen level increase in ADI group. Additionally, literature evidences showed that a high estrous cycle duration, increased corticosterone and 17 β-estradiol levels with an overexpression of receptors ER-α and ER-β in animal model[34] thus suggesting that increased estrogen levels may raise the expression of specific receptors.
Our results suggest that dietary supplements may be able to modulate ER-β, a potentially important biomarker of colon cancer risk. Additional studies of this possibility seem warranted. In conclusion, the role of ER-β in the control of apoptosis and its amenability to dietary intervention are supported by our study. Our data could encourage further, perhaps larger, studies to be undertaken with the aim of demonstrating the secondary chemopreventive potential of ADI against CRC.
Studies in the adenomatous polyposis coli (ApcMin/+) mouse model suggest that estrogen receptor β (ER-β) expression is lower in the intestinal mucosa as compared to APC wild type mice, while dietary supplementation significantly counteracted the intestinal tumorigenesis by increasing ER-β expression. This plot is a start-up to apply in human studies as well.
Research frontiers
Estrogens may have chemopreventive activity for colorectal cancer (CRC), of which sporadic adenoma is a direct precursor. This study assessed the safety and effect of supplementation of a patented blend of dietary phytoestrogens and insoluble fibers, active dietary intervention (ADI), on ER-β expression and on cellular proliferation and apoptosis in patients with recurrent sporadic colonic adenomas. The study was not designed to obtain a chemoprevention for the short diet duration.
Innovations and breakthroughs
ADI is an innovative, brand new mixture which has proved safe in humans and effective in increasing ER-β expression, that may offset intestinal carcinogenesis in patients with a positive history of recurrence for sporadic adenomas
In the future authors would like to analyze the possibility of prolonging treatment with ADI for longer than in this study (i.e., 2 mo) and to perform endoscopy before and after treatment, compatibly with the compliance of enrolled patients. This could help to increase the strength and to enhance the statistical significance of the results already obtained; the treatment may be shown to play a role in the prophylaxis of adenoma recurrence.
ERs, estrogen receptors, α and β, are widespread in human tissue. ER-α is primarily expressed in the breast and endometrium, whereas ER-β is present in a wide variety of tissues that are traditionally considered non-hormonal, including the colon. ER-α and ER-β activation may lead to biologically opposite patterns, as demonstrated in cancer cell lines
Peer review
The protective role of estrogen is a well-known topic in the literature, the interaction of a modified diet (ADI) with the expression of the receptors is an issue that may pose in the future of the implications on chemoprevention of CRC. The work is well structured methodologically, certainly a larger sample could provide greater and more extensive statistical significance
P- Reviewers Chan WK, Kawai H, Langdon S S- Editor Gou SX L- Editor A E- Editor Ma S
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24. Rajamanickam S, Velmurugan B, Kaur M, Singh RP, Agarwal R. Chemoprevention of intestinal tumorigenesis in APCmin/+ mice by silibinin. Cancer Res. 2010;70:2368-2378. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 62] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 57] [Article Influence: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)]
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28. Seidlová-Wuttke D, Becker T, Christoffel V, Jarry H, Wuttke W. Silymarin is a selective estrogen receptor beta (ERbeta) agonist and has estrogenic effects in the metaphysis of the femur but no or antiestrogenic effects in the uterus of ovariectomized (ovx) rats. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2003;86:179-188. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 61] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 63] [Article Influence: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)]
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30. Begum AN, Nicolle C, Mila I, Lapierre C, Nagano K, Fukushima K, Heinonen SM, Adlercreutz H, Rémésy C, Scalbert A. Dietary lignins are precursors of mammalian lignans in rats. J Nutr. 2004;134:120-127. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ]
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0.022992 | <urn:uuid:27a5122a-8042-45a4-8308-fa4ced721cc3> | en | 0.893712 | Top 10 Best Gaming Monitor Ps4 Picks For 2022
Are you facing difficulty to find the most suitable gaming monitor ps4? Then, you are at the right place. We’ve reviewed the best gaming monitor ps4 available in the market so that you can find the one best fitted to your needs.
While there are specialized gaming monitor ps4, they come at price ranges that are out of budget for most of us. Hence, people who are beginners in this field, look for gaming monitor ps4 that provide good performance at an affordable price.
However, there are tons of different models gaming monitor ps4 in the market and not all of them are of good quality. Therefore, it’s important to ensure the gaming monitor ps4 you are choosing features the essential factors required for gaming monitor ps4.
To make this process easier for you, we’ve selected the top gaming monitor ps4 along with their best features. What’s more, we’ve added a comprehensive buying guide including all the must-have features you need to keep in mind.
So, let’s dive in.
List Of Top 10 gaming monitor ps4 /h2>
Our Recommended 10 Best gaming monitor ps4 In 2022
SaleBestseller No. 1
CRUA 32 inch 165Hz Curved Gaming Monitor,1800R Display,1ms(GTG) Response Time,Full HD 1080P for Computer,Laptop,ps4,Switch,Auto Support Freesync and Low Motion Blur,DP,HDMI Port-Black(Support VESA)
• 165HZ Gaming Monitor: 32 inch 1920 x 1080P and ultra-fast 165Hz(also support 120HZ or 144HZ) refresh rate monitor, 1ms(GTG) response time.Dynamic contrast ensures lighter and darker areas with stable expansio,elevate your gaming experience.
• Enhanced Viewing: 1800R curvature lets you see more content without excessive head movement. 90% sRGB Color Gamut,Flicker-free technology and blue light filter for comfortable viewing all day.Even browsing content for long time can goes easy on your eyes.
• LED Backlight: The Curved Monitors offers 178° horizontal,experience seamless gaming monitor with FreeSync synchronized frame rates, variable overdrive. The performance dramatically reduced motion blur, picture stutter and ghosts and smart focus for details with eye care.
• Multiple Scenarios: PC Monitor set up for your gaming console, home office, film viewing, extend laptop. Support HDMI(up to 120HZ), DP(up to 165HZ), DVI port connect your device,VESA 100mm*100mm support.
• Warranty Policy: Quality problems are returned and exchanged free of charge within one month, and provides a one-year warranty for free, except return shipping fee.
SaleBestseller No. 2
Computer Monitor, 21.5-inch PC Monitor Full HD 1920x1080 Screen, VGA & HDMI Interfaces, 5ms, 75Hz, Brightness 250 cd/m², Built-in Speaker, Gaming Monitor for PS3/PS4/Xbox/Laptop/PC, Pisichen
• ✅Full HD 1080P Computer Monitor — Pisichen 21.5 inch full HD 1920 x 1080p LED monitor, up to 75 Hz, with 16:9 aspect ratio, 5ms response time, provide faster and smoother image changing than the standard, reducing screen tearing.
• ✅5ms Fast Response Time— This computer monitor has 5ms quick response time , vivid color scheme for a smooth picture that looks crisp and fluid without motion blur or bad pixel. Ideal choice for game or office.
• ✅Easy Connectivity — Through VGA and HDMI ports, you can connect it easily to your laptop, storage drives, peripherals and additional devices. Built-in dual speakers deliver robust & smooth audio while saving space on your desk.
• ✅Wide Compatibility — Plug & Play, no complex operations, works for different OS, such as Windows & Mac OS for laptop, or PS3 PS4 Xbox Ones, etc.
• ✅VESA Mountable — Pisichen 21.5 inch gaming monitor support VESA wall mount(100*100mm). You can free adjust the monitor position as you prefer. *Warm note: If you meet any problems, please contact us directly, we will at your service.
SaleBestseller No. 3
PC Monitor, 21.5-Inch Full HD Monitor 1920 x 1080P IPS Computer Screen, Frameless, 75Hz, 5ms, VGA & HDMI Ports, Monitor for Laptop/Xbox/PS3/PS4, ZFTVNIE
• 5. Adjustable Angle: Perfectly for work & gaming settings. ZFTVNIE PC screen can be tilted at an angle of 30 °and adjusted as you prefer. Warm note: This monitor does not have speakers.
SaleBestseller No. 4
Portable Monitor - KYY 15.6'' FHD 1080P Portable Laptop Monitor USB C HDMI Gaming Monitor Ultra-Slim IPS Display w/Smart Cover & Speakers, Plug&Play, External Monitor for Laptop PC Phone Mac Xbox PS4
• 🌈1080P FHD Portable Monitor - KYY Portable Monitor sports a 15.6 inch IPS panel with a 1920 x 1080 resolution at 60Hz, 178° viewing angles, a 1000:1 contrast ratio, presents vibrant colors on the screen. The HDR mode and Scene mode supports excellent mainstream transmission so that you can enjoy unprecedented gaming performance, KYY Monitor is ideal for multi-work, gaming, and general use.
• 💞Wide Compatible Monitor - With 2 USB-C Ports, Mini-HDMI Ports on one side, the portable monitor works with multiple devices like laptops💻, smartphones📱, PC, PS4, XBOX, or Nintendo Switch🎮, and more. No driver needed! It strengthened the ports' stability and solved the multi-wire winding problem, equipped with 3.5mm audio inputs, a real friendly design.
• ⚡️Travel Monitor for Laptop - This 0.3inch 1.7lb thin weight Portable Laptop Monitor is thin, lightweight, and travel-friendly, just like a tablet, suitable for taking with it everywhere. It boosts productivity, provides the extra screen space you need to stay organized, or extends your phone screen for movies or games while on the go.
• ⬛Upgraded Smart Cover Doubles as Stand - More stable foldable magnetic smart cover, made of durable, high-quality PU leather exterior, scratch-proof, soft lining, fully protect the screen. Two grooves in the cover base for more comfortable viewing angle choosing.
• 🎁Provide Everything You Need - KYY provides you an ultra-slim high-quality portable external monitor that can work in both landscape and portrait mode, a stable foldable smart cover, 2 usb-c cable, mini-hdmi to hdmi cable. It has a unique designed premium black metal appearance, a friendly menu control wheel for setting, 2 built-in stereo speakers, and equipped with 3.5mm audio inputs to offer an enhanced entertainment experience when viewing videos and playing games.
SaleBestseller No. 5
SaleBestseller No. 6
Portable Monitor - 15.8'' USB C HDMI Display, 1080P FHD IPS Second Screen for Laptop Desktop, 100% sRGB Gaming Monitor with Speakers for PC MAC PS4 PS5 Xbox Smartphone, Leather Cover Included
• 【FHD 1080P IPS Screen】 BOIFUN 15.8-inch gaming monitor features an advanced IPS screen with 1920*1080 resolution, which provides a sharp and smooth viewing experience. To prevent eye fatigue, it effectively reduces blue light radiation damage. It can be used by gamers or those who work long hours. 💯We never use used monitor to refurbish and sell.
• 【Wide Compatibility & Plug and Play】 This portable monitor for laptop is equipped with Mini HDMI and Type-C port. It is more convenient that no drivers need to be installed, as you only need to select the appropriate cable according to the video output interface of your device. Works with a wide range of devices, such as laptop, PC, Phone, PS3/4, Xbox, Switch, etc.
• 【100%sRGB & HDR mode】 It’s a 100%sRGB display to deliver you an impressive color reproduction and picture quality. HDR mode supports excellent mainstream transmission, bringing you an immersive visual experience in the game and other entertainment.
• 【Ultra-Slim & Dual Speakers】 The computer monitor is slim and quite lightweight with a slim 0.3 inch thickness and just 1.7 pounds, it is easily to put it in your bag, which makes it a perfect match for gaming, traveling and business on the go. There are a pair of speakers built into pc monitor can efficiently help display multi-media files, especially when watch videos and play games.
• 【Protective Cover & 24-Hour Service】 The protective cover is made of durable PU leather, which can provide excellent protection for the USB C monitor. It can be folded to form a stand, meeting your various needs for reading, watching videos, or working. 💕We offer a 12-month warranty and tech support 24 hours a working day.
SaleBestseller No. 7
• [Ultra Portable Monitor] 15.6” Matte Monitor delivers stunning 1920 x 1080 resolution, IPS screen with ultra HDR option, design for portable with only net weight 1.42lb and 0.39 inches slim, make it easy to carry, handy, best for travelling
• [Plug and Play Feature] The USB C portable monitor has impressive feature of plug and play that doesn’t require any driver installation. Compatible with thunderbolt 3. Support mirror and split screen mode, increase your productivity and your gaming pleasurable, great choice for dual monitor or third screen
• [Smart Design & Case] Original protective cover which is made with a durable PU leather exterior, it is strong enough to fold into 3 different positions to create a stand. Thanks for the smart pen hole design, you can easily stand the monitor by only
• [Widely Application] Portable display with USB C, mini HDMI and USB port make it easy connection with Laptops, PCs, Phones, PS3/PS4, XBOX ONE or Switch and Mouse, Keyboard to play business presentations, games, videos, TV series, photos etc
• [Travle Monitor] Simple operation, easy to carry.Not limited by space
SaleBestseller No. 8
SAMSUNG 49-inch Odyssey G9 Gaming Monitor | QHD, 240hz, 1000R Curved, QLED, NVIDIA G-SYNC & FreeSync | LC49G95TSSNXZA Model
• SAMSUNG'S LARGEST 1000R GAMING MONITOR: Get your head in the game with the 49 inch Odyssey G9, which matches the curve of the human eye, for maximum immersion and minimal eye strain, and the screen space of two 27” panels
• CUTTING EDGE QLED TECHNOLOGY: From deepest blacks to vivid colors, Samsung QLED ensures pixel perfect picture quality with every frame; Utilizing Quantum Dot technology, it creates more vivid colors with 125% more color space compared to sRGB
• NVIDIA G-SYNC & AMD FREESYNC: With G-SYNC and FreeSync Premium Pro support, Odyssey matches every frame from your graphics card, so you’re never caught short from moment to moment
• DUAL QHD DISPLAY: The gaming world of your imagination made real; QHD resolution brings you a display as wide as two QHD monitors sitting side by side with incredibly detailed, pin-sharp images
• INFINITY CORE LIGHTING: Customize your Odyssey with core color customization to match your monitor with the rest of your gaming setup
SaleBestseller No. 9
SunFounder Raspberry Pi Display 13.3 Inch IPS Portable 2 HDMI Monitor 1920x1080 Gaming Monitor for Ps4 Raspberry Pi WiiU Xbox 360 Windows 7/8/10
• 13.3 inch Full HD Raspberry Pi Screen with 1920*1080 Resolution. Durable for long-term usage. Key operation is supported on the display, with a wide viewing angle, fast response time, and accurate color representation.
• Gaming Monitor & Travel Screen: Compatible with PS3 PS4 WiiU Xbox360 Raspberry Pi 400 4 B 3B+ 3B 21 Model B B+ Windows 7 8 10. Splendid Video Intelligence Technology enhances colors, brightness, contrast, and sharpness for optimal viewing. A 15mm thin gaming monitor that is perfect for travel and business events.
• Multi-video interfaces: Supports 3.5mm earphone, and has two high-quality speakers built in. With 5V/2.5A output/input, power for your phone, and two HDMI (1080P) ports, you can connect multiple HDMI devices simultaneously.
• Dimensions: 323*205*15mm (L*W*D), very portable usb led Raspberry Pi monitor.
• Package contents: 13-inch monitor x 1, HDMI cable x 1, 12V 2A power adapter x 1, USB Cable x 2, Folding Metal Rack x 1, Manual x 1, Micro Hdmi-Hdmi Cable (for Raspberry Pi4).
Bestseller No. 10
Dragon Touch 4K Portable Monitor - 15.6 Inch IPS HDR Gaming Monitor 100% sRGB FreeSync with Speakers VESA Compatible for Xbox PS4 Nintendo Switch Laptop PC Phone Mac Surface (Not Touchscreen)
• 【4K HDR Portable Monitor】This UHD IPS portable display with FreeSync and HDR technology and a high refresh rate of 60Hz allows for wide viewing angles, breathtaking 4K Ultra HD (3840 x 2160) picture quality and clear, smooth and excellent performance. The low blue light eye - care tech in the portable screen reduces eye strain
• Viewing Angle (CR≧10, H/V) is 178°/ 178°
• 【100% SRGB Color Gamut】Featuring 100% SRGB color gamut, 300cd/㎡of brightness, and 1000:1 contrast ratio, this portable gaming monitor delivers vivid images, brilliant colors, smooth motion and incredible lifelike details, which allows you to enjoy an enhanced experience while gaming or watching videos or movies
• 【Universal Compatibility】With a Mini HDMI port, 3.5mm headphone jack, and 2 full-featured USB-C port, this Dragon Touch S1 Pro portable 4K monitor is compatible with most devices, such as your Switch, Xbox, PS4, MacBook Pro or other laptop/PC, phones, and tablets. 2 USB-C cables and 1 HDMI cable are included
• 【Smart Cover & Dual Speakers】This portable laptop monitor with VESA holes comes with 2 built-in speakers and 3.5mm headphone jacks for an immersive audio experience and a smart cover that protects the monitor and folds into different positions to double up as a stand. VESA mount holes on the back allow you to put the monitor to the VESA mount
Before You Purchase A gaming monitor ps4, What Should You Consider?
The market is filled with gaming monitor ps4 that offer many exquisite features. But not all of them will produce excellent results. Also, no matter how many great features a gaming monitor ps4 comes with, it’ll be of no use to you if it doesn’t match your personal needs. Hence, choosing the right gaming monitor ps4 for you is incredibly crucial.
Confused by so many technical terms and different options? We can understand how stressful the buying process can be. To find the best gaming monitor ps4 at an affordable budget, you need to look out for some key points. We’ve created a thorough buying guide including the crucial factors that you must keep in mind.
The first thing you need to consider when choosing a gaming monitor ps4 is the durability of the product. You must ensure that you’ll receive long-lasting good service from the gaming monitor ps4 you are buying.
Moreover, if you intend to use the gaming monitor ps4 for frequent heavy-duty use, buying a that is sturdy and reliable is more crucial.
The gaming monitor ps4 that are made with high-quality and heavy-duty material tend to be more durable. So, check the build materials. Durable gaming monitor ps4 will be able to provide excellent performance consistently for a long period of time.
Having good speed is critical if you are using the gaming monitor ps4 for business purposes. If the gaming monitor ps4 you choose takes a long time to complete tasks, you may face loss for not being able to complete orders on time. Hence, go for a printer that has a higher working speed.
However, gaming monitor ps4 that feature higher speed might be more expensive than regular ones. If you’re on a tight budget, choose ones that have decent speed and affordable prices.
gaming monitor ps4 are available in various sizes and weights. While larger gaming monitor ps4 possess more extensive features than smaller ones, they tend to take up lots of storage space and can be difficult to carry around. However, they are usually made with more enduring materials. Therefore, these products provide excellent service for a longer time.
Therefore, if portability is one of your primary concerns, go for smaller & lightweight ones. Lightweight gaming monitor ps4 are easier to carry around and can be used anywhere on the go. Therefore, you get to enjoy more portability and flexibility with smaller ones.
You will find hundreds of brands that offer numerous types of gaming monitor ps4. If you haven’t bought a gaming monitor ps4 before, deciding on which gaming monitor ps4 will be best can be quite confusing. Understanding the technical terms can become impossible for newcomers. If you are facing similar issues, go for renowned brands.
Renowned and long-standing brands tend to make good-quality products so that they can hold onto their trusted customers. On top of that, they also provide improved customer service. So, you can easily trust their gaming monitor ps4 for having better durability and reliability.
Nonetheless, gaming monitor ps4 sold by newer and cheaper brands can end up being really low-quality.
Not only is the gaming monitor ps4 market continuously updated with new products but also the same models are being revamped constantly. Therefore, parts availability is an important issue to consider.
If you buy an older model, you may face difficulty finding parts when you need to do maintenance work. Because in the continuously upgrading market, older models are often being discontinued. Also, if you buy gaming monitor ps4 from unpopular or foreign brands, you may face the same difficulty to find parts and services.
Therefore, either buy models that have been on market for a year or two or go for popular models from reputed brands that have a large consumer base. This will not only ensure better customer service but also guarantee easily available maintenance.
Ease of Use
Ease of use is more essential than people realize. Because if you buy a gaming monitor ps4 that comes with advanced features and tons of complicated parts, the difficult setup and working process will frustrate you and you may end up never using it again.
Hence, select one that is fairly easy to use and is compatible with your skill level. Advanced gaming monitor ps4 may look good on the shelf, but they are not meant for beginners. Beginners require a gaming monitor ps4 that is easy to learn and use.
So, choose cautiously and pick out one with a simpler setup and use process.
Newer and advanced gaming monitor ps4 offer myriad exciting features. However, more features also bring in a higher price tag. Another thing to keep in mind is that you don’t need heaps of features to achieve great results. A few necessary and useful features that work reliably can bring in excellent results.
So, decide on which features are absolutely necessary for your specific needs. Then look for gaming monitor ps4 that are best in providing those features. This way, you won’t have to spend hundreds on a gaming monitor ps4 with features that you may never end up using.
No matter how expensive or high-quality gaming monitor ps4 you buy, it can get damaged or break down at any time. Because accidents can occur and manufacturing faults may turn up. Thus, it is crucial to buy a gaming monitor ps4 that comes with a product warranty.
Popular brands can provide a warranty from six months to five years depending on the gaming monitor ps4 model. Holiday seasons bring about extended warranties on gaming monitor ps4. So, look for gaming monitor ps4 that comes with a good warranty so that you can get a refund or free service in case of problems.
Advantages of gaming monitor ps4
gaming monitor ps4 have made our life easier in more than one way. They can enhance and elevate your work in a way that wasn’t possible before. No matter what task you are trying to finish, having the right gaming monitor ps4 can make it successful in no time.
There are tons of advantages of using a gaming monitor ps4 and we’ve discussed a few of them that’ll definitely convince you to get one.
Upgraded Work Quality
The best gaming monitor ps4 not only makes it easier to work but also increases work efficiency. As a result, the overall quality of work increases. With the help of gaming monitor ps4, even amateurs can produce high-quality products at home and achieve excellent results.
Enhanced Convenience
The convenience brought by gaming monitor ps4 in our lives is indisputable. Both professionals and DIYers enjoy the simple ease of using this tool. gaming monitor ps4 not only take out the hassle but also speed up the work to a large extent. In addition, you can work in the comfort of your home.
Outstanding Portability
These gaming monitor ps4 are extremely portable. Their lightweight and compact design allow you to carry them around easily. As a result, you can do work on the go and be on top of your work schedule all the time.
Enhanced Productivity
When you can achieve good outcomes at a faster pace, your productivity increases naturally. As the gaming monitor ps4 allows you to work quickly, you can finish more work in a shorter time. Asa result, businesses can scale up their production in no time.
Advanced Safety
Safety is a major issue when using any tool. But the gaming monitor ps4 is completely safe to work with and provides great results. Manufacturers follow all the safety guidelines to ensure your ultimate safety. They also claim not to use any toxins that are harmful for us.
Environment Friendly
While purchasing gaming monitor ps4, you don’t have to worry about harming the environment. They are made with recycled materials and the manufacturing process also produces less waste. Moreover, manufacturers ensure that they reduce waste production and pollution emission along with consuming less power. Therefore, the environment stays safe.
1. How To Decide The Right gaming monitor ps4 Size For Me?
Answer: You need to consider several aspects before deciding on the right size of gaming monitor ps4 such as usage purpose, storage space, portability, etc. Different gaming monitor ps4 sizes cater to different needs. So, decide on which purpose you’ll use thegaming monitor ps4 and then select the size.
If you’ll frequently deal with heavy-duty gaming monitor ps4 usage, buy ones that are larger and durable. Smaller gaming monitor ps4 are considered suitable for everyday use.
Also, consider the place you’ll keep the gaming monitor ps4 in your house. Buying a larger gaming monitor ps4 when you don’t have proper space to store it will result in incompetent results. On top of that, if your work requires you to carry it frequently, smaller gaming monitor ps4 will be better for you as they tend to weigh less.
2. Is Buying A gaming monitor ps4 Worth It?
Answer: This depends entirely on how much you’ll use the gaming monitor ps4. If you will frequently use the gaming monitor ps4 in your house, it is definitely worth it to buy a gaming monitor ps4. As buying a gaming monitor ps4 will boost both your work convenience and productivity, you’ll be saving expenses in the long run.
But if you’ll only use the gaming monitor ps4 once in a while, you can get it done outside. Because your total expense will increase considerably once you include the maintenance cost. So, spending on a gaming monitor ps4 won’t be worth it.
3. How Long Does A gaming monitor ps4 Last?
Answer: High-quality gaming monitor ps4 from trustworthy brands offer excellent performance for up to 10 years. But you need to perform regular maintenance to keep them in perfect shape. The lifespan of your gaming monitor ps4 also depends on the frequency of use. Recurring heavy-duty use will reduce the performance of any gaming monitor ps4.
Nonetheless, cheaper gaming monitor ps4 will start showing poor performance from as early as six months or one year.
4. How To Find More Details About gaming monitor ps4?
Answer: One of the easiest ways of finding out the details about the gaming monitor ps4 you are considering buying is reading customer reviews on sales websites.
In the reviews, previous customers convey their shopping and usage experience as well as the pros & cons of the product. Moreover, check out the question and corresponding answers given by other customers. You can also ask questions yourself which will be then answered by the seller or other customers. This will help you in knowing all the little details about the gaming monitor ps4 you want to buy.
5. Can I Buy Premium gaming monitor ps4 On Budget?
Answer: Of course, you can buy premium gaming monitor ps4 on a limited budget. Keep an eye out for large sales. Big brands offer sales up to 80% during the holiday season and special days. If you buy during the sale, you can get a premium gaming monitor ps4 at a lower price than regular times.
So, keep an eye on the brands’ website for knowing as soon as they offer a sale to get your coveted gaming monitor ps4 at a limited budget.
6. How To Identify Trustworthy gaming monitor ps4 Seller From Online Market?
Answer: When buying gaming monitor ps4 from e-commerce sites such as Amazon, you should first check the seller’s profile. Seller ratings and customer feedback will help you decide whether they are trustworthy or not. What’s more, you can also learn from the reviews whether the seller provides the gaming monitor ps4 they show on the pitures or not.
Check the seller’s feedback score to see if he has more positive or negative scores. If the seller has no feedback or high negative feedback, it’s unlikely that you’ll get the genuine product.
7. How To Properly Use The gaming monitor ps4?
Answer: For learning how to properly use the gaming monitor ps4 you have bought, you need to read the instruction manual that came with it. Some gaming monitor ps4 also come with instruction CDs. You can watch them get a good grip on how to use the gaming monitor ps4 correctly.
If you still haven’t gotten the hang of it, watch YouTube tutorials. Follow the builder’s instructions to avoid unnecessary damages.
Final Word
Having the best gaming monitor ps4 can change your life immensely. However, the numerous types and features of gaming monitor ps4 make finding the right one quite difficult for beginners. The market is so saturated with gaming monitor ps4, that even professionals get confused while picking out gaming monitor ps4 suitable for them.
To aid you in this quest, we have reviewed all the best gaming monitor ps4 in this article. All the gaming monitor ps4 we reviewed are of excellent quality. So, you can choose the product that suits your needs properly from our list of top gaming monitor ps4 without worrying about quality and reliability.
Lastly, check the instruction manual and follow the steps accordingly to get the most out of your gaming monitor ps4. We can’t wait for you to find the best gaming monitor ps4 for you and enjoy its never-ending benefits.
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0.029991 | <urn:uuid:ea3e2a55-0180-42ce-a6fa-7fb9acc3774b> | en | 0.96902 | what did ulrich zwingli do in the reformation
Scholars do not agree on the process of how he developed his own unique model. [116] This four-volume collection contains the following works:[117]. Basel and Schaffhausen preferred quiet diplomacy while Zrich wanted armed conflict. On 22 December, the Diet recommended that its members prohibit the new teachings, a strong indictment directed at Zrich. On 7 February 1528 the council decreed that the Reformation be established in Bern. [15], In late 1518, the post of the Leutpriestertum (people's priest) of the Grossmnster at Zrich became vacant. The two forces met near Kappel, but war was averted due to the intervention of Hans Aebli, a relative of Zwingli, who pleaded for an armistice. He responded with displeasure that the people were not being properly informed about the conditions of the indulgence and were being induced to part with their money on false pretences. Subscribers have full digital access. Shortly before Easter, Zwingli and his closest associates requested the council to cancel the Mass and to introduce the new public order of worship.
Zwingli's and Luther's old opponent, Johann Eck, counter-attacked with a publication, Refutation of the Articles Zwingli Submitted to the Emperor. [109][110], The Swiss Reformed churches count Zwingli as their founder, as does the Reformed Church in the United States, according to church historian J.I. At the same time, Renaissance humanism, with its universal values and emphasis on scholarship (as exemplified by Erasmus (14661536), the "prince of humanism"), had taken root in the Confederation.
It was a judgment of God. About nine hundred persons attended this meeting, but neither the bishop nor the Confederation sent representatives. Zwingli rejected the word sacrament in the popular usage of his time. 157158).
This group was led by Conrad Grebel, one of the initiators of the Anabaptist movement. Theology of the Reformers (p. 156). For Zwingli, though, sign and thing signified were separated by a distancethe width between heaven and earth. Many pastors, including Zwingli, were among the soldiers. On 68 November, the last debate on the subject of baptism took place in the Grossmnster. Approaches to Venice and Milan also failed. Because of the disagreements, Zwingli decided to boycott the disputation.
Historians have debated whether or not he turned Zrich into a theocracy.[2]. They declared that the eucharist was not just symbolic of the meal, but they also rejected the Lutheran position that the body and blood of Christ is in union with the elements. During the first Zrich disputation in 1523, he denied that an actual sacrifice occurred during the mass, arguing that Christ made the sacrifice only once and for all eternity. For Zwingli, a sacrament was an initiatory ceremony or a pledge, pointing out that the word was derived from sacramentum meaning an oath. [9] He enrolled in the University of Vienna in the winter semester of 1498 but was expelled, according to the university's records. The European-wide reformed catholic church which Zwingli envisaged was never founded. supports HTML5 video.
In May 1531, Zrich reluctantly agreed to impose a food blockade. Their cohabitation was well-known and their public wedding took place on 2 April 1524, three months before the birth of their first child. Bullinger immediately removed any doubts about Zwingli's orthodoxy and defended him as a prophet and a martyr. In September, he caught the disease and nearly died. The participants were able to agree on fourteen of the articles, but the fifteenth article established the differences in their views on the presence of Christ in the eucharist.
The city council decided to work out the matter of images in a second disputation. In 2019 the Swiss director Stefan Haupt[de] released a Swiss-German film on the career of the reformer: Zwingli. [82], In Tabletalk, Luther is recorded saying: "They say that Zwingli recently died thus; if his error had prevailed, we would have perished, and our church with us. Supporters of the mass claimed that the eucharist was a true sacrifice, while Zwingli claimed that it was a commemorative meal. B&H Publishing Group. Zwingli, the papal partisan, found himself in a difficult position and he decided to retreat to Einsiedeln in the canton of Schwyz. Ulrich Zwingli was a Swiss Protestant leader in the Reformation. This was over a year after Martin Luther published his Ninety-five theses (31 October 1517). [18] He continued to read and interpret the book on subsequent Sundays until he reached the end and then proceeded in the same manner with the Acts of the Apostles, the New Testament epistles, and finally the Old Testament. Nominally, the Confederation formed a part of the Holy Roman Empire. He also retained his post as the people's priest of the Grossmnster. Zwingli, accompanied by Oecolampadius, arrived on 28 September 1529, with Luther and Philipp Melanchthon arriving shortly thereafter. [31] Even before the publication of this treatise, the diocese of Constance reacted by sending a delegation to Zrich. France wanted to maintain good relations with the Five States.
Zwingli placed himself solidly on the side of the Roman See. [47] Opposition to the changes came from Konrad Hofmann and his followers, but the council decided in favour of keeping the government mandates. The city council condemned the fasting violation, but assumed responsibility over ecclesiastical matters and requested the religious authorities clarify the issue. However, through a succession of wars culminating in the Swabian War in 1499, the Confederation had become de facto independent. Zwingli's approach and interpretation of scripture to understand the meaning of the eucharist was one reason he could not reach a consensus with Luther. Still Stand Firm Against the Fanatics). In return, Pope Julius II honoured Zwingli by providing him with an annual pension. On the first fasting Sunday, 9 March, Zwingli and about a dozen other participants consciously transgressed the fasting rule by cutting and distributing two smoked sausages (the Wurstessen in Christoph Froschauer's workshop). The sermon was the focal point of the service and there was no organ music or singing. XVII to XXI are planned to cover the New Testament.
He did not urge an immediate, general abolition.
[76], With the failure of the Marburg Colloquy and the split of the Confederation, Zwingli set his goal on an alliance with Philip of Hesse.
The decision on the Mass was postponed. Zwingli took the opportunity to meet him while Erasmus was in Basel between August 1514 and May 1516. Grebel and a third leader, George Blaurock, performed the first recorded Anabaptist adult baptisms.
Anyone refusing to have their children baptised was required to leave Zrich. He associated music with images and vestments, all of which he felt diverted people's attention from true spiritual worship. Although Zrich's representatives were present, they did not participate in the sessions. Felix Manz, who had sworn to leave Zrich and not to baptise any more, had deliberately returned and continued the practice.
The bishop of Constance tried to intervene in defending the Mass and the veneration of images.
[54], On 2 February, the council repeated the requirement on the baptism of all babies and some who failed to comply were arrested and fined, Manz and Blaurock among them.
[113] He is often called, after Martin Luther and John Calvin, the "Third Man of the Reformation".[114]. Zwingli and Luther met at Marburg in 1529 in an attempt to unite the Protestant faiths. [47] They contacted the opponents of Martin Luther including John Eck, who had debated Luther in the Leipzig Disputation of 1519. Not only did the unrest between Zrich and the bishop continue, tensions were growing among Zrich's Confederation partners in the Swiss Diet.
The Five States were abandoned by Austria and could raise only 9,000 men. George, Timothy.
When a vacancy occurred among the canons of the Grossmnster, Zwingli was elected to fulfill that vacancy on 29 April 1521. The Lutherans did not react officially, but criticised it privately. Brunnschweiler and S. Lutz, Zrich (1995), sole basis of his teachings was Scripture, Analecta Reformatoria: Dokumente und Abhandlungen zur Geschichte Zwinglis und seiner Zeit, Der evangelische Glaube nach den Hauptschriften der Reformatoren, Von Freiheit der Speisen, eine Reformationsschrift, 1522, Selected Works of Huldreich Zwingli (14841531), Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary, "The Reformation and the Anabaptists: Steps to Reconciliation, 26 June, 2004, Zurich, Switzerland", Biography of Anna Reinhard, wife of Zwingli, Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America, Faceted Application of Subject Terminology, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Huldrych_Zwingli&oldid=1092775070, 16th-century Calvinist and Reformed theologians, 16th-century Swiss Roman Catholic priests, Swiss military personnel killed in action, People excommunicated by the Catholic Church, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with German-language sources (de), Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. There is no consensus on the definition of "Zwinglianism"; by any definition, Zwinglianism evolved under his successor, Heinrich Bullinger; and research into Zwingli's influence on Bullinger and John Calvin remains rudimentary. [3], The wider political environment in Europe during the 15th and 16th centuries was also volatile. The council pushed the city into becoming a stronghold of Protestantism and Zurichs lead was followed by Berne and Basle.if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[336,280],'historylearningsite_co_uk-medrectangle-4','ezslot_16',114,'0','0'])};if(typeof __ez_fad_position != 'undefined'){__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-historylearningsite_co_uk-medrectangle-4-0')}; Zwinglis 67 Articles were adopted by Zurich as the citys official doctrine and the city experienced rapid reform. Huldrych Zwingli, Schriften (4 vols. Martin Bucer tried to mediate while Philip of Hesse, who wanted to form a political coalition of all Protestant forces, invited the two parties to Marburg to discuss their differences.
This document attempted to take a middle position between the Lutherans and Zwinglians. Zwingli assumed the main burden of defending the Reformation and he preached twice in the Mnster. That was always a proud people.
Some canons supported Hofmann, but the opposition never grew very large. He attacked moral corruption and in the process he named individuals who were the targets of his denunciations. Manuel added that an attack would expose Bern to further dangers as Catholic Valais and the Duchy of Savoy bordered its southern flank. Ulrich Zwingli was the father of the Reformed Reformation in Switzerland but he is the least well remembered of the first generation reformers. The radicals ignored these measures and on 21 January, they met at the house of the mother of another radical leader, Felix Manz. The Dominicans in Bern tried to persuade Zwingli to join their order and it is possible that he was received as a novice. His motives for doing this are not clear, but in his sermons he used exhortation to achieve moral and ecclesiastical improvement which were goals comparable with Erasmian reform.
[102] He was more conscious of social obligations than was Luther, and he genuinely believed that the masses would accept a government guided by God's word. XV and XVI are under preparation. Zwingli died before his dreams were fulfilled, but his followers, especially Heinrich Bullinger, spread his Reformed influence throughout Europe, to England, and eventually to America. Some of his earliest extant writings, such as The Ox (1510) and The Labyrinth (1516), attacked the mercenary system using allegory and satire.
During the first three days of dispute, although the controversy of images and the mass were discussed, the arguments led to the question of whether the city council or the ecclesiastical government had the authority to decide on these issues. Gottfried W. Locher writes, "The old assertion 'Zwingli was against church singing' holds good no longer Zwingli's polemic is concerned exclusively with the medieval Latin choral and priestly chanting and not with the hymns of evangelical congregations or choirs". He perfected his Greek and he took up the study of Hebrew.
Huldrych Zwingli[a] or Ulrich Zwingli[b] (1 January 1484 11 October 1531) was a leader of the Reformation in Switzerland, born during a time of emerging Swiss patriotism and increasing criticism of the Swiss mercenary system. After he was arrested and tried, he was executed on 5 January 1527 by being drowned in the Limmat. Ulrich (sometimes spelt Huldreich) Zwingli was born in 1484. He believed the opinions of the people would gradually change and the voluntary removal of images would follow. The events of 1522 brought no clarification on the issues. Managed by Caboodle UX design studio in London, Ulrich Zwingli is one of the least well-known leaders in the Reformation movement as Martin Luther and John Calvin are both better known.
[90], Zwingli approached the eucharist in a similar manner to baptism. Browse 60+ years of magazine archives and web exclusives.
noch fest stehen wider die Schwarmgeister (That These Words of Christ "This is My Body etc." But it was only after another disputation that Bern counted itself as a canton of the Reformation. luther martin reformation older
Theology of the Reformers (p. 155). He was to be banned and his writings were no longer to be distributed.
B&H Publishing Group.
It was of little use as the Diet decided against Zwingli. They met at the Marburg Colloquy and agreed on many points of doctrine, but they could not reach an accord on the doctrine of the Real Presence of Christ in the Eucharist.
[100], Zwingli was a humanist and a scholar with many devoted friends and disciples. [13][14], Zwingli's time as the pastor of Glarus and Einsiedeln was characterized by inner growth and development. Zwingli was killed at the Battle of Keppel in October 1531. Grebel, Manz, and Blaurock defended their cause before Zwingli, Jud, and other reformers. At this point, Konrad Schmid, a priest from Aargau and follower of Zwingli, made a pragmatic suggestion.
[106], Scholars have found it difficult to assess Zwingli's impact on history, for several reasons.
The complete 21-volume edition is being undertaken by the Zwingliverein in collaboration with the Institut fr schweizerische Reformationsgeschichte, and is projected to be organised as follows: Vols. [97] The organist of the People's Church in Zrich is recorded as weeping upon seeing the great organ broken up.
The bishop responded on 24 May by admonishing the Grossmnster and city council and repeating the traditional position. [16][17], On 1 January 1519, Zwingli gave his first sermon in Zrich.
[42][43], Zwingli again took the lead in the disputation. Zwingli may. Such thoughts were repulsive to Zwingli. [69][70], By spring 1527, Luther reacted strongly to Zwingli's views in the treatise Dass Diese Worte Christi "Das ist mein Leib etc."
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The council agreed and it was officially opened on 19 June 1525 with Zwingli and Jud as teachers. Four hundred and fifty persons participated, including pastors from Bern and other cantons as well as theologians from outside the Confederation such as Martin Bucer and Wolfgang Capito from Strasbourg, Ambrosius Blarer from Constance, and Andreas Althamer from Nuremberg.
Meanwhile, the new teachings continued to spread to other parts of the Confederation as well as a number of Swabian towns. He then noted, "You cannot really bring faith by means of spears and halberds. [53] On 17 January 1525 a public debate was held and the council decided in favour of Zwingli. [73] Professor George summarized the incompatible views, "On this issue, they parted without having reached an agreement.
This is the wonderful hand of God on high." Good. He outlined justifications for an attack on the Catholic states and other measures to be taken.
"[64] Zrich, however, decided that it would act alone, knowing that Bern would be obliged to acquiesce. On 7 March 1526 it released the notorious mandate that no one shall rebaptise another under the penalty of death. Zwingli appears to have read Luther's books in search of confirmation from Luther for his own views. The Swiss Confederation in Huldrych Zwingli's time consisted of thirteen states (cantons) as well as affiliated areas and common lordships. Zwingli hoped first to establish a church in the Canton of Zurich which would serve as the model for a Swiss National Protestant Church. Locher goes on to say that "Zwingli freely allowed vernacular psalm or choral singing. web browser that Both men could not reach an agreement on what Christ said at the Last Supper. Zwingli summarised his position in the Schlussreden (Concluding Statements or the Sixty-seven Articles). Ulrich Zwingli is not as famous as the likes as Martin Luther or John Calvin but he did play his part in the break with the Roman Catholic Church.
He kept up a lively correspondence with Philip. "[74], "Luther claimed that the body of Christ was not eaten in a gross, material way but rather in some mysterious way, which is beyond human understanding. [72] The debates were held from 14 October and the results were published in the fifteen Marburg Articles.
[96], Zwingli criticized the practice of priestly chanting and monastic choirs.
His work was continued by his son-in-law, Heinrich Bullinger. He demanded the dissolution of the Christian Alliance; unhindered preaching by reformers in the Catholic states; prohibition of the pension system; payment of war reparations; and compensation to the children of Jacob Kaiser. He took the role of chaplain in several campaigns in Italy, including the Battle of Novara in 1513. [92], The impact of Luther on Zwingli's theological development has long been a source of interest and discussion among Lutheran scholars, who seek to firmly establish Luther as the first Reformer. [46], Evidence of the effect of the Reformation was seen in early 1524. Of the thirteen Confederation members, Glarus, Solothurn, Fribourg, and Appenzell as well as the Five States voted against Zwingli.
The Burgrecht cities considered different means of applying pressure to the Five States. [23] This contradicted the immediate economic interests of the foundation. The others, the papists, will probably also be dealt with by our Lord God. zwingli ulrich engage
The church of Zwingli attempted to control moral behaviour and strict supervision became common in Zurich. Zwingli appealed to scripture constantly in his writings. [44][45], In December 1523, the council set a deadline of Pentecost in 1524 for a solution to the elimination of the Mass and images. It was rather that Luther put the chief point of salvation in physically eating the body of Christ, for he connected it with the forgiveness of sins. The Lutherans presented the Augsburg Confession. [1] In 1525, he introduced a new communion liturgy to replace the Mass. The city of St Gallen, an affiliated state to the Confederation, was led by a reformed mayor, Joachim Vadian, and the city abolished the mass in 1527, just two years after Zrich. As a young priest he had studied little theology, but this was not considered unusual at the time.
[78], When Philip of Hesse formed the Schmalkaldic League at the end of 1530, the four cities of the Tetrapolitan Confession joined on the basis of a Lutheran interpretation of that confession. "[69], The failure to find agreement resulted in strong emotions on both sides.
Subscribe to CT to continue reading this article from the archives. One of the elderly canons who had supported Zwingli's election, Konrad Hofmann, complained about his sermons in a letter. "[75] Because of the differences, Luther initially refused to acknowledge Zwingli and his followers as Christians. Scholars speculate as to why Zwinglianism has not diffused more widely,[111] even though Zwingli's theology is considered the first expression of Reformed theology. B&H Publishing Group. [24][25], Within the diocese of Constance, Bernhardin Sanson was offering a special indulgence for contributors to the building of St Peter's in Rome. While the debate proceeded, Zwingli was kept informed of the proceedings and printed pamphlets giving his opinions. The Reformation was now emerging in other states. His legacy lives on in the confessions, liturgy, and church orders of the Reformed churches of today. Sometime after 1520, Zwingli's theological model began to evolve into an idiosyncratic form that was neither Erasmian nor Lutheran. In theory, the same freedom was to be extended to the congregations of the Forest or Mountain Cantons of the Confederacy: To continue reading, subscribe now. It was at the Great Minster that Zwingli stated what is called the Zurich Reformation with sermons that were based on the Bible. [19] One view is that Zwingli was trained as an Erasmian humanist and Luther played a decisive role in changing his theology. erasmus ets ets
what did ulrich zwingli do in the reformation
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0.057833 | <urn:uuid:ea08d9b1-73ab-4b39-81a5-d6cb3c246c53> | en | 0.98275 | Sunday, November 07, 2021
Picture Shows Our Cultural Divide
I found this in my Facebook feed.
Greta is a mentally ill teenager with no substantive opinion on what to do about climate change, even though she complains about it all the time.
I am watching Kyle's trial, and I have yet to see any evidence of wrongdoing. He showed up at a riot, offering to help law enforcement or anyone needing medical assistance. A couple of deranged lunatics chased him, and tried to beat him up and take his gun. He did everything to avoid a fight, and ran away. When they got to him, he shot them.
What was he supposed to do? Run faster? Let the crazies take his gun? Assume that his attackers had good intentions?
No. If someone is chasing a guy with a gun, you have to assume that the chasers are looking to do lethal harm.
Perhaps Kyle's shooting was reckless because there were a lot of people present, and he could have hit an innocent bystander. Kyle did not appear to have the training and experience to avoid such an accident.
If Kyle had hit an innocent party, then probably a manslaughter charge would be appropriate. But he didn't. He only shot criminals who were physically attacking him and directly threatening to kill him. From what I have seen of the trial so far, it appears to be completely justified self-defense.
Also showing our cultural divide is a Neflix show:
Kaepernick is not really Black. He was born to a White woman, and then adopted by a White couple. It is not known that he has any slave ancestors.
The story is about how he learned to hate White people anyway.
His football career ended after he had a very bad season, and quit.
A NY Times advice column complains about White adopting Black kids, especially if the parents believe that All Lives Matters. It suggests dishonestly befriending the family in order to teach the Black kid a racial hatred that he might not otherwise learn. It quotes a Black woman saying “As a Black community, these are our kids.” So the Black kid belongs to the Black community, not the White parents, must be instilled with Black identity.
She said Black kids adopted by non-Black families can have a hard time when their parents take a “colorblind” approach to parenting. This might look like deciding that a school is “good” based on academics alone,
Apparently, to a lot of Blacks, having an anti-White identity is more important than anything else.
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0.052601 | <urn:uuid:815f05e1-1da3-45d8-81e5-1922847e0900> | en | 0.916606 | Career Edge.
Preparing for campus placements? Here’s experts advice
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0.035451 | <urn:uuid:16aeb0ec-92f1-4af9-82fc-80b9389f62aa> | en | 0.946955 | How To Fill Out Resale Certificate Ny?
Step-by-step instructions for completing the New York Resale Certificate Form ST-120 Step 1: To get started, download the New York Resale Certificate Form ST-120. Step 2: Determine the seller’s full name and the address of their place of business. Step 3: Determine the buyer’s full name and the address of their place of business
How do I get a resale certificate for my business?
While some states do provide merchants with a unique resale certificate that may be presented to their suppliers, the majority of states just demand that certain information be filled out. The Following Is a List of the Typical Information That Will Be Required for a Reseller Certificate: Your company identifying information Your personal identifying data.
When do I pay my state tax on a resale certificate?
1. In most cases, you will be required to make this payment at the same time as you submit your state income tax return.
2. If your state does not impose an income tax, there can be a distinct form that has to be filed.
3. It is also essential to keep in mind that there are eleven states in the United States that do not let sellers to accept resale certificates that were issued in their own jurisdiction.
How do I get a resale license in NY?
Visit the New York State License Center online at in order to submit an application for a Certificate of Authority. In order to access the application form, you will need to have a ID. To request a hardcopy application, contact (518) 485-2889.
Does NY require resale certificate?
In the state of New York, a Certificate of Authority is required of any company that want to engage in the sale of taxable services or tangible personal property. A company needs this certificate in order to be allowed to collect sales tax on taxable transactions. The New York State Department of Taxation and Finance is the organization that issued the certificate (DTF).
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What is a NYS resale certificate?
The Resale Certificate, also known as Form ST-120, is a sales tax exemption certificate. This certificate may only be used by a buyer who meets the following requirements: A – is registered as a sales tax seller in New York State and possesses a valid. a Certificate of Authority, which is being made, has been issued by the Tax Department.
Is EIN number same as certificate of authority?
To summarize, a state ID number, sometimes known as a certificate of authority, and an EIN number are two distinct identifiers for the same entity. The other is a gift from the government of the United States. The state will provide you with the other number that may be used for tax identification purposes.
How much is a resale license in NY?
Obtaining a Certificate of Authority or making use of a Resale Certificate does not involve any payments being paid to the government. Operating a business in the state of New York without the proper Certificate of Authority is subject to a fine of up to $10,000 if you are caught breaking this law.
How do I get a resale tax certificate?
You should contact the tax agency of your state in order to submit an application for a resale certificate. Be sure to submit your application to the state tax department of the state in which you physically have an address. Do not submit your application to the tax department of the state in where your company is incorporated if there is a difference.
Do I need a business license to sell online in NY?
Previously published on July 10, 2020: In New York, beginning an internet business entails going through the same steps as starting any other kind of business, including collecting the necessary permissions and licenses. These regulations must be followed in order to comply with the law that governs the process of establishing a company in the state of New York.
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How do I get an EIN number in NY?
You can get your EIN by:
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2. Calling the Internal Revenue Service at 1 800 829-4933, or
3. Sending in an application for an employer identification number using the federal form SS-4 from the IRS. You may also obtain a form SS-4 by dialing the toll-free number 1 800 829-3676.
How do I collect sales tax in NY?
1. File your sales tax returns By registering for Business Online Services, you will be able to electronically submit sales tax returns and make payments instead of sending paper checks.
2. You need just register an account, report your tax information online, and make a payment straight from your bank account to complete the process.
3. It is necessary that the majority of merchants utilize Sales Tax Web File.
How long does it take to get a certificate of authority in NY?
When it comes to the New York Certificate of Authority, how long does it take for the state to complete it? The normal processing period is between two and three weeks of business days, in addition to the time needed for mailing. Processing time for in-person applications is typically between two and three weeks of working days, unless an accelerated processing fee is paid.
Do you charge NYS sales tax to out of state customers?
You would charge the rate that is applicable to the state of destination, in addition to any applicable local or county sales taxes for the address to which you are delivering the item(s). If you are delivering items to customers in other states, you are not required to collect sales tax from your own state on those items.
You might be interested: You Must Complete A Notarial Certificate When?
How do I get a tax exempt certificate in NY?
The tax exemption that was given by the IRS is acknowledged by New York. On the other hand, in order to be exempt from the New York State sales tax, you will need to submit an application for Form ST-119.1 to the New York State Department of Taxation and Finance (certification of exemption).
What is certificate of authority NY?
You have the legal right to collect tax on all taxable sales you make as well as the ability to issue and accept the majority of sales tax exemption certificates issued by the state of New York thanks to the Certificate of Authority. In most cases, the seller is the one responsible for collecting the tax from the buyer and sending it over to New York State.
What items are exempt from sales tax in New York?
The majority of sales to or by the federal government, New York State government, charitable organizations, and certain other tax-exempt organizations are exempt from taxation under the Tax Law. Additionally, the Tax Law exempts sales of prescription and nonprescription medicines, as well as sales of most food for consumption in the home.
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0.028891 | <urn:uuid:953145ee-6fc5-467e-8d69-7e188ee3aca3> | en | 0.964979 | Epub Martha Stewart: A Biography (Greenwood Biographies) 2007
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0.022082 | <urn:uuid:6da346a8-725c-42bd-b685-434bac42cc0a> | en | 0.901869 | A bill raising the statewide tobacco sale age to 21 is one step closer to being law after the state Senate late Wednesday passed the bill on a 43-21 vote.
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0.118319 | <urn:uuid:44183ebb-78a0-49d6-b1ab-49f4b2231992> | en | 0.954731 | FC: John Gilmore and others on Wisconsin's proposed pro-spycam law
From: Declan McCullagh (declanat_private)
Date: Tue Feb 19 2002 - 07:13:45 PST
• Next message: Declan McCullagh: "FC: Progressive Policy Institute wants biometric license-smartcards"
Previous Politech message:
"Wisconsin may ban disabling spycams -- except for hidden sexcams"
To: mannat_private, declanat_private, gnuat_private
Subject: FC: Wisconsin may ban disabling spycams
Date: Tue, 19 Feb 2002 01:48:02 -0800
From: John Gilmore <gnuat_private>
Why do they want to pass the new law? Because current law only makes
it a crime to *damage* or *misappropriate* a camera. If you merely
put a piece of cardboard in front of it, or some duct tape over it, or
unplug it, that isn't a crime today. But tomorrow it could get you
five years in prison.
SHEEP, WAKE UP! The police state is coming; it's already here if you
act like the cops have all the rights and you have none. Like all of
you people being herded into the pens at all the airports, with nary a
bleat. The only real security is in the grave -- and the totalitarian
control that the Bush team is hastily assembling, while you are silent,
will assist your entry into that blissful state.
The only useful part about this proposed law is that it should protect
citizens who are using cameras to record the illegal activities of law
enforcement officials. Any cop who seizes, breaks, or disables a
protester's camera would go to prison for five years -- assuming that
any DA would indict any cop for everyday activities, which is a hollow
fantasy 99.9% of the time. If you publish this, the cops will make
sure to write an exception into the law for themselves anyway.
Note that the "intent" of the camera is what matters; if they put it
into a bathroom "for security" then disabling it is a crime, while
if they put it into a bathroom "to ogle you" then disabling it is
legal (after they arrest you and try you for it).
The 9/11 attack has certainly brought out all the scum of the earth,
with their "put US in control of YOU" schemes to improve the world.
you would think that while fighting against the Taliban's tight
control of its populace, we wouldn't be imposing similar controls on
our own population. But the irony seems to be lost on the sheeple.
Date: Tue, 19 Feb 2002 03:08:18 -0800
To: declanat_private, Ben Masel <bmaselat_private>
From: Bill Stewart <bill.stewartat_private>
Subject: Re: FC: Wisconsin may ban disabling spycams and audio bugs --
except for hidden sexcams
Cc: politechat_private
Declan - the best reason for a new law here is to not only
ban *damaging* spycams, audio bugs, location trackers, etc.,
which they say is already banned, but to also ban *disabling* them
or otherwise tampering with legitimately installed surveillance
and also to create a large penalty for disabling them with intent
to not
evade being identified or caught when committing future felonies.
But it has more serious problems than that.
Ben - We know you're a man with nothing to hide [...quasi-insider
I'm also not a lawyer, but I have played a politician on TV.
The proposed law is written in classic "Amend State Code section 324-21384
by adding the following words after paragraph 3" style, and the web links don't
make it easy to follow, but a couple of things jump out:
1 - The language is overbroad (though the law isn't as broad as the summary.)
It not only covers physical devices (the clear intent),
but also software, e.g. surveillance applications on computers,
whether installed by the user, another owner, malware such as viruses,
and possibly even the FBI keyloggers recently used against the Mafia.
And it appears to change the balance of laws restricting and
use of surveillance cameras and audio surveillance, with very
little examination
of the impacts, beyond the obvious exemption for disabling voyeur
2 - It may be worth looking up s. 942.08 (2), to see if that's just an
anti-peeping-tom law (the legislative analysis about looking at
nude people),
or if it's about something more general like use of surveillance
And just because that's the only exemption to the proposed law
in the legislative analysis, that doesn't mean it's your only
defense -
it means that's a nearly-guaranteed defense, but otherwise you
may need to argue a case in court, with whatever legal representation
you can afford, to convince a judge or jury that your action was
and you may be unsuccessful.
3 - The proposal doesn't say *anything* about the owner of the property
where the camera or audio or other bug is *located* - just the
owner of the bug. The probable goal of the law is to cover
spycams and bugs that people plant on their own property or
in businesses for which they work (e.g. low-level manager planting
spycams to look at his underlings), but that's not the only case.
If somebody plants a spycam or audio bug in *your* house or car,
this bill appears to forbid you to disable it because you don't
own it.
That probably wasn't the intent of the law, but it's the effect,
even though it's clearly unreasonable.
That includes bugs planted by criminals other than peeping toms,
such as burglars who want to know when you're not home,
wiretaps on your phones, whether planted by criminals, police with
police operating illegally without warrants, obsessive ex-boyfriends,
or detectives hired by your suspicious not-yet-ex-spouse
(if the bug belongs to the detective, not the spouse),
peeping toms who only want to *listen* to you have sex
(because they can see in your back window without a camera),
nosy neighbors, your kids' friends, stalkers, and so on.
4 - There are a whole variety of workplace environment issues that
this law impinges on that may be affected by other law,
but which this proposed law doesn't address or coordinate with.
For instance, an employer trying to prevent employee theft
usually has a legitimate reason to install spycams at work,
as well as obvious cameras to deter non-employee robbers and burglars,
but there may be federal or state regulations limiting an
employer's right to use spycams or audio bugs for other reasons,
and installation of spycams and audio bugs by low-level managers
without the authorization from the business's owner or
corporate officers may have legal restrictions.
In unionized businesses, there are almost certainly union contract
and even non-union businesses can be covered by specific
workplace privacy laws and expectations of privacy.
This proposed law ignores all of thee issues.
5 - Employer/employee privacy issues extend beyond the workplace,
and some employers have in the past attempted to control
or discover employee behavior outside their offices.
While standard surveillance cameras aren't usually relevant,
and traditional audio bugs aren't often used in employees'
cars or briefcases, the cost and size have reduced substantially
as technology has advanced, and for employees who carry laptops home
or use desktop home computers to work from home,
audio surveillance is just another software application,
like a word processor or voice dictation software.
If your employer installs bugging software on your laptop,
it appears that this law forbids you to uninstall it
or even to turn off the microphone when you're not at the office.
And many new laptops come with video cameras built in.
Video cameras on computers are becoming common and cheap -
a $29 camera is good enough for simple videoconferences,
so businesses are often buying them for office use,
instead of or in addition to better cameras that cost thousands of
and employees who work from home often have them for personal use
as well as occasional work use. Just as microphones on laptops
can be audio bugs, depending on software, a camera on a PC
can be a surveillance camera depending on who turns it on.
If you shut down your computer at night, is that a misdemeanor?
6 - This proposed law also forbids disabling bugs or spycams when you
don't know who the owner is. This is especially an issue
for bugs and cameras discovered at the workplace -
obviously the camera mounted on the wall is official,
but was the camera in the light fixture or the
audio wiretap software you found on your PC
put there by your competitor trying to steal your next chip design,
or by an email virus that said it would play a fun game,
like that animated Christmas tree that said it was from Melissa,
or was your employer trying to find who's leaking the chip design
to your competitor? You could ask your boss, and maybe he'd tell you,
but maybe the marketing department installed it because
they don't trust your boss either. Are you allowed to remove it?
How can you tell if that would be illegal?
7 - The proposed law also doesn't include exemptions for government offices -
including police stations as well as defense contractors
or universities working on sensitive material.
While authors such as David Brin ("The Transparent Society")
make strong arguments about the need for government activities
to be carried out in public to prevent abuses,
there are balances that need to be made between an arrestee's
need for privacy when talking to his lawyer in a police station
and the Internal Affairs department spying on potentially bad cops.
8 - This proposed law doesn't address locations such as hotels
or other places that have a strong expectation of privacy.
A security camera in a hotel or bank lobby to deter theft
isn't a problem - but a camera in the ceiling of a hotel room is,
and even though a reasonable person would expect that such a camera
was installed by a voyeur and subject to the law's exemptions,
it's not clear that it's legal to cover it up without proof.
In most cases, someone who covered up such a camera wouldn't be
but if police are investigating potential prostitution at a hotel,
someone who covered up a camera might be charged with violating this
proposed law even though such actions were perfectly reasonable.
The proposed law may seem reasonable on its face, but it needs a lot of work
before it's something that's ready for a legislature to adopt.
Bill Stewart, San Francisco, CA.
Date: Tue, 19 Feb 2002 07:44:56 -0500
To: declanat_private
From: "J.D. Abolins" <jda-irat_private>
Subject: Re: FC: Wisconsin may ban disabling spycams -- except for hidden
Cc: grayson Barber <graysonEsqat_private>
At 10:52 PM 2/18/02 -0500, you wrote:
> [Of course if "current law" really does provide
> "various penalties for damaging or misappropriating"
> someone else's property, why -- except to pad the
> resumes of legislators -- do we need *new* laws?
> --Declan]
Ah, there are people who'll say we need to send the message that
surveillance is paramount to security and the new law is needed to get the
message out. <bleah>
I'll have to look at the exact text of the law but I already see a big
problem with its wording.
>"Current law provides various penalties for damaging or misappropriating
> the property of another. This bill prohibits a person from tampering
> with a security device or surveillance device that is owned by another
> by disconnecting, altering, dismantling, damaging, covering up,
> removing, or destroying the device without the consent of the owner and
> with the intent either to cause the device to become inoperative or to
> interfere with or circumvent the operation of the device.
"...interfere with or circumvent the operation of the device." leaves a
wide opening for surprising results. At first glance, it could look like
the interference/circumvention only entails direct action to the spycam and
its supporting systems. But if the "operation" of the device is interpreted
to mean the successful capture of the intended "imagescape" then indirect
acts could be covered. If, for example, a person wears a mask, puts up a
blocking screen, or --if the spycam looks into your home-- closing the
curtains. it would interfere/circumvent the operation of the spycam in this
interpretation. (Somewhere in between would be the "blinding of some types
of cameras by shining bright lights at it. Shine that MAG Light at a
spycam, get fined or go to jail.)
Sounds far fetched that any court or government body would hold such an
interpretation? Several year ago, the Wall Street Journal gave an example
of interference/circumvention interpretations in regards to the Endangered
Species Act. An inventor developed a coyote repellent sheep dip. Looked
like a great help for ranchers and, by lessening an incentive for wiping
out the beasties, for the coyotes. The USEPA determined that the coyote
repellent violated the ESA. How? It interferes with predatory behavior of
One of the interesting things in the exclusions for the spycam protection
law is an apparent lack of consideration for the scope of view of the
camera. The assumptions seems to be that the cams view the premises
associated with the spycam's use. But some cams can view more than those
premises. A parking lot cam might pick up other properties. If the spycam's
owners have property protection for the cam, the other property owners have
the option of circumventing the gaze of the spycam into their properties.
(This could be interesting if the law results in the abrogation of other
property owners rights in the name of protecting surveillence as a principle.)
J.D. Abolins (not an attorney)
POLITECH -- Declan McCullagh's politics and technology mailing list
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0.048328 | <urn:uuid:287ed292-fa74-49ce-b37f-b56dc87a2b0e> | en | 0.9643 | Welcome to our resource for MG Car Information.
MG MGF Technical - Immobilised for over an hour!
Returning from a trip to Brussels yesterday I walked back to my car in the NCP car park where it had been parked for the day.
Pressed the Unlock button on the handset but nothing happened. Continued to try this for a few moments with no luck, so used the key to unlock the doors. When inside I then pressed the button again to turn off the immobiliser - no luck.
Got out the mannual and followed the process to resyncronise the handset but this didn't work. Carried on trying various combinations of locking the doors; unlocking doors; pressing buttons - but I was stuck!
I do not have the emergency access code for the car as it was bought secong hand and the previous owner had lost this - can MG Rover supply this to me?
My only option was to call Green Flag to be rescued - but their ETA was 2 hours! Not great seeing as I was a lone female far from home!
As I waited for them to arrive I continued to press the unlock button to try to turn the immobiliser off. Then after 30 mins it worked! I cancelled Gren Flag and drove home at last.
When at home I pressed the lock button but it didn't work. Was reluctant to use the key as this automatically sets the immobiliser and I didn't want to be stuck again, so left it unlocked in a locked garage (my car does not automatically immobilise if left - I think this is because it is an import).
Sorry for the epic tale, but I wondered if anyone can offer any advice to stop this happening again.
I am going to replace the battery in the handset incase this was the problem, but it had shown no signs of this before.
Does anyone have any suggestions?
Heidi Tipping
I have occasionally had similar experiences with my F - it is also an improt and so operates on ss different alarm frequency then UK models. I find that it happens in a few of places, one is near a military base, the other near a major policestation - I think it is caused by the frequency being "blocked". This may not be the case with you if the problem persisted when you got home.
By the way A Rover dealer can tell you the unlock code using Testbook.
Jason H
Jason H
Heidi...your MGR dealer can get the access code from their web based link to MGR...they should do this for you foc...!! Beware you don't get the 'add one to the third digit' version.....good luck!!
>>Jason H, Somerset
I have occasionally had similar experiences... I find that it happens in a few of places, one is near a military base, the other near a major policestation
Well I never, the last time my car had difficulty unlocking was when it was parked opposite the Police station in Abingdon - its never happened since (touches head) - wont be going back to that pub!
Gary Sone
I had a problem where I could not use the key fob to unlock the car, I changed the battery which made no difference so ended up using the spare key fob with no problems at all.
However the original key fob does work but not all the time so only have it as a spare.
If you are having problems with the immobilser and you manage to get the 4 digit security code this de- activates the immobiliser until you use the key fob to lock the car so you can lock the car using the keys.
Tom Randell
I find that holding the blipper just under the tip of your chin increases the signal many times over. I know it sounds stupid but it works! Also stand at the rear left of the car or failing that place the blipper at the top of the screen in the middle. I have been stuck on many occasions and had to resort to the key code to get the immobiliser to switch off.
Holding the blipper to your metal rimmed glasses also works.
Bruce Caldwell
The dealer should replace the blipper battery as part of the yearly service. Code is available as mentioned above from their database, but check it out when you get it as Loz says above, the code may need amending to work - this has been detailed on this BBS in the past i.e adding a "1" to the third digit etc. Anyone remember the exact changes??
mine was "add 1 to 3rd digit"....but I recall other combinations....someone even a "10" digit....hence 5 numbers!!!!! bizarre...loads of stuff in the archives...
The dealer in Bristol wanted to charge me for obtaining my key code - though would confirm what I thought it was FOC.
Can anyone explain the secret to using it though as we have tried over and over (manual in hand) but cannot get it to work...
B O'Mahony
Heidi, it's probably a moot point now but did you happen to notice whether the alarm LED (the red light on the instrument panel between the the speedo and tacho) was pulsing? Have you had any further problems with your immobiliser? The reason that I ask these questions is because it may (stress may) be symptomatic of a faulty alarm ECU. I've just gone through this little gem of a problem. My first suggestion, is to visit your dealer and have them not only provide you with the 4 digit code, but also, have them test your car to ensure that the alarm ECU and central door locking system is working correctly. If you haven't already, acquaint yourself with the emergency immobiliser override procedure after you get your 4 digit code.
Cheers for everyone's comments!
The car seems to be fine now. I was parked near Heathrow airport using airport transfers tunbridge wells, so maybe there is a link with what Jason H said!
Going to the local dealer today to get the code and to demo how it is used, so if it does happen again I can hopefully sort it out myself.
Phil - yes the light was flashing as normal and haven't had any problems before or since.
The car is due for a service this month, so I'll get them to double check the alarm and immobiliser system then.
Heidi Tipping
Ask them to replace the batteries in the hand-set as well. If I recall my service schedule correctly, this isn't a 'standard' item to get done yearly. I'd get yours replaced more frequently as you don't have a back-up if the main unit goes flat.
Hi Heidi
Had a few problems with one of my blippers when I first got the car ... did a write up which you can find in the FAQ section on
Stefan Gibney
This thread was discussed between 06/09/2002 and 13/09/2002
MG MGF Technical index
| http://mg-cars.net/mgf-technical-bbs/immobilised-for-over-an-hour-200209061127474509.htm | dclm-gs1-260535422 |
0.033704 | <urn:uuid:60cb0fe8-8950-4366-bf51-7a3fdfc8a08d> | en | 0.936165 | note cLive ;-) <p>It's only used in two places - I think I'm just going to remove Exporter completely (I hate imported methods anyway, heh).</p> <p>The scales that weigh up the balance of how interesting it would be to fully understand and getting on with my day are heavily swaying to the latter ;-)</p> 1157011 1157025 | http://qs1969.pair.com/~perl2/?node_id=1157026;displaytype=xml | dclm-gs1-260555422 |
0.0311 | <urn:uuid:273a2d4d-30f7-4821-a254-7953bd131966> | en | 0.934235 | What to Expect From a marriage Ceremony
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The wedding ceremony is among the most important areas of the wedding. That marks the start of a long term commitment regarding the two of you. Also, it is a special event of your love and determination. You should choose a ceremony that reflects the sanctity of your relationship plus the which means of your union. This is the most important part of the marriage and should become one of the features of your marriage. The officiant will make sure to conduct it appropriately.
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0.026762 | <urn:uuid:2e0a7715-35eb-4b6a-9cd0-00c499fe0bdf> | en | 0.96939 |
I'm also the author of DIY Wardrobe Makeovers!
Controversial parenting topics: Cloth diapering
Welcome to another post in my series about parenting decisions that people fall on either side of. I imagine most people are not on the cloth diapering side anymore, but we've had a lot of experience with it now and I'm happy to share for those who are interested. Also, it leads into potty training... another super interesting topic I was intimidated by pre-parenting!
(See the whole list of topics in this series below.)
1. Breastfeeding
2. Sleep training
3. Co-sleeping
4. Babywearing
5. Baby-led weaning
6. Cloth diapering
7. Potty training
8. Daycare vs. nanny
9. Transitioning from the crib
10. TV time
Cloth diapering
I had always been intrigued by this idea because I like saving money and protecting the environment, but then when I was 25 or so I had a coworker who got pregnant with her second baby and mentioned that she was cloth diapering. She was not the kind of person I would expect to do it, so I asked her some more… I’ll never forget what she said: "Oh, it's so easy." She dismissed it like it was no big deal at all. Again this is not the kind of person who I would think would spend a lot of energy dealing with something that was stressful or hard just to save a few dollars and keep stuff out of the landfill. I figured, if she thinks it’s easy, it really must be!
I’m not sure "easy" is the first word I would use to describe my cloth diapering experience, because I do do laundry basically constantly (although maybe that’s just because I don’t have enough cloth diapers), but it has been a good experience. My favorite brand are G Diapers (no longer made any more with the same availability since COVID, but you can buy them on Facebook/eBay etc.) and I’ve used them with both kids, although not the whole time with Otto (I forget why).
From Lucy's nursery
We still use them with Lucy and it’s been great. Save a ton of money, no guilt about the environment. Yes, it’s pretty gross dumping her poop into the toilet but I would be smelling it either way, cloth diaper or disposable, just part of parenting. (Also, I learned reading the potty training book--did you know you're supposed to dump and flush the solids even if you use disposables? No one does this, I'm sure. It also says that on the disposable diaper box. I mean, maybe daycares, who change diapers in the bathroom. But I bet almost 0% of parents do that at home. Throwing it all away at once seems like part of the benefit of using a disposable, right?)
We still use disposables at night for her (well, Otto too) because they hold all that pee better, or if we're out and about. But that means we use I disposable diaper/day on days when all the laundry is done and we aren't leaving the house for anything (most days). We have 10 cloth diapers in Medium and Large, and I 6-8 in Small, and I'm not sure what we'll do when she outgrows Large but each size fits for a loooong, long time, like 10 pounds of growth or something. And honestly, we didn't potty train Otto till he was almost 2.5 but now that we know how to do it, and knowing Lucy, I think we'll potty train her earlier so I'm not sure she'll ever need X-Large cloth diapers. Note: 10 cloth diapers is not enough in each size. I seriously do laundry every other day. I really should buy more, but... I dunno, I'm used to it.
That leads into the next post I'll share Monday... potty training/how and when to do it.
The posts in this series are meant to be me sharing my personal experience only. 100% no judgment if you did things differently! If you don't like the sound of what I did, no worries! I'm just sharing for those of you out there who are interested. Best wishes to you no matter what you choose!
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0.056511 | <urn:uuid:1e2b9798-b67c-4f61-baca-de40602d0049> | en | 0.978771 | Den of the Cyphered Wolf
Saturday, April 24, 2010
Issue at the heart of the episode.
I am a huge South Park fan. My first ep was "Chinpokomon", but I didn't start watching regularly until probably "Something you can do with Your Finger"
There are a few things ticking me off about the news coverages of the 201 controversy. Mostly there is almost no context for it so I will do my best to summarize things.
The Cartoon
In September of 2005, the danish newspaper, Jyllands-Posten, printed cartoons that showed the Islam Prophet Mohammad along with an article. If you can't read dutch here is a Google translated version. Immediately after there were a number of protests throughout the world some of which were violent. According to The New York Times at least 200 people died in the resulting riots.
Here is a video from a interview from one of the cartoonists on the danish telvision show "In all Honesty from 2008.
Also here is an article written by the editor of the Danish newspaper published in the Washington Post.
The Economist Fires the First Shot in the Cartoon Wars
By early 2006 several media outlets had reported on the cartoon and the riots and as can be expected there were several opinions about it. In February 2006 the Economist published an opinion article entitled "The Limits to Free Speech: Cartoon wars".
Unfortunately I don't subscribe to the economist so I can only tell you tidbits of what I heard and it might be wrong. But I believe the article makes the point that while free speech has its limits (libel and slander) that it is not a value worth giving up to appease radicals.
"So what the Heck does this all have to do with South Park"
In 2006 one of my favorite episodes aired. "Cartoon Wars". In that episode the writers of family guy decide to insert a joke about the Islam prophet Mohammad into the show and its censored out but the writers demand that in the next episode that he be fully shown.
Notice how the only person in the clip really upset is Cartman. The thing you have to know in order to get the clip is that Cartman is a jerk at best and an depraved villain without conscience at worse. Anything written in his mouth is is going to be either an uncomfortable truth or at odds to what the creators think and also kind of evil.
Just to make the point what he does in this two-parter is considered by many fans to be one of the most evil plans he came up with in the entire series.
Though it doesn't compare to the time he ground up a kid's parents and made him eat them in his chili, while licking his tears and making his favorite band watch as he wept.
And Now for 200
Reaching your 200th episode is a big deal for any series. I love Lucy not counting all the spin offs only made it to about 179. Heck, only about 80 TV shows since the 1950's have made it that far and most of them are considered classics. Most modern TV shows try to do something special for the fans when they get that far. South Park decided to revisit several old plot lines and characters.
That kid who Cartman made eat his parents is back and coo coo for coco puffs. May the great ginger conspiracy kick Cartman in the nuts for what he did in season 9. The super best friends from season 5, Mecha Streisand from season 1, and Mitch Connor aka Jenifer Lopez from season 9 all make an appearance.
In this season 14 2-episode continuity nod for fans who stuck with them for so long the creators decided to give a nod the to cartoon wars plot. And of course it involves showing the prophet Mohammad.
A website, issued a warning on its website stating that what the creators were doing could get them killed. I'm not going to comment on if thats a death threat or not since it seems, especially after reading their statements in the backlash that they were saying violence could come from somewhere else but even if I give them that. Well Kyle said it best in Cartoon wars.
You can't give into them just because they are threatening you with violence.
But that's just what comedy central did. They censored out Mohammad in Cartoon Wars in the last scene but it was only 2 seconds so no one noticed. They did the same thing in 201 but this time however people noticed. Not only that but in a season 5 episode "Super Best Friends" way back in the day they had showed him uncensored.
Here is an interview Matt and Trey did with Boing Boing a week prior to it airing.
Every verbal mention of Mohammad his animation, and even the concluding speech of the episode were censored. Needless to say this went against Matt and Trey's, the creators of the shows wished and they issued a statement.
In Conclusion
First off I support Matt and Trey, not just because I love the show but because I want to be a writer and at the end of the day free speech matters a great deal to me and to the very concept of democracy.
Second, I am kind of peeved at the mainstream media. When watching the reports they never seemed to comment on the episode itself and even when they did they didn't mention the political stances on free speech the creators had already made in "Cartoon Wars" which at least to me seem to be at the heart of both the in episode and out of episode issues. Its like were watching "Cartoon Wars" but in real life and its sad.
Sunday, April 18, 2010
The Budget
I was raised in a staunchly democratic family. Don't force a ten year old to go to a political banquette, if you don't have to. It will not end well. Right now republicans look a little crazy, but the dems can be just as crazy. In those campaign speeches it was always lets get those republicans.
I disagree with republicans on a series of issues but they do have a few good points.
I may be a hippie, but I am deep in the money.
I am not a fiscal conservative. I believe in the Keynesian idea that a small deficit is a good thing, but what we have right now is not a small deficit.What we have right now is the largest deficit in the history of the United States. (I was wrong about that. When you consider the deficit as a percentage of GDP, it was actually larger in the 1940's, during WWII. Although in terms of the dollar amount it is still larger now.)Something needs to be done about it. That said its not necessarily anyone's fault. Something needs to be done about it. That said its not necessarily anyone's fault. The Dems want to blame Bush for it and the Reps want to blame Clinton and Obama, but its none of their fault.
One of the reasons why Clinton had a surplus was that the economy was generally booming and everyone was paying more taxes as a result. Now that it's not and, especially over the last 3 years, has really been hit the government is simply not making as much money as it used to.
The problem is exacerbated by trying to figure out what programs to cut. Contrary to popular belief over the the last 30 years the federal (states are another story) bureaucracy, based on the number of federal emplyees, has not grown that much. I am of the belief that in a modern society the idea of not feeling the hand of government is outmoded. We need the Environmental Protection Agency(Yes I believe global warming is man made). We need the Department of Transportation (I'm really hoping we get started working on that bullet train). We need the Consumer Product Safety Commission (Toyota!!!!!!!!).
If we got rid of some of these programs there would be outrage. Unemployment is still high and right now government stimulus packages are still needed.
It's a catch 22. Hey I'm just a plucky college kid. Don't ask me what to do.
Tuesday, April 13, 2010
Primer on the N-Word
Typically speaking when I hear an position I am probably going to disagree with and do a general face palm at it, I make a list of acceptable arguments and explanations from the opposition. Fox news reported a story about the teabags denying they used the N-word. Hey no problem. I wasn't there at the protests immediately before and after the health care protests, and most of what I heard about it was hearsay with no tape. That right there is a reasonable response, not to say I believe them but its a reasonable response.
Then just for kicks I went to the comments. Let me say this. Almost all internet commentators myself included are slightly unhinged. I got comments comparing redneck to the N-word. Its close. but not the same. There were also comments asking why black people can use the word and white people can't. Now this is not the definitive end all answer but I will try to explain.
First off let me blast away some racial myths. Racism is not dead. Race in some ways still matters in America. There are still people both black and white who were around during Jim Crow. And although I know that most white people I hang with weren't born during that time and aren't racist (I hope) and don't blame them for Jim Crow, I and a lot of Black people still have an awareness and general anger about the following
• Slavery (Lets localize this to not getting paid for a fair days work not the other consequences of slavery for now.)
• Physical brutality during slavery
• Raping of Black Women During of Slavery
• Separation of the black family unit during slavery
• The inability to sue over wrong doing(like rape) or have any rights during slavery
• Lynching which occurred well into the 20th century. One occurred in 1981.
• The taking away of the black vote and general political power
• Jim Crow Laws and Segregation
• Economic and Social Disenfranchisement which resulted from Jim Crow Laws and Slavery
• Police Brutality
• Stereotyping
and now for the intangible one that
relates directly to this argument folks
• The general feeling white people had throughout history that they were by definition the superior race. I mean read some of the racist political speeches between the 1880s and around the 1970s. It will make you want to pull a Bobby Knight and throw a chair.
You see the problem is when pointing out the idea of white superiority they would use the N-Word... a lot. So much so that the N-word has become a symbol of the idea of white supremacy. Now I'm black and I generally don't use the word but, if I did most people would take for granted that I wasn't suggesting that black people are morally, culturally and intellectually inferior to white people. And lets face it some white people still do feel that way.
Some folks like to say those days are back in the past and that we are all just people, but the distrust of blacks and whites was not so long ago. The times before the civil rights movement are still within living memory. My dad saw the Detroit riots of 67. Not only that but the economic consequences of not only the riot but segregation and the idea of white superiority in general can still be seen in both Detroit and the rest of the country.
It doesn't help that in many places, this is especially true in metro Detroit, America has decided to re-segregate itself.
I can go on in a general rant on race but eh Its too early in the morning. Point is, white folks when you use the N-word you bring all of that up again. So just don't.
P.S. If you want a really well done comedic primer or African American racial politics in contemporary America you got to give it to South Park's "Apologies to Jesse Jackson.
"Look Token I did everything in my power to make this right. You have no reason to still be mad"
"I have every reason to be mad. You just don't get it."
"I'm not responsible for what my dad did"
"No but you can't just pretend it didn't happen either."
And No "Jesse Jackson is not the emperor of black people."
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Note: These Comments are from all across this blog. | http://www.cypheredwolf.com/2010/04/ | dclm-gs1-260705422 |
0.123171 | <urn:uuid:d574bd7d-a425-4ab3-943b-36f4c1fd8752> | en | 0.947647 | Why POSITIVE Community helps you LIVE longer
Why POSITIVE Community helps you LIVE longer
Why POSITIVE Community helps you LIVE longer
There was a study written in the Harvard Women’s Health Watch on the topic of Social Interaction, being critical for both mental and physical health. The study showed that people who have satisfying relationships with family, friends and community have a much better chance to live longer and have better mental and physical health.
There so much truth behind all of this, but the key word here is positive.
The saying nowadays goes that if you count the 5 people that you associate with the most in your life (whether at work or after work) and list their income level, their lifestyle and their type of thinking, that should tell you what kind of person you have or will eventually become.
If you are around at least 5 negative people almost 3-5 times a week, you are mostly likely the 6th person in that circle.
And there is a problem to that type of association.
Negative and pessimistic thinking can, and after a while, release chemicals in your brain that can put your health into a questionnable position. It is now said that a positive thought is 100 times more powerful than a negative thought. And in this case of health, a positive thought can lead to faster, rapid healing than a negative thought, which can worsen the situation even more.
There is another type of association that can be detrimental to your health, and if you don’t move away quickly enough, you will quickly absorb this type of behaviour. This type is called “Neediness”. Let’s explain.
If you are constantly Needing to have things in your life, whether it’s financial, social, a person or more, you will be placed in a character and mode of lack. And the thing about lack is that if you practice it long enough, you will send that message to the universe.
God created abundance in this life, which is Life-Giving abundance.
If you associate yourself with other people who “need” to have this or that, and you are tied to that sort of “need”, then eventually an energy is formed where one benefits but the other suffocates. And when the other one does die out, then the one who needs is eventually in need for more of what the latter provided as a benefit.
This can be more compared to predatory behavior. A lack mindset.
It’s even more detrimental to one’s health if a person decides to distance themselves from community, meaning being happy as a loner. There are only a few benefits to being alone and a tonne of disadvantages to being so.
Some of these disadvantages are:
• If you have a pessimistic world view, you will be highly engulfed in it
• Positive thoughts only work when you share it with others and the world. If you don’t do this, then negative thoughts will become your own company
• Your own frequency vibration will start to dwindle and eventually, to the point of non-existence (how much more politically correct can these words be?)
• If you get sick and live alone, you will have a much harder time getting yourself healthy
• If you are extremely sick, you won’t be able to help yourself. Sooner or later, the inevitable happens and people will eventually find you – but your own eyes won’t see them or your ears won’t hear them anymore. This is one of the worst ways to leave this world.
Community, in it’s root word, means communion. Communion is when two or more energies combine together to create a greater whole.
Think of a source of light (be it a match, a flashlight, a firework.) When more of these sources of light are added, they become brighter. They grow and become something greater, awe-inspiring and wipe away anything that is causing the death from the among the twigs of life.
What does this all mean?
What this means is that if you want to grow, be happier, make dreams come true, be healthier, you will need to become part of a group. A community.
No sports team can ever win a championship with just one player. It takes a team of individuals, who have instilled the same mission and values within each other, to be able to achieve either a championship win or something great.
There is a movie called Facing the Giants, where the Coach, named Coach Grant Taylor, said among his players: We win as a team, we lose as a team. But regardless of whether we win or lose, we play for the Glory of God.
And amazingly enough, God blesses the team and they win game after game. If you haven’t seen the movie, I would highly recommend it. Check it out and learn more about this movie.
With this all being said, knowing and practicing the importance of community is highly beneficial and important to your well being and longevity.
So go out there and make new and positive friends. Even if you’re scared to, you’ll find others who are just as scared as you, but they may want to be a part of something great.
The first step though is to continuously work on your own personal development. After all, the way you are is also the kind of people you meet. If you don’t know if you’re a positive person or negative person, make sure to count the 5 people you’ve associated with. If they aren’t positive, start working on yourself now. If you are a Christian or are looking to become one, read the bible – there’s plenty of lessons in there. Or get some books or take courses from Bob Proctor, Tony Robbins, Jake Ducey (an amazing up and coming young thought leader who I highly recommend), Joel Osteen.
Become a person of value.
Turn off or stop reading the news – there’s too much negativity in there already and you don’t need it.
We’re a positive group of like-minded and supportive, encouraging, health-conscious, dream oriented individuals who want to help others make their dreams come true, while teaching them to help others make their dreams come true and make a difference in this world. Now that’s a positive breath of fresh air right?
Join our community. You’ll be glad you did. And eventually all your new and positive friends will be glad you did as well. | http://www.healthylifepath.com/blog-post/why-community-helps-you-live-longer/ | dclm-gs1-260735422 |
0.091448 | <urn:uuid:4864aa98-a344-4e30-a5c5-0764816dfb49> | en | 0.94899 | Sunday, July 8, 2012
Jupiter and Venus and the Moon, Oh My!
We slept in until 4 am this morning, so I didn't get the dogs outside until the sky was starting to lighten in the east. As we walked down the driveway, the moon was high and to the right behind us, and to the right and in front of us was Jupiter (up high) and Venus (a bit below and to the right of it). Between the impending dawn and the bright moon, the rest of the stars were pretty much washed out.
The dogs didn't care about any of this, of course. They were intent on reading their “pee-mail”, which apparently contained some exciting news...
Harmonic Motion...
Watch this:
Then go read a bit about it...
Quantum Rhetoric...
Iowahawk is back with another satirical take on Washington. The lead:
But do go read the whole thing...
Musical Flash Mob...
Free USGS Topo Maps...
You can now download free electronic versions of the standard USGS topographical maps, the ones that are familiar to any serious hiker, four-wheeler, hunter, etc. In many ways these electronic versions are superior to the paper version: you can magnify them to any level (they're vector-based, not rasterized), and they have layers that can be switched on and off. Furthermore, the few that I've tried include photographic coverage (also in a switchable layer) – not satellite photos, but aerial photos of quite high resolution. Nice!
What Happened?
Via my mom:
Defense Attorney: Will you please state your age?
Old Lady: I am 94 years old.
Defense Attorney: Did you know him?
Old Lady: No, but he sure was friendly.
Defense Attorney: What happened after he sat down?
Old Lady: He started to rub my thigh.
Defense Attorney: Did you stop him?
Old Lady: No, I didn't stop him.
Defense Attorney: Why not?
Defense Attorney: What happened next?
Defense Attorney: Did you stop him then?
Old Lady: No, I did not stop him.
Defense Attorney: Why not?
Defense Attorney: What happened next?
Old Lady: Well, by then, I was feeling so "spicy" that I just laid down and told him 'Take me, young man. Take me now! '
Defense Attorney: Did he take you?
How Do You...
Via my lovely bride:
Q: How do you tell a Romney voter from an Obama voter?
A: Romney supporters sign their checks on the front; Obama supporters sign 'em on the back.
I'm afraid there's more than a little truth in this... | http://www.jamulblog.com/2012_07_08_archive.html | dclm-gs1-260745422 |
0.393891 | <urn:uuid:b61e32b8-d677-43c6-8e8d-1d6a5a159e1e> | en | 0.972729 | Evolution Simulator
Update: I made some changes to the main program. Here's some footage of a typical simulation in action.
I had a fairly open-ended project for school so I decided to play around with the idea of cellular automata. I'm not going to go into too much detail here because there's still some work I'd like to do on the program, but I have a few pictures of what it looks like.
You may have heard of Langton's Ant. It's a simple cellular automata that evolves according to two basic rules: turn right if the square in front of you is black, and left if it is white. I implemented this in Java.
I experimented with what would happen if I increased the number of ants on the screen at the same time:
I then decided to create my own simulations. Each of the ants within this simulation has its own genetics, which get passed on to it's offspring. It's really mesmerizing to watch the evolution unfold, and you often see some unexpected things happen. For reference: red pixels are supposed to represent ants. Blue pixels are supposed to represent the walls of the ant's nest. Yellow pixels are eggs and pink pixels are food that the ants can eat to restore health.
After running for a while the ants generally either die off or form a self-sustaining ant colony. | http://www.jjanes.ca/projects/evolutionsimulator.html | dclm-gs1-260765422 |
0.033727 | <urn:uuid:46af9185-d708-4040-b42c-faae1831f0a5> | en | 0.808288 | <sub id="owoat"></sub>
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Dongying Lujian New Building Materials Co., Ltd.
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0.023326 | <urn:uuid:c4c794c9-3df6-4fc7-9c7c-5fce5f59d322> | en | 0.967258 | How to do Research in Pure Math
Disclaimer: In this entry I describe my own experience doing research in pure math. Perhaps, others have different experiences, and I would love to hear about those, but I believe this narrative may be representative of a majority of researchers.
The Best Case Scenario
Let us begin describing the best-case scenario, that is, a day when we have a few consecutive hours to dedicate to our research. Of course, this is not the typical scenario, and most days we have to fight to squeeze a few minutes of research here or there, particularly during the Fall or Spring semester.
The first (possibly, the zero-th) and most crucial step is to get a nice, hot cup of coffee ready. The quality of the coffee is directly proportional to our research productivity, so this is not a step to be taken lightly. Whether we are in the office, at home, or at our favorite coffee shop, there should be a steaming cup of coffee next to our laptop before we begin. Ideally, the hot liquid fuel is inside a ceramic cup, but this is not crucial, as paper cups have evolved to the point that they do not absolutely ruin the flavor of the coffee, so coffee in a paper cup is better than no coffee at all.
We take a sip of our coffee, slightly burn our tongue and palate in the process, and open our laptop or wake our desktop computer up. It is time to do research.
Step 1: Prepare a nice hot cup of coffee.
Actually, not quite yet. If you are anything like me, we cannot resist having a look at our email inbox, in a vain attempt to clear it before research begins. This is our first mistake of the day, and one that can be quite costly and time consuming. For some of us, however, it is a mistake that is somewhat unavoidable if we hope to concentrate on our research later on. There are probably a few emails from undergrad students that we can answer quickly, which is, typically, a pleasant experience. There might be one or two messages that require some longer explanations in order to appease some of the more demanding or annoying students, which is typically, an irksome experience that may already turn our mood towards the darker side, but nothing that another sip of steaming coffee cannot fix. Unfortunately, we have also received a couple of messages from colleagues in our department, or directly from the Head, that cannot be postponed and a timely response is of the essence. Probably, we are in a committee that needs our input or guidance. Most likely, a colleague has proposed some bizarre idea at 3:57am that we need to put a stop to absolutely right now before it gains momentum, and before another equally out-of-touch colleague supports the outlandish idea and the argument snowballs into a nightmare.
Let us assume that it is one of the wonderful days when all those clerical, teaching, and committee messages did not consume our patience or our hours alloted to research, and we can actually put all those thoughts aside for the time being to think about research. It is likely that we have a few messages pinned to our inbox, or starred in Gmail, or itemized in a to-do list, with some crucial tasks that are nagging us for our timely attention. There is at least one article referee report that we are supposed to write, that is overdue, and an editor has asked for an update. There are a couple of research collaborators that are checking in. There is a grant proposal that is due in a few weeks and we really, truly, need to get started. There are a couple of email messages that we had not touched before, from our graduate students (our doctoral advisees), and they need our help to move forward with their dissertation research, with their career, and with their life, so we cave and we spend a few minutes answering their messages with new ideas, hints, references, and encouraging words to let them know that they are on the right track.
Once the graduate students are taken care of, we must muster all our strength and put all those other very important items aside (grants, reports, checking-ins), for now, and try to think about our own research project. We will get back to all those crucial items later, but the very first hours of research, when we still have our full energy and complete focus, need to be spent on pure research. Here we go, it is research time, now for real.
Step 3: Procrastinate.
Actually, not quite yet. At this point in the process, and often against our free will, we might inadvertently fall into some sort of distraction, and the first bout of procrastination begins. There are a million ways to get easily distracted, all around us. If we are still on an internet browser, there may be a tab open right next to our email tab, with Facebook, or Twitter, or WhatsApp, open and calling for our attention, or our phone might have some new Instragram notifications that are waiting to be inspected. Perhaps we are just itching to read some depressing news, and this will inevitably become a time sinkhole as soon as we encounter the article that catches our eye today, or we follow the headline that infuriates us more than the others.
We need to be strong and set limits to our procrastination, take another sip of the now regrettably lukewarm coffee, and get back to our business of research. Some classical or instrumental music may help at this juncture, to be able to regain our concentration. Nothing too exciting — a piece that we have already listened multiple times is best so that our cerebral cortex does not have to assimilate brand new stimuli while we attempt to concentrate (one of my go-to choices is Glenn Gould’s Goldberg variations, for example).
In order to put our head in the right mood, we open the one email message we have not yet touched: the math daily Subj-class mailing message that arXiv.org automatically generates every weekday morning. As a breath of fresh air, the message contains a list of just-posted papers (fresh out of the oven – see Mathematical Cuisine) in our areas of interest, as well as others that have been recently revised. One or two papers will catch our eye, and we quickly glance at the abstracts and the introduction, in order to get an idea of what theorems they prove and what techniques they might be employing to get such results. If the preprints are truly relevant, we make a mental note to check the papers in more detail at a later time that, let’s be honest, may never come.
Step 4: Check the arXiv.
And now, finally, we have completed the initial ritual, and we are ready for our very own research. We open our LaTeX editor of choice, and we encounter a number of .tex files that are open in separate tabs. Each file is a piece of an in-progress project that we are working on as a solo author or with collaborators. So the first decision is to pick a project to look at. In my own experience, I tend to fixate on one project at a time (unless time constraints force me to bounce among projects), so before we opened the editor, we knew what file we are going to concentrate on and we try to ignore the rest. Scrolling through our TeX code, we quickly review the status of the project. But before we describe what happens next, let us backtrack a few years.
Step 5: Open your LaTeX editor.
How to Find Yourself Working on a Research Project
The time as a doctoral student in mathematics and, to some extent, the time as a postdoc, serves several purposes. One, we earn a diploma and a formal recognition that allows us to be employable at institutions of higher education (and certain bragging rights). Two, we dive deeper and deeper into one specialized area of mathematics, until we are able to solve a particular problem (the so-called thesis problem), and write an expository solution that it is publishable (the so-called thesis or dissertation). Three, we learn and practice our basic teaching methods, at the expense of the undergrad students that serve as guinea pigs (see Teaching Debut). We also get to improve our oral exposition by giving talks to fellow graduate students and faculty members who, hopefully, will give us the constructive feedback that is necessary to hone our presentation skills. Four, we create a network of colleagues and mathematical acquaintances around us, and we advertise our brand new existence to the community. And five, we develop some intuition about where to find other research-level problems that we can work on by ourselves or with collaborators. All these skills, one through five, are paramount for a mathematician, but number four and five are, in fact, crucial for our survival in the research part of the profession. Either we have amazing colleagues that invite us to participate in their ongoing projects, or they propose ideas that we can work on as a team, or we have developed our own fine sense of mathematical smell, and we can track down the scent of a problem that is within our reach. Unfortunately, many PhD students do not succeed in steps four and/or five, and eventually abandon mathematical research.
There are two categories of research projects in our to-do list: there are those where “the math” has been completed, the proofs are scribbled in pads of paper, or safely stored in our neurons, and they just need to be written up. And then there are those projects where “the math” is incomplete, and some of the proofs are still missing both on paper and in our heads. The former ones are much easier to tackle, and can be immensely satisfying as we fit all the pieces of the puzzle into one coherent narrative. The latter type of projects are an uphill battle, as we fight the uncertainty of whether we may ever reach the hill top.
For the sake of argument, let us assume we are fighting the uphill battle of an open ended project. We have a statement of a theorem in mind, that we are trying to prove (or salvage), and we are trying to work out a strategy that may get us there. Or, perhaps, we are in the very early stages of our research and we are trying to figure out what is the theorem that is lurking in the background of some phenomenology we have unearthed. The battle of the wits begins with some examples that, we hope, are a proof-of-concept of what we are trying to study. Such examples should be general or generic enough that they may reveal all the intricacies of the question we are trying to study. Finding such illustrative examples is an art, and one of the most important steps in our job. With some luck, our doctoral training served us well and we are able to produce these examples with some ease.
After much hard work with examples and some educated guesses, we have arrived at a candidate for a statement/theorem that we are sufficiently confident may be true or, rather, true modulo some minor adjustments that will become clear during the proof. Further, we hope we can prove it with the techniques that are in our repertoire and without having to assume too many conjectures or restrictive hypotheses. It is time then to start putting together the building blocks that will form the proof. Now, the key is to tease apart preliminary lemmas that we can prove as stepping stones towards the bigger results.
We are back in front of our laptop, lukewarm coffee by our side, our TeX editor is fired up and ready, the file for the project we need to work on is displayed on the screen, we have typed up a statement of a lemma that we need to prove next, and… we are stumped. Utterly and miserably stumped. We were stumped a few days ago, and we are stumped today. We sit back, grab the coffee cup, take another sip, and think. This step can take minutes, hours, days, or months, so patience is of the essence. We have considered the usual suspects of approaches and nothing has worked so far. Perhaps we made a mistake somewhere, and the statement we believe true is actually false, so we go back to the drawing board (literally, a blackboard, if at all possible) and work out a few more examples. With the aid of a computer and a computer mathematical system (Sage/CoCalc, Magma, or similar), we can compute dozens or hundreds of examples to put our mind at ease: everything seems to corroborate our intuition, the statement seems fine, so it is just us — we are not ready to prove this lemma yet. Thus, we contemplate it for a bit longer.
Computing examples with Magma.
Unfortunately, at this point life beckons and it catches us at a moment of weakness when we are most susceptible to getting distracted. Our wife is texting us, or our kids’ teachers have emailed us, or a friend sent a hilarious group text and we are committed to find the perfect GIF to send back as a reply,… Any or all of the above distractions lead us away from our noble goals of the day, and the lemma’s proof will remain elusive one more day. Our research time is up and we have to move to the next thing in our lives: teaching, a committee meeting, picking kids up from school, preparing dinner, etc. In other professions, I imagine that a worker can put their job on park for the day, and rest assured that they will continue with their tasks at 9am the next morning. But the mathematician brings home the mental burden of the proof that is eluding us at the moment. We are driving back from work, and the problem is in our head. We are cooking pasta and we continue to ruminate possibilities while absentmindedly stirring the pot. The lights in our bedroom turn off, we lay in bed, and the evasive proof continues to haunt us. By morning, we might have a few good ideas, or most likely, just ideas that are worth pursuing. However, today’s schedule will not allow any time for research, so the best we can do is to quickly scribble some notes and impatiently wait for the next day when there is a chunk of time that we can dedicate to research. Sadly, the brain cannot put the problem aside, we continue to think about it, and we are often unable to fully concentrate on other tasks or people around us. To our families: we are sorry.
After a couple of days, we are able to dedicate a handful of hours to our research, and we finally have time to try all the ideas that the relentless neurons have accumulated in the meantime. Regrettably, none work. We are demoralized, and we procrastinate some more. In an attempt to be productive in other ways, we finish a referee report. When we go back to our research question, we are still fresh out of ideas, and the bad mood sets in. Weeks may go by before we make some progress. The good news is that there is help out there. We have mentors, colleagues, and friends that may be able to help. We send an SOS and a few of them respond with useful ideas, and this buys us some renewed energy and we continue to attack our problem. If our immediate network is of no help, then it is time to use the big guns: Math Overflow. Posting a question on Math Overflow surely is intimidating, but it is worth every penny, as long as we have thought about our problem long and hard before posting, which we have. Math Overflow is not the miracle cure for the research blues, but sometimes it helps a bit, and sometimes it helps a lot. Either with the help of our network or our extended overflow network, we are able to move on! Only to advance a couple of steps until we find the next roadblock, which is invariably more ominous and intimidating than the previous one. Oh well.
Try Math Overflow?
Sometimes, nothing works, and after months of work, there is little juice left in our research engines. This is particularly true at the end of the Spring semester, when we are exhausted from all our teaching, committees, department meetings, hiring, refereeing, and our other various academic duties. There is only one foolproof way to reload our research energy tanks: a good conference. It is time to set aside our project to travel somewhere exotic, like Pittsburgh, PA, or Oaxaca, Mexico, and get together with all our friends and colleagues for a few days of math, coffee, laughs, food, and commiserating (as I write this, we are in Covid-19 social isolation mode, though, so we hope in-person conferences do take place in Summer 2020). In a good conference, the math energy is electric, contagious, the talks are invigorating, and we travel back home ready to fight the good fight and prove our next lemma towards our next great theorem. We might be just as stuck as we were before, but our energy and enthusiasm are renewed. We are back in the game, baby!
Group photo for CTNT 2018, UConn, Storrs, CT.
Grand Finale
After months of progress and setbacks, and further progress, we reach the glorious moment when our first complete draft is ready. We send it to our closest allies for comment and wait. After a few days, some of them reply with feedback, additional references to check, things to verify, etc. We fix these issues, and (with a fair amount of trepidation) it is time to share with the extended network: we post our pre-print in the arXiv. Two or three days later, a paper of our own creation appears in the math daily Subj-class mailing message that our colleagues world-wide will receive, so that they too can inspect our paper. More feedback arrives from across the globe, and after all the necessary changes and updates, our paper is ready to leave the nest, and it is sent to a journal’s editor, who in turn will send it to a referee… The refereeing process is a beast of its own that will be the subject of another post, so we will not dwell on that here. It suffices to say that after a few iterations of rejections, reports, and revisions, our proud and joy, the paper we have working on for months, most likely years, is accepted for publication in a peer-reviewed journal, and we celebrate the birth of our latest research baby, only for a few minutes, because we are very busy with another two or three projects that are begging for more of our attention.
The TikTok Exam
In my TikTok account, you can find a series of (comedy) videos that portray a student taking an incredibly difficult and confusing exam, which I call “the TikTok exam.” Most of the videos are tagged under #thetiktokexam but some of the early ones I didn’t tag with it.
Someone asked me to make the exam available as a PDF, so I’ve uploaded it here! Enjoy.
Examination Day
What if we pushed proctoring methods to their most draconian extremes?
Peter was patiently sitting in the waiting area of the examination room. The antechamber was rectangular, uncomfortably small, with white walls and floors, bright LED recessed lights in the unusually low ceiling, without any windows, two chairs, and just two identical metallic doors that faced each other: the one he used to come in, and the door that presumably led to the examination room itself. Either door was flanked by a security agent in what could only be described as heavy riot gear. The so-called educational enforcement agents took turns staring at Peter and at the only other student who was in the waiting area. Peter noticed the equipment that hang ominously from the belt of the security guards: a small pistol, a rubberized baton, a black bottle which he supposed to be pepper spray, and a device that he surmised to be a taser. One of the guards noticed that Peter was looking at his assortment of weapons, and ran a hand over some of them, in a threatening gesture indicating that he was ready to use them if need be.
The awkward silence in the room was only perturbed by the monotonous humming of the ventilation system, and the fast breathing of his fellow student. Peter looked at him for a moment, and as soon as the student looked up, the security guard yelled “NO EYE CONTACT OF ANY SORT!” so Peter diverted his eyes to look at the floor and keep waiting.
A few minutes later, an LED light on top of the door to the examination room changed color, turning from red to green, and a mechanical sound announced that the gate was now unlocked. An unfriendly computerized voice called “Mr. Lukov” and Peter stood up. The security agent opened the door, pointed at Peter, said “your turn”, and then pointed at the entrance. For just a split second, Peter saw the frightened face of the student he was leaving behind, and walked through to the next chamber.
The next room, as it turned out, was not the examination room. Or, at least, Peter surely hoped this was not the examination room, because it was tiny, almost as small as an old fashioned phone booth (which Peter had only seen in old movies). As soon as he entered, the agent closed the door behind him, and Peter stood in the minimalist room with a quizzical expression on his face. The door in front of him was locked. So he waited. The unfriendly computer voice announced “scanning for electronic devices” and the ceiling LED lights in the room turned blue. Mechanical sounds indicated that some device was working its way up and down inside the walls, so Peter waited some more. The instructions he had received prior to the examination were clear, “NO WEAPONS OR ELECTRONIC DEVICES ALLOWED,” so he was not carrying his phone or laptop. In fact, he was not carrying anything with him into the exam room. Nevertheless, all of a sudden an alarm started blaring, the room lights turned red, and the voice declared “ELECTRONIC DEVICE DETECTED” in its most unfriendly tone yet. Peter, in a panic, patted his pants looking for his phone, but he did not have it. The door behind him opened once again, and the agent yanked him out of the tiny scanning room, and yelled in his face “WHAT IS THAT” pointing at his wrist. Peter went livid as he realized that he had completely forgotten about his smart watch. He took it off, and the agent disposed of it in what looked like a garbage chute. Peter managed to lock eyes for a moment with the other student, who now looked pale as a ghost, ready to start crying.
Unceremoniously, the agent pushed Peter back into the scanning room, and closed and locked the door behind him. Once again the lights turned blue, the voice announced “scanning for electronic devices,” but this time there was no alarm. “Scanning complete,” it said, and the door in front of him unlocked. A new educational enforcement agent rudely ushered him into the next chamber. In this small room, there was a table and another person dressed in a lab coat. On the table, there was a machine which resembled the ones at the optometrist office. “Please sit down and place your chin here,” the lab coat person said. Peter obeyed, and the machine moved until two lenses were almost touching his eyes. The computerized voice commanded “proceed with retina identification” and the machine began scanning his eyes with a pair of red light beams.
“Identification of subject is complete. Mr. Peter J. Lukov. Proceed with baseline cardiac signal collection.”
The lab coat technician moved the retina scanner away, and wrapped a wireless band around each of Peter’s arms. A computer screen immediately started displaying a few graphs that seemed to follow Peter’s heartbeat and blood pressure. The technician typed some information into a database, and after a while, said “state your name and last name, for the record.”
“Peter Lukov,” Peter said.
“Middle name.”
“Jay,” said Peter.
“I said middle name, not middle initial,” retorted the lab coat, annoyed.
“It is Jay, J, A, Y,” clarified Peter without humor in his voice. The lab coat looked at him for a second to consider if Peter was mocking him.
“Your mother’s maiden name,” lab coat continued.
“Frey,” Peter replied.
“Your first pet’s name,” lab coat said in a monotone voice, looking at his keyboard.
“Falkor,” and an image of his beloved fluffy puppy flashed through Peter’s mind.
“Have you ever cheated in an examination,” lab coat said in an accusatory tone, looking straight into Peter’s eyes.
“Hmmm, ah, hmm, hm, … no,” Peter hesitated.
The graphs on the computer screen went wild. The lights in the room turned red. The educational enforcement agent put a hand on Peter’s shoulder and squeezed it, painfully, but the lab coat raised a hand signaling to stop.
“Mr. Lukov, let me give you one more chance. Have you ever cheated in an examination.”
“Yes, it was long ago though…” Peter began, but the lab coat raised his hand again asking him to stop. The lights turned blinding white once again. The agent let go of Peter’s shoulder. “We know all about it, Mr. Lukov, it is in your educational records,” the lab coat clarified.
After a few more questions, the technician asked Peter to stand, and the agent motioned him towards the next door. Peter tried to remove the bands around his arms, but the lab coat warned him “leave them on until the end of the examination.”
After leaving the lab coat behind in his small room, Peter found himself in a vast hangar, so large that he thought one could comfortably fit several 747 planes if need be. Many doors had opened at the same time, and many students, just like him, entered the examination area, escorted by educational enforcement agents. There were desks as far as the eye could see, and students were quietly taking their exams. The agent moved his head indicating that Peter should follow him, and brought him to a desk. The agent waited until Peter was sitting down, and then marched back towards the wall with the long row of doors.
The desk had a computer terminal on it, which became alive as soon as Peter sat down. A splash screen full of cheerful colors read “Welcome to your exam, student.” And then a message said “look directly to the camera for five seconds.” Peter found the small camera embedded at the top of the computer screen and counted to five in his head. An awful photograph of Peter in the hangar appeared on the screen (he looked haggard after a long night of studying for this test), with a message “Welcome, Peter J. Lukov!” The screen changed once again, now to a black screen with “Read instructions carefully” written in red font.
• You have exactly 1 hour for this exam.
• The computer will turn off exactly after 1 hour, and all unsaved work will be lost.
Peter noticed that a clock had already started its countdown at the bottom right corner of the screen. 59:59, 59:58, 59:57,… so he hurried to read the rest of the ten commandments:
• You shall not disturb any other student taking an exam in the Jane and Edward Gantry Examination Center.
• NEVER take your hands off of the keyboard during the exam. If you do, the computer will shut down and all progress will be lost.
• Do not blink more than 5 times per minute. Excessive blinking will result in loss of identification credentials, and you will have to be subject to an additional retina scan.
• Do not look anywhere except your computer screen during the exam. If the camera detects that your eyes are not on the screen or keyboard for more than 3 seconds at a time, the computer will shut down and all progress will be lost.
• Speaking (or any other sound whatsoever) is NOT allowed in the examination room. ANY sound of 10 dB (decibels) or higher will result in a computer shut down.
• STAY CALM: an excessive heart rate and/or blood pressure beyond your baseline will be interpreted as an attempt to cheat in this exam, and will result in an immediate computer shut down.
• No questions are allowed during the exam.
• Press any key to proceed to your exam.
Peter pressed the space bar, the screen displayed a cheerful “Good luck!” and then it displayed the first question of his Calculus 1 exam. On the bottom right corner of the screen the counter kept decreasing (58:32, 58:31, 58:30,…). On the top right corner Peter could see himself in a copy of the video feed. On the top left corner, a message blinked “Exam in Progress. Video Recording in Progress.” Finally, on the bottom left corner, a graph displayed his heart rate and blood pressure, which reminded him of the tight bands still wrapped around his arms.
Peter took a deep but silent breath, and began working on his exam. The first question was like nothing he had ever seen before in any of the homework exercises, so he fought the urge to physically scratch his head in puzzlement. With his hands still on the keyboard, he noticed the heart rate was climbing, so he took another silent deep breath, and started doing some calculations. After a few minutes (54:12, 54:11, 54:10,…), he had an answer and pressed the “SUBMIT” button on the keyboard (which was where “Enter” was supposed to be).
A new problem appeared on the screen, and he had just started working on it, when a loud sneeze came from a student a few rows in front of him. The student sneezed, and immediately cried “OH NO, NO!” as his computer shut down. In no time, an educational enforcement agent appeared out of nowhere ready to escort the student out of the examination room. The student yelled “fuck this shit!” and the unfriendly computerized voice boomed through the hangar “MR. TRAVIS JORGENSSEN, YOUR ACADEMIC MISCONDUCT OFFENSE (FOUL LANGUAGE) HAS BEEN REPORTED TO THE UNIVERSITY EDUCATIONAL AUTHORITIES.”
Peter fought back the irresistible urge to look at the student who was being escorted out of the room. And then he realized that his own nose was now itchy, and he panicked at the thought that a sneeze may follow. His blood pressure graph spiked, and a red warning sign that read “Stay Calm!” started blinking on his screen. He blinked twice, forced himself not to blink a third time, and concentrated once again on his exam. A new sneeze was heard far inside the hangar, and Peter could hear another student being forced to leave the room. He sighed and a mic symbol appeared on his screen, which seemed to measure the decibels of his sigh. At 7dB, the sigh was allowed, and Peter carried on.
He completed the second problem and pressed SUBMIT. A note appeared on the screen: “Just a friendly reminder that your answers are being automatically checked against online sources and other student solutions. Cheating and/or plagiarism will not be tolerated.”
“Thanks for the encouragement,” Peter thought, and stared at the third problem that had just appeared on the screen. Only now he realized that a banner on the lower part of the screen had an animated advertisement for a well-known soda company, which he found extremely annoying and distracting but, as the administrators said, “those ads pay for your affordable tuition,” even though tuition had never been affordable, and Peter would graduate with a daunting student loan.
The third problem had a glaring typo. One of the coefficients that appeared in an equation was “342y9” which made absolutely no sense. Peter looked around the screen for a “HELP” button, but none was to be found. He considered raising his hand, like in the good old days, but that would mean his hand leaving the keyboard, and the computer would shut down. “And didn’t the instructions say no questions allowed? But this was a typo!” Once again he fought back the urge to scratch his head, which was actually itchy, and tried to think what to do.
47:25, 47:24, 47:23,…
He had to make a decision now, so he figured that whoever typed the question was trying to reach a number near the letter “y” so the digit must be 6 or 7. The number 6 seemed to be closer to the letter “y” and Peter solved the problem with the coefficient “34269” in place of the typo. Peter would later find out that the digit was supposed to be a 0.
He pressed SUBMIT and the computer announced “There are 15 remaining questions in this exam. at this pace, you will only complete 12 of them.” Peter, enraged, picked up the pace, and his heart rate went right up to the allowable limit.
A few minutes later, he was absorbed in thought, when he heard a loud thud. Out of the corner of his eye, he could see that the student next to him had passed out. An educational enforcement agent took his sweet time to approach the unconscious student, and with a delicate kick with his boot, the agent seemed to determine that the medical condition did not require emergency care. The agent patiently waited standing next to Peter for two other agents who also arrived at a leisurely pace. Among the three of them, they awkwardly lifted the student by a leg, a leg, and an arm, and carried her away towards a door marked with a red cross.
Peter felt powerless and anxious, and his eyes watered a little. A warning came up on the screen: “Retinas are undetectable!” so Peter lowered his head for a couple of seconds to wipe his face with the sleeve of his hoody, without his hands ever leaving the keyboard.
Peter completed question after question, including those on topics that their inept professor had not covered, but they were on the syllabus, so they were responsible to learn on their own.
“Five minutes remaining, please wrap it up,” the computer warned, “and do not forget to save your results.”
By his own count, Peter had an additional six questions to complete, so he hurried up. Some students were already leaving, though according to their body expressions, they did not seem happy with their performance in the test. Seeing students leave, however, made Peter very anxious, and both his heart rate and blood pressure started to spike. Peter saved his progress, and continued furiously working, until the counter read 3, 2, (saved progress one last time), 1.
The screen went black for a moment, and then simply said “Enjoy your day!”
The computerized voice boomed “LEAVE THROUGH THE NEAREST EXIT” throughout the hangar and Peter, exhausted, walked outside, happy to get some natural sunlight on his face. He was about to walk away, when a familiar painful grip squeezed his shoulder. An educational enforcement agent was standing behind him. “You forgot to remove your arm bands,” and pulled them from Peter’s arms. “Have a nice day,” he said to Peter, and the agent returned to the hangar.
How to Referee a (Math) Paper
Refereeing papers is one of those essential skills of a professional research mathematician that you are never taught how to do but, one day, you will find a referee request in your inbox. Suddenly, you are thrown into the world of refereeing without any proper training. In this blog post, I will give my own take on how to referee (math) papers.
You can run but you can’t hide. Eventually, an editor will find you and send you a referee request.
Now what?
If you do not have any previous experience on what to do next, this is a blog post for you. Also, read this piece by Arend Bayer on “Writing, and reading, referee reports,” and this piece on “What makes a good PRIMUS review.” Finally, this paper by Bjorn Poonen on “Practical suggestions for mathematical writing” can be a great source of feedback for authors.
Why do we referee papers?
Refereeing papers is a service that mathematicians provide to the community. Math papers can be long and complicated, and the refereeing process gives you the opportunity to have other research mathematicians read your paper carefully for correctness and for suggestions, before it is published. It is a hard job, it can take many, many hours, and it is unpaid. But we publish papers, and others referee our papers so, in turn, we return the favor by refereeing papers by others.
This blog post is not about the math publication system, which deserves an entire different entry. Here I will limit myself to the task of refereeing a paper, and we will leave the editorial commentary on journals, predatory journals, “publish or perish,” the tenure system and the need to publish, etc., for another time.
When do mathematicians start refereeing?
Before you accept a referee job, there are several important factors to consider. But before we go into these factors, let us first address the question “when should you start taking on referee jobs?” Or, more generally, “who should be a referee?”
The most important qualification in order to be a referee is that you need to be an “expert” in the topic of the paper, which in this case means that (i) you have enough background to follow and digest the arguments and techniques used in the paper under review, and (ii) you are familiar with the literature on the subject, enough to know how this result fits in the published record. If you are invited to referee, then the editor believes you are sufficiently qualified to write a review of the paper, so now it is up to you to decide if you are a good fit for the job.
In light of all this, typically, mathematicians start refereeing after (a) they graduate with a PhD, and (b) they have published at least one paper. And the first paper you are asked to referee is probably related to your thesis, or to the topics of your first papers.
Note that some grad students are asked to referee sometimes… I do not think this is, in general, a good idea or fair to the student or the author. Perhaps a better idea would be for the PhD advisor and grad student to collaborate on a review, which would provide a training opportunity in refereeing papers, but I am also not sure this is a great idea either, since someone else’s paper and career is on the line.
Should I accept the referee job?
When you receive a referee request, you will be able to see a copy of the paper so you can decide if you can accept the refereeing job at this time. Go ahead, have a look, and then consider the following factors:
• You are under no obligation whatsoever to referee papers. As I mentioned above, this is an unpaid job, so you can always politely decline an invitation to referee. However, if you are a research mathematician that publishes papers, then you should consider reviewing papers as part of your service that keeps the community going.
• Is this a journal you know about and we should be refereeing for? Please be aware that there are many publications out there that are “fake” or dishonest, so only accept referee jobs from reputable journals.
• Is there a conflict of interests that disqualifies you for this job? If you cannot be an impartial referee then you should not accept the job. Simply let the editor know, and bow out. Here is a list of common conflicts: the paper is by your advisor, one of your students, a close collaborator, a family member, a close friend or a person you have a personal conflict with, the paper’s results are very much like a paper you are writing yourself, etc. If you think there might be a conflict of interests, there is probably a conflict. You can always consult with the editor of the journal, and let them decide. Note that some fields are really small, so there are a lot of connections that may be unavoidable. In summary: if for whatever reason, you think you will not be an impartial referee, then please reject the job.
• Do you have time for this job? As I mentioned above, refereeing is a hard job and to do it well, it takes time (probably many hours). Ask the editor when the referee job is needed by, and if you cannot possibly have it ready by their deadline or soon after, then let them know you are too busy to take on this job at this time. Please keep in mind that some mathematicians’ careers, particularly graduate students and postdocs, are in the balance here, and timely refereeing can make a huge difference in their next job search.
• Are you refereeing too much? If you accept too many jobs, then it might jeopardize your time for your own research. As a general rule, I referee about twice or three times as many papers as I submit to journals. Why? Many journals require two different referees, so I figure that two people kindly took the time to referee my paper, so I need to give back to the community two refereeing jobs for every paper I publish myself. If I have already accepted a refereeing job(s), and I am too busy with it, I will simply let the editors know that I am not available at this time to write a good and timely report.
• Are you a good fit for the job? Have a look at the paper and try to get a sense of the topic, and the techniques used in the proofs. If you are unfamiliar with them, then you may not be the “expert” they are looking for, and it may take you an enormous time to familiarize yourself with the techniques and the literature on the subject, so you should be honest with the editor and simply say that this is far from your area of expertise, and you are not a good fit. Refereeing is not the time to learn a new area, when someone else’s career is on the line. Of course, the paper is most likely brand new research, so you will learn a lot reading and reviewing the paper! But it shouldn’t be too far afield.
What kind of a referee job am I being asked to do?
Typically, editors will ask for one of two types of referee jobs: a quick opinion, or a full referee report. In a quick opinion, you are only asked to evaluate if the paper is a good fit for the journal, and the results are interesting enough for the refereeing process to continue ahead. Typically, this opinion is not even shared with the authors, so it is an internal editorial process, and the editors just want a quick note back from you (one paragraph or two) about the paper with your first impressions (see below for more comments about how to evaluate the fit of a paper).
If the editor is asking you for a long-form referee report, then read on.
Should I reject a paper right away?
Assuming you have answered yes to all the questions above, then it is time to get started: accept the job, download the paper, and start lightly browsing its contents.
The first decision you need to make is if the paper should be rejected right away because, in your opinion, the paper is not a good fit for the journal. This is a hard call to make, so you can ask the editor for more information on what kind of papers they are looking to publish. Another good idea is to go through the journal’s archives, and look for other papers in the same area that they have recently published. Is the paper under review, in principle, at about the same level or above than recent papers that have appeared in the same journal? If so, then go ahead with the job. If the paper is clearly not a fit, if the result is known, if the combination of results and techniques are not strong enough for the journal, if the paper needs a huge amount of work,… then reply to the editors with a rejection. The sooner the better, and if you can, please offer a quick opinion, and suggestions of better journal fits.
Please do not (ever!) be mean when you reject a paper, or if you write a quick opinion. Harsh words are completely unnecessary. Just be professional, and imagine you are the one at the receiving end of the rejection letter. Be honest and direct, but always try to offer some constructive criticism.
If you are in the middle of refereeing and you find a big problem with a proof, then stop right away, and consider for a while if that’s a mistake that cannot be salvaged. If so, you may need to reject the paper on those grounds. Or at least ask the authors for clarification.
By the way, never contact the authors directly. All communication should go through the editor and the online editorial system. The anonymous nature of refereeing ensures that referees can be impartial and honest.
How much time should I spend refereeing this thing??
Refereeing can take many hours, and if the paper is long, it can be months of work. Make sure the editors have given you a deadline that is reasonable so that you don’t have to put everything else aside to review the paper. Let the editors know what is a manageable deadline to have a report ready.
That said, once you start refereeing, if the job is taking longer that you imagined, then there might be other factors to consider. If the ref job is taking too long because something came up, you might want to let the editors know so they can reassign the job if needed. If the ref job is taking way too long because the paper is just not well written, or the arguments are confusing, or you are spending too much time fixing small steps of their proofs… then consider rejecting the paper on those grounds.
Note that a rejection is not necessarily a death sentence for the paper. Most journals offer sending back the paper to the authors for “light revisions” or “major revisions.” If you don’t want to quite reject the paper, but you think that it needs a great amount of work before it is ready for you to review it again, you can send it back with an initial set of general comments indicating what the authors would need to do for you to consider it. For example, you can ask the authors to restructure the paper, to add more detail in proofs, to add more results in a certain direction that seems to be conspicuously missing from the paper, etc.
What am I actually looking for while refereeing?
You are now in the thick of it, reading the paper, it looks like a good fit, and the paper seems worth looking at in detail. What now? What is an editor and an author actually looking for?
The amount of detail and time you put into a report is a personal choice. The bare minimum amount of work a referee needs to do is to check that all the arguments are mathematically correct. In other words, make sure the proofs are correct, and the theorems are stated correctly. However, most of us go an extra mile, and give feedback to improve the paper in several ways.
• Should I worry about grammar and sentence structure? This is optional, because it can be a very time consuming job to go into this level of detail. I do care about this, and I can’t let it go, so I will go into all sorts of grammar comments, but that’s just me. The key is that I wan the paper to be readable, and easily understandable by others, so if bad sentence structure is getting in the way of the math, then I will definitely comment on it and suggest alternative sentences that would be male a clearer, easier to digest argument.
• Should I check every piece of math line by line? This is tricky. You need to check that the arguments are mathematically sound, so you need to go into enough detail to ascertain as much. If you are not checking certain arguments in the paper (e.g., because they are standard, or not main point of the paper) then let the editor know, or simply write it in the referee report.
• Should I provide suggestions? Yes!! Absolutely. The reason you are doing this job is because you are an expert in the field. You are the target audience! So any suggestions you may have, are very much welcome, and that’s the kind of referee report that enriches the refereeing experience and improves papers. You can offer references, alternative proofs, short cuts, examples, or any other kind of suggestion that you think would improve the quality of the paper (particularly if it improves its readability). However, you cannot expect that the authors will overhaul the paper with your suggestions… after all, it is their paper and you are not a coauthor.
• Should I be tough? No. Do not, in any way, write comments that can be construed as offensive. You should be an impartial, professional, honest and direct referee. So if things are missing, or if there are glaring mistakes, simply point them out in a plain way, and let them deal with the mistakes. If your comment is going to read like “the authors should know that…” then remove that comment and think of a way to point the problem out in a neutral way.
• I am in a pissy mood. Should I referee at this time? No. It will not go well. You will be annoyed by every single little thing, and you might end up rejecting the paper for some minor thing. Step away, relax, watch a movie, go for a walk, sleep on it, and when you are back in a constructive mood, go back to the paper and keep going.
• Should I be really nice? You do not have to go out of your way to be complimentary to the authors, but (negative) referee reports can be hard pills to swallow, particularly for early stage mathematicians. So I try to sound encouraging about the good parts, and offer constructive criticism and ideas whenever possible. The key is to strike a balance so that your report is useful.
• I found a mistake. Should I reject the paper? Not yet. How big of a mistake is it? Is it a simple error that can be fixed? Offer a solution (though you are not obligated to do so). Is it a complicated issue that you cannot fix yourself in a reasonable amount of time? Write it down in the report, and let them deal with it (this may be a minor or major revision, depending on the size of the gap in the proof). Is it a catastrophic error? Then, yes, contact the editor, let them know there is a serious issue with the paper, and reject it.
• Should I evaluate the overall quality of the paper? Yes. This is a very hard thing to do, but yes, absolutely, the editor will want to know your overall impression after you have looked at the entire paper. First, I gain a first impression of the paper, enough to decide whether the paper is a good fit for the paper and I am going ahead with the process. And then I wait until I have read the paper in detail to decide on an overall impression of the paper.
• How do I actually referee? That’s your personal choice, but I print a hardcopy of the paper, and write all my comments on the paper itself and margins, so that when I am ready to write, I go comment by comment and expand on it in the report.
The referee report
It is time to write all your comments and feedback on the actual report. Consider adding the following components to your reports:
• NOT anywhere in the report: your name, affiliation, email address. Make sure the report is anonymous and that you are not writing things in a way that will easily identify yourself.
• Title and authors of the paper under review.
• Journal where the paper is submitted (this is mostly for my records, because sometimes you get to referee the same paper twice for different journals!).
• Overview: a summary of the results of the paper, so the editor and authors know that you have actually read the paper. It is also a place to state the main results in your opinion, which may differ from the results that the authors think are the main results! This section is a neutral zone, however, so you are just stating results without colorful commentary.
• Recommendation: a narrative of the strengths and weaknesses of the paper, in your expert opinion, which concludes with a recommendation for the editors: reject, accept, minor revision, major revision, etc. You can include here big items that the authors need to address before the paper is accepted, and general comments about the paper.
• Detailed comments: this is an itemized list of comments. Please include pages and lines and theorem numbers that you are referring to, so that the authors know what you are exactly talking about.
• Conclusion: any other general comments that may improve the paper, or thoughts about the paper itself.
Once you are done, send the anonymous referee report to the editors, in their preferred contact method, probably through their online editorial system.
What happens then?
After the report is sent back to the editors, the editorial team may be waiting for other referees to also send their reports. Once they have all their reports, they will make a decision. If they ask the authors for a revision, they might ask you to look at the paper one more time. I usually accept because it is efficient, since I am already familiar with the paper, but again, it is your call if you are available or busy at this time.
Finally, thanks for taking time to do a great job refereeing papers! Authors definitely appreciate the hard work of a referee.
How to Request a (Math) Recommendation Letter
Table of Contents
Introduction and advice from others
At some point in your career (earlier than you think!) you will need a recommendation letter. Perhaps you are applying for an REU, grad school, a conference, a job,… and you need one or more people to vouch for you. Who should you ask and how do you ask for a letter? You are essentially asking someone “hey how do you really feel about me, and would you be willing to put it in writing?” and that’s a daunting thought. The goal of this post is to help you navigate this delicate situation.
The first piece of good news is that all of us have asked for letters of recommendation in the past, and we are all grateful to those who wrote letters for us, which opened many doors. Surely, I have a long list of people to thank for their letters over the years! So we are well aware of the power and the need for strong recommendation letters, and we want to do our best to help others advance their careers. In light of this, we expect that we will be asked to write recommendation letters, and many of us consider letter-writing as part of our mathematical community good citizenship.
The second good piece of news, particularly for someone like me writing a post about this topic, is that there is a lot of great advice already available online on how to ask for recommendation letters. Here is a few such pages, in no particular order. They will give you an idea of what most people are looking for before writing a letter of recommendation:
Notice that many of these people give credit to each other for the advice in their pages. I thank all of them for putting all of their advice in a public place!
Sport GIFs & random things: Spiderman pointing meme | Spiderman meme, Meme template, Cartoon memes
The summary of all the advice below (TL;DR): ask mathematicians that know you well, and have a reason to think highly of your potential. Ask for a letter well in advance. Give a lot of detailed information to your letter writers (about you, deadlines, requirements, etc). Be patient.
What is the point of a recommendation letter anyway?
Why do we require recommendation letters in the first place? From my point of view, letters of recommendation are meant to assure that (a) the candidate is a good fit for the position or program they are applying for, and (b) the candidate has the appropriate preparation to thrive in the position or program. In addition, many programs are overwhelmed by a large number of applicants, so the letters help the selection committees while deciding what candidates will benefit the most from participating in the program. The letters of recommendation are rarely the only data point of an application, but a good recommendation letter can add a new dimension to a candidate’s file that would not fit well in other parts of an application (CV, cover letter, statements, etc.).
Will I ever need a recommendation letter? (YES)
Yes. You will absolutely need a recommendation letter at some point. Therefore, it does not hurt to think strategically and ahead of time: who will be my letter writers when the time comes? Please read the rest of the document with this question in mind, and try to network and build professional relationships with mathematicians who will later be in a position to write a strong letter for you. I also wrote about networking in this previous post about applying for jobs in math.
Who should I ask for a recommendation letter?
My first piece of advice is that you will probably need more than one letter, so you should think of who all your letter writers will be, before you start asking for letters. Each letter could discuss a different dimension of your background, so choose a variety of letter writers that can speak to a number of different parts of your application. Also: talk to someone (e.g., your advisor) about who you plan to ask for letters, and discuss your options.
The best recommenders are people that:
• know you well, from a mathematical point of view;
• expect that you will ask for a letter of recommendation at some point. In other words, it should not come as a surprise that you are asking for a letter of recommendation from said person; and
• are in a position to write a great letter about you. This means that the writer knows you well, through a mathematical experience that demonstrates your great potential.
Here are some examples of people who would be good options for a letter:
• Your academic advisor. If you have had a good relationship with your advisor, they probably know you best, and they know about your strengths, and your struggles. An advisor can give a holistic point of view that most others are not typically capable of.
• A professor you took a (math) class from (and did very well in it). A professor can speak about your work ethic, the quality of your work, and about your enthusiasm for the material. If you did not do great in their class, or if this was a very large class and you had little interaction with the professor, then they are probably not the best choice for letter writing. Ideally, this would be a math professor, but professors from other subjects can also write for you.
• A mathematician you worked/collaborated with. If you were part of an REU, an independent study, a senior thesis, a research project, and you worked with alongside another mathematician on some sort of mathematical project, then they are probably a good choice for a letter writer. As in the previous bullet point, they can speak about your work ethic, the quality of your work, and about your enthusiasm for the material. In addition, they can speak about your potential as a colleague or member of a mathematical community or department.
• A mathematician that knows about your skills and your background for other reasons. Perhaps you have been in contact with a mathematician for other reasons than those mentioned above. As long as they know you relatively well, from a mathematical point of view, and there is no clear conflict of interests in their relation to you, then they can be a good candidate for letter writer.
The people who are the wrong choices are the complement of those described above:
• People who barely know you, no matter how well-known they are in their field, are not good choices. They will not have much to say about you, and they will probably reject writing a letter for you anyway. If they did write a letter, it would be an impersonal letter at best, and it may do more harm than good.
• People who are at your own level. For example, if you are a student, do not ask another student to write a letter for you. Even if they know you well, letter readers are looking for impartial observers that are capable of summarizing your potential from a higher ground. For example, for tenure cases, all (or most) letters should come from professors with tenure or above.
• People who are family, friends, or close relations. If the letter writer cannot be an impartial judge of your potential, then the letter itself is worthless.
• People who are known to be harsh letter writers. There is no need to risk it. If you know that a person is a tough critic, then ask a letter from someone else.
• People who you are not sure they can write a great letter about you. If you have doubts about whether the would-be letter writer knows you well enough, then they do not know you well enough, and you should ask someone else.
When should I ask for a recommendation letter? (ASAP)
This one is easy: as soon as humanly possible. That early? Yes. You can let them know months in advance (“at some point I will ask you for a letter of recommendation, if you don’t mind”) for generic letters, and as soon as you can when it is game time and you know you will need a letter for a program, grant proposal, job, or what have you.
At the very least, try to give a letter writer two weeks notice, but keep in mind that many people require 3 weeks or more to write a (good) letter. It also depends on the type of letter: an email message with a paragraph about the candidate can be a quick job, but a letter of recommendation for a job search can be very time consuming and the letter writer might need a month or more.
“What?? Who takes a month to write a letter?” you might say. Keep in mind that mathematicians receive many such requests, so it is not the case that the letter takes a full month to write, but that the person might need a month to find the time to piece all the parts of the letter together for you. Professors can be very busy, particularly during letter writing season, so please be understanding that they will need as much advance notice as you can give them to be able to write the best letter possible for you.
Sometimes, however, you find out about an opportunity and need a letter in short notice, and that’s fine – it happens. Then, let the potential letter writer know that this is the case, and let them decide whether they can produce a letter in a short period of time.
How should I ask for a letter? (Nicely)
This one is an easy one as well: nicely! Seriously. Just ask nicely. Most frequently, people will ask for a letter of recommendation by email. Ideally, you would ask them first in person… though there are not a lot of in-person opportunities these days (I am writing this during a pandemic). But the truth is that asking for a letter of recommendation is a hard thing to do, and email is a good medium to put together a well-thought out request for a big ask. Also, an email message gives the recommender time to think about it and respond once they have made up their mind about whether they are an appropriate person to write a letter for you.
Here are the things you need to include in your initial message when you request a letter of recommendation:
• An introduction to remind the person of who you are, and how they know you (be specific). If you don’t think they’ll remember who you are after a brief introduction… then they are probably not a good choice. For example, “Dear Professor X, you were my professor in real analysis last semester, and I really enjoyed your class. …”
• Briefly, why do you need a letter? For example, “… The reason I am writing to you is that I am in the process of getting ready to apply for REU programs. …”
• A nice request to write a letter for you. Include a date when a letter is due. It is important to ask for a strong letter of recommendation. For example, “… and I was hoping to ask you if you could write a strong letter of recommendation for me. The first deadline for a letter is on Jan 1st. …”
• Be as specific as possible about the program you are applying for, what is needed, and when it is needed. For example, “… I am applying to this program in particular, [URL], which has a deadline of Jan 1st for letters of recommendation. Letters need to be sent by email to this address [email address] with the subject line “Letter of Rec. for [student’s name]”.
• Attach to your message basic documents that almost all letter writers will want to see before writing a letter, or even when considering writing a letter. For example, “… I have attached to this message my CV, an unofficial copy of my transcripts, and a draft of my statement of purpose. …”
• Feel free to add details about you that you would like writers to highlight in the letters. If you have received an award, or have relevant experience for the program you are applying for, or you have published a paper on the subject, etc., then let the writers know, in case they want to mention this in their letter. For example, “… I have been doing an independent study on the same topic of the REU with Professor Y, so I think this program would be greatly beneficial for my career. … ”
• Ask them what do THEY need from you. First check their website, to see if they have a section precisely about writing letters of recommendation. Otherwise, ask them to tell you what would they need to write a letter for you. For example, “… If you are willing to write a letter for me, let me know if there is anything else you need from me.”
• Thank them for their time, and wait. For example, “… I would really appreciate it if you could find the time to write a letter for me. Thank you!”
A sample letter
Here is the message once again, in one piece:
Dear Professor X,
You were my professor in real analysis last semester, and I really enjoyed your class. The reason I am writing to you is that I am in the process of getting ready to apply for REU programs and I was hoping to ask you if you could write a strong letter of recommendation for me. The first deadline for a letter is on Jan 1st.
I have attached to this message my CV, an unofficial copy of my transcripts, and a draft of my statement of purpose. I have been doing an independent study on the same topic of the REU with Professor Y, so I think this program would be greatly beneficial for my career.
If you are willing to write a letter for me, please let me know if there is any other information you need from me. I would really appreciate it if you could find the time to write a letter for me.
Thank you!
Should I remind the letter writers about upcoming deadlines?
As a deadline approaches, you might be wondering if your letter writers have submitted their letters on time. Luckily, many online application system will tell you if the letters have been submitted, so you don’t have to bother your writers.
Your initial message requesting a letter of recommendation should be very informative, with a breakdown of all the deadlines, so the letter writers should have all the information they need, and most of the time the letters will arrive on time. If you want, you can ask your writers early on if they would like reminders. Or if you see that a deadline is approaching and a letter has not been submitted, you may want to send a friendly email reminder about the deadline. That is usually fine, and many times welcome, because during busy times some of these things can be forgotten in a pile of other things to do. But avoid pestering your writers with too many messages and reminders!
Good luck!
My Favorite Prime Numbers
This blog post is based on a Twitter thread on the same topic.
There is something about prime numbers… An air of mystery surrounds them, that makes them one of the most alluring (and most studied) objects in all of mathematics. Despite hundreds of years of prime number research, there is still so much we do not know about them. Of course, we know that there are infinitely many prime numbers, with a first proof due to Euclid and many, many other equally fascinating proofs that continue to be found. Nonetheless, many open problems about their distribution among the natural numbers remain wide open. The Riemann Hypothesis, for instance, is intimately intertwined with the distribution of prime numbers.
In addition to the mysterious nature of the prime numbers as a whole, certain individual primes have a special place in my heart, for various reasons. In this blog post, I will list a few of my favorite primes, together with the fascinating properties that make them special… to me! The reader and other mathematicians would certainly compose different lists of favorite primes.
Without further ado, the list begins with the very first of all prime numbers…
The number 2 is the first prime, the smallest prime, and the pain of number theorists’ existence. It is such an odd prime that there is no other quite like it (unless you look for prime ideals above 2 in other number fields other than Q!). All sorts of curious facts come back to the fact that 2 is the unique even prime. For example:
• If q=mn-1 is a prime number, for some natural number m, then either q=2 or m=2. Primes of the form q=2n-1 are called Mersenne primes (which will make another guest appearance below).
• See also the special role of 2 in the construction of Fermat numbers and Fermat primes below.
• For any n>1, a polygon with 2n sides can be constructed with a ruler and compass, but if you replace 2 by any other prime p, this is no longer true (we will come back to this point later on).
• The Law of Quadratic Reciprocity gives a beautiful relationship between pairs of primes, but the prime 2 is a complete outlier in this regard, and it does not behave at all like the rest of the primes.
• The group (Z/pnZ)x is cyclic for all primes p>2 and all n>0, but it is not cyclic for p=2 and n>2.
p=37 might be my all-time favorite prime, for silly reasons such as 37*3 = 111, 37*6 = 222,… , and also for deeper reasons such as the fact that 37 is the first irregular prime. The regular primes are those exponents for which Fermat’s last theorem has a “simple proof” (first discovered by Lamé, who proposed an erroneous proof of Fermat’s last theorem, which was later fixed by Kummer for regular primes). The irregular primes, 37, 59, 67, 101, 103, 131, 149,… are those for which Kummer’s proof doesn’t work. In particular, this means that the class group of the ring of integers of the 37th cyclotomic field is of order divisible by 37… and in this case it is exactly of order 37.
Another couple of reasons why I am fascinated by the number 37 come from the theory of elliptic curves. A map between two elliptic curves is called an isogeny, and it turns out that cyclic, rational isogenies are somewhat rare. The size of the kernel of the map is called the degree of the isogeny, and Barry Mazur showed that there are only finitely many primes that are degrees of isogenies of elliptic curves. As it turns out, p=37 is one of the degrees that can occur… but it only occurs for two (isomorphism classes of) elliptic curves (1225.b1 and 1225.b2), and these elliptic curves are rather special. The second reason will be explained below.
The prime number 163 is really nice for several reasons. For instance, epi*Sqrt(163) is really close to being an integer (it is 262537412640768743.99999999999925… so an integer to 12 decimal places) which has a very interesting explanation coming from elliptic curves with complex multiplication. Not completely unrelated to this the previous fact, Q(Sqrt(-163)) is the “last” of the imaginary quadratic fields of class number 1 (there are only nine such fields, and this is the one with largest discriminant in absolute value). And also in the same family of amazing facts: the values of the polynomial x2-x+41 for x=0 up to x=40 are prime numbers! Finally, 163 is the largest possible degree of a cyclic, rational isogeny for an elliptic curve defined over Q.
p=1093 and 3511
Fermat’s little theorem says that if p is an odd prime, then p is a divisor of the number 2(p-1) – 1. A Wieferich prime is a prime p such that p2 is a divisor of 2(p-1) – 1. We only know two Wieferich primes: 1093 and 3511. The crazy thing is that we conjecture that there are infinitely many Wieferich primes… but we only know two of them! More concretely, we expect log(log(x)) Wieferich primes below x, and since log(log(x)) grows so slowly, we are not surprised we haven’t found any others yet. I became interested in Wieferich primes (in fact, Wieferich places) when they unexpectedly showed up in some work of mine.
p=4001 and 4003
The twin prime conjecture claims that there are infinitely many natural numbers n such that n and n+2 are both primes. Sometimes, it is useful to have a “large” pair of twin primes to compute with, and 4001 and 4003 are easy to remember, large enough for most purposes, and not too large at the same time. That’s it. They are stuck in my head, and I use them very often!
p=11, 37, 389, 5077, (117223), and 19047851
The set E(Q) of all rational points on an elliptic curve E defined over Q is a finitely generated abelian group (thanks to the Mordell-Weil theorem), so E(Q) has a finite torsion subgroup T(E/Q), and also R(E/Q) rational points of infinite order such that E(Q) is isomorphic to T(E/Q) + ZR(E/Q). No one knows how large the rank R(E/Q) of an elliptic curve over Q can be, or what values R(E/Q) can take for that matter. The largest known rank is 28 (an example due to Noam Elkies). So it is interesting to find the “simplest” elliptic curves with any given rank. We organize elliptic curves by their conductor, so it is interesting to find examples of elliptic curves with rank R(E/Q)=0, 1, 2, 3, 4,… with the smallest possible conductor. Here is the beginning of such a list, with curves given by their LMFDB.org label:
• R(E/Q) = 0, conductor 11, curve 11.a1.
• R(E/Q) = 1, conductor 37, curve 37.a1.
• R(E/Q) = 2, conductor 389, curve 389.a1.
• R(E/Q) = 3, conductor 5077, curve 5077.a1.
• R(E/Q) = 4, conductor 234446 = 2*117223, curve 234446a1.
• R(E/Q) = 5, conductor 19047851, curve 19047851.a1.
The curves of rank 3 and conductor 5077 have a special place in the history of number theory, and 5077a1 is called the “Gauss curve” (see the paragraph at the bottom of this LMFDB page). As far as I know, there is an elliptic curve of rank 6 and conductor 5187563742=2*3*2777*311341 but it is not proven to be the smallest such conductor!
Even though we have a proof that there are infinitely many prime numbers, finding very large prime numbers is a very difficult task. Thus, it would be of great interest if there was a simple formula or function that produced prime numbers. One famous such “formula” was proposed by Fermat, who famously claimed that the numbers of the form Fn = 22^n+1, known as Fermat numbers, are always prime. The first few Fermat numbers F0 = 3, F1 = 5, F2 = 17, F3 = 257, and F4 = 65537 are, indeed, prime numbers. However, Fermat’s claim has been proven to be fantastically wrong, since every single other Fermat number that we have been able to factor has turned out to be a composite number. For instance, Euler proved in 1732 that F5 = 4294967297 = 641*6700417.
Fermat primes, if you can find them, are really cool, because of the Gauss-Wantzel theorem which says that a regular polygon with n sides can be constructed with a compass and ruler (straightedge, no markings) if and only if n is the product of a power of 2 and any number of distinct Fermat primes. So, in particular, there is a construction of a polygon with 65537 using just a compass and a ruler!
It should be obvious why I love this one! One can ask if there are palindromic numbers, with digits in order, that are prime. The sequence that I have in mind is 1, 121, 12321, 1234321, etc., and none of these numbers are prime, until you reach
which is prime! Coincidentally, 1234567891010987654321 is also prime. If you continue the pattern… it turns out that the next (probable!) prime is the 17350-digit number 1234567…244524462445…7654321 according to OEIS.org.
p=282,589,933 − 1
As we mentioned above in the entry for p=2, if q=mn-1 is a prime number, for some natural number m, then either q=2 or m=2. Moreover, if q=2n-1 is prime, then n is prime (and if so, q is called a Mersenne prime). Unfortunately, this is not a necessary and sufficient criterion and some prime values of n do not yield a Mersenne number q (for instance, 211-1 = 23*89 is composite). The largest known prime (as of the writing of this post) is a Mersenne prime (the 51st Mersenne prime that we have been able to find), namely the prime number M51 = 282,589,933 − 1. It is worth noting the mind-blowing fact that M51 has 24,862,048 digits.
A really cool fact about Mersenne primes is their relationship to even perfect numbers: if 2p-1 is prime, then 2p-1(2p-1) is a perfect number (proved by Euclid!) and, viceversa, if n is an even perfect number, then it is of this form (proved by Euler!). So the largest even perfect number we are aware of is 282,589,932 * (282,589,933 − 1) … a perfect number with 49,724,095 digits!
This blog post is an excerpt of a new upcoming book that I am writing. Feedback and suggestions are welcome!
In each era of the history of mathematics, there have been open problems and conjectures that mathematicians have paid particular attention to, maybe because of the intrinsic beauty of the problem, its perceived importance within an area of study, or simply put, because of the fame that a solution would bestow on the solver. At several points in time, lists of such problems have been compiled and advertised for various reasons. Such lists, as historical artifacts, serve as a snapshot of the state-of-the-art of mathematics, and the challenges themselves give us insight into the types of problems that were teasing the curious minds of the mathematicians of a given time period.
Fibonacci’s challenge
One of the first documented examples of a list of mathematical problems dates back to the year 1220 (CE). It was composed as a list of challenges to be solved by the mathematician Leonardo Pisano, who is better known nowadays by one of his nicknames: Fibonacci (see Devlin’s “The Man of Numbers” for an account of Fibonacci’s life and works). As the story goes, in 1202 Fibonacci authored Liber Abaci (Book of the Abacus), which is credited as a key text in the introduction of the Hindu-Arabic numerals to European mathematics. The book and techniques that Pisano detailed in his volume were quickly understood as a monumental advance in math and science. Within a few years, Liber Abaci had been widely praised, copied, and distributed, and the scientific advisors to the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II became well aware of the impact of Fibonacci’s book and of the rumored unparalleled mathematical skills of its author. Thus it was high time to invite Fibonacci to join the emperor’s court. As a way to introduce Pisano, one of the scholars of the court, Johannes of Palermo, compiled a list of mathematical challenges that were presented to Leonardo, to be solved as a demonstration to the Emperor of his sophisticated mathematical knowledge.
Statues of Leonardo Pisano, “Fibonacci,” (left) and the Holy Roman Emperor, Frederick II (right). Images source: Wikipedia Commons. Authors: Hans-Peter Postel (left), and Wolfgang Rieger (right).
The full list that Palermo put together is not known, but we know three of the featured problems because Fibonacci described their solutions in two of his books, Flos (Flower) and Liber Quadratorum (Book of Squares). The three challenges read as follows:
1. To find a rational number such that, when 5 is added to its square, the result is the square of another rational number, and when 5 is subtracted from its square, the answer is also the square of a rational number.
2. Find a number such that if it be raised to the third power, and the result added to twice the same number raised to the second power, and if that result be then increased by ten times the number, the answer is twenty.
3. Three men owned a store of money, their shares being 1/2, 1/3, and 1/6. But each took some money at random until none was left. Then the first man returned 1/2 of what he had taken, the second 1/3, the third 1/6. When the money now in the pile was divided equally among the men, each possessed what he was entitled to. How much money was in the original store, and how much did each man take?
Fibonacci’s solution of the first of Palermo’s problems was 41/12. Note that
(41/12)^2 – 5 = (31/12)^2 and (41/12)^2+5 = (49/12)^2,
as required. The result is that the three squares (31/12)^2, (41/12)^2, and (49/12)^2 are in an arithmetic progression with difference 5, and we say that the three squares are congruent modulo 5. We also refer to 5 as a congruent number because such arithmetic progression of squares exists with common difference 5. One may ask (and Fibonacci indeed asked this question in his Book of Squares) what natural numbers are congruent. In other words, suppose n>0 is a natural number. Are there three square numbers a^2, b^2, and c^2 such that b^2-n=a^2 and b^2+n = c^2? For instance, n=6 is also a congruent number because (1/2)^2, (5/2)^2, and (7/2)^2 are three squares with common difference 6. Indeed, we have
(5/2)^2-6 = (1/2)^2 and (5/2)^2+6 = (7/2)^2.
The quest to characterize the set of all congruent numbers, known as the congruent number problem, is still ongoing to this day, and it has generated a large body of research, with a long list of partial and conditional results (most notably Tunnell’s criterion).
Palermo’s second problem asks for a solution of the equation x^3+2x^2+10x=20. Leonardo found an approximate solution of the equation that is correct to nine decimal places (namely, x=1.3688081075…), and expressed it in sexagesimal notation, as it was the custom at the time in precise astronomical calculations. The problem of finding a solution (or rather, an approximate solution) of a cubic polynomial equation was a problem that appeared in several Arab texts of the time. This equation in particular first appeared in Omar Khayyam’s “On proofs for problems concerning Algebra,” a text that contains the first systematic approach to solving cubic equations. The study of cubic equations would continue to be a hot topic in mathematics for a few hundred years, until the sixteenth century, when the Italian Renaissance mathematicians Cardano, Del Ferro, and Tartaglia would describe exact algebraic solutions of cubic equations.
While the third of Palermo’s problems seems to be the easiest of the three, as it only involves linear equations, it was nonetheless an interesting challenge, because there was no symbolic notation at the time and such problems were solved in a narrative form. The problem in question was very similar to other problems that Fibonacci described solutions for in his book Liber Abaci, so one suspects that this particular challenge was an opportunity for Leonardo to showcase the problem solving skills that had made him well-known in the scientific community. In modern notation, the problem asks for the following unknowns. Suppose T is the original sum of money. Let x, y, z be the amounts that each man takes from the pile, and let e be the equal amount of money that is given to each man at the end. Then 3e = x/2 + y/3 + z/6 or, equivalently, 18e = 3x+2y+z, and T = x+2e = 2y+3e = 5z+6e. After some clever manipulation, Fibonacci arrives at the smallest possible solution of this system of equation, which is T=47 and e=7, with x=33, y=13, and z=1.
Hilbert’s Problems
One might say that the current New Golden Age of Mathematics kicked off in the year 1900, during the International Congress of Mathematicians (ICM) that was held in Paris in August of that same year. One particular lecture captivated the audience at the time, and several generations of mathematicians afterwards: David Hilbert’s lecture on “Mathematical Problems.” The lecture began as follows:
David Hilbert (1862-1943). Image source: Wikimedia Commons.
Hilbert discussed 23 unsolved problems that he considered of “deep significance,” and which we will enumerate below. Undoubtedly, Hilbert’s list had a remarkable impact in the direction of mathematical research in the 20th century and, to this day, those problems in the list that are unresolved are still at the front and center of mathematical research. Certainly, many of these problems were already well-known and attractive before the year 1900, but when Hilbert called the attention to these particular questions, they became magnets for the scrutiny of mathematicians all around the world. Some of the problems were solved almost immediately. For instance, the third problem was solved by Max Dehn, a student of Hilbert, in the year 1900, with a negative answer (in fact, unbeknown to Dehn or Hilbert, the problem had been solved in 1884 by Birkenmajer!). However, many of the problems, such as the 8th problem, remain wide open and their allure still generates much research.
Here is the list of Hilbert’s 23 problems, together with a quick parenthetical remark about their status.
1. The continuum hypothesis: there is no set whose cardinality is strictly between that of the integers and that of the real numbers. (Resolved in 1963.)
2. Prove that the axioms of arithmetic are consistent. (Resolved in 1936.)
3. Given any two polyhedra of equal volume, is it always possible to cut the first into finitely many polyhedral pieces that can be reassembled to yield the second? (Resolved in 1884 and 1900.)
4. Construct all metrics where lines are geodesics. (Partial progress depending on the interpretation of the problem.)
5. Are continuous groups automatically differential groups? (Resolved in 1953, but an interpretation of this problem, the Hilbert-Smith conjecture, is still open.)
6. Mathematical treatment of the axioms of physics. (Partially resolved.)
7. Is a^b transcendental, for an algebraic number a =/= 0,1, and an irrational algebraic number b? (Resolved in 1934.)
8. Problems on Prime Numbers. These include the Riemann hypothesis, Goldbach’s conjecture, and the twin prime conjecture. (All three are unresolved.)
9. Find the most general law of the reciprocity theorem in any algebraic number field. (Partially resolved.)
10. Find an algorithm to determine whether a given polynomial diophantine equation with integer coefficients has an integer solution. (Resolved in 1970.)
11. Solving quadratic forms with algebraic numerical coefficients. (Resolved in 1924.)
12. Extend the Kronecker–Weber theorem on abelian extensions of the rational numbers to any base number field. (Unresolved.)
13. Solve 7th degree equations using algebraic (variant: continuous) functions of two parameters. (Unresolved.)
14. Is the ring of invariants of an algebraic group acting on a polynomial ring always finitely generated? (Resolved in 1959.)
15. Rigorous foundation of Schubert’s enumerative calculus. (Partially resolved.)
16. Describe relative positions of ovals originating from a real algebraic curve and as limit cycles of a polynomial vector field on the plane. (Unresolved.)
17. Express a non-negative rational function as quotient of sums of squares. (Resolved in 1927.)
18. (a) Is there a polyhedron that admits only an anisohedral tiling in three dimensions? (Resolved in 1928.), and
(b) What is the densest sphere packing? (Resolved in 1998.)
19. Are the solutions of regular problems in the calculus of variations always necessarily analytic? (Resolved in 1957.)
20. Do all variational problems with certain boundary conditions have solutions? (Resolved during the course of the 20th century.)
21. Proof of the existence of linear differential equations having a prescribed monodromy group. (Partially resolved.)
22. Uniformization of analytic relations by means of automorphic functions. (Partially resolved.)
23. Further development of the calculus of variations. (Progress.)
What were Hilbert’s criteria to select these specific problems? Certainly, there are very famous problems conspicuously missing from Hilbert’s list. For instance, Fermat’s last “theorem” (which would not be a proven theorem until much later in the 20th century) is missing. Hilbert himself addresses this issue to some extent in his essay. First, of course, not every problem could make it in one list:
And second, some problems are special cases of broader mathematical programs. Such is the case of Fermat’s last theorem, which is an example of a diophantine equation, and therefore it may be considered as a special case of the challenge proposed by Hilbert’s 10th problem (notice, though, that Fermat’s equation always has trivial solutions). In addition, Hilbert gives some indication of what types of problems he was looking for when composing a list of challenges:
After Hilbert, other mathematicians followed suit and created lists of their own, such as Edmund Landau, who proposed his own list in 1912.
Landau’s Problems
During the ICM of 1912, following Hilbert’s example, Edmund Landau discussed progress in our understanding of the Riemann zeta function, and then presented a list of four open problems in mathematics. In particular, his lecture concentrated on four questions that pertain to the prime numbers, two of which were already mentioned by Hilbert under his 8th challenge.
Edmund Landau (1877-1938). Image source: Overwolfach Photo Collection.
1. Goldbach’s conjecture: can every even integer greater than 2 be written as the sum of two primes? (Unresolved.)
2. Twin prime conjecture: are there infinitely many primes p such that p + 2 is prime? (Unresolved.)
3. Legendre’s conjecture: does there always exist at least one prime between consecutive perfect squares? (Unresolved.)
4. Are there infinitely many primes p such that p - 1 is a perfect square? In other words: are there infinitely many primes of the form n^2 + 1? (Unresolved.)
Landau characterized the problems in his list as “unattackable at the present state of mathematics” (see Pintz’s “Landau’s problems on primes” for a great discussion). While all four problems are still unresolved more than a hundred years after Landau’s lecture, we do have several partial results towards these questions, and a deeper understanding of the conjectures. Landau’s 2nd problem was vastly generalized by Hardy and Littlewood in 1923 in what is now known as the first Hardy–Littlewood conjecture, which quantifies the number of twin primes (and other types of prime tuples) up to a certain bound in a concrete, yet conjectural form, akin to the statement of the prime number theorem.
In 1962, Bateman and Horn stated a much broader conjecture that generalizes both Landau’s problems 2 and 4 into a single problem, subsumes the Hardy-Littlewood conjecture, and quantifies the number of primes up to a given bound that are of a specified by a definition in terms of polynomials. For example, Landau’s 4th problem asks for primes of the polynomial form n^2+1, and the twin prime conjecture asks for numbers n such that n and n+2 are both prime.
The most surprising and substantial progress towards the twin prime conjecture was a result proved in 2013 by Yitang Zhang, who proved the existence of infinitely many primes within a fixed distance of each other. The twin prime conjecture says that there are infinitely many primes that are 2 units apart, and Zhang showed that there are infinitely many pairs of primes that are less than 70 million units apart. After Zhang’s splashy result, combined efforts by a team of mathematicians (the so-called Polymath Project), and results of Maynard, showed that there are infinitely many pairs of primes that are at most 246 units apart. While this is still a far cry from the twin prime conjecture, it is quite an impressive result!
Yitang Zhang (1955-). Image source: Wikipedia Commons.
With respect to Landau’s 3rd problem, known as Legendre’s conjecture, Ingham showed in 1937 that there is a certain lower bound N such that there is at least a prime between consecutive cubes larger than N. More recently, in 2001, Baker, Harman, and Pintz showed that, for numbers n larger than a certain lower bound, there is a prime between n^2 and approximately n^2+n^(21/20), which is a bit larger than (n+1)^2=n^2+n+1, which Legendre’s conjecture predicts.
Finally, there is also significant progress towards the 1st of Landau’s problems: the Goldbach conjecture. Building on work of Vinogradov, in 1938 results of Chudakov, Van der Corput, and Estermann showed that “almost all” even numbers are the sum of two primes. Their result says, a bit more precisely, that the density of even numbers that satisfy Goldbach is 100% or, equivalently, that the counterexamples to Goldbach are very sparse within the natural numbers. Unfortunately, since their result is a density argument, one cannot rule out the existence of isolated counterexamples to the conjecture.
There are many other partial technical results toward the Goldbach conjecture, which we will not go over here, but it is worth highlighting that in 2013, Helfgott proved the so-called weak Goldbach conjecture: every odd number larger than 5 can be written as the sum of three prime numbers (which in turn implies that every even number can be written as the sum of at most four primes).
The Weil Conjectures
In 1949, André Weil proposed four conjectures that, over the course of the next two decades, would wholly revolutionize the area of algebraic geometry. The conjectures describe rather technical properties of zeta functions attached to algebraic varieties over finite fields. In particular, the four conjectures say that:
1. Zeta functions are rational.
2. Zeta functions satisfy a functional equation and Poincaré duality.
3. Zeta functions satisfy an analog of the Riemann hypothesis.
4. The degrees of the factors of a zeta function are given by Betti numbers.
Though first stated by Weil, these conjectures were a long time in the making. The first known results that are directly related to the Weil conjectures date back to Gauss (1801) and his work on what we now call Gauss sums. Much later, in 1924, the conjectures had started to take form, and an early version was stated by Emil Artin in the special case of curves (which were proved by Weil himself). Finally, Weil stated the conjectures in full generality in 1949. Although the statements naturally reside in the realm of algebraic geometry, the interest in the conjectures grew immediately because of the implied connection to a different area of mathematics (algebraic topology) via Betti numbers. The conjectural connection between areas predicted the existence of a new cohomological theory that could connect them and explain the presence of Betti numbers in the factorization of zeta functions of algebraic varieties. A flurry of mathematical activity ensued, which culminated in the discovery of étale cohomology by Artin and Grothendieck, with the purpose of attacking the conjectures. The first conjecture (rationality) was shown by Dwork in 1960, the second and forth by Grothendieck and his collaborators in 1965, and the most difficult one, the third Weil conjecture, was shown by Deligne in 1974.
Smale’s Problems
As the 20th century and a millennium closed to an end, and surely inspired by Hilbert’s highly influential list of problems, in 1998 the vice-president of the International Mathematical Union, V. I. Arnold, in 1998 wrote to a number of mathematicians with a request to collect a list of “great problems for the 21st century.” One of the recipients of the request was Steve Smale (known for his research in topology, dynamical systems and mathematical economics, and a recipient of the Fields medal in 1966), who composed a list of 18 problems for a lecture on the occasion of Arnold’s 60th birthday, and which appeared in print in his paper “Mathematical Problems for the Next Century.” In this paper, Smale explains his criteria in choosing problems:
• Simple statement. Also preferably mathematically precise, and best even with a yes or no answer.
• Personal acquaintance with the problem.
• A belief that the question, its solution, partial results or even attempts at its solution are likely to have great importance for mathematics and its development in the next century.
The list of problems was as follows:
1. The Riemann hypothesis. (Unresolved.)
2. The Poincaré conjecture. (Resolved in 2003.)
3. P versus NP. (Unresolved.)
4. Shub-Smale tau-conjecture on the integer zeros of a polynomial of one variable. (Unresolved.)
5. Can one decide if a diophantine equation f(x,y) = 0 has an integer solution in exponential time? (Unresolved.)
6. Is the number of relative equilibria (central configurations) finite, in the n-body problem of celestial mechanics, for any choice of positive real numbers m_1, … , m_n as the masses? (Partially resolved in 2012 for “almost all” systems of five bodies.)
7. The Thomson problem on minimizing the distribution of N points on a 2-sphere. (Unresolved.)
8. Extend the mathematical model of general equilibrium theory to include price adjustments. (Unresolved.)
9. The linear programming problem. (Unresolved.)
10. Pugh’s closing lemma. (Partially resolved in 2016.)
11. Is one-dimensional dynamics generally hyperbolic? (This problem had two parts, the first part is unresolved, and the second part is resolved.)
12. In other words, is the subset of all diffeomorphisms whose centralizers are trivial dense in Diff^r(M)? (Partially resolved in the C^1 topology in 2009.)
13. Describe relative positions of ovals originating from a real algebraic curve and as limit cycles of a polynomial vector field on the plane (Hilbert’s 16th problem). (Unresolved.)
14. Do the properties of the Lorenz attractor exhibit that of a strange attractor? (Resolved in 2002.)
15. Navier-Stokes existence and smoothness. (Unresolved.)
16. The jacobian conjecture. (Unresolved.)
17. Solving polynomial equations in polynomial time in the average case. (Resolved in 2016.)
18. Limits of intelligence regarding the fundamental problems of intelligence and learning, both from the human and machine side. (Unresolved.)
In his write-up of the mathematical problems, Smale includes three additional problems as an addenda which he describes as “a few problems that don’t seem important enough to merit a place on our main list, but it would still be nice to solve them.” The problems in question are (19) a mean value problem in complex variables, (20) is the three-sphere a minimal set?, and (21) is an Anosov diffeomorphism of a compact manifold topologically the same as the Lie group model of John Franks?
Millennium Prize Problems
Shortly after Smale’s problems were published, in 2000 the Clay Mathematics Institute of Cambridge, Massachusetts (CMI), established a list of seven problems to celebrate mathematics in the new millennium. In the words of the institute:
Known as the Millennium Prize Problems, and with a $1 million prize allocated for the solution of each problem, the seven challenges are as follows.
1. The Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture. (Unresolved.)
2. The Hodge conjecture. (Unresolved.)
3. Navier-Stokes existence and smoothness. (Unresolved.)
4. The P versus NP problem. (Unresolved.)
5. The Poincaré conjecture. (Resolved in 2003.)
6. The Riemann hypothesis. (Unresolved.)
7. The Yang–Mills existence and mass gap. (Unresolved.)
Each problem is accompanied by a beautiful expository paper by an expert in the field, namely (1) Andrew Wiles, (2) Pierre Deligne, (3) Charles Fefferman, (4) Stephen Cook, (5) John Milnor, (6) Peter Sarnak, and (7) Michael Douglas.
The only Millennium problem that has been resolved to date is the Poincaré conjecture. Building on work of Hamilton, Grigori Perelman gave a proof in 2003, and after a thorough review of the correctness of the proof, Perelman was poised to receive both the Clay Math $1 million award, and a Fields medal. However, he rejected both awards, alleging that the prize was unfair, as he considered his contributions to be no greater than Hamilton’s.
Clopen Concept
As many other young couples, when my wife and I looked for our first home, we were obsessed with the idea of an “open concept” home. After having religiously logged an uncountable number of HGTV-hours, we were made to believe that an open concept was the only way we would achieve a truly happy home, so we looked for the ideal open concept home for what must have been an eternity. We swiftly discarded any listings that did not feature the two magic words. Our realtor was ready to drive her car off of a bridge, with us inside of it, when thankfully an open concept home became available on the market, in the neighborhood of our choice, in the school district of our dreams, and we purchased it. Finally, our very own open concept home! Our own chance to the pursuit happiness, the start of our own family, all of it in a glorious open format living arrangement.
How do I wish now, with 20-20 vision, for a closed concept home or, perhaps, a middle ground: a clopen concept.
Fast-forward a few years, we have two school-aged kids under 10 years old, we are still living in the same open concept home, and a pandemic is raging outside. There is one door in our entire first floor (the door to a half bathroom) and, on the second floor, three doors that lead to three bedrooms (plus bathrooms). One of the bedrooms is a guest room that now doubles as a home office, and it is the sole refuge from the daily unstable chaos our home life has become. When we are all home (meaning, 100% of the time), there is one spot for one of us to hide away, while the other adult has to share the open concept first floor with the kids. My wife and I take turns hiding away at the paradisiacal home office, which typically means that my wife is in the home office 99 turns for each one of my turns. To be fair, my wife works in industry, so she has daily critical meetings, while my teaching and research meetings are not of such a high profile. Maybe if I had daily briefings with the Dean, then I would get a turn a bit more often.
On a typical day, by 9am, we have finished breakfast and everyone positions themselves at their battle stations. The open concept first floor features three areas carefully separated by noise-superconductor air: the kitchen/dining area, the living room, and a third space that serves as a smaller cozy living room, library, and my office. We bought a small desk for the older kid to work at a corner of the living room, and the younger kid typically works on her homework at the dining room table.
My wife nods “good luck,” and walks upstairs, with a perceptible spring in her step. The kids fire up their devices (their work is on Seesaw and similar educational platforms), and I open my laptop, while praying that everything goes smoothly for once.
Narrator: “It will not go smoothly.
“Dad, have you seen my charger? My iPad is almost out of batteries,” Julia yells from the kitchen area.
We spend a few minutes trying to locate the charger and, by the time we find it (mysteriously, it walked to the basement), the iPad’s battery is dead. We plug it in, restart the machine, but Julia is now logged out of her online account. Her password is a QR code printed on a piece of paper, and Julia cannot remember the last time she has seen it. Once again, we walk in circles around the open concept first floor, looking for the little piece of paper that will permit my work-day to begin, my ticket to do math if you will. Eventually, Julia remembers the QR code is safely tucked inside the iPad protective cover. All is well, she can begin her work.
I fill up my coffee mug, and return to my desk. The laptop awakes, and the inbox displays a long list of unread email messages that patiently await for my attention…
“Dad, I need help with math,” Natalie calls from her desk in the living room.
Her math homework consists of a number of haphazardly phrased word problems, which make me fume inside, but I do not want to vent my frustration in front of my already frazzled daughter. Her questions are not about math, but about how to express the answer. I suggest the most logical way to represent the answer, but she insists that her teacher does not want the answers in such a (otherwise logical) format. I insist it would certainly be ok to write it the way I propose, and hint that maybe she might have misunderstood the teacher’s instructions. My daughter proceeds to break into tears.
“Please, can you be quiet,” Julia pleads from the adjacent kitchen area.
“What is going on?” my wife asks from the second floor, stepping out of her meeting for a moment.
“We have it under control, we will figure it out,” I reply in an attempt to pacify the audience on the bleachers. Natalie and I take a deep breath and go over the way she is required to answer her math riddles. We find a middle ground and she writes the solution in two ways. All is well, and she returns to her desk.
One of my first meetings of the day begins over Zoom, with two collaborators. As soon as I speak and they hear my voice, Cotton and Hyper start to loudly squeak supplicating for food. The two demanding voices belong to our Guinea pigs, whose home resides in the same living area where my desk is. (In fact, this area is now known as the Piggies’ room.) We forgot to feed them in the morning, so they are rightfully yelling at me to provide the hay and vegetables they deserve. I request a minute from my colleagues, turn the camera and mic off, and quickly throw some hay pellets and spinach into the piggy enclosure. Now that they feel heard and appreciated, they will let me continue my research conversation.
However, I forgot that I had hired a teenager in the neighborhood to clean my yard, and now there are insanely loud leaf-blower noise-waves invading and resonating and amplifying throughout our open concept home.
“WHAT IS THAT NOISE!” Julia and Natalie yell in unison.
“That’s Andrew cleaning the yard!” I reply, but it is unclear whether they heard me.
I text chat with my collaborators for the time being because turning my mic on would surely be a Zoom session killer move.
By the time my meeting ends, it is lunch time. My kids demand Mac and Cheese, and I have no strength to fight for a healthier alternative, so I resignedly boil some water. Mesmerized, staring into the bubbling water, I wonder when this nightmare will end, if ever. My wife’s meeting ends, almost magically, precisely when the kids food is already served on the table. We have a quiet lunch, we share some of the technological issues we faced in the morning, for the millionth time, and we rejoice in any of our small accomplishments during the morning session.
The kids are done with their work, so they run to their play area in the basement. My wife runs to her next meeting on the second floor, and the open concept first floor becomes an eerily quiet area. Even the Guinea pigs are quiet, taking a nap. It is a mirage, and it will not last, so I quickly go back to my laptop to finish taking care of my inbox.
As predicted, the fleeting peace comes to an abrupt halt when my kids run upstairs once again to prepare for their ballet classes. In order to have sufficient space to perform, each one needs a different room and device where to connect from for their same Zoom-ballet lesson. Natalie will dance in the living room, and Julia in the Piggies’ room, which means that I have to evacuate the desk and move to the dinning table.
My mug is full of coffee once again, and I try to concentrate to no avail. A cacophony of dance instructions and terrible iPad-speaker quality classical music blare from the other two spaces in the open concept home. Not even my best headphones can cancel the pandemonium that permeates every corner of the house. I decide to use this time to take care of menial tasks, hoping that I will have the energy and concentration to tackle research when the ballet lessons conclude.
It is 4pm and my kids have put away their devices, and have been kicked out of the house, to play outside, ride their bikes, or pick up sticks if they must “but get the heck out of here.” I have one more meeting with a graduate student, so I connect to Zoom once again. We are chatting when the connection dies and the screen freezes. After a few seconds of confusion, I realize the problem: my wife is heating up water for a tea cup in the microwave. Why would that be a problem, you ask? Well, it turns out that our microwave and our Wi-Fi signal are somehow and inexplicably intertwined and incompatible, and whenever someone turns the microwave on, the Wi-Fi signal cannot reach the corner where my desk is located. It seems that the open concept home was perfectly designed so that waves amplify and collapse throughout the house in the most frustrating ways.
“PLEASE stop the microwave! I am in a meeting!” I beg to my wife. “Please use the kettle when I am in Zoom calls!” How many puzzled students and colleagues have heard me yelling at my family complaining about the microwave? We shall never know.
By 5pm I am mentally exhausted, and angrily pace around the open concept first floor, thinking of alternative configurations that would have made this house a closed concept. I daydream of walls and soundproof doors. Perhaps we should cover the walls with egg crates to minimize noise travel. Maybe there is a way to transform our open concept space into a clopen concept with some sort of removable tarps or barriers to block the large entryways between the three areas… Hopefully, this nightmare will end soon, and there will be no need for drastic measures.
Damn you, HGTV.
I went to a real math conference today, an in-person conference, not one of the many virtual seminars and conferences that are so prevalent in these pandemic days. I miss travel so much that I just had to lay down on my bed, close my eyes for a few minutes, and imagine that I was about to go far, far away, at least one or two plane rides away, away from home for a few days, dressed in actual clothes, no sweat pants in my suitcase, no day-time pajamas for a change.
If I am going to do this, I want to do it right. The conference of my choice is, of course, on my favorite topics, with plenary talks by some of my favorite mathematicians, and hosted by a university located in a mildly exotic destination that I have never been to. Nowhere too fancy, I don’t need a paradise: just a city I’ve never visited, or a State or country that is in my list of places to go to, or some old famous Institute that I want to visit some day. I plan my trip, and book a flight and a modest room at a hotel near the university that is hosting the event. Excitedly, I pretend to text a few math friends, to see if any of them are going as well. Great news: many of them would not miss such a great conference and will be there too.
During one of my flights to my dream conference, I write the notes for my talk, and rehearse what I will say. Planning a talk is one of my favorite exercises, as it forces me to step back and consider a broad bird’s-eye view of the project. What would others think? What would they find interesting? What parts should I highlight? What examples are best suited for the exposition?
“Oh wow, are you a mathematician?” asks a fellow passenger sitting next to me in the plane. “Yes, I am a university professor and a mathematician,” I answer. Now I wait for the typical cringe-inducing response from a stranger (the mildest one being “oh, I am not a math person”) but, instead, the stranger says “oh wow I loved mathematics in school, I wish I learned more!” And we spend the rest of the flight pleasantly chatting about a variety of cool math topics that satisfy the curiosity of my impromptu flight companion. Even the third person in our same row seems to be curiously listening into our conversation. Ahhh, the power of the imagination is limitless.
When I arrive at my destination, I get on an Uber, and start texting math friends to see if they have arrived yet. After some characteristic indecisiveness, one of us forms some dinner plans, and we enjoy together some delicious foreign cuisine, while we catch up and talk about our teaching, our departments, some math gossip, our students’ shenanigans, and a bit about our latest research projects. Then we move it to a bar where we run into other math people, and we all enjoy a few drinks and laughs, and the conversation is liberally peppered with the nerdiest of math puns that we all enjoy without shame.
Back at the hotel, still feeling the buzz effect of the wine and beer, I review the notes for my lecture one more time, watch a show (whatever I want, no compromising!) and go to sleep. In the morning, I head to the conference building, and enjoy my walk through campus, admiring some of the beautiful architecture (and frowning at some of the more questionable design choices), enjoying the crisp morning air. When I arrive at the hall, the greatest display of fresh-brewed coffee and breakfast items (the good stuff) awaits the conference participants. I proudly display my name batch and begin to mingle, first approaching a group of people where someone I know is talking to others. I introduce myself to the small group of faculty and grad students, and they politely introduce themselves in return.
The organizers do a slow clap to catch our attention: the first lecture is about to begin. It is time to leave everything behind, all my obligations, my parental duties, my long work/home to-do lists, my worries, my goals for this term. Everything stays outside of the lecture hall except the hot cup of coffee that I carry with me (I pretend not to see the “NO FOOD OR DRINKS INSIDE AUDITORIUM” sign, even though it is unavoidable on the way in). I sit, I sip coffee, and enjoy the show. A math friend is sitting next to me, and we exchange brief comments or looks (surprise, puzzlement, horror, amazement, meh) during the talks, and these hints of comradery put me at ease knowing that I am surrounded by my kind of math people. Some talks are enjoyable, some talks are fascinating, some talks are awful, and one or two talks are extremely relevant to my current interests. I love them all, equally so.
Andrew Wiles speaking at the Andrew Wiles Building, Oxford, UK. Image taken by the author.
At lunch, I join a mixed group of postdocs, students, and faculty, and I slowly work my way through the group, meeting each one of them, paying particular attention to the grad students. I ask them who their advisor is, “oh yes I know them, please say hi,” what are they working on, “oh that’s an interesting question!” how is the research going, have they thought about this other similar question, and are they aware of this paper, it might be helpful. Are they speaking at the conference, if so when, so I make sure I attend their talk.
The conference resumes with more talks, including mine. It is an imaginary conference and an imaginary talk with an imaginary audience, but I am a bit nervous all the same, so I am glad when it is well-received and it is over. The event continues, more math, more socializing, more networking. I am as always amazed at the ingenuity and depth of knowledge of the mathematicians around me, and I try to absorb as much as the amazing math energy they irradiate until I am now once again motivated to go back home, and do more math and prove new results.
I open my eyes. I am still on my bed, in my day-time sweat pants and hoodie, looking at the ceiling. The naive mental exercise has worked at least to some extent, and some motivation is crawling back to me. Enough to go back in front of my computer, open a current LaTeX draft, and think a bit more about a project. I might even have an idea or two of how to, maybe, make some progress.
My Search For Jobs, Round #3: The Final Boss Fight
In my previous posts, I described my first job search during the last year of my PhD at BU, and then my second search while I was a visiting professor at Colby College for a year. In this post, I describe my “final boss fight” in search of a tenure-track position in mathematics. In fact, just like my favorite heroes in the Geonosis arena, there were three final bosses awaiting me at the end of the road, with three corresponding tenure-track interviews (each one of them with an unexpected twist), which I’ll try my best to summarize in this post.
After my one year at Colby College, I traveled from Waterville, ME, to Ithaca, NY, to work as a postdoc at Cornell University for three years. The job was all that a mathematician can dream of a postdoc but the next stages of my life and career were always on my mind, so (like many postdocs are advised to do) I applied to a few jobs during year 2 of my postdoc to maximize my chances of landing the wildly desired tenure-track job of my dreams. My records say I applied to 7 jobs. Unfortunately, I did not hear back from any of those institutions that I applied to. The search was as uneventful as it was unsuccessful. Nonetheless, just like any other search, it was nerve-wracking, but nothing came out of it, so let us never mention it again.
Flash forward to year 3 of my postdoc, and the stakes had never been higher. The goal of Job Search Round #3 (ehem… #4) was to find a tenure-track position, so that I would not have to go through any further searches (hopefully for a while). The trick, though, was that this time my search was rather limited in geographical terms. When I first started looking for jobs while at BU, my wife and I made a deal: she would move with me wherever my postdoc took me, for three years (which actually ended up being 4 years total), and then we would move back to New England, as close to the Boston area as possible. After the failed search on postdoc year 2 (remember? the one I said I would not mention again?), all the eggs were in the one basket of my search on year 3. The pressure was on to find a tenure-track job in New England. The fact that I did not hear back at all from any of the schools I applied to during my second year at Cornell did not bode well.
The first paragraph of my 2007 research statement.
Let the search begin! As a first step, once again I updated all my materials (CV, research and teaching statement), and assembled my poker hand of letter writers: Berger, Gouvêa, Ramakrishna, Rohrlich, and Stevens. (My heartfelt thanks to all my letter writers over the years!)
And then the daily search for jobs began. As in previous years, I mined every tool at my disposal to find all the openings at schools in the New England area, within a 3-hour drive from Boston. My records show that I applied to 15 jobs that year… which was a scary low number, given the large number of jobs I had applied to during previous (successful) searches.
The applications started to go out sometime in October, and then the long dreadful wait started.
Luckily, I had some good news early on. By late December, I had heard from three institutions: UConn, and two small colleges in New England, which will remain anonymous for reasons that will become clear later on. All three, as a first step, wanted to set up interviews with me at the Joint Math Meetings that would take place in San Diego, January 2008, so I packed my bags, and to San Diego we went folks!
A train station in San Diego.
Interlude: A Rant about the Joint Math Meetings
I do not like the JMM for one particular reason: the job market. There are so many interviews happening on any given day during the JMM, that they rarify the air with the fear and fried nerves of the candidates, to the point that the environment becomes toxic. I love going to conferences, but the JMM has a weirdly tense vibe that is generated by the job interviews. Of course, if you are on the job market, you have to be there to contribute your own bit of dreadfulness to the convention center. There is no way around it.
There is one positive aspect about the JMM that everyone loves: you get together with other mathematician friends that you have not seen in a long time.
The author in San Diego, with some math friends, a toddler, and an engineer (January 2008).
Small Colleges #1 and #2
Let me first say what the interview process was like with the two small colleges, before we go on to the tenure-track hiring process with UConn.
Small Colleges #1 and #2 set up short interviews with me at the Joint Meetings. The first interview with College #1 went well. The committee was nice and we had a nice, laid-back chat. I was nervous before the interview, but I was able to quickly relax once the interview started, and I thought I made an overall good impression, with nice answers to all of their questions about research and teaching. This interview took place somewhere indoors in the San Diego Convention Center, but not at the official AMS employment center.
The interview with College #2 did happen at the official AMS employment center. I arrived early, and was waiting for my turn to interview with College #2 when I saw the chair of the committee for College #1 walk into the employment center, and sit at a table, with some other institution (let’s call it College #3). While I was curiously spying on him, Chair of Comm. #1 chatted amicably with the committee from College #3 for a while, and then he left. He noticed me on his way out, and I smiled, but Chair of Comm. #1 turned livid and ran out of the employment center in a hurry, barely acknowledging my presence. Weird. Maybe I had not made such a good impression after all? Only much later I learned that Chair of Comm. #1 was actually interviewing for a position at College #3, where he would eventually be hired later that same job season.
At any rate, after the Chair of Comm. #1 left, I was called to the table of College #2. The interview was isomorphic to the interview with College #1, so it went reasonably well. I had a nice impression from the committee and I thought, I hoped, I made a good impression myself.
Soon after I returned from San Diego, I received the good news that both College #1 and #2 were inviting me to on-campus interviews… in the same week of February.
Alea iacta est.
On-Campus Interview #1
Final Boss Fight #1: NEXU
College #1 was a small private college in Massachusetts, and the interview was on Monday of what will be forever known as Helluvaweek 2008. The day-long interview started bright and early at 8am, with a brief chat with the chair of the search committee, the mathematician who as we now know was in the market to go elsewhere, while trying to convince me that College #1 was a great place to work at. By 8:30am I was being grilled by math faculty. By 9am I was being interrogated by the Provost, and by 10am I was being interviewed by the Dean. Lunch is never a break for the candidate during a job interview: in this case undergrads who were part of the search committee took me out to lunch to the student union, and asked me a few relevant questions. After lunch, the chair of the committee gave me a tour of the campus, and after the tour, I gave a 50 minute talk on the congruent number problem (aimed at undergrads). After my talk, a few faculty members took me out to dinner, and the day was over.
The chair of the committee did land the job and moved to College #3, and the funny thing is that College #3 eventually called me to see if I was available as well, because they were hiring two people (they called me, though, after I had already verbally accepted the UConn job). It would have been hilarious if he and I ended up working at College #3.
By the way, I never heard from College #1 after my interview. I thought it went really well, but I did not get the job.
On-Campus Interview #3
Final Boss Fight #2: REEK.
College #1 interviewed me on Monday of Helluvaweek 2008, and College #2 interviewed me on Thursday of the same lovely February week.
College #2 was a small liberal arts college in New Hampshire. The Chair (and chair of the search committee) was very laid-back, which is typically a nice quality, but so laid-back that the details of my day were very scarce and reaching him was hard even by phone. The day before the interview was supposed to take place, I had to call several times to get an exact location of when and where to meet in the morning. About the interview itself, essentially, all I was told is that I was to give a short (30 minutes) presentation to an audience of undergrads during their number theory class.
After receiving a few more details about my day when I arrived on campus in the morning, the day went well, with the typical packed schedule of meetings with faculty, Dean, and students. I gave my 30 minute version of my job talk aimed at undergrads (again, on the congruent number problem), and we finished the day with an early dinner, before I started to drive back to Ithaca.
I was happy with the interview, and I thought I made a good impression.
A day later, I received an email from the Chair of College #2, saying that there was a problem:
We liked your talk so much that we wanted to know more about the congruent number problem. In a quick google search the second site to show is [some site about the congruent number problem that no longer exists]. Your talk followed this one very closely, yet you did not give attribution. We would not accept this from a student, so do not see how we can from a faculty member.”
The absurdity of this message still dumbfounds me to this day. The congruent number problem has been studied for over a thousand years, and, of course, there are pages and pages written and published about this particular problem. There have been also very many talks on the subject over the years, just like there are so many talks about Fermat’s last theorem. And if you ask a number theorist to put together a 30 minute talk for undergrads about the congruent number problem, you will find that most of us would put together very, very similar talks (what is the problem, some examples, the connection to elliptic curves, Zagier’s example for n=157, Tunnel’s criterion, etc). But this was not a typical talk, and much of what was in my talk was not in the website he found, or any other reference, so the accusation was not even true. In my talk I discuss the life and work of Leonardo Pisano (aka Fibonacci), and how the court of Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II challenged Fibonacci to solve the congruent number problem for n=5. None of this was in the crappy website that the Chair found, but the website did have the basics about the congruent number problem (e.g., Zagier’s example), which I did cover.
But nevermind all that. I had 30 minutes to give a presentation to undergrads within the setting of a course in number theory, and it is highly unusual to give a list of references of all materials consulted to give a talk, much less a lecture in a class. Of course, if I had been asked to provide references, I would have compiled a complete bibliography for his students (for instance, Koblitz’s “Introduction to Elliptic Curves and Modular Forms” uses the congruent number problem as a motivating example).
I asked and explained the situation to multiple people, at Cornell, at BU, and all agreed that this was a truly strange, incomprehensible behavior by the Chair of College #2. As it turns out, I know the PhD advisor of the Chair of College #2, and he also agreed that some cables must have been crossed in the chair’s head for such a ridiculous response and accusation.
Needless to say, I did not get the job at College #2, nor would I have wanted to touch that job with a ten foot pole.
The UConn Interviews
Final Boss Fight #3: ACKLAY.
Let us backtrack to the Joint Meetings in San Diego, where I had my first brief interview with a UConn colleague.
During your mathematical “upbringing” you meet lots of people, and you do lots of things, and it is not clear what connections, if any, might be useful later. Nonetheless, I strongly encourage students and postdocs to cultivate all these relations and connections, because you never know what might end up being of importance later in your career.
A few serendipitous connections made me an ideal candidate for the UConn job. My research lined up quite well with the (very broad) interests of Keith Conrad, who already worked at UConn during my job interviews, and I had met Keith a few times at BU, and also we had invited him at Cornell at least once to give a talk. On the other hand, UConn was looking for a person with a strong educational background who would be hired as associate director of their Quantitative Learning Center (a large tutoring center that offers help in math classes but also in Chem, Physics, and Stats). As it turns out, I had a few very relevant and unusual qualifications for that part of the job: I had worked for the PROMYS Program for Teachers for 4 summers while at BU, and I ran the “Calculus Afterhours” tutoring program during my year at Colby. So, naturally, I was interviewed for the job at UConn.
My friend and colleague Tom Roby, who was the Q Center Director, set up an interview with me in the back side of the Convention Center, at a lovely outdoor area.
The San Diego Convention Center.
Tom is a really friendly, congenial person, so the interview immediately became a really interesting conversation, and we were soon having a great time, enjoying the beautiful San Diego weather. Many other mathematicians were also chatting at nearby tables, and I was glad to be outside, and as far away as possible from the dreadful AMS employment center.
Tom asked me typical interview questions, but both of us enjoyed following whatever tangents came up in conversation. I remember that I was trying to concentrate on one of his tangents, but something else was distracting me. Behind Tom, sitting at a ledge, a mathematician I didn’t know was acting strangely. She first seemed sleepy, then disoriented, and all of a sudden, she collapsed. With a loud thump, she fell face first on the concrete floor. I immediately stood up, ran past Tom, and approached the woman on the floor. “Are you ok??” No response. I tried to turn her around and saw that she was starting to convulse. Tom and several others stood around us in shock. Fumbling through my pockets, I pulled my phone out, and started dialing 911. Then I looked up to see the small crowd of mathematicians who were just there, looking at us in disbelief, and I yelled at Tom and everyone else “DON’T JUST STAND THERE! GO GET A SECURITY AGENT FROM INSIDE!!” and Tom, and someone else took off, running indoors to get some help.
The 911 dispatcher asked for some basic information and assured me that help was on the way… but I had to make sure that the woman on the floor was not biting her tongue. I helped her turn around, and I was glad to see that she did not seem to be biting her tongue, though a fair amount of foam was coming out of the mouth, which was surely not a good sign. The dispatcher asked me to put something between her teeth. The only thing I could find was her purse, so I forced the strap of her purse between the teeth. The dispatcher now asked me to stay on the line, and narrate any other developments, until help arrived. The woman on the floor started to wake up, and after a few seconds she realized what had happened. I tried to assure her she was ok, and that help was on the way. She told me that, unfortunately, it was not her first seizure. Her face was scraped and bruised, but she was starting to feel better. I was glad she fell towards the concrete floor, and not towards the other side of the ledge where there was easily a 20 feet drop.
Tom came back with some security officer, and the paramedics were there shortly after. They helped her into an ambulance, and they whisked her away to a hospital.
Tom and I sat back down, still rattled. And then I realized I literally screamed at my interviewer and ordered him to go get help. I apologized, and he laughed it off, just complimenting me on my quick thinking and composure in an emergency situation. “You passed the test,” he joked. The truth is that I am no stranger to passing out unexpectedly, so I only did what other strangers have done for me on multiple occasions.
Though my interview with Tom went well, I did not know if the commotion and screaming might have screwed up my chances. However, I did get a message from the Chair at UConn Math that I was invited to an on-campus interview on Wednesday of, you guessed it, Helluvaweek 2008.
PS: While I was waiting for the paramedics to arrive, I was able to have a look at the name tag of the fellow mathematician on the floor. So a few days later, I wrote an email message to her to see how she was doing. She was very grateful for my help, and I was very glad to hear she was bruised but fine. She was happy to hear that I got an on-campus interview despite all the chaos during my JMM interview.
The UConn on-campus interview was exhausting (I had to give two 1-hour talks, one for students, one colloquium for faculty) but fair. Just like after the other two interviews, I left with a good impression, and I thought the day went well… but hey, what do I know given the results of the interviews with Colleges #1 and #2.
In mid February, the Chair at UConn called me with excellent news: a tenure-track offer. I was elated, and I am still so happy that I was hired at UConn and that I get to work at such a great place. | https://afieldguidetomath.wordpress.com/blog-feed/ | dclm-gs1-260885422 |
0.024392 | <urn:uuid:a52504df-8bd8-4c3c-9c1a-7b5787694e37> | en | 0.980283 | 6 Popular Cars That Start With L
Searching for cars that start with l is not that hard since there are quite many of them already in the industry. It is not uncommon to search a popular car based on its initial letter of the brand. Most people find it easier to look for what cars they want to research before buying one.
cars that start with l
Purchasing a car is not a joke. Even though you have the money, not every car you see will fit you because you have your own preferences. Just because mot people use Lamborghini doesn’t mean you should buy one because you need to consider many things beforehand such as your needs, lifestyle, etc.
And here are 6 examples of cars that start with l you can consider or put in your wish list:
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1. Lamborghini is not a new player in the automotive industry. It has been one of the top cars on the list until now. It was established by Ferruccio Lamborghini in 1936. The very first goal of Lamborghini in producing cars was to create something that would rival against Ferrari and other powerful marques within the industry. When it comes to luxury sport cars and SUVs, you cannot put Lamborghini aside.
1. Land Rover is a brand of car from England that focuses on producing four-wheeled drive sports utility vehicles. It was established in 1978 and is owned by Jaguar Land Rover. Jaguar itself produces only sport utility vehicles in the beginning. However, they have started entering the segment of luxury vehicles with Land Rover as their division.
1. Lexus is also one of popular cars that start with l. It is actually a luxury vehicle division of Toyota. It was established in 1989 with the initial aim was to develop premium sedan. Lexus not only manufacture premium sedan but also performance vehicles to meet the demand of car enthusiasts who are more performance-oriented when it comes to car. The company has joined various races at motorsport events around the world which help established their brand.
cars that start with l
1. Lincoln is also a luxury vehicle division just like Lexus. However, Lincoln belongs to Ford. This brand is considered as one on the top lists in the United States. One of the most known things about Lincoln is their personal luxury car segment. It was first introduced in 1940 with the first product the Lincoln Continental model.
1. Lancia is Italian automobile manufacturer that has gained popularity within the industry. It was established by Vincenzo Lancia in 1906. They have been producing variety of high quality car with numerous and interesting innovations that was adapted later by other manufacturers. This is one of the most successful manufacturers in automobile industry. People within the industry always have high expectation of their upcoming products.
1. Lloyd was another British vehicle manufacturer and one of brand cars that start with l. This small manufacturer had manufactured all the automotive components in-house regardless of their size as manufacturing company. There were only two cars they produced since their production run from 1936 to 1950. They were the Lloyd 350 and the Lloyd 650.
You may be interested in similar content about cars that start with n.
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Cultivate the art of conversation
Talk to each other, listen to each other, tell each other what's going on in your life, share your desires and tastes … This is the secret of a lasting love affair. Yet, because we're caught up in everyday life, experiencing stress and lack of time, truly communicating with each other is often easier said than done. Making the time to talk to each other can take a lot of creativity and discipline. Each couple needs to come up with their own formula, their own routine that allows them to really communicate, to cultivate the art of conversation, so they can talk about their evolving desires, tastes, interests, etc. It’s also the occasion for them to discuss their shared plans and projects.
© Shutterstock | https://aleteia.org/slideshow/slideshow-couple-secrets/4 | dclm-gs1-260915422 |
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February 21, 2020
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View More Interview Highlights:
The Philosophy and Culture of Ansafone Contact Centers
Randy Harmat Discusses What Makes Ansafone Contact Centers Different
Judy: Good morning, everyone. My name is Judy Lin and I am with Digital Judy Podcast today. We're here with Ansafone Contact Centers in Sunny Santa Ana, California. Ansafone is a leading provider of business process outsourcing and call center solutions. With 50 years of delivering world class customer experience and brand care, we offer state of the art communications technology and outsource-call-center services, including in-bound calls, out-bound calls, HIPAA compliance, secure text messaging, email response, live chat and more. We provide a seamless extension of you.
Judy Hi Erick how are you?
Erick Doing great. How you doing today?
Judy Good. Thanks for coming out and meeting with us today.
Erick Oh, my pleasure. Thank you for having me.
Judy Yes. So what is your role here at Ansafone.
Erick My role here at Ansafone is shift lead.
Judy What does that mean?
Erick It is that you're pretty much the leader of that specific shift. We have three shifts going on here at Ansafone.
Judy Okay. What do you guys do here, exactly?
Erick We are a call center so we deal with a multiple a range of clients here.
Judy Okay. And like, what kind of clients do you service?
Erick We service anything from order taking to medical lawyers, basically any company that that needs any type of customer service for their customers.
Judy I see. So do you take inbound calls? Like what do you guys do?
Erick Yes, it's a generally all inbound. It's all incoming calls.
Judy I see. And what would you say are the top criteria that you need to have in order to become a great customer service rep?
Erick One of the biggest things would be the attitude. It starts with that. Everything else, if you don't already have it, it's something that you will definitely learn here.
Judy Well can you kind of elaborate? What do you mean? Like an attitude when like someone that calls on the phone is nagging at you? Or what do you mean?
Erick Well, it does start with the agent’s attitude, your specific attitude. If you're not open minded about what the callers are calling in for, or you're not able to empathize with the caller, the reasons for their call, you won't have a good time here.
Judy right? Yeah, I could imagine. So can you share an experience here that required you to act on the spot or how to service someone?
Erick Yes because we deal with a lot of medical accounts, I believe it will always be my biggest experiences I have here in the most and the ones that I will remember. The most when callers are calling regarding children.
Judy like medical emergencies...?
Erick Medical emergencies, especially if it's a child. I'm a father myself. So it does hit home.
Judy Yeah. How old are your kids?
Erick I have actually an 18-year old, and I have a eight-year old.
Judy Okay, sorry. I don't mean to be off track, but getting back. So yes, so you could relate with the Children. And what would happen in the emergency situation?
Erick Generally we get calls from first-time parents who are most panicked about the situation, most stressed out. We try to help him ease them a little bit, empathize with them as much as possible and assure them that we can try to assist them. And that was I think my first call that I've ever got that really hit home was when I got one of those calls and I was assisting a first-time mother with a couple-month-old baby.
Judy Yeah, what happened?
Erick The child had a really high fever and she was just going crazy regarding that situation. I was able to assist her, get the doctor in line right away for her and assure her that she was going to get some assistance.
Judy So I actually met with three of your agents last summer and I remember one of them kept talking about active listening. What is that? What is active listening exactly.
Erick Active listening. It's something that if you don't want to have this this skill, it's going to be kind of difficult to assure the caller that you're going to give them assistance. You need to make sure that you understand the person’s situation, be able to empathize with them. If you have to make somebody repeat themselves more than once, you're going to instill doubt in them. So that's not a very good thing. Especially if they have specific issue that they're completely overwhelmed with.
Judy Yeah, it's a distress call, right? To get a remedy?
Erick Yes, definitely and they want a remedy right away.
Judy So what has been the hardest thing here for you?
Erick I think the hardest thing here for me has been has been doing with customers that are irate. I have learned to empathize more with those customers and made myself understand that they're not mad at me. They're mad at the situation. They're stressed about that specific situation that they're in.
Judy So since you get call after call, do you get exhausted? I mean, how do you keep such a positive mindset, Erick?
Erick It's definitely exhausting. But keeping that good attitude, and understanding that you're there to help and just feeling that satisfaction of knowing that you're able to help someone keeps me going every single day.
Judy And what is the volume of calls you get per day?
Erick Oh, wow. That can range anywhere from a hundred calls a day to several hundreds of calls a day per person. When I was an operator my teammates and we would go into competition with each other to see who could take the most calls for the day. We got to the point where we're taking 600-800 calls a day per shift. At that point, when we're doing that kind of stuff we were having fun with it.
Judy That's what you were talking about.
Erick Yes, that's where it plays in having that type of attitude and especially that camaraderie with your teammates being able to take care of those calls and still have that comradery and have that fun in the call center makes it worth worthwhile. And it's fun.
Judy Yes. So I've spoken to your CEO Randy Harmat before. And I hear that you service natural disasters. Yes, and obviously a lot of medical accounts as well. What is that like for you?
Erick I've taken great pleasure in that because I felt like I provided my grain of salt to that situation, being able to be there and take those calls. Take the donations for whatever situation that comes that that's happening at the moment, providing those callers with some type of security of knowing that that that I've made their day a little bit better. I mean, I wish I could do a lot more for them at that point because I know they're in a disaster, a hard situation for them, especially if they have family.
Judy Yes.
Erick A lot of them, their homes have been completely destroyed. Or they've been completely pushed out of their community. So it's very hard for them, I'm sure.
Judy So are you the only line of contact at that point? Because of everything collapsing? Right? Phone systems are relying on you to communicate to the rest of the world for things that they need, right?
Erick Oh, yes. And we're available 24/7, 365 days a year. So critical. I've taken great pleasure in that, and a lot of my team members feel very pleased with being able to help and assist those type of callers.
Judy So if you were to mentor coach someone in this world, what would you say to this person to prepare for?
Erick We'll start with their attitude and after that, being able to make them understand the empathy is a big part of that picture as well, making sure that that person understands that we're there to assist them. A lot of the callers once again are calling in because they're stressed about the situation. We want to make sure we empathize with them as much as possible and have a good attitude towards the situation.
Judy What is your happiest experience here so far at Ansafone. What are you most proud of?
Erick I am most part of the comradery in here. It's been a big reason why I've been here for so long. It's great to be able to just socialize with the team members. On top of that, teach him how to deal with their calls, provide them tools to be able to assist each and every one of their calls and provide him with great bread. The customers were great service.
Judy Erick It sounds like you handle a huge volume of calls on a very intense level, and you don't think quickly on your fee. And at the same time you have some comedy and actively listen. So how do you de-stress like, what do you do for fine
Erick We have a lot of a lot of events here, Like Halloween, Christmas, Thanksgiving, Fourth of July. We have a lot of get-togethers with within those time frames. That is the best thing because you can see everybody just meshing together and enjoy socializing together and that makes such a big difference.
Judy Yeah, that's sounds like a good balance. Yes. So where can we find you online?
Erick We are at Ansafone.com.
Judy So that is ansafone.com. Well, thank you again, Erick. Thank you so much for coming out and interviewing with us. And we appreciate your time.
Erick Oh, my pleasure. Thank you for having me.
Judy Thank you.
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The one thing you have to do when you have made up your mind to go to school to become a PTA is make it your #1 priority, other than a MAJOR family emergency. You HAVE to be in class every day. You have to study, study, and study some more. It’s a tough road, but you can do it if you set your mind to it.
What degree is needed for physical therapy assistant?
What state pays the most for PTA?
Back To Top | https://biosidmartin.com/why-did-you-choose-to-become-a-physical-therapist/ | dclm-gs1-261075422 |
0.063081 | <urn:uuid:d05ff447-b075-4ac0-a48b-c38026a1e5f2> | en | 0.954445 | Do Blue Jays Eat Peanuts? (Safe OR Toxic?)
Humans widely love peanuts for eating. Birdwatchers and people who love to share their food with birds have asked an interesting query, can blue jays eat peanuts?
I want to assure those people who have asked this question online on many forums and social media platforms that blue jays can eat peanuts. They will enjoy eating peanuts without any hesitation. Let’s find out how you can properly feed peanuts.
Table of Contents:
1. Are Peanuts Safe For Blue Jays?
2. Do Blue Jays Like Peanuts?
3. How To Serve Peanuts To Blue Jays?
4. What Kind Of Peanuts Do Blue Jays Eat?
5. Can Blue Jays Eat Raw Peanuts?
6. Can Blue Jays Eat Peanuts In The Shell?
7. Last Thoughts
Are Peanuts Safe For Blue Jays?
Yes, peanuts are entirely safe for blue jays as the peanuts contain 45 percent of fats, and 24 percent of proteins, and the rest are some other essential nutrients and natural oils.
can blue jays eat peanuts
Peanuts are full of essential macronutrients for blue jays. In winter, peanuts have many calories, proteins, and energy to blue jays that help them keep themselves strong.
It is due to the presence of fats in peanuts. They are an excellent source of food for blue jays. Both unsalted and unsweetened peanuts are safe for blue jays. So, do not hesitate while feeding peanuts to your blue jays.
What do blue jays eat? Best Foods, Feeding & Diet
Do Blue Jays Like Peanuts?
Peanuts are liked by many birds like blue jays, chickadees, woodpeckers, titmice, and nuthatches. They easily get attracted to peanuts, even to the peanuts in the shell, a whole peanut, the pieces of peanuts, or the roasted ones with no sugar and no salt.
You can feed any of these three peanuts. All of them are very healthy for your blue jays. Before buying any peanuts from the market, make sure you have checked the peanut’s freshness and oil content. Can birds eat almonds?
How To Serve Peanuts To Blue Jays?
There are various methods you can use to serve peanuts to blue jays. The simplest one is scattering small-sized peanuts on the bird table or the ground evenly in your backyard.
Never place whole peanuts on the ground or the bird table because their size can cause choking in birds. Any food in small pieces attracts birds easily.
Whenever birds fly over your backyard, the peanuts scattered in your backyard will attract them, especially those birds who feed on the ground. They will come down and will start eating them.
But this method is very messy. To avoid this, you can use feeders of any type. The most used feeder is the platform or tray feeder, and these are the type of open feeders.
You can put peanuts on them to feed your birds. It is also best for feeding those birds that are larger.
If you are planning to feed whole peanuts to your birds, it is better to use a wire mesh feeder. This feeder is very helpful because birds can take small pieces of peanuts.
Birds cannot eat a whole peanut because of its immense size, and they can have choked. If breeding birds feed on the peanuts in a wire mesh feeder, they can also give those peanuts to their baby chicks as feed because they are small.
Never fill the feeder until a lot of birds come to eat them. Because if birds do not eat peanuts, then they will become moldy. You have to waste them because they are not suitable for birds. It happens only in wet and warm weather.
You can also hang peanuts on a string or a thread and hang that thread around the garden on trees. The other method to use is placing whole peanuts in branches, logs, or holes on the tree.
Different birds like nuthatches and woodpeckers will come there to eat them. You can also serve peanuts (crushed in small size) to your birds by adding them to the suet cake. It will be a good source of food for them, especially in the winter season.
What Kind Of Peanuts Do Blue Jays Eat?
You can give the peanuts in the shell, the roasted peanuts, and a whole peanut to blue jays, but feeding dry-roasted, salted, or any other flavored peanuts can be harmful to the birds.
A few birds can digest a small quantity of salt, but a large amount of salt can cause stomach problems and even death. Peanuts should always be stored and transported in a dry and cool environment.
In a humid and hot climate, a natural fungus can occur, known by the name of Aspergillus, and it releases a highly poisonous carcinogen, known as aflatoxin. It is highly dangerous for both birds and humans.
So, try using fresh peanuts, dry them in front of your eyes in your home or get them from a well-known store in the market before buying. Do not forget to check them completely. What do baby blue jays eat?
Can Blue Jays Eat Raw Peanuts?
Yes, blue jays can eat raw peanuts, and they are not entirely safe for them too. Like other types of peanuts, raw peanuts also has some health benefits for blue jays.
Can Baby Blue Jays Eat Worms?
It is good to boil raw peanuts before serving blue jays, so it will not affect the enzyme production used to absorb protein. So, yeah, you can feed your blue jay, and boiled raw peanuts, but not in large quantities.
Can Blue Jays Eat Peanuts In The Shell?
Yes, like other birds, blue jays can also eat peanuts in the shell. Blue jays love eating the peanuts in the shell. These peanuts are rich in fat and protein, which is very good for the health of blue jays.
Make sure to serve in small pieces, not as a whole for blue jays or other birds, because they are hard to open for many birds.
Last Thoughts
Blue jays are very different in terms of their diet as compared to other common birds. However, most birds love to eat peanuts, and many people asked whether blue jays can eat peanuts.
Blue jays like to have peanuts in shells as their food, and they get easily attracted to peanuts in shells for eating. Whenever you want to give peanuts to blue jays, try giving these peanuts and keep in mind other important things discussed above.
Leave a Comment | https://birdskeeping.com/can-blue-jays-eat-peanuts/ | dclm-gs1-261085422 |
0.112809 | <urn:uuid:2283fc28-0a5c-4538-bb34-97b14ed9028f> | en | 0.934969 | Black hole eats star, poops sunshine
NASA’s “Swift” satellite likes to voyeur it some Gamma Ray Bursts in the distant reaches of space. A Gamma Ray Burst is a type enormous radiated explosion that thankfully don’t usually happen us too often, in fact it hasnt yet because anything within a couple thousand light years or so would completely wipe out life on the planet. GRB’s release a lot of energy, like 5.256×1015 worth of our sun per second (ten billion years to every second). This is of interest to NASA scientists and the latest images have been like porn, what was originally thought to be a sun exploding the shit out of itself seems to have actually been a black hole devouring the sun like an evil Kirby. Heres a talkie breakdown of the events:
WOW…there were least 5 good band names in there. So there you have it, Devil Kirby got pissed and ate Mrs. Pac-Man, Tabloid are thoroughly a muck everywhere. I have only one question: How many superheros have been made by all these Gamma release events?
This entry was written by CatastroFUCK and published on April 5, 2011 at 5:13 PM. It’s filed under Awesome and tagged , , , , , , , . Bookmark the permalink. Follow any comments here with the RSS feed for this post.
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0.060922 | <urn:uuid:29bf5608-a752-422c-89ef-5f33da5a88e2> | en | 0.966979 | 3 Problems with Financial Services
3 Problems with Financial Services
Financial services are effectively essential in modern life, regardless of where in the world you live. Wherever money is used for exchange in place of barter, there you will find a need for financial services. However, as with almost any broad-reaching system, there are problems inherent in it that are a product of a long and complex past and an ongoing struggle to be all things for all people.
We are going to take a look at some of those problems, their causes and perhaps even some potential solutions (bearing in mind that “put up with it” counts as a valid solution, because some problems cannot be overcome so easily). However, before we do so, we need to be clear on exactly what we are talking about.
What are financial services?
For such a complex part of the economic system, financial services are actually relatively simple to explain. It is, effectively, any service that involves money management, from banks and accountancy companies to credit-card companies and insurance firms to stock brokerages and investment funds and so on.
Surprisingly, while some of these services have existed for centuries, the term “financial services” has only really been prevalent since the introduction of the Financial Services Modernization Act of 1999 (better known as the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act or GLBA) in the United States. This act allowed individual companies that previously provided only one or two of these services to merge into far larger entities. Since these entities now required a name to accurately but simply describe them and their activities, they became known as “financial services providers”. Of course, there was significantly more to the GLBA, including provisions for customer data security, but the fact remains that it birthed the term as we know it today.
So, this being the case, financial services can be said to include at least those companies that do the following:
• Stores and protects your money
• Issues chequebooks and processes cheques
• Provides personal and business loans, including mortgages and overdrafts
• Issues credit and/or debit cards and processes their transactions
• Provides transfers between banks, either locally or internationally
• Provides internet banking facilities
• Facilitates automatic payments like standing orders and direct debits
• Sells investment products
There are plenty more, and we could do an entire article on just the investment banking services, but you hopefully get the point by now. So, let’s look at some of the problems with this industry.
Financial services are far too confusing!
Remembering what we said in the very first paragraph - that financial services are basically essential for a modern life - it may shock you to learn that as many as two thirds of Britons find finance impossibly confusing. A poll of 3,000 people by learndirect further found that 10 per cent of those asked had signed up for products or services that didn’t even meet their needs.
Admittedly, this is a two-way street - it’s as much a fault in the British education system for not teaching people to manage their money properly as it is a fault of the financial services sector for being impenetrably complex. However, this is not a problem unique to the UK. Indeed, the Center for Financial Inclusion at Accion found that a surprising number of people around the world do not understand even relatively ordinary banking terms while Fundación Capital found that poor women in Latin America even struggled with operating ATMs and preferred having the opportunity to practise on a simulator in private.
While finance is inherently a little complex, it should be obvious to financial services providers that customers are far more likely to buy products and services that they can actually understand. As the Harvard Business Review puts it: “to keep your customers, keep it simple”. Very simple measures like making it easy for customers to compare the benefits of one product over another help you to build trust and brand loyalty.
Financial services are inaccessible!
The logic behind bank opening hours is mystifying. Most people work Monday to Friday from 9 to 5. And so do the banks. So, if you ever need to sort out something financial without losing work time, you have to go in your lunch break from 12 to 1. However, a huge number of people are going to be doing the same thing, making for enormous queues. To add insult to injury, you often find that most of the bank’s counters are unstaffed at lunch time because...well, it’s lunchtime for the bank staff, too!
Perhaps the above scenario is a little bit of a cliché, but it became one simply because it has historically been accurate to real life so frequently. For those living in Thailand, you can add an extra element to this scenario, whereby the staff in one branch of any given bank will give you one answer to your questions while those in a different branch may give you a completely different answer.
Of course, internet and mobile banking have largely solved this issue. It’s now possible to access an impressive suite of financial services outside of working hours and without visiting a bricks-and-mortar branch. Of course, there are still some banks that merely use their websites to advertise services that you must still come into the branch to actually get, but it is unlikely they will be able to sustain that approach for much longer.
Fintech has been the first part of the financial services sector to put a real emphasis on the user experience, creating simple-to-use tools to enable customers to manage their finances with effortless ease. Platforms are now providing a vast range of services to supplement and sometimes even replace traditional options. The fact that even big-name banks are consistently losing customers to fintech-based firms proves just how important ease-of-use is to most people and how unwise it would be for the financial services industry as a whole to ignore this fact.
Financial services providers are untrustworthy!
Did you know that bankers are considered less trustworthy than local politicians? In fact, the 2017 Ipsos MORI Veracity Index found them to be the seventh least-trusted profession in the UK. A TrustPilot report in 2018 found that half of the 15,000 people they surveyed don’t trust finance companies, with 31 per cent ranking them as “untrustworthy/not trustworthy at all”. That’s a problem.
This lack of trust in financial services providers is a multifaceted issue, though. For example, there’s the fact that salespeople tend to be paid on commission, making them more likely to sell the product that’s most profitable for them than the one that is the best fit for the customer’s needs, but that, like our scenario in the previous point, is arguably more a Hollywood cliché than a common reality. There’s also the fact that the smallprint in agreements often conceal unexpected fees and restrictions - an issue that relates back to our first point about excessive complexity.
There are other facets to this distrust that we have not already covered, though, like questions over security. Financial cybercrime has been rapidly rising in recent years, with a Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) report noting that there was an 80 per cent increase in attacks from previous years in 2017. Banks, in particular, have always traded on them being the safest place to store your money, but is that still true?
Then there was the financial crisis of 2007-08, largely caused by dodgy practises and extreme risk-taking among banks. The repercussions were enormous, with huge numbers of people right around the world losing massive amounts of money that they previously thought was perfectly safe.
The list goes on and, once again, it’s fintech that seems to be providing a solution. Neobanks and other financial institutions that are not directly linked to banks are able to start from a clean slate, without generations of bad experiences colouring their customers’ opinions of them. Through being open and honest, having no salespeople on commission and providing a simple and understandable user experience, they seem to providing solutions to the problems that plague the financial services sector. | https://blog.deemoney.com/3-problems-with-financial-services/ | dclm-gs1-261125422 |
0.06057 | <urn:uuid:fd3a9e80-5bea-4cd7-ba8d-c007ed28fbee> | en | 0.958244 | Guest Blog: Depression in paediatric chronic fatigue syndrome
In the next of our guest blog posts, paediatric mental health expert @MaxDavie has leapt into a discussion of one of the Archive’s recent editors choice articles, “Depression in paediatric chronic fatigue syndrome“.
While I don’t have a huge feel for the CFS/ME market, being largely responsible for anthracyline induced cardiotoxicity and ifosphamide tubulopathies, I do have a range of patients with co-existent “physical” and “mental” disorders, and it’s certainly worth a read. Feel free to add your comments below or argue away on Twitter.
Max also blogs here, so pop and visit too.
This useful cross-sectional study tells us that there is a significant increase in rates depression in CFS, compared to the general population, to 29%. The magnitude of this increase is stated by the authors as ten-fold, but for several reasons it is hard to be precise about this:
Firstly, they did not have a control population assessed in the same way as their CFS population, and so comparison is made with other study results.
Secondly, their population was assessed for depression by questionnaire, rather than clinical assessments, and this may have had the effect of exaggerating the disparity when compared to other studies, as there is obvious symptom overlap between CFS and depression.
Finally, this study was done on a population attending a specialist centre, who would tend to be at the more severe end of the CFS spectrum, and so perhaps more likely to be depressed.
All of these factors may lead to an exaggerated increase in prevalence. Nonetheless, there is clearly a very large amount of depression in the CFS population, and this is not in itself a great surprise. However, this study does offer tantalising clues to the following interesting question of causation:
Is the depression as a result of the CFS, is the CFS as a result of premorbid depression, or are both due to a common neurocognitive vulnerability? There will obviously be a bit of all three, but…
• Depression was associated with severity but not length of disease, which suggests the depression is not solely caused by the chronically wearing experience of CFS.
• Notwithstanding the above, the degree of increase in depression is greater than studies examining pre-morbid mental health problems in CFS have found (e.g. Rangel at al 2003), so pre-morbid depression is unlikely to explain all of this increase.
• The finding of correlation with severity but not duration of CFS is consistent with the idea of a neurocognitive vulnerability underpinning the severity of both depression and CFS. This is an idea with interesting research implications, and is another blow against the unhelpful mind/body dichotomy that often rears its head around CFS.
So, what are the implications for the DGH paediatrician struggling with a CFS caseload?:
1. Do not embark on treating CFS without decent support from mental health services
2. Screen for depression when making an assessment for CFS
3. Treat the young person as a whole, not as physically and, separately, mentally unwell.
(Visited 70 times, 1 visits today) | https://blogs.bmj.com/adc/2013/06/02/guest-blog-depression-in-paediatric-chronic-fatigue-syndrome/ | dclm-gs1-261135422 |
0.05966 | <urn:uuid:37c024a9-7830-4dfe-92b9-13832750ae90> | en | 0.958482 | Morning Drinks for a Good Health
What Drinks to Consume the First Thing in the Morning for a Nicer Health?
How you start your day has a lot to do with how the rest of it goes. Hence, most people try to give themselves some time the first thing in the morning. Even if you want to take care and improve your health, the morning time would be the great time to do so. You morning rituals have a lot to do with your health and well-being.
What you decide to have the first thing in the morning is going to set your body and stomach for the rest of the day. When what to consume in the morning is so important, why not make it the healthiest option you can think of. Everyone has their own morning ritual according to their body and generally people tend to consume a liquid or beverage the first thing in the morning. Few take coffee or tea which can be really harmful for the health.
Hence, we have brought to you a list of amazing solutions you can make with your everyday ingredients in kitchen. These drinks would help you rejuvenate and strike all the healthy notes right after you get up. So, here we go:
Sprouted Wheat’s Water (Rejuvelac)
Many people would have not heard of Rejuvelac. The first drink of the day is made by soaking the sprouted wheat. Rejuvelac is great for a healthy digestive tract. Did you know sprouted wheat has enzymes that stimulate digestion? To make it taste nicer you can add few drops of lemon to it. In case, you have health issues related to stomach, this is would be the perfect drink for you.
Honey with Warm Water
Raw honey is great for all the fitness freaks. People who want to decrease their weight effectively would start their day with warm water and honey. This drink would ensure to get effective results and reinforces the immunity of your body.
Milk fermented with of Yeast and Bacteria (Kefir)
This healthy drink can be taken with your breakfast and Kefir would serve as a medicine to your digestive system. It safeguards your stomach lining and provides you the right amount of protein. This drink also tastes yummy and can be consumed with your breakfast or without it.
Black Pepper and Warm Lemon Water Drink
It is a given that, lemon water enhances your metabolism and works great for people who are aiming to lose weight. However, pairing black pepper with warm lemon water pushes up the value of the lemon water. Black pepper one of the best antioxidants on the planet and acts as a defense against the dangerous free radicals in our body that stimulate the process of aging.
Fresh Fruit Smoothie
It is nice to start your day with fresh fruits and veggies. This first drink of the day can actually even be your whole breakfast. Add various varieties of veggies and fresh fruits and top it with some lemon juice, yoghurt, protein powder, etc. This smoothie satisfies your hunger and thirst. Additionally, can be a great, nourishing and complete breakfast.
Must Read Green Smoothie Recipes for Weight Loss
If you are taking caffeine drinks as the first drink of you day, it is high time you stop it and switch to one of the above options.
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0.046723 | <urn:uuid:a418e2f4-d2dc-438d-a1e3-0f50bf431237> | en | 0.951552 | Category Archives: Tupi
Pronunciation: kuɾuˈpiɾɐ (Portuguese pronunciation)
Also Called: Korupira, Korupira or Urupira.
Etymology: Tupi “kuru’pir” meaning “covered in blisters”, tupi-guarani “curu” Child and “pira” body
The Curupira is a legendary creature found in Brazilian folklore. Most of the stories will describe Curupira as being demonic in nature. A rationale that only makes sense if you’re the one going out exploiting nature and over hunting in the jungle.
Curupira is very clearly a nature spirit and protector of the jungle’s wildlife who takes his role very seriously. Given the number of stories where a hunter dies or vanishes that are attributed to Curupira’s doing, it’s easy to see why he is seen as demonic or in a gray area of attitude towards humans.
The folklore surrounding Curupira is first documented in 1560 by the priest José de Anchieta and the first one he collected. The current versions of the stories tend to blend aspects of West African and European fairy lore into him. Even so, the stories of Curupira have been told by the native Tupi and Guarnani of Brazil for a long time.
There are regional variations to Curupria’s description, most though describe him having a bright red or orange hair and will either be a boy, man or a dwarf whose feet are turned backwards. Living in the jungle and forests of Brazil, Curupira uses his feet to confuse hunters and travelers as his footprints cause people to think he is coming instead of going.
Nothing earns Curupira’s ire more than a poacher or hunter who takes more than they need or those hunting animals with young and offspring.
To try and keep on his good side, some people going into the jungle will leave cigarettes and cachaca as a peace offering that they’re only harvesting or hunting a little bit and not to excess.
Curupira is also able to create illusions and a high pitch whistle sound to scare his victims into madness. The last bit is that Curupira is sometimes shown riding a peccary, not unlike another Brazilian creature known as Caipora.
Some variations give him super speed or the power of enchantment, transmutation and even increased strength.
Forest Protector
As a protective spirit of the jungle, that is Curpira’s main shtick in that he protects the jungle and its inhabitants from being over hunted and exploited.
T.V. Shows
Beast Master – A female version of Curupira appeared in several episodes. This version appeared as a young, blonde girl dressed in green with the same backwards feet and she could drain humans of their life energy, reducing them to a husk with a husk.
Invisible City – A Netflix Series, this series features a number of characters from Brazilian folklore, including Curupira who appears as a homeless person for much of the first season before revealing himself towards the end of first season. This version of Curupira featured flaming hair, not just red or orange hair. | https://brickthology.com/category/tupi/ | dclm-gs1-261195422 |
0.072886 | <urn:uuid:7b7bedfc-d58d-4579-a4fe-1a8bf2c29160> | en | 0.964428 | Bolt’s Fragile Presence in Tanzania and Its Effect on Africa’s Ridesharing Ecosystem
Bolt, the famous carpooling company, was forced to change its business model following a regulatory policy by the Tanzanian government. The regulatory wrangling, which began earlier in March, is based on mandates from the Land Transport Regulatory Authority of Tanzania (LATRA) for ride-sharing operators to collect a maximum commission of 15% from their drivers. The company, feeling the impact on its business, disputed the charges.
Although the company has continued to engage with relevant stakeholders in hopes of reaching favorable fee and commission regulations, the introduction of its new business model means the engagement was futile.
The Estonian ride-sharing company argues that a 15% commission, unlike its previous 20%, is unsustainable for its operations in the country, hence the need for a change in operating model. So, rather than closing its operations in the country, Bolt turned to corporate customer service. By a Techtrend reportthe company said, “Bolt has no choice but to mitigate losses in the market until it sees a significant improvement in the regulatory ecosystem,”
A check on Bolt website reveals, “Bolt charges a 15-20% commission on the final price per order depending on the city. Commission charges apply to both cash and card rides and cancellation fees,” one wonders why Bolt would call the 15% bad for business when the rate is applicable to passengers elsewhere.
Unlike Bolt, Uber, another ride-sharing giant and competitor that charges a higher 25% commission, suspended operations in Tanzania in April. According to the company, the newly introduced service charge is unfavorable to businesses. However, the company said it would resume operations if the regulatory policy is reviewed and made favorable.
Both of these ridesharing companies have a long history of contracting with their host country’s governments or partner drivers. Far from Tanzania in East Africa, the drivers of the two companies in South Africa embarked on a two-day strike protesting for lower commission fees, higher pay rates, a faster approval process and a moratorium on vehicle impoundment. Uber has already hiked fares three times this year to offset rising fuel costs. Bolt’s prices also rose 20% for similar reasons. Beyond that, many drivers have complained to mecareless treatment without advantages and little room for negotiation.
These strike actions occurred at different times in the countries where they both operate. There was a demonstration at Uganda, Nigeria etc The list of frictions companies have with those affected by their activities goes on and on.
It is perhaps not wrong to say that the case of Tanzania could stimulate a similar regulatory trend in other African countries where these companies are operational. And that will obviously have an impact on the economy.
Effects on the economy.
Since 2013 when Uber, Africa’s first ride-sharing company, was launched in Johannesburg, South Africa, the ecosystem has grown and is growing at a rapid pace. With Uber entering the African market, a host of other transport companies such as Pewin Cabs, CabMan, Bolt, etc. have tried to eat cake from this mobility model heralded by technology. The carpooling market in Africa has an expected market volume of $5.702 billion by 2025.
This space has also become a net employer of labor and a significant contributor to the African economy. For example, Uber, operating in Egypt, Nigeria, Ghana, Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda and Ivory Coast, recently celebrated crossing 1 billion drives in Africa with 59,000 drivers in Africa. Additionally, the company said it has created 6 million economic opportunities in more than 50 cities. Similarly, Bolt, its main competitor, has more than 700,000 drivers in around 90 cities in eight African countries. This is beneficial for a continent where as much as 60 percent of the young population in Africa is unemployed.
Moreover, the exit of these giant companies in certain cities and countries would certainly hurt their revenue and affect their expansion. But, on another note, it can result in some indigenous brands being scaled up and new ones being born.
The Bolt-Tanzania saga is yet another testament to the struggle between regulatory agencies and innovators on the continent. Like the ridesharing space, startups in other sectors of the tech ecosystem are struggling with regulatory policies. Hence the need for deliberate and impactful collaboration between governments and innovators to tackle the current technological kryptonite on the continent.
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Comments are closed. | https://bundlingboard.com/bolts-fragile-presence-in-tanzania-and-its-effect-on-africas-ridesharing-ecosystem/ | dclm-gs1-261205422 |
0.026667 | <urn:uuid:5747e952-9156-4c4b-955e-d976d787c437> | en | 0.931437 | Apple Hash
Effects begin very energetic and are instant head-rush like any normal Hash smoke session. However, the Apple Hash is much more efficient and high than the other Hash you will use – BMWO
Apple hash appears to be influencing consumers at two separate levels. Fast begins as rapid headrush smokers can experience higher blood pressure around their eyes and temples. This physical influence is met with unexpected alertness, which can trigger users to become excessively attentive or talkative. When high use begins, mental pressure reduces, leading consumers to intense relief that can be experienced deep in the muscles. Breathing will slow down as anxiety reduces.
This calming, high step comes with a more dreamy view, which is better appreciated in relaxed, familiar surroundings. Couchlock should be anticipated at high enough doses. As such, Apple Hash can be consumed in the night or in the early evening rather than in the morning or afternoon.
Apple Hash
The high properties of Apple hash are of interest to medicinal cannabis users as well. The Apple Hash will alleviate discomfort and stress, whether it is natural, age-related or triggered by medical illnesses such as arthritis or fibromyalgia. Apple Hash is also used to treat headaches and stomach pain. Its ability to induce relaxation and sleep often allows it an important therapy for stress and anxiety-related disorders and insomnia.
BMWO, one of the best online weed despancery, suggest users to start with small use of Apple Hash
Mental discomfort is one of the main enemies to a healthy life. While they will need best medical support, Apple Hash might offer immediate relief. Apple Hash has a high head impact which reduces the signs of Anxiety, fear, and PTSD.
Apple Hash has stress-relieving properties. Its brain and physical results function together to uplift the atmosphere, relax the emotions, and soothe the stress.
Those with sleep issues would also consider an unsusal help in Apple Hash. Apple Hash also improves the duration and quantity of sleep.
Owing to its powerful impact, Apple Hash is the best Hash for managing patients suffering from illnesses, severe pain related to injuries, and sleep disturbances such as insomnia. At small doses, Apple Hash is best for medicinal uses throughout the day, and at higher dosese, Apple Hash is the best hash for use in the evening.If you are interested to try this Apple Hash then why are you waiting now? Visit BMWO, one of the best online pot despancery, and order now Apple Hash and start enjoying the high impactful results of Apple Hash.
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0.022284 | <urn:uuid:e0eb8604-c5b2-41a4-995b-6d404686af84> | en | 0.95243 | Benefits of Myofascial Therapy and Massage Therapy
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The first thing to remember about massage is that it's not a replacement for regular medical care. If you're suffering from an illness that is serious like cancer or a serious illness, you should consult a physician before receiving massage. It should also be a last option for those going through physical therapy. Some massages may cause soreness the next morning. This is normal and shouldn't be an issue. However, it is important to inform your massage therapist if there are any pains. If you feel pain, speak up, as most problems stem from too much pressure.
The benefits of massages are many. Massage therapists employ manual manipulation to loosen connective tissues. The manipulation of muscles and joints will relieve pain and help heal injuries. It can help with back pain, whiplash and disc problems, postural irregularities and arthritis in addition to other aches and discomforts. It can also help in relieving tension in muscles tissues. It also helps reduce swelling in soft tissues and help ease joint stiffness.
Massage is a treatment for relaxation that relaxes muscles and promotes relaxation. It can also help you feel more energized and alert. Massage stimulates the nervous system and boosts the lymphatic system, which aids to rid the body of the toxins. Massage can help relieve pain and aches, increase your range of motion and also prevent further damage. Find a massage therapist near you if you're interested in trying the massage.
Massage has a profound impact on the body. Massage can reduce your blood pressure and heart rate and help release toxic substances that have been trapped in your soft tissues. The benefits of massage are diverse, including lower blood pressure as well as improved blood circulation. It can help improve your overall health and improve your physical condition. During a massage your body releases a significant amount of toxins. This can help you deal with a variety of illnesses. If you're suffering from chronic pain or are suffering from chronic discomfort, a massage could assist.
Massage can also be used to relieve tension and muscle soreness. Myofascial releases are among the most effective types of massage, because it relieves the body of tension. Patients report feeling at ease and relaxed after a session. The treatment works for those suffering from chronic pain. A massage therapist who is certified can provide massages to those suffering from sore muscles. A massage therapist should not be able to diagnose and treat any medical condition.
양산출장안마 Massage can help you relax and relieve your tension, it will not help you recover from physical ailments. Massage can also ease your muscles and aid in getting sleep, which is why it's essential to visit an experienced massage therapist as soon as possible. After a massage, you should drink plenty of water to flush out the toxic substances. It is a great way to relax after a tiring day at work. If you're experiencing pain or discomfort do not forget to get massage.
Massage also improves circulation. Because of the manipulation of soft tissues, massage increases blood and lymph circulation. This could increase the flow of oxygen to the muscles and the flow of nutrients to them. It also reduces the quantity of stress hormones in the body. Additionally, the massage can also reduce the risk of suffering from cardiovascular disease and heart attacks. Massage therapy can help people manage their symptoms and improve their overall well-being. You'll have a great time.
Although massage is often omitted but it can have a significant impact on your health. They can help improve blood circulation and reduce stress. Your body will absorb more nutrients and eliminate harmful toxins due to an increase in circulation. Your body will feel more relaxed because of this. In addition, your mood will improve and you'll feel more relaxed and more energetic. You'll feel more energized as well as more focused and more likely to go to sleep. You'll feel fantastic after an oil massage.
Chronic pain sufferers can also benefit from massage. It has been demonstrated that massage can reduce heart rate and blood pressure. It has been demonstrated to decrease the production of stress hormones. It also increases the availability of serotonin levels in the body. This is a great way to ease discomfort for your clients. When you massage them you can help them develop a better sense of self through this type of touch. It's crucial to make sure that you are focusing on their needs when you are giving massage.
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You must be logged in to make comments on this page. | https://canvas.instructure.com/eportfolios/783837/Home/Benefits_of_Myofascial_Therapy_and_Massage_Therapy | dclm-gs1-261225422 |
0.795949 | <urn:uuid:a1cec586-fe3e-4da6-9ff9-601ef0c374aa> | en | 0.951987 | Why Are Music Festivals Important?
In this article, we will talk about the Social benefits and Business needs of music festivals, as well as the Cultural cache of the events. These are all equally important to the festival industry. There is a certain amount of emotion in music, so the question is, why are music festivals important? The answer depends on the type of music and the location. This article will also touch on the Religious purpose of music festivals. It is a good idea to read a bit of science before attending one of these festivals.
Business needs of music festivals
Music festivals are becoming more popular than ever as the music industry continues to struggle financially due to the popularity of streaming services, digital media, and streaming services. While physical record sales have fallen dramatically, music festival revenues continue to increase annually and are an important part of the industry’s bottom line. But how can music festivals stay competitive in this environment? How can they reach new audiences and remain profitable? Let’s take a look at a few business strategies that festivals can use to attract more fans.
First, festival organizers should decide which business structure is most suitable for them. Not-for-profit festivals are better served by a company limited by guarantee (CbG), while profit-driven festivals would benefit from a proprietary limited company. In either case, festival organizers will have limited liability based on the number of guarantors they have on hand. Another major advantage of using a company structure is the limited personal liability for the festival organizers.
Social benefits of music festivals
The positive social benefits of music festivals extend beyond the enjoyment of live music. Attending these events increases the overall sense of well-being of the local community. Organizers aim to cater to a diverse audience, including people of all ages, ethnic groups, and socioeconomic backgrounds. These events are great for branding purposes, as they provide a unique platform for creative expression and social engagement. Several Australian studies have shown that music festivals promote positive moods and creativity. These benefits are attributed to the positive, unstructured environment of festivals, which encourages creative thinking. Creativity is also associated with lower stress levels, a positive identity, and a greater sense of social network.
Organizers also consider the economic benefits of hosting live music events. Concerts, theatre productions, and other events attract tourists while fostering community pride. In addition, these events help promote city-wide cultural events. As a result, live music has become an increasingly important asset for cities and regions. Not only does it attract tourists, but it also creates a sense of belonging and contributes to a vibrant cultural environment.
The religious purpose of music festivals
The idea of a music festival began with a series of church services. The first such festival took place in England in 1698, when the Sons of the Clergy held their annual charity sermon. In the 18th century, Three Choirs Festivals were introduced in the cathedral cities of Worcester, Gloucester, and Hereford. Harp festivals also began in Ireland around the same time. Today, music festivals take on a broader role than they did in the past, but they still have a religious purpose.
Some Christian festivals have seen their attendance and profits plummet in recent years. Some smaller festivals have ceased to exist, and others have merged with Creation series events. Some of these are open to questioning faith or engaging in non-religious acts. While this may not be the right approach for all festivals, Christian music festivals can be a helpful step in the right direction. However, the future of this type of festival is unknown.
The cultural cache of music festivals
Music festivals can be a great way to spread your culture. While they often involve competitions and artists’ performances, the modern music festival is built on a more immersive experience. For example, the Vonnegut Festival combines music, comedy, and live gaming into its weekend. And a growing number of brands are leveraging their music festival’s cache to make their product or service stand out in the marketplace. But what is the cultural cache of music festivals and what makes them so great?
Many people consider music festivals as a way to promote peace and unity. This is true in many ways, including the fact that they draw people from all over the world. And because the events are largely free, the culture is generally free of cultural barriers. The festivals are often inclusive of people from different backgrounds, and their spiritual rituals are different from their respective cultures. That means that people from all walks of life are welcome at a music festival, which promotes global harmony. | https://cavemanmusicfestival.com/why-are-music-festivals-important/ | dclm-gs1-261265422 |
0.049902 | <urn:uuid:4fc729fd-6759-4d0d-8ef5-9a95d9715f08> | en | 0.916928 | Sid Meier’s Civilization 6 Trainer
Civilization 6 Trainer
The Sid Meier’s Civilization 6 Trainer is a tool that can help you disable AI units, faith, civics, research, influence, recruit, gold, and much more. It works on all versions of the game. With this hack, you can be sure that your AI counterpart will never know you’re cheating on them. After installing it, your AI will be utterly useless! You can now win the game and get a high score in record time!
If you are looking for a way to beat the game without spending money, try using the Sid Meier’s Civilization 6 Trainer. This trainer has 22 different functions that will give you an edge over your opponents. This game is a turn-based strategy game where you will need to build an empire, evolve your civilization from the stone age to the information age, and eventually declare war. As the ruler of your civilization, you will be challenged by the most powerful leaders in history.
The Civilization 6 Trainer is available for the Steam and Epic Store versions. It is a tool that can increase your game’s difficulty and add a significant boost to your gameplay. However, you should be aware that using a cheat isn’t legal in every case. Always check with the game developer before installing or downloading any trainer. While the game does offer a variety of cheats, you should always use a trainer that allows you to change the settings on the game. This way, you can adjust the settings for the cheats to fit your needs.
A Units for Civilization 6 trainer will enable you to move units and make your AI run away with the gold. The trainer will also enable you to edit gold, faith, and influence. You can also use the trainer to disable AI research and recruit, which will give you an advantage over other players. Alternatively, you can disable the AI altogether by downloading the trainer and following the instructions. Alternatively, you can download the trainer and use it on any computer you wish.
See also The Hunter Call Of The Wild Trainer Free
To change the values in your City Options screen, click on the Change City Production icon. A list of values will appear. Press TAB to edit the values. In the Amenities Bonus and Housing Bonus fields, change the values. The same goes for the Civics Tree. You can also use Fast Civics, but this may not work with all of your choices. In general, you can change your city settings to your liking with a trainer.
Trading glitches
To make use of these glitches, you need to trade with an AI opponent. You will find that your opponent will offer you gold every turn for strategic or luxury resources. Simply choose the option to make the trade equitable and the AI will ask you for the amount of gold you need. Once you have achieved this, you can purchase anything from jeans to emperors’ clothing. The glitch is affecting multiplayer games, but the developers have not yet released a patch to fix it.
Luckily, a trading glitch in Civilization 6 has been found that allows you to buy infinite resources and gold from an AI civilization. The glitch works by trading strategic resources in return for luxury resources and gold per turn. However, you must remember that this glitch works only for PC versions of the game. Therefore, you must make sure to use an unpatched version of the game in order to get the most benefits out of this glitch.
A Civics trainer for Civilization 6 can make your game run much smoother. This trainer will enable you to click on cities, move units, and make the game run faster. It will also allow you to save your game before it dies and switch sides to be on the same side as the ultimate computer player. The trainer is easy to use and will help you to progress faster than your rivals. But remember that a Civics trainer isn’t a replacement for a real game.
See also Azur Lane Crosswave Trainer
If you’re not familiar with the Civics tree, you’ll be happy to know that you can unlock different Governments and Cultures through the game’s Civics Tree. These government types have specific benefits that increase yields, units, and Production. Careful management of Government selection and Policy unlocks is crucial to making the game run smoothly. And since each Government type has its own color code, upgrading your Civics will give you passive bonuses or more policy slots.
Rate this post | https://cheatboss.com/civilization-6-trainer/ | dclm-gs1-261275422 |
0.791335 | <urn:uuid:d6005446-d1ce-4ef2-9dbd-14cbb5f87701> | en | 0.964709 | Farm Equipment
Romania and Ukraine’s soil has the potential for bountiful harvests, but many farmers lack the equipment needed to cultivate it. A piece of farm equipment like a plow, disc, or sprayer can enable a farmer to better use his land and provide for his family.
SKU: GFFA-017 Categories: , | https://christianaidministries.org/donate/farm-equipment/ | dclm-gs1-261285422 |
0.023103 | <urn:uuid:c0f10336-91e8-4260-90df-55ba4e9534a7> | en | 0.882672 | CiviMobile 5.9 presents Cases Dashboard, an efficient tool for cases management
2022-03-15 07:33
Written by
In the new version of CiviMobile, the Cases Dashboard includes functionality to make it easier to track a series of related tasks. To do this, the User must go to the bottom menu and select the More → Cases Dashboard screen tab. This feature also facilitates access to the calendar of events: the User can view news and petitions as well as donate. The Dashboards block (Contributions, Memberships, and Cases menu accordingly) is available only for admin. A summary of the case involvement block allows adding a new app to track Users' involvement and identify people's roles and contacts. By default, the All Cases tab displays a snapshot of all upcoming activities scheduled in the next 14 days.
In addition, you can filter the summary and the cases list. To do this, on the Cases Dashboard screen, select the filter icon → check the search criteria that form the list. For example, Case title, Contact name or Start/ End date. The applied settings will determine the All Cases tab list, where the system arranges contacts by date closest to today. In addition, hot-linked summary numbers will correspond to the specific characteristics of the cases (e.g., specific status with both scheduled and completed activities.) You can also view the necessary info about your contacts: see the avatar, and understand whom you are talking to by reading the person's name. Find out the occupation from the Case Title (Subject); estimate the Status, Start Date, and brief Details of the case. To view a contact's details and profile, you should click on the avatar. If no filter is applied, the display shows a list of cases by default and according to the nearest actions and dates. You will see "Nothing is found" if there are no matches.
Using the Pie Chart, you can estimate the number of cases by status (Ongoing, Resolved, Urgent, and other Custom Statuses). Note the different colors of the diagram, the explanation of which can be found in the legend. You can also view the resume of case involvement by making the Summary tab active. To do this, click on the rotating blue triangle indicating open status in the upper right corner.
To create a new case, you should press the logical "+" sign. Fill several fields with clarifying information: Case title, Start date/ time, Duration (min), Type, Status, Contact, Details, Attachments (can be added on the WEB).
On the Case Details screen, you can add more information. To do this, tap the 'Add' button of the Activities section. The 'Add role' function allows you to delimit Participants. By the way, you can also change the contact responsible for the activity by clicking the "..." icon of the Participants section.
Note the date/time and activity status (Scheduled): actual data are applied by default (hence their gray color). If the scheduled time has elapsed, it will be displayed in red.
If you decide to make changes to the case, use the "Edit/ Delete Case" function. To do this:
1. Click the pencil icon in the upper right corner.
2. Enter the necessary data in the case title, and select the appropriate date and time.
3. Enter the new type and status, and then save the updates.
That way, your contact will have a completely different characteristic.
If you click the Trash icon, which is also in the upper right corner near the pencil, you will archive the case. It gives the User the ability to select "Cancel" or "Archive" to exit or delete changes after confirmation of a pop-up.
The new version of CiviMobile will allow Users to search for suitable cases more efficiently, modify them, filter them, and create new ones. In addition, there is an excellent ability to track the details of each contact, which greatly facilitates communication between staff members, teams, and companies.
Check also information about previous releases
CiviMobile 5.7:
CiviMobile 5.8:
Filed under | https://civicrm.org/blog/mcherkes/civimobile-59-presents-cases-dashboard-efficient-tool-cases-management | dclm-gs1-261295422 |
0.025038 | <urn:uuid:bc6a4717-baa8-44ca-9d8e-c0afdf5eef4b> | en | 0.952665 | Can I flood(ddos) to protest against russian invasion of ukraine
I have 3 VPSs and each have bandwidth of 7gbps, so it add up total of 21gbps and enough to paralyze all russian zone ntp servers. I do this act just to show my solidarity on ukraine, so i would like to know whether this action is allowed by ntppool(server other than russian zone will never be affected).
Hi, appreciate your intentions, but no that’s absolutely NOT a good idea! The pool logic puts servers that it thinks are geographically close to Russia in the ru pool, so there will be a ton of servers outside Russia in the ru pool, so you will end up clobbering lots of private individuals who have volunteered their servers that are outside Russia.
As to whether the pool “allows” it, the closest I can find is from here
Be friendly. Many servers are provided by volunteers, and almost all time servers are really file or mail or webservers which just happen to also run ntp. So don't use more than four time servers in your configuration, and don't play tricks with burstorminpoll - all you will gain is extra load on the volunteer time servers.
That kind of an attack would not really bother the Russian government at all. If anything, it would give the Russians an excuse to launch cyberattacks against other countries – “they’re attacking us, so we’re striking back”.
Likewise, if there are Russian people living in your country, it’s counterproductive to harass them in any way. I don’t know if you’ve noticed, but many Russian embassies in European countries have recently tweeted asking Russian people living in those countries to report any “harassment issues” to them → “We’ve received reports that Russians are treated badly in country X, maybe we should liberate them as well”. You know how the spin goes.
So, in short, please exercise restraint. Do note that there may be Russian NTP pool server operators lurking on this forum as well.
1 Like
I can only second that. It would rather hurt simple, innocent Russian people. Out of those people many are against the war. That kind of action would rather push them to stand behind their government.
First of all, this is not a good idea as you can hit servers and machines that have nothing to do with the conflict.
Second, and this is the part where the ‘west’ is hypocrite, many other states have done the same (I do not mention names) do the same and also murder civilians as well as torture people or lock them up without a trial.
None of those other countries except Iran ever got a boycott or sanctions.
I do not pick any side, but when the country is Russia the ‘west’ starts to act, if the country is xxxxxxx and friends with ‘the west’ nothing happens.
Either condemn them all or none of them.
I do not support Ukraine or Russia, it’s their problem and started in 2014, look up Minsk agreements (yes also singed by Ukraine, Russia, Europe and a few others, not the USA).
Don’t believe all they say, also check what parties will make loads of money from this conflict.
As said, there is no good or bad side, it was going to happen ever since Ukraine ignored the agreements.
Also, Nato and the ‘west’ have pushed Zelensky to give his middle-finger to Russia.
Read and get informed about the situation, as it’s not what the media tells us, they are biased:
As in all conflicts, it’s the people at the bottom that are hit the most, never the top!
That said, we should not get involved, not now and not ever.
@Bas Starting a war in a neighboring sovereign country is something from the middle ages. If you think ‘giving a middle-finger’ is a good reason to kill people, you are out of your mind!
You have no clue do you? Look up Agent orange…
Spoiler: Agent Orange - Wikipedia
The country that used it never got any sanction at all, it’s the same country that used atomic-bombs.
They killed millions of people and I’m out of my mind? It’s just one of a number of countries that kills humans for no reason.
Or look up Guantanamo…enjoy…same country! Yet nobody cares in ‘the west’.
Spoiler: Guantanamo Bay detention camp - Wikipedia
So much for your remark about abusing/killing people, want some more proof of ‘the west’?
How about this one?
Nothing happens, yet Palastinians are being killed by the masses, this is normal? I don’t think so.
I do not consider myself as part of ‘the west’ nor do I take sides, except those of innocent people being murdered.
Regardless the country that does it.
By doing so, you would be causing an attack not only on the end NTP servers, but also on the authoritative servers responsible for DNS in the Pool.
This is clearly a violation of the NTP Pool terms of use.
An acceptable thing to do is block requests from Russian IPs on their own servers, although this practice is useless in the context of war.
Or you can reply wrong time to Russian clients. In ordinary NTP scheme the wrong time will be discarded as falseticker, but if the client is running SNTP it may accept the wrong time, and cause disruptions in Russia land.
then i have an idea, since base on my server record there is really really few russian clients despite 1000mbps setting, so the effect is too negligible. Therefore i would like you to add my server to russian zone
You must first know how to differentiate Russian (or any single country) clients and clients from other countries, and how to serve different time to different clients. Or you will just give wrong time to the world and will be kicked out of the pool very soon.
All of these ideas, is a very bad idea.
You seem to forget that many ‘GPS’ devices use not only GPS but also the European Galileo, the Russian Glasnoss and many more.
Also, many people use VPN’s to get information that is blocked some other way. That may include time.
Do not mess with time, as it will bite all of us after a while.
Don’t forget your GPS is mostly using several (all) systems to give you accurate road-directions, not only the GPS system.
What you are proposing can have serious impact on all traffic on the world. Do not go there.
Cutting Russia off from the internet also means that the people have no sources of ‘correct’ information anymore, you make them slaves of censorship where they see nothing except what the regime allows you to see.
At Sat-TV they banned Russia-Today, this means I can not see what’s happening in Russia and thus I have to trust the ‘good-west’ for giving me the right and correct information.
I want to be free to collect information and not being censored, at the moment Russian (people) are censored and the ‘good-west’ is cutting them off from other info. At the same time they cut me off to see what Russia has to say.
Sure, Russia-Today is telling everything in favor of Putin, but Zelensky does the same in favor of Ukraine…however being given just 1 side means that we have no way to check what is really going on.
Luckily Al-Jazeera still has access in all area’s and brings pretty accurate news, except in Israel where they killed their journalist on purpose. Wait, that doesn’t matter as she was a Palestinian, then it’s allowed to kill them.
As soon as censorship starts you are starved of real information as you get only 1!!! side, like we get now.
How do you verify it’s all true? I do not trust any party in this conflict…not Europe, not USA, not Nato, not Ukraine and not Russia. The truth will come in probably 10 years.
“I am in this picture and I don’t like it.”
I am (or rather was) a citizen of Donetsk, Ukraine. I’m really sorry for my behavior and for bringing even more politics here, but I will not be silent when accused or mistreated.
• The problem between Ukraine and Russia hasn’t started in 2014, the actual war started 2014;
• Ukraine didn’t ignore any agreements, this can be easily checked by searching for uninvolved party view on agreements;
• Bringing here US and atomic bombs without bringing here General Douglas MacArthur is a way of giving only half of truth and choosing the side, if you want to stay out of conflict please don’t support any party instead of passively targeting one of them;
• Bringing here Israeli/Palestinian conflict without a map of daily shellings is quite the same thing:
If you never saw Jerusalem sky you have no right to speak about this conflict.
Personally, I don’t support OP intention to target NTP hosts, it’s just throwing money away and thrashing traffic on your VPSes too, you can’t cause a lot of trouble this way… or rather you might cause some unintended trouble in places you never expected to target. If you want to be at war - target and plan your attacks, join army, donate to charity organizations, but don’t do wide uncontrolled attacks.
If you are curious and want to see what you can cause by badly targeted attack - history already has examples for that. Omagh bombing - Wikipedia
1 Like
Yes they did.
You may want to read them.
Can we now please close the subject as it has nothing to do with the ntppool.
Post deleted and cleaned up as wished by marco.
As NTP Pool we stand for a free Internet and are also against any illegal activities (as written by the thread creator).
Political discussions are acceptable up to a certain point in any community but here it’s going too deep and too far in the wrong direction.
I think the rest of the NTP Pool team feels the same way. | https://community.ntppool.org/t/can-i-flood-ddos-ru-pool-ntp-org-to-protest-against-russian-invasion-of-ukraine/2411 | dclm-gs1-261315422 |
0.23202 | <urn:uuid:52ba4b5c-e9fc-4f28-b2d7-7b6bf2171c1e> | en | 0.946647 | Jeroen smits
Bicycle enthusiast at heart. He lived in New York for 6 years and traveled the east coast of America by bike. He also discovered Japan by bike and conquered Mount Fuji. Now he is a human movement scientist at Cyclinglab and sometimes still the flamboyant boy on the catwalk. | https://cyclinglab.cc/en/about-us/team/jeroen-smits/ | dclm-gs1-261375422 |
0.09841 | <urn:uuid:f8352f55-1c67-4bc4-b522-18aed82b75f3> | en | 0.73999 | .. _settings: Settings ======== Pulp uses three types of settings: * :ref:`Django settings ` Pulp is configuring * :ref:`RQ settings ` Pulp is using * :ref:`Pulp defined settings ` .. _django-settings: Django Settings --------------- Pulp is a Django project, so any Django `Django setting `_ can also be set to configure your Pulp deployment. SECRET_KEY ^^^^^^^^^^ In order to get a pulp server up and running a `Django SECRET_KEY `_ *must* be provided. The following code snippet can be used to generate a random SECRET_KEY. .. code-block:: python :linenos: import random chars = 'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789!@#$%^&*(-_=+)' print(''.join(random.choice(chars) for i in range(50))) DATABASES ^^^^^^^^^ By default Pulp uses PostgreSQL on localhost. PostgreSQL is the only supported database. For instructions on how to configure the database, refer to :ref:`database installation `. DEFAULT_FILE_STORAGE ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ By default, Pulp uses the local filesystem to store files. The default option which uses the local filesystem is ``pulpcore.app.models.storage.FileSystem``. This can be configured though to alternatively use `Amazon S3 `_. To use S3, set ``DEFAULT_FILE_STORAGE`` to ``storages.backends.s3boto3.S3Boto3Storage``. For more information about different Pulp storage options, see the :ref:`storage documentation `. MEDIA_ROOT ^^^^^^^^^^ The location where Pulp will store files. By default this is `/var/lib/pulp/`. If you're using S3, point this to the path in your bucket you want to save files. See the :ref:`storage documentation ` for more info. It should have permissions of: * mode: 750 * owner: pulp (the account that pulp runs under) * group: pulp (the group of the account that pulp runs under) * SELinux context: system_u:object_r:var_lib_t:s0 LOGGING ^^^^^^^ By default Pulp logs at an INFO level to syslog. For all possible configurations please refer to `Django documenation on logging `_. AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ By default, Pulp has two types of authentication enabled, and they fall back for each other: 1. Basic Auth which is checked against an internal users database 2. Webserver authentication that relies on the webserver to perform the authentication. To change the authentication types Pulp will use, modify the ``AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS`` settings. See the `Django authentication documentation `_ for more information. .. _rq-settings: RQ Settings ----------- The following RQ settings can be set in your Pulp config: * REDIS_URL * REDIS_HOST * REDIS_PORT * REDIS_DB * REDIS_PASSWORD * SENTINEL These will be used by any worker loaded with the ``-c 'pulpcore.rqconfig'`` option. Below are some common settings used for RQ configuration. See the `RQ settings documentation `_ for information on these settings. REDIS_HOST ^^^^^^^^^^ The hostname for Redis. By default Pulp will try to connect to Redis on localhost. `RQ documentation `_ contains other Redis settings supported by RQ. REDIS_PORT ^^^^^^^^^^ The port for Redis. By default Pulp will try to connect to Redis on port 6380. REDIS_PASSWORD ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ The password for Redis. .. _pulp-settings: Pulp Settings ------------- Pulp defines the following settings itself: WORKING_DIRECTORY ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ The directory used by workers to stage files temporarily. This defaults to ``/var/lib/pulp/tmp/``. It should have permissions of: * mode: 755 * owner: pulp (the account that pulp runs under) * group: pulp (the group of the account that pulp runs under) * SELinux context: unconfined_u:object_r:var_lib_t:s0 .. note:: It is recommended that ``WORKING_DIRECTORY`` and ``MEDIA_ROOT`` exist on the same storage volume for performance reasons. Files are commonly staged in the ``WORKING_DIRECTORY`` and validated before being moved to their permanent home in ``MEDIA_ROOT``. CONTENT_ORIGIN ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ A required string containing the protocol, fqdn, and port where the content app is reachable by users. This is used by ``pulpcore`` and various plugins when referring users to the content app. For example if the API should refer users to content at using http to pulp.example.com on port 24816, (the content default port), you would set: ``https://pulp.example.com:24816``. .. _content-path-prefix: CONTENT_PATH_PREFIX ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ A string containing the path prefix for the content app. This is used by the REST API when forming URLs to refer clients to the content serving app, and by the content serving application to match incoming URLs. Defaults to ``'/pulp/content/'``. .. _content-app-ttl: CONTENT_APP_TTL ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ The number of seconds before a content app should be considered lost. Defaults to ``30`` seconds. .. _remote-user-environ-name: REMOTE_USER_ENVIRON_NAME ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ The name of the WSGI environment variable to read for :ref:`webserver authentication `. .. warning:: Configuring this has serious security implications. See the `Django warning at the end of this section in their docs `_ for more details. Defaults to ``'REMOTE_USER'``. .. _allowed-import-paths: ALLOWED_IMPORT_PATHS ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ One or more real filesystem paths that Remotes with filesystem paths can import from. For example to allow a remote url of ``file:///mnt/foo/bar/another/folder/`` you could specify:: ALLOWED_IMPORT_PATHS = ['/mnt/foo/bar'] # only a subpath is needed Defaults to ``[]``, meaning ``file:///`` urls are not allowed in any Remote. ALLOWED_EXPORT_PATHS ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ One or more real filesystem paths that Exporters can export to. For example to allow a path of ``/mnt/foo/bar/another/folder/`` you could specify:: ALLOWED_EXPORT_PATHS = ['/mnt/foo/bar'] # only a subpath is needed Defaults to ``[]`` which means no path is allowed. PROFILE_STAGES_API ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ A debugging feature that collects profile data about the Stages API as it runs. See staging api profiling docs for more information. .. warning:: Profiling stages is provided as a tech preview in Pulp 3.0. Functionality may not fully work and backwards compatibility when upgrading to future Pulp releases is not guaranteed. | https://docs.pulpproject.org/pulpcore/en/3.6/_sources/settings.rst.txt | dclm-gs1-261485422 |
0.019523 | <urn:uuid:eba866fe-02a5-43d6-91b5-c5c43ddd3fce> | en | 0.871432 | .. include:: /Includes.rst.txt .. _about: ================ About This Guide ================ This guide provides all necessary information to enable you to contribute to the TYPO3 source code. The main focus is submitting patches (to fix bugs or add new features) to the TYPO3 source code, but you will also find information for :ref:`writing bug reports `, :ref:`adding documentation `, :ref:`running tests `, :ref:`reviewing and testing patches ` etc. How this guide is structured ============================ The guide is structured in a way to give you all necessary information **in the order that you need it.** This means you can read it from the beginning and use it as a hands on guide, performing the steps as you go along. The further you go along, the more advanced the topics will become. But, you can also use it as a reference guide and jump straight to a section you are looking for. In this case, use the search box to search for what you are looking for or browse through the menu. For example: * :ref:`quickstart-create-a-patch` walks you through making a change in the TYPO3 core (e.g. fix a bug or create a new feature). The chapters are structured as follows: * The chapters in :guilabel:`INTRODUCTION` give you an introduction. They are not necessary for contribution but will give you some background information which may make some things easier. * The chapters in :guilabel:`SETUP` show how to setup a TYPO3 installation, Git and your accounts for contribution. This is a necessary prerequisite for most actions (e.g. creating a patch), but must be done only once. We recommend to start with this. * The chapters in :guilabel:`HOWTOS` walk you through one task. In most cases, it is assumed that you already setup your environment. * :guilabel:`ADDITIONAL INFORMATION` contains a cheat sheet :ref:`git cheat sheet `, :guilabel:`Troubleshooting` and the :ref:`appendix` which is a reference of some topics in more depth than what was described in the main section. These pages near the end of the manual assume that you are already familiar with contributing and serve as reference pages. Conventions used in this guide ============================== * When referring to elements in the gui, we use this formatting: :guilabel:`Add new SSH key`. * Keystrokes are referred to by :kbd:`CTRL + c` .. _other-resources-for-contribution: Other ways to contribute ======================== Besides developing for the TYPO3 core, there are many other ways to contribute and help the TYPO3 community. You can find general information here: * General information about the various `Teams & Committes `__ * General information on how you can `Participate `__ .. _contribute: Contribute to this Guide ======================== If you find a bug in this manual, please be so kind as to check the online version on https://docs.typo3.org/typo3cms/ContributionWorkflowGuide/. From there you can hit the :guilabel:`Edit on GitHub` button in the top right corner and submit a pull request via GitHub. Alternatively you can just report an `issue on Github `__. Maintaining high quality documentation requires time and effort and the TYPO3 Documentation Team always appreciates support. If you want to support us, please join the slack channel `#typo3-documentation `__. Have a look at :ref:`h2document:docs-contribute` for more information about how to contribute to the TYPO3 documentation. And finally, as a last resort, you can get in touch with the Documentation Team `by mail `_. | https://docs.typo3.org/m/typo3/guide-contributionworkflow/main/en-us/_sources/About.rst.txt | dclm-gs1-261495422 |
0.669703 | <urn:uuid:8ff6b893-1095-4783-aed0-33fe34fc4101> | en | 0.910658 | Distance Rzeszow Eskisehir. Directions, total distances, average speed, travel time, calculate cost and fuel consumption
Road distance Rzeszow Eskisehir
The total distance represents the road distance in km or miles between Rzeszow and Eskisehir. Initially this is displayed in km but you can always change it using the settings (by selecting the distance in miles or the distance in km):
Average speed
The average speed for the route Rzeszow - Eskisehir is calculated by taking into account the speed limit on each road segment as well as their length.
Travel time
The time required for a car to travel the distance between Rzeszow and Eskisehir, taking into account the speed allowed for each road segment.
Time of arrival
The time of arrival in Eskisehir is calculated considering that you are departing immediately from Rzeszow It takes into account the total travel time.
Fuel price
Total consumption
It represents total fuel (in liters or gallons) needed to travel the road distance from Rzeszow to Eskisehir.
Calculate a new route
Addresses containing a street number: - 10 Street Name, Rzeszow
points of interest: - ATM Rzeszow or Hotel Name, Eskisehir
postal codes: - 012345
| https://e-distance.com/Rzeszow/Eskisehir | dclm-gs1-261525422 |
0.031878 | <urn:uuid:eb04e0bf-82ee-4d0f-abdf-deeee88e7142> | en | 0.951971 | Bangai-O Spirits
Originally released for the Nintendo 64 and Dreamcast, Bangai-O Spirits is an action adventure game.
A horizontally and vertically free-roaming side-scrolling shooting game, Bangai-O Spirits is a game of spirit summoning. While the player controls a flying robot, gravity still has an effect on it. He has seven weapons at his disposal, and he may use a baseball bat or a sword for melee attacks.
In addition to the 160 levels, the game has a level editor that allows players to construct their own. Edited levels can be encoded in sound and transferred between players via a computer recording. When Matsumoto learnt how to program on an ancient computer, the datacasettes, he developed this new technique. | https://emu.onl/game/bangai-o-spirits | dclm-gs1-261555422 |
0.079739 | <urn:uuid:2cdb5a16-7747-4297-ac55-fa38eb60f311> | en | 0.966069 | The Boys Next Door (1985 film)
From Wikiquote
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Bo: There's a lot of people out there.
Roy: It's you and me up here, watchin' 'em.
Bo: You still thinkin' about the Marines? I don't know. I was just wonderin' if you still got that stuff inside ya.
Roy: No. Why? Scared?
Bo: No. I just feel bad about that girl. I don't- I did not want to hurt her.
Roy: She didn't know what hit her. We gave her two seconds of pain. Girls like that one have given us eighteen years of pain. Don't expect me to feel sorry for her.
Bo: But you have got to stop, Roy.
Roy: (scoffs) What are you talking about? I wasn't alone.
Bo: Well, I don't want to sound like a fag or nothing, but you are my best friend. I think that if you don't get control of this shit, they're gonna lock us up.
Roy: They lock us up Monday, pal.
External links[edit] | https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/The_Boys_Next_Door_(1985_film) | dclm-gs1-261565422 |
0.047059 | <urn:uuid:fc8403c1-2bd9-405f-9c0d-fea0bd4afd1f> | en | 0.836228 | Examination of Gait
Gait: Gait is the cyclical pattern of musculoskeletal motion that carries the body forwards. It involves a cyclic loss and regaining of balance by a shift of the line of gravity in relation to the center of gravity. Normal gait is smooth, symmetrical and ergonomically economical.
Gait cycle: The time interval or sequence of motions occurring between two consecutive initial contacts of the same foot, i.e., cycle of stance and swing by one foot.
Stance phase: When foot is on the ground and bearing weight (60% of gait cylce)
Swing phase: When foot is not bearing weight and moves forward (40% of gait cycle)
Double support phase: When both feet are on the ground simultaneously which occurs twice and comprises of 25% of normal gait cycle (absent in running)
Double float phase: When both feet are off the ground (present in running)
Step: The distance from one heel strike to next contralateral heel strike
• Normal: About 72 cm
Stride: The distance covered from one heel strike to the next ipsilateral heel strike (2 steps)
• Normal: About 144 cm
Cadence (step rate): Number of steps per unit time
• Normal: 90-120 steps/minute
Gait speed: Distance covered in a given amount of time
• Normal: 3 mph
Step or base width: The lateral distance between the heel centers of two consecutive foot contacts
• Normal: 5-10 cm or 2-4 inches)
Neuroanatomy of Gait
Walking requires the coordinated effort of several neurologic structures and functions:
1. Frontal lobes: to generate the motor pathways to initiate gait
2. Cerebellar and vestibular function: for co-ordination and balance
3. Basal ganglia: for appropriate speed of movement
4. Muscle strength: to move the legs and to overcome gravity to remain upright
5. Sensation (particularly proprioception): to know where the feet and legs are in space
Normal Gait Cycle
1. Stance phase:
Mnemonic: I Like My Tea Pre-sweetened
1. Initial contact (heel strike)
2. Load response (foot flat)
3. Mid-stance (single leg stance)
4. Terminal stance (heel off)
5. Pre-swing (toe-off)
2. Swing phase:
Mnemonic: In My Teapot
1. Initial swing (acceleration)
2. Mid-swing
3. Terminal swing (deceleration)
Gait cycle
Source: N. Kour, Sunanda and S. Arora, “Computer-Vision Based Diagnosis of Parkinson’s Disease via Gait: A Survey,” in IEEE Access, vol. 7, pp. 156620-156645, 2019, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2949744. [CC BY-SA 4.0]
Pelvic movement during gait
1. Lateral shift (pelvic list): Normally, pelvis and trunk shift 2.5-5 cm (1-2 inches) towards the stance phase leg to center the weight of the body
2. Vertical shift: Keeps the center of gravity from moving up and down more than 5 cm (2 inches) during normal gait
3. Pelvic rotation: Total of 8° pelvic rotation with 4° forward on the swing leg and 4° posteriorly on the stance leg
Muscle contractions
Concentric contractions of agonist muscle produce movement (when movement is against gravity)
• Quadriceps in load response/foot flat phase to produce knee extension against the gravity
Eccentric contractions of antagonist muscle control movement (when movement is towards gravity), e.g.
• Ankle dorsiflexors in load response/foot flat phase to control plantar flexion which occurs towards gravity
Isometric contractions stabilize the joint (when no movement occurs)
Top-down approach for gait analysis
1. Head and trunk position over the body
• Shoulders lift off on stance side to relieve pressure during antalgic gait
• Trunk sways towards affected side in trendelenburg gait
• Shoulder moves up and down on affected side in short-limbed gait
2. Hip
• Flex to 30 degrees and extend to 20 degrees in swing and stance phase during gait cycle
• Pelvis sags down on normal side in trendelenburg gait
3. Knee – does the patella face forward?
• Should have some flexion at initial contact
• Extends through stance phase
• Extend at toe off phase
4. Foot
• Foot progression angle (angle between the line from calcaneus to 2nd metatarsal and line of progression averaged from heel strike to toe off during stance phase of walking for each step)
• Angle of toe out (normally 8-15 degrees out-toeing)
• Push off
• Clearance in swing
Types or Patterns or Abnormalities of Gait
gait abnormalities patterns
Type of gaitDescriptionProbable diagnoses
Antalgic or painful gaitPatient does not bear weight on affected side and the body lurches to opposite side. There is decreased stance phase, stride length and step length.Any painful lesion of the lower extremity i.e. foot, knee, hip
Toe-walking or Equinus gaitHeel strike is avoidedHeel pain
Congenital short Achilles tendon
Muscle spasticity (Cerebral palsy)
Gluteus medius gait or Abductor lurch or Trendelenburg gaitSound side hemipelvis drops downward during single-limb stance phase on weakened side (Trendelenburg gait)
Lurch of body towards affected side in every stance phase (Abductor lurch; in contrast to the unaffected side in antalgic gait)
Developmental Dysplasia of Hip
Legg-Calve’s Perthe disease
Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis
Dislocated hip
Fracture neck of femur
Congenital coxa vara
Gluteus medius paralysis
Gluteus maximus gait or Extensor lurch or Rocking horse gaitTrunk lurches backward at heel-strike on weakened side to interrupt forward motion of the trunkHip extensor weakness (e.g. poliomyelitis)
Weakness of calf muscles
The foot may audibly slap the ground and 1st strike is not with the heel.
Weak dorsiflexors
Paralyzed dorsiflexors
Common peroneal/fibular nerve palsy
Foot drop
Circumduction gaitLifts the entire leg higher than normal and swings the leg out along the side, in order to clear the floor (knee is extended and ankle is plantarflexed due to rigidity in UMN lesion)Stiff hip gait
Stiff knee gait
Cerebral palsy
Limb length discrepancy
Waddling gaitBilateral drooping of hip (trendelenburg gait); Lurches on opposite side with wide base of supportMyopathies
Winking gaitExcess pelvic rotation in axial plane toward affected hip will demonstrate a pelvic wink. The pelvic wink produces extension and rotation through the lumbar spine to attain terminal hip extension.Laxity
Hip flexion contracture
Anterior capsular injury or laxity
Ataxic gaitWide-based gait (>2-4 inches); patient sways in different direction during ambulationCerebellar ataxia
Stamping gaitHard thump resulting from inability to perceive the distance between the foot and the floorPosterior spinal column lesions
Short limb gait<1.5 cm – compensated by pelvic tilt while walking
Upto 5 cm – compensated by equinus
>5 cm – patient’s body dips down on that side
Shuffling or festinating gaitShort steps, stooped posture and patient is propelled forwards quickly as if trying to catch up with the center of the gravity which is placed anteriorlyParkinson’s disease
Duck footed (slew-footed) gaitIn-toeingIncreased femoral anteversion
Genu recurvatum gaitHyperextension at kneeParalysis of hamstrings (polio)
ACL injury
Varus thrust gaitVarus (bow-leg) alignment as the limb accepts weight (stance phase), with a return to less varus and more neutral alignment during lift-off and the non-weightbearing (swing) phase of gait.Posterolateral knee instability
Pseudolaxity due to medial knee compartment osteoarthritis
Valgus thrust gaitValgus (knock-knee) alignment visualized during the stance phase, with a return to less valgus (more neutral) alignment during lift-off and the swing phase of gaiLateral comparment osteoarthritis
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| https://epomedicine.com/clinical-medicine/physical-examination-gait/ | dclm-gs1-261595422 |
0.261196 | <urn:uuid:5281fe91-b3dc-435d-a38d-da264879c1b6> | en | 0.967189 | Movie Review: The One and Only Ivan
Avalon Beltran and Juliet Slater
The movie The One and Only Ivan originally written by Katherine Applegate, is now a motion picture. It is about a strong silverback gorilla named Ivan who is the headliner at the Big Top mall amusement act in Tacoma, Wash. For the headliner act starring Ivan he has to pound his chest and show the people the silverbacks warning call. The shopping mall has been doing well for years , when all of a sudden business starts plummeting. Barely any people were showing up to the show, so the owner Mack bought a young elephant named Ruby who hasn’t even seen the jungle and dreams of living there, but the fans love Ruby and her life in the act was set. The show was thriving! Hundreds of people came to the show and ruby became the new headline. Then sadly their older elephant, Stella passed away. Before she passed away she made Ivan promise to free Ruby from the Top Mall and grant her dream of living in the open. One night Ivan and the rest of the animals escaped to the “Jungle” across the street only to find out that there was a city on the other side of the trees. In this movie Ivan learns to paint and draw, and expresses his feelings to people through his art. He soon finds a way to express his, and all the other animals’ feelings of the act. This movie is a must watch, it is heartwarming and inspiring. Make sure to watch this movie to find out if they escape back to their home, the jungle. | https://fadragonspectrum.com/1006/entertainment/movie-review-the-one-and-only-ivan/ | dclm-gs1-261625422 |
0.119887 | <urn:uuid:62d0ca95-46dc-457e-b404-dfe5df94fc8c> | en | 0.950964 | Home Eyes and vision
Eyes and vision
by Alivia Nyhan
Eyes and vision are important for so many reasons. Eyesight is vital for reading, driving, and many other activities. Good vision helps us stay safe and independent. It also allows us to enjoy the beauty of the world around us.
How to keep your eyes and vision better?
There are a few things you can do to keep your eyes and vision in good health. First, eat a healthy diet that includes plenty of leafy green vegetables, fruits, and omega-3 fatty acids. Second, exercise regularly to improve blood circulation and maintain good cardiovascular health. Third, wear sunglasses or protective eyewear outdoors to shield your eyes from harmful UV rays. And fourth, get regular eye exams to detect any problems early and keep your vision sharp.
Most common eyes and vision issues you may suffer from;
Astigmatism: Astigmatism is a type of vision problem that occurs when the eye is unable to focus light correctly on the retina, resulting in blurred vision. People with astigmatism may have difficulty seeing objects up close and far away.
Color blindness: Color blindness is the inability to see color or to see color accurately. It is a relatively common condition, affecting up to 8% of men and 0.5% of women. There are different types of color blindness, but the most common form is red-green color blindness.
Hyperopia: Some people are born with hyperopia, while others develop it as they age. Presbyopia, or age-related farsightedness, is a type of hyperopia that occurs as the lens of the eye becomes less flexible with age.
Stye: Styes are caused by a bacterial infection, and they usually go away on their own within a week. However, there are a few things you can do to speed up the healing process and get rid of a stye more quickly. Styes are caused by a bacterial infection of the oil glands in your eyelid. They can also be caused by blockages in these glands. There are many ways to prevent the stye you can check here.
Allergic conjunctivitis: Allergic conjunctivitis is a type of eye inflammation caused by an allergic reaction. The symptoms include red, itchy, and watery eyes.
Cataract: There are a number of different types of cataract surgery, but the most common is called phacoemulsification. This involves breaking up the cataract using ultrasound energy and suctioning it out of the eye. Care after cataract surgery is important to avoid complications. Your surgeon will give you specific instructions on how to care for your eye. It is important to follow these instructions carefully.
Conjunctivitis: Conjunctivitis (see-kon-JEK-tik-tiss) is a common eye infection. It happens when the white part of the eye (the conjunctiva) becomes inflamed, red, and irritated.
Glaucoma: Glaucoma is a condition that damages your eye’s optic nerve and can get worse over time. If it’s not treated, glaucoma can lead to blindness. The most common type of glaucoma has no symptoms in the early stages.
Blepharitis: Blepharitis is an inflammation of the eyelids. It can cause red, itchy, and scaly skin around the eyelashes. Blepharitis can also make your eyelashes fall out. In extreme cases, blepharitis can lead to vision loss.
Chalazion: Chalazion is a condition that results when a Meibomian gland is blocked. This can happen when the oil produced by the gland thickens and clogs the gland’s duct.
Ocular cysticercosis: Ocular cysticercosis is caused by the larval stage of the pork tapeworm. It results in cysts in the eye, which can lead to blindness. Treatment is typical with oral antiparasitic medication.
Retinal detachment: Retinal detachment is a serious eye condition that occurs when the retina, the thin layer of tissue that lines the inside of the eye, becomes separated from the inner wall.
Signs you need glasses: If you find yourself squinting a lot, especially when trying to read or see something far away, it could be a sign that you need glasses. Other signs include having headaches, difficulty seeing at night, and seeing double. | https://fastlyheal.com/eyes-and-vision/ | dclm-gs1-261635422 |
0.58033 | <urn:uuid:6da9d53b-6f01-4b2f-9267-53b37307ecd8> | en | 0.949752 | Hammer, Claw and Mallet Toes
Symptoms, Causes and Treatment
Hammer toes result from a muscle, nerve, or joint damage resulting from conditions such as osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, stroke Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease or diabetes, which may result in the joint curling downward.
Tight shoes are the most common cause of these toe problems. Wearing tight shoes can cause the toe muscles to get out of balance. If a shoe forces a toe to stay in a bent position for too long, the muscles tighten and the tendons shorten, or contract. This makes it harder to straighten the toe. Over time, the toe muscles can't straighten the toe, even when you aren't wearing shoes. These toe problems form over years and are common in adults. Women are affected more often than men because they are more likely to wear shoes with narrow toes or high heels.
Our professionals at FHP Group will decide which treatment, and products designed to relieve Hammer/Claw and Mallet toes, such as toe crests and toe splints. These devices will help hold down for example the hammer toe and provide relief. Supporting products are recommended to eliminate friction between the shoe and the toe, while providing comfort and lubrication.
| https://fhpgroup.org/hammer-toes.html | dclm-gs1-261665422 |
0.031708 | <urn:uuid:1ed7da73-e2ce-4e77-ac46-0672e0283fcc> | en | 0.918831 | Indirect Coombs Test in Delhi
Indirect Coombs Test in Delhi
Indirect Coombs test is an important test used to determine blood compatibility and is otherwise also called the indirect antiglobulin test. You can use the Coombs test to determine the compatibility of the antibodies in your blood and that of donated blood. An Indirect Coombs test in Delhi is done before a blood transfusion to ensure the compatibility of your blood with that of the recipient. Certain factors such as infection, diseases and various drugs can alter the outcome of the test. Drug abuse and recent pregnancies are examples of situations where an Indirect Coombs test is needed to be administered.
A Few Of #OurBloodRelations
80+ Partner Labs
About Indirect Coombs Test
Why is an Indirect Coombs Test Done?
An analysis that evaluates the presence of some specific antibodies in the patient’s blood is known as the Indirect Coombs test. Antibodies are proteins produced by the immune cells whenever they identify anything that is damaging to our overall well being. The dangerous invasion would be destroyed by such an antibody.
If the defense game’s identification is incorrect, it may produce antibodies against your own cells, which could lead to a variety of medical conditions. This test is performed to evaluate if the red blood cells are being damaged by the presence of antibodies in an individual’s blood.
What does the Indirect Coombs Test Measure?
If you occasionally feel tired and reluctant to do any work, it’s time for a health check to be done. Visiting a doctor for frequent checkups is a mandatory task as it is essential to know the following-
• Your health and the deficiencies your body suffers from so that they can be worked upon.
• The indirect Coombs tests are objected to check if the red blood cells are being destroyed by the antibodies of the patient’s blood itself or not. It measures the total value of red blood cells in a person’s body.
• The result of the tests thereafter suggests the future course, if treatment is required or not.
Risks/side effects of Indirect Coombs Test
Though there are no viable risk factors attached with the Indirect Coombs tests, one may experience a pinching sensation in his/her forearm as the syringe is sided inside, causing a certain minimal level of pain. On the other hand, the patient willing to undergo the test is expected to disclose all details about his/her current medications or tests so as to put forth a proper picture of their medical health.
Thus, the following are the problems you might face:
• Slight irritation in the injected area
• Pain
• Minor headache
• Bleeding
Also, it’s conceivable that you’ll sense a tiny painful sensation or undergo bleeding as well. Notify your doctor if the bleeding is intense or expands following the examination.
Why Choose’s Home Collection Service?’s home collection expert team makes sure to offer the best services to the patients. With convenient slot booking for tests to timely results, is a one-stop destination for all your medical tests from well-recognized laboratories. Designed to elevate the convenience of the patient, the team of laboratory practitioners makes sure that they reach you on the scheduled time and do all the process, taking into consideration your safety.
Alongside, helping you avail the test reports with just an easy step of entering your registered mobile number poses extra comfort to the patient. So, with this increased comfort of being at home and getting the best services, strives to give patients a hygienic way of testing. Also, you will not need to worry about indirect coombs test costs, since is an affordable option for you.
When is an Indirect Coombs Test Done?
The Indirect Coombs test is performed to analyze the blood of the donor before the transfusion takes place.
Why is Indirect Coombs Test Done During Parental Screening?
An Indirect Coombs test is done to analyze if the mother and baby’s blood compatibility matches. On the contrary, if it does not, it may result in extreme complications.
Is there any Special Preparation that Needs to be done Before Taking the Coombs Test?
No, there is nothing that has to be done. Though one can drink a glass of water and avoid taking certain medicines, only if prescribed by the doctor.
Interpretation of the Indirect Coombs Test Results
Interpretation of the Indirect Coombs Test Results
The two possibilities put forth by the Indirect Coombs test include positive or negative results. A negative analysis of the test confirms that possibly dangerous antibodies are not present in the bloodstream. A positive screening suggests that antibodies are present in the circulation. Such antibodies may trigger the immune function to attack certain red blood cells that are unfamiliar to the patient’s body.
Though, it is advised to discuss this medical report with a doctor to get proper consultation with medication and treatments for improved results.
Positive test results Presence of injurious antibodies
Negative test results Absence of injurious antibodies
Steps to Book an Indirect Coombs Test for Home Collection in Delhi
Our state of the art user interface makes the process of booking a painless sample collection test hassle free, time efficient, and convenient. Instead of searching “Indirect Coombs Test near me” or “Indirect Coombs Test in Delhi”, you can do the following:
1 Just Enter Your
Phone Number
2 Generate
an OTP
3 Add Your Basic
4 Schedule Your | https://flebo.in/health/delhi/indirect-coombs-test-in-delhi/ | dclm-gs1-261675422 |
0.018294 | <urn:uuid:6e60334d-702f-4060-aa48-db9eeca119e6> | en | 0.942033 | Erosion of belief
I am giving credit to the swift and concise actions taken by Penn State regarding the ex-football coach and minors sexual scandal to the fact that the atmosphere has been poisoned by the continued inaction and denials/blame of the Catholic Church and their scandal. The collective consciousness is such that now, finally, sexual abuse of minors cannot be tolerated. (Now we need to take the step to all abuse.)
This is an excellent example of God taking something that is horrible, (the evil and inaction of clergy sexual abuse), and wringing good out of it. The ‘good’ being the swift action of the Penn State Board of Directors.
New thought
This is in regards to two articles I have seen about cafeteria Catholics/Catholic belief & also an article sent to me by a friend from the Catholic League condemning a recent film as anti-Catholic.
A survey indicated that “Catholics” in the USA do not think that the teaching magisterium of the Church is very important so people tend to believe/act as they would like. (I am a little suspect of “survey’s.) Often they fall back on the stand by reason of their individual conscience. Conveniently forgotten is that the conscious must be well-formed. That means informed by the teachings and beliefs of the Catholic Church as taught by the magisterium, (past and present). The complaint that I have read is that some magisterium members bring up a waning respect for the authority of the teaching branch of the Church.
DUH!!!! Who is to blame for that? I would venture to guess that it may have something to do with the debacle the faithful have witnessed in the Church’s handling of the clergy sexual abuse crises. Many see it as a, ‘do as I say not as I do,’ attitude being exhibited by the Church magisterium. Is it a wonder that respect is waning?
The movie was condemned as anti-Catholic for several reasons. One of them being a main character punches a bishop. Now really, isn’t that a fantasy that many people have? Anyway, the point as I see it is the Catholic League, the magisterium, a lot of priests & the many of the faithful are living in a fantasy. That fantasy is that just because a person’s state in life, (read a bishop), used to be respected automatically that they still deserve automatic respect. The same thing can be said about doctors, lawyers, police officers, teachers…I can go on and on… Those days are over.
In the case of the Catholic Church bishops only have themselves to blame. If they had taken positive and proactive stance with the current scandal it might be different. But it isn’t just the clergy sexual scandal. That is anti-Catholicism. When renegade bishops, diocese, parishes, priests and nuns are brought forth for teaching against the truth of the Catholic faith nothing is done. That is anti-Catholicism. Look at all of Austria, parts of Australia, numerous diocese and parishes in the USA not even to mention religious orders that are running amuck teaching it is o.k. for abortifacient contraceptives, abortion, euthanasia etc. There is what is really anti-Catholic. How can you respect men who do nothing in the face of abuse and heresy?
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0.133552 | <urn:uuid:51434734-fd6d-41c3-ae66-c96f5432a2c9> | en | 0.895023 | Special Operated Dragon defenders and the Modern world dragons - Info thread
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chameishida's picture
Supreme Viking Champion
Joined: 08/01/2014
Hello, Chameishida here with her first fan fiction-ish thread! Or not fan fiction in the usual sense. Say, I really like to make Httyd fan lore and concept and world building on my free time but never really any fan fiction to go with it, in the end I usaully made an RP based after it but I've been thinking that Writing the whole lore specifically for ran RP you didn't know would kick of is not really a way so instead I decided to start making a whole thread dedicate to the lore first and foremost! and only if anyone interest when the rp might spawn after it afterward.
So it's kind of like a fan-fiction but without any narrative? a Fan world/ Fan lore wiki info type thing if you will.
(Also come with another use of the dragon pixels as a quick way to show dragons species whithout writing all their name down, you're going to see a lot of it in these type of thread, haha)
I will keep making separate post for each topics, please do not reply directly to them as I might edit them later
if you have any suggestion, question to this world building feel free to ask! Some of the stuff are made with little thinking and reference so a few twerk and suggestion would be welcome! if you want to make an rp or fan fic based of of this, you have my permission as well, If you simply want to track, feel free!
The Modern world of Dragons
Let’s say things at the end of the third movie end differently, Berk was victorious and even better they don’t need to hide away the dragons, toothless stays and so the knowledge of the dragons, and as the tribe got bigger so does that knowledge and the way of berks develope and carry on to this day.
In Modern day a lot of things have changed with dragons being around, they are essentially a more powerful horses and their influence and usages does have some effect to the history, culture and the way of living. It is a world of where dragons roaming around with cars and planes and smartphones. With dragons roaming around and people owning and using dragons, laws must be maintained and a new force must raise in order to deal with the potential threat of misusing the dragons and thus, come the Special Operared Dragon defender.
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chameishida's picture
Supreme Viking Champion
Joined: 08/01/2014
Special Operated Dragon defender(SOD) Also known as Dragon defender is a special Unit of law enforcer specifically dealing with dragons and dragon-related crimes. They work separately from normal police forces and come with its own academy to any student prep to graduate to work for the SOD right away. SOD Comes in Four ranks: Tiny teeth, Shortwing, Broadwing and Alpha
Tiny teeth (Usually 15-18 but there can be some older adult student taking late class, tough they’re taking night class separate from day class) Are students graduated from middle school attending the academy in preparation of joining the SOD. The entrance exams are hard, including both writing and practical tests. While a high score is necessary, an individual who is shown to have a special bond to dragons are especially considered.'
Once accepted, The freshmen will be given baby dragons of any species (except for the illegal one) to care for. When the Dragon reaches its broadcasting stage in Junior year, if the dragons are not Common dragons the student has to take a test to determine if they get to keep the dragons and by that mean if they’re to take the rank of that dragon. Passing the test means that the student gets to graduate and promote as the same rank as the species right away. The possibility of passing said test to keep the dragon is very small, as it’s an equivalent of a student getting a job as chief/director. The sentiment that a Dragon and tiger are bonded for life are only true for the best of the best and usually the SOD officers switch more than one dragon if they’re unable to keep up with the test.
The tests are only to determine if you get to keep the dragon though and if you fail(which is very common) you still get to carry on to the Junior year but will be given Common Dragon as a replacement. The disowned dragon will be given to the SOD center vault up for adoption(Only Dragon defenders can adopt those dragons). The student can take the test another year if they want to claim to rank and dragon again( if that dragons hasn't been adopted yet)
In the rare chance that they pass the test in the second year, they will be given that dragons but doesn’t immediately take the rank as the need to finish the third year first as oppose to the freshman passing the test and ranked right away
The Common dragon then being put back to the center vault, to be given to the newcomers.
The student get to choose the class to make a path for the field they want to study in. the Classes in the academy are:
Dragon study and caring class
Marine study
Social study and Law
Physical education/Training classes
Flight class
Once graduate, The tiny teeth will be promote into the officer rank
Shortwing are the lowest rank and usually for the newly graduate, they handle the less extreme task usually the same one the student is allowed to do such as dealing with normal quarrel and thievery but now with more legal privilege(and get payment for it ), and can confront in an attack and allow to use force in public if necessary. Keeping up with good work or taking the test can promote them into the next rank; The broadwing
Broadwing takes care of more extreme specific tasks, usually the one involving fighting and risks. They are the stars of theDragon defender as most people see SOD as these daring riders. With this being the highest rank one can go outside of being a literal leader. Leutinents are Broadwings
Alpha rank Alpha are leaders of the squads, they are the absolute best and get to order stuff even if they are in less active roles than those of broadwings. There are only ten squads in SOD and thus the similar number for the Alphas. The Alpha of the first squad is also the director of SOD, the highest rank of all
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Mostly tracking :3
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chameishida's picture
Supreme Viking Champion
Joined: 08/01/2014
The Dragon ranks
The Dragon ranks
The dragon ranks tell what dragon each ranks can have. While naming after the ageing stage of the dragons, it’s unrelated to the age of the dragon as Tiny teeth dragons are all for tiny teeth despite the species and titan common dragons still belong to the Common while Alpha dragon doesn’t need to be in titan stage.
Officer rank and Dragons rank relations are very important, so much so that if the officer still wants to keep a lower rank dragon then they have to stay a lower rank as said dragon. This rule doesn’t apply to the Alpha however, as some of them can keep the Broadwing dragons (Common aren’t allowed)
Common Dragon
Common Dragons are the default dragon you can choose/keep while studying in Junior and Senior year or once you graduate into the Shortwing rank officer. They are almost a giveaway if you are part of the SOD. These are the Common dragons
Broadwing rank Dragon
are the dragon only the broadwing rank officer can mount. These are the broadwing rank dragons
Alpha rank Dragon
Are the rarest of dragons, usually only obtainable if you are the leader of the squad or the alpha rank.
A long time has passed and so the rarity of the species are different from the old time, the modern technology and expert made hybrid and near-extinct species more common
If any dragons are omitted from the list, assume they’re broadwing class. a Special-permit/Illegal or Marine dragons will be explore in later post
chameishida's picture
Supreme Viking Champion
Joined: 08/01/2014
SOD deals with any of the dragon related crimes, which is to say any crime that happens to involve dragons in it (even a simple mugging, if the owner has dragons in the crime scene, it’s immediately dragon related crime). They also deal with wild dragons on the loose or any dragons on people attack that doesn’t involve any owner.
Tiny tooth, can handle some of the smaller crime to some extent well some crimes are specific for certain levels to handle
Notable Dragon related crime:
Dragon abused/mistreating
Unlincense ownership,usage of the dragons
Dragon smuggling (livings, eggs or parts)
Dragon poaching/hunting
Underground Dragon fighting
Underground Dragon racing
Dragon in the no-dragon area
Destruction of property by dragons
thievery or attack using dragons
Public quarrel involving dragons
Large-medium scale terrorist involving dragon
Owning illegal dragons
The dragons of said crime are either neutralize, put in the central vault or rehabilitate
chameishida's picture
Supreme Viking Champion
Joined: 08/01/2014
there are ten squads in SOD. Some squad tasks can overlap with each other.
Titan: Titan squad is the headhunch show of the human-dragon society. They are the one maintaining order and law of this dragon filled world. Coming up with laws of what and how dragons can be used. Dealing with diplomacy, economy, politics and peace between countries if dragons become the concern of it. They also overlook all the work and problems within SOD. Broadwing rank of this squad tends to have more power than any rank. And despite rarely out for any action, they tend to require the best of all the skills and are very hard to get in
Stealth: As the name suggested, Stealth squad is a team specified in stealth. They handle all the tasks that need good stealth work, mostly big crime and national security related.
Civil: are the squad for more of common crimes within the neighborhood, very police-like. Detective work also fall under this category
Nurture: Nurture squad study dragons and their health, they are the one taking care of the dragons within the center vault and the general health of SOD not only for dragons but people as well. They require some skills that enable them to work in a field along side of action based squad like a field doctor
Vanguard: are the most action based squad and deal with all the tasks that need brute confrontation. Kind of like a jack-of-all-trade with brute force, usually team up with another squad.
Marine: deal with water-related task and crime (more later)
Valkyrie: Another action-based squad specifies in Flight and long range attack
Ranger: are less about human related crime and more of a welfare of the dragons, be it dealing with wild dragons on the loose or something more peaceful such as rehabilitating and repopulating the dragons, sometimes has to confront poachers, hunters and abusers. Usually work really close with Nurture and Technician
Strike: another action based squad but dealing with larger scale and more specific problems involving national security
Academic: Dealing with the Tiny teeth in the academy as well as Exams and licensing. The stuff within this squad are usually the instructor in the academy, including the Alpha
Technician: Study both dragons and the technologies used around them, inventing dragons related technologies, helping out with the medical technologies for the Nurture as well as act as the IT for the SOD
chameishida's picture
Supreme Viking Champion
Joined: 08/01/2014
Marine squad
Marine squad
Marine squad is part of the SOD that is more special than others with how they operate things, first they have their own special set of tidal class dragons that only they are allow to use (with exception of sand wraith and windwalker) after the law that prohibited water dragons to stray away for body of water in specific perimetres.
To be part of the Marine squad, the tiny teeth are required to take and score top at Marine study.
While other SOD work separately from common law enforcers, Marine squads work more closely to the water policies and deal with all water related tasks even if they’re not dragon related.
Marine Squad dragons
Broadwing and Alpha (Alpha of this squad have the same dragon as the broadwings)
chameishida's picture
Supreme Viking Champion
Joined: 08/01/2014
Civilian owned dragons and License
Civilian owned dragons and License
Civilians outside of SOD can also own a dragon, either as a tool to help out in the work field, transportation or as a domesticated pet. They need a common license to own dragons within the household and a intimidea license to use dragons in the public(either to ride or to use their abilities). The flight license comes separately if you want to to fly on a dragon. Special permit dragons also need separate specific licenses for specific species.
Much like SOD, Passing the license test for common dragons is much easier than passing a test for Broadwing level dragons.
Dragons can be seen used in other occupations outside of SOD especially for construction workers, police(the same as having a K-9 the difference fromSOD is that they still handle civil crime instead of dragon-related one), security guards and even entertainers.
People in the countryside or Billionaire with bunkers tend to get away with unlicensed or illegal dragon ownership
Special permit Dragon
Are dragons that are borderline illegal to own and only be legal if you own a specific license for specific species. Usually most of these dragons are considered dangerous or might affect the economy or near-extinct or need special caring or are simply too big. Some of them are also listed as broadwing which in this case the officer needs to take another test to see if they will be permitted to handle these dragons when they’re given. With the exception of Speed stinger for the shortwing who can be given without the test if they have their stings removed. They however will be considered a dangerous Dragon if they still have stings.
For the one that’s not in the list, if they’re confesticated within the vault of SOD those who want to claim it need to be in the Alpha rank and need to take the test. They’re not to be simply giveaways like Broadwing or Alpha rank dragon.
Some of the special permit dragons can be commonly seen in specific fields, Such as Songwing for entertainer, Golden dragon for the jewel maker etc. and big water dragons for water transportation. Some can be commonly obtained if you are in specific terrain to care for them such as Snow wraith, Groncicle and Buffalord. Here are the Special Permit Dragons:
Illegal Dragons
are dragons that are illegal to own, period. Unless you are the leader of the country or the director of SODD. Most of them are made illegal because of their the alpha status, size and an ability to mind control
With dragons being part of their life, Alpha and Mind Control become a danger to the national security and thus only the biggest of authority are allowed to have them
The truth about toothless being an alpha dragons were lost in time
Here are the illegal species:
chameishida's picture
Supreme Viking Champion
Joined: 08/01/2014
Firepower subdue
Firepower subdue technology
In modern day, people can eject the special chemical that stops the dragon from being able to shoot the fire permanently. It stopped those parts of the organ to be functionable and develop further. It is said to not affect the dragon's long term health but some people still find it morally questionable. They are usually used for the domesticate household dragons and sometimes the strays. Some domestic dragons are still allowed to keep their fire, usually the common small dragons.
Night fury, Light fury and Night light are the rare cases that they can be domesticated in any household as pets if the owner has a license to care for dragons but the dragon’s wings need to be clipped and their firepower need to be subdued. If the dragon still have both of those aspect they can be only obtained if you are Alpha rank officer in SOD
chameishida's picture
Supreme Viking Champion
Joined: 08/01/2014
Modern Life with dragons
-A lot of stuff become fireproof
-Flying Plane might need a dragon rider accompanying them to make sure they’re safe from the large flying wild dragons.
-Large sea dragons can be used to carry the ship. the engine are invented and they are no longer need for the dragons anymore but it is still keep for tourist seeking of this experience
-A job of cleaning up dragon wastes in the street
chameishida's picture
Supreme Viking Champion
Joined: 08/01/2014
That's about it for now, sorry for the rapid info dumps guys! not sure if I have any more but will post them if I come up with more ideas
maybe the question and comments will sparks them! so Feel free to ask and comment!
Candleshade's picture
Supreme Viking Champion
Joined: 06/09/2020
WHOA- HOW did you.... wow you are amazing! Still wondering how the world would look now with dragons though. Cars, buses, and DRAGONS? All I can see is dragons accidentally sneezing fire and crashing into cars XD
edit: it would be great to see dragons in the world but personally I think it's all about licenses, rules, tests and all... treating dragons like wild animals/pets :l I would rather let the dragons be free or let us all fly free with them, y'know? Everything you wrote there looks really accurate and close to what things would be like right now with them though. Human + Dragon at this time of life = ...uh no.
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28. Toothless (Night Fury)
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chameishida's picture
Supreme Viking Champion
Joined: 08/01/2014
I imagine that there wont be
I imagine that there wont be too many dragons roaming the street with the strict laws and all, the one that do are the one that already passed the license test and are trust to be around cars in the street or sky and the wild dragons would be too warry of human to go on the street.
It's not your imagine if you found some of stuff kinda bleak and questionable though. I intentipnaly writing the SOD to be kind of in the morally grey area. I imagine if some of our real world animal like horse and falcon need license to handle them, a big fire breathing lizard that can be use as weapons or causing accident in an instant would require a super strict set of rule to govern them in a society like ours. assuming people still follow the riders way in training them and not just let them be wild animals.
hookless's picture
Supreme Viking Champion
Joined: 08/30/2015
Really neat idea. I can tell there's a lot of thoughts in this.
I think this is super cool....but...
Why have cars at all if you have dragons? Like, if humanity grew with dragons, I would see more tech to complement the dragons rather then the dragons being treated as simply beasts of burden/pets/etc. Could you imagine a Shellfire Ferry? :')
Mostly inactive. Migrated to Discord. Peace -w-
Candleshade's picture
Supreme Viking Champion
Joined: 06/09/2020
Now that I think about it too, Chameishida did a good job on this but I seriously agree with that. If dragons were with us from the start I have a feeling it would make sense to delete something like cars out of the picture because they aren't exactly needed. It still seems like dragons were added in this picture after our own world without dragons, because of all the restrictions to make it possible.
chameishida's picture
Supreme Viking Champion
Joined: 08/01/2014
That's a good point you
That's a good point you brought up.....but the one i do have an answer for actually!
So back then dragons are sort of a default. People ride and fly on dragons everywhere, dragons take part in wars. Maybe it start out with one dragons one riders on the bag then a dragon carrier then dragons dragging cart and wheel but i can imagine...despite playing a big part in this version of humanity not all people have to like them, right? The same thing with people who dont like horses or dogs or animal in general. There are people who scared of dogs and i can't imagine they'd fair better with dragons. (Heck, toothless changing mannerism to be closer to dog already discomfort some of the people i know) And even those who do, there would be some that against putting dragons into works like this. So comes the inventors who said
"Hey, ever get tired of dragons? Well try this hot new invention, auto-mobile! Its:
1. Doesnt need to be taking care of, doesnt need feeding or lay waste everywhere on the street (idealistic before they found out about fuel and car maintainent)
2. Not sentient! Ever tireď of dragons accident because they act ib a way that out of your control? Well for cars, you control all of its. The power is behind your wheels
3. Strong, doesnt rely on limited stamina and can go faster and longer than most dragons (in later developement)"
That would turn a lot of people head to favor the auto-mobile and enable it to develope further along side dragons. Until eventually they just become more convenient and popular than dragons all around.
For horsed, it takes decade for them to be off the road and replace with cars, i imagine the same developement with cars
But dragons can fly and car cant! Well planes was develope under the same principle, be it to replace the work of dragons or like hiccup inventing flight suit; to fly on their own along side dragons.
Range weapons are already a thing we seen in httyd. They'd have to have something to fight with other than dragons because they're limites and higher maintainence and weaker. Dragons wouldnt withstand guns they cant even stand arrows, but you know what did and even withstand enermy dragobs? Boom tank and jet fighter.
So yeah, in this world vehicle was developed mainly to predate on dragons or with them in mind insyead of develope up from nothing to help with human inability. If dragons power in this world warrent SOD theb vehicles would create the similar government power and what happens with that cooperate power is that they would do anything to maintain that status. If world leader favor cars over dragons then they'd make the rules to make dragons less convenient compare to family cars and frankly, if the world know and live with dragons from the start, they'd see them as old, dangerous, burden and inconvenient way of living in the fast of progession.
Perhaps in later developement, people'd start to go "ew cars" then loop back into dragons again.
But shellfire Ferry is definitely a thing! Im sad it wasnt clear enough in my description X"D
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Stormy RoseDragon
Joined: 11/13/2017
Bonfire...that's my subject!
I LOVE this idea, and would love to join a discord server about this.
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Joined: 03/29/2021
You could join my rp about it.
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Capella-Teen female whispering death
Arche-Adult monstrus nightmare
Major & Minor-Adult Zipplewraith
Good youtubers I watch(AKA:the only youtubers I watch):Jaiden Animations, the Odd1sout, The Dodo.
Welcome to the IRL info section. (lol)
Pets:2 yr old dog, yorkie russel, Joy
1 yr old hedgehog, 4 toed hedgehog, Rozzy Ross Roznick
Other games I play:Minecraft, Super Kirby Clash, MarioKart.
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Stormy RoseDragon
Joined: 11/13/2017
Lookout found my subject
Sorry but I really only rp on discord
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Supreme Viking Champion
Joined: 08/01/2014
There're no discord server
There're no discord server for this yet as there're aren't that many attraction and demand for this
However if you want to discuss and ask for more info, feel free to do it here or through pm!(or ask for my discord through pm? not the server though) | https://forum.schoolofdragons.com/content/special-operated-dragon-defenders-and-modern-world-dragons-info-thread | dclm-gs1-261715422 |
0.177653 | <urn:uuid:c9479c41-d639-4c2b-99a1-8397dcc3c47b> | en | 0.98281 |
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I'm new here - my experience with anxiety and depression
Blue Voices Member
Blue Voices Member
Hi everybody,
I've just joined the forums and I'm eager to read about people's experiences and what they've been doing to find help.
I'm a 24-year-old student of psychological science. I love playing my guitar, petting dogs, and spending hours rotting my brain cells on TikTok.
As a teenager, I was one of those people who thought you could think yourself out of a mental crisis. Teenagers experience emotions differently so when my first girlfriend experienced depression, I found it hard to understand. Then, towards the end of my 18th year I started struggling with anxiety. I was having trouble fitting in socially at university, and struggling with my coursework. I was working up to three jobs at the time, on top of my schoolwork. To add to the stress, a group of friends that I was fond of broke up, and my neuroticism turned them away from me. It wasn't until then that I realised I had an issue. Afterwards it took almost a year to build myself back to normalcy.
The things that really helped was recognising when I was embracing negative thought patterns and romanticising my depressive episode. I think I had convinced myself that I was the main character in a book, without realising that it's not the suffering that endears us to fictional characters, but how they work themselves out of their suffering that matters. I started a band, I went to shows, I joined a climate action group, I dropped my ego, and I learned to listen to others instead of egocentrically emotionally spewing over them.
You might recognise that much of this solution involved some pretty harsh critical reflection, so this was also not a perfect solution. Years later, after a bad breakup, I started to feel anxiety and depression symptoms again, only this time the solution was not to break apart my personality and squeeze it back together like some gory jigsaw puzzle. My biggest breakthrough with my psychologist was when she asked me verbatim "How much self punishment is enough? At what point do you say it's time to accept that even though you could have done better, it's time to accept that and move on."
It took me years, but I learned how to critically evaluate my actions and how they effect others, but I have to remember not to self-flagellate and force myself to suffer for every little mistake, and I'm still learning. Plus music, hobbies, and social connections are immeasurably helpful.
Who relates to this experience?
2 Replies 2
Champion Alumni
Champion Alumni
Hello Whimbo, thanks for joining the forums.
To answer 'how much self punishment is enough' is not that easy to answer because if you're caught up in any type of mental illness this can affect you either physically and/or mentally or even both, and if you are stuck in some form of depression, you can't answer this because you don't know what it means as there is too much going on.
If they say 'it's time to move on', and I'm not disagreeing with you, but sometimes people are so blocked up with not knowing how to move on, they want to be given ways on how to do this, although this doesn't mean they understand what's being said or whether they can fulfil these suggestions.
Playing music, doing the hobbies you fancy and establishing social connections is a great way to begin this, but it's still possible this won't be enough to fulfil our ambitions.
People are prone to make mistakes and we should not punish ourselves, it's being able to get back on our feet and continue on.
Blue Voices Member
Blue Voices Member
Thanks Geoff, nice to meet you 🙂
People's experiences are very unique and mine is no different!
In my classes we've been taught to think of some (but not all) disorders as partially relating to primary and secondary gains. For me, my self-punishment was perpetuated as a conditioned response in terms of secondary gains. I found that the stricter I was on myself, the more I was rewarded; friendship, work success, better grades. That taught me to be even harder on myself and I never got to learn when enough was enough until the self-punishment overcame the reward, and a psychologist helped me understand and intervene that. This is all part of the many reasons I wanted to study psychology.
As a student, I often think about how I can use my learnings to explain my own behaviour and experiences, but I'm not capable of confidently asserting anything about other people's experiences, so I never would.
Thanks for reading! | https://forums.beyondblue.org.au/t5/welcome-and-orientation/i-m-new-here-my-experience-with-anxiety-and-depression/td-p/26905 | dclm-gs1-261725422 |
0.172593 | <urn:uuid:9b6b8750-46d6-42bb-8b1a-dac0b8a99f22> | en | 0.991313 | The Art and the Artist
Read all the exciting things our scholars have been up to!
Once again this week, my Spanish Culture and History class has inspired me to explore in real life what I learn in class. What influenced this week’s blog all started with learning about the different Kings that ruled Spain. There was one specific King that stuck out to me the most, which was Felipe the fourth. Felipe the fourth was very interesting to me because I admired that he appreciated art and what it meant to be a “painter” at a time in Spanish history when it was looked down upon in society. Additionally, we learned he was very close friends with a now famous painter by the name of Diego Velazquez, who is now admired by many artists in the world. We saw some of Velazquez art and analyzed the meaning of his paintings in class, however I wanted to see them up close for myself so I decided to go to the Prado museum.
When I arrived at the Prado museum, I was not expecting the museum to offer a self audio guide which you could listen to with your headphones and offer an explanation of the art for each room. I know this may be trivial to some people, but it was a really amazing experience and I had not seen any museum do something like that in the United States. Additionally, there were many different people around me who were admiring the art, speaking in different languages and it was truly amazing to see the diversity. I believe that this is because art is a visual language and no matter where you come from you can always interpret a drawing or a painting. This was one of Velazquez’s main philosophies and motives for making art; he wanted people to think and find a story from his paintings which is why I wanted to see his paintings at Prado for myself.
In class the main two paintings by Velazquez that we discussed were “Las Meninas” and “Portrait of the Jester”, and I was able to see them both at El Museo del Prado. I really wanted to see “Las Meninas” because I learned how deep the significance of the painting was at the time that it was created. The painting has young ladies in waiting surrounding the princess of Spain with a bodyguard, nun, and a dog in the background. At first glance in class, I really didn’t think much of the painting until my professor explained it to me. My first thought was that Velazquez was in that room painting all the events and people that were in “Las Meninas”. However, my professor explained that the portrait was completely made up. He painted that image straight from his own imagination. The painting is an idea being represented, not necessarily something being created from reality. Additionally, my professor explained that it humanized the young princess. We see her as a simple child going about her day, and not someone who is in a position of power or importance. The other painting that we discussed was the “Portrait of the Jester”. Velazquez paints a portrait of the King’s jester who is a dwarf. However, he does not paint him any less dignified than he would a person of the noble court. He has the jester in red, which symbolizes power during this time and gives his eyes life. I also really enjoyed seeing this painting for myself in person, seeing an image through the computer does not do it justice. I hope I can continue to see more museums with deep history during my time here in Spain. | https://fundforeducationabroad.org/journals/the-art-and-the-artist/ | dclm-gs1-261775422 |
0.023882 | <urn:uuid:f8f2e6ae-6a13-4dd8-923b-7ace3ba7b3ef> | en | 0.966516 | …thy name is author. In which I look at the crazy ways being a writer is, well, nuts.
If you sit down to think about it, being a writer is truly absurd. Gone is any hope of a sensible view of the world. In which other occupation can the words “good rejection” make sense? Who else but a writer would read the names of two towns on a billboard–Sylvana and Arlington–and think, “Aha. The names of my next protagonists” ? And whatever happened to the guilt you’re supposed to feel at eavesdropping rather than the frantic search for a scrap of paper on which to write that perfect turn of phrase overheard in line at the supermarket or to record the plot point that jumped into your head?
Despite the turn to technology, I still have reams of paper sitting around my house, some blank, some filled with hundreds of thousands of words (that is NOT an exaggeration) that have either made me giddy or filled me with despair. I have more pens in my purse than a receptionists desk at a medical clinic, more empty journals than lifetimes to fill them. I have a huge dictionary that I keep close by my side for reference, and more bookshelves than a classroom and they are still too full to fit all the books I own, so I have huge plastic containers in the garage also filled with books.
And don’t think I’m lacking in the technology either. I have a desktop, a laptop, a tablet, a smart phone, more writing programs than fingers, an e-reader, headphones, microphone, cameras, and yet I still like doing my first drafts in long hand.
TheSeaEagleSmallEverything I watch or hear is possible source of inspiration. True story. I saw a segment on TV about a man who found an injured owl. One of the owl’s wings had to be amputated. The man cared for the owl as best he could and the owl recovered, but, of course, couldn’t fly. When the man realized that the owl missed flight, he strapped on roller blades, perched the owl on his shoulder, and skated along the lakefront in Chicago. The owl would lean into the wind and pretend he was flying again. The man lost fifty pounds too. This story became THE SEA EAGLE, except for the fifty pounds. I don’t do diet books.
FalconAndWolfLatestSmallFamily is inspiration too. Robot Guy once said, “Engineers are never heroes in romance novels. Why don’t you write one with an engineer as a hero?” So I did: THE FALCON AND THE WOLF. Okay, so there’s also magic in that story, but why quibble over the details. And having a child with special needs became the inspiration for two special characters in AS YOU WISH. That one has magic too, but, hey, I’m writing fiction, not memoir.StevensAsYouWish
Once I was out walking with Robot Guy and a plane flew overhead. I looked up and my immediate thought was, “If it blew up right now, could I run away from the debris field?” So I asked him. He just looked at me and said, “Is that really what goes through your head?”
Yup. It really is.
Books I’m reading now:
Still can’t tell you, but when I get back to regular reading, you’ll find my choices here.
2 thoughts on “Insanity…
1. MonaKarel
I was paying for my truck repair on Saturday and thinking: How would I dismember a body and hide it around town. Then realized I was thinking out loud. Yes, my mind does work that way.
Comments are closed. | https://gabistevens.com/?p=558 | dclm-gs1-261795422 |
0.251657 | <urn:uuid:7cf8600b-3972-424f-81ef-8ba957b0ab83> | en | 0.979778 | Jonathan Ezequiel
Past Games
The game tells the story of Bub, a wanderer who traverses the universe in search of new objects that can add to his collection, as well as study them to better understand them. On your journe
The world has fallen into chaos after the transmission of a virus amid the desperation appeared a doctor surviving one day at a time, help him find his family. | https://globalgamejam.org/users/jonathan-ezequiel | dclm-gs1-261825422 |
0.019064 | <urn:uuid:c5f136db-5cb6-4fc5-be6b-761753ab438e> | en | 0.985865 | Este Haim and Chris Stracey on the joys and challenges of scoring Netflix’s Maid
Netflix series Maid - which tells the story of a young mother fleeing an abusive relationship and trying to provide for her child - has been the subject of much critical acclaim since airing in late 2021, with one of its most captivating elements being its original score. Composed by first time scorers Este Haim of indie pop icons Haim, alongside LA-based songwriter and producer Christopher ‘Stray’ Stracey, the pair’s wide-ranging experience and tightly aligned musical sensibilities produced a truly unique soundtrack and set the foundations for a creative partnership that both are certain will flourish far beyond their maiden voyage together. Headliner caught up with Haim and Stracey to talk about the joys and challenges of making music for TV…
How did you both come to be involved in Maid?
Este: It all started over the pandemic. Like most musicians, we were all feeling a little depressed about the state of affairs, and as a touring musician, not being able to go out and play shows. Especially as I had just released a record. I was just airing my grievances to a friend of mine named Brett Hedblom, and he took that as a sign that I may have some time on my hands, and maybe I’d be up for watching this pilot episode of a show he’d been working on. He said he was making this show called Maid, that they were getting the music aspect of the show together, and would I be up for watching it and offering some notes or ideas. I watched it and loved it and came back to him with some ideas for the direction the music could go in. And then it became, ‘Hey, would you like to just do the music for the show?’
I jumped at the chance, but I’m self-aware enough to know what my strengths and weaknesses are, and I’m not a competent engineer by any stretch of the imagination. So, I called my friend Tobias Jesso Jr, who is a great songwriter and just a great connector of humans. He said, ‘You have to meet Stray, because you are going to be best friends and you have the same sensibilities’. It was like a blind date. I showed up at Stray’s house with Tobias, who was like the dad of the playdate, making sure we all played nice in the sandbox! For me it felt really instant, like: I love this guy; I love his musical sensibilities. So, we watched the episode and the scenes we were going to score, and we were just so energized about what we were going to do. It was the first time either of us had scored a TV show.
Christopher, what was your background prior to this project?
Christopher: Scoring was something I always wanted to get into. So, for Este to come round and say, ‘I have this possible job, they want us to score these scenes…’ we just had a really fun afternoon. It was like a crash course in getting to know each other’s influences and records that we love. My background is mostly in making records, a lot of electronic music, songwriting and producing, so to go from that to doing music which is very much playing a supporting role to something else is really different. When you are making an album, you want to engage the listener straight away, but sometimes with scoring you’re sitting back and gently scoring a scene. You can’t be like, ‘LISTEN TO ME!’
Este: Sometimes it’s the opposite. You almost don’t want people to know there is music in the background.
I had to take a break and collect myself. It's an emotional show. Este Haim
How did you adapt to that very different style? Did you have to completely rethink your approach?
Este: There were definitely some growing pains but Stray and I are such huge fans of score in general. And I have always thought about composing and what that would be like, but Stray and I are very used to collaboration. I collaborate with my sisters on everything we do in Haim. And with Stray, because we share the same sensibilities, we knew when we needed to be more obtrusive than other times. And we were lucky that we had producers, directors and a showrunner who were very much into collaborating with us and trusted us implicitly.
When we would go far with some of the sounds and sonics, they would have to reel us in a bit, but because of that we ended up loving the score so much, as it was a collaborative process. It never felt like there were too many cooks in the kitchen. The big difference is that when you’re making a record you are making it for yourself and it’s your vision. In Haim, we sequester ourselves in the studio for months at a time, we don’t show anything to anyone until it’s entirely finished. Then we hand it to the label, and it’s done, with no ifs, ands or buts about it. So, that is obviously very different to making music for TV and film.
What were some of the biggest challenges you faced during the process?
Este: The episode where Alex is in public housing and she discovers the mold problem and that her daughter is getting sick because of it. There is a passing of time and it’s just getting exponentially more stressful, and there were a lot of things we had to hit, with the sense of time passing and increasing stress within that scene. And we didn’t want to tell the audience to be stressed out, because it was already so stressful. So, honing in on that stood out.
It was also one of the most heart-breaking parts of the show. Children getting sick is something I just can’t deal with. There were many points within scoring the show where I felt triggered and emotional, like people who watched the show, especially women. There were times where I had to take a break and collect myself. It’s a very emotional show, and that scene in particular was really hard for me to score without it becoming super sad and dramatic, which is the opposite of what we wanted to do.
Is this something you would like to do again?
Este: Forever! I would do it – anyone listening – we’re for hire! I’m done touring so Stray and I would love to do something together again. We had an amazing time.
Christopher: We did have a great time and it’s amazing to funnel your abilities and passions into a different world. I’ve always wanted to find new, weird things I can do with music. And being part of telling someone else’s story and vision through sound was such a cool opportunity and I definitely want to do more of it, for sure. It’s a job that can be brand new every time you do it.
You can listen to an extended version of this interview below and at Headliner Radio via your streaming platform of choice. | https://headlinermagazine.net/este-haim-and-chris-stracey-on-the-joys-and-challenges-of-scoring-netflixs-maid.html | dclm-gs1-261875422 |
0.155345 | <urn:uuid:eb6e90e4-b538-4672-a3b1-146615cb3461> | en | 0.971015 | Hell yeah!! Looks like you had a great view on the 4th row 👍🏻 Glad you had a good time 😊
Thank you! It was dope af
Your welcome 👍🏻
Jerk? What did you call me that for? 😡
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Support the HiveBuzz project. Vote for our proposal! | https://hive.blog/hive-101690/@cowboyzlegend27/dqbxlpgs | dclm-gs1-261885422 |
0.034606 | <urn:uuid:79bf9f41-07e8-479b-b5c8-c889e7c4ecc8> | en | 0.87186 | Ramsons Soup
4 servings
ramsons: [noun]. ransom: [noun]
3 cups water
1½ vegetable bouillon cube
1 cup crème fraiche
3 tablespoons butter
2 ounces ramsons leaves
2 tablespoons thickening, like corn starch or flour
4 hard boiled eggs, in halves
close up shot of a person holding a soup in a bowl
Photo by Darina Belonogova on Pexels.com
In a pot, dissolve the bouillon cube in the water, on low heat. Add butter and whisk in crème fraiche and thickening. Add salt and pepper to taste and let the mixture simmer for a few minutes, then cool.
Super-finely chop the ramson leaves and mix in.
Serve with the egg halves. Or serve with Vodka and leave the egg-halves to be chopped into an egg salad tomorrow.
The ramson is a a broad-leaved garlic (Allium ursinum) common in European gardens. It’s also called wild garlic, wild cowleek, cowlic, buckrams, broad-leaved garlic, wood garlic, bear leek, Eurasian wild garlic or bear’s garlic,
It is sensitive to heat and should not be heated if you want the taste and nutritional benefits. It has a strong anti-bacterial effect and may also be preventing arteriosclerosis, flatulence and thrombosis.
nature animal agriculture cow
Photo by Pixabay on Pexels.com
Publicerad av honeywritingblog
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%d bloggare gillar detta: | https://honeywritingblog.com/ramsons-soup/ | dclm-gs1-261905422 |
0.996915 | <urn:uuid:255f4082-52a4-4d74-b078-3d61680923ea> | en | 0.921473 | Best answer: Is there a difference between isopropyl alcohol and rubbing alcohol?
The main difference between isopropyl alcohol and rubbing alcohol is the concentration. The concentration of isopropyl alcohol is 100%, while the concentration of rubbing alcohol is less because of the addition of water. Otherwise, the two liquids have similar properties. They are antibacterial and antiseptic.
Is isopropyl alcohol and rubbing alcohol the same thing?
While isopropyl alcohol is a key ingredient in most kinds of rubbing alcohol you can buy, rubbing alcohol and isopropyl alcohol are not one and the same. They are each made for different things and contain a different set of additives depending on the type of alcohol.
Can you use isopropyl alcohol on skin?
Isopropyl alcohol kills or prevents the growth of bacteria on the skin. Isopropyl alcohol topical (for use on skin) is used to help prevent bacterial skin infections from minor cuts or scrapes. Isopropyl alcohol is used in healthcare settings to prevent infection that may be caused by needle punctures.
IT IS INTERESTING: Question: Can alcoholism cause bipolar symptoms?
Can isopropyl alcohol be used as hand sanitizer?
Is isopropyl alcohol the same as hand sanitizer?
Is Isopropyl Alcohol Used in Hand Sanitizer? Yes. Isopropyl alcohol is the main ingredient used in high quality hand sanitizers. Most hand sanitizers use combinations of alcohol, water, essential oils and other gel-like ingredients to create the final product.
What is 99% isopropyl alcohol used for?
Why is 70 alcohol better than 90?
Is rubbing alcohol the same as hydrogen peroxide?
The key difference between hydrogen peroxide and rubbing alcohol is pretty much the same. Both of these compounds are used to disinfect, however, rubbing alcohols provide a quicker clean than hydrogen peroxide.
IT IS INTERESTING: Quick Answer: What alcohol is bad for asthma?
What’s a good substitute for rubbing alcohol?
The classic soap and water combo, as well as vinegar, are among the best substitutes for rubbing alcohol when it comes to both cleaning household surfaces, and also disinfecting your skin. Vinegar is a proven remedy for reducing dryness and itching caused by eczema, as well as cleaning out infected ears.
What is isopropyl alcohol good for?
Rubbing alcohol can help clean and disinfect hard surfaces. It is effective against most, but not all, pathogens. The main ingredient in rubbing alcohol is isopropyl alcohol (IA). Most rubbing alcohols contain about 70% IA, but the amount can range from 60% to 99%, depending on the product.
Which is better sanitizer ethanol or isopropyl alcohol?
The Center for Disease Control and Prevention recommends formulations containing 80% (percent volume/volume) ethanol or 75% isopropyl alcohol; however, generally speaking, sanitizers containing 60 to 95% alcohol are acceptable.
Which is better disinfectant ethyl or isopropyl alcohol?
According to the World Health Organization (WHO) , ethyl is generally considered superior to isopropyl alcohol, but both types of alcohol are effective at killing flu and cold viruses.
Is isopropyl alcohol better than hydrogen peroxide?
Is isopropyl alcohol good for cleaning?
99% isopropyl alcohol is ideal as a solvent or cleaning agent for industries that produce water sensitive items, therefore rapid evaporation and low water content is favorable. 99% USP IPA provides the lowest presence of water and in some forms is free from denaturants.
IT IS INTERESTING: You asked: Is 70 isopropyl alcohol good for acne? | https://ivapeiq.com/smoking/best-answer-is-there-a-difference-between-isopropyl-alcohol-and-rubbing-alcohol.html | dclm-gs1-261975422 |
0.113943 | <urn:uuid:f60c5758-ab12-474c-84af-801cc4f0bd7b> | en | 0.967273 | Learning a language online is easier, but it is not as effective and can require all the effort in the world. Do you like traveling? Do you enjoy language learning? If you answered yes to both of these questions, then follow me on the journey of finding out the 5 unexpected things that traveling teaches you about language learning.
Talk it through
There is no rule as to how to learn a language. You get to discover that this fact couldn’t be truer when you start traveling. No one ever said that you need a grammar book and a vocabulary book that guides you through. Instead, it has been noted by travelers that the best way to learn is through immediate contact with the natives in their own country. Some might argue that speaking the language in any other country but with a native has the same effect, well, that it “should”. It really isn’t the case at all. In the country itself, everyone is speaking so you are really forced into it. You do need, of course a few words to start off with, if you know nothing about the language. In that case, download the best language learning app and get a few phrases to guarantee you’ll never get lost!
Friends Forever
You wouldn’t imagine how easy it is to gain friendship just from spending one week or two in a country of the natives. Let’s say you want to learn, I don’t know… ARABIC. Probably one of the awesome-est languages ever, right? Go to an Arab-speaking country, and throw that language learning app because your new friend will surely help you. The great thing about friendship is that it keeps going all even after you leave. Skype conversations with your buddy can turn into language learning sessions for free!
Language beyond Diction
One common misconception of language learning that should be clarified is the fact that it is not just a dictionary and a bunch of grammatical rules; it’s an entire culture. People assume that language is all about how to speak and write, but it is definitely more than that. Some cultures refer to certain objects as either masculine or feminine. These differences allow the description of these objects or things in a diversity of ways. The use of adjectives changes in this case. The way the words are spoken, the correct emphasis, the changes and differences in accents from various parts of the country, and the “traditional” dialogue that happens in certain situations such as asking for proposals and speaking in a tribal meeting. Language learning apps and language learning online are great if you are at home but what travel teaches you, the books can never come across.
Easier and Better
Here at Kaleela, we like to keep it real. We do believe that learning any language, whether it was Arabic or Russian, it definitely needs a lot of thinking, studying and drilling of information. It feels as if your cognitive skills are on fire. Well, you would be surprised to know that it is MUCH easier to learn a language and you end up taking in more than you actually thought you did. It seems pretty surprising and you’d assume that you would forget the words you memorized, but that is not the case at all. You will go home and the habits that you have practiced, including the language you have been speaking, will go home with you. ,.
Fun Learning
Children don’t like going to school because learning is such a boring process to them, which is something that we cannot disagree with… sometimes. This is an absolute exceptional case. Learning while you are doing whatever it is you want to do, say for example, go out and eat, meet new people, visit beautiful tourist sites, tick off boxes of challenges and accomplishments you never thought you would tick off…aaaaaand learn a new language. How fun is that right? You are taking more practice in a more distributed way throughout your day AND you are having fun. Sounds like the perfect recipe to me.
| https://kaleela.com/id/things-traveling-teaches-you-about-language-learning | dclm-gs1-262005422 |
0.026725 | <urn:uuid:7d0c324d-32fd-42ba-ba24-827fdee5f2b1> | en | 0.951669 | JVPass - Technology and Trending Blog
Investment Fund Ratios that You Should Analyze
Investment fund ratios inform us, in greater detail, of all the factors that affect us as participants. How to read these ratios?
When we look at the table corresponding to investment funds in the financial press, we obtain information about the name of the fund, the management company, its returns in different time periods, etc. However, to evaluate a fund in a more complete way, it is necessary to go one step further. For this purpose, a series of typical portfolio management ratios are used; These are mutual fund ratios.
Let us remember that an investment fund is nothing more than a portfolio of assets, which belongs to a group of investors and is managed by a management company. Now the questions are: Is said portfolio well composed? Is it behaving correctly? Mutual fund ratios provide us with the answer.
It is a series of mathematical formulas designed to relate different background factors. In this way, more information is obtained about the manager’s work, the risk-adjusted return and the evolution of the fund with respect to the market. All these ratios can be obtained from the fund file itself, that is, they are available to the investor even before being a participant in an investment fund.
Most significant investment fund ratios
Here we describe some of the most prominent investment funds
Jensen’s Alpha
Jensen’s Alpha ( or simply Alpha) informs us of the good or bad management of the fund. In other words, if the manager has carried out his work well. Basically, the investor must keep in mind that the higher the Alpha of an investment fund, the greater the value that management provides. Of course, a negative Alpha is a bad sign.
The Alpha simply calculates the difference between the return of the investment fund (the portfolio made up by the manager) and the return of the market (the reference index).
If the fund is managed appropriately, selecting the best stocks and excluding those with the worst performance, naturally, the fund’s results will be better than those of the reference index. The Alpha measures the part of the profitability that does not depend on the evolution of the market, but on the work of the manager.
When we value the work of the manager, the question we must ask ourselves is: are the management fees applied by the fund appropriate ?
The beta of an investment fund is important because it indicates its behavior in relation to its reference market. In other words, if the market fluctuates by 100 points, how many points does our fund have the capacity to move? This is known as the fund’s sensitivity to the market.
If the beta is equal to 1, it means that the fund moves in harmony with its reference index. In this case, if the market moves 10% up, the net asset value of the mutual fund’s shares will be 10% higher in value. If it is greater than 1, the fund will fluctuate more violently than the market. The opposite happens if the beta is less than 1, the fund is more “ calm ” than the market.
A fund with a high beta has the ability to outperform the market, but it also represents a higher risk.
Sharpe ratio
How many points of return will we obtain for each point of risk that we assume? This is what the Sharpe ratio tells us .
The difference in profitability between the investment fund and an asset considered risk-free is calculated , taking into account the volatility of the fund (as a measure of risk). In this way, we are able to know what is the extra return that the fund obtains in relation to the risk that it assumes.
As a general rule, the public debt of the country with the most assets in the fund’s portfolio is taken as risk-free assets.
The higher the Sharpe ratio, the higher the return of the fund in relation to the risk it assumes. If it is negative, it is a bad sign: it means that its return is lower than risk-free assets.
Watch out! The Sharpe ratio may be positive, but less than 1. This should be read as the fund underperforming the risk we are taking.
Thanks to the Sharpe ratio, the participant can compare different funds in the same category and know which of them provides a higher return for a similar risk. In addition, it allows you to deduce whether the investment is appropriate from a risk/return point of view.
Tracking error
The tracking error provides information on the level of activity in the management of the fund. It is also known as “manager risk” because it determines the manager’s freedom to separate himself from his reference index, to a greater or lesser extent.
The higher the tracking error, the more active the fund will be : the manager moves further away from its reference index. We will have to compare this measure with the other investment fund ratios.
We could define the tracking error as the stability or volatility index of an investment fund in relation to its benchmark. It is a measure of relative risk.
Tracking error is especially useful for comparing index funds . A high value in this type of fund means that the manager has taken risks with management away from the market.
Information ratio
The information ratio is a measure of risk-adjusted return. It relates the manager’s work compared to the behavior of the market, just like the alpha, except that in this ratio the level of activity of the fund is taken into account , measured by the tracking error.
It is better for an investment fund that this ratio is as high as possible. It means that the activity of the manager (the manager risk or tracking error) is rewarded with higher returns. But, be careful, it does not mean that the fund is safe either: it simply tells us that it obtains a higher return than the reference index.
If the Alpha informs us of the excess return obtained by the manager’s work (and not by the behavior of the market), the information ratio tells us the quality of said excess, because the risk assumed by the manager is taken into account .
Treynor index
This ratio is important to know how much return the investment fund has earned in relation to the risk it assumes, except that this ratio takes into account the systematic risk (market risk in its entirety), measured by the beta.
It is calculated simply by subtracting the interest rate on risk-free assets from the fund’s return and dividing the result by the beta.
Systematic risk cannot be eliminated by diversification (the specific risk of an asset is eliminated, but not the risk of the market as a whole). Taking this risk as a measure to calculate adjusted return means assuming that the managers have correctly diversified the portfolio. Therefore, the higher its value, the more effective the manager’s work is.
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0.540636 | <urn:uuid:3d306842-a38c-47a4-ada7-05d35117c65b> | en | 0.976369 | What is iTunes Match [Explained]
What is iTunes Match
iTunes match is a form of the services provided by the web and connects to the Apple iCloud in which you can access your library of music and can also share it with other types of devices in the same ID of your Apple account.
It is a much easier way to connect to most of the songs people can listen to the Apple Music app. Therefore iTunes Match is not much famous as a music app is. Mostly, Apple Music is required much by people.
Which they find more convenient than any other form. As iTunes ask of a subscription and which you can subscribe, they provide their further services every time without any stoppage.
Music selection to iTunes Match
• There in your given library of iCloud music, they allow you to add more than thousands of songs without any issue. You need to know that the music which you purchased on the store of iTunes is adding to the music library.
• They get the various information that is there on your library of iTunes with various songs in it. The software of apple gets music that is contained in the library of iTunes and gets to account. They don’t keep that from where you have purchased them.
Backups and formats in iTunes Match
• As the iTunes match allow the users to get access to the formats of various files like MP3 or WAV which matches the song and also it doesn’t take it as an essential format anytime. The music which is taken by you upgraded by the files which keep the conversion of songs with them at the required form.
• Along with this, it is also to note that the encoded songs which are of high kbps can also upload to the library of iCloud music. The version of required songs has a perfect form of uploading done in the given files of the format which is original in the music files.
• There is always a requirement to keep proper backup of files of your music to get the best use of it. As it is essential to have high quality as if it gets deleted from your device, then it not be easy to recover if the backup is not there.
• The downloading of various songs from the given library of music needs to take as a selection of streams even without its given form. On the given device, you have to get the song that you have to play in your apple device with the perfect stream of it.
• The different forms of playlists and various songs of it can be selected in your device by the updating done by going to the files option and then selecting them from the library there. The updated songs can see there which were later on installed in the given place. | https://keepthetech.com/what-is-itunes-match/ | dclm-gs1-262035422 |
0.054274 | <urn:uuid:662890a8-1075-4186-80a3-b0e9dd30598a> | en | 0.969646 | Stray Ch21
Author: 年终 / Nian Zhong
Translator: Kinky ||
Chapter 21: First Task
Bagelmaurus stared at the silver candlestick, trying to distract itself. The silvery and delicate patterns reflected an intoxicating halo in the firelight, which was a view that could never be seen in the Abyss.
It knew that it wasn’t special. It was born as an intermediate demon, fully inheriting the traits of a Corewen Flat Snake, which were innately afraid of things. They survive by swallowing the bodies of other demons. Compared to other races, their strong digestion was the only thing special about them. After all, not every demon can extract residual magic powers from rotten flesh.
Because they were amazingly timid, most of them didn’t even know how to spell the word courage. The Corewen Flat Snake, which could eventually turn into a superior demon, theoretically had unlimited potential, provided that they could actually live long enough and could devour large quantities of magical corpses from superior level demons.
That was such a place in the abyss.
However, superior demons didn’t like their corpses being devoured, especially by a group of nobodies. When their lifespan approached its limit, most of them chose to fall to the bottom of the Abyss, the Demon King’s territory, that was empty and silent, filled with thick darkness. Only a very small number of superior demons who were particularly confident in their own power would dare set foot there for food. It was rumored that there were still some strange races that the demons themselves don’t know about that could survive the cold darkness, but most didn’t care about the rare numbers of outliers.
They just needed to know that it was the best place for eternal rest.
Since it inherited the glorious trait from its ancestors that filled its very bones, it was naturally impossible for Bagelmaurus to wander to such a desolated place by itself. It was dragging its massive body through the lava one day when a dying thing fell into the Abyss and brushed up against it. The huge body of a superior demon smashed into the rock platform, shattering it to pieces, and its curled horn had hooked Bagelmaurus’ body, causing it to faint.
It didn’t know how much longer later, but when it woke up, it was at the bottom of the Abyss and found that it was held in the demon’s hand like a broken hemp rope. It stiffened in shock and its countless eyes on the edge of its body turned frantically. It was already considered big among the Corewen Flat Snakes; its body stretched out more than 500 meters, but at this moment, something was holding its tail, and even then, its head couldn’t touch the ground.
Its eyes were all turned in one direction, seeing three huge red eyeballs looking back at it in the dense darkness. It had never felt such terrifying magic pressure, and the scorching power even made it unable to even faint. Bagelmaurus stopped thinking momentarily. His body stiffened even more, desperately trying to muddle through by pretending to be dead.
The three weird eyeballs pressed closer, causing a sharp pain to radiate from his back. Bagelmaurus trembled all over at once, waiting in boundless fear for the swallowing and chewing to commence. That surely would be even more painful…
However, death didn’t come.
Something scorching seeped into its body through the wound, and the flat snake let out a silent wail. The blood in its whole body was boiling, and the pain hurt so much that it wanted to die in that instant. Amidst the overwhelming pain and burning, Bagelmaurus curled its body into a tight ball, and finally fainted.
When it woke up, it found that it was wrapped in a thick cocoon of flesh. The huge monster had already left, and its whole body was surging with endless magic. Bagelmaurus was dizzy from being smashed by the pie that fell from the sky. It recklessly collided in the dark and left the bottom of the Abyss quickly.
The ecstasy of the rest of his life was mixed with inexplicable joy, almost breaking all four of its hearts. It could finally leave here. Although intermediate demons weren’t restricted by the rules of the Abyss; they could freely enter and exit at their will, but with their pitiful power, they would be beaten to the ground by other powerful races within a few steps of setting out of the Abyss, let alone exploring the above.
It had wandered around in the middle of the Abyss for several years and finally found out the specific way to leave the Abyss. It happily took its own flesh and practiced with expectation…
Yet fate slapped it harshly.
Fucking Light. Fucking Vance. Fuck everything. The gray parrot was stumbling as it talked, while falling into endless chagrin. Perhaps from the moment that it was dragged into the bottom of the Abyss by that superior demon, its luck had not improved at all.
“Three giant red eyes.” Vance completely ignored the gray parrot’s bad mood and looked contemplative. “Listening to your description, it looks like the tenth generation, the three-eyed corpse dragon.”
“I do not know,” the parrot replied weakly.
“Do you know what generation it is now?” Vance smiled more intensely. “Now is the 19th generation of the Demon King. Little guy, if you’re not lying, you’ve been asleep for nearly two thousand years… You don’t know how much I hope you aren’t lying.”
The superior demon who was masquerading inside the human body raised his arms, seemingly having no intention of respecting its elders.
“According to you, your piece of flesh was taken away by a human… This is the first time I’ve heard of this kind of thing after living for so many years.”
“Maybe… Maybe I’m not very skilled. I was just an intermediate demon before, you know…”
“Enough.” The crystal pillar by the candlestick suddenly made a sound. It was obvious that Vance wasn’t the only one who was listening. “That’s enough, Vance. We can get Light and study him ourselves.”
“This bird does not have the aura of a Demon King. I just checked its body, and its flesh and blood does smell like a superior demon, but its current power is undoubtedly only that of an intermediate demon. It’s just that ordinary flesh segmentation won’t cause this. At least I don’t know who can do such a thing, Telaranea.”
“There are no relevant examples. That’s why I propose catching Light. Aren’t you curious?”
“If this trash isn’t lying, it can only mean one thing.”
“…You’re not…”
“All the power belonging to the Demon King was taken away by Light, which can indeed explain Pandorater’s behavior. I don’t think a mere flat snake has the ability to tell such a lie. Listen, that Light doesn’t seem to be willing to enter this ‘side’. I believe he will seek the truth himself. It’s enough to keep an eye on them for now.”
“Vance.” There was a bit more coldness from the hearty male’s voice. “You have no right to restrain me.”
“But I can kill you.” Vance answered briskly, licking the corner of his lips.
The gray parrot desperately moved into the shadow of the candlestick, trying to reduce its sense of presence.
“It’s just a trivial curiosity. I believe you can overcome it,” Vance added softly. “We have more important things to do, don’t we?”
There was a long silence from the crystal.
“…Although I think it’s unlikely,” the voice sounded again with the same icy tone. “Are you too deeply influenced by humans? Vance, we all know that the ‘Demon King’ is just a title from humans’ wishful thinking. It is not our king and does not need the bullshit of loyalty from our group of small characters. To us, it’s just a monster among monsters.”
Vance Talbott did not answer. He lifted the trembling gray parrot up and drew a virtual circle in the air with his other hand. A black mantra climbed onto the parrot’s neck, causing it to tremble more severely.
“Shh… Good boy. Don’t be afraid,” he said softly. “This is just a small guarantee. If you mention today’s event in any way, it will blow you up into beautiful flowers of blood. Please keep this in mind.”
He let go of his hand, and the gray parrot fled away from the dark basement, completely forgetting that it had wings.
Meanwhile, the two who were still in the registration office were inexplicably relieved about it.
“I really haven’t seen it.” Nemo touched his nose awkwardly and took his gaze away from Oliver’s face. “Ann said it could find me. You see, it’s probably a sup…. Well, you know. Nothing should happen to it. Besides, its power is still with me!”
For the first time in Oliver’s life, he came into contact with an unwilling demon worshipper, or a suspected demon warlock. He had nothing to say, so he nodded.
“It’s not convenient for me to squeeze through, so hurry up and take a look at the taskbar.” Ann had already collapsed in the corner and threw the small lead cube around her neck in Nemo’s direction. “Hurry up, so you still have some selection available… Remember to pick the one near Heilam!”
Nemo lightly grabbed the flying piece of metal, dragged Oliver into the crowd, and used the latter as a shield to open the way. Seeing the two of them coming, the crowd happily let out a gap. The smile of the female employee remained motionless, as if it was painted on her face. She took the three lead squares handed over by Nemo, made a gesture, and then three dim black badges suddenly fell into Nemo’s palm.
Nemo couldn’t help but look down for a few seconds. The black badges were heavy, with pros and cons. There was a living lizard carved on the front, and a simple magic array on the back, with the holder’s name. It’s just that the magic array looked gray and didn’t seem like it could be used.
“All lizards?” he couldn’t help asking aloud.
“Your team’s rating hasn’t been reduced or increased. This is a tentative comprehensive rating,” the girl said sweetly. “Please pour your magic power into your black badge and choose your task.”
Nemo squeezed the black badge with a sucking force, but it didn’t help stimulate any magic powers. The black badge lay quietly between his fingers, unresponsive.
It seemed like his usual state had returned. Nemo immediately cast a look of help at Oliver.
Oliver touched his black badge with his fingertips, and in the next second, a page-sized light screen appeared in front of them, densely lined with rows of tasks. New ones would appear from time to time while old ones were removed.
“You can specify the country or city, as well as the task type.” The female employee made no secret of her concern for the two of them. “Lingua, Franca. As long as the pronunciation is standard enough.”
“Garland, Heilam.” Oliver cleared his throat. “Task type… uh, task type…”
“How about looking for people or things?” Nemo said. “Seems safer.”
“But isn’t there a task limit for the Advance Black Chapter? Will this kind of task not… Have…”
The two of them stared at the results that appeared in real time, seeing a task quietly lying there.
“Take it quickly.” Nemo poked at the flashing line of text, then found in frustration that his touch was ineffective. “Oh… I hate this design.”
The task description was very short, unlike the type that should appear in the scope of a Black Chapter’s task.
“I want to talk face-to-face with Adrian Cross. The deposit is prepaid, and the remuneration is negotiable. The client, ‘Joanna Edwards’, is located in Heilam. There are no limits to the trustee.” Oliver read, frowning slightly. “Isn’t this a little…” Ordinary, but it looked suspicious.
“Maybe it was just posted. It could be just a couple’s quarrel. Oh, just pick it first! It’s now or never, my friend!” Nemo snapped his fingers anxiously. Just now, he could see a lot of task titles, such as ‘hunting ten mutant griffons’ and ‘handling plague corpses’, disappearing. Compared with those tasks, this one seemed quite ordinary.
Oliver touched the fingerprint mark next to the task, and a piece of parchment full of instructions for the contract instantly appeared in front of them. Nemo read it quickly. It was full of long-winded official rhetoric, but there was nothing substantial. Oliver seemed to have discovered this too. He stretched out his finger and signed the contract. As soon as he moved his finger away, the roll of parchment paper became solid and fell slowly in front of him.
“That’s it?” Nemo looked at the roll of parchment with novelty.
“…Probably.” Oliver rolled up the parchment, not sounding too sure. “Let’s go and let Ann know.”
“You got it? How quick.” Ann leaned back in the corner and nodded at the parchment roll in Oliver’s hand. “What’s the task?”
“It was commissioned by a lady,” Nemo said. “She wants to meet Adrian Cross.”
“Looking for someone. Not bad… Wait who? Who does she want to meet with?”
“Adrian Cross.”
The two of them finally realized something was wrong. Nemo and Oliver glanced at each other deeply.
“Adrian Cross…”
“…Sooner or later, you two will be the death of me.” Ann’s hunting spear landed with a clang on the ground as she buried her face in her hands. “Fuck, we’re screwed.”
3 thoughts on “Stray Ch21
1. Hi! Thanks for the chapter!
It should be “lingua franca”, without the comma. It means “common language”.
Also, when you write “he couldn’t helped but…” it should actually be “couldn’t HELP but”. The “couldn’t” already indicates the past tense. No need for the verb to also be in past tense.
Past tense auxiliary verb + base form verb. Like, “did climb”, “could kill”, “wouldn’t linger”.
I’ve noticed you’ve a bit grammatically inconsistent, so I hope this helps!
This is an awesome novel, so thank you for picking it up!
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Firefox and Chrome might break a bunch of websites thanks to a Y2K-like issue
Here we go again.
chrome and mozilla firefox logo on purple background
Image: KnowTechie
It seems once again the lack of forethought when setting up computer programs is going to haunt us. When Google Chrome and Mozilla Firefox hit version 100, an issue could break multiple websites, including some big names.
The issue? The “User Agent” string that websites use to identify the web browser that their visitors are using isn’t coded to use triple-digit identifiers. Yes, really. One of the most commonly used parts of the modern web can’t handle the number 100.
After all of the fuss with the Y2K bug, where computers could misinterpret the date 1 January 2020 as 1 January 1900; another coding error is about to wreak havoc on the internet.
READ MORE: Websites share your data with advertisers 100s of times per day
The worst part? It’s not like this hasn’t happened before, with the exact same browser identifier causing issues.
Back in 2009, User Agents went from single-digit numbers to double-digit ones. That change to version 10 broke Opera and Firefox; because websites thought they were using the out-of-date version 1.0.
So it seems everything that’s old is new again. The same out-of-scope coding issue is rearing its ugly head in both Firefox and Chrome.
The good news is that it’s actively being worked on. Mozilla has been testing for the issue since last summer, and Webcompat has an ongoing list of websites that aren’t compatible.
website issues with updated browsers
A small number of the websites reported from Webcompat (Screenshot: GitHub)
The bad news? That list includes websites from big names like Yahoo!, Standard Chartered, and Bethesda.
The “fix” for the issue that both Firefox and Chrome are implementing is to basically trick websites. If a website breaks on version 100, Mozilla will lie to it and say you’re on version 99.
Chrome takes it one step further and plans to freeze the major version at 99, and report the actual version number in a part of the “User Agent” that doesn’t affect websites.
Expect Chrome version 100 to arrive on March 29 and Firefox version 100 on May 3. We’ll see then how well the mitigation efforts work.
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0.050976 | <urn:uuid:f632bccb-f44f-4311-a347-b3ad094a8c45> | en | 0.963897 | Job Displacement | La employment lawyer
When workers in California are laid off, certain laws protect their rights. These laws are designed to help workers find new jobs and ensure they are treated fairly by their employers. In this blog post, we’ll take a look at the top five job displacement laws and benefits in California.
What is Job Displacement?
It is called job displacement when a worker is forced out of their job because of technology or automation. It can happen when a machine takes over a worker’s job or when a change in the process makes the worker’s job obsolete. A worker can also lose their job if someone else is willing to do the same job for less money.
Job lay offs might be difficult, but it can also open up new chances. For instance, people who lose their jobs may be able to establish their enterprises or find new professions that are more suited to their skills.
If you are worried about losing your job, there are things you can do to stay ahead of the curve. Keeping up with new technologies and industry trends can help you spot potential threats to your job and take steps to avoid them.
The California Department of Labor and Industries keeps track of the number of people who lose their jobs in the state.
The most recent statistics on job loss in California show that 18,195 jobs were lost between December 2017 and December 2018. The manufacturing sector had 9,252 jobs, the construction sector had 4,640 jobs, and the information sector had 4,303 jobs.
What Is The WARN Act?
According to the Worker Adjustment and Retraining Notification Act, or WARN Act, firms are required to provide employees at least 60 days’ notice before closing a factory or laying off many workers. The WARN Act was made so that workers and their families would have time to deal with the possibility of losing their jobs, look for new jobs, and train for new careers.
WARN applies to companies with 100 or more workers but not those who have worked less than six months in the past year or are on strike.
Employers are required to give workers at least sixty days’ notice before closing a plant or letting many people go. One or more jobs are lost when a single place of employment, one or more facilities, or operating units within a single place of employment all close down permanently or temporarily.
The Top 5 Job Displacement Benefits
As technology develops, more employees are being automated or replaced by machines. This trend is expected to continue in the coming years, so workers will need to be increasingly adaptable to stay employed.
In California, there are several laws in place that protect workers from job displacement. These laws provide financial assistance and job training to workers who have been displaced by automation or other technological changes.
1. Job displacement benefits can help you transition to a new job.
2. You may be eligible for up to 52 weeks of benefits.
3. You can receive up to $450 per week in benefits.
4. You may be eligible for retraining benefits.
5. You can receive up to $10,000 in relocation benefits.
How Do These Job Displacement Benefits Protect Workers?
The United States Department of Labour’s Job Displacement Benefits program offers financial assistance and reemployment services to certain workers who have been laid off or discharged from their job due to no fault. The program aims to support employees when they transition to new jobs and give them the tools and resources they need to succeed.
Job displacement benefits can get used to cover the costs of education, training, and other reemployment services. The benefits can also get used to cover the cost of living expenses while the worker is looking for new employment.
The Job Displacement Benefits program is just one of many ways that the United States government helps workers who have lost their job due to no fault.
What If My Employer Does Not Follow These Laws?
The Job Displacement laws in California are designed to protect workers who have been displaced due to economic or other reasons. If your employer does not follow these laws, you may be entitled to certain benefits, including unemployment insurance and job training.
But it’s important to remember that not all employers have to follow the laws about Job Displacement. For example, these laws don’t apply to small businesses with less than 50 workers. Additionally, employers may temporarily exempt themselves from these laws if they show that complying would cause undue hardship.
Suppose you believe your company has not complied with the regulations regarding job displacement. In that case, you should get in touch with a seasoned employment attorney to examine the details of your case. You should speak with an expert employment attorney to discuss your case if you believe that your employer has not complied with the Job Displacement laws. Visit by Pacific Group Attorney or call us at (213) 486-3084 if you would like more information on the options and rights available to you.
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FILA 150 After the Scourge Class Guide
Selecting a Topic
For your paper, you'll want to have a subject in mind. Often, what you start with will be too broad or too narrow for a research paper. You will need to choose a unique aspect of a subject in which to specialize your research. To do this you may want to:
• Look at class notes: is there anything that has been discussed in class that has piqued your interest?
• Review your textbooks: what important points have been brought up in the text that you can expand on.
• Read some current events. Because of the coronavirus, pandemics are now very much in the news. As a result, you might very well find an article that is of particular interest to you, and you might like to expand your ideas.
Below are some additional resources to get you started.
Finding Example Topics
Sometimes it can help to see what other people have research. The following resources contain example topics. Even if you don't pick one of their topics, seeing what other people have done can help you brainstorm.
Just make sure that whatever topic you choose fits with the assignmnet. You can use the strategies mentioned above to make the topic your own.
Keyword Searching
Keywords are going the terms you will use to search for information. Just typing in your entire topic sentence is not an efficient way to search. Here are some tips for using keywords effectively.
If you are looking for editorials or opinions articles on a topic, include the format in your keywords
Keywords: global warming, editorial
Condense your topic down to the 3 or 4 essential terms.
Example Topic: "Nirvana, Pearl Jam, and other bands introduced Grunge music to popular audiences and changed rock music in the late 80s early 90s."
Keywords: Nirvana, Pearl Jam, Grunge, popular music
Consider synonyms or alternate words to describe your term
Example: "England used Privateers in the New World in order to harass Spain without committing official navy vessels."
Keywords: England, Great Britain, British, Privateers, Pirates, New World, Caribbean, Atlantic
Keep track of the terms and indicate which ones are most successful. This will help you when you go from searching one type of resource to another.
The Basics of Database Searching
In most databases you can narrow down your results by subject area, type of material, or date published. Date published is especially important in for current event topics, like the coronavirus.
In addition, most databases have some built in tools for more precise searching. Try some of these:
Boolean Searching (AND, OR, NOT):
Symbols like *, ?, or ! may be used at the end of words or in the middle of words so that you can search all their different variances at once.
For example, astro* can search for astronomy, astronomer, astronaut all at the same time. Also col!r might allow you to search for the term with its American (color) and British (colour) spelling.
Wildcards differ between the databases, but their "help" documentation will provide you a list and their meanings.
Phrase Searching:
Quotation marks will isolate a phrase. For example, "natural selection" results in resources that contain only that specific phrase. If you, instead, searched simply for natural selection, the results would be any resources that contain the word "natural," the word "selection," and the phrase natural selection. Using phrase searching ensures that you are searching for exactly what you need.
Subject or Thesaurus Terms:
Often databases utilize a standard list of terms to describe articles, so all the material on a specific topic has the same subject terms, and sits in the same box. For example a database may assign the subject term "Moving picture" to articles that use the terms "movies," "films," or "cinema" in their full text. Once you know what term they used, you can search by subject and bring up ALL of the information on a topic. It can help you save time so you aren't constantly searching for alternate terms or synonyms. Most databases give you the option to search or browse through their subject terms before you search.
Field Searching:
Databases organize information into fields like an Excel or Access datasheet. Searching for Poe in the author field will only bring up articles that he has wrote. Searching in the subject field brings up all the articles about him. Below is an example of some of the different fields you might see. | https://libguides.bridgewater.edu/FILA150Scourge | dclm-gs1-262145422 |
0.985487 | <urn:uuid:7bb4b91f-1cb9-4939-90fe-a1a0ba6fbe6c> | en | 0.933508 | Who heralded the modern age in India?
Who heralded the modern age of India?
When did the modern age begin in India?
Nikhil maurya
the modern age in India and Europe begin in 16th to 17th century. in Europe modern period began in late 15thbcentury in India early morgen period began in 16th century and late modern period began in 18th century.
Who started the modern era?
Several prominent figures, including Eleanor Roosevelt, Martin Luther King Jr., John Kennedy, and Richard Nixon, helped shape America’s modern era.
When did the modern period start?
What is modern time period?
IT IS INTERESTING: What instruments are used in Indian classical music?
Which country did the modern period begin in India?
The early modern period began in the 16th century, when the Mughal Empire conquered most of the Indian subcontinent, signalling the proto-industrialization, becoming the biggest global economy and manufacturing power, with a nominal GDP that valued a quarter of world GDP, superior than the combination of Europe’s GDP.
What is taken as the beginning of modern period of Indian history?
The period of Indian history from the establishment of Mughal Empire in 1526 to the ‘The Great Indian Revolt ‘of 1857 is considered by many historians as the ‘Early Modern History‘, since it began marking the end of ‘Classical Period‘ ruled by Maurya and Gupta Empires.
Which European powers came to India in modern age?
The European powers which came to India in modern age are DUTCH, BRITISH, DANISH and DE FRENCH.
What event started the modern era?
The Industrial revolution is what many consider to be what began the modern era of most European societies, but few people agree on an exact date when that revolution became manifest.
What is the modern era called?
The Modern Age, or modernity, is the postmedieval era, a wide span of time marked in part by technological innovations, urbanization, scientific discoveries, and globalization. The Modern Age is generally split into two parts: the early and the late modern periods.
My indian life | https://liet.org/for-travelers/who-heralded-the-modern-age-in-india.html | dclm-gs1-262155422 |
0.042681 | <urn:uuid:d143354c-56d1-47de-88dd-6576964f451e> | en | 0.976765 | Shared Reading as a Literacy Strategy Report (Assessment)
September 21, 2021 by Essay Writer
Reading strategies
Reading strategy involves determining mental actions that learners take when they are reading to assist them to build and maintain the meaning of what they would be reading. It is beyond glibness and word identification and relies strongly upon knowledge of a text. A shared reading approach would be used in teaching fluency. It involves learners reading together a text while they are guided by an instructor.
The instructors clearly form the skills of gifted readers, including reading with confidence and expression. In a comprehension, a concept sort strategy would be used. It is applied in a new topic, where the teacher provides learners with new words from material to be read, and they categorize them according to their meaning. In vocabulary development, the semantic quality study is the best. Grids are used to show how sets of words relate to one another. In phonological and phonemic awareness, the application of syllable games is the best. Students are taught how to write different types of syllables and what happens when they are joined in a word.
In writing the RAFT approach would be applied. This is a strategy that assists students to understand their position as writers, the addressees they will deal with, diverse styles for writing, and the subject they would be writing about. In summarization, the 5-3-1 approach would be vital. Students create their views and join other members of the group to form a single idea. 4 minutes’ comprehension would be used in content analysis, where students would read for 4 minutes as an instructor tell them to stop to test what they can remember. Exclusion brainstorming strategy is crucial in activating prior knowledge. It involves asking students questions before they are taught to initiate their reasoning.
Source that provide the most useful information about reading strategies
Most information about these strategies can be retrieved from http://www.readingrockets.org/strategies
Another source is http://www.readingrockets.org/article/strategies-promote-comprehension.
The information can also be found in a book, which was written by McNamara, D. S. in 2012, in his book, ‘Reading comprehension strategies: Theories, interventions, and technologies,’ which was published by Psychology Press in London, United Kingdom.
Shared reading strategy
A shared reading strategy is a vital approach in literacy strategy. This entails learners reading together under the guidance of an instructor. It can be employed at all times, i.e. before reading, during reading, and after reading. The approach can be used individually, in a small group, and by a whole class. This approach was investigated by Buehl, D. In 2013, in his book, ‘Classroom strategies for interactive learning,’ which was published by International Reading Assoc. in Newark, Delaware.
This method is critical in literacy. First, it helps learners with difficulties with the required support. Second, it builds sight word knowledge and improves fluency. Then, it makes students enjoy reading what they cannot read on their own. In addition, they develop confidence in speaking among students. Finally, it makes students feel that they have achieved by assisting fellow students.
How the strategy meets the Herrel and Jordan (2008) strategies and objectives
The shared reading approach congregates Herrel and Jordan’s strategies and objectives. First, it gives each student an opportunity to read a text, making him or her improve his or her understanding. Second, students interact by discussing the topic they could have been given. In addition, learners develop communication skills as they read together. Students’ anxiety is minimal when they become used to reading together. Finally, the approach encourages all learners to participate in comprehension, making them active all the time.
The literacy area and the appropriate use for the strategy
The shared reading strategy is important in the improvement of fluency. It is used to develop and improve fluency among learners. It is interactive and is usually employed for learners with difficulties in reading.
Suggested applications and examples
The shared reading strategy is recommended before, during, and after reading, where learners are experiencing difficulties in reading. For example, a teacher may choose one book and instruct students to concentrate on it for a week. After a week, the teacher may decide to examine learners to find out whether they have understood and improved their comprehension skills.
How to implement the strategy in the classroom
Fluent reading is key to the understanding of a text or a subject in a classroom. It means reading without any cognitive or mental effort. It is held that shared reading yields positive results in improving fluency. It would be critical for a teacher to understand the ability of his or her learners before choosing a teaching method he or she would apply. Otherwise, a strategy could be useless if learners are not investigated to discover their strong and weak areas. Significant considerations were put in place during the selection of the shared reading strategy.
The number of students who had problems in reading confidently was the first consideration. Students who were struggling to comprehend were more than the ones’ who could read effortlessly. The availability of reading materials was another key point that drove the choice. Materials to improve fluency were fewer, rendering shared reading the only option because students would share materials. Time available was another factor that motivated for the selection of this approach.
It was limited, and the number of learner with reading problem was high. Although time was limited, an instructor would allocate some time every fifth day for oral presentation. Therefore, it would be the best approach to be use because learners would help each other to understand, making it easier and saving time. Another key point that was considered was finding out whether students had problems with fluency or accent.
This would be important in understanding the exact problem and trying to solve it before the condition worsens. Moreover, class environment, i.e. space available in class was carefully assessed. This would dictate how many groups would be formed and the location of each group as they read. Finally, effects of poor reading were evaluated, and it was discovered that it had affected learners’ performance.
The strategy would be implemented in the classroom to improve fluency because it impacts greatly students’ performance outcomes. Learners would be given some work, which they would read in groups and then present in classroom every fifth day as individuals. Work would include poems, songs, and riddles, both traditional and modern. Texts would be chosen carefully, and the teacher would read to them loudly, and tell one of the students’ to stand and read to other students.
This would improve their confidence because all of them would be engaged during shared reading. It is critical to indicate that by encouraging learners to do a shared reading, all of them would be expected to present in the classroom after they do in groups. As a result, this would ensure that they are active in group work because they would be aware that they would redo the task individually. Each student would be expected to address others to improve their communication skills and fluency. Students would be expected to listen to poems from television and recite them loudly in the classroom.
Various materials would be used in the classroom using this strategy. Learners would be given handouts with guidelines on shared reading, textbooks with poems and songs, and journals that would be guiding students about shared reading and its importance. Audio-visual materials such as a CD with poems would be used in a classroom where students would be expected to listen to poems and recite them individually.
Read more | https://literatureessaysamples.com/shared-reading-as-a-literacy-strategy-report-assessment/ | dclm-gs1-262165422 |
0.031483 | <urn:uuid:d18a7dc1-4f12-48c0-bf8d-e9a7e49f8dff> | en | 0.960596 | Tips To Reduce The Stress Of The Moving House
Because it is a big change, it affects our lives on many levels. Even knowing that moving is best for you right now, hard-moving tasks can be very overwhelming. Still, there are some tips that can help you deal with stress along the way. By following them, you can make your movement easier and less stressful. If you’re moving because of some difficult changes in life, it might be a good idea to try to stay on your job.
It is important to have a clear idea of what you are packing and why. This makes unpacking much easier and gives you a sense of relief when you finally move to your new place. You want to start collecting boxes a few weeks before your move so you have enough to pack your heavy equipment movers in chicago belongings. Many retailers give you boxes and you can buy special boxes at the offices of the moving company. By staying organized, you can remember the essential things you need while moving. Order and tag each item for easier identification while packing and unpacking.
They know how stressful the whole process can be, so they seek help. Whether you get professional moving services, cleaning services or just a friend’s hand, the whole process will be much easier to handle. If you have a family, assign specific tasks to each family member.
As we can conclude, the most important thing to start in advance is to follow your plan and fulfill it. By adopting a positive attitude and following your relocation checklist, you will get the best possible experience. Once you hug him, it will be easy and exciting to experience a new environment and make friends in a new city.
With this in mind, you can certainly have an easy movement experience. While some people feel it is better to ignore their feelings during a move, talking about their feelings can ease some of their tension and refresh them in the coming days. If you have a confidant you can trust, it can be invaluable to cope with the stress of exercise. By moving you feel a lot of emotions, such as hope, fear, fear and disappointment.
Before going to your second or third face, measure some of your larger furniture, such as a sofa or sideboard, to make sure it fits what you think of. That way you can easily tell the removers where to place the sofa / sideboard on the day of the move, it certainly fits where you expect. However, if you want to save money, you may want to do all that work yourself. These are the pros and cons of using a moving company or hiring a truck to decide what’s best for you.
It is one of those situations that requires your maximum focus and a lot of planning. You have to be strong, think quickly and out of the box. When organized, tasks are performed more easily and quickly, lowering your stress levels. You should contact efficient long-range engines if you want to lower your stress levels. | https://lolcurrency.com/tips-to-reduce-the-stress-of-the-moving-house/ | dclm-gs1-262175422 |
0.021229 | <urn:uuid:3655ff7c-a545-4e66-b739-cbe8d9073f6e> | en | 0.804818 | Resolved: As of Finale v25.4.
Using the COMMAND+OPTION+SHIFT+[number row] shortcut in Simple Entry can cause Finale to crash.
One useful workaround is to actually change the keyboard shortcut set that you are using to the laptop keyboard shortcut set. If you are using an extended keyboard with a number pad, you don't have to change the shortcut set, you can use the number pad buttons (press 5 for quarter note, 4 for eighth note, etc.) to change note durations, rather than using the number row with modifier keys.
Changing Simple Entry's keyboard shortcut set
1. Open any document in Finale.
2. Select the Simple Entry tool.
3. Choose Simple > Simple Entry Options.
4. Click the Edit Keyboard Shortcuts button; the Edit Keyboard Shortcuts dialog box appears.
5. Choose the Laptop Shortcut Table option from the Select drop-down menu in the Keyboard Shortcut Set section.
6. Click OK; click OK again to return to your score.
Now you do not have to use the modifier keys to change note durations in Simple Entry, you can just use the number keys on the number row by themselves. What about adding intervals? The function keys (F1, F2, etc.) can do that now.
You can return to the Edit Keyboard Shortcut dialog box anytime to investigate the other shortcuts in the Laptop Shortcut Table, you can also find them listed here.
If the crashing persists, please feel free to contact Customer Success.
Contact Customer Success
| https://makemusic.zendesk.com/hc/en-us/articles/115005540208?page=1#comment_115001313327 | dclm-gs1-262205422 |
0.999767 | <urn:uuid:f5ea19f7-e3a2-489a-8dfe-6d60969bba47> | en | 0.859253 | Best Answer
pata nahe
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2012-08-22 12:20:57
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Q: Find the smallest number by which 9408 must be divided so that it become a perfect square?
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0.999907 | <urn:uuid:784cd057-4efb-429d-bebf-7abb68bffc34> | en | 0.861765 | Best Answer
There are 2.54 centimetres in one inch. Therefore, rounded to two decimal places, 38 centimetres is equal to 14.96 inches.
There are 12 inches in one foot. Therefore, 14.96 inches is equal to 14.96/12 = 1 remainder 2.96 or 1 foot 2.96 inches.
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Q: How many feet and inches are there in 38 centimeters?
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0.775259 | <urn:uuid:78bcc5e7-f69e-409d-aacb-3591f7bd942a> | en | 0.900446 | Best Answer
1 mile = 5280 feet
6 miles = 31680 feet
31680 ft
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Q: How many feet are in 6 miles?
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0.053645 | <urn:uuid:113a4a4e-7ae1-46ef-b20d-a524d3e00e05> | en | 0.835963 | Does X×S1≅Y×S1X\times S^1\cong Y\times S^1 imply that X×R≅Y×RX\times\mathbb R\cong Y\times\mathbb R?
This question came up in a recent video series of lectures by Mike Freedman available through Max Planck Institut’s website. He proves the “difficult” converse direction, that X×RY×R implies X×S1Y×S1 using a subtle “push-pull” argument, when X and Y are compact. He goes on to make the remark that the converse holds in the simply connected case by taking universal covers, but it is not obvious in general and there may even be a counterexample. So my question is whether anyone has any ideas about this question. Maybe someone can spot a counterexample in the non-simply connected case?
Edit: Here’s a link to the video series. If I recall correctly, the push-pull argument is in the first video.
No, it is not possible to conclude that X\times\mathbb{R}\cong Y\times\mathbb{R} from X\times S^1\cong Y\times S^1, even in the case where X and Y are compact differentiable manifolds. In fact, Charlap1 showed the following in 1965.
There exist compact manifolds X, Y of different homotopy types, but with X\times S^1 diffeomorphic to Y\times S^1.
As X\times\mathbb{R} has the same homotopy type as X for any topological space X, this implies that X\times\mathbb{R} and Y\times\mathbb{R} have different homotopy types, so they are certainly not homeomorphic.
See also Hilton, Mislin & Roitberg2 for examples of non-homotopy equivalent manifolds with diffeomorphic products with higher dimensional spheres.
I just found those references by a bit of searching around, so I am not familiar with all of the details. However, I will now construct an explicit example of compact manifolds with different fundamental groups (hence, different homotopy types), but with diffeomorphic products with the circle. I think this example works along similar lines to the examples which could be constructed with the results of Charlap. In my example, X and Y will be 10-dimensional manifolds with covering space S^9\times\mathbb{R}.
Since the products X\times S^1 and Y\times S^1 are to be diffeomorphic, they must have the same fundamental group. So, the first thing is to find two non-isomorphic groups G, H whose direct products with the infinite cyclic group Z (i.e., the integers under addition) are isomorphic. As it is always possible to cancel direct products with Z for abelian groups, it is necessary that G and H are non-abelian. Expressed in terms of generators and relations, one such example is,
G &= \langle x,y\mid yx = xy^2, y^{32}=y\rangle,\cr
H &= \langle x,y\mid yx = xy^4, y^{32}=y\rangle.
This is a very slightly simplified version of the example given in Hirshon3.
Note that each element of G (resp., H) can be uniquely expressed as x^ry^s with s taken modulo 31, and satisfy the multiplication rule (x^{r_1}y^{s_1})(x^{r_2}y^{s_2})=x^{r_1+r_2}y^{2^{r_2}s_1+s_2} (resp., x^{r_1+r_2}y^{4^{r_2}s_1+s_2}).
These groups are not isomorphic. Indeed, if \bar x, \bar y are elements generating G with \bar y of order 31, then we must have \bar y a power of y and \bar x=x^{\pm1}y^s, so that \bar x^{-1}\bar y\bar x = \bar y^2 or \bar y^{16}. In either case, this does not equal \bar y^4, so G\not\cong H.
On the other hand, the direct product G\times Z can be formed by adding an additional generator z to G which commutes with x and y and satisfies no further relations. Setting \bar x = x^2z and \bar z = x^5z^2, then \bar x, y, \bar z also generate G\times Z, \bar z commutes with \bar x and y, and \bar x,y satisfy the relation y\bar x=\bar xy^4. From this it can be seen that G\times Z\cong H\times Z.
I’ll now define the spaces X,Y. The simply connected manifold \hat X\equiv S^9\times\mathbb{R} can be realized as the submanifold of \mathbb{C}^5\times\mathbb{R} consisting of the points (z,s) with \lVert z\rVert = 1. Define the diffeomorphisms R,S on \hat X as
& R(z_0,z_1,z_2,z_3,z_4,s)=(\omega z_0,\omega^2z_1,\omega^4z_2,\omega^8z_3,\omega^{16}z_4,s),\cr
& S(z_0,z_1,z_2,z_3,z_4,s)=(z_4,z_0,z_1,z_2,z_3,s+1)
where \omega=e^{2\pi i/31}. These satisfy the relations RS=SR^2 and R^{32}=R, so the groups \Lambda_G\equiv\langle S,R\rangle and \Lambda_H\equiv\langle S^2,R\rangle are isomorphic to G and H respectively. Define X and Y to be the quotients \hat X/\Lambda_G and \hat X/\Lambda_H. These are compact manifolds with non-isomorphic fundamental groups \Lambda_G\cong G and \Lambda_H\cong H.
Finally, I’ll show that X\times S^1 and Y\times S^1 are diffeomorphic. Note that X\times S^1 is just the manifold X\times \mathbb{R} quotiented out by the translations (x,t)\mapsto(x,t+n) (n\in\mathbb{Z}). This can be written as a quotient \hat X\times\mathbb{R}/\Lambda^\prime, where \Lambda^\prime=\langle S\times I, R\times I, \hat I\times T\rangle. Here, \hat I, I are the identities on \hat X and \mathbb{R}, and T is the translation on \mathbb{R} given by t\mapsto t+1. However, writing \bar S=S^2\times T and \bar T=S^5\times T^2, then \bar S, R\times I,\bar T generate \Lambda^\prime and we have
U^{-1}\bar SU&=S^2\times I,\cr
U^{-1}(R\times I)U&=R\times I,\cr
U^{-1}\bar TU&=\hat I\times T,
where U is the diffeomorphism on S^9\times\mathbb{R}\times\mathbb{R} given by U(z,s,t)=(z,s+5t,s/2+2t).
So, with \cong denoting diffeomorphism,
X\times S^1 &\cong S^9\times\mathbb{R}\times\mathbb{R}/\langle S\times I,R\times I,\hat I\times T\rangle\cr
&\cong S^9\times\mathbb{R}\times\mathbb{R}/\langle S^2\times I,R\times I,\hat I\times T\rangle\cr
&\cong Y\times S^1.
Aside: As was noted in the question and shown in the linked lecture series, the implication X\times\mathbb{R}\cong Y\times\mathbb{R}\Rightarrow X\times S^1\cong Y\times S^1 holds for compact spaces X,Y. However, it does not hold if the spaces are not compact. Although there are rather involved counterexamples, such as X=\mathbb{R}^3 and Y being the Whitehead manifold, there are also much simpler counterexamples, and I’ll just mention one here that I thought of. Take X to be the sphere minus three points and Y to be a torus minus one point. Then, X is just the same as the open disc minus two points, so X\times S^1 embeds in \mathbb{R}^3. On the other hand, there exists an embedded closed surface and curve in Y\times S^1 with intersection number 1 (if it was embeddable in \mathbb{R}^3, the intersection number would have to be zero). So, X\times S^1\not\cong Y\times S^1. I’ll leave the construction of the closed surface and curve as an interesting exercise, and also the homeomorphism showing that X\times\mathbb{R}\cong Y\times\mathbb{R}.
1Compact Flat Riemannian Manifolds: I, Leonard S. Charlap, Annals of Mathematics
Second Series, Vol. 81, No. 1 (Jan., 1965), pp. 15-30. (link)
2Sphere Bundles Over Spheres and Non-Cancellation Phenomena, P. Hilton, G. Mislin & J. Roitberg. J. London Math. Soc. (1972) s2-6(1): 15-23 (link)
3On Cancellation in Groups, R. Hirshon, The American Mathematical Monthly. Vol. 76, No. 9 (Nov., 1969), pp. 1037-1039. (link) (Alt. freely available link from R. Hirshon’s home page)
Source : Link , Question Author : Cheerful Parsnip , Answer Author : Dario
Leave a Comment | https://mathzsolution.com/does-xxs1%E2%89%85yxs1xtimes-s1cong-ytimes-s1-imply-that-xxr%E2%89%85yxrxtimesmathbb-rcong-ytimesmathbb-r/ | dclm-gs1-262265422 |
0.053102 | <urn:uuid:affc3f89-6533-44ba-8f20-0d99f91cdfab> | en | 0.822522 | Simplify you life with fastlane
What is fastlane?
Fastlane is a free set of tools created by Felix Krause that automate building and releasing your iOS apps.
1. Automatically synchronize certificates accross your team: you’re starting a job in a new company and you need an Apple Certificate to compile the app on your phone, but first someone has to give you the p12 file to install it (if he’s not on holidays)… Forget about that, thanks to the match tool, all Certificates and Provisioning Profiles will be stored in a private Git repository, and if you don’t have the correct Certificate, it will generate it for you automatically.
2. Automatically choose which Provisioning Profile to use: depending on the type of app you want to compile (Development, Ad Hoc, In House or App Store), the match tool will automatically fetch the correct Provisioning Profile, or create or update it if needed. Dead simple! I’ve simply forgot what it’s like to deal with that manually.
3. Automatically run the tests, compile your app and send it to TestFlight: thanks to the scan, gym and pilot tools, fastlane will run the tests, compile your app and upload it to TestFlight or any other service provider supported (e.g. Crahlytics) with one single command line.
Apple has recently changed their servers to require TLS 1.2, which may not be available to your system installed Ruby (2.0.0). So before installing fastlane, start by installing OpenSSL and upgrading your Ruby version to 2.3.1 with Homebrew, which will allow communication with iTunes Connect and the Apple Developer Portal servers.
You can finally install fastlane:
• Create a fastlane folder,
• Create fastlane/Appfile, which stores your Apple ID and Bundle Identifier,
• Create fastlane/Fastfile, which stores your lanes.
The Appfile is used to define a Bundle Identifier. By default there is only one bundle identifer, but you can create one for each lane. You could also specify the app identifier directly in the Fastline file, but it’s more convenient to externalize it in the Appfile.
apple_id "<APPLE_ID>" # Your Apple email address
team_id "<TEAM_ID>" # Developer Portal Team ID
for_platform :ios do
for_lane :test do
app_identifier "com.nicolasbichon.exampleapp.test"
for_lane :beta do
app_identifier "com.nicolasbichon.exampleapp.beta"
for_lane :appstore do
app_identifier "com.nicolasbichon.exampleapp"
The Fastfile is the main file used by fastlane, this is where you will configure your lanes with actions.
default_platform :iosplatform :ios do
lane :test do
# Actions
lane :beta do
# Actions
lane :appstore do
# Actions
A lane is a collection of actions. In the example above we have 3 lanes:
• test: run all the tests,
• beta: compile an app and send it to TestFlight,
• appstore: submit an app to the App Store.
Fastlane provides a lot of actions, you can see the full list here, or by taping the following command-line:
Setting up a lane
Most of the time, I use fastlane to send a beta build to TestFlight, here is how I configure my lane:
lane :beta do
# Update Cocoapods
# Stop if not on 'develop' branch
ensure_git_branch(branch: "develop")
# Fetch Provisioning Profile
git_url: "",
type: "appstore"
# Run tests on latest iOS version
scan(scheme: "ExampleApp", clean: true)
# Increment build number
build_number: latest_testflight_build_number + 1
# Compile IPA
gym(scheme: "ExampleApp", configuration: "Beta", clean: true)
# Send IPA to TestFlight
pilot(skip_waiting_for_build_processing: true)
# Deletes files created during the process (e.g. IPA file)
Match allow you to easily sync your certificates and profiles across your team using Git. The first time you’ll use it, you will be asked for:
• your private Git repository where the Certificates and Provisioning Profiles will be stored,
• the passphrase used to encrypt/decrypt all files on the Git repository.
Scan makes it easy to run tests of your iOS and Mac app on a simulator or connected device.
Gym allows you to build your app.
Pilot makes it easier to manage your app on Apple’s TestFlight, by uploading builds.
Configure Xcode to use fastlane
Since Xcode 8, Apple can automatically manage code signings, I do not use that feature since the match action does it for us, and even stores them in a private repository.
• Disable the “Automatically manage signing” option,
• Manually assign the correct Provisioning Profile for each configuration.
Configure fastlane on a new computer
This is where fastlane brings some magic, to configure fastlane on a new computer, you just have to run one lane:
I’ve been using fastlane for a few months now, and I couldn’t go back. Even with the new improvements made by Apple, it’s still far from what you can achieve with fastlane.
Freelance iOS Developer. Overly passionate about design for a developer. I like to build nice products.
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Nicolas Bichon
Nicolas Bichon
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Taxes in Retirement Thumbnail
Taxes in Retirement
Financial Planning Insights Behavioral Finance Lifestyle Retirement Planning Tax Planning
Taxes will still be involved in your financial responsibilities when you retire. The money generated from your retirement account is income and will be taxed as such just like it was before.
The difference is that now your employer is not withholding taxes from your paycheck. Below are 4 common retirement income sources and how they are taxed, which is designed to help you estimate your tax bill in retirement.
1. Social Security Income
If you solely rely on Social Security benefits for your retirement income, you will likely pay 0% in taxes. But that is often not the case for many retirees. Those who have additional sources of income such as pension payouts or annuities can see up to 85% of their Social Security benefit taxed as income.
2. Traditional IRA and Workplace Retirement Plans
Most withdrawals from retirement accounts are taxed as income in retirement. If the contributions were not taxed as income, the withdrawals will be.
It is important to understand that your distributions will be taxed, especially when considering required minimum distributions or RMDs. Once you reach age 72 you will need to start taking these RMDs from your account or face a ruthless 50% tax penalty in addition to taxes on the money.
3. Pension Payout
Most pension plans are funded with pretax dollars; therefore, most are subject to income tax in retirement. This structure is like both the traditional IRA and workplace retirement accounts: if it goes in pre-taxed, it comes out taxed. Since you will likely owe income taxes on the entire balance of your pension plan, you can ask that income tax be withheld from your monthly check.
As you can see, most of the accounts you contributed to in your working life are subject to taxes when you retire. There is one account, though, that isn't.
That leads us to…
4. Roth IRA
The contributions to this account were made with after-tax dollars, therefore the distributions are often tax-free as long as the distribution rules and guidelines are followed.
Understanding your tax bill in retirement will help you plan the way you want to schedule payments, take RMDs, and supplement your retirement income. Remember, most of your taxes will be dependent on your level of income, tax deductions, and your tax bracket.
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This very well researched report linked to below, by the Arab Reform Initiative, provides quite a thorough study on the explicitly secular part of the Syrian resistance. This itself belies claims that “there are no secular armed rebels groups” in Syria, that all are explicitly “Islamist” etc, a claim made by the New York Times some months ago in order to justify US imperialist policy of refusing to send even a few light arms to the rebels (indeed, of actively blocking their receipt of portable anti-aircraft guns). This clearly false assertion was repeated by a great many leftists, as usual not noticing that they were saying the same thing as those they thought they were criticising.
This also chimes in well with a recent report from Jane’s defense consultants which gave a break-down of the armed opposition, claiming some 30% were explicitly “secular” and/or “nationalist” (ie, generally called Free Syrian Army – FSA, and officially under the Supreme Military Council – SMC), and another 30% were “moderates belonging to groups that have an Islamic character”, ie the FSA-aligned soft Islamists grouped together as the Syrian Islamic Liberation Front (SILF). As opposed to another 30,000 in the hard-line Salafist, but Syrian nationalist, Syrian Islamic Front (SIF) and 10% in the two Al-Qaida groups who have a global agenda.
I write about this article and the meaning of this break-down at https://mkaradjis.wordpress.com/2013/09/24/report-on-relative-strength-of-armed-rebels-in-syria/
This report also notes that the moderate Islamist forces aligned with the FSA (ie, broadly meaning the SILF) could have been included in the report into “democratic” resistance groups, and warns not to confuse them with hard-line jihadists:
“It would have been justified to include other groups described as moderate or mainstream Islamists, who should be clearly distinguished from the extremist and Jihadi groups. They reflect the moderate Islam, which Syrians like to call social Islam traditionally prevalent among the Sunni community in Syria and therefore are part of the social fabric of the country. Some are known to be close to the Syrian Muslim Brotherhood. The political leadership of the Muslim Brotherhood is committed to a democratic and pluralistic agenda for post-Assad Syria. This is clearly stated in the political platform of the Muslim Brotherhood published in 2004 and re-confirmed in a document published in 2012. Several conservative religious leaders have also indicated their commitment to a political system that protects the rights of all minorities. Syrians from all communities and ideological backgrounds do not question the right of these figures to be part of the political transition and to play a role in the future political system.”
It is important to understand this, so as not to crudely divide everyone in the Syrian resistance into “secular” folk that us western leftists like, and everyone else that is in some form an “Islamist”. That is liberal imperialist thinking. We need to get away from those kinds of obsessions. Especially given the nature of the revolution as arising from the marginalised rural peasantry hit by Assad’s neoliberal reforms and the masses of urban poor, often first generation from the countryside, sectors more likely to be religious to some degree than the Syrian bourgeoisie and upper middle classes, the base of the “secular” bourgeois Baath regime.
The report clearly distinguishes the mainstream FSA-aligned “Islamist” groups from the hard-line jihadists, including Al Qaida:
“Extremist Jihadi groups pose a problem of a different kind. Most Syrians see them as alien to the social and political fabric of the country. They run wild and shut down civilian life, calling for establishing an Islamic theocracy more often than they mention the fall of Assad.”
Indeed, the soft-Islamist groups – notably Al-Farouq, Liwa al-Tawheed, Liwa al-Islam and Ahfad al Rasul – have been alongside the FSA in clashes with Al Qaida all over Syria in recent months (as has been widely reported).
However, the purpose of this report is explicitly to describe in detail the explicitly secular resistance, to counter the lazy description of the whole resistance as “Islamist”. This is thus a very valuable contribution for this reason.
Clip from report:
Recent developments, have encouraged a change of attitude among liberals and among non-politicized armed groups which are generally averse to the Islamists’ political agenda. In liberated areas such as al-Raqqa, al-Tabqa, Douma, the countryside of Aleppo and Idlib province, there has been a steadily growing trend over the last year of increasing resentment among those who want a liberal democratic Syria. In the name of protecting a sacred unity in face of the regime, liberal democratic armed groups have remained discreet about their resentment and largely powerless lacking the basic means to challenge the radical groups. Many of their leaders believed that the showdown with the extremists was inevitable but considered that the time had not come for opening this second front. They thought that this could only benefit Assad and that it should be postponed until after the fall of the regime. Instead, they sought dialogue and sought a modus vivendi with Islamist groups.
The change of attitude has been induced by several factors. First, the extremists of Jabhat al-Nosra and the Islamic State of Iraq and Sham (both offshoots of al-Qaeda) began to impose strict rules and provocative measures which alienated large segments of the Syrian population thus showing what many saw as their “true (ugly) face”. Second, the earlier successes of the Jihadis have not been consolidated and have failed to tip the balance in favor of the anti-Assad resistance. Third, the opposition, both political and military, has come to believe that the motto of unity has become counterproductive, that it has been used by the Islamist forces and their patrons as a cover to dominate the political opposition and the resistance, and that it has frightened a large portion of the hesitant Syrians sitting on the fence, thus damaging the image of the revolution altogether. Lastly, the debates in the United States Congress, the British Parliament and the European Union on the dangers related to the delivery of sophisticated weapons to the opposition for fear that the arms might end in the hands of extremists has undoubtedly emboldened some groups to come out and state clearly where they want to belong. But their message is invariably the same: if the means are made available, we will be in a position to reverse the trend on the ground.
Liberated areas offer stark examples of the unwillingness of resistance groups and of the civilian population to provide cover for the abuses of the extremists. Section IV below provides examples from the field of the clashes that are multiplying between mainstream resistance groups and radical Jihadis. These cannot be equated with infighting within an already fractious armed opposition. Rather, they are attempts to rid the resistance of alien elements who worked their way into Syria and stand as an obstacle to unifying the ranks of the FSA. These efforts contribute to the goal of re-syrianizing the movement. FSA leaders (and hopefully their foreign patrons) now understand the damage caused by the willingness of some FSA units to work with Jabhat al-Nosra and realize that this cooperation made the West reluctant to provide military aid and gave Mr. Assad an opportunity to depict the entire opposition as driven by foreign-backed extremists…..
……… The consensus among groups had so far been to protect the unity of arms, and numerous examples exist of tensions resolved through peaceful means. However, the level of resentment against Jihadi groups by the civilian population and part of the FSA has grown to the point where it became clear to many that radical Jihadis had become a serious threat to the revolution. The Sacred Union that had prevented infighting within the armed opposition is not upheld at any price anymore. It should not be seen as further division within the uprising but rather as an attempt at re-gaining control of the resistance and its original objectives. Yet it does imply a painful recognition that the conflict has become a triangular struggle involving the regime, radical Jihadis and the democratic opposition…..
As Chomsky explains:
On August 13, CIA Deputy Director Michael Morell said that the potential overthrow of Bashar Assad’s regime in Syria is the largest threat to United States national security and may help al-Qaeda acquire chemical weapons (https://www.wsj.com/articles/cia-sees-syria-as-top-threat-1375837710). According to Morell, the Syrian government’s weapons “are going to be up for grabs and up for sale” if Assad is ousted. Unless the US has a plan of attack ready for that moment, munitions and warheads currently controlled by Assad could end up in the hands of just about anyone.
And in the meantime, since I began writing this, the whole stupid story has been exposed as a fraud (see among others this apology to its readers even from the red-brown, conspiracist antiwar.com http://antiwar.com/blog/2013/09/20/retraction-and-apology-to-our-readers-for-mint-press-article-on-syria-gas-attack/, and further this interesting stuff: http://www.al-bab.com/blog/2013/september/yahya-ababneh-exposed.htm#sthash.nFcwkPNT.dpbs).
Israel’s overall stance was explained by Yuval Steinitz, Israeli Minister of Intelligence and Strategic Affairs, who stressed the “only scenario” for Israeli military action in Syria would be to “prevent the delivering of arms, chemical weapons and other kinds of weapons into the hands of terrorists” (http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-505263_162-57582025/syrian-rebels-to-get-1st-direct-u.s-support-as-$8m-in-medical-supplies-rations-set-for-delivery/). As Netanyahu explained, he considered the Syrian rebel groups among “the worst Islamist radicals in the world (http://www.timesofisrael.com/israel-wary-quiet-on-syrian-front-may-soon-end).
Syrian government)” (http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/05/04/us-syria-crisis-chemical-israel-idUSBRE94309720130504).
At least, they were firmly under Syrian regime control at the time. But as every US and Israeli leader and strategist explains, like Morrell, if Assad falls, then there is danger. And it is possible that Israel’s relatively hawkish-sounding view during the latest crisis, compared to the previous two years, may also be due to concerns that it may not necessarily have been the regime itself that decided on the chemical attack, but perhaps a rogue military faction within the regime, indicating the possible loosening of the regime’s control (see http://solidarity-us.org/current/node/4000#comment-3578 for this suggestion), though this is only speculation.
“I don’t think the Syrians made a choice. It happened in the wake of the Assad regime’s repressive response. Syrians could either have surrendered or taken up arms. To blame them is akin to saying that the Vietnamese made a mistake responding by force when their US-backed government started committing massacres. Sure, the Vietnamese made a choice to arm themselves, but the alternative was accept still more massacres. It’s not a serious critique” (http://lb.boell.org/web/113-1317.html).
Palace coup?
As al-Monitor reports (http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2013/09/syria-general-defects-russian-solution-plan.html?utm_source=&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=8), speculation abounds about the escape, or trip abroad, of high-ranking Syrian Alawite officer, Gen. Ali
On Habib himself, the Monitor reports:
In many respects, the perfect candidate.
Report on relative strength of armed rebels in Syria
Report on relative strength of armed rebels in Syria
September 24, 2013 (partially updated January 25, 2014)
The September 15 Telegraph had an article summarising a very interesting report from IHS-Janes on the relative strengths of different parts of the Syrian armed opposition (http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/10311007/Syria-nearly-half-rebel-fighters-are-jihadists-or-hardline-Islamists-says-IHS-Janes-report.html). As a report from the defense consultancy IHS Jane’s, it is probably reasonably accurate, but as expected, the Telegraph translation of it was less so.
Of course, the purpose for the Telegraph was to show how terrible the Syrian opposition is, because so many of them are dreaded “Islamists” of some stripe or another. As the article says, this report allegedly confirms what US and other western leaders have been saying about Syria forever, ie, that they hate the Syrian opposition, because so many of them are people the US doesn’t like, and this is the reason used forever for never sending them a single rifle.
The amusing thing, of course, is that much of the left used the report in the exact same way, to show how bad the opposition is, as there are so many “Islamists.” Amusingly, however, the left will claim that this is a different view to that of western leaders who agree with them.
Many will even more amusingly claim the Telegraph is finally admitting “the truth” that only the Islamophobic “left” knew along, perhaps that imperialists are finally seeing the light, and will mumble liberal stuff about “blowback” etc.
But let’s look at the Jane’s report at face value. Basically it says that the most hardened, outright counterrevolutionary section of the armed revolt – the Al-Qaida linked groups – account for about 10,000 troops, or 10% of the armed opposition. Then there are some 15,000-20,000 other “hard-line” Salafist groups (the Telegraph erroneously put the figure at 30,000), another 30,000-39,000 “moderates belonging to groups that have an Islamic character”, leaving therefore some 30,000-35,000 in outright democratic-secular formations, if the total figure for armed resistance fighters is correct at around 100,000.
The Telegraph puts its own special spin on the final figure, claiming it means “only a small minority of the rebels are linked to secular or purely nationalist groups”, a “stark assessment.”
So, 30-35,000 secular rebels, out of 100,000 are “only a small minority,” not a rather large one? And when we add a similar number of “moderates belonging to groups with an Islamic character”, meaning two thirds to three quarters of the armed rebels are not “hard-line” Islamists, this is “stark”, is it?
Perhaps from the point of view of imperialism, for whom all of those vaguely Islamist moderates would still be considered enemies of imperialist interests (would even “moderate Islamists” be as dedicated to protecting the Israeli annexation of the Golan as Assad has been? Would they likely make war on the Palestinians as often as Assad did?); but also, since for the US “moderate” doesn’t just mean secular, but rather pro-imperialist, the fact of 30% secular fighters also gives no clue one way or another whether they are prepared to serve imperialist interests. Why would any of these secular rebels, steeped in Syrian and Arab nationalist traditions, and heroically fighting for freedom, feel any more likely than the Islamists to betray the Palestinians or the Golan? As chairman of the US Joint Chiefs of Staff, General Martin Dempsey, stated on August 19, no-one in Syria represents US interests.
While some on the left may unrealistically believe that anything less than a vast majority of secular fighters means a hopeless situation, nevertheless the finding that over 30 percent of rebels are secular and at least two thirds are not “hard-line” Salafist/jihadist, is a vast improvement on the stark New York Times article from April, that the Islamophobic left quoted so widely back then, that laughably claimed “nowhere in rebel-controlled Syria is there a secular fighting force to speak of” (http://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/28/world/middleeast/islamist-rebels-gains-in-syria-create-dilemma-for-us.html?pagewanted=all&_r=2&)ps).
And of course, it also depends on what is meant by the 30,000 “hard-line” Islamist rebels who share much of the ideology of Al Qaida without its global aims. While these leaderships are indeed hard-line, the evidence of many fighters slipping between groups, because some have better arms supplies (first the jihadists, due to the open Iraqi border with Al Qaida in Iraq, and oil deals with Assad, have the best arms and supplies, next other Islamists have more supplies from the Gulf than the secular rebels have), but with no real commitment to their ideology, is quite abundant. Indeed, this is also true in reverse, in a sense, of the Islamist groups in the category of “moderates belonging to groups with an Islamic character” – while this well defines the memberships and overall goals of the fighters, some of the leaderships may at times appear as “hard-line” as the groups classed that way. Below I will explain my understanding of the difference.
Indeed, we need to better understand what it means in many cases to be an “Islamist” in Syria and not judge everything by how often a fighter yells “Allah Akbar” (like how an angry western radical might yell “Jesus Christ!”). A great many “Islamists” on the ground are not necessarily “Islamists” in a political sense at all, but they adopt some of the religious phraseology of their culture in their struggle. In particular, given the fundamental class divide that characterises the Syrian revolution, the base of the revolution is the peasantry, devastated by Assad Junior’s neoliberal reforms, and the urban poor, first generation from the countryside with extensive links to country cousins; and in “secular” bourgeois nationalist Syria, like “secular” Egypt”, “secular’ Turkey, “secular” Iran in 1979, “secular” Palestine – the “secularism” only ever went as far as the bourgeois limitations of the process could take it, and remains a largely middle and upper class phenomenon. Thus it is not surprising that peasants and urban poor, when they began organising political and then military formations, often adopted religious names, to the vast horror of all kinds of crusading “left” exponents of “secular” chauvinism in the distant West.
Summary of strength of the armed components of the struggle
Below is my summary of what I understand about the relative sizes of these various parts of the secular and Islamist resistance groups, based on the Janes report but also on a variety of other sources (these were the existing formations before the formation of the Islamic Front in November 2003 out of some of these groups – while this does change some things, basically much of the outline still applies, with the new Front essentially a combination of major components of the SILF and the SIF fronts discussed here. See brief updates through this section and at the end):
1. The more or less secular armed struggle, that is the militias throughout Syria generally known as the Free Syrian Army (FSA), and which are theoretically loyal to the Supreme Military Command (SMC), the main exile-based military leadership body, based in Turkey and Jordan, and led by former Baathist officers who defected. Overwhelmingly, the FSA on the ground is simply the armed local people, and the soldiers who defected and refused to fire on the crowds. It is secular in as much as its goals are entirely secular and democratic, but naturally in composition it will reflect the norm of Syrian society, thus including everyone from atheists to the highly religious. Its loyalty to the SMC however is only nominal; in reality, the SMC has very little or no control over their operations. Estimates of its strength vary; IHS Janes study gives it over 30 percent of the armed opposition (or about 31,000 fighters, see good summary at http://www.businessinsider.com.au/graphic-the-most-accurate-breakdown-of-the-syrian-rebels-2013-9, and Charles Litser’s summary at http://mideast.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2013/09/09/syrias_insurgency_beyond_good_guys_and_bad_guys#.Ui6lwS-cszh.twitter); another study by Ken Sofer and Juliana Shafroth of the Center for American Progress claimed 50,000 fighters, out of a total figure of 120-130,000 fighters (http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/security/report/2013/05/14/63221/the-structure-and-organization-of-the-syrian-opposition); Aron Lund quoted SMC chief, General Salim Idriss, claiming to command 80,000 troops, but this included 35-40,000 in the SILF (see next section), meaning about 40-45,000 for the FSA out of some 120,000 armed fighters (http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/freedom-fighters-cannibals-the-truth-about-syrias-rebels-8662618.html). Based on the numbers for explicitly secular fighters provided by a rather through report by the Arab Reform Initiative (http://www.arab-reform.net/sites/default/files/Protecting%20the%20Syrian%20Resistance.pdf), a rough calculation of some 35,000 or more can be made, but this study unaccountably omitted the largest known secular fighting force in the FSA, the Syrian Martyrs Brigade, which is generally thought to have some 7-12,000 troops in Idlib (http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/10/01/rebels_with_a_cause_but_not_much_consensus?page=full&wp_login_redirect=0), meaning a possible 45,000 FSA fighters if they are included.
However, as Nader Atassi explains, it is very difficult to definitely establish numbers of the real FSA on the ground: “Many Syrian villages and towns have civil defense militias, composed of locals from the neighbourhood, to fend off Assad forces, yet we don’t hear about them, because they are not trans-regional, we hear about Ahrar al-Sham, Jaysh al-Islam, the Islamic State of Iraq and al-Sham, because they have the resources to be trans-regional, to travel around from place to place, whereas one militia, composed of 20 people from your neighbourhood, defending it, are never heard of” (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jxCICHpiL7A2). Therefore, even these numbers showing the secular FSA to be a significant minority may be understated.
(Shortly after the November 2013 formation of the Islamic Front (see below), the Syrian Revolutionaries Front was formed by some largely secular FSA militias in the northwest of the country (http://carnegie-mec.org/syriaincrisis/?fa=53910), including the Syrian Martyrs Brigade and sections of the formerly SILF-aligned Farouk Brigades, while 106 civil and armed secular opposition groups formed the Union of Free Syrians around the same time, http://notgeorgesabra.wordpress.com/2013/11/25/for-a-civil-secular-state-100-groups-unite-in-the-union-of-free-syrians/. These are just two of the criss-crossing formations formed n the ground by secular FSA groups, mostly based in the north and west; meanwhile, in the south, from Deraa up to the Damascus suburbs, secular FSA forces generally dominate the struggle and Islamism is a minority current).
2. The Syrian Islamic Liberation Front (SILF), a large group of powerful militias which, in religious terms, stand between the secular FSA and the radical Salafists. While the Muslim Brotherhood is not much on the ground (as opposed to its role in the exile leadership), nevertheless these groups (the largest being the Farouk Brigade in Homs, Liwa al-Tawhid in Aleppo, Liwa al-Islam in Damascus, and Suqor al-Sham in Idlib) fill that kind of space, ie, they believe, like the Brotherhood (or the AKP), that they can slowly bring about more religious laws, a more “Islamist” regime, via bourgeois democracy or at least via persuasion and discussion, not by force. Their minimal program promises to protect minorities. The SILF lashed out at Al-Nusra when it declared its links to Al-Qaida, declaring “The relentless pursuit of power should not be one of our goals … We don’t need imported charters or a new understanding of the nation’s religion” (http://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/13/world/middleeast/syrian-rebels-break-with-radical-group.html?_r=0). While vaguely grouped together as the SILF, they are also officially loyal to the SMC, and have representatives within it; indeed, these groups have often been lead players in FSA clashes with Al Qaida.
According to the Jane’s report, the SILF has some 39,000 fighters (though Charles Lister, from Jane’s is not sure whether one of the groups, Suquor al-Sham and its 8-9000 fighters, might be too hard-line for inclusion here, despite its formal adherence to SILF; and the leader of another group, Liwa al-Islam, Zahran Alloush, recently launched a blistering anti-Shia and anti-Alawi speech which was uncharacteristic of the group’s declarations in general, and certainly at odds with their actions). Most other reports tend to roughly agree on this size for the SILF, and the breakdown is usually given as around 14,000 (previously up to 20,000) for the Farouk Brigades, anywhere from 3500 to 10,000 for Liwa al-Tawhid, 8-9,000 for Suquor al-Sham and an unknown number of thousands for Liwa al-Islam). Both Saudi Arabia and Qatar (via its Muslim Brotherhood allies) are thought to have armed some of these groups (indeed, the paper-thin “Islamisation” of the initially secular-FSA Farouk Brigades is generally thought to have been a question of funding, Liwa al-Tawhid has apparently had some Qatari or MB funding, Liwa al-Islam has apparent Saudi connections), but there is no evidence of any specific external loyalty of these fiercely independent groups and even these funding claims are vague.
While the rhetoric of some leaders (eg Alloush) may at times compare to that of more “hard-line” groups such as the SIF below, two things stand out about these groups: first, none have been involved in any known or documented attacks on minorities (indeed, Liwa al-Tawhid explicitly protects Christians in Aleppo http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2013/Sep-21/232025-christian-hostel-in-aleppo-has-own-view-of-jihadist-rebels.ashx#axzz2gfb4z1J2), or on secular FSA forces, with whom they cooperate closely; and secondly, unlike both the SIF groups (eg Ahrar al-Sham) and the Al-Qaida connected groups, which are dedicated jihadist cadre groups with chapters spread across the country, all these major SILF groups are clearly attached to one region, demonstrating that their “Islamism” has a rather “organic” connection to the socially-conservative sectors of the rebellion (especially peasants) in their regions, and as such are more likely to be distorted vehicles of the masses democratic aspirations compared to the dedicated cadre groups.
2A. Ahfad al Rasul is an independent nation-wide front that is also loyal to the SMC and is ideologically very close to the SILF and the “soft-Islamist” viewpoint, and has also been an important player in clashes with Al-Qaida. It has allegedly been funded by both Qatar and Saudi Arabia, but does not show any obvious signs of specific loyalty to outside forces, and has a strong reputation as a genuine anti-regime fighting group, and has been a special target of the jihadist groups, especially ISIS. It is estimated to have 10-15,000 members.
2B. Commission of the Revolution’s Shields (CSR), is the semi-official militia wing of the Muslim Brotherhood, allegedly consisting of some 43 fighting units, but with altogether at most a few thousand fighters, with a very moderate Islamist program, loyal to the SMC and fighting alongside the FSA. Overwhelmingly, however, the Brotherhood is an exile-based political organisation, powerful in the Syrian National Congress wing of the Syrian Coalition, and its fighting strength on the ground is much smaller (http://carnegieendowment.org/2013/05/07/struggling-to-adapt-muslim-brotherhood-in-new-syria/g2qm#).
These three formations – the SILF, Ahfad al-Rasul and the CSR – may be considered Jane’s “moderates belonging to groups that have an Islamic character,” or are probably best referred to as mainstream Islamists.
2B. The Authenticity and Development Front (Jabhat Alassalah Wa Attanmyyah) is a smallish front (though claiming some 30 battalions or brigades, with no clear information on what this means in terms of size). It is a front of “non-political Salafists”, meaning they advocate a hard “Islamist” policy in the social field but have no claims to clerical rule in politics. This seems to fit well with the Saudi view, which maintains puitanical religious repression at home with the understanding from the Wahabbi order that the church is kept out of political rule, and thus is highly suspicious of revolutionary Islamist movements. Not surprisingly, the literature has it as a bonafide Saudi front. It seems to be a coalition the Saudis have consciously packed together, from split-offs from various SILF or SIF groups, defector officers, “quietist” Salafis and pro-Saudi tribal chiefs (http://mideast.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2013/08/09/external_support_and_the_syrian_insurgency). Its small size is perhaps indicative of the difficulties Saudi Arabia faces in balancing these two aspects. It is politically loyal to the SMC, which is official Saudi policy.
Thus, the combined number of fighters in one way or another connected to the SMC, and covering secular and mainstream Islamist fighters, is according to differing estimates anywhere between 62,000-100,000, ie, anywhere from 60-80 percent of the armed opposition, depending again on the estimated total size of armed opposition.
3. The Syrian Islamic Front (SIF), a coalition of hard-line Salafists, or “national-jihadists,” completely dominated by the nation-wide cadre-based militia Ahrar al-Sham, who are fighting for an Islamic state, but unlike al-Qaida, their goals are entirely Syrian. They are completely outside the SMC, but tactically collaborate on the ground with FSA and SILF in operations against the regime, while also cooperating with Al-Nusra at this operational level. They actively denounce Al-Nusra’s ties to Al Qaida and global jihad, and even more ISIS’s role as an Iraqi-based front. While Salafists, they see the fight with the regime as paramount, and for the most part seem little implicated in any ‘theocratic’ repression in liberated zones; their “national” character, in a sense, tames their theocratic impulse in as much as it conflicts with Syrian society, and unlike Al-Qaida, they claim to only want to impose their reactionary vision after Assad is defeated, rather than now during the struggle. There have, however, been some unfortunate cases of such cooperation with al-Nusra or ISIS, most notoriously in Ahrar al-Sham’s mid-2013 collaboration with ISIS repression in Raqqa (where ISIS bombed Afhfad al-Rasoul and other FSA groups out of the city), which later backfired against it when ISIS began to viciously attack them more recently; and Ahrar al-Sham even took part in the ISIS and al-Nusra attack on Alawites in Latakia in August, though it denies any role in killing civilians (indeed, the HRC report into the events suggested the overwhelming majority of the gratuitous killing was carried out by ISIS and its small Chechen-led satellite militia, even al-Nusra coming off relatively lightly).
Jane’s report estimates the SIF has 15-20,000 fighters, while the other reports noted above give their strength as anywhere between 13,000 and 25,000 (the initial report on Jane’s report by the Telegraph claimed this tendency had some 30-35,000 fighters; it seems the Telegraph either made up the figure out of thin air, or added together the maximum alleged figures for the SIF with those of the two Al-Qaida groups). While some reports have claimed past Saudi support to Ahrar al-Sham (perhaps an attempt to find a “national” Salafist group as a wedge between the soft-line, Qatari backed Brotherhood on one side and the global-jihadist groups on the other), if true such a policy seems to have been dropped long ago, given Ahrar’s close coordination on the ground with Jabhat a-Nusra and its well-known support from certain anti-monarchial Kuwaiti clerics (http://mideast.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2013/08/09/external_support_and_the_syrian_insurgency).
Update: The formation of the Islamic Front in November 2013 by seven Islamist militias (http://eaworldview.com/2013/11/syria-analysis-significant-insurgent-formation-islamic-front/) cannot be fully discussed here; see later blog articles. However, it is worth noting that the IF essentially joined together the three largest sections of the SILF (except the Farouk Brigades) with Ahrar al-Sham from the SIF, thereby dissolving these two former alliances into one. Some aspects of this suggest a radicalisation of the SILF groups while other aspects suggest a moderation of Ahrar al-Sham.
4. The two Al-Qaida linked groups, Jabhat al-Nusra and the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS), that is, the “Salafist/jihadis” who have a global agenda. Most foreign jihadis join these groups. Like the SIF, they are nation-wide cadre-based jihadists. They likewise aim for a theocracy, but are more hard-line in practice than the SIF, and in particular are explicitly sectarian, promising oppression to Alawites and Shiites (though Christians and Jews are allegedly to be respected, as long as they don’t expect to take part in Sunni Islamic state power). However, there is an important difference in practice; al-Nusra is largely Syrian, despite its global agenda, while ISIS is heavily Iraqi and foreign – while al-Nusra had plenty of Iraqi members and foreign recruits, nearly all went with ISIS when they split in April 2013. Al-Nusra has been overshadowed by ISIS in recent months, and most of the gruesome sectarian attacks on Alawi and Shia, which increased in the second half of 2013, are the handiwork of ISIS, which represents a counterrevolutionary mirror of the regime.
Al-Nusra has certainly also engaged in attacks on minorities, such as the massacre of 60 Shia in Halita in the east in June 2013; and while completely overshadowed by the bloodthirsty role in ISIS in the attack on the Latakia Alawites in August, al-Nusra’s role was hardly innocent either, and to even take part in such an attack demonstrates sectarian thinking even if there had been no victims. Al-Nusra’s own sectarian foray into the historic Christian town of Maaloula later in the year apparently did not result in massacres or attacks on churches (http://www.syrianobserver.com/News/News/Maaloula+Churches+Safe+Says+Nun), and while this may indicate a growing divergence with ISIS in practice, for a known jihadist group to even enter such a town further demonstrates a deeply sectarian view of the struggle (al-Nusra’s move was criticised not only by local non-Islamist FSA groups but even by Ahrar al-Sham: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-24148322). In practice, it stands between ISIS and other Islamists in the degree of theocratic repression or active sectarianism it dishes out; but to generalise, in the second half of 2013, its split with ISIS, its growing Syrianisation, a number of defeats by the regular FSA on the one hand and by ISIS on the other, and even the colonisation of some al-Nusra branches by former FSA cadres (due to resource issues, particularly in Raqqa), have tended to somewhat soften its penchant for “Islamic” repression, and by and large it focuses on fighting the regime.
ISIS has gone the other way, and by late 2013 was so associated with theocratic repression, murder and torture of FSA and mainstream Islamist fighters and civil resistance cadres, and gratuitous murder of minorities – while barely fighting the regime and vice versa – that it had alienated the entire spectrum of anti-Assad opposition, including al-Nusra. This was the background to the combined offensive of all other rebel groups to try to defeat ISIS in early 2014. ISIS should not be regarded as part of the movement in any form, but rather as the alternative pole of counterrevolution, and much evidence suggests a great deal more coordination between the regime and ISIS than meets the eye.
The estimates of their combined strength range from around 5000 to some 12,000 fighters (the higher figure according to Lister from Jane’s). Claims of Saudi support to such organisations by many western leftists, despite what may seem logical due to their shared “Wahabbi” philosophy, are in fact absurd and not supported by a shred of evidence; Al-Qaida sees the House of Saud as arch-apostates and its original raison-de’tre was precisely its overthrow. By all accounts, the Saudis measure their hostility to parts of the Syrian rebellion on the basis of closeness or distance from the Al-Qaida groups just as much as does the US.
To sum up, the following are the range of estimates of the size of various parts of the armed resistance:
a. FSA (ie, secular, directly loyal to SMC): 30-50,000
b. SILF (moderate-Islamist, indirectly loyal to SMC): 37-40,000
c. Ahfad al Rasul (moderate-Islamist, loyal to SMC): 10-15,000
d. CSR (moderate-Islamist, loyal to SMC, Muslim Brotherhood-linked): perhaps a few thousand
e. Authenticity and Development Front (“non-political” Salafist, loyal to SMC and to Saudis): perhaps a few thousand
f. SIF (hard-line “national” Salafist, not loyal to SMC): 13,000-25,000
f. Al-Qaida-connected (global-jihadist, hostile to SMC): 5000-12,000.
Total: 95,000 – 145,000
Comment on ‘secular’ and “Islamist’ division
Thus whether we take the lowest or highest estimates, the secular fighters account for about a third of the total fighting force, and the hard-line national and global Salafists for somewhere between one fifth and one quarter. Thus claims of “no secular fighters”, or of all the resistance between “jihadis”, are entirely fictional. However, the meaning of the large middle bloc of “mainstream-Islamists,” the nature and causes of religious naming in Syria, and the flexibility of membership between various groups, all need to be discussed, from a materialist point of view, but require a separate article.
As leftists, we do not support Islamism, even its moderate varieties, politically; we are opposed to an “Islamic state.” “Islamic fundamentalism” is a non-working class ideology. While this “Islamism” reflects the traditionalism of the peasantry and urban poor, excluded from the “secular” project Baath bourgeois-nationalist project, it also reflects that these layers lack their own leadership after decades of viciously repressive rule, and are led by the urban and rural petty-bourgeoisie and smaller bourgeois layers also excluded by the Baathist mega—capitalist elite. While fighting together against the regime, it would of course be wise for the FSA and other secular and democratic fighters and activists to watch their backs.
However, while it is important to know that some 60 percent of the rebels are either secular or “moderates in groups with an Islamic character,” and thus the whole rebellion has not become a giant jihadist plot, at the same time, leftists in the West need to get off the “secular” bandwagon of insisting that peasants and urban poor over in Syria trying to overthrow a monstrously brutal dictatorship have to first get a western-left, or western-liberal, or western-right, star of approval for their “secularism.” The momentum of the struggle against a regime that jails and tortures tens of thousands while dropping barrel bombs on cities, firing ballistic missiles at apartment blocks, strafing the country with MiG warplanes and helicopter gunships and besieging and starving countless population centres, is a democratic momentum and it is the original aims of the revolution which most are fighting for, including most within the Islamist formations, other than the most extreme. Leftists in the West should be concerned, but we cannot define their struggle, and dictate their necessary alliances, based on our conceptions and prejudices; and emphasising this grand ‘secularism” too much, at this stage of the struggle, would essentially exclude large sections of the urban and ruling poor.
By the same token, however, in a country where there are large non-Sunni minority populations (Alawi, Shia, Christians, Druze), if this “Islamism” is too Sunni-specific and sectarian, it will inevitably exclude these minorities from the struggle. And to the extent that Sunni extremist forces are involved, particularly the al-Qaida-linked groups, it encourage these minorities to stick with the regime as their best defense. A complete domination of the struggle by extreme Sunni sectarians would abolish the revolution and leave two anti-democratic formations facing each other. The revolutionary offensive against ISIS rule in January 2014 (see below) makes this outcome much less likely.
Nonetheless, much of the damage may have been done, and supporters of the revolution, while not at all neutral in the military struggle, may have to recognise that there is no ultimate military “solution” in these circumstances (any more than there is a diplomatic “solution” of the type they are attempting to stitch up at Geneva II); there is only a revolutionary solution, and military struggle is only one tactic within an ongoing revolutionary process, and ultimately subject to politics, including this major political weakness. Therefore I agree with the view of Darth Nader that the revolutionary forces should take advantage of any ceasefire, in the case it were possible to force the regime to agree to one, to re-ignite the mass civil struggle, even if this were the result of the corrupt and regime-saving process of Geneva II (http://darthnader.net/2014/01/22/how-geneva-2-can-help-syrians).
Update: The uprising against ISIS in January 2014: How this impacts on our analysis
While this piece was originally written in September 2013 and many changes have taken place, the fundamentals here remain the same as far as can see. On the one hand, there has undoubtedly been a further drift towards “Islamisation”, a further strengthening of Islamist elements versus secular elements, at least on paper. While this has tended to go towards the “centre (ie, the new Islamic Front) rather than the jihadist extremes, the program of the Islamic Front itself is arguably more radical than that of its largely former SILF components. It explicitly calls for an Islamic state, namely “establishing the state in which justice and development will prevail under Islam’s umbrella and Sharia’s dominion,” but on the other hand it stresses that “it does not consider itself as the national alternative” but rather a fighting force, in collaboration with others, to bring down the regime, and while it officially contrasts “democracy” with the rule of “God,” it immediately stresses that “this does not mean we want arbitrary and authoritarian regime, but national matters cannot be rectified except by consultation in principle and application” (http://notgeorgesabra.wordpress.com/2013/11/29/full-english-text-of-the-islamic-fronts-founding-declaration). What this highly contradictory formulations mean kin practice will be determined more by the momentum of the struggle than by the formulations themselves.
And this is where there is some hope, because on the other hand, the offensive launched in early 2014 against ISIS’s increasing imposition of a vicious theocratic dictatorship over large parts of Syria – an offensive launched jointly by the FSA, the Islamic Front, a new moderate Islamist formation called the Army of Mujahideen (less radical than IF) and by Jabhat al-Nusra – is a new upsurge of the revolution. Despite the role of the IF and even al-Nusra in this operation, it is false to see this as just a turf war between rival Islamists in which some just happen to be less vicious than others. Rather, this offensive was a response to a grass-roots upsurge against ISIS rule at the beginning of 2014, and this mobilisation against theocratic repression will make it much harder for any of the Islamist groups currently siding with the people to turn around an impose similar repression.
A very good specific example of this was the fact that in the northeastern city of Raqqa, a region where jihadist-leaning forces are more dominant than elsewhere (given its proximity to Iraq’s Anbar province), it was Ahrar al-Sham and Jabhat al-Nusra, rather than secular FSA, that liberated two churches from ISIS and removed the black flags that ISIS had flown from their spires. As Robin Yassin-Kassab explains, “this was because al-Nusra in Raqqa is manned by ex-Free Syrian Army fighters” (http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2014/01/rise-fall-isil-syria-201411572925799732.html). Yes, precisely: and this is the point.
Yet at the time that the FSA’s 11th Division in Raqqa “defected” to al-Nusra last September, it was generally interpreted as further evidence of this growing “Islamisation” of the struggle and the gradual collapse of the FSA. What this latest incident reveals is that this defection may be just as easily interpreted as an FSA “colonisation” of al-Nusra. The numbers further suggest that – according to an FSA commander in Raqqa at the time, the FSA had over 1000 fighters and al-Nusra only a few hundred, and were confronted by a murderous ISIS force of 400. ISIS was far more powerful due its money and arms, of course; as the FSA commander noted, “we have not received any support since the beginning of the revolution. Obama and Cameron are liars. If they had arms this never would have happened” (http://beta.syriadeeply.org/2013/09/raqqas-fsa-brigades-join-jabhat-al-nusra). Yet even then, if both confronted by ISIS, why did the more powerful-in-numbers FSA dissolve into the smaller al-Nusra rather than vice-versa? And it seems the answer would be the same as for the reason ISIS was more powerful than both: massively more Gulf money and arms will flow to something labelled “al-Nusra” than to something labelled FSA.
If an FSA-colonised “al-Nusra” can liberate Christian churches from ISIS, this needs to be borne in mind when assessing the role of the Islamic Front, which appease a paragion of moderation compared to a-Nusra generally.
What’s the war about?
The article below by David Finkel must be one of the most clear-headed
analyses of the current semi-war-drive I’ve seen in the left media.
One thing I’d add is that, if as he suggests the chemical attack was
thus revealing “signs of weakening of the regime’s command and control
over chemical weapons,” then this also helps explain Israel’s
contradictory role in this. As he correctly notes, Israel prefers Assad
has appeared relatively hawkish, compared to previous behaviour. Given
that Israeli leaders have stated countless times, with abundant clarity,
that their greatest fear is not Assad controlling chemical weapons, but
regime’s control may be fraying would indeed be a significant problem
in Jordan).
On the other hand, there is also enormous apprehension about the lack of
relatively dovish Israel and much more hawkish US Israeli lobby (again
What’s the War About?
by David Finkel
September 11, 2013
was written before Obama’s speech on 9/10/13.
Against fierce public and political opposition, Team Obama is going
all-out for a Congressional Authorization for Use of Military Force
Second, there’s an element of stupidity and bungling. Presidential
stupidity is never a fundamental cause of imperial adventures and
the Iraqi army in 2003, bringing about state collapse and sectarian
mayhem there.
Bungling is a factor now around responding to the chemical weapons
attack, particularly the U.S. refusal to recognize what should be
liability rather than an asset for Moscow.
The Russian government, of course, is acting overwhelmingly in Russia’s
state interests. Russian intelligence must have already known what
German intelligence has reported, that the chemical weapons attack was
apparently carried out by a Syrian military unit but not authorized by
Assad. This doesn’t absolve the regime and its leadership from criminal
regime’s command and control over chemical weapons must be freaky-scary
for the Russians, as it should be for everyone.
root. It’s an assumption going back decades (elaborated as the “Carter
turn contributes to the tendency to bungling and stupidity.
Another element is the U.S. political gridlock and the administration’s
indecisiveness, even policy incoherence, on Syria, which gives McCain
the destruction of Obama’s presidency, that’s an added benefit from
after Iran-the Israeli goal is not to overthrow Assad (whom they prefer
at least in the short term.
a strictly “limited” strike will be strategically ineffectual and only
Iranian government away from bargaining and even toward a rush for
nuclear weapons.
It is fashionable among the pro-bombing punditry to ascribe the
social catastrophe in America and the budget gridlock certainly
contributes to the mood of rejection.
Congressional disapproval to cripple a presidency, there really isn’t a
Syria could push Iran in a more dangerous direction and create the
small, but not trivial possibility of setting off a regional catastrophe
by miscalculation or accident
Stupid story about rebels spilling sarin in tunnels exposed as fraud
Saudi Arabia had slipped some chemical weapons over the Jordanian border
thus causing the massive deaths from chemical weapons on August 21.
between where people were not killed.
bullshit conspiracy theories should at least do their homework. And
holes in other conspiracy theories that aimed to absolve the Syrian
but the bumbling idiots were still to balme anyway (imagine trusting
has little regard for human life, had such quantities of Chemical
foreign supplier.
arch-conspiracist red-brown Buchaninite antiwar.com apologising to its
you know it is.
Retraction and Apology to Our Readers for Mint Press Article on Syria
Gas Attack
Eric Garris, September 20, 2013
request of Mint Press because traffic on their site was crashing their
Many other articles have been written which refer to the information
contained in the Mint Press piece, including ones appearing on
article and denies that she traveled to Syria or contributed to the
article in any way. Here is his statement:
Mint Press News incorrectly used my byline for an article it published
Despite my repeated requests, made directly and through legal counsel,
professionally or honestly in regards to disclosing the actual
authorship and sources for this story.
based on my personal observations and should not be given credence based
The staff of Antiwar.com sincerely and deeply apologizes for being a
More on the story:
Yahya Ababneh exposed
Syria “rebel chemicals” story may have come from Russian source
article claiming that the chemical deaths in Damascus last month were
caused by rebel fighters mishandling weapons supplied by Saudi Arabia.
the findings of the UN weapons inspectors in Syria.
established freelance based in Jordan who has worked regularly for the
Associated Press – and Yahya Ababneh, a Jordanian.
Ababneh’s journalistic credentials.
According to Ababneh’s profile on LinkedIn, the professional networking
internet searches in English and Arabic for articles that carry his
byline have drawn a blank.
To add to this mystery, Ababneh’s profile was deleted from LinkedIn
yesterday, though a cached copy can be found here.
Future organisation and Sufian Ababneh, a legal adviser at the Jordanian
for his skills as an actor.
* * *
comments thread.
“Saudi chemicals” story to Mint Press until August 29.
Mint Press’s website – and yet Barakat’s comments bear some interesting
resemblances to the story allegedly written by Ababneh.
weapons to the rebels via tunnels but they did not have enough
information about them. Almost all of the rebels handling the weapons
were killed because they used them incorrectly.
Barakat then adds some information that wasn’t included in the Mint
Press story which has done so much to excite Russian officials:
rebels who used the weapons.”
Like Yahya Ababneh, Yan Barakat appears to be a Jordanian freelance
journalist. There was an article published under his name in the
Jerusalem Post.
* * *
Cuba. Here we find another blogger getting excited about Ababneh’s
weapons story.
a striking resemblance to that of Yan Barakat.
band of dedicated “Zionist Arabs”:
No surprise at all that this is who comes to Assad’s rescue
Palestinians and the Syrian uprising
The article below on Palestinians in the Syrian uprising is important not because I think it is necessary for Palestinians to “take a side” as such – I think the Palestinians have their own problems, have had plenty of bad experience with other Arab states, and thus have to tread carefully, with a studied policy of neutrality being in their best interests – but because it demonstrates the social reasons why in reality Palestinians have become involved one way or another in the revolt against the tyranny. Of course, as I explain elsewhere, Assad’s regime has always been anti-Palestinian, so it was hardly surprising that Hamas came out in support fo the Syrian people’s uprising; in any case, it was too obvious to Hamas that what the regime was doing to Syrian people fightinbg for freedom resembled very closely what the Zionist regime regularly does to them in Gaza. Solidarity still exists in the world. (And no, I don;t think it is just because Hamas and the Palestinians in general are Sunni; its long-term alliance with Hezbollah, and its standing of a Christian candidate in the 2006 elections, belie that as the major factor). But the simple fact of the matter is that the degree of integration of Palestinians into Syrian society, so that family and friends and workmates are people both inside and outside of the camps, mean that the struggles of the local Syrian populatin become their struggles as well.
According to one activist, the uprising marks “the first time we feel
Syrian.this intifada is about the whole of Syria, as this country is
holding both Syrians and Palestinians.” Of course, isolated interviews
with politically active refugees are not sufficient to capture the
prevailing sentiment of the Syrian refugee population as a whole. Still,
interviews such as these, along with Palestinians’ extensively
documented involvement in the uprising on the side of the opposition,
provide a compelling ethnographic account of the affective dimension of
their integration into pre-conflict Syrian society. The early legal
integration of the PRS and the concomitant rise in their socio-economic
fortunes in the proceeding years allowed certain elements of the refugee
population to identify with the domestic aspirations of their Syrian
neighbors, despite their official status as refugees and the pull of a
competing Palestinian national identity.
(Dis)integration: Palestinian Refugees in the Syrian Civil War
by Matthew Coogan
[9 December 2012. Palestinian refugee who fled from Dera’a to Jordan
with his family. In front of his grocery shop in Hiteen Refugee Camp.
Photo by Noura Erakat]
One of the most potent discourses used to describe events in Syria has
been that of social disintegration or fragmentation. The diverse
tapestry of ethnic, religious, and national identities that
characterized Syrian society is unraveling into sectarian strife and
will be difficult to reconstitute in a post-conflict environment. Of
course, such a discourse should not elide more complex and nuanced forms
of social identification and association and reduce the conflict to a
war between irreconcilable factions. Nevertheless, the conflict has
produced unique consequences for various social groups in Syria related
to their particular social, economic and political positions in
pre-conflict Syrian society. Such is the case for the approximately five
hundred thousand Palestinian refugees in Syria (PRS).
Up until 2011, the Palestinian refugees of Syria (PRS) enjoyed the
highest level of socio-economic integration of any Palestinian refugee
community outside of Jordan. They had achieved a high level of
performance on a range of socio-economic indicators, including favorable
living conditions and expansive opportunities in the domestic job
market. Moreover, the early legal integration of the PRS, in combination
with the regime’s attempted cooptation of the Palestinian nationalist
movement, afforded the PRS a distinct social and political role in
Syria, in addition to their relative economic success.
However the violence that has engulfed Syria since the advent of the
Arab Uprisings has dramatically altered the position of the country’s
Palestinians and demonstrates their acute vulnerability. Like most
Syrians, the PRS have found much of their social and economic gains
reversed as a result of the conflict. However, their status as refugees
will present unique challenges for the Palestinian refugees in Syria
that will undermine their position and re-integration in a post-conflict
Syria. The broad national conditions that once facilitated their robust
socio-economic integration into Syrian society have all but evaporated.
The deterioration of the Syria economy and the increasingly polarized
social and political climate will likely preclude the possibility that
the PRS will be reintegrated into Syrian society at pre-conflict levels.
The Legal and Socio-Economic Status of Palestinian Refugees
Following the establishment of the state of Israel in 1948,
approximately eight-hundred thousand Palestinians were forced to flee
historic Palestine and seek refuge in neighboring Arab countries. These
host states each adopted a distinctive set of policies relating to their
refugee communities, resulting in disparate legal statuses and levels of
socio-economic integration for Palestinian refugees in their various
countries of residence. The starkest contrast was between Jordan and
Lebanon. Beginning in 1949, the Jordanian government began issuing full
citizenship to all Palestinians resident in its territories, resulting
in a high level of refugee integration into the domestic and regional
job market and Palestinians’ active participation in the Jordanian
political arena. In contrast, in Lebanon, Palestinians were regarded as
foreigners and barred from participation in numerous sectors of the
economy, denied social services available to Lebanese citizens, and
excluded from the political process. Scholars have observed that these
legal barriers were deliberately instituted to “[prevent] the
socioeconomic absorption of the Palestinian refugees, lest any major
improvements in their living conditions ‘lead to resettling the
Palestinian refugees and their eventual assimilation.'”
The case of Syria represents a middle ground between the full legal
protections afforded by Jordan and the near-total marginalization in
Lebanon. While the PRS were never issued full citizenship, the Syrian
government undertook numerous measures shortly after the arrival of the
refugee population to facilitate its legal and socio-economic
integration. These measures, in combination with favorable economic and
demographic conditions in Syria at the time, laid the foundation for a
high degree of refugee socio-economic integration into Syrian society
over the long term.
Palestinian Legal and Socio-Economic Integration in Syria
Following the events of 1948, an estimated ninety to one-hundred
thousand Palestinian refugees arrived in Syria. There they received
significantly better treatment than their compatriots who fled to other
Middle Eastern countries. In January of 1949, the Syrian Government
established the Palestine Arab Refugee Institution (PARI), a state organ
responsible for administering refugee affairs, including emergency
relief, employment assistance, and processing external contributions for
refugees. [1] Following the establishment of this relief apparatus, the
government began to expand numerous civil rights to its newly arrived
constituency, culminating in the issuance of Law no. 260 in 1956, which
“Palestinians residing in Syria.are to be considered as originally
Syrian in all things covered by the law and legally valid regulations
connected with the right to employment, commerce, and national service,
while preserving their original nationality.”
This unusually hospitable reception of Palestinian refugees may be
attributable to the favorable economic conditions prevalent in Syria at
the time. The total number of Palestinians arriving in Syria in 1948
constituted only a minute percentage of the country’s total population
and thus did not represent a substantial threat to its socio-economic
balance. To the contrary, the Syrian economy was able to easily
accommodate the vast majority of refugees. Most were peasant farmers who
were able to find work in Syrian agriculture, while an educated minority
found work in specialized fields such as teaching and nursing. [1]
A number of social factors also converged to further incorporate
Palestinian refugees into Syrian society, which in turn “discourage[d]
the emergence of strong indigenous institutional expressions of a
separate Palestinian national identity.” [1]To begin, some of the
strongest transnational mechanisms for organizing the Palestinian
diaspora, namely Palestinian trade unions, were significantly
marginalized in Syria due to the high degree of economic integration and
legal parity of Palestinian refugees. Palestinians were not only
employed across all sectors of the economy, but were permitted full
membership in Syrian trade unions, where they participated not only as
general members but as high ranking officials, including presidents and
vice presidents of high profile union branches. While Palestinian trade
unions did come to Syria in the 1960’s, the prominence of Syrian unions
connected to the ruling Ba’ath party, and Palestinian workers’
successful integration into them, rendered their activities marginal and
their influence minimal.
Palestinian refugees also benefited from expansive social services
provided to them by the government, on par with services provided to
Syrian citizens. The Syrian regime established nurseries and
kindergartens to ease the burden on Palestinian women who often worked
outside the home. Most Palestinian children were educated in government
secondary schools. Although such services were not administered directly
at refugee camps, they were readily accessible to most Palestinians, the
majority of whom were able to move outside of the camps as their
economic and social fortunes climbed. This early legal and economic
integration of Syria’s Palestinian refugees formed the basis for further
socio-economic advances in the proceeding decades, and established the
refugee community as a legitimate, productive component of Syrian
Continued Integration and Socio-Economic Success
The advances made by Palestinian refugees in these early decades
continued and compounded into the twenty-first century. In 2001, the
Fafo Institute for Applied International Studies undertook a
comprehensive analysis of the living conditions of Palestinian refugees
in Syria. Fafo’s project examined a range of socio-economic indicators
and found that Palestinian refugees in Syria shared virtually identical
living conditions with their Syrian counterparts and substantially
better living conditions than refugees in other Middle Eastern
countries. Indeed, it determined that the socio-economic status of
Palestinian refugees was determined in greater part by domestic factors
that also affected Syrian citizens, rather than their status as
“Since the majority of refugees reside in urban centers, their
socio-economic and other characteristics are extensively shared with
other urban populations. The poorest and most underprivileged
Palestinian refugees are predominately found in rural settings, where
they tend to share the living conditions of Syrian nationals living in
similar surroundings.”
The study found that although the average annual income of Palestinian
refugees was significantly lower than the average Syrian annual income,
refugees in Syria had the greatest average annual income of all
Palestinian refugee populations when adjusted for purchasing power
parity. Moreover, the study found that Palestinian refugee participation
in the labor force to be on par with general labor force participation,
and that such participation was higher than that of any other refugee
population in other Middle Eastern countries. Other indicators of
refugee integration include the fact that the vast majority of
Palestinian refugees requiring medical care consult private or
government facilities as opposed to UNRWA clinics. Also, the pass rate
of refugee children on state educational exams is actually higher than
the national average.
Palestinians in the Syrian Uprising
Such was the status of Palestinian refugees in Syria at the advent of
the popular uprising against Bashar al-Assad’s regime in early 2011.
From the beginning, Syria’s Palestinian community was a principal, if
involuntary, actor in the unfolding drama of the uprising. In the early
stages of the conflict, the Palestinian community at large attempted to
maintain neutrality, in line with a longstanding tradition of avoiding
entanglement in domestic political disputes. So potent was their initial
desire to remain uninvolved in the conflict that Palestinian protestors
torched the headquarters of the Popular Front for the Liberation of
Palestine- General Command, the Regime’s closest allied Palestinian
faction, when it sided with the government and undermined the call for
However, as time went on, ordinary Palestinians found themselves
increasingly involved as the regime attempted to scapegoat their
community as a foreign interlocutor. The proximity of Palestinian
refugee camps to the sites of initial protest in Dara’a and Latakia led
regime officials to accuse Palestinians of instigating the violence in
an attempt to downplay “indigenous” Syrian support for, and
participation in, the protests. Moreover, as the Regime assault on
Syrian dissidents intensified, many Palestinians felt compelled to aid
them. This was the case among refugees in the Dara’a refugee camp who
elected to host a field hospital in the camp for Syrians requiring
medical attention.
This level of involvement marks a break with past traditions of
Palestinian political activity in Syria. Before the uprising, such
activity was largely restricted to matters directly connected to
Palestinian liberation and the right of return. Historically,
Palestinians did not engage in Syria’s domestic politics. A report from
Al Jazeera’s research arm reveals a surprising motivations for this
shift among at least some Palestinian refugees: feelings of Syrian
political identity and obligation.
holding both Syrians and Palestinians.” Of course, isolated interviews
with politically active refugees are not sufficient to capture the
interviews such as these, along with Palestinians’ extensively
documented involvement in the uprising on the side of the opposition,
provide a compelling ethnographic account of the affective dimension of
their integration into pre-conflict Syrian society. The early legal
fortunes in the proceeding years allowed certain elements of the refugee
population to identify with the domestic aspirations of their Syrian
competing Palestinian national identity.
However, the Syrian civil war has resulted in a rapid and expansive
deterioration in the material conditions of Palestinian refugees in
Syria, as it has for broad swaths of the country’s population.
Significantly however, the refugee community faces an additional threat
in a post-conflict environment that Syrian nationals do not: the
possibility of being unable to reintegrate into society at pre-conflict
levels. As Laurie Brand theorized in her study of Palestinians in Syria,
it was the Syrian economy’s capacity to absorb Palestinian refugees
without causing undue dislocations for the country’s citizens that
facilitated much of their early integration. Relatedly, she notes that
in times of poor economic performance, Syrian nationals would accuse
Palestinians of having taken Syrian jobs, and predicts that further
economic distress could accelerate this trend.
According to the Syrian Center for Policy Research, by the end of 2012,
Syrian economic losses are presumed to have eclipsed forty-eight billion
USD. This represents an economic loss equal to 81.7 percent of the
country’s 2010 GDP. For the same period, the economy is estimated to
have shed 1.5 million jobs, and the unemployment rate has surged from
10.6 percent to 34.9 percent. Such a development is ominous for the
Palestinian refugee population, which will not only find it more
difficult to obtain work in a post-conflict environment, but also faces
the possibility of discrimination and ostracism as a result of the
economic collapse. The Assad regime’s initial attempts to portray the
refugee community as a foreign instigator already indicate the
possibilities of further marginalization in a post-conflict society.
Compounding the refugees’ economic difficulties, Syria has experienced
massive inflation since the war’s inception, with a bevy of basic food
and clothing items having increased in price from 50-70 percent, while
gas and electricity prices have nearly doubled. Fafo’s report attributed
much of Syria’s refugee’s economic advantage to the relatively low price
of consumer goods in Syria, in contrast to other refugee host countries,
a condition that has now all but vanished.
Moreover, as conditions in Syria continue to deteriorate, the PRS are
increasingly dependent on international aid, particularly from the
United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestinian Refugees in the
Near East (UNRWA). The total proportion of Palestinian refugees in Syria
in need of humanitarian aid has skyrocketed. While only six percent of
refugees received aid in the form of direct goods before the uprising,
UNRWA estimated that in April of 2013 more than four-hundred thousand
refugees, more than eighty percent of the total population, require such
assistance. [2] To date, the Agency has distributed food and non-food
items to over 143,000 refugees in Syria, and is about to conclude a cash
distribution plan to provide six-thousand Syrian pounds to 420,000
refugees by the end of August. UNRWA also notes that 235,000 PRS have
become displaced, although it has been able to accommodate only about
7,300 in UNRWA shelters within Syria. Thus the Palsetinian refugees of
Syria have become reliant on the largesse of international donors to
maintain a substantially reduced standard of living, a striking contrast
to their previous economic independence and success.
The Syrian civil war has been a political and humanitarian disaster for
all of Syria’s disparate communities and confessions. The country is
currently divided between rebel-held territory and areas where the
government maintains authority, with broad swaths in between subject to
violent battles for control. Sectarian tensions have flared, and the
presence of foreign elements backing particular constituencies has
further entrenched already potent divisions in Syrian society.
Undoubtedly, reestablishing a politically and socially integrated polity
in a post-Assad era will prove an extraordinarily difficult task.
However, owing to the economic, social, and political factors described
above, the reintegration of Syria’s Palestinian refugees presents an
even more challenging dilemma. The collapse of the Syrian economy has
eliminated much of the economic advantage that Palestinians enjoyed in
comparison to other host countries, and the economy may not be able to
accommodate the proportion of refugees it did after their 1948 arrival.
And as past periods of economic decline have demonstrated, competition
from Palestinians for jobs may again result in social tension. Moreover,
the PRS are in a uniquely vulnerable position as refugees, unable to
participate in the electoral process and thus more effectively demand
official remedies to help restore their previous socio-economic
position. Regrettably, this civil war has transformed the case of
Palestinian refugees in Syria from one of the issue’s more positive
incarnations into one of its most tragic
On tall tales of rebels tripping and spilling sarin in tunnels and Saudis supplying their nemesis
Readers may be aware of the story that did the conspiracist rounds last
week, according to which the FSA rebels were in a tunnel, on a mission
unwittingly carrying chemical weapons, not knowing what they were, from
the Saudis at the Jordanian border, to Al-Nusra, when they had a little
much to drink, fell over, and spilled the chemcals.
There are many holes in this story, but I just want to focus on one that
hasn’t been written about much.
The need to make up this story is obvious: the main problem with the
claim of the FSA carrying out the chemical attack was that the chemical
weapons killed their families back home while they were on the front
lines; the main problem with Al Qaida doing it was, if they have
chemicals, and little regard for human life, then funny how they haven’t
been using them liberally in the war. So the need to bring in an outside
power to supply it to Al Qaida, and the need for the FSA to not know it
was all happening (but give them the blame anyway).
The fact that Al-Qaida’s reason for existence is to overthrow the Saudi
monarchy, who they see as arch-infidels, apparently has no bearing on
people continually making such statements, and in particular on people
trying to concoct some alibi for Assad.
Saudi Arabia and Al Qaida have almost identical extremist salafist
ideologies, but that doesn’t alter the fact that they hate each others
guts like poison. Syria is nothing if not complicated, but I wish people
could at least get that right in order to not embarass themselves.
So, for several months now, Saudi Arabia has been involved in trying to
build a “national Syrian army” from Baathist defector military officers
in Jordan. The project is backed by the US, with the difference that to
date, the Saudis have actually tried to get arms to the regular FSA
inside Syria in the south (and in the last couple of months have been
more successful), in order for this puppet force building in Jordan to
try to gain some credibility, whereas the US has tried its utmost to
block any weapons at all getting across to the FSA if it can, and bugger
the need for cred, the US only intends its tools to come to power either
in a palace coup, or, if the US does attack, from the top.
Three important points about this development.
First, much of the FSA on the ground in Syria, and most of the
Islamists, are deeply suspicious of this initiative, which they
understand as an attempt to steal their efforts from above;
nevertheless, in the south the FSA has a working arrangement with it, to
the extent that some weapons can get past the US obstacles.
Second, as ex-Baathist officers, this outfit, backed by the Saudi
theocracy, is entirely secular, just like the Mubarakist military the
Saudis just heavily backed to overthrow the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt.
Whether moderate Islamists like the Brotherhood (much softer than the
Saudis) or extremist salafists like Al-Qaida (similar or harder than the
Saudis), one thing the Saudis hate is Islamic revolutionaries, who would
like to replace the Saudi monarchy with a clerical-influenced republic
(the Brotherhood) or a direct clerical dictatorship (Al Qaida)
Third, it has been widely discussed that part of the aim of this army,
apart from allegedly overthrowing Assad, will be to fight Al-Qaida in
Syria, like the Sunni Anbar brigades the US eventually got going in Iraq
Oh yes, Saudi Arabia wanted to supply Al-Qaida with chemical weapons. A
dead giveaway that the story was just stupid
Syrian revolution: Class against class basis of uprising
Published in Alford, J & Wilson, A (2016) Khiyana: Daesh, The Left and the Unmaking of the Syrian Revolution, Unkant Publishers, London.
Countless articles have described the social background to the Syrian revolution, and a good bibliography would be a useful tool to be put together at some stage. Below this brief introduction is a fairly straightforward one, but the fundamental facts are well-known. The early Baath Party governments of the 1960s built a base among the peasantry via land reforms and rural subsidy programs, and many Baath political and military leaders had their origins in rural areas, eclipsing the traditional urban-based bourgeoisie. At that stage the main Muslim Brotherhood opposition tended to represent the opposition of the Sunni urban bourgeoisie. However, as a new more powerful capitalist class consolidated itself through the state apparatus – the typical process of Nasserite/Baathist/Kemalist development – the rural dwellers again got left behind.
But it was not until this new elite, under Bashar Assad after 2000, launched neo-liberal “reforms” that the new divide widened into an abyss. These reforms transformed the countryside, leaving it prey to a new class of big capitalist landowners, connected to the regime, driving large numbers of peasants into landlessness, while the abolition of subsidies and freeing of prices and similar measures further hammered the peasantry and also the growing urban poor – themselves first and second generations from the impoverished countryside, with family and other links to rural Syria – who formed great new shanty-suburban rings around Damascus and Aleppo.
While, as elsewhere in the Arab Spring, the first sparks of revolt in early 2011 occurred in urban areas, in Syria these tended to be the smaller towns and cities located in impoverished regional areas, large rural towns essentially, from Daraa in the south to Idlib in the north; the movement in Damascus and Aleppo at this early stage did not look as magnificent as in Cairo and Tunis. From these rural towns the revolt spread like wildfire to the now vigorously anti-Baath countryside. Eventually, the revolution did come to the two big cities, by mid-2012, and the divide between regime-control and opposition-control in both cities is virtually a lesson in sociology: the suburbs dominated by the urban poor are controlled by the revolution, the more established middle and upper class suburbs are under the regime.
Indeed, as virtually all analyses tell you, innocently enough, one of the sections of the population that has remained tied to the regime, apart from much of the Alawite and Christian minority population, is the Sunni “business classes” in Damascus and Aleppo. Unlike in Egypt, Tunisia, and in its different way, Libya, the Syrian capitalist class, a creature of the Baath, has remained tied solidly to the regime (indeed, this has to be understood as part of imperialism’s problem all along – where is the section of the ruling class to replace a discredited Assad with?).
Of course it is not only the capitalist class – much of the secular, comfortable, established Sunni and Christian middle classes in these two cities remain tied to regime, if often grudgingly, or at least neutral, due to the clear political limitations of much of the opposition leadership: a movement based among the overwhelmingly Sunni peasantry and urban poor, which has taken up arms, and which is overall more traditional and religious in outlook than the older established elites, may indeed look frightening to many. Of course, this “religiosity” is also what many in the western left are obsessed with, often in a way indistinguishable from the Islamophobic right; yet while there clearly are seriously reactionary jihadist formations in Syria, overall, the moderate Islamist rebel groups (or indeed even the adoption of religious names by some politically-secular FSA brigades), simply reflect the greater religiosity of the urban and rural poor, ie, those sectors left out of the bourgeois “secular” Baath project, especially after 2000.
Thus, a revolution that for many is nothing but a “sectarian” clash is in reality the sharpest class against class clash in the Arab Spring, thus its extraordinary tenacity and ferocity; its sectarian element is, at base, an overlay of this. That doesn’t mean it hasn’t gone further than this, and cannot go even further and become purely and simply a sectarian war (which is manifestly not the case yet); but even if that did eventuate, it wouldn’t cancel out the social origins of this phenomenon.
Interestingly, the Syrian revolution can be seen as the mirror image, in class/sectarian terms, of the Bahrain uprising, while understanding obviously how different the two societies are: there the state is controlled by a royal elite from the Sunni minority, which rules over an impoverished Shiite majority, the urban and rural poor, whose uprising was partially led by Shia clerics and was overwhelmingly more religious in outlook than the regime and the established classes which stood behind it; the regime and its Saudi and Gulf backers were able to slander the uprising as an Iranian 5th column. Whereas in Syria, the state in dominated by a political and military elite from the Alawite minority (even if it rules for a mixed Alawite-Sunni capitalist class), which rules over a vast Sunni majority of the rural and urban poor, whose revolt is slandered by the regime as a Saudi/Gulf 5th column. But enough from me. Here first is a brief clip from the article that underlines the point I am making here, and below it the article itself:
(clip) The revolution in Syria, in contrast to the uprisings in Tunisia, Egypt, Libya, and Yemen, was at its base a peasants’ revolt, a protest by the Sunni periphery against what was perceived as the Baath regime’s turning its back on the country’s rural population … … And so, from the time the revolution broke out in March 2011 in the city of Dar’a,
the rebellion spread like wildfire to all the rural areas and the periphery, including the northern part of the state, the Jazira region, and later, the agricultural towns of Homs and Hama … … Another source of regime strength lies in the fact that while turmoil has come to the suburbs and the slums of Aleppo and Damascus, the revolution has not ignited among urban Syrians, including the Sunni bourgeoisie of the big cities … … Part of the reluctance stems from the economic benefits the urban bourgeoisie enjoy, especially during recent years thanks to the regime’s economic policies. Some have to do with the bourgeoisie’s age-old resentments, reservations, and aversion toward the
periphery and the rural regions and their inhabitants … … Since most opposition activists come from rural areas, most incursions into the big cities, including Damascus, Aleppo, and Homs, have been carried out by insurgents from nearby rural regions. They penetrate the big cities mostly through the slum neighborhoods and suburbs, which are often inhabited by recent migrants from the periphery and rural areas. These migrants generally maintain connections with relatives back home, and it is from there that the armed bands come. But because the bourgeoisie of Damascus and Aleppo have refrained from joining the insurgents,[14] the Syrian opposition has been denied victory photos such as those from Cairo’s Tahrir Square …
Can Assads Syria Survive Revolution?
by Eyal Zisser
Middle East Quarterly
Spring 2013, pp. 65-71 (view PDF)
The outbreak of the Syrian revolution in March 2011 surprised many people. Until that time, it seemed that the 40-year reign of the Assad dynasty, at first under its founder, Hafiz, and then under his son and heir, Bashar, had succeeded in turning Syria into a strong and stable state with governmental institutions, military, and security forces.
Even social and economic systems appeared quite sturdy and effective.
Yet a year and a half of bloody fighting between the regime and the rebels has undermined most of the achievements of the Assad dynasty and turned Syria into a failing state on the verge of disintegration. Most state institutions have ceased to function. The bonds that united the various religious and ethnic communities, tribes, and regions-that took many long years of hard work to forge-are rapidly unraveling. In
addition, Syria has become a kind of punching bag with foreign actors, both regional and international, intervening freely in the country’s internal affairs.
How did the revolt spread so quickly to all parts of Syria, striking such deep roots among wide segments of the Syrian society? How has the Assad regime managed, for the time being and in contrast to other Arab regimes rocked by the recent upheavals, to survive the lethal challenges facing it? And how has it been able to maintain its cohesion and
strength to the point where many observers do not preclude the possibility of its ultimate survival?
The Outbreak of the Syrian Revolution
The revolution in Syria, in contrast to the uprisings in Tunisia, Egypt, Libya, and Yemen, was at its base a peasants’ revolt, a protest by the Sunni periphery against what was perceived as the Baath regime’s turning its back on the country’s rural population. Only later did the rebellion take on additional dimensions with jihadists joining the struggle
because of the regime’s “heretical” Alawite nature and because of its alliance with Shiite Iran and Hezbollah. In the name of jihad, thousands of volunteers have streamed into Syria from all over the Arab and Muslim world[1] though jihadist slogans probably did little to arouse Syrians to join the ranks of the revolution.
Revenge was another dimension that developed with time, stemming from the regime’s increasingly violent efforts to suppress the waves of protest. It is clear that the regime’s brutality served to expand the circle of participants in the revolution. Many who joined were motivated specifically by the desire to take revenge for the spilled blood of their family members and relatives or for the destruction of their home villages and towns by the regime’s forces.[2]
Bombed-out buildings in Aleppo, October 3, 2012, show the devastation perpetrated on civilians. The Assad regime’s brutal response to the revolt has only widened the circle of rebellion. Many who have joined the fighting are motivated by the desire to take revenge for the spilled blood of their relatives or the destruction of their homes and communities.
Paradoxically, in the past, the Sunni rural population had been one of the regime’s foremost mainstays. It was one of the main partners in Syria’s ruling coalition of minorities and the periphery, led by members of the Alawite community, who were in turn headed by the Assad dynasty. This coalition served as the basis for the Baath revolution of March 1963, and later as the basis of support for the “Corrective Movement” and for Hafiz al-Assad’s seizure of power in November 1970.
With the passage of time and especially from the beginning of the 2000s, it seemed as if the Syrian regime had ceased reflecting Syrian society. The regime even seemed to have turned its back on the rural areas and the periphery. Beginning in 2006, Syria experienced one of the worst droughts the state had ever known with the damage felt most intensely in the Jazira region of northeastern Syria and in the south, especially in the Hawran region and its central city of Dar’a.
These regions were also adversely affected by the government’s new economic policies, which aimed at changing the character of the Syrian economy from a socialist orientation into a “social market economy.” The aim of these policies, led by Vice Prime Minister Abdullah Dardari, was to open Syria to the world economy, encourage foreign investment, and promote activity in the domestic private sector so as to ensure economic
growth and enable the regime to cope with its domestic and economic challenges: rapid growth of the population, backward infrastructure and lack of advanced industry, over-reliance on agriculture, etc. The new policy was backed by Bashar al-Assad, who seemed to have underestimated the importance of the Baath party’s socialist ideology as well as its institutions and networking, mainly in the periphery. One conclusion to be drawn from the negative reactions to this policy in the periphery was that while the Syrian regime did indeed manage to preserve its image of strength and solidity during the first decade of the 2000s, its support base was considerably narrowed. It lost the broad popular support that it had enjoyed among the Sunni population in the rural areas and the periphery after it turned its back on them.[3]
And so, from the time the revolution broke out in March 2011 in the city of Dar’a, the rebellion spread like wildfire to all the rural areas and the periphery, including the northern part of the state, the Jazira region, and later, the agricultural towns of Homs and Hama. The revolution reached the large cities, Damascus and Aleppo, only at a much later stage.
The Tlas Family and the Town of Rastan
An illustration of this turmoil can be found in the story of the Tlas family from the small town of Rastan. Headed by Mustafa Tlas, the family was one of the pillars of the Baath regime, a living example of the close alliance between the regime and the Sunni periphery on the one hand, and between the Sunni and the Alawite officers led by the Assad dynasty on the other.
Rastan itself is the third largest town in the Homs district and numbers about 40,000 inhabitants according to a 2004 census. It is located on the main road between Aleppo and Damascus, on the segment between the towns of Homs and Hama, about 20 kilometers from Homs and 22 kilometers from Hama. Rastan’s residents earn their livings from agriculture and light industry, notably the rock quarries for which the town is known.[4]
The town has two main clans, the Hamdan, the larger and stronger of the two, and the Firzat. The Tlas family belongs to the Hamdan clan. One of the family’s members, Abdel Qadr Tlas, served as the mukhtar (administrative head) of Rastan from the end of the Ottoman period into the French Mandate period. As a young man, Mustafa Tlas, Abdel Qadr’s son, became the ally and right hand man of Hafiz al-Assad. The two met at the Homs Military Academy, during the officers’ course in which they were enrolled after joining the Syrian army in November 1952. They were roommates during the course, and their paths never parted thereafter. They advanced in rank together and, in November 1970, seized power in Damascus with Hafiz leading and Mustafa helping him. At that time, Tlas was serving as commander in chief of the army and was quickly appointed minister of defense, a post he held until his retirement in 2004.
Tlas was in office during the brutal suppression of the Islamist revolt against the Baath regime in 1976-82, which peaked with the massacre of the citizens of Hama in February 1982. His last task was, in essence, to help Assad’s son Bashar grow into his father’s big shoes.[5]
Tlas also established an economic empire. One of its showcases was a publishing house. He used this firm as a vehicle for publishing, in addition to works of other authors, his own “scholarly” writings, memoirs, and even poetry. Tlas married Lamya Jabiri, a member of the Aleppine aristocracy, and the couple had four children: two daughters-Nahid, who married a Saudi businessman and moved with him to Paris, and Sarya-and two sons-Firas, who became a successful businessman in Damascus, and Manaf, who chose a military career. Manaf was known as a close friend of Bashar al-Assad and served as a brigade commander in the Republican Guard Division, an elite unit formed to protect the regime.[6]
Rastan and the Start of the Revolt
In addition to being home to the Tlas family, Rastan also serves as a faithful reflection of the Sunni periphery. It is not surprising that when the Syrian revolution broke out, the town became one of the revolt’s focal points. As early as the beginning of April 2011, the town square statue of Hafiz al-Assad was reportedly smashed to pieces as demonstrators shouted with joy.[7] This was a symbolic act clearly expressing the town’s disengagement from the Baath regime and from the Assad dynasty. However, Rastan is too strategically located to be given up. Since it is on a main road linking northern and southern Syria and close to the towns of Homs and Hama, it became a major scene of bloody battles between the regime’s army and the insurgents, in which scores of the town’s residents were killed.
The protest movement in Rastan did not bypass the Tlas family. The members of the family who were officers and soldiers, like many of their friends and colleagues, could not ignore the pressure of the unfolding events or the fate suffered by their relatives, neighbors, and home town.
The first Tlas family member to join the revolt was Abd al-Razzaq Tlas, who announced his desertion from the regular Syrian army as early as June 2011. He has subsequently served as commander of the Faruq battalion associated with the Free Syrian Army, which operates in the region of Homs. As time passed, Abd al-Razzaq has become one of the closely watched symbols of the revolution. Thus, for example, innumerable interpretations were given to the fact that he has begun to grow a beard though this action did not necessarily stem from religious motives. His image was not damaged even after rumors were spread about his involvement in a sex scandal though he was apparently removed from his position as battalion commander.[8] Additional members of the Tlas family followed him into the revolution until finally, in the summer of 2012, the reverberations reached the home of Mustafa Tlas. This was quite late in the game and only after it began to seem as if the days of the Assad regime were numbered.
During the first months of 2012, Mustafa Tlas, suffering from health problems, moved to Paris to be near his daughter Nihad. His son Firas soon followed and established contacts with opposition figures and began participating in resistance events abroad.[9] At the beginning of July 2012, Manaf announced his defection from the ranks of the regime. In an interview with al-Arabiya news network, he explained, “I do not see myself as a senior figure in the ranks of the regime but rather as one of the sons of the Syrian Arab army who opposes barbarism and murder of innocents and the corrupt government … I hope for the establishment of a united Syria and for its rebuilding as a state that does not believe in or promote revenge, discrimination, or selfishness.”[10] Immediately after Manaf’s defection, several opposition figures began to mention him as a possible leader of Syria after Bashar’s hoped-for fall. Other opposition figures, however, came out firmly against the idea.[11]
The steps taken by those members of the Tlas family serve as a graphic example of what was happening all over Syria during the past year and a half. They are good indicators of how people who had been strong supporters of the Assad regime turned their backs on it when they felt that it had betrayed them or no longer served their interests.
The Survival of the Regime
Every coin and almost every story has two sides, and so it is with the story of Syria. One side of the story has to do with the fact that the insurgents’ uprising spread quickly and struck deep roots. The other side of the story has to do with the regime and the undeniable fact that it has so far been able to survive. One explanation for this focuses on
the built-in weaknesses of the opposition,[12] which is a faithful reflection of the Syrian society: Both opposition and society suffer from divisions and fragmentation based upon ethnic, religious, regional, socioeconomic, and other differences. Another explanation focuses on the international community’s lack of will or ability to intervene in Syria. A third explanation highlights the sources of the regime’s strengths, calling attention to the fact that the regime survives, not only because of its opponents’ weaknesses, but also because of the reserves of power at its disposal.
One source of the regime’s strength lies in the support it receives from the members of the minority communities, who serve as its social bases. These include the Alawites (12 percent of the population), the Druze (5 percent), and most of the Christians (13 percent). The Kurds (10 percent), including those who live in the regions bordering Turkey and Iraq, have for the most part, not turned against the government either. Many Kurds have exploited the revolution to throw off government control and advance the cause of partial Kurdish independence. Nevertheless, the Syrian Kurds as a whole have refrained from joining the ranks of the opposition or coming out openly against the Assad regime.
Another source of regime strength lies in the fact that while turmoil has come to the suburbs and the slums of Aleppo and Damascus, the revolution has not ignited among urban Syrians, including the Sunni bourgeoisie of the big cities. Most big city residents have chosen to remain on the sidelines and not support the protests, fearing that this
leap would result in political instability, as happened in Iraq or Lebanon, at immense costs.
Part of the reluctance stems from the economic benefits the urban bourgeoisie enjoy, especially during recent years thanks to the regime’s economic policies. Some have to do with the bourgeoisie’s age-old resentments, reservations, and aversion toward the periphery and the rural regions and their inhabitants. The numbers of urban dwellers are considerable. Some 55.7 percent of Syrians live in cities. Around 8 million (out of the total population of 23 million) live in the country’s three large cities: Aleppo-2.98 million; Damascus-2.52 million; and Homs-1.27 million. Most of the Christians live in these three cities.[13]
Since most opposition activists come from rural areas, most incursions into the big cities, including Damascus, Aleppo, and Homs, have been carried out by insurgents from nearby rural regions. They penetrate the big cities mostly through the slum neighborhoods and suburbs, which are often inhabited by recent migrants from the periphery and rural areas. These migrants generally maintain connections with relatives back home, and it is from there that the armed bands come. But because the bourgeoisie of Damascus and Aleppo have refrained from joining the insurgents,[14] the Syrian opposition has been denied victory photos such as those from Cairo’s Tahrir Square, which made it clear that the die had been cast in Egypt and that the youth were on the revolution’s side. In Syria, for the time being, the youth in the big cities prefer to remain shut up in their homes.
Another source of the regime’s strength lies in the loyalty of its institutions, in particular, the army, the security apparatuses, the state bureaucracy, and the Baath party apparatuses. Indeed, in many cases, using the party’s networks, the regime was able to recruit and mobilize local families in various areas, including Sunni neighborhoods, which have become local militias fighting for the regime. These include members of the Sunni community in particular with the emphasis on the Sunni periphery.
Loyalists in Rastan
Returning to Rastan, it is clearly not a big city but of the rebel periphery. But it is also undisputable that many of its residents remain loyal to the regime. In the Tlas family, some have joined the ranks of the rebels, but others maintain neutrality, and still others continue to work for the government. Thus, Talal Tlas serves as Syria’s deputy minister of defense and Ahmad Tlas serves as the commander of the First Corps, the most important military unit in southern Syria.[15] And the various branches of the Tlas family continue to live together in Rastan; battles in the town take place between rebels and army forces that come from outside in order to attack.[16]
Beside these two senior Tlas members, there are others still serving loyally as army officers, perhaps because they consider this to be in their best personal interest and a good way to advance their careers. Their position is quite different from that of the younger officers, like Abd al-Razzaq Tlas, who has his whole future before him. Joining
the ranks of the revolution promises him a brilliant future should it succeed. In any case, as a young officer, he did not have nearly as many vested interests to leave behind and potentially lose. The situation of the senior and middle level officers is much different. They could lose everything, all their achievements, their ranks, pensions, possibilities
for further advancement, and other benefits and privileges. Joining the revolution means sacrifice for a vague future full of unknowns. The revolutionary future holds out the promise of great rewards for the youth, but not necessarily for the symbols of the old regime.
It is clear that as long as the members of the Tlas family and people like them give the regime their support, it will be able to survive. Only about 10 percent of the army’s manpower has defected. The other 90 percent, both soldiers and officers, the great majority of whom come from the Sunni periphery, continues to stand united around the regime, giving it the breathing space it so desperately needs.
The story of the Tlas family and their town, Rastan, attests to the complexity of the Syrian picture. The regime is losing blood daily; little by little support for it diminishes. Since the eruption of the revolution, the trend has clearly been in one direction only.
Nevertheless, the regime retains reserves of support that enable it to survive. A dramatic shift in the situation, such as Bashar’s assassination or an unexpected intervention by the international community, could give the insurgents the push they need and bring about
a major change in the course of the conflict. But the example of the Tlas family and Rastan suggests that the struggle for Syria will still take a long time to unfold.
[1] The New York Times, Oct. 14, 2012; Al-Monitor, online news, Oct. 18, 2012.
[2] Fouad Ajami, The Syrian Rebellion (Stanford: Stanford University, 2012), pp. 69-156.
[3] Eyal Zisser, “The Renewal of the ‘Struggle for Syria’: The Rise and Fall of the Ba’th Party,” Sharqiya, Fall 2011, pp. 21-9; Hanna Batatu, Syria’s Peasantry: The Descendants of Its Lesser Rural Notables and Their Politics (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999), pp. 131-75. For economic data, “Syria-Country Report,” Economist Intelligence Unit, Apr. 2011.
[4] The Annual Report for 2004, Central Bureau of Statistics, Prime Minister’s Office, Syrian Arab Republic, Damascus; “Syria: Mining,” Encyclopedia of the Nations, accessed Dec. 7, 2012.
[5] Mustafa Tlas, Mira’t Hayati (Damascus: Dar Tlas lil-Nashr, 1995), vol. 1, pp. 240-310; Sami Moubayed, Steel and Silk, Men and Women Who Shaped Syria, 1900-2000 Seattle: Cune Press, 2006), pp. 89, 255.
[6] Al-Hayat (London), July 12, 2012; al-Jazeera TV (Doha), July 14, 2012.
[7] Asharq al-Awsat (London), Apr. 7, 2011; al-Arabiya TV (Dubai), Apr. 6, 7, 2011.
[8] Reuters, June 6, 7, 2011; al-Jazeera TV, June 6, 2011; BBC Radio in Arabic, Feb. 12, 2012; Aron Lund, “Holy Warriors: A Field Guide to Syria’s Jihadi Groups,” Foreign Policy, Oct. 15, 2012.
[9] Al-Quds al-Arabi (London), June 28, 2012; al-Jazeera TV, July 1, 2012.
[10] Reuters, July 14, 2012; al-Arabiya TV, July 24, 2012.
[11] Al-Hayat, July 19, 24, 2012.
[12] See, for example, BBC News, Nov. 12, 2012; Itamar Rabinovich, “The Anarchy Factor in Syria,” The Straits Times (Singapore), May 3, 2012.
[13] “General Census,” Central Bureau of Statistics, Prime Minister’s Office, Syrian Arab Republic, Damascus, accessed Dec. 21, 2012.
[14] Reuters, July 18, 19, 2012; al-Hayat, Aug. 23, 2012.
[15] Syrian TV-24, Aug. 1, 2012.
[16] “Al-Markaz al-I’lami fi Rastan,” YouTube.com, July 22, 25, 2012
The question of arming the rebels
This article was originally published by the Campaign for Peace and Democracy (CPD) as part of its Roundtable on the Syrian Crisis in July 2013, at cpdweb.org/news/Syria-Karadjis.shtml. The other articles as part of this Roundtable can be accessed at cpdweb.org/news/Syria-intro.shtml.
The question of arming the rebels
By Michael Karadjis
The general outline of what initially occurred in Syria is largely agreed upon, even by those who subsequently turned hostile to the revolution: a peaceful mass movement for democracy began in cities and towns across Syria in early 2011 against the dictatorship of President Assad II, and the regime met these protests with ruthless state violence.
It is also largely agreed that this situation continued for some eight months, protesters baring their chests to Assad’s machine guns, tanks and heavy artillery, alongside targeted torture and killings of key activists.
When the masses could no longer bear this situation, they began taking up arms in self-defence, while rank and file soldiers and officers refused to fire on their brothers and sisters, and defected (a good description of this process can be read here. Out of these defected troops and armed citizens arose the Free Syrian Army (FSA).
Once arms are taken up, however, those holding a vastly different view of what is occurring in Syria begin to raise their heads and to gain a greater influence over leftist opinion. This view states that, whatever the initial situation, the armed struggle has now degenerated into a foreign (imperialist and Gulf-state) orchestrated brutal insurgency aimed at destroying Syria, led by reactionary Islamist elements, including Al-Qaida.
They point to some of the more obviously terroristic actions, such as bombings that targeted civilians in Damascus, as evidence that it has become a war against the Syrian people, as well as a Sunni sectarian war against minorities, and a fundamentalist war against secularism, rather than a war by the Syrian people against the regime.
Even many who have always opposed the Assad regime and well-knew how phony its alleged “anti-imperialist” credentials were turned either to a tactical defence of the regime as a “shield” against something worse, or to a “plague on both your houses” view—both sides are reactionary, both commit atrocities against the people.
What it misses is the fundamental difference on the ground, regardless of geopolitical struggles among regional powers: the Syrian revolution, the democratic revolt against the dictatorship, is still the fundamental fact.
Countless reports from liberated towns about the nature of this democratic process, under attack from the dictatorship, for example in Taftanaz, Saraqeb, Qusayr, the Damascus suburb Duma and elsewhere, are examples which deal with the real world difficulties of revolutionary democratic governance from below, but nevertheless reveal some semblance of popular structures that deserve defending against the dictatorship and its tanks, Scuds and torture chambers, and which do not show evidence of imposition of sharia law or sectarian cleansing of minorities
However, armed conflict, whatever its origins, does have the potential to corrupt a movement, whether via revenge war-crimes, an over-reliance on military means, the enhancement of existing sectarian dynamics, the boost it may give to irrational ideologies (e.g. jihadism), and the avenues it gives to foreign interference.
Such negatives cannot negate a democratic revolution as such, unless we live in a dream world (see “Syria or elsewhere there are no pure revolutions just revolutions”for this point. Indeed, massive regime violence is likely to have its reflection, to some extent, among the anti-regime forces. However, if they reach a certain level and are combined, the conflict could simply become a civil war between two equally undemocratic forces.
While all these factors exist at serious levels and should not be underestimated, it would be extremely premature to make this conclusion.
The formal leaderships of the Syrian opposition, based in exile, have little or no control over the grassroots political and military opposition inside Syria. On the positive side, this means they will not be very effective tools as the US tries to hijack the movement via these leaderships; but the negative side of this is that wayward elements that commit war crimes are also difficult to control and punish. Nevertheless, it is important that the rebel leaderships have continually and vigorously condemned all such violations, for example their condemnation of the well-publicised bite at the heart of a dead regime soldier by a rebel enraged at the soldier’s videos of his rape and murder of a mother and her daughters. The code of conduct, drawn up by the main grassroots leadership, the Local Coordination Committees (LCCs), and signed by dozens of FSA battalions, shows the lengths to which revolutionary forces have gone to try to rein in such activity.
There is however clearly a minority of truly reactionary forces which do threaten an anti-democratic religious dictatorship. The recent murder of a 15-year old in Aleppo for “blasphemy” is an example of this. This murder was vigorously condemned by the opposition Syrian Coalition, which called for punishment of the killers and described it as a “crime against humanity”. While clearly growing stronger, there is no evidence that this trend has come to dominate the movement.
Throwing the whole Syrian uprising into the “jihadi” camp undermines the very forces within the revolution that confront this reactionary trend on a daily basis (see for examples of popular demonstrations, slogans, declarations etc. against these currents and their actions here, here, here, here, here and elsewhere). The recent assassination of an FSA leader by Al-Qaida in Syria, and the FSA’s declaration that this meant “war” with these forces, further highlights this situation).
In a nutshell, the situation on the side of the revolution is still fluid, there is still struggle, the reactionary forces by no means dominate. In this context, their right to access arms from abroad should hardly be in question, confronted as they are by such a powerfully armed state machine, which bombs its own towns and cities with scud missiles, fighter planes and helicopters and the whole array of state power, reducing much of Syria to moonscapes (see for example Syria Witness). Even more so considering that most arms flowing into Syria are in fact Russian and Iranian arms further bolstering the regime.
However, since the countries furnishing some arms to the rebels at present (reactionary Gulf monarchies like Saudi Arabia and Qatar), and the countries likely to provide any arms in future (the US or other imperialist states), have reactionary agendas, it may be argued that they will inevitably bend the Syrian revolutionary struggle to their ends if the Syrians accept their arms.
These states’ agendas are primarily to hijack the revolution and/or divert it along a path that better serves their interests than democratic revolution. Some in the Gulf prefer pushing reactionary Sunni jihadism and sectarianism; in contrast, the US tends to see these hard Islamist elements as a worse alternative to Assad, and aims to control a section of the exile leadership and push it into a deal with elements of the Assad regime, especially its security apparatus, to create a so-called “Yemeni solution”. In fact, to get them to prove their worth, the US is pushing mainstream rebels to prematurely launch war on the jihadists.
But not many movements in the real world, confronted by massive state violence, have much choice about who to get arms from, even though they come with a price. Merely receiving arms from someone has never been the final determinant of the nature of the movement on the ground, whether it was secular Bosnian Muslims in the 1990s getting arms from Iran, Iraqi Kurds in the 1970s from the CIA and the Shah of Iran, Ho Chi Minh negotiating for US support in 1945 or the Irish uprising in 1916 getting support from Germany. What is fundamental is the actual nature of the movement on the ground and degree to which it continues to represent the legitimate aspirations of the masses for democratic change.
Ironically, it is the extreme reluctance of Western states to provide arms to the Syrian opposition that has allowed the Gulf states to provide arms to reactionary Islamist forces. Islamist fighters are better armed than mainstream secular rebels; reports show some FSA rebels crossing over to Al-Nusra for this reason. Despite much talk about arms going to Syrian rebels, most reports show them starved for arms, and those arms that do reach them are light arms, little threat to the massive heavy military equipment Assad is throwing at them.
The US uses the strength of these Islamist forces as its key argument for refusing to arm the rebels, claiming any arms it sends to “friendly” rebels may end up with radical Islamists. This is then countered by the argument that it must start sending some arms to vetted rebels precisely in order to bolster the non-Islamist rebels. Yet in reality we still see hardly any US arms getting to the rebels. Indeed, the main US intervention has been stationing CIA units in Turkey and Jordan to prevent weapons from the Gulf reaching the rebels), especially weapons that would actually be useful, such as anti-aircraft weapons. (See here and here.)
The reason for this is that the US is not only concerned with radical Islamists; it is also aware that the exile FSA leaders that it has relations with have almost no control over the revolutionary forces inside Syria.
Thus while the left worries that Western arms will allow imperialism to hijack the movement, the US has refused to arm the rebels for over two years because it believes it cannot successfully hijack it. Ironically, while Syrian revolutionaries are continually confronting the reactionary Islamists, as shown above, when the US tried to prematurely push them against these forces, the same Syrians came out into the streets to denounce US interference for trying to split the anti-Assad forces; they’ll confront the Islamists on their own terms, but won’t let the US tell them what to do.
Nonetheless, despite Syrian rebels having the right to get whatever weapons they need, there may be legitimate questions about the effectiveness of receiving extra arms. Given the sheer horror of continuing war for all, and the regime’s enormous military superiority, extra arms may make little real difference to the actual battle, but instead may merely prolong the fighting, or even escalate it, as it will in turn encourage Russia, Iran and Hezbollah to supply even more weapons and fighters to the regime.
It is true that more arms in themselves will not win the revolution. In the big cities, Damascus and Aleppo, military stalemate has long ago been reached, with significant sections of the middle class sticking to the regime against the largely rural-based insurgency which has only won over the poorer areas of the cities; while important minorities, particularly most Alawites, Assad’s own sect, and many Christians, have stuck to the regime. War crimes, undemocratic actions and the rise of the Sunni jihadist section of the movement have led these sectors to grudgingly stick with the regime or at least remain neutral. They will need to be politically won over, and the important problems with the parts of the rebel leadership and ranks currently prevent this.
It is therefore in the interests of most Syrians, and particularly of the revolution, for some kind of ceasefire to allow a breathing space for the mass civil movement to revive. Pouring in the kinds of advanced weapons that would allow the rebels to take Damascus and Aleppo whole, despite popular reluctance, would be no democratic solution (and still less would a “Libyan solution” of achieving this via imperialist bombing). However, it is important to remember that no one, least of all the imperialist powers, is proposing anything like this.
It is somewhat ironic that the receipt of limited numbers of small arms by the rebels is put forward as a cause of prolonging the war, rather than the massive use of heavy weaponry by the regime. The logical conclusion of this argument is that they should allow themselves to be crushed and achieve the “peace of the grave”. Even if the rebels got the main weapons they demand, but which the US blocks—portable anti-aircraft guns—this would only allow the rebels to defend themselves and their mass base more effectively; these are not offensive weapons that would allow them to march on Damascus.
What such weapons might allow, however, is for supporters of the revolution to gain more confidence, win back supporters pessimistic about confronting the regime, and actually put pressure on the regime to come to some kind of ceasefire; it is the regime’s overwhelming military superiority that allows it to push its military solution.
Given the enormous military superiority the regime already holds, it is difficult to see how even more Russian and Iranian arms to the regime would make that much difference, and the lack of Western arms has not held them back in any case.
Socialists have no business demanding our imperialist governments send arms or do anything in particular, as we know their agendas; but neither should we protest if they do send some arms (as opposed to more direct intervention which we must strongly resist). In fact, by demanding a complete US exit from the region, the CIA operatives currently preventing better arms from getting to the rebels would be out of a job.
It should be stressed, however, that a change in imperialist strategy is not out of the question, if Western leaders decide the situation continuing as at present is simply too destabilising. While unlikely, if the US and other imperialist powers decide to desperately throw themselves in with an array of no-fly zones, aerial bombings and so on, the current situation would become even more catastrophic, both inside Syria and regionally. While it is clearly not the Israeli strategy—Israel has continually made it clear it sees Assad, who has kept the peace on the occupied Golan border for 40 years and continually made war on the Palestinians, as the lesser evil to any of the Syrian rebel forces—Israel would likely move to take advantage of such a conflagration to carry out its own aggression against Iran, or even to forcibly expel a new wave of Palestinians.
Campaign for Peace and Democracy: Roundtable on Syria
Roundtable on Syria
Victims of the alleged August 21 chemical weapons attack.
While these discussions, therefore, cannot take into account the detail of the latest moves, they represent valuable contributions to understanding the background to the current crisis. Given the anti-intervention view expressed by all – none of who gave any support whatsoever to the brutal Assad regime – it goes without saying that the common view among participants now is opposition to the impending imperialist attack, while not changing the pro-revolution view among those participants who expressed clear support for it.
We also publish Michael Karadjis’ contribution to the discussion below the CPD’s introduction.
* * *
Roundtable on the Syrian crisis
August 28, 2013 — Campaign for Peace and Democracy — In June 2013 the Campaign for Peace and Democracy’s co-directors issued a personal statement on the Syrian revolution. At that time, we invited contributions to an online symposium, hoping to stimulate a vigorous debate over the issues raised by our statement. What follows are several pieces that in various ways oppose, support or supplement our position on Syria.
The symposium contributions were written before a large-scale poison gas attack with many casualties in the rebel-controlled Ghouta suburbs of Damascus on August 21, 2013. Likewise, they were all written before Washington’s deployment of military forces to the region and its virtual announcement that military action is forthcoming.
Whether or not it is definitively proven that the chemical weapons attack was carried out by the Syrian government (which in our view is very likely the case), we – along with all of the symposium participants – strongly oppose military intervention by the United States and its allies, for reasons explained in our symposium response. It’s clear that whatever military measures the Obama administration may now adopt in Syria stem from a concern to rescue US “credibility” as a global hegemonic power, not a genuine concern to defend the victims of Assad’s brutality, a concern of which it has given little previous indication in the case of Syria or anywhere else. On the contrary, Washington continues to support and supply weapons to repressive governments in Bahrain, Egypt, Saudi Arabia and elsewhere in the world.
David McReynolds highlights the ruinous history of US “humanitarian intervention,” citing the devastating wars on Iraq and Afghanistan. Like Nolan, McReynolds regards the fighting in Syria as a civil war, with Assad retaining significant popular support – though he rejects the idea that Assad and his regime are “socialists under assault”. McReynolds is against all military aid to the rebels and calls for the US to work with Russia to bring the warring parties to a peace conference.
Assaf Kfoury supports the Syrian revolution, but he thinks that any weapons from outside are more than likely to come with US influence and interference attached, and that they will induce Russia, Iran and possibly China to increase the supply of weaponry to Assad. Kfoury, like Karadjis, looks to an internationally supervised ceasefire and the coming Geneva-2 conference to bring at least a temporary respite to the violence.
Michael Eisenscher sends us the statement of US Labor Against the War (USLAW), along with additional commentary, calling on US Congress and the administration to send humanitarian aid rather than arms to Syria and to promote a political solution. Eisenscher also includes a link to a petition that USLAW signed along with other peace groups that opposes military intervention and opposes arming the rebels or creating a no-fly zone. It calls on the US to focus on increasing humanitarian assistance through the UN and building active multilateral diplomacy with all involved parties for an immediate ceasefire without preconditions, a full arms embargo, and negotiations to end Syria’s civil war.
Salameh Kaileh favours the revolutionaries receiving weapons where they can, and argues that all the outside powers, including Saudi Arabia and Qatar, have refused to arm the revolution in a way that would actually enable it to win. Instead, he says, they favour what they call a “political solution” that would consign Syria to Russia’s sphere of influence.
Finally, we publish an interview “Imperialism, Sectarianism and Syria’s Revolution” with Joseph Daher, a member of the Syrian Revolutionary Left Current. Daher supports the Syrian revolution while arguing that reactionary forces like Jabhat al Nusra are being well funded by some Gulf countries in order to transform the revolution into a sectarian war. Unlike many Western leftists, Daher insists that the Syrian conflict is not a proxy war and that Assad and the countries supporting him are not anti-imperialist. Instead he calls for solidarity with the revolutionary and democratic popular committees and organisations.
The symposium concludes with a response from the CPD co-directors, “No to US war on Syria! No to Assad! Yes to a democratic Syrian revolution!” | https://mkaradjis.com/2013/09/ | dclm-gs1-262315422 |
0.052827 | <urn:uuid:23d6946d-7194-472c-b058-3499ddcd69e6> | en | 0.920711 | Bhoot Police (2021) Hindi
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BUSI 2301 Business Law
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• University: Panola College
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Part One: Essays
a) Explain New York’s surrogacy law and explain how you might change it, if at all.
b) Explain the difference between comparative negligence and contributory negligence. What is New York’s negligence standard? Explain how you would change it, if at all.
c) Research and describe whether you support the Pregnancy Fairness Act. How would it change current Supreme Court case law standards?
Part Two: Multiple Choice:
1. The Emoluments Clause of the U.S. Constitution says that “No Title of Nobility shall be granted by the United States; and no person holding any office of profit or trust under them, shall, without the consent of the Congress, accept of any present, emolument, office, or title, of any kind whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign state.” Article 1, Section 9, Clause 8
Pursuant to its interpretation of this clause, Congress has created a law requiring the President to report every 60 days to Congress on any holdings of the President that do business during his/her administration. The President believes that the law is unconstitutional. To settle the dispute between the President and Congress:
a) the President’s position carries the most weight over Congress because the President was elected by all the people in a direct election.
b) the courts will decide. It is the province and duty of the courts to say what the law is.
c) Congress’ interpretation counts the most unless the courts say otherwise because the Constitution gave Congress the power to make laws.
d) the President prevails because President Trump, and Presidents of his caliber, always win.
2. During a trial to determine if the Smiths stole a secret pie recipe from one of their retailers, Mrs. Smith testified that she never stole anything in her business career. The plaintiff’s lawyer would like to introduce testimony from their earlier deposition where Mrs. Smith admitted to stealing recipes from her chef school classmates and getting expelled for it.
The testimony:
a) cannot be introduced because evidence from discovery is only useful for negotiations to settle a case.
b) cannot be introduced unless Mrs. Smith agreed to use the deposition for the trial
c) can be introduced because deposition testimony can be used to impeach witnesses during a trial.
d) can be introduced as long as the lawyer pays the court an extra $40/word for the extra time it is using of the public’s time.
3. After a jury verdict of $500,000 in compensatory damages against a cigarette company for fraudulently selling cigarettes without warning buyers of the addictiveness of nicotine and the cigarette’s additives, the jury awarded punitive damages of $200 million. The company’s strongest argument to reduce or eliminate the punitive damages award is:
a) that cigarettes provide a valuable public service in the workplace in reducing stress and providing alternatives to illegal drugs
b) that the ratio of the punitive damages award to the compensatory damages award of 400:1 is too excessive.
c) that similar verdicts will put cigarette companies out of business and hurt the American economy.
d) that everyone should have been aware of the dangers of cigarettes by now.
4. Tort reform is:
a) a law delineating more types of harms so that people can receive more protection from the wrongs done to them
b) any law that has the effect of reducing the harms that people suffer.
c) a law calling for a state constitutional convention to change that state’s tort laws.
d) a law limiting the amounts of damages that people can receive for wrongs done to them.
5. Della Kliebeck spilled McDougal’s hot coffee on herself while opening it between her legs In the parking lot of McDougal’s. McDougal’s coffee is 195 degrees when it is poured and is in thin white Styrofoam cups with no handles or warnings. If the accident happened in a 100% contributory negligence state, it is most likely that:
a) Ms. Kliebeck will recover 100% of her damages because McDougal’s should have been aware of the damage that McDonald’s caused to Ms. Stella Liebeck.
b) Ms. Kliebeck will recover nothing because she negligently tried to open coffee between her legs.
c) Ms. Kliebeck will recover based on the proportionate amount of her negligence as compared to the negligence that McDougal’s contributed to the coffee spill.
d) Ms. Kliebeck will recover no more than her medical expenses because of her own negligence.
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0.26785 | <urn:uuid:20e0c7a9-9b27-4d50-bb45-5abc67595e5e> | en | 0.934192 | Lawsuit Seeks to Halt Nestlé from Stealing 1,838,451,342 Gallons of Water in CA
When hundreds of thousands of Californians expressed disdain over Nestlé Corporation’s water extraction from the San Bernardino National Forest during California’s worst drought in history, CEO of Nestle Waters North America Tim Brown seemed unphased.
The US Forest Service was allowing Nestlé to extract water and sell it back to Californians even though the company’s permit to do so had been expired in 1988. Though Nestlé ‘s permit was waiting in a pile of other permit applications, activists sued the National Forest Service when news of Nestlé’s extreme level of greed first came to light. They were also incensed because Nestlé has a long history of tapping public water supplies and then selling the water back to the public at an exorbitant cost.
Nestlé’s recent tapping of the San Bernardino National Forest reserve means that the company essentially stole 1,838,451,342 gallons of water from the public trust.
Now, the outcry of over a million members of a non-profit called The Story of Stuff (SoS) has Brown singing a different tune. When he learned that SoS is planning to take action against Nestlé for its environmental degradation and corporate greed, SoS received the following message from Nestlé’s CEO:
The corporation finally asked to meet with SoS’s staff, but SoS feels that this is just another act against society, in a long list of Nestlé’s attempt to privatize water all over the world.
Here are the very simple requests that are being made of the mega-corporation:
• Withdraw from all additional sites where communities are protesting the privatization of their water, including Cascade Locks, OR, Kunkletown, PA, Fryeburg, ME, Mt. Shasta, CA, Sacramento, CA, Elora, ON, and Vancouver, BC.
• Pay to clean up the waste generated by its polluting plastic products. Stop pushing the cost of cleanup onto taxpayers.
You can add your request to the following petition to ensure that Nestlé stops taking water from people all over the world, and more immediately from California as it attempts to overcome the conditions of drought. | https://naturalsociety.com/nestle-sued-for-stealing-1838451342-gallons-of-water-from-san-bernadino-national-forest-in-ca/ | dclm-gs1-262395422 |
0.09902 | <urn:uuid:9b4d3260-e7c1-49c9-9282-d246d0228e36> | en | 0.970271 | As organizations dedicated to strengthening workplace protections and promoting economic security for working families, we write to urge you to co-sponsor the Schedules That Work Act in the 117th Congress. Even before the COVID-19 pandemic, millions of people—disproportionately women and people of color—working in essential but low-paying jobs often had little notice of their work schedules, experienced last-minute shift cancellations that deprived them of vital income, and worked “clopening” shifts that left little time to commute, let alone rest, between shifts. Employers have continued to use these “just-in-time” scheduling practices throughout the pandemic—even as workers face heightened risks to their health and safety, inadequate access to paid leave and paid sick days, and additional caregiving challenges posed by school and child care closures and quarantines. The Schedules That Work Act will curb these harmful practices, granting people a voice in their work schedules and helping working people meet their obligations on the job and in the rest of their lives. | https://nwlc.org/resource/coalition-support-for-the-schedules-that-work-act/ | dclm-gs1-262435422 |
0.74239 | <urn:uuid:d899c2e1-0328-4f15-af91-f69af55cabb5> | en | 0.913478 | Learn How to Convert the Decimal Format to a Binary Form
convert the decimal
convert the decimal
If you have been using currencies, you may have realized that not all currencies can be converted to other currencies without making some changes. Let’s say, for instance, that you are using the British pound as your currency and trying to convert to United States dollars. Odds are, there will be a lot of rounding involved before the two fractions will match up. What is the most feasible method for accomplishing this? How can you convert the fraction to the equivalent unit? This article will discuss these concepts and provide tips on rounding to ensure that conversions are accurate.
There are three common rounding methods:
# Rounding by the whole number
# Rounding by the fraction
# Simply rounding to the nearest whole number
The best method to use when dealing with a currency that uses the whole number method is to round to the nearest whole number. This gives the most exact results, but this isn’t always possible since each country’s currency rounding rules are different. When in doubt, though, it is often best to go with the nearest whole number so that you won’t have to worry about rounding off to the wrong number.
Suppose you are converting from a foreign currency using a base 2 decimal fraction. In that instance, the binary system is the most convenient. Converting from a binary to a fraction takes one extra step, though. You must convert the fraction before performing the actual conversion. For example, if you are going to convert from British pounds to U.S. dollars, you would convert the symbol for one to a leading zero (0) and then convert the symbol for the second to a leading bit (2).
One common mistake when converting from a binary format to a fractional number is rounding off to a significant number. You’ll likely get an incorrect rounded result when rounding to a significant digit. It’s because many decimals are just digits. You write two ten-thousandths of a dollar as ten-thousandths of a dollar. We round to the nearest whole number, so ten-thousandths of a dollar always comes out close to one. The best way to convert from a binary to a fraction is to use the binary form, then round to the nearest whole number.
This does not exclude you from converting the decimal point two places down. It simply implies that you must first grasp how the procedure works before converting. Don’t forget that converting from a fraction to a binary format always requires a leading bit. Binary zeros and ones are written as lower case hexadecimal digits for decimals in binary. When converting from any of these formats, it is always best to use the leading bit. This makes the resulting number much easier to read than rounding to the nearest whole number.
To convert the decimal to a binary format, multiply each digit by two. The result is going to be a binary number. A couple of examples to use would be “1234” or “10000”. With numbers you’re likely to use, such as money or weight in pounds or ounces, times a hundred, times a thousand, etc., binary conversion is easy.
Several computer systems today conveniently allow users to convert the decimal point to a binary equivalent. Decimal Numerator (DNN) is one such popular product. A binary Numerator (BNC) is another way to convert decimals. The best system for converting decimals to their binary equivalents would be to test the accuracy of your current software or use complementary products found on the Internet.
A computerized calculator can also be utilized to perform the conversion. This can be an option when you are not comfortable with the computer-based method. Suppose you cannot convert the fractional form into a binary equivalent. In that case, buying a software solution would be wise. This option will save you time while also ensuring that the data you enter is correct. learn more.
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0.121506 | <urn:uuid:8badcb8e-ff1d-49d8-ac9b-9f7331345d39> | en | 0.941482 | Does CBD Oil Affect The Immune System
Buy CBD Oil Online
The most common product extracted from CBD is CBD oil. Since it is still somewhat of a new product, researchers are still learning more about it. However, according to current studies, cannabinoids, like CBD edibles and cannabis oil, can help boost your immune system and promote better health. Your Immune System Your b Is it possible that CBD oil can both strengthen and weaken the immune system? See what the research has to say.
How CBD Can Provide a Boost for Your Immune System
Your Immune System
Your body is exposed to an array of diseases, infections, viruses, and bacteria each day. If you had no immune system, even the most common illness might be fatal. The arrangement of the cells, tissues, and organs that work together to eliminate foreign particles and foreign invaders is your immune system. It is what keeps you healthy.
Your immune system is also tasked with detecting cells that aren’t working correctly and eliminating them from the body. Your immune system must eliminate these cells so they don’t continue to multiply, which could lead to tumors.
CBD and Your Immune System
Cannabidiol can help boost your immune system. In fact, research has proven that CBD includes anti-inflammatory properties and can work as an immunosuppressant and immunomodulator.
Also, CBD can help modulate or suppress the functioning and secretion of cytokines. These are large groups of proteins, which are secreted in your body’s immune system. It helps to regulate inflammation, immunity, and the production of white blood cells. All this will help your immune system work smarter and keep you healthy..
Finding a Quality CBD Product is Essential
If you want to achieve the potential benefits that CBD offers for your immune system, it is necessary to find a quality and reputable product. Be sure to take time to find a company that provides reputable products for affordable prices.
With the right CBD product, you can provide your immune system a much-needed boost and live a happier and healthier life. Some preliminary studies indicate CBD may also be a helpful tool for avoiding COVID-19, but further research on this topic and illness is needed.
Immunity and CBD Oil: Does Cannabidiol Help or Hurt the Immune System?
One of the most complicated things to understand about cannabidiol (CBD) oil is its impact on the immune system. Is it positive or negative? Will CBD oil strengthen or weaken your immune system?
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There really is no simple answer to this because technically it can do both, depending on the autoimmune condition in question.
Here’s what you need to know to understand whether CBD oil could help or hurt your immune system.
Effects of CBD Oil On The Immune System
To understand whether or not CBD oil can strengthen or weaken the immune system, it is important to understand the basics.
Cannabinoids like CBD interact with the endocannabinoid system (ECS). The ECS plays a significant role in regulating a wide range of bodily functions and systems, including the immune system.
The immune system, when functioning properly, is what keeps humans healthy and enables the body to fight disease and infection. In healthy immune systems, inflammation is a normal and effective response to bodily threats. In individuals with poorly functioning immune systems, an inflammatory response is triggered far too readily and strongly, which can result in persistent inflammation that often leads to chronic pain in some conditions. Current research points to chronic inflammation as being a common factor in many diseases.
CBD oil may be able to alleviate inflammation, allowing your immune system to function better for you to feel better.
How Does CBD Oil Affect the Human Immune System?
Within the ECS, the cannabinoid 2 (CB2) receptor plays a key role in regulating inflammatory immune responses. CBD oil inhibits CB2, which helps regulate inflammation in the body. Additionally, CBD has several indirect anti-inflammatory impacts on the central nervous system, which amplify its therapeutic effects.
For example, cytokines are proteins released by immune cells when the body experiences stress or trauma. These proteins play a role in the initiation and continuation of inflammation in the body. Research has shown that cannabinoids like CBD can disrupt the release of cytokines so effectively that CBD oil may even prevent inflammation before it starts.
CBD oil can also affect the immune system by inhibiting the reuptake of the neurotransmitter adenosine. Through this action, the amount of adenosine in the brain is increased, acting on the A2A adenosine receptors to reduce inflammation throughout the body.
So at this point, it may seem like all the benefits of CBD oil are the result of CBD’s ability to suppress the immune system. However, it isn’t quite that simple: there is evidence that CBD oil can, in some instances, do the opposite and strengthen the immune system to produce other benefits.
Whether CBD oil will strengthen or weaken your immune system will depend heavily on your personal health. Let’s break it down.
How CBD Oil Can Suppress the Immune System
CBD oil may play an integral role in managing autoimmune diseases. Autoimmune diseases include conditions like rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis (MS), lupus, HIV/AIDS, and even Parkinson’s disease. While these diseases are varied in their effects and symptoms, they all have one thing in common: a hyperactive immune system.
Autoimmune diseases are characterized by the immune system overreacting to non-threatening internal events, leading to an attack on perfectly healthy cells within the body. The inflammation that results can cause stiffness, pain, and in some cases, internal organ and tissue damage.
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In MS for example, the immune system erroneously targets the central nervous system, causing the body to attack the material that coats nerve fibers, which then creates layers of scar tissue. Eventually, the scar tissue disrupts the ability of these nerves to send and receive signals, resulting in loss of motor function and ultimately paralysis. CBD oil has been shown to improve the experience of MS sufferers, reducing inflammation, stiffness, muscle spasticity, and pain.
Anecdotally, individuals with MS have been using the cannabis plant to manage symptoms. Moreover, recently, Sativex, an oral spray pharmaceutical consisting of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and CBD, has been approved in Canada, the United Kingdom, and a handful of European nations, to treat nerve pain and spasticity in MS patients.
Traditionally, medications used to treat autoimmune conditions are immunosuppressive and synthetically created; essentially they work to shut down the immune system. Unfortunately, shutting off the immune system can create additional problems because it leaves individuals more susceptible to infection and illness.
CBD oil, on the other hand, could be a great middle-of-the-road option for those with autoimmune conditions, because it suppresses very specific parts of the immune system without completely turning it off. Also, CBD is naturally occurring and similar to the endocannabinoids produced in the body, making it a gentler treatment option than certain prescription pharmaceuticals. With little to no proven side effects, CBD oil could be something to try if you’re looking to manage the symptoms of an autoimmune disease. Just remember to consult your doctor before trying it out.
How CBD Oil Can Strengthen the Immune System
In contrast to a hyperactive immune system, a weakened immune system is not able to adequately defend the body and fend off infection as it should.
As mentioned above, CBD oil has been found to work as an effective immune suppressor, which is why it’s used to treat inflammation. So how exactly can CBD oil both suppress and strengthen the immune system? While the answer to this question is still being researched, promising progress has been made.
In studies examining CBD’s effect in cancer patients, for whom the immune system is greatly weakened due to the disease as well as treatments for it, results have shown that individuals are better able to fight infection when taking CBD.
In one study, it was found that cannabinoids taken in high doses prompted the body to kill cancer cells through a process known as apoptosis. In a healthy immune system, apoptosis is naturally triggered when infectious cells are detected in the body. The study’s findings are huge considering cancer cells are defined by their ability to avoid apoptosis, which allows them to multiply and spread throughout the body. While the specifics of how cannabinoids elicit this reaction are still being researched, it’s encouraging to know CBD oil may be able to deter cancerous cells when the immune system cannot.
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According to the research so far, CBD can address autoimmune disorders by calming a hyperactive immune system, and strengthening a compromised one. Ultimately, CBD oil may help your body find the balance it needs to function optimally.
Best CBD Oils for the Immune System
What you determine to be the best CBD oil for your immune system will depend on a handful of factors like where you live, the condition you are hoping to treat, and your personal preferences.
Before you make any type of cannabis-related purchase, it’s important to know what is legal in your state. If you live in a state where medicinal and recreational cannabis is legal, you may be able to get a full-spectrum CBD oil that contains THC. THC has its own range of potential health benefits that may be able to help with specific autoimmune diseases, but can also cause mind-altering, intoxicating effects. If you live in a more cannabis-restrictive state, you may still be able to use a hemp-derived product without THC, or a CBD isolate.
How you choose to take CBD oil will depend on your preferences and needs. For an autoimmune disease that causes localized chronic pain, like arthritis, a CBD oil topical or transdermal patch will provide targeted, long-lasting relief. If you’re prone to sudden stiffness, cramping, or spasticity, vaping CBD oil will offer the quickest relief.
CBD oil capsules or tinctures/drops are the most common ways to take CBD oil. These products are easy to work into a daily routine, and allow you to feel the benefits of CBD on a consistent, daily basis.
When looking to find the best quality CBD oil, consider brands that test their products in a third-party lab and post the resulting Certificate of Analysis (COA) on their website. If a brand does not post certificates, you should reach out and ask to see them before spending any money. COAs will allow you to understand exactly what is in your CBD oil, giving you a better understanding of the product’s potency and safety.
It is also a good idea to look for an organic product. CBD oil derived from organically grown hemp plants will reduce the likelihood that harmful chemicals or pesticides will end up in the final product. If you’re living with an autoimmune disease, choosing the cleanest CBD products is a must.
And finally, it’s important to talk to your doctor before you start supplementing with CBD oil. While CBD oil has little to no known side effects, it can interact with some commonly prescribed medications. You may wish to consult a specialist cannabis doctor who has an in-depth understanding of CBD oil for medicinal use.
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0.027571 | <urn:uuid:6325b91c-f70d-45e6-8fe5-28bdd0b82dd3> | en | 0.915887 | Budder Premium – Death Bubba
1 gram $25
7 gram $155
14 gram $265
28 gram $460
More Info About This Product
Death Bubba Strain
Bred in Vancouver, Death Bubba Budder is a popular indica cross between Death Star and Bubba Kush. This strain boasts beautiful purple nugs covered with an ample amount of terpenes and trichomes, both of which account for its insanely high THC content. Fans of this strain love its extremely fragrant musky pine aroma and sweet, earthy flavour.
Death Bubba Budder Potency
Budder is an extremely potent form of concentrate, typically containing 80-90 percent THC. This is nearly five times more potent than unrefined flower which rarely exceeds 30 percent. This high potency is due to the amount of terpenes retained during extraction, a level not found in other concentrates.
Death Bubba is known for being a crazy potent strain, with a THC content ranging from 25-27 percent. As a result, inexperienced users should be careful not to overdo with this powerhouse strain.
Death Bubba Budder Effects
Once consumed, Death Bubba delivers an initial burst of focused and motivated energy. Don’t let this fool you, however, because this burst only gives you enough time to get things in order before the real effects kick in. You’ll soon experience a euphoric mental state that helps clear the head and lighten the mood. What follows are intense psychoactive experiences that sink you deeper into your thoughts and promote heavy introspection. Finally, Death Bubba’s powerful sedative properties will lull you into a deep, almost death-like slumber, which is why you should only enjoy this strain at night.
Death Bubba Budder Benefits
There are notable benefits to consuming budder over unrefined flower or other forms of cannabis concentrate. Budder allows cannabinoids to enter the bloodstream very quickly, resulting in an almost instantaneous onset of effects. Like all concentrates, smoking budder prevents the need to inhale large amounts of burning plant material, and this reduces your lungs’ exposure to harmful chemicals. The consistency of budder also makes it easier to scoop out small portions, and the high levels of terpenes offer a more flavourful experience.
In particular, Death Bubba is an excellent strain for treating a broad range of ailments. This strain’s mood stimulating abilities are great for relieving stress, anxiety, and depression. The intensely numbing body stone is highly effective for treating chronic pain, inflammation, and severe muscle spasms. Users report that Death Bubba is especially beneficial for treating back pain and spinal cord injuries. The deep slumber brought on by this strain is tremendously useful for those combating insomnia as well as for people struggling with persistent nightmares.
How to Take Budder
Budder is one of the most versatile cannabis products on the market, and there are many different ways to consume it. The most popular method is dabbing, and this requires the use of a specialized water pipe known as a dab rig. Dabbing budder involves heating the rig with a blowtorch before melting a small amount of budder onto the heated surface and inhaling the vapor.
You also vape budder using a battery-operated vaporizer. Vaping operates on the same principle as dabbing but is more portable and easy to use.
Using a process known as “twaxing”, you can smoke budder without a rig by crumbling and sprinkling it on top of flower in a joint or bowl. Interestingly, this method can actually enhance the potency and effects of your unrefined flower.
Budder is even suitable for those who wish to avoid inhalation entirely. Unlike many other concentrates, budder melts easily into a liquid form. You can then add this liquid into a baking recipe to create a delicious and highly potent edible.
Budder Dosage
Unfortunately, there is no universal dosage guide that suits everyone’s consumption habits, and different people can require very different doses. Calculating an ideal dosage depends on factors such as weight, health, body chemistry, mood, and desired level of effects. For example, a patient treating chronic pain will require a higher dosage than someone trying shatter for the first time. The recommended starting dose is 10mg THC to gauge effects. First-timers should start with the lowest possible dose and slowly increase until you find the dosage that works for you.
Final Thoughts
With its potent effects and wide range of therapeutic benefits, is there anything Death Bubba Budder can’t do? Enjoy this concentrate to release both physical and mental tension, and we guarantee you’ll be back for more in no time! | https://potsmart.net/product/budder-premium-death-bubba/ | dclm-gs1-262565422 |
0.018834 | <urn:uuid:fc39b977-42c3-4f7f-9835-28d57bae634d> | en | 0.831665 |
John Deere DT90-100S
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John Deere has an unparalleled track record for providing reliable, robust, and efficient Engines that won’t let you down, even in the most extreme conditions. You can depend on a John Deere engine for uninterrupted performance, durability, and unbeatable fuel economy. These engines are built tough, for our harsh ambient conditions.
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0.213042 | <urn:uuid:24785713-1dda-4ba8-a308-b06519b68b17> | en | 0.956503 | Do Pringles Expire or Go Bad?
by Charlie
Published: Last Updated on
Do Pringles Expire
Most foods expire eventually, but what about chips like Pringles? Open or sealed, cold or warm environment, wet or dry: these all have an impact on how long it takes for Pringles to expire.
Do Pringles expire? Pringles will expire eventually, but how long that takes depends on the conditions in which those Pringles are stored. The good news is that Pringles are designed to last a pretty long time when sitting unopened on shelves and can last about twelve to fourteen months if they remain unopened.
Of course, who is going to buy Pringles and not eat them for that long?
There are many factors to consider regarding when your Pringles are or aren’t good to eat, all of which we’ll discuss here.
When Pringles Expire – Difference in Expiration Dates and Best-By Dates
Before you even worry too much about an expiration date on your Pringles, you should check and see if what you really have is a “best by” date, which is not the same thing. An expiration date tells you when something is supposedly no longer safe to consume. A best-by date just tells you when a product is no longer ideal.
You can usually eat Pringles after a best-by date has passed. They just won’t be as good as if you had eaten them prior to that date. It’s safe to eat Pringles two or three weeks after the best-by date if you haven’t opened them before, and you probably won’t notice anything wrong.
If you eat them after that, it’s very unlikely that you’ll suffer any negative health effects, but they might be stale and not taste as good.
But this is all only relevant to an unopened can of Pringles, and how often does one have unopened cans of Pringles for that long? What about when you open a can, but don’t eat all of them at once?
How Long Can an Opened Can of Pringles Last?
Under ideal conditions, a can of opened Pringles can last one to two weeks. Those ideal conditions involve how you store your opened can of Pringles. Store it properly and you might get this kind of longevity out of them. Store them improperly, and they may only last a few days at best.
Ideal storage conditions for an opened can of Pringles include having the lid on whenever possible, as well as being stored in a place that is both dark and cool. On the other hand, having the lid off and being kept in warm areas or in direct sunlight will cause the Pringles to go stale much faster.
You’ll also want to be especially sure that you keep the Pringles away from moisture. We’re sure you can imagine why moisture would quickly make your chips undesirable for consumption
Even though ideal storage can extend the tasty lifetime of your Pringles, it’s still difficult to keep them from going stale once they’ve been exposed to air for a long period of time, so it’s usually recommended to just consume your Pringles on the same day you open them.
Why Do Pringles Last Longer when Unopened?
The main culprit when it comes to your Pringles and going stale is the air that gets into them after the can is opened. Contrary to popular opinion, there isn’t a whole bunch of air inside of a can of Pringles: it’s actually nitrogen, which helps keep the Pringles crisp.
This means that a can of Pringles is airtight prior to being opened, and that means that the air that would usually make those Pringles soft over time can’t get in. That’s why an unopened can of Pringles can last for months or even a year, while an opened can of Pringles can’t.
Of course, once you open your can of Pringles, it is no longer airtight, so the moment you do that, their expiration date is sped up significantly. They’re on a timer from that moment on. Even putting the lid back on won’t change that, as once the seal is removed on the can, you cannot make it airtight again.
Keeping the lid on helps keep air from getting into the can in large quantities, but it does not keep the air out entirely. That’s why an opened can of Pringles will still only be good for a couple of weeks, even if you store them properly.
Where Can You Find the Expiration/Best-By Date on a Can of Pringles?
If you’d like to know the expiration or best-by date for your can of Pringlesyou can often find them on the bottom of the can. Looking down there, you’ll be able to see a surprising amount of information, but what you’ll be interested in are the dates preceded by the letters “P” and “E.”
The date after the letter “P” is the date the chips were produced, while the date after the letter “E” is when the chips are supposed to expire. Just remember that the expiration date is not a hard cut-off for when the chips are no longer edible, it’s just an estimate of when the chips will no longer taste their best.
You would have to leave Pringles opened for an absurdly long time for the chips themselves to pose a health hazard to you, and by that time, you would probably be able to tell that there’s something wrong with the chips just by seeing, touching, or smelling them.
Final Thoughts
Ultimately, how long your Pringles last depends on if you leave them unopened or not. An unopened can of Pringles can last as long as fifteen months from the date of their production onwards. But if you open the can of Pringles, they will only last a week or two under ideal circumstances, and only a few days under other circumstances.
All of this being taken into consideration, it is generally recommended to just eat your Pringles on the same day that you open them. That way, you don’t have to worry about their freshness!
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0.949722 | <urn:uuid:0b4418c5-b5d6-4a3b-a220-1ba3b4cc9373> | en | 0.971989 | 50 questions for elementary school children (with their answers)
It is clear that the education of children is a key factor for our society, because thanks to it, we can train and prepare the little ones to face life.
One of the pillars of this education is the family. Another of the most relevant is that of the institution responsible for training them and providing them with sufficient knowledge to promote their development: the school.
And already at the most basic levels, in primary school, children receive a lot of very useful information and learning.
But even outside of school every now and then, it’s good to do a little review of what you’ve learned, and it’s even possible to do it as a little quiz game to make it more enjoyable. That is why throughout this article we will be looking a selection of questions for elementary school children, With which we can make them think and encourage their mental activity.
Table of Contents
Several questions for elementary school children
Below we leave you with a total of fifty questions that can be asked of elementary school children which can be more or less difficult depending on their level and which allow for reflection and further learning relatively quickly and easily.
It should be noted that in primary school there is a wide variety of levels of development and ability, so many of the following issues can only be solved from certain courses.
1. How many minutes is an hour? And one day?
The first is a simple question that you should be able to answer without looking at a clock, with the possible exception of the smallest ones. The second can be a bit trickier and you have to know how to multiply two-digit numbers. The correct answers are 60 and in the second case of the 60×24 calculation, we get 1440.
2. How many legs does a spider have?
An appropriate question for elementary school children that can help tell the difference between arachnids and insects. The correct answer is eight.
3. What is the largest river in the world?
A question of general culture, in this case linked to geography. The correct answer would be the Amazon.
4. How many years do we have in a leap year?
This question at least makes us think about how we organize our schedule, and it also tells us about the general culture of the child. The correct answer would be every four years.
5. How many months do they have 28 days?
We are faced with a somewhat maliciously asked question, as it will easily make us think of February as the only month that usually has 28 days. However, every month of the year they hit this amount, so the correct answer would be 12.
6. What is a century?
Concepts like the century were constant in topics like history, so it is necessary to know what this concept means. We consider it valid to say that they are one hundred years old, however it is interesting to encourage them to categorize as a unit or period of time.
7. Who was Cleopatra?
This question can be answered in several ways, but we will consider it valid to be told that she was the last pharaoh of Egypt.
8. Which planet is closest to the Sun?
The correct answer is Mercury.
9. What is the highest mountain today?
Geography question, the correct answer would be Everest.
10. What is the name of the sound produced by a sheep?
Learn about animals that are a little less common than a dog, cat, or cow, and need to use a noun, not a verb. In this case, the answer would be beautiful.
11. In which city and in which country is the Eiffel Tower located?
Another question of geography. In this case, the correct answers are Paris and France.
12. What are arteries and veins used for?
Anatomy is a subject already covered throughout primary education. A simple answer to this question would be that the arteries allow oxygenated blood to be carried from the heart to the rest of the body while the veins carry the blood with carbon dioxide and waste from cellular function to the heart to be in. measure to re-oxygenate (except the lungs, which carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart).
13. What is a delta?
Knowing that this is a geographical accident that occurs at the mouth of a river and in which sediment settles down is something that at least the last years of elementary school should begin to know. .
14. If someone from Spain speaks Spanish, someone from Portugal Portuguese and someone from France French. What are we talking about in Brazil?
This question is for children who think a little bit and don’t just follow the examples given. The correct answer would be Portuguese.
15. What bones do we find in the forearm?
The elbow and the radio are the answer to this question, corresponding to the basic anatomy that children of a certain age see in the natural sciences.
16. What kind of word is “here”?
In elementary school, we also begin to identify the types of words, so that many children at this stage will be able to say that it is an adverb of place.
17. What does it mean for a triangle to be isosceles?
The answer to this question is that by isosceles triangle we mean a anyone having two sides of the same length, the vertices of the will have the same degrees of inclination respectively.
18. If we say that we are in the XIX / XI / MMXVIII, what date are we talking about?
Roman numerals and how to write with them are also something that can be learned in elementary school. In this case, by performing the appropriate transformation, we would get the date of 2018.11.19
19. What is a mammal?
A simple answer to this question is that we think of mammals as all vertebrate animals that look like young (except monotremes) and have mammary glands with which they produce milk to feed them.
20. What are the five continents?
It has traditionally been taught that there are a total of five continents: Europe, Africa, Asia, America and Oceania. On top of that, we can think of Antarctica as one more, with what we would actually have six.
21. When does the ancient age end?
The different ages of history begin to be studied throughout elementary school. In our case, Antiquity would give way to the Middle Ages with the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD (to be more precise, in 476).
22. What are the states of matter?
Solid, liquid and gas are the three basic states that are taught throughout elementary school, to which plasma must also be added.
23. At what temperature does water freeze? At what boils and evaporates?
Water changes from liquid to solid and vice versa at 0 ° C, while its boiling point is at 100 ° C.
24. Who is your cousin?
Learning vocabulary and word meanings is fundamental in elementary school, Especially the most basic. In this case, it would be a question of knowing that the first is the child of the brother of one of our parents.
25. Who is Miguel de Cervantes’ most famous character?
Classics of literature can also begin to be known in elementary school. And being Don Quixote de la Mancha one of the best-known universal classics, knowing the answer to this question is perhaps not uncommon among the greats.
26. What is an adjective for?
The answer to this question would be to complete the name and give us more information about it.
27. In music, how many times is a white equivalent?
Musical and artistic education is also important and in this sense, throughout the first one begins to learn the meaning of the notes and their beats on the staff. In this case, white is equivalent to two stroke.
28. Which is the most populous country in the world?
This question can be answered by primary school students and is also part of general culture. The correct answer is China.
29. What are the main economic sectors?
During the third cycle of primary school, it is common for children to learn about the different economic sectors that exist. Traditionally, three have been considered: the primary sector (production and obtaining of resources), secondary (industry or transformation of resources) or tertiary (provision of services). They can also evoke a quaternary sector, that of information and communications.
30. How many syllables does the word alphabet have?
It is in elementary school that we learn to distinguish the syllables of a word, to separate spellings by voice calls, as well as to distinguish diphthongs and gaps. In the word alphabet, we have a total of five syllables.
31. What does it mean that two words are synonymous?
The fact that two words are synonymous means that they have the same weight of meaning by having a different form.
32. What type of instrument is a piano?
The types of musical instruments are also among the skills that begin to function during primary education. In the case of the piano, we are dealing with a percussion instrument.
33. What is the tonic syllable of the word alb?
Locating tonic syllables might seem easy to an adult, but that’s because throughout his childhood he was trained to do it. In the present case, the tonic syllable of dawn would be in the last syllable, -cer.
34. What are the Ural Mountains?
It is one of the most famous mountain ranges in the world, considered the border between Europe and Asia. They are mainly found in Russia.
35. What were the names of the three caravels that went to America with Christopher Columbus?
La Santa Maria, la Pinta and la Niña these are the three great caravels with which Christopher Columbus set out from Cadiz on the journey where he met America.
36. What are the angles of a triangle? And those of a square?
Throughout the primary, a certain geometry also begins to be achieved. As for the sum of the interior angles, in the case of triangles, they add up to 180 ° regardless of the type of triangle, and as with squares and quadrilaterals in general, the degrees add up to 360 °.
37. If I have 25 apples and give 25% to my best friend. How many apples have I given you?
Percentages also begin to be worked on in the later years of primary school, during which one learns what they involve and how to calculate them. In this case, the answer to the question is that we would have given our friend a total of five blocks.
38. What are the planets in the solar system?
There are a total of eight of the planets that are currently considered as such within the solar system and are taught in school: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune.
However, it should be noted that the answer to this question has varied throughout history, With situations such as Pluto ceasing to be considered a planet of the solar system from 2006 or the discovery of dwarf planets such as Eris, Ceres, Makemake and Haumea. However, the latter are little known to the general population and are generally not addressed in primary school.
39. In which areas have we classified living things?
The kingdom of animals, the kingdom of plants, the kingdom of fungi, the kingdom of protoctists, and the kingdom of coins (bacteria) are the five great kingdoms of living things, and these are the ones that will be known to children.
At an informational level and although this is probably not dealt with in elementary school, other beings like viruses (and prions, but the latter concept will hardly be known except to most adults), as strange as this may seem, are not considered beings. alive as such but replicants.
40. What does it mean for a word to be slippery?
Distinguishing between sharp, flat and scrambled words is another of the knowledge acquired in elementary school. The fact that a word is slippery implies that its stressed syllable is the second to last of the word, and they are always stressed.
41. If in a race ahead of what second … in what position was I before and in what am I now?
A question that tries not only to identify the position at the ordinal level but to reflect on its own situation in a hypothetical case. The correct answer is that he was third and now that he has passed the second he is also in the same position: second.
42. What are the three verbal modes?
In the third cycle of elementary school, children learn about the existence of tenses and verbal modes. As for the latter, they must know the existence of the indicative mode (in which direct communication takes place in the form of information), of the subjunctive mode (which speaks to us of suggestions or wishes) or of the imperative mode (in which the orders or prohibitions are transmitted).
43. What is a prime number?
Prime numbers are those which are divisible only by one or by themselves, Cannot be obtained from dividing or multiplying other integers.
44. How many kilos is a ton?
One ton equals one thousand kilograms.
45. What are the bears called in the ear in which the sound bounces until it reaches the cochlea?
The three bones of the inner ear which are found after the eardrum and which allow the transmission of the sound wave to the cochlea are the hammer, the anvil and the stirrup.
46. What is the capital of Italy?
Learning about some of the most famous capitals in the world, like Spain, France, Germany or Italy, can be something that is worked on at the level of geography. In this case, the correct answer is Rome. This is one of the easiest questions for elementary school students.
47. How many chandeliers pass a century?
This question is a bit complex and this requires not only calculations but also an understanding of the concepts like chandelier or century. The answer is 20.
48. What is the indirect complement?
Typical of the sixth year, the other knowledge acquired at this time is related to the basics of syntax. In this sense, we also learn the meaning of terms as an indirect complement, which tells us about a part of the predicate that refers and provides information about the recipient or beneficiary of the action of the verb.
49. In a narrative text, what is the main character called? And the one who opposes him?
In elementary school, they start to work with different texts, roles and documents. In this case, the main character is the protagonist and his opponent the antagonist.
50. Who painted the Mona Lisa?
This question is answered by the name of one of the inventors and geniuses of mankind, Leonardo da Vinci.
Bibliographical references:
• Edson, E. and Savage-Smith, E. (2007). “Medieval views of the cosmos”. International journal of classical tradition. 13: 3: 61-63.
• Mazzarello, P (May 1999). “A Unifying Concept: The History of Cell Theory”. Cellular biology of nature. 1 (1): E13-15.
Leave a Comment | https://psychologysays.net/development/50-questions-for-elementary-school-children-with-their-answers/ | dclm-gs1-262615422 |
0.021716 | <urn:uuid:c3534a94-77cb-48af-b73d-dcb39cdb9bfc> | en | 0.937307 | If you’re in college, term paper writing isn’t always an easy task. It is essential to stick to certain style and formatting rules if you intend write your term paper. This article will discuss the Outline, Body and Bibliography. There are a few other things to keep in mind while writing a paper. These tips will make you happy!
essay writer websites An outline may be useful in various ways it can help a writer create a plan to keep an outline of a document organized. An outline can help writers plan what they want to put into their term paper. A good outline should contain supporting content, such as research and statistics, and it must have a similar arrangement. Every section must start with the exact words as well as all verbs must use the same tense.
An outline for a term paper should be organized around a central subject, which is usually the issue of research. The outline should be a few paragraphs that provide the most important concept. This may also serve as the title of your document. Some powerful verbs of action could help to highlight thoughts, and. In the case of writing about social issues you might want to consider a subject that is related to your interest and hobbies. It’s much easier to write about a subject that’s interesting and appealing.
A bibliography is different from an article or research. This document lists the sources that you used in writing your paper. Your bibliography may be assigned separately or as part of your research paper. Each one has its unique characteristics and uniqueness. Here are some tips for writing a bibliography. Learn how to correctly reference sources. These suggestions will be helpful in the event that you’re a novice at writing an bibliography.
The first step is to prepare an Annotated Bibliography. A bibliography that is annotated is a listing of resources with brief descriptions of every. Annotated Bibliography is a useful tool as a part of bigger research projects, or even for a separate task. Start by gathering sources via Google Scholar, or other academic databases. The sources can be grouped by theme or chronological arrangement. After you’ve compiled your sources take them down and list them. Then, you can write a brief explanation of why each source is so important.
The Body
The topic must be compelling to write term essays. You must also present a compelling argument in support of the topic. When you’ve finished your research and completed your draft, it is time to check the sources to ensure that there is no missing or inaccurate details. If you find any flaws or unrelated sources, you must eliminate them from your paper. The research hypothesis may be altered during the initial draft. Transition sentences and phrases are important to make sure the paper is well-written.
Utilizing APA style for a term paper means that you must adhere to the formatting of scribbr the APA seven term papers. A term paper formatted this way should have a title page that lists the subject, name of student as https://reviewingwriting.com/review/enotes-review/ well as the institution of study. Each page must have a header page. The header page must contain the title and page number of your paper, and should be flush to the right margin. In-text reference citations, and provide the full author’s name and date of publication for all reference pages.
While in college, you will not learn the ins and outs of proper formatting, and the requirements vary between different formats. It essaywriter review is good to know that there are pros available to assist. They have a wealth of experience and know precisely what they should do in terms of formatting. It is not easy for students to locate an ideal set of formatting rules. Here are a few points you need to know when formatting your term research paper. The guidelines are to be adhered to as closely as you https://www.kkcs.uniza.sk/2022/08/07/how-to-read-writing-help-reviews/ can.
Writing term papers is an important aspect of writing academic papers. They show a student’s expertise and skills and usually follow a specific APA or MLA style. When mixing these two styles, the final product may look unprofessional. Be sure to proofread your work carefully and rectify any mistakes in grammar, spelling or grammar prior to sending in your paper. Simple errors can be corrected by editing and proofreading.
Term Paper Writing – How to Write an Outline, Body, Bibliography, and Formatting | https://rbaproperties.com/term-paper-writing-how-to-write-an-outline-body-bibliography-and-formatting/ | dclm-gs1-262675422 |
0.040285 | <urn:uuid:72323140-11ab-405e-a975-e0d6516c6972> | en | 0.968435 | Berwyn Heights Drug Raid: The Police Keep Digging
The violent drug raid on Berwyn Heights, Maryland Mayor Cheye Calvo is now making national headlines. Calvo was also on CNN yesterday.
In the raid, police in Prince George's County, Maryland intercepted a package addressed to Calvo's wife that contained about 30 pounds or marijuana. Undercover officers completed the delivery to Calvo's home, then stormed the place in SWAT gear when Calvo brought the package inside. During the raid, the police shot and killed Calvo's two black labs, including one Calvo says was running away to hide. Calvo and his mother-in-law were then handcuffed and questioned at gunpoint while his dead dogs lay nearby in pools of their own blood.
Since the raid last week, we've learned that police have arrested two men in conjunction with a scheme using delivery services to ship marijuana across the country. The plan was for operatives within the companies to intercept the packages before they reached their targets. The destination addresses may have been random, or simply chosen because of their location along routes convenient to the scheme. In fact, the Washington Post reports in the story linked above that some packages were accidentally delivered, at which point operatives went to the houses of the innocent people who'd received them to ask for their return.
Despite all of this, Prince George's County police refuse to apologize for the no-knock raid, for the tactics they used in the raid, or for killing Calvo's dogs.
Prince George's County Police Chief Melvin High said Wednesday that Calvo and his family were "most likely … innocent victims," but he would not rule out their involvement, and he defended the way the raid was conducted. He and other officials did not apologize for killing the dogs, saying the officers felt threatened.
High told the Washington Post that the raid "was conducted responsibly, given what deputies and officers knew at the time." That's absurd. High doesn't even seem to consider the possibility that perhaps the officers didn't know enough to conduct the raid when they did, and that maybe they should have done a bit more investigating before going all commando on the Calvo family.
Interestingly, the state of Maryland does not issue warrants for no-knock raids. However, police may determine at the scene that a no-knock entry is necessary if one of two conditions are present. The first if the police have reasonable suspicion that the suspect may pose a threat to the officers' safety. The second is if police have reasonable suspicion that the suspect may destroy the evidence.
Though these two "exigent circumstances" exceptions carve gaping holes in the knock-and-announce requirement, it's difficult to see how this situation fit either exception. Prince George's police say they heard Calvo's mother-in-law scream as they approached, which they say made them fear someone inside may grab a gun or dispose of the marijuana.
Both prospects are dubious. If the police had done any surveillance or investigation at all, they'd have realized that this was the home of the local mayor, an unlikely candidate to engage in a suicide shootout with raiding cops. And unless the Calvos own an industrial strength toilet, it's unlikely that he'd have been able to flush 30 pounds of marijuana in the time it takes police to knock and announce themselves.
Moreover, even if seeing the cops approaching did tip off Calvo and his mother-in-law, that's the whole purpose of the knock-and-announce requirement—to give suspects notice that the police are coming, and to allow them the opportunity to consent to a peaceful search and avoid the violence of a forceful police entry.
Still, courts have in the past been loathe to question police officers who find exigent circumstances at the scene of the search. Perhaps the high profile of this raid will lead to more scrutiny.
Finally, I guess I'd just add that the national media coverage of the Berwyn Heights raid seems to be predicated on the assumption that the most troubling aspects of the raid—the killing of the dogs, the violent tactics, the lax investigation, the likely innocent victims, and the police obstinacy after the fact—are unusual. They aren't. The only thing unusual about this raid is that its victim happened to be an elected politician. | https://reason.com/2008/08/08/berwyn-heights-drug-raid-the-p/ | dclm-gs1-262705422 |
0.044273 | <urn:uuid:839b17ce-49e8-4ca0-9b6b-d8f995ff39ac> | en | 0.912005 |
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How Are You Able To Search And Watch Movies The Web?
por Camilla Ibbott (2021-11-13)
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| https://revistaodontologica.colegiodentistas.org/index.php/revista/comment/view/520/0/36403 | dclm-gs1-262725422 |
0.021697 | <urn:uuid:69f60f3a-7134-4024-955c-41ed6c870a64> | en | 0.983404 | Criminal Quilts Case Study: Bridget Warrilow
Bridget first appears in the photograph albums in 1895 (first image above). This is among the last set of images with hands included. You can see her wedding ring clearly. She has been hard to trace through the records as she seems to have also used the surname Coomer which may have been her maiden name and another Bridget Warrilow in Wolverhampton confuses the issue. Her given date of birth also varies from 1860 to 1870, but she generally recorded having been born in Hanley, probably around 1862. If we have the right person, Bridget’s mother was born in Ireland and the family were Roman Catholic. A Bridget Coomer is recorded in the 1891 census as an inmate at Stafford Prison which may be the same woman but it is impossible to tell.
Bridget was recorded as 4’10” tall, with brown (later grey) hair and green/hazel eyes. She had a number of distinguishing marks including scars on her face and right wrist and broken (crooked) nose, as well as pockmarks and small scars on her face.
The conviction in 1895 has quite a lot of detail with it; she was sentenced to three calendar months hard labour for the theft of a counterpane. Some records show her as a potter at this time and an address recorded as 11 Bow Street, Hanley. There is a note that she has 46 previous convictions at this time. There are no further records until 1905 and the next photo is 1908.
From 1905, Bridget is convicted a number of times for thefts of items including scrap iron, a bicycle and an overcoat. In 1910, she received four years in prison for stealing a doormat, which she sold for threepence to spend on food. This shockingly long sentence was highlighted by Frank Witty, who was to become a minor supporter of women’s suffrage, in the national press. He compared Bridget’s situation to another criminal case in which two men were given just six months each for procuring girls for prostitution. As a result, Bridget’s sentence was later reduced on appeal to three years. A newspaper reported that the ‘The court regretted that the legislature did not provide them with a means for properly dealing with the case’. There was really little option for a woman in Bridget’s situation and a prison term was considered preferable to being on the streets.
This excessively long prison sentence is harrowing to imagine. Bridget was working as a hawker (door to door sales) or as a rag sorter, both among the very worst-paid and insecure jobs. She was clearly in a desperate situation with no financial support and had to turn back to theft every time she left prison. She stole to buy food and to survive in a world with no safety net for people on the wrong side of the law. He story is desperately sad and I’ve not been able to find out how it ended. I hope that by remembering her here, with dignity and respect, she has a legacy she would never have imagined.
The Daily News, September 15th 1910
The Globe, 1 November 1910.
This photo from 1910 has been key to my research into prison clothing. In all other images, Bridget is wearing outer garments including a hat. The 1907 and other 1910 pictures are also prison clothing. In this one she is without hat and coat and it clearly shows the loose-fitting prison smock-like blouse and checked neckerchief which are mentioned in prison documents. There is much more information about my prison clothing research in the Criminal Quilts Book.
Additional research including newspaper records by Jan Bray, project volunteer. | https://ruthsinger.com/criminalquilts/criminal-quilts-case-study-bridget-warrilow/ | dclm-gs1-262745422 |
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