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= The Aenar = " The Aenar " is the fourteenth episode of the fourth season of the American science fiction television series Star Trek : Enterprise , and originally aired on February 11 , 2005 . It was written by André Bormanis from a story by Manny Coto , and was directed by Mike Vejar . " The Aenar " was the third installment of a three @-@ part story which concluded the events of episodes " Babel One " and " United " . Set in the 22nd century , the series follows the adventures of the first Starfleet starship Enterprise . In this episode , Captain Jonathan Archer ( Scott Bakula ) and Commander Shran ( Jeffrey Combs ) travel to Andoria , a moon , seeking the help of the Aenar — an offshoot race of the Andorians — one of whom has been taken by the Romulans to pilot a drone vessel ( first seen in the previous episode ) . The episode showed the home world of the Andorians for the first time , with the sets for the planet 's ice tunnels being created on a sound stage . Alexandra Lydon and Alicia Adams made their first Star Trek appearances in " The Aenar " . Reviews of the episode were mostly negative , with critics citing issues with plot holes and unanswered questions from the story arc . On its first showing , 3 @.@ 17 million watched the episode . = = Plot = = Senator Vrax ( Geno Silva ) , fresh from the Romulan Senate , is disappointed that Admiral Valadore ( Brian Thompson ) and scientist Nijil 's ( J. Michael Flynn ) drone program has failed to provoke a rift between Human , Andorian and Tellarite races as they had hoped ( seen in " Babel One " and " United " ) . In fact , the opposite has happened – political discord throughout the Alpha and Beta Quadrants has declined . Now that a second drone vessel is ready to be launched , Valadore suggests a mission against the Enterprise in order to impress the Senate . Nijil argues that the pilot requires time to recover from his previous exertions , but Valadore insists and prioritizes the mission . On Enterprise , analysis of data gathered in the previous encounter with the Romulan ship reveals that the ship is being piloted telepathically by an Andorian . Commander Shran ( Jeffrey Combs ) explains that the data indicates that the pilot is probably a member of the Aenar , a white @-@ skinned and blind Andorian sub @-@ race . This , however , seems unlikely , since the Aenar are few in number , reclusive pacifists , and inhabitants of the isolated extreme northern polar region of their moon . Shran and Captain Jonathan Archer ( Scott Bakula ) then beam down to contact the Aenar . The Aenar 's spokesperson , Lissan ( Alicia Adams ) , initially declines to assist as the Aenar do not want to get involved in a war . However , a young Aenar named Jhamel ( Alexandra Lydon ) decides to help , since doing so may help locate Gareb ( Scott Allen Rinker ) , her missing brother . Meanwhile , Doctor Phlox ( John Billingsley ) , Commander T 'Pol ( Jolene Blalock ) , and Commander Charles " Trip " Tucker III ( Connor Trinneer ) work in Sickbay on their own " telepresence " unit to help counter the drone ship . T 'Pol volunteers to test it , and a concerned Tucker finds it increasingly difficult to balance his duties and emotions . Jhamel then tests the unit , with better results . Later , when the drone ships reappear and attack , she is able to contact the drone pilot , and it is indeed her long @-@ lost brother , who was tricked into working with the Romulans . Learning the deception of his " helpers " , he turns the drones on each other and both are soon destroyed , and Valadore angrily kills him as retribution for his failure . With the threat resolved , the Andorians depart Enterprise and but Tucker requests to leave the ship to join the USS Columbia . = = Production = = " The Aenar " was the third and final part in the Romulan story arc , comprising " Babel One " , " United " and " The Aenar " . It was written by André Bormanis from a story by show runner Manny Coto . Bormanis had also written " Babel One " , and earlier in the season the episode " Awakening " , which formed part of the Vulcan story arc . " The Aenar " was directed by Mike Vejar , his third episode of the season . This episode was the first time the homeworld of the Andorian race was represented on screen . The race had been introduced in the Star Trek : The Original Series second season episode " Journey to Babel " . The interior of a sound stage was fitted out to appear like caverns on the ice world as it was theorized that this was the environment in which a race such as the Andorians , including the Aenar sub @-@ species , could have evolved . These sets were enhanced in post @-@ production using computer @-@ generated imagery . Filming began on November 22 , 2004 , and was completed on December 2 , with the production being halted for two days due to Thanksgiving . The majority of the guest stars from earlier installments of the trilogy returned for " The Aenar " , and they were joined by Alexandra Lydon and Alicia Adams , who were both making their first appearances in a Star Trek series . Kim Koski was the stunt double for Jeffrey Combs during a scene in which Shran was impaled through the leg by a stalagmite . = = Reception and home media release = = " The Aenar " was first aired in the United States on UPN on February 11 , 2005 . It was watched by 3 @.@ 17 million viewers , which was an increase on the 2 @.@ 81 million viewers who watched the previous episode . The following episode , " Affliction " , received around the same number of viewers as " The Aenar " . Michelle Erica Green , while writing for the website TrekNation , thought that the episode had strong character development despite the other flaws present . She felt that it opened up a number of questions about the abilities of the Andorians due to their similarity to the Aenar , and enjoyed the issues present in the Tucker / T 'Pol relationship . Although she said that it was the " weakest " of the story arc , it was also the most " gripping " . Jamahl Epsicokhan , at his website Jammer 's Reviews , gave the episode two out of four , adding that " The Aenar " was " aimless " since the majority of the storyline ended in the previous episode . He found fault with the plot , as the Romulan threat was unspecific , and because of several plot holes which the episode failed to explain . David Greven , in his book Gender and Sexuality in Star Trek , said that the Aenar were an example of the " uncanny whiteness " style characters which appear in the franchise which are used to provide a " denatured form of whiteness " to the viewer . Other examples of these type of characters include the Borg and the human @-@ like Klingons explained earlier in season four of Enterprise . He added that the blindness of the Aenar acted as an allegory for the way in which white people are unable to perceive their own whiteness . " The Aenar " was released on home media in the United States on November 1 , 2005 , as part of the season four DVD box set of Enterprise . The Blu @-@ ray edition was released on April 1 , 2014 .
= The Variable = " The Variable " is the 14th television episode of the fifth season of Lost , and the 100th episode overall . It originally aired on the American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) in the United States on April 29 , 2009 . The hundredth episode milestone was celebrated by cast and crew on location in Hawaii . In the episode , Daniel Faraday ( Jeremy Davies ) returns to the island in order to warn its inhabitants of a catastrophe involving the Dharma Initiative research station , The Swan . Jack ( Matthew Fox ) , Kate ( Evangeline Lilly ) and Daniel begin a gun fight with Dharma , leading Dharma to go after Sawyer ( Josh Holloway ) and Juliet ( Elizabeth Mitchell ) . In flashbacks , Daniel 's relationship with his parents , Eloise Hawking ( Fionnula Flanagan ) and Charles Widmore ( Alan Dale ) , is shown . The episode was written by executive producers Edward Kitsis and Adam Horowitz and directed by Paul Edwards . It serves as a companion piece to the season four episode " The Constant " , another episode that heavily features the character Daniel , and the third Lost episode to deal directly with the concept of time travel . Since airing , the episode has received generally positive reviews from television critics , mostly complimenting Davies 's performance . = = Plot = = = = = Flashbacks = = = At a young age , Eloise asks Daniel if he knows what destiny is and then tells him that he has a special gift — his brilliant mind — and that his destiny relies on this . After Daniel graduates from Oxford University , Eloise gives him a new journal as a gift and again reminds him of his destiny . Meanwhile , Daniel has received an enormous research grant from Charles , who Daniel does not know is actually his father . Years later , following the crash of Flight 815 , Daniel has suffered severe psychological effects from performing experiments on himself ; he has lost his mental acuity , and now lives with a caretaker . While watching the news coverage of the discovery of the Flight 815 wreckage in the Sunda Trench , Daniel is visited by Charles , who tells him that he faked the found wreckage and that the real plane actually landed on the island . Charles invites Daniel to go to the island , which Charles claims will cure his psychological problems . Eloise later visits Daniel and further encourages him to go to the island . = = = 1977 = = = Following the events of the previous episode , " Some Like It Hoth " , Daniel has returned to the island , having spent three years in Ann Arbor , Michigan , conducting research for the Dharma Initiative . He has returned because Jack , Kate and Hurley ( Jorge Garcia ) have managed to travel back in time and become part of the Initiative . After learning from Jack that they were sent to the island by Daniel 's mother , Eloise ( younger : Alice Evans ; older : Fionnula Flanagan ) , Daniel visits Dr. Pierre Chang ( François Chau ) at the Orchid station and warns him of a catastrophic event that is to occur at the Swan station in six hours . Dr. Chang does not believe Daniel when he says that he is from the future , and Miles ( Ken Leung ) does not affirm Dan 's story , even after Daniel informs Dr. Chang that Miles is his son from the future . At the Barracks , Sawyer , Juliet , Jin ( Daniel Dae Kim ) , Hurley and Miles decide that they will flee to the survivors ' original beach , abandoning Dharma . But Kate , Jack and Daniel decide to visit the island 's native population , the " Others " , and get help to prevent the impending disaster . They arouse suspicion from Dharma 's head of research , Radzinsky ( Eric Lange ) , while trying to steal weapons and a gun fight ensues . The survivors are able to escape ; however , Radzinsky brings his team to Sawyer and Juliet 's house , where they find Dharma member Phil ( Patrick Fischler ) tied up . Meanwhile , Daniel explains to Jack and Kate that he intends to detonate the hydrogen bomb that had been buried on the island in 1954 in order to prevent the construction of the Swan , which in turn will ensure that Oceanic Flight 815 never crashes on the island , which means it never becomes visible to Widmore 's team , so he never sends the freighter which brings himself and Charlotte , therefore Charlotte doesn 't die . Daniel enters the Others ' camp with his gun drawn and demands that Richard Alpert ( Nestor Carbonell ) take him to see Eloise ; Eloise shoots Daniel in the back as they argue , a move which provokes hostility from Richard . Before Daniel dies , he tells her that he is her son . = = = 2007 = = = Following the events of " Dead is Dead " , Desmond ( Henry Ian Cusick ) is brought to a hospital , having been shot by Ben ( Michael Emerson ) . While waiting , his wife Penny ( Sonya Walger ) , is visited by Eloise , who apologizes for involving Desmond in everything that has happened . Penny later visits Desmond , who is expected to make a full recovery . Charles , who is also Daniel 's father , speaks with Eloise outside the hospital , but does not visit his daughter . = = Production = = " The Variable " was written by Edward Kitsis and Adam Horowitz and directed by Paul Edwards . Like most season five episodes , it features elements of time travel . It serves as a companion piece to the season four episode " The Constant " , another episode that heavily features the character Daniel , and the third Lost episode to deal directly with the concept of time travel after " Flashes Before Your Eyes " from the third season and The Constant " from the fourth season . In " The Constant " , Desmond and Sayid ( Naveen Andrews ) are on their way off the island when their helicopter hits turbulence , causing Desmond 's 1996 consciousness to take over his 2004 body and switch uncontrollably between 1996 and 2004 . Lost show runner Damon Lindelof said the fifth season of the show has " flung major characters across decades , leaving them — and the audience — feverishly attempting to keep events straight and the end game in sight . " In " The Variable " , the viewers would get a few more pieces of the puzzle , Lindelof said , and added : " We 're not promising any big whiz @-@ bang flash pyrotechnics , but it does serve as a companion piece to another memorable episode , last season 's ' The Constant ' , in which Desmond endured vicious , turbulence @-@ caused side effects from traveling in time . " Lindelof also commented that the fifth season is about the rules of time travel as explained by Daniel , and said , " We 've never done a flashback story for Daniel , so he 's very mysterious . Some of those mysteries will be answered in this episode . " Since Lindelof and his show runner partner Carlton Cuse wrote " The Constant " , they thought the " sister episode " should be written by someone other than them , which led to Kitsis and Horowitz writing it . The two show runners were pleased with the outcome of the episode . Cuse thought it was one of the best episodes of the season . The episode features the death of Jeremy Davies character Daniel Faraday . Daniel was introduced in the fourth season and was originally intended to be a minor character only . However , his quiet demeanor and seemingly good heart made him a favorite with the fans , so Lindelof and Cuse decided to expand Daniel 's role , which has led to him being a key player in Lost 's eventual resolution . In response to Daniel 's death , Cuse said , " It was an incredibly painful thing to kill this beloved character , but we feel that ’ s what this show has to do . His death is kind of the culminating event in the entire season . It really ends one chapter and commences the start of the final chapter of the entire series . " Once the show runners explained that to Davies , he was saddened that his full @-@ time status on Lost was coming to an end , but put the story " above his own personal self " . Damon seconded Carlton 's emotions , adding that Jeremy took the news well : " When Carlton and I called Jeremy to explain what was going to be happening with Daniel , we ’ ve never had a more awesome exit interview with somebody on the show . For us , Daniel really was the cornerstone of the fifth season – he really shined . I can ’ t imagine what Season 5 would have looked like without Jeremy Davies . When you think about all the crazy stuff that had to come out of that guy ’ s mouth , for him to be as interesting and emotional and poetic as he was is really extraordinary . " The cast of the show said Davies would be missed , though he may not be done with Lost — Carlton commented that Jeremy 's " full @-@ time " status was over , but dead characters have been known to reappear on the show . Michael Emerson , who plays Ben , said Davies was " a great sensitive guy who got deep into his character , he really lived it . " " The Variable " was the hundredth episode of the show to be produced and aired on television . Josh Holloway , who plays the role of Sawyer , said , " Just statistically speaking , to hit a hundred episodes doesn 't happen very often , especially on a show where everyone is saying ' Lost on an island ? What are you gonna do after a season or two ? ' , so the fact that we 've lasted not only a season or two but flourishing still at this time ... it 's shocking ... it 's amazing to me . " In an interview with The News & Observer , Lindelof recalled meeting with the ABC executives in 2004 to pitch the idea of a plane crash and survivors stranded on an island full of mystery and danger . When Lindelof was asked by the executives where the Lost saga would stand in the future , he replied , " We 're probably not going to get past episode thirteen . Let 's all be honest about that up front . " Lindelof added that if he had " traveled back in time to tell myself after that meeting that we were going to make it to a hundred and still have a season beyond that , I would have laughed in my face . " The hundredth episode milestone was celebrated by the cast and crew on location in Oahu , Hawaii . Duff Goldman and his crew from the Food Network 's American television show Ace of Cakes made a special Lost cake for the party to commemorate the milestone . The cake featured replicas of a Dharma beer bottles , the computer from the Swan station , a suitcase and a miniature Oceanic Flight 815 . The Ace of Cakes episode ( " LOST in Hawaii " ) featuring the making of the cake aired on the Food Network in the United States on May 9 , 2009 . = = Reception = = " The Variable " was watched live or recorded and watched within five hours of broadcast by 8 @.@ 8 million viewers in the United States , achieving a 3 @.@ 9 / 10 in the coveted adults aged eighteen to forty @-@ nine demographic . Lost was that Wednesday 's number one scripted television show in the aforementioned demographic for its thirteenth straight original telecast . In Australia , the episode was watched by 296 @,@ 000 people , ranking forty @-@ sixth for the night . Since airing , the episode has received generally positive reviews from television critics , mostly complimenting Davies 's performance as Daniel . Chris Carabott of IGN commented that if this is the last appearance of Davies on Lost , which he " somehow " doubts , then , " I 'm glad he had the opportunity to leave on such a strong note . He delivers in some really great , emotional , moments this week – especially in the scenes in which he is suffering from memory deterioration . I 've become a huge fan of Davies over the course of the last couple of years thanks to his performance on this show . " Rachel Dovey of Paste said the episode revealed " a whole different " side of Daniel : " We 've oscillated before about the true nature of the physicist , whether it 's good or evil [ ... ] We decided he 's mostly a decent guy , barring the whole experimenting @-@ on @-@ his @-@ girlfriend @-@ then @-@ running @-@ away @-@ when @-@ her @-@ brain @-@ turned @-@ to @-@ mush thing . In the past , he 's just seemed lost and confused , and , since he has those big , earnest puppy eyes , we decided to forgive him . But ' The Variable ' showed us the dynamic at the heart of Daniel 's stuttering vulnerability . Like all broken superheroes and Freudian beings , the man has mommy issues . This week we dove inside the dynamic between Daniel and his mother growing up . " Adam Sweeney of Film School Rejects was positive about the episode , " For anyone who has been complaining that Lost had been too slow lately , here you go . Those who watched ' The Variable ' saw more action than ( basketball player ) Wilt Chamberlain . They , and by they I mean we , also got a clear explanation of how the islanders got onto the island . You wanted answers , you got them . " Sweeney also believed Davies 's acting was the " high point " of the episode . David Oliver of CHUD.com gave the episode an 8 @.@ 6 rating out of 10 , and commented that it was a " good " episode , though he was " bummed " to see Daniel go . Oliver also said that while the episode did " very little " to advance the season storyline significantly , there were " some significant " developments and revelations in it . TV Verdict 's Stephen Lackey said the episode was " fast paced " and featured " one exciting twist after another " . The episode also received some criticism . Dan Compora of Airlock Alpha said after a run of " several strong " episodes , Lost " has slipped into mediocrity . While none of the recent episodes have been bad , they haven 't been anything special . For a hundredth episode , average simply isn 't good enough . While the shooting of Daniel at the end was stunning , I expected something much more from the rest of the episode than learning the identity of Daniel 's parents . " A reviewer for TVoholic.com thought the episode was good , though not as good as " The Constant " , and he thought " it came with lots of answers and references to past episodes from this season and the ones before it , making it all the more exciting . " The reviewer would , however , have " loved any sort of explanation as to why [ Daniel ] changed his mind about changing the past or how he thought this could work . There must have been something that made Daniel think this was possible , but he was in such a rush that he never took care to explain . " Jon Lachonis of TVOvermind said that as an internal character piece , " The Variable " was not " so much a great ending for Daniel . We brushed up against many key events and people – Theresa , Daniel ’ s ‘ nurse ’ , and the Widmore and Eloise parental connection , etc . – but these forays into the geniuses ’ past events were more to thread Daniel through the plot than to establish their connection to who Daniel truly was . "
= HMS Exmouth ( H02 ) = HMS Exmouth was an E @-@ class destroyer flotilla leader built for the Royal Navy in the early 1930s . Although assigned to the Home Fleet upon completion , the ship was attached to the Mediterranean Fleet in 1935 – 36 during the Abyssinia Crisis . During the Spanish Civil War of 1936 – 1939 she spent considerable time in Spanish waters , enforcing the arms blockade imposed by Britain and France on both sides of the conflict . Exmouth was assigned to convoy escort and anti @-@ submarine patrol duties in the Western Approaches when World War II began in September 1939 . She was sunk by a German submarine in January 1940 while escorting a merchant ship north of Scotland . = = Description = = Exmouth displaced 1 @,@ 495 long tons ( 1 @,@ 519 t ) at standard load and 2 @,@ 050 long tons ( 2 @,@ 080 t ) at deep load . The ship had an overall length of 343 feet ( 104 @.@ 5 m ) , a beam of 33 feet 9 inches ( 10 @.@ 3 m ) and a draught of 12 feet 6 inches ( 3 @.@ 8 m ) . She was powered by two Parsons geared steam turbines , each driving one propeller shaft , using steam provided by three Admiralty three @-@ drum boilers . The turbines developed a total of 38 @,@ 000 shaft horsepower ( 28 @,@ 000 kW ) and gave a maximum speed of 36 knots ( 67 km / h ; 41 mph ) . Exmouth carried a maximum of 470 long tons ( 480 t ) of fuel oil that gave her a range of 6 @,@ 350 nautical miles ( 11 @,@ 760 km ; 7 @,@ 310 mi ) at 15 knots ( 28 km / h ; 17 mph ) . The ship 's complement was 175 officers and ratings . The ship mounted five 45 @-@ calibre 4 @.@ 7 @-@ inch ( 120 mm ) Mark IX guns in single mounts . For anti @-@ aircraft defence , Exmouth had two quadruple Mark I mounts for the 0 @.@ 5 inch Vickers Mark III machine gun . She was fitted with two above @-@ water quadruple torpedo tube mounts for 21 @-@ inch ( 533 mm ) torpedoes . One depth charge rail and two throwers were fitted ; 20 depth charges were originally carried , but this increased to 35 shortly after the war began . = = Service = = Exmouth was ordered on 1 November 1932 under the 1931 Naval Programme , and was laid down at Portsmouth Dockyard on 15 March 1933 . She was launched on 30 January 1934 , named the following day , and commissioned for service on 9 November 1934 . On commissioning , Exmouth was assigned as leader of the 5th Destroyer Flotilla of the Home Fleet . The increased tensions between Italy and Abyssinia – eventually leading to the outbreak of the Second Italo @-@ Abyssinian War – caused the Admiralty to attach the flotilla to the Mediterranean Fleet from August 1935 to March 1936 , although Exmouth was refitted in Alexandria from 4 October 1935 to 5 January 1936 . The ship patrolled Spanish waters during the Spanish Civil War enforcing the edicts of the Non @-@ Intervention Committee in between annual refits at Portsmouth between 17 November 1936 and 19 January 1937 and 21 November 1938 and 16 January 1939 . She returned to Britain in March and Exmouth was assigned to training duties and local flotilla work based at Portsmouth on 28 April . She carried out these duties until 2 August , when she was placed into full commission as the leader of the 12th Destroyer Flotilla . Exmouth and her flotilla were initially assigned to the Home Fleet upon the outbreak of World War II in September 1939 . The ship and two of her flotilla mates , Eclipse and Echo , escorted the battlecruiser Hood as she searched for German commerce raiders south of Iceland in late November . In December , she was transferred to the Western Approaches Command to carry out patrols and escort convoys , but was transferred to Rosyth in January 1940 to carry out the same duties in the North Sea . She was escorting the merchant Cyprian Prince on 21 January 1940 when she was spotted by the German submarine U @-@ 22 , under the command of Karl @-@ Heinrich Jenisch , and torpedoed at 05 : 35 . She sank with the loss of all hands . After sinking Exmouth , the submarine also fired on Cyprian Prince whose master deemed it too dangerous to pick up survivors . Eighteen bodies were later found washed ashore by a schoolboy playing truant near Wick . They were buried with full military honours in the cemetery at Wick . = = Aftermath = = The wreck of Exmouth was discovered in the Moray Firth in July 2001 by an independent expedition , with their findings being verified by Historic Scotland . The wreck is one of those listed as a ' protected place ' under the Protection of Military Remains Act 1986 .
= Covering of the Senne = The covering of the Senne ( French : Voûtement de la Senne , Dutch : Overwelving van de Zenne ) was the covering and later diverting of the main river of Brussels , and the construction of public buildings and major boulevards in its place . It is one of the defining events in the history of Brussels . The Senne / Zenne ( French / Dutch ) was historically the main waterway of Brussels , but it became more polluted and less navigable as the city grew . By the second half of the 19th century , it had become a serious health hazard and was filled with pollution , garbage and decaying organic matter . It flooded frequently , inundating the lower town and the working class neighbourhoods which surrounded it . Numerous proposals were made to remedy this problem , and in 1865 , the mayor of Brussels , Jules Anspach , selected a design by architect Léon Suys to cover the river and build a series of grand boulevards and public buildings . The project faced fierce opposition and controversy , mostly due to its cost and the need for expropriation and demolition of working @-@ class neighbourhoods . The construction was contracted to a British company , but control was returned to the government following an embezzlement scandal . This delayed the project , but it was still completed in 1871 . Its completion allowed the construction of the modern buildings and boulevards which are central to downtown Brussels today . In the 1930s , plans were made to cover the Senne along its entire course within the greater Brussels area , which had grown significantly since the covering of the 19th century . The course of the Senne was changed to the downtown 's peripheral boulevards . In 1976 , the disused tunnels were converted into the north @-@ south axis of Brussels ' underground tram system , the premetro . Actual purification of the waste water from the Brussels @-@ Capital Region was not completed until March 2007 , when two treatment stations were built , thus finally cleansing the Senne after centuries of problems . = = The Senne in Brussels = = At the beginning of the 19th century , Brussels was still in many ways a medieval city . The royal quarter in the upper town , inhabited mainly by the nobility and the richer members of the bourgeoisie , was upscale and modern . The rest of the city , however , in particular the lower town , located in the western half of the Pentagon , was densely populated and industrial , characterized by an illogical street layout , back alleys , narrow streets , and numerous dead ends . The Senne river split into two branches at Anderlecht , penetrating the Pentagon , the former site of the second city walls , in two places . The main and more southern arm entered through the Greater Sluice Gate , near today 's Brussels @-@ South railway station . The smaller northerly arm entered through the Lesser Sluice Gate , near today 's Ninove Gate . The courses of the two traced a meandering path through the city centre , forming several islands , the largest of which was known as Saint Gaugericus Island . The two branches met up on the north side of Saint Gaugericus Island , exiting the Pentagon one block east of Antwerp Gate . A man @-@ made arm , called the " Lesser Senne " ( French : petite Senne , Dutch : kleine Zenne ) continued on the borders of the Pentagon in the former moat , outside the sluice gates . It followed the Charleroi Canal before rejoining the main part of the Senne north of the city . The Senne had long since lost its usefulness as a navigable waterway , being replaced by canals , including the Charleroi Canal . The Senne had always been a river with an inconsistent flow , often overflowing its banks . In times of heavy rainfall , even the sluice gates were unable to regulate the flow of the river which was often swollen by numerous creeks flowing down from higher ground . Making matters worse , within the city the river 's bed was narrowed by encroaching construction due to demographic pressure . The supports of numerous unregulated bridges impeded water flow and caused water levels to rise even further , exacerbated by a riverbed of accumulated waste . During dry periods , however , much of the Senne 's water was diverted for the needs of the populace of the city as well as to maintain the water level in the Charleroi Canal . This left a flow too feeble to evacuate the filthy water , leaving the sewage , garbage , detritus and industrial waste that had been dumped into the river to accumulate in the stagnant water . The Senne , which a witness in 1853 described as " the most nauseous little river in the world " , had become an open @-@ air sewer spreading pestilential odours throughout the city . Early in the second half of the 19th century , Brussels saw numerous dry periods , floods and a cholera epidemic , caused as much by the river itself as by the poverty and the lack of hygiene and potable water in the lower city . This forced the governments of the Province of Brabant and the City of Brussels to act . = = Attempts at purification = = The first studies and propositions to clean up the river date back to 1859 , and during the following years , many different commissions of engineers were assigned to examine possible solutions . Dozens of different ideas were submitted , many of which were completely unfeasible . Several of them proposed diverting large amounts of cleaner water from other rivers upstream to dilute the Senne , while greatly improving the drainage system in the city . Other proposals involved diverting the main course of the Senne completely to the Lesser Senne , which would then be enlarged and thus more useful for boat traffic and mills . Others considered any sort of sanitization impossible , and proposed covering the Senne without greatly changing its course . Among these was a proposal to double the size of the underground drainage tunnels , creating space for a subterranean railroad tunnel . The idea was ahead of its time , but would be implemented a century later with the North – South connection . The municipal council chose the proposal by architect Léon Suys , submitted in 1865 , which had the backing of mayor Jules Anspach . The plan involved suppressing the secondary arm of the Senne by closing the Lesser Sluice Gate . The main branch would be channelled into underground tunnels , to be placed directly beneath a long , straight 30 m ( 100 ft ) wide boulevard , stretching from the Greater Sluice Gate to the Augustinian church ( now De Brouckère Square ) before splitting into two . One branch was to head towards the Brussels North railway station and present day Rogier Square , the other towards Antwerp Gate , thus forming a long , narrow " Y " shape . Anspach 's backing of Suys ' proposal was a calculated decision , as he had radical plans to transform the city . Anspach saw the proposal as an unexpected boon , as it allowed him to accomplish several of his goals at once . It had long been his ambition to transform the impoverished lower city into a centre of business and commerce , suitable for a modern capital . He wanted to attract the middle class , most of whom had left the dingy downtown for the cleaner suburbs , including the Leopold Quarter ( now often called the European quarter ) and Avenue Louise , causing a large loss in tax revenue for the city . The elimination of the numerous alleys and dead @-@ ends in the lower town in favour of a large , straight , wide , open @-@ air boulevard , linking the two rapidly growing train stations , seemed both a necessity and an opportunity to beautify the city and improve both traffic circulation and hygiene . = = Controversy and opposition = = The Belgian Parliament had recently passed a law allowing the expropriation of privately owned land by the government when the land was to be used for the ' greater good . ' This could be done even if the project was still speculative in nature , and allowed for more land to be taken beyond what was strictly necessary for a project . The city expropriated large swathes of the lower town , counting on reselling the land for a profit , which , after the project was complete , would be on a grandiose modern boulevard in an upper @-@ class neighbourhood . The selling of land after the completion of the project was seen as a way of financing the project itself . That the poorer residents of the lower town were forced away into other already overcrowded districts or into the surrounding suburbs did not trouble the upper classes very much , as the displaced residents did not pay taxes or have the right to vote . Even after Suys ' proposal was officially adopted , Anspach faced strong opposition to the project . This opposition came first from engineers who felt that the covering was incompatible with Brussels ’ s geology , would accumulate potentially dangerous gases and would not be able to handle enough water to prevent floods . Others opposed to the project complained about the high taxes resulting from its high cost , poor compensation for seized property and the lack of public input into the project . The press accused Anspach of being responsible for demolishing Brussels ' old town , and published numerous caricatures mocking him . A liberal , Anspach feared the weakness and rigidity of the government and therefore gave the work of covering the river to a private British company , the Belgian Public Works Company ( the English name was used ) , which was created for the task . However , partway through construction , it was forced to relinquish control to the city of Brussels after an embezzlement scandal in which a company director allegedly attempted to steal 2 @.@ 5 million francs from the company . Anspach only barely kept his office in 1869 by @-@ elections . = = Construction = = Excluding the important sewers built upriver and downriver in the adjacent suburbs , the covered section itself was to be 2 @.@ 2 kilometres ( 1 @.@ 4 mi ) in length . Constructed from bricks , the covering was to consist of two parallel 6 m ( 20 ft ) wide tunnels , and a set of two lateral drainage pipes , each taking in waste water from its respective side of the street . The contract was signed on June 15 , 1866 and the expropriation of the first 1 @,@ 100 houses was completed in a few months . The work began on February 13 , 1867 . There were several technical difficulties that delayed the covering , many of which were due to the geology of Brussels , though they were not as bad as some engineers had forecast . The embezzlement scandal also caused a significant delay in construction , largely due to the change in control . The project was completed in 1871 , with the municipal council ceremonially opening the reconstructed sluice gates on November 30 . = = The new central boulevards = = The series of boulevards created by the project – Hainaut Boulevard ( now Maurice Lemonnier Boulevard ) , Central Boulevard ( now Boulevard Anspach ) , North Boulevard ( now Adolphe Max Boulevard ) , and Senne Boulevard ( now Émile Jacqmain Boulevard ) – were progressively opened to traffic from 1871 to 1873 . The opening of these new routes offered a more efficient way to get into the lower town than the cramped streets of rue du Midi / Zuidstraat , rue des Fripiers / Kleerkopersstraat and rue Neuve and helped revitalize the lower quarters of the town . In order to accomplish this revitalization and attract investment , public buildings were constructed as part of the Léon Suys project including the Brussels Stock Exchange . The vast Halles Centrales / Centrale Hallen , a good example of metallic architecture , replaced unhygienic open @-@ air markets , though it was torn down in 1958 . The monumental fountain that was to break the monotony of the boulevards at Fontainas Square was abandoned for budgetary reasons . The construction of private buildings on the boulevards and surrounding areas took place later . The middle class continued to prefer living in new suburbs rather than the cramped areas of the city center . The high prices of the land ( expected to finance part of the construction costs ) and the high rents were not within the means of the lower classes . Life in apartments was no longer desirable for residents of Brussels , who preferred to live in single family homes . The buildings constructed by private citizens had difficulty finding buyers . To give builders an incentive to create elaborate and appealing facades on their works , an architecture competition was arranged in which twenty buildings built before January 1 , 1876 would win prizes . The first prize of 20 @,@ 000 francs was awarded to Henri Beyaert who designed the " Hier ist in den kater en de kat " ( Loosely , " House of Cats " ) on North Boulevard . Nonetheless , it took another 20 years , until 1895 , for buildings to solidly line the boulevards . The former Augustinian church , built at the beginning of the 17th century in the baroque style , was the only remaining part of a convent destroyed in 1796 by French revolutionaries . After having been used as a Protestant church from 1815 to 1830 , it subsequently saw use as a concert hall , a commercial exchange , and a post office . At the center of de Brouckère square , the church ’ s façade was intended by Léon Suys to be one of the focal points of the new boulevards . The work to cover the river , which nearly surrounded the church , preserved the integrity of the building at great trouble and expense , but the church was finally demolished in 1893 , its style no longer popular with the people and its presence unsuitable for the area . The church was replaced by a fountain dedicated to the memory of Jules Anspach . The facade of the church , however , was preserved , being disassembled and moved to serve as the façade for the St. Trinity Church in the suburb of Ixelles . = = Diversion and treatment = = Although the original covering of the Senne resolved sanitary problems and flooding in Brussels ’ old city , this was not the case in peripheral areas . The Senne was still very polluted , despite work done to the sewers and spillways in the canal . The drainage into the canal was not able to completely stop the floods that regularly affected certain outer areas of the city . In 1930 , a group was created whose objective was to channel the Senne into subterranean tunnels for nearly its entire course through the Brussels metropolitan area . This was done in order to expand the benefits that the covering achieved in the old city . In the centre , the course of the river was to be changed from the central boulevards to the peripheral boulevards of the small ring . The project , delayed by war and the work being done on the North – South connection , was only finished in 1955 . The disused channels of the central boulevards later facilitated the construction of the north @-@ south line of the premetro , which opened in 1976 . The conversion of the existing tunnels to metro tunnels ensured that there was minimal disruption on the surface . Some of the former pipes also served as storm drains . The Anspach Fountain was transferred to the Quartier des Quais / Kaaien . Actual purification of the waste water from the Brussels @-@ Capital Region was not completed until the 21st century , when two purification stations were built . The south station treats refuse water from 360 @,@ 000 inhabitants , which is about one third of the polluted water , and lies on the border of Anderlecht and Forest . The north station , completed in March 2007 , is located near the border of the Brussels @-@ Capital Region , between the Senne and the Charleroi @-@ Willebroek Canal , near Buda Bridge . A portion of the cost was footed by the Flemish Government , as 7 of the adjacent municipalities lie within the Flemish Region . This station is capable of treating the water of 1 @,@ 100 @,@ 000 inhabitants and should finally be capable of fully purifying the Senne , which had long caused much of the pollution of the Scheldt river .
= Euro = The euro ( sign : € ; code : EUR ) is the official currency of the eurozone , which consists of 19 of the 28 member states of the European Union : Austria , Belgium , Cyprus , Estonia , Finland , France , Germany , Greece , Ireland , Italy , Latvia , Lithuania , Luxembourg , Malta , the Netherlands , Portugal , Slovakia , Slovenia , and Spain . The currency is also officially used by the institutions of the European Union and four other European countries , as well as unilaterally by two others , and is consequently used daily by some 337 million Europeans as of 2015 . Outside of Europe , a number of overseas territories of EU members also use the euro as their currency . Additionally , 210 million people worldwide as of 2013 use currencies pegged to the euro . The euro is the second largest reserve currency as well as the second most traded currency in the world after the United States dollar . As of August 2014 , with more than € 995 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 in circulation , the euro has the highest combined value of banknotes and coins in circulation in the world , having surpassed the U.S. dollar . Based on International Monetary Fund estimates of 2008 GDP and purchasing power parity among the various currencies , the eurozone is the second largest economy in the world . The name euro was officially adopted on 16 December 1995 . The euro was introduced to world financial markets as an accounting currency on 1 January 1999 , replacing the former European Currency Unit ( ECU ) at a ratio of 1 : 1 ( US $ 1 @.@ 1743 ) . Physical euro coins and banknotes entered into circulation on 1 January 2002 , making it the day @-@ to @-@ day operating currency of its original members . While the euro dropped subsequently to US $ 0 @.@ 8252 within two years ( 26 October 2000 ) , it has traded above the U.S. dollar since the end of 2002 , peaking at US $ 1 @.@ 6038 on 18 July 2008 . Since late 2009 , the euro has been immersed in the European sovereign @-@ debt crisis which has led to the creation of the European Financial Stability Facility as well as other reforms aimed at stabilising the currency . In July 2012 , the euro fell below US $ 1 @.@ 21 for the first time in two years , following concerns raised over Greek debt and Spain 's troubled banking sector . As of 31 May 2016 , the euro – dollar exchange rate stands at ~ US $ 1 @.@ 1137 . = = Administration = = The euro is managed and administered by the Frankfurt @-@ based European Central Bank ( ECB ) and the Eurosystem ( composed of the central banks of the eurozone countries ) . As an independent central bank , the ECB has sole authority to set monetary policy . The Eurosystem participates in the printing , minting and distribution of notes and coins in all member states , and the operation of the eurozone payment systems . The 1992 Maastricht Treaty obliges most EU member states to adopt the euro upon meeting certain monetary and budgetary convergence criteria , although not all states have done so . The United Kingdom and Denmark negotiated exemptions , while Sweden ( which joined the EU in 1995 , after the Maastricht Treaty was signed ) turned down the euro in a 2003 referendum , and has circumvented the obligation to adopt the euro by not meeting the monetary and budgetary requirements . All nations that have joined the EU since 1993 have pledged to adopt the euro in due course . = = Issuing modalities for banknotes = = Since 5 January 2002 , the national central banks ( NCBs ) and the ECB have issued euro banknotes on a joint basis . Euro banknotes do not show which central bank issued them . Eurosystem NCBs are required to accept euro banknotes put into circulation by other Eurosystem members and these banknotes are not repatriated . The ECB issues 8 % of the total value of banknotes issued by the Eurosystem . In practice , the ECB 's banknotes are put into circulation by the NCBs , thereby incurring matching liabilities vis @-@ à @-@ vis the ECB . These liabilities carry interest at the main refinancing rate of the ECB . The other 92 % of the euro banknotes are issued by the NCBs in proportion to their respective shares in the capital key of the ECB , calculated using national share of European Union population and national share of European Union GDP , equally weighted . = = Characteristics = = = = = Coins and banknotes = = = The euro is divided into 100 cents ( sometimes referred to as euro cents , especially when distinguishing them from other currencies , and referred to as such on the common side of all cent coins ) . In Community legislative acts the plural forms of euro and cent are spelled without the s , notwithstanding normal English usage . Otherwise , normal English plurals are sometimes used , with many local variations such as centime in France . All circulating coins have a common side showing the denomination or value , and a map in the background . Due to the linguistic plurality of Europe , the Latin alphabet version of euro is used ( as opposed to the less common Greek or Cyrillic ) and Arabic numerals ( other text is used on national sides in national languages , but other text on the common side is avoided ) . For the denominations except the 1- , 2- and 5 @-@ cent coins , the map only showed the 15 member states which were members when the euro was introduced . Beginning in 2007 or 2008 ( depending on the country ) the old map is being replaced by a map of Europe also showing countries outside the Union like Norway . The 1- , 2- and 5 @-@ cent coins , however , keep their old design , showing a geographical map of Europe with the 15 member states of 2002 raised somewhat above the rest of the map . All common sides were designed by Luc Luycx . The coins also have a national side showing an image specifically chosen by the country that issued the coin . Euro coins from any member state may be freely used in any nation that has adopted the euro . The coins are issued in € 2 , € 1 , 50c , 20c , 10c , 5c , 2c , and 1c denominations . To avoid the use of the two smallest coins , some cash transactions are rounded to the nearest five cents in the Netherlands and Ireland ( by voluntary agreement ) and in Finland ( by law ) . This practice is discouraged by the Commission , as is the practice of certain shops to refuse to accept high value euro notes . Commemorative coins with € 2 face value have been issued with changes to the design of the national side of the coin . These include both commonly issued coins , such as the € 2 commemorative coin for the fiftieth anniversary of the signing of the Treaty of Rome , and nationally issued coins , such as the coin to commemorate the 2004 Summer Olympics issued by Greece . These coins are legal tender throughout the eurozone . Collector coins with various other denominations have been issued as well , but these are not intended for general circulation , and they are legal tender only in the member state that issued them . The design for the euro banknotes has common designs on both sides . The design was created by the Austrian designer Robert Kalina . Notes are issued in € 500 , € 200 , € 100 , € 50 , € 20 , € 10 , € 5 . Each banknote has its own colour and is dedicated to an artistic period of European architecture . The front of the note features windows or gateways while the back has bridges , symbolising links between countries and with the future . While the designs are supposed to be devoid of any identifiable characteristics , the initial designs by Robert Kalina were of specific bridges , including the Rialto and the Pont de Neuilly , and were subsequently rendered more generic ; the final designs still bear very close similarities to their specific prototypes ; thus they are not truly generic . The monuments looked similar enough to different national monuments to please everyone . = = = Payments clearing , electronic funds transfer = = = Capital within the EU may be transferred in any amount from one country to another . All intra @-@ EU transfers in euro are treated as domestic transactions and bear the corresponding domestic transfer costs . This includes all member states of the EU , even those outside the eurozone providing the transactions are carried out in euro . Credit / debit card charging and ATM withdrawals within the eurozone are also treated as domestic transactions ; however paper @-@ based payment orders , like cheques , have not been standardised so these are still domestic @-@ based . The ECB has also set up a clearing system , TARGET , for large euro transactions . = = = Currency sign = = = A special euro currency sign ( € ) was designed after a public survey had narrowed the original ten proposals down to two . The European Commission then chose the design created by the Belgian Alain Billiet . Inspiration for the € symbol itself came from the Greek epsilon ( Є ) – a reference to the cradle of European civilisation – and the first letter of the word Europe , crossed by two parallel lines to ' certify ' the stability of the euro . The European Commission also specified a euro logo with exact proportions and foreground and background colour tones . While the Commission intended the logo to be a prescribed glyph shape , font designers made it clear that they intended to design their own variants instead . Typewriters lacking the euro sign can create it by typing a capital ' C ' , backspacing and overstriking it with the equal ( ' = ' ) sign . Placement of the currency sign relative to the numeric amount varies from nation to nation , but for texts in English the symbol ( or the ISO @-@ standard " EUR " ) should precede the amount . There is no official symbol for the cent . = = History = = = = = Introduction = = = The euro was established by the provisions in the 1992 Maastricht Treaty . To participate in the currency , member states are meant to meet strict criteria , such as a budget deficit of less than three percent of their GDP , a debt ratio of less than sixty percent of GDP ( both of which were ultimately widely flouted after introduction ) , low inflation , and interest rates close to the EU average . In the Maastricht Treaty , the United Kingdom and Denmark were granted exemptions per their request from moving to the stage of monetary union which would result in the introduction of the euro . Economists who helped create or contributed to the euro include Fred Arditti , Neil Dowling , Wim Duisenberg , Robert Mundell , Tommaso Padoa @-@ Schioppa and Robert Tollison . ( For macroeconomic theory , see below . ) The name " euro " was officially adopted in Madrid on 16 December 1995 . Belgian Esperantist Germain Pirlot , a former teacher of French and history is credited with naming the new currency by sending a letter to then President of the European Commission , Jacques Santer , suggesting the name " euro " on 4 August 1995 . Due to differences in national conventions for rounding and significant digits , all conversion between the national currencies had to be carried out using the process of triangulation via the euro . The definitive values of one euro in terms of the exchange rates at which the currency entered the euro are shown on the right . The rates were determined by the Council of the European Union , based on a recommendation from the European Commission based on the market rates on 31 December 1998 . They were set so that one European Currency Unit ( ECU ) would equal one euro . The European Currency Unit was an accounting unit used by the EU , based on the currencies of the member states ; it was not a currency in its own right . They could not be set earlier , because the ECU depended on the closing exchange rate of the non @-@ euro currencies ( principally the pound sterling ) that day . The procedure used to fix the conversion rate between the Greek drachma and the euro was different , since the euro by then was already two years old . While the conversion rates for the initial eleven currencies were determined only hours before the euro was introduced , the conversion rate for the Greek drachma was fixed several months beforehand . The currency was introduced in non @-@ physical form ( traveller 's cheques , electronic transfers , banking , etc . ) at midnight on 1 January 1999 , when the national currencies of participating countries ( the eurozone ) ceased to exist independently . Their exchange rates were locked at fixed rates against each other . The euro thus became the successor to the European Currency Unit ( ECU ) . The notes and coins for the old currencies , however , continued to be used as legal tender until new euro notes and coins were introduced on 1 January 2002 . The changeover period during which the former currencies ' notes and coins were exchanged for those of the euro lasted about two months , until 28 February 2002 . The official date on which the national currencies ceased to be legal tender varied from member state to member state . The earliest date was in Germany , where the mark officially ceased to be legal tender on 31 December 2001 , though the exchange period lasted for two months more . Even after the old currencies ceased to be legal tender , they continued to be accepted by national central banks for periods ranging from several years to forever ( the latter in Austria , Germany , Ireland , Estonia and Latvia for banknotes and coins ; also , Belgium , Luxembourg , Slovenia and Slovakia will accept banknotes forever , but not coins ) . The earliest coins to become non @-@ convertible were the Portuguese escudos , which ceased to have monetary value after 31 December 2002 , although banknotes remain exchangeable until 2022 . = = = Eurozone crisis = = = Following the U.S. financial crisis in 2008 , fears of a sovereign debt crisis developed in 2009 among fiscally conservative investors concerning some European states , with the situation becoming particularly tense in early 2010 . This included eurozone members Greece , Ireland and Portugal and also some EU countries outside the area . Iceland , the country which experienced the largest crisis in 2008 when its entire international banking system collapsed , has emerged less affected by the sovereign @-@ debt crisis as the government was unable to bail the banks out . In the EU , especially in countries where sovereign debts have increased sharply due to bank bailouts , a crisis of confidence has emerged with the widening of bond yield spreads and risk insurance on credit default swaps between these countries and other EU members , most importantly Germany . To be included in the eurozone , the countries had to fulfil certain convergence criteria , but the meaningfulness of such criteria was diminished by the fact it was not enforced with the same degree of strictness from country to country . According to the Economist Intelligence Unit in 2011 , " [ I ] f the [ euro area ] is treated as a single entity , its [ economic and fiscal ] position looks no worse and in some respects , rather better than that of the US or the UK " and the budget deficit for the euro area as a whole is much lower and the euro area 's government debt / GDP ratio of 86 % in 2010 was about the same level as that of the United States . " Moreover " , they write , " private @-@ sector indebtedness across the euro area as a whole is markedly lower than in the highly leveraged Anglo @-@ Saxon economies " . The authors conclude that the crisis " is as much political as economic " and the result of the fact that the euro area lacks the support of " institutional paraphernalia ( and mutual bonds of solidarity ) of a state " . The crisis continued with S & P downgrading nine euro @-@ area countries , including France , then downgrading the entire European Financial Stability Facility ( EFSF ) fund . In May 2012 , socialist François Hollande was elected as president of France and a month later the French socialist legislative position was strengthened , while German leader Angela Merkel " has appeared to be floundering and been badly let down by her advisers in recent months " , one commentator said . As such , " serious discord between French and German monetary decision @-@ makers was [ comparable to that of ] ... 1992 – 93 , at the height of the crisis over the European Monetary System , the forerunner to EMU " ( European Monetary Union ) . " [ H ] itherto relatively dormant signs of euro skepticism in German public opinion and throughout industry have been multiplying in recent months , making Hollande 's proposals increasingly unpalatable to a broad swathe of German opinion . Although considerable controversy will continue to swirl over Greece and Spain , the real battle lines over the future of the euro will be drawn up between Germany and France " , the commentary concluded . Another historical parallel – to 1931 when Germany was burdened with debt , unemployment and austerity while France and the United States were relatively strong creditors – gained attention in summer 2012 even as Germany received a debt @-@ rating warning of its own . = = Direct and indirect usage = = = = = Direct usage = = = The euro is the sole currency of 19 EU member states : Austria , Belgium , Cyprus , Estonia , Finland , France , Germany , Greece , Ireland , Italy , Latvia , Lithuania , Luxembourg , Malta , the Netherlands , Portugal , Slovakia , Slovenia , and Spain . These countries constitute the " eurozone " , some 332 million people in total as of 2013 . With all but two of the remaining EU members obliged to join , together with future members of the EU , the enlargement of the eurozone is set to continue . Outside the EU , the euro is also the sole currency of Montenegro and Kosovo and several European microstates ( Andorra , Monaco , San Marino and the Vatican City ) as well as in four overseas territories of EU members that are not themselves part of the EU ( Saint Barthélemy , Saint Pierre and Miquelon , the French Southern and Antarctic Lands and Akrotiri and Dhekelia ) . Together this direct usage of the euro outside the EU affects nearly 3 million people . The Euro has been used as a trading currency in Cuba since 1998 , and Syria since 2006 . There are also various currencies pegged to the euro ( see below ) . In 2009 , Zimbabwe abandoned its local currency and used major currencies instead , including the euro and the United States dollar . = = = Use as reserve currency = = = Since its introduction , the euro has been the second most widely held international reserve currency after the U.S. dollar . The share of the euro as a reserve currency has increased from 18 % in 1999 to 27 % in 2008 . Over this period the share of the U.S. dollar fell from 71 % to 64 % and the Yen fell from 6 @.@ 4 % to 3 @.@ 3 % . The euro inherited and built on the status of the Deutsche Mark as the second most important reserve currency . The euro remains underweight as a reserve currency in advanced economies while overweight in emerging and developing economies : according to the International Monetary Fund the total of euro held as a reserve in the world at the end of 2008 was equal to $ 1 @.@ 1 trillion or € 850 billion , with a share of 22 % of all currency reserves in advanced economies , but a total of 31 % of all currency reserves in emerging and developing economies . The possibility of the euro becoming the first international reserve currency is now widely debated among economists . Former US Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan gave his opinion in September 2007 that it is " absolutely conceivable that the euro will replace the US dollar as reserve currency , or will be traded as an equally important reserve currency " . In contrast to Greenspan 's 2007 assessment , the euro 's increase in the share of the worldwide currency reserve basket has slowed considerably since 2007 and since the beginning of the worldwide credit crunch related recession and European sovereign @-@ debt crisis . = = = Currencies pegged to the euro = = = Outside the eurozone , a total of 22 countries and territories that do not belong to the EU have currencies that are directly pegged to the euro including 13 countries in mainland Africa ( CFA franc ) , two African island countries ( Comorian franc and Cape Verdean escudo ) , three French Pacific territories ( CFP franc ) and three Balkan countries , Bosnia and Herzegovina ( Bosnia and Herzegovina convertible mark ) , Bulgaria ( Bulgarian lev ) and Macedonia ( Macedonian denar ) . On 28 July 2009 , São Tomé and Príncipe signed an agreement with Portugal which will eventually tie its currency to the euro . Additionally , the Moroccan dirham is tied to a basket of currencies , including the Euro and the US dollar , with the Euro given the highest weighting . With the exception of Bosnia , Bulgaria , Macedonia ( which had pegged their currencies against the Deutsche Mark ) and Cape Verde ( formerly pegged to the Portuguese escudo ) , all of these non @-@ EU countries had a currency peg to the French Franc before pegging their currencies to the euro . Pegging a country 's currency to a major currency is regarded as a safety measure , especially for currencies of areas with weak economies , as the euro is seen as a stable currency , prevents runaway inflation and encourages foreign investment due to its stability . Within the EU several currencies have a peg to the euro , in most instances as a precondition to joining the eurozone . The Bulgarian lev was formerly pegged to the Deutsche Mark ; one other EU member state has a direct peg due to ERM II : the Danish krone . In total , as of 2013 , 182 million people in Africa use a currency pegged to the euro , 27 million people outside the eurozone in Europe , and another 545 @,@ 000 people on Pacific islands . Since 2005 , stamps issued by the Sovereign Military Order of Malta have been denominated in euros , although the Order 's official currency remains the Maltese scudo . The Maltese scudo itself is pegged to the euro and is only recognised as legal tender within the Order . = = Economics = = = = = Optimal currency area = = = In economics , an optimum currency area , or region ( OCA or OCR ) , is a geographical region in which it would maximise economic efficiency to have the entire region share a single currency . There are two models , both proposed by Robert Mundell : the stationary expectations model and the international risk sharing model . Mundell himself advocates the international risk sharing model and thus concludes in favour of the euro . However , even before the creation of the single currency , there were concerns over diverging economies . Before the late @-@ 2000s recession the chances of a state leaving the euro , or the chances that the whole zone would collapse , were considered extremely slim . However the Greek government @-@ debt crisis led to former British Foreign Secretary Jack Straw claiming the eurozone could not last in its current form . Part of the problem seems to be the rules that were created when the euro was set up . John Lanchester , writing for The New Yorker , explains it thus : The guiding principle of the currency , which opened for business in 1999 , were supposed to be a set of rules to limit a country 's annual deficit to three per cent of gross domestic product , and the total accumulated debt to sixty per cent of G.D.P. It was a nice idea , but by 2004 the two biggest economies in the euro zone , Germany and France , had broken the rules for three years in a row . = = = Transaction costs and risks = = = The most obvious benefit of adopting a single currency is to remove the cost of exchanging currency , theoretically allowing businesses and individuals to consummate previously unprofitable trades . For consumers , banks in the eurozone must charge the same for intra @-@ member cross @-@ border transactions as purely domestic transactions for electronic payments ( e.g. , credit cards , debit cards and cash machine withdrawals ) . The absence of distinct currencies also theoretically removes exchange rate risks , although the imposition of transfer restrictions in 2012 – 13 Cypriot financial crisis means that the situation is not quite so simple . The risk of unanticipated exchange rate movement has always added an additional risk or uncertainty for companies or individuals that invest or trade outside their own currency zones . Companies that hedge against this risk will no longer need to shoulder this additional cost . This is particularly important for countries whose currencies had traditionally fluctuated a great deal , particularly the Mediterranean nations . Financial markets on the continent are expected to be far more liquid and flexible than they were in the past . The reduction in cross @-@ border transaction costs will allow larger banking firms to provide a wider array of banking services that can compete across and beyond the eurozone . However , although transaction costs were reduced , some studies have shown that risk aversion has increased during the last 40 years in the Eurozone . = = = Price parity = = = Another effect of the common European currency is that differences in prices — in particular in price levels — should decrease because of the law of one price . Differences in prices can trigger arbitrage , i.e. , speculative trade in a commodity across borders purely to exploit the price differential . Therefore , prices on commonly traded goods are likely to converge , causing inflation in some regions and deflation in others during the transition . Some evidence of this has been observed in specific eurozone markets . = = = Macroeconomic stability = = = Low levels of inflation are the hallmark of stable and modern economies . Because a high level of inflation acts as a tax ( seigniorage ) and theoretically discourages investment , it is generally viewed as undesirable . In spite of the downside , many countries have been unable or unwilling to deal with serious inflationary pressures . Some countries have successfully contained them by establishing largely independent central banks . One such bank was the Bundesbank in Germany ; as the European Central Bank is modelled on the Bundesbank , it is independent of the pressures of national governments and has a mandate to keep inflation low . Member countries that join the euro hope to enjoy the macroeconomic stability associated with low levels of inflation . The ECB ( unlike the Federal Reserve in the United States of America ) does not have a second objective to sustain growth and employment . Many national and corporate bonds denominated in euro are significantly more liquid and have lower interest rates than was historically the case when denominated in national currencies . While increased liquidity may lower the nominal interest rate on the bond , denominating the bond in a currency with low levels of inflation arguably plays a much larger role . A credible commitment to low levels of inflation and a stable debt reduces the risk that the value of the debt will be eroded by higher levels of inflation or default in the future , allowing debt to be issued at a lower nominal interest rate . Unfortunately , there is also a cost in structurally keeping inflation lower than in the United States , UK , and China . The result is that seen from those countries , the euro has become expensive , making European products increasingly expensive for its largest importers . Hence export from the euro zone becomes more difficult . This is one of the main reasons why economic growth inside the euro zone now lags behind growth in other large economies . This effect is strongest in European countries with a weak economy . In general , those in Europe who own large amounts of euros are served by high stability and low inflation . Those who now need to earn euros , including those countries who need to pay interest on large debts , are likely better served with a slightly less strong euro leading to more export . Because with a lower euro , investors would see better chances for ( companies in ) southern European countries to grow themselves out of the crisis . As a result , investing there would become less risky , and that would push interest rates for southern countries more in line with the European average . The contradiction here is that high macroeconomic stability in the form of ongoing historically low inflation over time leads to economic problems , creating higher interest rates and political and economic instability for the weaker partners . = = = = Trade = = = = A 2009 consensus from the studies of the introduction of the euro concluded that it has increased trade within the eurozone by 5 % to 10 % , although one study suggested an increase of only 3 % while another estimated 9 to 14 % . However , a meta @-@ analysis of all available studies suggests that the prevalence of positive estimates is caused by publication bias and that the underlying effect may be negligible . Furthermore , studies accounting for time trend reflecting general cohesion policies in Europe that started before , and continue after implementing the common currency find no effect on trade . These results suggest that other policies aimed at European integration might be the source of observed increase in trade . = = = = Investment = = = = Physical investment seems to have increased by 5 % in the eurozone due to the introduction . Regarding foreign direct investment , a study found that the intra @-@ eurozone FDI stocks have increased by about 20 % during the first four years of the EMU . Concerning the effect on corporate investment , there is evidence that the introduction of the euro has resulted in an increase in investment rates and that it has made it easier for firms to access financing in Europe . The euro has most specifically stimulated investment in companies that come from countries that previously had weak currencies . A study found that the introduction of the euro accounts for 22 % of the investment rate after 1998 in countries that previously had a weak currency . = = = = Inflation = = = = The introduction of the euro has led to extensive discussion about its possible effect on inflation . In the short term , there was a widespread impression in the population of the eurozone that the introduction of the euro had led to an increase in prices , but this impression was not confirmed by general indices of inflation and other studies . A study of this paradox found that this was due to an asymmetric effect of the introduction of the euro on prices : while it had no effect on most goods , it had an effect on cheap goods which have seen their price round up after the introduction of the euro . The study found that consumers based their beliefs on inflation of those cheap goods which are frequently purchased . It has also been suggested that the jump in small prices may be because prior to the introduction , retailers made fewer upward adjustments and waited for the introduction of the euro to do so . = = = = Exchange rate risk = = = = One of the advantages of the adoption of a common currency is the reduction of the risk associated with changes in currency exchange rates . It has been found that the introduction of the euro created " significant reductions in market risk exposures for nonfinancial firms both in and outside of Europe " . These reductions in market risk " were concentrated in firms domiciled in the eurozone and in non @-@ Euro firms with a high fraction of foreign sales or assets in Europe " . = = = = Financial integration = = = = The introduction of the euro seems to have had a strong effect on European financial integration . According to a study on this question , it has " significantly reshaped the European financial system , especially with respect to the securities markets [ ... ] However , the real and policy barriers to integration in the retail and corporate banking sectors remain significant , even if the wholesale end of banking has been largely integrated . " Specifically , the euro has significantly decreased the cost of trade in bonds , equity , and banking assets within the eurozone . On a global level , there is evidence that the introduction of the euro has led to an integration in terms of investment in bond portfolios , with eurozone countries lending and borrowing more between each other than with other countries . = = = = Effect on interest rates = = = = As of January 2014 , and since the introduction of the euro , interest rates of most members countries ( particularly those with a weak currency ) , have decreased . The countries whose interest rates fell most as a result of the adoption of the euro are Greece , Ireland , Portugal , Spain , and Italy . These very countries have had the most serious sovereign financing problems . The effect of declining interest rates , combined with excess liquidity continually provided by the ECB , made it easier for banks within the countries in which interest rates fell the most , and their linked sovereigns , to borrow significant amounts ( above the 3 % of GDP budget deficit imposed on the eurozone initially ) and significantly inflate their public and private debt levels . Following the late @-@ 2000s financial crisis , governments in these countries found it necessary to bail out or nationalise their privately held banks to prevent systemic failure of the banking system when underlying hard or financial asset values were found to be grossly inflated and sometimes so near worthless there was no liquid market for them . This further increased the already high levels of public debt to a level the markets began to consider unsustainable , via increasing government bond interest rates , producing the ongoing European sovereign @-@ debt crisis . = = = = Price convergence = = = = The evidence on the convergence of prices in the eurozone with the introduction of the euro is mixed . Several studies failed to find any evidence of convergence following the introduction of the euro after a phase of convergence in the early 1990s . Other studies have found evidence of price convergence , in particular for cars . A possible reason for the divergence between the different studies is that the processes of convergence may not have been linear , slowing down substantially between 2000 and 2003 , and resurfacing after 2003 as suggested by a recent study ( 2009 ) . = = = = Tourism = = = = A study suggests that the introduction of the euro has had a positive effect on the amount of tourist travel within the EMU , with an increase of 6 @.@ 5 % . = = Exchange rates = = = = = Flexible exchange rates = = = The ECB targets interest rates rather than exchange rates and in general does not intervene on the foreign exchange rate markets . This is because of the implications of the Mundell – Fleming model , which implies a central bank cannot ( without capital controls ) maintain interest rate and exchange rate targets simultaneously , because increasing the money supply results in a depreciation of the currency . In the years following the Single European Act , the EU has liberalised its capital markets , and as the ECB has chosen monetary autonomy , the exchange @-@ rate regime of the euro is flexible , or floating . The result of the ECB maintaining historically low interest rates and restricting money supply has been that over the last decade the euro has become expensive relative to the currency of Europe 's main trading partners . However , in 2010 , the euro started on a sharp decline . Starting at U.S $ 1 @.@ 60 in 2008 , and dropping to US $ 1 @.@ 04 in 2015 . The Canadian Dollar despite seeing a decline in value against the USD , has seen a growth in EURO - > [ CAD ] . = = = Against other major currencies = = = The euro is the second @-@ most widely held reserve currency after the U.S. dollar . After its introduction on 4 January 1999 its exchange rate against the other major currencies fell reaching its lowest exchange rates in 2000 ( 25 October vs the U.S. dollar , 26 October vs Japanese Yen , 3 May vs Pound Sterling ) . Afterwards it regained and its exchange rate reached its historical highest point in 2008 ( 15 July vs U.S. dollar , 23 July vs Japanese Yen , 29 December vs Pound Sterling ) . With the advent of the global financial crisis the euro initially fell , only to regain later . Despite pressure due to the European sovereign @-@ debt crisis the euro remained stable . In November 2011 the euro 's exchange rate index – measured against currencies of the bloc 's major trading partners – was trading almost two percent higher on the year , approximately at the same level as it was before the crisis kicked off in 2007 . Current and historical exchange rates against 29 other currencies ( European Central Bank ) Current dollar / euro exchange rates ( BBC ) Historical exchange rate from 1971 until now = = Linguistic issues = = The formal titles of the currency are euro for the major unit and cent for the minor ( one hundredth ) unit and for official use in most eurozone languages ; according to the ECB , all languages should use the same spelling for the nominative singular . This may contradict normal rules for word formation in some languages , e.g. , those where there is no eu diphthong . Bulgaria has negotiated an exception ; euro in the Bulgarian Cyrillic alphabet is spelled as eвро ( evro ) and not eуро ( euro ) in all official documents . In the Greek script the term ευρώ ( evró ) is used ; the Greek " cent " coins are denominated in λεπτό / ά ( leptó / á ) . Official practice for English @-@ language EU legislation is to use the words euro and cent as both singular and plural , although the European Commission 's Directorate @-@ General for Translation states that the plural forms euros and cents should be used in English . = = Criticism = = = = = Unemployment = = = Nobel memorial prize @-@ winning economist James Meade thought that a central bank should not make price stability the objective of aggregate demand management . When prices are likely to be pushed up due to increase of indirect taxes or adverse terms @-@ of @-@ trade shocks , the surge in prices must be cancelled out by decline in domestic money wage costs , as long as such a price stability policy is adopted . There would be unemployment in the all industrial sectors under a price stabilisation policy , suggesting that in the short run the elasticity of demand for labour is low . Under the ECB 's price stabilisation policy , many people in the eurozone have difficulty finding a job . The unemployment rate of Spain is around 25 percent in 2014 , and an economic forecast says that the figure will not decrease below 20 percent until 2017 . ELSTAT , the statistics agency of Greece , shows that Greece 's unemployment rate was 27 percent in June 2014 . OECD forecasts that Greece 's unemployment rate will remain around 27 percent until 2016 . Due to long @-@ term unemployment , skills of jobless persons have been depreciated and their motivation of finding jobs has been lost , which causes the country 's level of unemployment to remain high . Spain 's youth unemployment rate is 53 @.@ 8 percent in July 2014 , and this is the highest figure in the eurozone . This figure is comparable to 53 @.@ 1 percent of the Greek youth unemployment in May 2014 . In July 2014 , the averaged unemployment rate of the eurozone is 11 @.@ 7 percent , slight decrease from 11 @.@ 9 percent in 2013 . Likewise , Paul Krugman argued that the existence of a single shared currency across the entire eurozone , in combination with tight money policies of the ECB ( motivated by insistence of Germany on low inflation ) , placed much of the Southern Europe in a state of permanent high unemployment . According to Krugman , during the period between the creation of the euro and the 2008 financial crisis , countries of Southern Europe experienced abnormally high rates of wage growth due to high influx of investor money . Between 2000 and 2008 , unit labor costs actually declined slightly in Germany , but rose by 30 % in Spain and Greece . This created an imbalance that put these countries at competitive disadvantage relative to Northern Europe . Returning to full employment at this point requires that the labor costs gap is somehow cancelled . If Spain and Greece had their own currencies , this would have easily happened through exchange rate adjustment . Since they don 't , it can either happen through a decrease in nominal wages in Spain and Greece , also known as " internal devaluation " , ( an extremely difficult and slow process , since nominal wages , in general , exhibit downward rigidity ) , or through an equal increase in nominal wages ( i.e. inflation ) in Northern Europe , which does not happen because of active resistance from Germany .
= María Teresa Ferrari = María Teresa Ferrari ( 11 October 1887 – 30 October 1956 ) was an Argentine educator , medical doctor , and women 's rights activist . She was the first female university professor in Latin America and one of the first women allowed to teach medicine . She was a pioneering researcher in women 's health , studying the use of radiation therapy rather than surgery for uterine tumors and developing a vaginoscope which revolutionized women 's health care in Brazil . She established the first maternity ward and gynecological services at the Hospital Militar Central of Buenos Aires in 1925 , which provided the first incubation services in the country . Born into a wealthy family , whose forebears had been involved in ensuring Argentina 's independence from Spain , she was not expected to work outside the home . Yet Ferrari not only chose to have a career , she insisted on participating in the male @-@ dominated medical profession . She first earned a teaching diploma and became a school teacher , then graduated in medicine in 1911 . After completing her residency , she applied to teach at the university level , but instead was offered a teaching post at the School of Midwifery . Outraged , she fought for 13 years against the prejudices which prevented her advancing in her career . In 1927 , Ferrari won her fight and was granted a professorship as an alternate . Finally in 1939 , she was awarded a full professorship . Ferrari undertook additional medical study in Europe and the United States , learning pioneering techniques that she brought back to Argentina . She studied urinary tract monitoring at the Medical Faculty of Paris , earning the first diploma ever given to a woman . She designed a vaginoscope , studied radiation therapy at the Curie Institute , and performed a Caesarean section at Columbia University . She was responsible for bringing these innovations back with her to Argentina and implementing them at the maternity and gynecological unit she established at the Military Hospital . An ardent feminist , she established the Argentina Federation of University Women in 1936 , and pushed for recognition of both civil and political rights for women . When the government of Argentina took a conservative turn in the late 1930s , she was pushed out of the hospital and later , in the early 1950s , out of teaching . She died in 1956 . = = Early life and education = = María Teresa Ferrari Alvarado was born on 11 October 1887 in Buenos Aires , Argentina to David Ferrari White and Catalina Alvarado . Her family were among the founding citizens of Argentina : her paternal great @-@ grandfather , Guillermo Pío White had provided money to assist the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata in defeating the Spanish and her maternal great @-@ grandfather Rudesindo Alvarado had served in the Army of the Andes . Ferrari enrolled at the Normal School Nº 1 of Buenos Aires , receiving her teaching certificate in 1903 . For a woman of Ferrari 's social class , paid work was unusual at the time . It was understood that in cases of financial necessity poor women might nurse or teach , because both were considered charitable , but upper class women were expected to be no more than wives and mothers . Ignoring convention , she embarked on a career in medicine , but also began teaching . Ferrari taught at the Colegio William Morris and the Escuela Nº 3 Bernardino Rivadavia . She had studied psychology in a cutting @-@ edge field known as " experimental psychology " and applied it to her classes , which caused the authorities to launch an investigation into her teaching methods . She was allowed to continue teaching , as her techniques of motivating students and encouraging them to learn proved effective . In 1904 , Ferrari enrolled in medical school at the National University of Buenos Aires while continuing to teach . There had been five other women in the history of Argentina who had earned medical degrees , and though her enrollment was not desired , there was no legal precedent to bar her admittance . In her first year , she was assigned to work as an assistant to Joaquín Llambías in his pathology research , which inspired her continued participation in medical research . Ferrari graduated in 1911 , and that same year , she married another graduating doctor , Nicolás M. Gaudino . In 1918 the couple had their only child , Maurio Nicholás Gaudino . Ferrari was sometimes known as María Teresa Ferrari de Gaudino or simply María Teresa de Gaudino . = = Career = = = = = Struggle for a university professorship = = = In 1914 , Ferrari started work at the obstetrics clinic of the Hospital Ramos Mejía of Buenos Aries . She applied to teach obstetrics at the university but was turned down . In the proceedings of the Honorable Consejo Directivo ( HCD ) on 23 June 1915 , it was stated : " Despite their qualifications , for physiological and psychological reasons people of the feminine sex do not meet the required conditions to be engaged as professors in the Faculty [ of Medicine ] " . The following year , she was permitted to teach at the School of Midwifery , but this lacked the prestige and credentials of a professorship at the university . When an opening for an alternate professorship appeared in 1919 , Ferrari reapplied to the university but was met with resistance . The members of the HCD delayed calling together the jurors to fill the vacancy until 1925 , altering evidence , ignoring recommendations , and evading a decision . In 1926 , she sent a detailed outline of her accomplishments to the committee , stating that she had taught in secondary schools for 20 years and had dedicated 15 years to her field of medicine , and had enrolled in university courses for nine years . One adviser , Dr. Speroni , having read her qualifications , sent a message to the dean imploring that they admit her , on the grounds that she was qualified , had shown dedication and the school was understaffed . It was not until 1927 , that the jurors met and her application for an alternate professorship was approved by a vote of thirteen to two . The news of the first female university professor in Latin America made headlines throughout Spanish @-@ speaking countries . Newspapers in Argentina including La Prensa , La Nación , La Razón and others of the capital , El Censor in Gualeguaychú , Los Andes in Mendoza , Buenos Aires Sud in Florencio Varela , and the Italian La Patria degli Italiani and Spanish El Diario Español carried stories of her triumph . In the interim , rather than await a decision , Ferrari continued her studies . Between 1921 and 1923 she visited many clinics in Europe , including facilities in Austria , Belgium , England , France , Germany and Italy . She assisted in the clinic of Marie Curie in Paris as well as in the Columbia Hospital for Women and Lying @-@ In Asylum in Washington , DC . The Faculty of Medicine of Paris awarded her the first diploma ever given to a woman for studies in urinary tract monitoring . In 1924 , she designed a vaginoscope , which was much easier to sterilize and was more adaptable to multiple specula than previous models . The device significantly improved services which were available to women in Brazil , and was featured in the articles of the Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics of Rio de Janeiro . The innovation won the Grand Prize at the 1924 Congreso Hispano Lusitano Americano de Ciencias Médicas held in Seville , Spain . Ferrari was particularly interested in investigating alternatives to surgery and her studies on radiation therapy at the Curie Institute became the basis for a 1928 thesis on " Treating Uterine tumors with radiation " . In 1925 , she was appointed as the Argentine governmental delegate to the First Child Welfare Congress in Geneva . One of the major topics of the conference was the training of midwives in labor and hygiene practices . When her professorship was finally approved and she returned to Argentina , a celebration was held on 11 August 1927 at the Jockey Club of Buenos Aires , attended by the Minister of the Interior , José P. Tamborini ; the Director of the Hospital Militar , Alberto Levenne ; her research mentor , Joaquín Llambías ; and many colleagues , peers , family members and friends . Ferrari was appointed head of gynecology and maternity at Hospital Militar in Buenos Aires , a post which she held until 1939 . = = = Mid @-@ career development = = = Ferrari traveled to Mexico , the United States , and Canada in 1929 , studying for eight months and attending conferences . In the United States , she participated in a Caesarean section at Columbia University , becoming the first Argentine to have performed a surgery in Washington , D.C .. The baby born as a result of the surgery was named " Argentina " . In 1930 , she served as the Argentine delegate for the VII Medical Congress of Latin America held in Mexico and presided over the first general session . She presented three papers ; one addressed uterine tumors and the other two were about syphilis . She was also the delegate for the 2nd Congress of the Pan @-@ American Medical Association in Panama . Between 1930 and 1932 she returned to the United States for additional studies which focused on colibacillosis , septicemia , puerperal infections , investigating whether vaccines could be developed to prevent the development of conditions resulting from childbirth or miscarriage . In 1936 , Ferrari founded the Argentina Federation of University Women ( FAMU ) with the goal of improving the social and legal standing of women and specifically opening educational doors . She recruited professional women , including doctors , dentists and lawyers and organized scientific and cultural discussions and seminars . FAMU had regular courses in French , German , physical education and mathematics , which it offered to its nearly 100 members . The political and civic limitations that threatened these women 's careers was clearly a concern and the organization 's official statement supported enfranchisement as " not a mere political aspiration for women , but a real right acquired by suffering , work and deprivation experienced by women ... " In 1938 , the Argentine organization joined the International Federation of University Women , which had served as Ferrari 's inspiration . = = = Military hospital and later career = = = In 1925 , Ferrari was called to assist a military wife during childbirth at the Hospital Militar Central of Buenos Aires , which had no gynecological unit . After she proposed that one be developed , Ferrari started the facility with one bed and donated equipment and supplies . The military gazette began advertizing from June of that year that gynecological services were available from Mondays to Fridays at the hospital . As military wives became aware of the services , the growth was exponential and within five years Ferrari had expanded the service to two floors that housed a maternity unit with two delivery rooms , their own sterilization facility , a recovery unit , and forty beds in private rooms . She also developed a small sealed room with purified air and an incubator , the first of its kind in Argentina . Ferrari brought the techniques she had learned abroad to Argentina . Though radiology had been performed in other parts of the world for decades , there was resistance to implementing it by professionals who had no experience with it . Ferrari insisted it should be introduced and fought against the previous practice of surgical solutions for all cases , advocating that surgery only be used when absolutely necessary . A commemoration for the 10th anniversary of the maternity unit was attended by the Minister of War , the Director General of Health , the Hospital Director and other senior officials , as well as by children born over the past 10 years together with their families . A commission of the Marine wives who had received service from Ferrari 's unit made a substantial donation . Despite her success , the atmosphere at the hospital remained hostile . Following the 1930 coup d 'état of José Félix Uriburu with the country 's shift to a more conservative stance during the Infamous Decade , Ferrari ultimately was forced to leave the hospital in 1939 . Ferrari 's disappointment at having to leave the hospital was offset in 1939 , when she was finally made a full professor , receiving the title " Profesor Extraordinario " of the Obstetrics Faculty . Throughout the 1940s she continued her education , traveling to Cuba , New York , Pennsylvania , Peru , and Puerto Rico , publishing her research in a variety of journals . In 1946 she resigned as president of the Argentina Federation of University Women , but continued to represent the organization at conferences , like the Primer Congreso Interamericano de Mujeres , which she attended in Guatemala City in 1947 . After 43 years of teaching at Normal School Nº 3 , Ferrari was forced into retirement by the Ministry of Education because she refused to participate in a political contribution fund . She was also asked to resign from her position as Professor of Psychology at Colegio William Morris . In 1952 , rather than join the Peronista supporters and betray her ideals , she took full retirement . When elected , Perón had instituted a massive overhaul of the health system of Argentina . He appointed Ramón Carrillo as his health minister , and in the beginning , hospital beds were added , vaccination programs were instituted , a campaign against malaria was launched , and other improvements were made . However , by the early 1950s it was clear that policies were unevenly applied , implementation was erratic , and political cronyism was working against the provision of health services for those most in need . Two years after Ferrari resigned , Carrillo also resigned , disillusioned with the Perón administration . Ferrari was a full member of the Argentine Association of Surgery , the Argentine Medical Association and the Argentine Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Buenos Aires . She also was a correspondent member of the Society of Medicine and Surgery of Rio de Janeiro . Ferrari died on 30 October 1956 in Buenos Aires . = = Selected works = = Ferrari 's works were all in French or Spanish and outlined her research on various scientific and gynecological topics . They included the following : " Contribución al estudio de la medicación hipofisiaria en Obstetricia " ( in Spanish ) . Buenos Aires : Facultad de Ciencias Médicas . 1912 . " Infecciones puerperales . Tratadas por vacunas Coli " ( in Spanish ) . Buenos Aires : Anales de Sociedad de Obstetricia y Ginecología . 1914 . " Vagido Uterino " ( in Spanish ) . Buenos Aires : Revista Argentina Obstetricia y Ginecología . 1917 . " Tumores del ovario complicando el embarazo , el parto y el puerperio " ( in Spanish ) . Buenos Aires : La Semana Médica . 1921 . " Siphilis et Mortalité " ( in Spanish ) . Buenos Aires : La Semana Médica . 1922 . " Traitement de la sténose du col de l ’ uterus par Tige Iribarbe " ( in French ) . Paris : Boletín de la Société de Gynecolegie et d ’ Obstetrique de París . 1923 . " Vaginoscopio " ( in Spanish ) . Buenos Aires : La Semana Médica . 1924 . " Tratamiento de los Fibromas Uterinos por Radio " . Las Ciencias Buenos Aires ( in Spanish ) ( Buenos Aires : AG Bufarrini ) . 1928 . " El Radio en la Fibromatosis Uterina " ( in Spanish ) . Buenos Aires : La Semana Médica . 1932 . " El Radio frente a la cirugía en el Tratamiento de los Fibromas uterinos " . Acción Médica ( in Spanish ) ( Buenos Aires ) 22 . 1939 . " Mme. Curie , la Radioactividad y sus proyecciones en a Física y la Terapéutica " . Vox Médica ( in Spanish ) ( Buenos Aires ) 10 . 1941 . " 570 casos de Fibromas Uterins traités avec succés par la Curieteherapie " ( in French ) . Paris : Revue Gynecolegie et Ostetrique . 1947 . " Fibromas Uterins traits avec success par la Curietherapie " ( in French ) . Praxis : Journal Suisse de Medicine . 1948 . " Tratamiento de la Fibromatosis Uterina por el Radio " ( in Spanish ) 7 . Madrid : Toco Ginecología Práctica . 1948 .
= Kepier power station = Kepier power station refers to a cancelled coal @-@ fired power station on the River Wear at Kepier , 0 @.@ 75 miles ( 1 @.@ 21 km ) north east of Durham , County Durham , North East England . Planned by the North Eastern Electric Supply Company ( NESCo ) in 1944 , it was never realised as the scheme faced stiff opposition from those who claimed it would obstruct views of the historic Durham Cathedral from the East Coast Main Line . A number of people supported the scheme as it would help meet the increasing demand for electricity and provide much needed jobs in the post @-@ depression , post @-@ war economy of Britain . The station , which had been designed by architect Giles Gilbert Scott , would have been operational by the late 1940s and would have generated 150 megawatts of electricity . However , following a public inquiry the plans were not approved and instead NESCo installed new capacity at their existing power stations . = = Background = = After several years of preliminary planning , surveying sites and drawing up plans , the North Eastern Electric Supply Company ( NESCo ) bought the site of a large rifle range , over both sides of the River Wear , at Kepier , 0 @.@ 75 miles ( 1 @.@ 21 km ) north east of the city of Durham , and in early 1944 publicly announced their plans to build a large coal @-@ fired power station on the site . The station was part of a post @-@ war plan by NESCo , and the scheme had a projected cost of £ 3 @,@ 500 @,@ 000 . The site was chosen in the mid @-@ Durham area to be close to the coal supplies . It also needed to be a short distance from the River Wear , downstream of Durham , and on solid foundations . Mine workings in County Durham restricted the number of possible sites which could meet the requirement for solid foundations . The site also required good road and rail access . The estimated build time for the station was around four years , and once completed the station was expected to employ around 300 people . In June 1944 , NESCo formally submitted their plans for consent of construction . = = Design = = The station 's site plans and elevations were designed by Giles Gilbert Scott . He had previously designed Battersea Power Station in London , and so the designs of the Kepier station were considered to have been of a very high architectural quality . NESCo claimed that the design of the station would be considered " a credit to the whole district " . The main station building was to be 135 feet ( 41 m ) in height . The station would have burned between 1 @,@ 500 and 2 @,@ 000 tonnes of low @-@ grade coal per week , to produce 150 megawatts ( MW ) of electricity . The coal was to be taken from mines in County Durham , and transported to the station by the Durham goods branch of the Leamside Line railway , which terminated at nearby Gilesgate . New sidings would have been required to reach the site from the railway line , which would have required cutting into the hillside above Kepier . Upon arriving at the station , coal would have been discharged from the wagons 135 feet ( 41 m ) above the station and transported via a conveyor belt over six arches down to the station itself . The coal burnt would have had an estimated ash content of between 14 % and 22 % , and so at a cost of £ 160 @,@ 000 , the company were to install electrostatic precipitators , to remove 97 % of the dust from the smoke and waste gases from combustion , before leaving the two 350 feet ( 110 m ) high chimneys . The view at the time was that the remaining dust that would leave the chimney 's would not have caused " any appreciable pollution " , and the waste gases , consisting of carbon dioxide , were thought not to " cause any injury or harm to the inhabitants of the city , to buildings or to vegetation . " Between 350 and 450 tonnes of bottom ash clinker would be produced by the station per week . NESCo intended to sell this on to local construction companies as a construction material and believed there was a ready market for this . Fly ash from the precipitators would also have built up , and NESCo claimed they would have spread this on land to the west of the station , and mixed it with soil to produce a 14 feet ( 4 @.@ 3 m ) high spoil tip . The station would have featured six 170 feet ( 52 m ) high cooling towers . It was said that there would be provision to prevent excessive amounts of steam leaving the cooling towers , with no haze coming from the towers on 95 % of days of the year . = = Criticism and support = = When the plans were first announced the county surveyor raised no objections , and it was not until October 1943 and onwards that the Ministry of Town and Country Planning began to increasingly warn of the opposition that was bound to arise against the scheme . The plans were strongly opposed by Thomas Wilfred Sharp , an urban planner from Durham , who thought that the station would intrude on the city 's skyline . They were also opposed by The City of Durham Preservation Society ( now the City of Durham Trust ) which had been founded two years earlier . At the time the station had been given the go ahead by Durham City Council and the planning authority , but the Trust believed the station 's tall chimneys and cooling towers would dwarf the nearby Durham Cathedral . NESCo argued that they thought the power station would enhance the city 's attractions , with people coming to see the power station itself . At the least , they tried to assure the public that if built , the station would take as little away from the city as possible . An official statement from the company stated : " Consultants of every kind will be employed in connection with the construction , and the City Corporation can rest assured that every precaution will be taken both in the design and the working of the station to cause as little harm as possible to the amenities of the City . " NESCo also argued that they had chosen the site to protect the city 's amenities , in that it was outside the city boundary , partially surrounded by higher ground , and in the lee of prevailing winds . They also said that much could be done architecturally to fit the station into its surroundings . Local trade unions , Durham County Council , and even the Farmers ' Union were in support of the scheme , along with a number of private persons , the general reason being that it would bring a new form of employment to the city and surrounding areas . Opponents to the station however claimed that the new jobs at the power station would go to specialist technicians brought into the region , and that the positioning of the station near Durham would not be beneficial to the city 's electricity supply or make the cost of electricity any cheaper for those living near the station . Critics also claimed that wherever in the region a new power station were to be built , County Durham coal would be used in it , and that despite NESCo 's claims , there may be more suitable sites elsewhere . The critics claimed that Durham 's functioning as a cultural , educational , administrative and tourist centre , would be ultimately destroyed by heavy industrialisation . At a meeting of Durham County Council on 26 July 1944 , J.W. Foster , chairman of the Finance Committee of the council , spoke in favour of the proposals , claiming they would fulfill the Government 's White Paper on Employment Policy , and its policy on the rehabilitation of depressed areas . At the outbreak of war , the north of the country had still not fully recovered from the Great Depression of the 1930s , and Foster believed the employment the station 's construction and maintenance provided would help prevent a return to those conditions . It was also seen that the station would generally improve the supply of electricity for industry . He pointed out that the criticism of the scheme was based entirely on assumption that the station would " destroy the Medieval charm of the city " , without taking into account the thoughts of the experts who designed the station . He also pointed out that the critics made their comments without any suggestion of an alternative , and that their campaign against the scheme had attracted publicity through a BBC broadcast . Foster also claimed that if any other feasible site could be found , then it should be used to avoid any violation of the view . However , he warned that the interest of the county 's economy should be put in front of the concerns of " those ill @-@ informed critics , who view Durham from the railway ... passing from one more fortunate district to another . " Durham MP Charles Grey later referred to the development as " vital to the well being of the County of Durham " . British architect Frederick Gibberd published a diagrammatic comparison of Durham Cathedral alongside a power station typical of the design of the time , like the one planned at Kepier . This made clear that , although the Cathedral was one of the largest in the country , it still would looked small next to the projected power station . It was argued that as long as the two structures were viewed simultaneously , the visual juxtaposition would be detrimental to the Cathedral . Somewhat ironically , Gibberd 's Didcot Power Station would later be voted the third worst eyesore in Britain in 2003 . Although geographically located 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) north east and 100 feet ( 30 m ) lower , it was thought that Kepier power station would dominate any view into which it entered and that it would enter into most of the views in the city . A Northern Echo reader summarised these ideas in 1944 : " As the traveller by train approaches Kepier and Durham from the North there would meet his eye in the foreground this vast power station . Kepier , a local beauty spot , and the picturesque remains of Kepier Hospital , a building of much historic interest , would be blotted out , the Castle and Cathedral beyond would be dwarfed by an incongruous mass of concrete buildings ill sorting with the landscape . " = = Inquiry = = After the suggestion by the head of the Ministry of War Transport Cyril Hurcomb to conduct a joint local hearing chaired by an outsider was turned down by the Government due to much greater means being needed , the Government agreed that a public inquiry should be opened . A public inquiry into the plans was opened in December 1944 , with the hearing lasting for three days . The Ministry of Town and Country Planning appointed Hurcomb as the chairman of the inquiry . The Electricity Commissioners appointed George Pepler and C.G. Morley New . The key opponents of the scheme were the City of Durham Preservation Society , chaired by Cyril Alington . NESCo were represented by Craig Henderson and Sydney Turner . The NESCo representatives argued that although the company already supplied around 85 % of the North East region , a great deal more generating capacity would need to be built to meet the demand for years to come , and that the mid @-@ Durham area was the best place to erect a new station . Henderson claimed the only real opposition to the scheme was that it would interfere with the amenities of Durham . John Hacking , chief engineer of the Central Electricity Board , backed NESCo because if the scheme were declined , and consent and new arrangements had to be made , they would have no new plant in operation until after 1948 . A 11 @.@ 8 kilograms ( 26 lb ) Plasticine model of the station , city and surroundings was used in the inquiry . It was accompanied by a certificate of essentiality , issued by the Electricity Commissioners . Photographs of the city were also shown with the power station superimposed . During the hearing , Hurcomb pointed out a letter published in The Times in July 1944 , in which the Bishop and Dean of Durham , and Warden of the Durham Colleges , had given the misleading impression that the proposed station would ruin views from the railway line , an idea compounded by the publication a few days later of a photograph taken from the proposed site . He acknowledged that a number of views from parts of the river would be ruined , and that the station would be visible from the Cathedral and church , Hurcomb emphasised that the majority of the beautiful views around the city would remain . Pepler also found that from the railway station , the power station and the Cathedral could not be viewed simultaneously . The members of the inquiry initially concluded that the station should be given the go @-@ ahead , based on the grounds that a more suitable site could not be decided upon . The City of Durham Preservation Society , however , argued that with so many of Europe 's finest monuments being destroyed in the Second World War , Durham and its Cathedral was a gem which had survived both the war and the " industrial despoliation which had laid waste so much of the rest of the County " . Pepler supported the view that Durham was more suited as an administrative , shopping , and tourist centre , than it was for large @-@ scale industrial development . Legal and political difficulties caused a long delay in reaching a decision . An important issue was whether or not the inquiry was subject to the new Town and Country Planning Act of 1944 . NESCo from the beginning challenged the right of the Minister of Town and Planning , W. S. Morrison , to convene an inquiry at all . The initial legal advice to the Government was that it was not subject , and the inquiry was convened with terms of reference that they were to consider whether a proposed new or extended station could supply sufficient electricity to meet the needs of consumers at no greater cost than any alternative source of supply . In Hurcomb 's view the inquiry could not refuse consent if these conditions were met . A later decision by the Treasury Solicitor that the inquiry was , in fact , subject to the Act had the effect of paralysing decision making . If Hurcomb persisted in adhering to his terms of reference and approved the power station , but Durham Rural District Council then withheld planning consent on the grounds of the objections , NESCo would be entitled to compensation for their losses due to the delay and building on a new site . The District Council would be liable for this but it was out of the question that they would be able to afford the large amount involved and the Government wished to avoid stepping in to pay themselves . If the inquiry could be persuaded to find against NESCo then no compensation would be payable and Hurcomb came under pressure from Ministers to do just that . Hurcomb argued that this would be denying compensation to those entitled to it and by April 1945 the decision on the station was still being delayed . The chairman of NESCo at the time voiced his anger in The Times , and Frank Tribe , secretary of the Ministry of Fuel and Power , wrote to Hurcomb asking if anything could be done to bring the inquiry to a decision . Eventually , Hurcomb put forward at a ministerial meeting a solution whereby the members of the inquiry would inform NESCo that on purely technical grounds they would have approved the scheme , but due to the opposition of Morrison , they had decided not to proceed to a decision . Although NESCo were initially hostile , in June 1945 they agreed to drop the scheme on condition that they received a letter from Morrison agreeing that they had satisfied the commissioners on technical grounds , thus entitling them to compenstation . The Government thought the site was open to well founded objections , and even if the scheme had proceeded past the inquiry stage , they would have refused consent anyway . = = Outcome = = Ultimately , the decision of the inquiry went against NESCo and those in support of the station , and the company dropped their plans . NESCo received an ex gratia payment of £ 6 @,@ 650 from the Ministry of Town and Country Planning for the expenditure incurred to that point . The site itself was inherited by the nationalised British Electricity Authority in 1948 and they eventually sold it . On 9 October 1945 , Minister of Town and Country Planning Lewis Silkin made clear in the House of Commons that NESCo had begun extending their existing power stations by installing additional generating plant at sites other than Kepier , sufficing the demand for electricity , and meaning no station was needed at Kepier .
= Brummer @-@ class cruiser = The Brummer class consisted of two light mine @-@ laying cruisers built for the Imperial German Navy in World War I : SMS Brummer and SMS Bremse . When the war broke out , the Germans had only two older mine @-@ laying cruisers . Although most German cruisers were fitted for mine @-@ laying , a need for fast specialized ships existed . The Imperial Russian Navy had ordered a set of steam turbines for the Borodino @-@ class battlecruiser Navarin from the AG Vulcan shipyard in Stettin . This machinery was confiscated on the outbreak of war and used for these ships . Both vessels were built by AG Vulcan . The two ships laid a series of minefields during their career , though their most significant success came in October 1917 , when they attacked a British convoy to Norway . They sank two escorting destroyers and nine of the twelve merchant ships from the convoy . They escaped back to Germany without damage . The two ships were interned at Scapa Flow after the end of the war , and were subsequently scuttled by their crews on 21 June 1919 . Brummer was sunk in deep water and was never raised , but Bremse was brought up in 1929 and broken up for scrap in 1932 – 1933 . = = Design and construction = = In 1914 , AG Vulcan in Stettin was building two sets of high @-@ powered steam turbines for the Russian Navy for use in their new battlecruiser Navarin , then under construction in Russia . After the outbreak of World War I in August 1914 , which saw Germany and Russia on opposing sides , the German government seized the turbines . At that time , the Kaiserliche Marine possessed only two cruisers equipped for mine @-@ laying operations , the cruisers Nautilus and Albatross . The Kaiserliche Marine ordered AG Vulcan to split Navarin 's propulsion system in half and to design a pair of cruiser hulls around the engines . The ships were to be fast mine @-@ layers , capable of mining an area under cover of darkness and quickly returning to port before they could be intercepted . They were designed to resemble the British Arethusa class cruisers to aid in their ability to operate off the British coast . Design work on the ships was completed quickly in 1914 . Brummer was laid down at the AG Vulcan shipyard in Stettin in early 1915 . Work proceeded quickly , and the ship was launched on 11 December 1915 . After the completion of fitting @-@ out work , the ship was commissioned into the High Seas Fleet on 2 April 1916 . Bremse followed her sister the same year at AG Vulcan . She was launched on 11 March 1916 and completed in less than four months ; the ship was commissioned into the fleet on 1 July 1916 . During construction , the shape of their bow and its resemblance to British cruisers was covered by sheet metal . = = = General characteristics = = = Brummer and Bremse were 135 meters ( 443 ft ) long at the waterline and 140 @.@ 40 m ( 460 ft 8 in ) long overall . They had a beam of 13 @.@ 20 m ( 43 ft 4 in ) and a draft of 6 m ( 19 ft 8 in ) forward and 5 @.@ 88 m ( 19 ft 3 in ) aft . The ships had a designed displacement of 4 @,@ 385 metric tons ( 4 @,@ 316 long tons ) , and at full combat load , they displaced 5 @,@ 856 t ( 5 @,@ 764 long tons ) . Their hulls were built with longitudinal steel frames . The hulls were divided into twenty @-@ one watertight compartments and incorporated a double bottom that extended for forty @-@ four percent of the length of the keel . Brummer differed slightly , as she had a row of portholes amidships that her sister Bremse did not have . Brummer and Bremse were fitted with masts similar to the British Arethusa @-@ class cruisers , and similarly to the British ships , the masts could be lowered and stored on the superstructure deck . Their bow was also modeled on the Arethusa @-@ class ships to further disguise the vessels . The ships had a complement of 16 officers and 293 enlisted men . They carried several smaller vessels , including one picket boat , one barge , and two dinghies . The German Navy regarded the ships as excellent sea boats , having gentle motion . The ships were highly maneuverable and had a tight turning radius , and only lost slight speed in a head sea . In hard turns , they lost up to sixty percent speed . They were very crank , however . = = = Machinery = = = The two ships ' propulsion systems consisted of two turbines powered by two coal @-@ fired Marine Doppelkessel double @-@ ended boilers and four oil @-@ fired Öl @-@ Marine double @-@ ended boilers . The turbines drove a pair of three @-@ bladed screws , which were 3 @.@ 20 m ( 10 ft 6 in ) in diameter . The engines were rated at 33 @,@ 000 shaft horsepower ( 25 @,@ 000 kW ) for a top speed of 28 knots ( 52 km / h ; 32 mph ) . On trials , Brummer reached 42 @,@ 797 shp ( 31 @,@ 914 kW ) while Bremse made 47 @,@ 748 shp ( 35 @,@ 606 kW ) ; they averaged a top speed of 30 @.@ 2 knots ( 55 @.@ 9 km / h ; 34 @.@ 8 mph ) with a light load . The ships were capable of speeds up to 34 knots ( 63 km / h ; 39 mph ) , though only in short bursts . Coal storage was 300 t ( 300 long tons ; 330 short tons ) as designed , though up to 600 t ( 590 long tons ; 660 short tons ) could be carried . Fuel oil was initially 500 t ( 490 long tons ; 550 short tons ) , and could be similarly increased to 1 @,@ 000 t ( 980 long tons ; 1 @,@ 100 short tons ) . At a cruising speed of 12 kn ( 22 km / h ; 14 mph ) , the ships could steam for 5 @,@ 800 nautical miles ( 10 @,@ 700 km ; 6 @,@ 700 mi ) . At a higher speed of 25 kn ( 46 km / h ; 29 mph ) , the range fell considerably , to 1 @,@ 200 nmi ( 2 @,@ 200 km ; 1 @,@ 400 mi ) . Electrical power was provided by two turbo generators and one diesel generator . Steering was controlled by a single , large rudder . = = = Armament and armor = = = The ships were armed with four 15 cm SK L / 45 guns in single pedestal mounts ; all four were placed on the centerline so all four guns could fire on the broadside . One was placed forward on the forecastle , a second was located between the first and second funnel and two were arranged in a superfiring pair aft . These guns fired a 45 @.@ 3 @-@ kilogram ( 100 lb ) shell at a muzzle velocity of 840 meters per second ( 2 @,@ 800 ft / s ) . The guns had a maximum elevation of 30 degrees , which allowed them to engage targets out to 17 @,@ 600 m ( 57 @,@ 742 ft 9 in ) . They were supplied with 600 rounds of ammunition , for 150 shells per gun . Brummer and Bremse also carried two 8 @.@ 8 cm ( 3 @.@ 5 in ) L / 45 anti @-@ aircraft guns mounted on the centerline astern of the funnels . These guns fired a 10 kg ( 22 lb ) shells at a muzzle velocity of 750 to 770 m / s ( 2 @,@ 500 to 2 @,@ 500 ft / s ) . The ships were also equipped with a pair of 50 cm ( 19 @.@ 7 in ) torpedo tubes with four torpedoes in a swivel mount amidships . Designed as mine @-@ layers , they carried up to 450 mines , depending on the type . Two rails ran down the main deck to the stern to allow the mines to be dropped behind the ship . The Brummer @-@ class cruisers ' armor was fabricated from Krupp cemented steel . The ships were protected by a waterline armored belt that was 40 mm ( 1 @.@ 6 in ) thick amidships ; the bow and stern were not armored . The deck was covered with 15 mm ( 0 @.@ 59 in ) thick armor plate . Gun shields 50 mm ( 2 @.@ 0 in ) thick protected the 15 cm gun battery crews . The conning tower had 100 mm ( 3 @.@ 9 in ) thick sides and a 20 mm ( 0 @.@ 79 in ) thick roof . Atop the conning tower was the bridge , which included a splinter @-@ proof chart house . All three funnels were equipped with a steel glacis for splinter protection . = = Service = = After their commissioning , Brummer and Bremse served with the High Seas Fleet , including on a sortie into the North Sea in October 1916 . The ships laid a minefield off Norderney in January 1917 and guarded minesweepers between March and May that year . In October 1917 , Admiral Reinhard Scheer sent the two ships to attack a British convoy to Norway to divert forces protecting convoys in the Atlantic . Scheer chose Brummer and Bremse because of their high speed and large radius of action . Shortly after dawn on 17 October , the two cruisers attacked the convoy , which consisted of twelve merchant ships , two destroyers , and two armed trawlers . The German ships quickly sank the escorting destroyers and nine of the twelve cargo vessels . The British Admiralty was not informed of the attack until Brummer and Bremse were safely steaming back to Germany . Along with the most modern units of the High Seas Fleet , Brummer and Bremse were included in the ships specified for internment at Scapa Flow by the victorious Allied powers . The ships steamed out of Germany on 21 November 1918 in single file , commanded by Rear Admiral Ludwig von Reuter . Reuter believed that the British intended to seize the German ships on 21 June 1919 , and so he ordered the ships to be sunk at the next opportunity . On the morning of 21 June , the British fleet left Scapa Flow to conduct training maneuvers , and at 11 : 20 Reuter transmitted the order to scuttle his ships . Brummer sank at 13 : 05 ; she was never raised for scrapping and remains on the bottom of Scapa Flow . Bremse sank at 14 : 30 and was ultimately raised on 27 November 1929 and broken up for scrap in 1932 – 1933 in Lyness .
= Bolokhoveni = Bolokhoveni , also Bolokhov , Bolokhovens , or Bolokhovians ( Romanian : Bolohoveni ; Ukrainian : Болохівці ) , were a 13th @-@ century ethnic group that resided in the vicinity of the Rus ' principalities of Halych , Volhynia and Kiev . Their ethnic identity is uncertain ; although their ethnonym identifies them as Romanians ( who were called Vlachs in the Middle Ages ) , archeological evidence and the Hypatian Chronicle ( which is the only primary source that documents their history ) suggest that they were a Slavic people . Their princes , or knyazi , were in constant conflict with Daniil Romanovich , Prince of Halych and Volhynia , between 1231 and 1257 . After the Mongols sacked Kiev in 1240 , the Bolokhoveni supplied them with troops , but the Bolokhoveni princes fled to Poland . The Bolokhoveni disappeared after Romanovich defeated them in 1257 . = = Etymology = = According to a scholarly theory , the name " Bolokhoveni " may have derived from Voloch , the East Slavic term for Romanians , or Vlachs . If this theory is correct , the Bolokhoveni were Romanians living in the western regions of Kievan Rus ' . Place names , hydronyms , and personal names of Romanian origin abound in written sources relating to those regions . However , this theory is contradicted by archaeological evidence , which indicates that the Bolokhoveni 's material culture resembled that of its contemporaries in the western parts of Kievan Rus ' . Furthermore , it is well @-@ documented that the Bolokhoveni princes had family ties with boyars of the Principality of Halych . The ethnonym seems to be connected to the name Bolokhovo , an early medieval settlement that the Hypatian Chronicle – an accurate source of the history of Kievan Rus ' – mentioned around 1150 . According to historian Victor Spinei , this town may have been the same town as Borokhov , which was recorded by the same chronicle in 1172 . Alternatively , Spinei states , Bolokhovo may be the same town as Bolechow ( now Bolekhiv , Ukraine ) , which was mentioned as the " town called ' the Vlachs ' " in a Polish charter from 1472 . = = Geography = = The Hypatian Chronicle refers to the " land of Bolokhoveni " only once . Based on the chronicle , modern historians say that this land bordered the principalities of Halych , Volhynia and Kiev . Bozh 'skyy , along with other Bolokhoveni towns mentioned in the chronicle , were situated along the Buzhok and Sluch rivers . According to the Encyclopedia of Ukraine , the Bolokhoveni inhabited the region around the sources of the Teteriv , Boh , Horyn and Sluch rivers . On the other hand , historian Alexandru V. Boldur believes that the Bolokhoveni 's land was located between the Dniester and Dnieper rivers . He also says that the Bolokhoveni were located southeast of the present @-@ day town of Ushitsa ( Romanian : Ușița ) . = = History = = The Hypatian Chronicle first refers to the " princes of the Bolokhoveni " when documenting a war between Daniil Romanovich , Prince of Halych and Volhynia , and the Hungarians in 1231 . The Bolokhoveni princes fought in alliance with the Hungarians . The Bolokhoveni princes supported a rebellion against Daniil Romanovich , and they besieged an important stronghold , Kamianets @-@ Podilskyi , in 1233 or 1235 . However , the princes were captured and brought to the court of Daniil Romanovich in Vladimir . When Mikhail , Prince of Chernigov , and Iziaslav , Prince of Novgorod @-@ Seversk , requested their release , they referred to the princes of the Bolokhoveni as their " brothers " . After the Mongols destroyed Kiev in 1240 , the Mongols moving westward did not attack the " land of Bolokhoveni " . However , they did force the Bolokhoveni to supply their army with crops . At the same time , the Bolokhoveni princes fled to the Duchy of Masovia ( now in Poland ) . They promised Duke Bolesław I of Masovia that they would accept his suzerainty , but the duke captured them . They were released after Daniil Romanovich and his brother , Vasilko Romanovich , promised to give Duke Bolesław I many gifts . The Mongol invasion of Rus ' did not end the conflicts among the local rulers . The Bolokhoveni princes supported Rostislav Mikhailovich when he besieged Bakota , a major town held by Daniil Romanovich 's officials , in 1241 . In revenge for the attack , Daniil Romanovich invaded and pillaged the land of the Bolokhoveni , and destroyed their fortified towns . Archaeological research at Gubin and Kudin , two Bolokhoveni towns , shows that the town walls were dug up by Romanovich 's army . However , no corpses or traces of fire were found , implying that Romanovich took the towns ' inhabitants to his own principality . Their defeat by Romanovich 's troops in 1257 was the last recorded event of the Bolokhoveni 's history .
= Mannargudi = Mannargudi is a town in Tiruvarur district in the South Indian state of Tamil Nadu . It is the headquarters of the Mannargudi taluk . The town is located at a distance of 20 km ( 12 mi ) from the district headquarters Tiruvarur and 310 km ( 190 mi ) from the state capital Chennai . Mannargudi is known for the Rajagopalaswamy temple , a prominent Vaishnavite shrine . Mannargudi was founded as an agraharam village by the Medieval Cholas during the 11th century . The town was subsequently ruled by various dynasties including the Vijayanagar Empire , Delhi Sultanate , Thanjavur Nayaks , Thanjavur Marathas and the British Empire . Mannargudi was a part of the erstwhile Tanjore district until India 's independence in 1947 and Thanjavur district until 1991 and subsequently a part of the newly formed Tiruvarur district . The town is known for agriculture , metal working and weaving . The region around Mannargudi has considerable mineral deposits . Mannargudi is administered by a municipality established in 1866 . As of 2011 , the municipality covered an area of 11 @.@ 55 km2 ( 4 @.@ 46 sq mi ) and had a population of 66 @,@ 999 . Mannargudi comes under the Mannargudi assembly constituency which elects a member to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly once every five years and it is a part of the Nagappattinam constituency which elects its Member of Parliament ( MP ) once in five years . Roadways are the major mode of transportation to the town and it also has rail connectivity . The nearest seaport , Nagapattinam Port , is located 52 km ( 32 mi ) from Mannargudi , while the nearest airport , Tiruchirappalli International Airport , is located 97 km ( 60 mi ) from the town . = = Etymology = = The word Mannargudi is derived from the Tamil word Mannar referring to Vishnu and gudi referring to a place , meaning the " Place of Vishnu " . The town was also called " Mannarkovil " or " Rajamannarkoil " after the Rajagopalaswamy temple . The town is locally referred as " Mannai " . Hindus refer the place as " Dakshina Dwarka " , meaning Southern Dwarka . The town was known during the period of Nayaks for the 25 ft ( 7 @.@ 6 m ) tall compound wall around the Rajagopalaswamy temple , leading to the adage Mannargudi Mathil Azhagu , ( meaning " the walls of Mannargudi are beautiful " ) . The town is also called " Koil mattrum Madil Nagaram " referring to the compound wall around the temple . = = History = = Mannargudi was founded as an agraharam village as Rajadhiraja Chaturvedimangalam by the Medieval Chola king Rajadhiraja Chola ( 1018 – 1054 CE ) , who constructed the Jayam Kondanathar temple and the Rajathirajeswara temple . The Rajagopalaswami temple is believed to have been constructed by Kulothunga Chola I ( 1070 – 1125 CE ) , with bricks and mortar , indicated by various stone inscriptions found at the site . The town started to grow around the temple . Successive kings of the Chola empire , Rajaraja Chola III ( 1216 – 56 CE ) and Rajendra Chola III ( 1246 – 79 CE ) , and Thanjavur Nayak king Achyuta Deva Raya ( 1529 – 1542 CE ) expanded the temple . The temple contains inscriptions of the Hoysala kings and information about grants by Vijayanagara kings , and many records of the later Nayaks and Marathas . A fort was constructed under the rule of the Hoysala kings , and Hindu temples were built under the leadership of both Hoysala and Pandya rulers . Mannargudi was conquered by the Delhi Sultanate in 1311 CE . Following brief occupations by the Madurai Sultanate and the Hoysalas , it became a part of the Vijayanagar Empire . After the decline of Vijayanagar Empire , Mannargudi was ruled by the Thanjavur Nayaks . The Thanjavur Nayaks made the temple as their dynastic and primary shrine and made significant additions . The current temple structure , hall of thousand pillars , main gopuram ( temple gateway tower ) and the big compound wall around the temple were built by the king Vijaya Raghava Nayak ( 1532 – 1575 CE ) . Raghunathabhyudayam , a doctrine by Nayaks explains the donation of an armour studded with precious stones to the main deity of the temple by the king . It is believed Vijaya Raghava Nayak erected the large tower in front of the temple so that he could view the Srirangam Ranganathaswamy temple . He was also called " Mannarudasan " as he carried out extensive renovations of the Rajagopalaswami temple complex and is credited by some to have reclaimed the land from the surrounding forest . The Thanjavur Marathas gained control during the later part of 18th century until its annexation by the British East India Company in 1799 . It was constituted as a municipality during 1866 and was a part of the erstwhile Tanjore district . The town was the headquarters and the only town in Mannargudi taluk . The town emerged as one of the chief centres of inland trade in the district during the British rule . Rice , betel leaves , groundnut , oil , metal articles and clothes were the major exports . A Methodist mission was established in the town during the third decade of the 19th century . During 1944 , Chinese copper coins were unearthed from Thaliketti village in the region , dated to Sui period ( 585 CE ) to the end of Song period ( 1275 CE ) . The coins indicate a possible Buddhist influence in the region . Mannargudi continued to be part of Tanjore district until India 's independence in 1947 and Thanjavur district until 1991 and subsequently a part of the newly formed Tiruvarur district . = = Geography and climate = = Mannargudi is located at 10 @.@ 67 ° N 79 @.@ 43 ° E / 10 @.@ 67 ; 79 @.@ 43 . It has an average elevation of 6 m ( 20 ft ) . Mannargudi is situated on the banks of Pamaniyar River , a tributary of the Vettar and is covered with fertile soil conducive for rice cultivation . The topography is completely flat and the town is a part of the fertile Cauvery Delta . Mannargudi is situated at a distance of 300 km ( 190 mi ) from the state capital Chennai and 28 km ( 17 mi ) from Tiruvarur , the district headquarters . The nearest airport is at Tiruchirappalli , 90 km ( 56 mi ) away from the town . The nearest seaport is at Nagappattinam , located 52 km ( 32 mi ) from Mannargudi . Like in the rest of the state , the period from November to February in Mannargudi has a climate full of warm days and cool nights . The onset of summer is from March to the end of June . The average temperature range from 37 ° C ( 99 ° F ) in January to 22 @.@ 5 ° C ( 72 @.@ 5 ° F ) in May and June . Summer rains are sparse and the first monsoon , the South @-@ West monsoon , usually sets in June and continues until September . North @-@ East monsoon usually sets in October and continues until January . The rainfall during North @-@ East monsoon is relatively higher and is beneficial to the district at large because of the heavy rainfall and the Western ghats feeding the river Cauvery . The average rainfall is 37 inches ( 940 mm ) , most of which is contributed by the North @-@ East monsoon . The most common trees planted in the town are jack fruit , coconut , tamarind and palmirah . = = Economy = = Agriculture is the principal occupation of the people of Mannargudi . Mannargudi is also known for cloth weaving and metal industries . Being an agricultural town , Mannargudi 's economy largely depends on the income from agriculture . The crops cultivated include paddy , cotton , sugarcane , and pulses like urad and mung bean . The agriculture around the town mainly depends on the rivers Koraiyaru , Mullaiyar and Pamaniyar , while the other sources of irrigation are bore @-@ wells . There are no big industries around the town , while there are a few small scale industries like a sugarcane factory , a fertilizer industry , a beer factory and a chemical factory in and around the town . There is a gas treatment and filling plant in Edayarnatham , a village in the outskirts of Mannargudi . A 107 @.@ 8 MW Combined Cycle Power plant of Tamil Nadu Electricity Board ( TNEB ) functions at Thirumakkottai , a village 18 km ( 11 mi ) away from Mannargudi . Mannargudi town has one of the largest coal reserves in the country . The total quantity of lignite reserves identified in the area is around 19 @,@ 500 million tonnes . Exploration of coal bed methane in the area was not started until 2008 . The commercial exploration of the coal bed methane reserves located under built up and agricultural areas became difficult with the protest of farmers in the region . = = Demographics = = According to 2011 census , Mannargudi had a population of 66 @,@ 999 with a sex @-@ ratio of 1 @,@ 018 females for every 1 @,@ 000 males , much above the national average of 929 . A total of 6 @,@ 174 were under the age of six , constituting 3 @,@ 135 males and 3 @,@ 039 females . Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes accounted for 8 @.@ 39 % and 1 @.@ 16 % of the population respectively . The average literacy of the town was 82 @.@ 92 % , compared to the national average of 72 @.@ 99 % . The town had a total of 17372 households . There were a total of 22 @,@ 640 workers , comprising 1 @,@ 131 cultivators , 1 @,@ 546 main agricultural labourers , 534 in house hold industries , 17 @,@ 682 other workers , 1 @,@ 747 marginal workers , 66 marginal cultivators , 215 marginal agricultural labourers , 75 marginal workers in household industries and 1 @,@ 391 other marginal workers . Like in the rest of the state , Tamil is the most common language spoken in the town . As per the religious census of 2011 , Mannargudi had 90 @.@ 13 % Hindus , 6 @.@ 82 % Muslims , 2 @.@ 62 % Christians , 0 @.@ 08 % Sikhs , 0 @.@ 01 % Buddhists , 0 @.@ 22 % Jains , 0 @.@ 1 % following other religions and 0 @.@ 02 % following no religion or did not indicate any religious preference . As of 2008 , a total 4 @.@ 006 km2 ( 990 acres ) ( 34 @.@ 68 % ) of the land was used for residential , 0 @.@ 314 km2 ( 78 acres ) ( 2 @.@ 72 % ) for commercial , 0 @.@ 35 km2 ( 86 acres ) ( 3 @.@ 07 % ) for industrial , 4 @.@ 136 km2 ( 1 @,@ 022 acres ) ( 35 @.@ 81 % ) for public & semi public purposes including educational and open spaces . As of 2008 , there were a total of 28 notified slums , with 12 @,@ 275 comprising 19 @.@ 97 % of the total population residing in those . = = Culture = = Mannargudi has three prominent Hindu temples , namely , Jayamgondanatha temple , Rajathi Rajeswara temple and Raja Gopalaswamy temple . Rajagopalaswamy temple is the most prominent landmark in the town . During the Tamil months of Panguni ( March – April ) , the most prominent festival of the temple , namely , Pangunith Thirivuzha , is celebrated . Theppothsavam , the float festival , celebrated during the Tamil month of Aani ( June – July ) and Adipooram , the chariot festival , celebrated during the Tamil month of Aadi ( July @-@ Aug ) are other prominent festivals of the temple that attract visitors from nearby villages and towns to Mannargudi . The Nayak kings of the 15th century promoted music in the temples . Instruments like Mukhavina , Dande , Kombu , Chandravalaya , Bheri and Nagaswaram were commonly used in the temple service . Haridra Nadhi , the temple tank associated with the Rajagopalaswamy temple , is one of the largest temple tanks in the state . Hindu pilgrims take a holy dip in the tank during festive occasions . Mannargudi has four mosques , located at Theradi , Keela Raja Veethi , Big Bazar Street and Thamari Kuzlam Vada Karai . Mallinatha Swamy temple is a Jain temple located in the town . Mallinathar is the 19th Tirthankara of the Jainism . It is an ancient temple built during the reign of the Chola dynasty in the twelfth century and is one of the prominent ancient Jain temples in the state . Apart from the idol of Mallinathar , there are idols of Dharma Devi , Saraswathi Devi , Padmavathy Devi , Jawalamalini Amman among others . The Vaduvoor Bird Sanctuary , located 12 km ( 7 @.@ 5 mi ) is a prominent visitor attraction for the people of Mannargudi . Muthupet Lagoon , a mangrove forest located 29 km ( 18 mi ) away from the town , is another tourist attraction for the citizens of the town . = = Administration and politics = = The municipality of Mannargudi was established in 1866 with a committee of twelve members during British rule . Until the early years of the 20th century , Mannargudi remained the smallest municipality in erswhile Tanjore district . As of 2008 , the municipality covered an area of 11 @.@ 55 km2 ( 4 @.@ 46 sq mi ) and had a total of 33 members . The functions of the municipality is devolved into six departments : General , Engineering , Revenue , Public Health , Town planning and the Computer Wing . All these departments are under the control of a Municipal Commissioner who is the supreme executive head . The legislative powers are vested in a body of 33 members , one each from the 33 wards . The legislative body is headed by an elected Chairperson assisted by a Deputy Chairperson . The municipality has allocated a budget of ₹ 8 @,@ 751 @,@ 164 for the year 2010 – 11 . Mannargudi comes under the Mannargudi State Assembly Constituency and it elects a member to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly once every five years . From the 1977 elections , the assembly seat was won by Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam ( DMK ) twice during the 1989 and 2011 elections , the Communist Party of India five times during the 1977 , 1980 , 1996 , 2001 and 2006 elections and the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam ( AIADMK ) twice during the 1984 and 1991 elections . The current Member of Legislative Assembly ( MLA ) of the constituency is T. R. B. Rajaa from the DMK Party . Mannargudi is a part of the Thanjavur Lok Sabha constituency and elects a member to the Lok Sabha , the lower house of the Parliament of India , once every five years . R. Venkataraman , who served as the President of India from 1987 to 1992 , was elected from the constituency during the 1951 elections . = = Education = = There are 17 schools and three arts colleges in Mannargudi . The Findlay Higher Secondary School ( formerly Findlay College ) , founded by the Wesleyan Mission in 1845 , is the oldest educational institution in the town . Originally started as a secondary school , the college was upgraded to a high school and a college in 1883 . It was affiliated to the Madras University in 1898 . There are two engineering colleges and two polytechnic colleges in the town . The Mannai Rajagopalaswami Government Arts College , founded in 1971 , and the Sengamala Thayar Educational Trust Women 's College are the two colleges in the town . = = Utility services = = Electricity supply to Mannargudi is regulated and distributed by the Tamil Nadu Electricity Board ( TNEB ) . The town and its suburbs forms the Trichy Electricity Distribution Circle . Historically , water supply to the town was provided from a 12 km ( 7 @.@ 5 mi ) long channel dug from the Vadavar canal . Water supply is provided by the municipality of Mannargudi from groundwater through feeders . In 2010 – 2011 , a total of 3 @.@ 53 million litres of water was supplied every day for households in the town . About 24 metric tonnes of solid waste are collected from Mannargudi every day by door @-@ to @-@ door collection . Subsequently the source segregation and dumping is carried out by the sanitary department of the municipality . The coverage of solid waste management had an efficiency of 83 % as of 2001 . There is limited underground drainage system in the town and the major sewerage system for disposal of sullage is through septic tanks , open drains and public conveniences . The municipality maintains 15 km ( 9 @.@ 3 mi ) of storm water drains and 35 km ( 22 mi ) kutcha drains in Mannargudi . There are three hospitals , two maternity centres and eight private hospitals and clinics . There are 2 @,@ 609 street lamps in Mannargudi : 584 sodium lamps , 2 @,@ 013 tube lights and five high mast beam lamp . The municipality operates four markets , namely vegetable markets , weekly market , farmer 's market ( uzhavar santhai ) and fish market that cater to the needs of the town and the rural areas around it . = = Transportation = = The State Highway SH @-@ 63 connecting Thanjavur with Kodikkarai , SH @-@ 66 connecting Kumbakonam with Adirampattinam , SH @-@ 202 connecting the district headquarters Tiruvarur with Muthupet and SH @-@ 146 connecting Mannargudi with Sethubavachatram , are the major highways connecting Mannargudi with other towns . There are two bus stands in the town , with the major bus stand having 19 bus bays and a TNSTC ticket reservation counter . The Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation operates daily services connecting cities to Mannargudi . The corporation operates a computerised reservation centre in the bus stand . The State Express Transport Corporation operates long distance buses connecting the town to cities like Chennai and Bengaluru . The major inter @-@ city bus routes are to towns like Kumbakonam , Mayiladuthurai , Nagapattinam , Thanjavur , Tiruvarur , Karaikal , Muthupet , and Pattukottai . Now the Ring Road about 22 km is under progress due to reduce traffic . Mannargudi is connected to Nidamangalam rail line by a branch line covering a distance of 18 km ( 11 mi ) . The expansion of the line to broad gauge was completed and opened to passenger traffic on 27 September 2011 , with an express train to Chennai . The nearest railway junction is Needamangalam Junction . There are daily passenger trains to Thanjavur and Mayiladuthurai and an express train each to Coimbatore and Chennai from Mannargudi. and Express Train to Rajasthan also from mannargudi . The Railway link from Mannargudi to Pattukkottai is under progress . The nearest seaport is Nagapattinam Port , 52 km ( 32 mi ) away , while the nearest airport is the Tiruchirappalli International Airport , 97 km ( 60 mi ) from the town .
= So It 's Come to This : A Simpsons Clip Show = " So It 's Come to This : A Simpsons Clip Show " is the eighteenth episode of The Simpsons ' fourth season . It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on April Fools ' Day , 1993 . In the episode , Homer plays a series of practical jokes on Bart , and to get even , Bart shakes up a can of Homer 's beer with a paint shaker . Homer opens the can , resulting in a huge explosion that lands him in the hospital , where he goes into a coma . At Homer 's bedside , the Simpson family reminisce , mainly about moments relevant to Homer 's life . Jon Vitti wrote the episode , and Carlos Baeza directed it . This is The Simpsons ' first clip show , and it features clips from the first three seasons of the series . It was created to relieve the long hours put in by all of the show 's overworked staff . The episode features cultural references to films such as One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest , Raiders of the Lost Ark , and Fantastic Voyage . The episode received positive reviews from critics . It was called " as good as a clip show ever gets " and acquired a Nielsen rating of 14 @.@ 9 . = = Plot = = The story begins on April Fools ' Day as Homer is playing pranks on Bart throughout the day . Bart , angered by the numerous tricks he has fallen for , attempts to get revenge by shaking up a beer in a paint shaker . When Homer opens the beer , it results in a massive explosion that puts him in the hospital , paralyzed and placed in a wheelchair . While everyone waits for Homer to get well , the family remembers surviving similar hardships , shown in the form of clips from past episodes . At the hospital , Homer sees a candy machine and , while trying to get chocolate , accidentally tips it on himself . The machine crushes him and puts him in a coma . After that , Mr. Burns then tries to pull the plug on Homer 's life support system to keep from having to pay for Homer 's health insurance . As Homer lies unconscious in the hospital bed , Bart tearfully confesses that he was the one who put him in the hospital with his shaken beer can prank . Having heard this , Homer comes out of the coma and ends up strangling Bart for his prank . Despite this , Marge and the others are happy that Homer is finally well . The episode ends with Homer , still under the assumption that it is April Fools ' Day , trying to fool the family by saying he is taking them to Hawaii . However , Bart , Lisa , and Marge tell Homer that the current date is May 16 , that Homer was in a coma for 7 weeks , and that he lost 5 % of his brain as a result . The family laughs it off even though Homer 's not sure why he is laughing . = = Production = = The episode originally aired on April Fools ' Day , 1993 on the Fox network . It was directed by Carlos Baeza , and written by Jon Vitti with contributions from Al Jean , Mike Reiss , Jay Kogen , Wallace Wolodarsky , John Swartzwelder , Jeff Martin , George Meyer , and Nell Scovell . The idea for the 32 " D 'oh ! " s in a row footage was from David Silverman 's montage that he had assembled for his traveling college show . " So It 's Come to This : A Simpsons Clip Show " was The Simpsons ' first clip show , created to relieve the long hours put in by all of the show 's overworked staff . There was intense pressure on producers of the show to create extra episodes in each season and the plan was to make four clip shows per season to meet that limit . However , writers and producers felt that this many clip shows would alienate fans of the series . The Fox network 's reasoning was that clip shows cost half of what a normal episode cost to produce , but they could sell syndication rights at full price . Despite the nature of the clip show , the episode still contained an act and a half of new animation , including the extra scene from " Bart the Daredevil " in which Homer falls down Springfield Gorge a second time after the ambulance crashes into a tree . The network censors initially refused to let the phrase " beer causes rectal cancer " into the show . The censors eventually relented when they found a medical textbook which stated the link between beer and cancer , but still asked them to " go easy " on beer in the future . As the family reminisces together about the past events , Bart raises a seeming non sequitur about an Itchy & Scratchy episode . Marge asks " Why did you bring that up ? " to which Bart replies " It was an amusing episode , " half looking at the camera , before quickly adding " of our ... lives . " Bart knows he is on a television show and knows the kinds of tricks his own writers use to fill up airtime . Such self @-@ consciousness allows The Simpsons to serve as a lesson in modern media discontinuity . = = Referenced clips = = This flashback episode uses clips from episodes released during the first three seasons : four are from the first , five from the second , and six from the third season . = = Cultural references = = The scene where Barney attempts to smother Homer with a pillow and breaks a hospital window with a water fountain is a parody of a scene in Miloš Forman 's 1975 film One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest . Professor Frink 's suggestion of shrinking a crew of men to microscopic size and sending them into Homer in a small submarine is a reference to Richard Fleischer 's 1966 film Fantastic Voyage . There are also many cultural references in the clips from previous episodes . The clip of Homer picking up Marge and carrying her off in his arms into the distance is a reference to the theme of the 1982 film , An Officer and a Gentleman . Bart stealing Homer 's penny jar and trying to escape is an almost shot @-@ for @-@ shot parody of the opening sequence in the 1981 film , Raiders of the Lost Ark , while John Williams ' " Raiders March " plays throughout . The scene in which Maggie hits Homer over the head with a mallet is an extensive parody of the shower scene from Psycho ; the music and camera angles are almost identical . When Grandpa visits Homer in the hospital , he recites the line " This world was never meant for someone as beautiful as you " , which is from Don McLean 's 1972 single " Vincent " . = = Reception = = In its original American broadcast , " So It 's Come to This : A Simpsons Clip Show " finished fourteenth in the ratings for the week of March 28 to April 4 , 1993 , with a Nielsen rating of 14 @.@ 9 . It was the highest @-@ rated show on the Fox network that week . The episode has received positive reviews , being labeled " as good as a clip show ever gets " , and containing some memorable gags . It has been seen as one " of the most consistently funny episodes of the series " , which " strikes that perfect balance between perfectly selected classic moments and all new story segments ... " The episode 's reference to One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest was named the 43rd greatest film reference in the history of the show by Total Film 's Nathan Ditum . In 2015 , executive producer Al Jean reacted to a hypothesis that Homer is still in a coma and all episodes since this one have been imaginary , hence a perceived surrealism and frequent guest appearances . He said that the hypothesis belongs in the " intriguing but false file " .
= Trylon Microcinema = The Trylon Microcinema is a 50 @-@ seat movie theater in the Longfellow neighborhood of Minneapolis , Minnesota . The microcinema was founded and is currently run by Take @-@ Up Productions , a group of volunteers who got their start at the Oak Street Cinema before establishing the Trylon in a former storefront . Since opening in 2009 , the theater has featured a variety of regular programming ranging from career retrospectives of famous directors to B movies and cult films . The Trylon has been well received by critics who have praised its film lineup , intimacy , and atmosphere . = = History = = Minneapolis 's Oak Street Cinema , a volunteer @-@ run repertory cinema , ran films seven days per week until cutbacks in programming had to be made for financial reasons . A collective of the Oak Street volunteers formed Take @-@ Up Productions , which was established to promote showing films not typically screened in larger movie houses . The organization began with outdoor screenings , starting with Watermelon Man , which was projected against a white brick wall behind a coffee shop , and then began to rent out theaters throughout the Minneapolis – Saint Paul area , including the Riverview , Heights , and Parkway . Some screenings , such as that of Lawrence of Arabia and a series of Alfred Hitchcock films , drew hundreds of viewers . Barry Kryshka of Take @-@ Up Productions owns and manages the Trylon . The Microcinema sits in an old storefront in the Longfellow neighborhood along Minnehaha Avenue that was rented , in 2009 , at a rate of $ 800 a month . Kryshka contracted Bright Star Systems , Inc. to retrofit the space with 50 old rocking seats purchased from a nearby cinema chain , a 20 @-@ foot ( 6 @.@ 1 m ) projection screen , two 35 mm movie projectors , and a minute concessions stand . Trylon acquired its name from an eponymous theater in Kryshka 's native Queens , New York , itself named for the Trylon sculpture at the 1939 New York World 's Fair . The Trylon opened on the weekend of July 17 – 18 , 2009 , with a showing of Sherlock Jr. featuring live musical accompaniment from Dreamland Faces , a local accordion – musical saw duo . Each of the venue 's first 12 showings sold out . = = Programming and reception = = Every three months , the Trylon Microcinema publishes a full schedule of screenings , approximately 10 percent of which are of first run films . The venue features a variety of regular exhibitions , ranging from the Trash Film Debauchery series of B movies , to the Defenders in which local cinephiles curate and defend screenings of personal favorite cult films , to Sound Unseen , a documentary project covering behind @-@ the @-@ scenes aspects of musicians ' creative processes . The Trylon also hosts showcases of the films throughout various directors ' careers . Take @-@ Up Productions continues to use other venues such as the Heights and the Riverview for screenings necessitating larger houses . The Microcinema is staffed entirely with volunteers . Critical reception for the Trylon has been positive . It was voted the best movie theater in the Minneapolis – Saint Paul area in 2011 and 2012 by City Pages , who wrote in 2011 that " no theater in the Twin Cities can match [ the Trylon 's ] passion and energy for the movies . " In an unranked list of Minneapolis – Saint Paul 's best cinemas written for WCCO , Eric Henderson called the Trylon the " pluckiest upstart in the Twin Cities " and described the experience of walking into the theater as " stepp [ ing ] onto the set of a Michel Gondry fantasy @-@ noir about a scrappy theater thriving in the midst of a Prohibition @-@ style ban on the moviegoing experience . " J. L. Sosa lauded the Trylon on Film School Rejects , praising the concessions selection , the physical intimacy of the space , and the cinema 's programmers for their " impeccable taste in both high- and lowbrow culture . "
= Azerbaijan = Azerbaijan ( / ˌæzərbaɪˈdʒɑːn / AZ @-@ ər @-@ by @-@ JAHN ; Azerbaijani : Azərbaycan [ ɑzærbɑjdʒɑn ] ) , officially the Republic of Azerbaijan ( Azerbaijani : Azərbaycan Respublikası ) , is a country in the Transcaucasian region , situated at the crossroads of Southwest Asia and Southeastern Europe . It is bounded by the Caspian Sea to the east , Russia to the north , Georgia to the northwest , Armenia to the west and Iran to the south . The exclave of Nakhchivan is bounded by Armenia to the north and east , Iran to the south and west , while having a short border with Turkey in the north west . The Azerbaijan Democratic Republic proclaimed its independence in 1918 . The country was incorporated into the Soviet Union in 1920 as the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic . The modern Republic of Azerbaijan proclaimed its independence on 30 August 1991 , before the official dissolution of the USSR . In September 1991 , the disputed Armenian @-@ majority Nagorno @-@ Karabakh region re @-@ affirmed its willingness to create a separate state as the Nagorno @-@ Karabakh Republic . The region and seven adjacent districts outside it became de facto independent since the ending of the Nagorno @-@ Karabakh War in 1994 , these regions are internationally recognized as part of Azerbaijan until a final solution to status of the Nagorno @-@ Karabakh is found through negotiations facilitated by the OSCE . Azerbaijan is a unitary semi @-@ presidential republic . The country is a member state of the Council of Europe , the OSCE and the NATO Partnership for Peace ( PfP ) program . It is one of the six independent Turkic states , being an active member of the Turkic Council and the TÜRKSOY community . Azerbaijan has diplomatic relations with 158 countries and holds membership in 38 international organizations . It is one of the founding members of GUAM , the Commonwealth of Independent States ( CIS ) and Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons . A member of the United Nations since 1992 , Azerbaijan was elected to membership in the newly established Human Rights Council by the United Nations General Assembly on 9 May 2006 ( the term of office began on 19 June 2006 ) . Azerbaijan is also a member state of the Non @-@ Aligned Movement , holds observer status in World Trade Organization and is a correspondent at the International Telecommunication Union . The Constitution of Azerbaijan does not declare an official religion , and all major political forces in the country are secularist , but the majority of people and some opposition movements adhere to Shia Islam . Azerbaijan has a high level of human development which ranks on par with most Eastern European countries . It has a high rate of economic development and literacy , as well as a low rate of unemployment . However , corruption in Azerbaijan is widespread , especially in the public service . The ruling party , New Azerbaijan Party , has been accused of authoritarianism and human rights abuses . = = Etymology = = According to a modern etymology , the name of Azerbaijan derives from that of Atropates , a Persian satrap under the Achaemenid Empire , who was later reinstated as the satrap of Media under Alexander the Great . The original etymology of this name is thought to have its roots in the once @-@ dominant Zoroastrian religion . In the Avesta , Frawardin Yasht ( " Hymn to the Guardian Angels " ) , there is a mention of âterepâtahe ashaonô fravashîm ýazamaide , which literally translates from Avestan as " we worship the Fravashi of the holy Atropatene . " Atropates ruled over the region of Atropatene ( present Iranian Azerbaijan ) . The name " Atropates " itself is the Greek transliteration of an Old Iranian , probably Median , compounded name with the meaning " Protected by the ( Holy ) Fire " or " The Land of the ( Holy ) Fire " . The Greek name is mentioned by Diodorus Siculus and Strabo . Over the span of millennia the name evolved to Āturpātākān ( Middle Iranian ) then to Ādharbādhagān , Ādharbāyagān , Āzarbāydjān ( New Persian ) and present @-@ day Azerbaijan . In Armenia , the country is called Adrbejan , yet another archaic form . Ultimately , the name Azerbaijan comes from Azar @-@ Payegan . This word is translatable as Guardian of Fire , " The Treasury " and " The Treasurer " of fire or " The Land of Fire " in Modern Persian . The name was changed to Azerbaijan following the Arab conquest in the 7th century AD ; Arabic lacked the letters G and P , so Arabic speakers modified the spelling of Azer @-@ payegan . = = History = = = = = Antiquity = = = The earliest evidence of human settlement in the territory of Azerbaijan dates back to the late Stone Age and is related to the Guruchay culture of the Azykh Cave . The Upper Paleolithic and late Bronze Age cultures are attested in the caves of Tağılar , Damcılı , Zar , Yataq @-@ yeri and in the necropolises of Leylatepe and Saraytepe . Early settlements included the Scythians in the 9th century BC . Following the Scythians , Iranian Medes came to dominate the area to the south of the Aras . The Medes forged a vast empire between 900 – 700 BC , which was integrated into the Achaemenid Empire around 550 BC . The area was conquered by the Achaemenids leading to the spread of Zoroastrianism . Later it became part of Alexander the Great 's Empire and its successor , the Seleucid Empire . During this period , Zoroastrianism spread in the Caucasus and Atropatene . Caucasian Albanians , the original inhabitants of northeastern Azerbaijan , ruled that area from around the 4th century BC , and established an independent kingdom that came under the cultural influence of the Armenians . In the 4th and 3rd centuries BC , following the overthrow of the Achaemenid Empire , the southwestern part of modern Azerbaijan was part of the Kingdom of Armenia ruled by the Orontid Dynasty ; between the years 189 BC and 428 AD the western half of modern Azerbaijan , including the exclave of Nakhchivan , were included into the Kingdom of Greater Armenia ruled by Armenia 's Artaxiad and Arsacid dynasties , the latter itself a branch of the eponymous Arsacid dynasty of Parthia . After the partition of the Kingdom of Armenia by Persia and Byzantium in 387 AD , the provinces of Artsakh and Utik , which had an ethnically mixed population , passed to Caucasian Albania . = = = Feudal era = = = The Persian Sassanids turned Caucasian Albania into a vassal state in AD 252 , while King Urnayr officially adopted Christianity as the state religion in the 4th century . Despite Sassanid rule , Albania remained an entity in the region until the 9th century , while fully subordinate to Sassanid Persia , and retained its monarchy . In the first half of the 7th century AD , the Islamic Umayyad Caliphate repulsed both the Sassanids and Byzantines from the Caucasus region and turned Caucasian Albania into a vassal state after the Christian resistance , led by King Javanshir , was suppressed in 667 . Caucasian Albania however , came already under nominal Muslim rule through the Muslim conquest of Persia , as it made up part of the Sassanid territory upon advent of the Muslim conquest . The power vacuum left by the decline of the Abbasid Caliphate was filled by numerous local dynasties such as the Sallarids , Sajids , Shaddadids , Rawadids and Buyids . At the beginning of the 11th century , the territory was gradually seized by waves of Turkic Oghuz tribes from Central Asia . The first of these Turkic dynasties established was the Seljuqs , which entered the area now known as Azerbaijan by 1067 . The pre @-@ Turkic population that lived on the territory of modern Azerbaijani Republic spoke several Indo @-@ European and Caucasian languages , among them – Armenian and an Iranian language called the Old Azari language , which was gradually replaced by a Turkic language , the early precursor of the Azerbaijani language of today . To distinguish it from the Turkic Azerbaijani or Azeri language , this Iranian language , is designated as the Azari language ( or Old Azari language ) , because the Turkic language and people are also designated as " Azarbaijani " or " Azari " in the Persian language . However some linguists have also designated the Tati dialects of Iranian Azerbaijan and the Republic of Azerbaijan , like those spoken by the Tats , as a remnant of Azari . Locally , the possessions of the subsequent Seljuq Empire were ruled by Atabegs , who were technically vassals of the Seljuq sultans , being sometimes de facto rulers themselves . Under the Seljuq Turks , local poets such as Nizami Ganjavi and Khagani Shirvani gave rise to a blossoming of Persian literature on the territory of present @-@ day Azerbaijan . The next ruling state of the Jalayirids was short @-@ lived and fell under the conquests of Timur . The local dynasty of the Shirvanshahs became a vassal state of Timur 's Empire , and assisted him in his war with the ruler of the Golden Horde Tokhtamysh . Following Timur 's death , two independent and rival states emerged : Kara Koyunlu and Ak Koyunlu . The Shirvanshahs returned , maintaining a high degree of autonomy as local rulers and vassals from 861 until 1539 . During their conquest and persecution by the Iranian Safavids in 1501 , the last dynasty imposed Shia Islam upon the formerly Sunni population , as it did over its territories in modern @-@ day Iran , as it was battling against the Sunni Ottoman Empire . This , in combination with another series of events , the Safavids laid the foundation for the fact that both the contemporary Republic of Azerbaijan and Iran are the only Shia majority countries ever since . Despite efforts of the Safavids , the Ottomans briefly managed to occupy swaths of present @-@ day Azerbaijan twice over the centuries . Also , Baku and its environs were briefly managed by the Russians in the early 18th century through the consequences of the Russo @-@ Persian War . Despite these very brief intermissions by Safavid Iran 's neighboring rivals , the land of what is nowadays Azerbaijan remained under intermittent Iranian rule from the earliest advent of the Safavids up to the course of the 19th century . = = = Modern era = = = After the Safavids , the area was ruled by the Iranian dynasties of Afshar and Zand and briefly by the Qajars , until the latters forced ceding to Russian empire in the course of the 19th century . However self @-@ ruling khanates with various forms of independence emerged in the area , especially following the collapse of the Zand dynasty and in the early Qajar era . These khanates , though often self @-@ ruling , were vassals and subjects of the Iranian shah ( King ) . The khanates exercised control over their affairs via international trade routes between Central Asia and the West . From the late 18th century and on , Imperial Russia changed to a more aggressive geo @-@ political stance towards its two neighbors ( and rivals ) to the south , namely Iran and Turkey . Following a chain of events that started with the re @-@ subjugation of Georgia into Iran in 1795 , Russia would now actively contest and battle with the latter over possession of the Caucasus region which was , for most of its part , in the hands of Iran . The successful Russian campaigns in the later stages of the Russo @-@ Persian War ( 1804 – 13 ) were concluded with the Treaty of Gulistan , in which the shah 's claims to some of the Khanates of the Caucasus were dismissed by Russia on the ground that they had been de facto independent long before their Russian occupation . Following Qajar Iran 's loss in the 1804 – 1813 war , it was forced to concede suzerainty over most of the khanates ( alongside Georgia and Dagestan ) to the Russian Empire per the Gulistan treaty . The area to the north of the river Aras , amongst which the territory of the contemporary Republic of Azerbaijan , was Iranian territory until it was occupied by Russia in the course of the 19th century . Under the Treaty of Turkmenchay which finalised the Russo @-@ Persian War , Qajar Iran was forced to recognize Russian sovereignty over the Erivan Khanate , the Nakhchivan Khanate and the remainder of the Lankaran Khanate , comprising the last parts of the soil of the contemporary Azerbaijani Republic that were still in Iranian hands . After incorporation of all Caucasian territories from Iran into Russia , the new border between the two was set at the Aras River , which , upon the Soviet Union 's disintegration , subsequently became part of the border between Iran and the Azerbaijan Republic . Qajar Iran was forced to cede its Caucasian territories to Russia in the 19th century , which thus included the territory of the modern @-@ day Azerbaijan Republic , while as a result of that cession , the Azerbaijani ethnic group is nowadays parted between two nations : Iran and Azerbaijan . Furthermore , the number of ethnic Azerbaijanis in Iran far outnumber those in neighbouring Azerbaijan . After the collapse of the Russian Empire during World War I , Azerbaijan , together with Armenia and Georgia became part of the short @-@ lived Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic . It was followed by the March Days massacres that took place between 30 March and 2 April 1918 in the city of Baku and adjacent areas of the Baku Governorate of the Russian Empire . When the republic dissolved in May 1918 , Azerbaijan declared independence as the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic ( ADR ) . The ADR was the first modern parliamentary republic in the Muslim world . Among the important accomplishments of the Parliament was the extension of suffrage to women , making Azerbaijan the first Muslim nation to grant women equal political rights with men . Another important accomplishment of ADR was the establishment of Baku State University , which was the first modern @-@ type university founded in Muslim East . By March 1920 , it was obvious that Soviet Russia would attack the much @-@ needed Baku . Vladimir Lenin said that the invasion was justified as Soviet Russia could not survive without Baku 's oil . Independent Azerbaijan lasted only 23 months until the Bolshevik 11th Soviet Red Army invaded it , establishing the Azerbaijan SSR on 28 April 1920 . Although the bulk of the newly formed Azerbaijani army was engaged in putting down an Armenian revolt that had just broken out in Karabakh , Azerbaijanis did not surrender their brief independence of 1918 – 20 quickly or easily . As many as 20 @,@ 000 Azerbaijani soldiers died resisting what was effectively a Russian reconquest . On 13 October 1921 , the Soviet republics of Russia , Armenia , Azerbaijan , and Georgia signed an agreement with Turkey known as the Treaty of Kars . The previously independent Naxicivan SSR would also become an autonomous ASSR within the Azerbaijan SSR by the treaty of Kars . On the other hand , Armenia was awarded the region of Zangezur and Turkey agreed to return Gyumri ( then known as Alexandropol ) . During World War II , Azerbaijan played a crucial role in the strategic energy policy of Soviet Union , with most of the Soviet Union 's oil on the Eastern Front being supplied by Baku . By the Decree of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR in February 1942 , the commitment of more than 500 workers and employees of the oil industry of Azerbaijan was awarded orders and medals . Operation Edelweiss carried out by the German Wehrmacht targeted Baku because of its importance as the energy ( petroleum ) dynamo of the USSR . A fifth of all Azerbaijanis fought in the Second World War from 1941 to 1945 . Approximately 681 @,@ 000 people with over 100 @,@ 000 of them women went to the front , while the total population of Azerbaijan was 3 @.@ 4 million at the time . Some 250 @,@ 000 people from Azerbaijan were killed on the front . More than 130 Azerbaijanis were named Heroes of the Soviet Union . Azerbaijani Major @-@ General Azi Aslanov was twice awarded the Hero of the Soviet Union . = = = Republic era = = = Following the politics of glasnost , initiated by Mikhail Gorbachev , civil unrest and ethnic strife grew in various regions of the Soviet Union , including Nagorno @-@ Karabakh , an autonomous region of the Azerbaijan SSR . The disturbances in Azerbaijan , in response to Moscow 's indifference to already heated conflict , resulted in calls for independence and secession , which culminated in Black January in Baku . Later in 1990 , the Supreme Council of the Azerbaijan SSR dropped the words " Soviet Socialist " from the title , adopted the Declaration of Sovereignty of the Azerbaijan Republic and restored flag of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic as the state flag . On 18 October 1991 , the Supreme Council of Azerbaijan adopted a Declaration of Independence which was affirmed by a nationwide referendum in December 1991 , when the Soviet Union officially ceased to exist on 26 December 1991 . The early years of independence were overshadowed by the Nagorno @-@ Karabakh war with the ethnic Armenian majority of Nagorno @-@ Karabakh backed by Armenia . By the end of hostilities in 1994 , Armenians controlled up to 14 – 16 percent of Azerbaijani territory , including Nagorno @-@ Karabakh itself . During the war many atrocities were committed including the massacre at Malibeyli and Gushchular , the Garadaghly , Agdaban and the Khojaly massacres . Furthermore , an estimated 30 @,@ 000 people had been killed and more than a million people had been displaced . Four United Nations Security Council Resolutions ( 822 , 853 , 874 , and 884 ) demand for " the immediate withdrawal of all Armenian forces from all occupied territories of Azerbaijan . " Many Russians and Armenians left Azerbaijan during the 1990s . According to the 1970 census , there were 510 @,@ 000 ethnic Russians and 484 @,@ 000 Armenians in Azerbaijan . In 1993 , democratically elected president Abulfaz Elchibey was overthrown by a military insurrection led by Colonel Surat Huseynov , which resulted in the rise to power of the former leader of Soviet Azerbaijan , Heydar Aliyev . In 1994 , Surat Huseynov , by that time a prime minister , attempted another military coup against Heydar Aliyev , but Huseynov was arrested and charged with treason . A year later , in 1995 , another coup was attempted against Aliyev , this time by the commander of the OMON special unit , Rovshan Javadov . The coup was averted , resulting in the killing of the latter and disbanding of Azerbaijan 's OMON units . At the same time , the country was tainted by rampant corruption in the governing bureaucracy . In October 1998 , Aliyev was reelected for a second term . Despite the much improved economy , particularly with the exploitations of Azeri @-@ Chirag @-@ Guneshli oil field and Shah Deniz gas field , Aliyev 's presidency was criticized due to suspected vote fraud and corruption . Ilham Aliyev , the son of Heydar Aliyev , assumed as the chairmen of the New Azerbaijan Party as well as the office of presidency when his father died in 2003 . He was reelected to a third term as president in October 2013 . He then launched a crackdown on opposition elements . In November , he put two prominent opponents on trial for inciting riots ten months earlier : Ilgar Mammadov , the chairman of the opposition Republican Alternative ( REAL ) ; and Ilgar Mammadov , the deputy chairman of the New Equality Party ( Musavat ) . In addition the dissident Islamic theologian Taleh Bagirzada was sentenced to two years ’ imprisonment . The opposition newspaper Azadiq was closed down . Three men were sentenced to life in prison on charges of plotting attacks in Baku in a conspiracy with Iran . = = Geography = = Azerbaijan is in the South Caucasus region of Eurasia , straddling Western Asia and Eastern Europe . It lies between latitudes 38 ° and 42 ° N , and longitudes 44 ° and 51 ° E. The total length of Azerbaijan 's land borders is 2 @,@ 648 km ( 1 @,@ 645 mi ) , of which 1007 kilometers are with Armenia , 756 kilometers with Iran , 480 kilometers with Georgia , 390 kilometers with Russia and 15 kilometers with Turkey . The coastline stretches for 800 km ( 497 mi ) , and the length of the widest area of the Azerbaijani section of the Caspian Sea is 456 km ( 283 mi ) . The territory of Azerbaijan extends 400 km ( 249 mi ) from north to south , and 500 km ( 311 mi ) from west to east . Three physical features dominate Azerbaijan : the Caspian Sea , whose shoreline forms a natural boundary to the east ; the Greater Caucasus mountain range to the north ; and the extensive flatlands at the country 's center . There are also three mountain ranges , the Greater and Lesser Caucasus , and the Talysh Mountains , together covering approximately 40 percent of the country . The highest peak of Azerbaijan is mount Bazardüzü ( 4 @,@ 466 m ) , while the lowest point lies in the Caspian Sea ( − 28 m ) . Nearly half of all the mud volcanoes on Earth are concentrated in Azerbaijan , these volcanoes were also among nominees for the New7Wonders of Nature . The main water sources are surface waters . However , only 24 of the 8 @,@ 350 rivers are greater than 100 km ( 62 mi ) in length . All the rivers drain into the Caspian Sea in the east of the country . The largest lake is Sarysu ( 67 km ² ) , and the longest river is Kur ( 1 @,@ 515 km ) , which is transboundary . Azerbaijan 's four main islands in the Caspian Sea have a combined area of over thirty square kilometers . Since the independence of Azerbaijan in 1991 , the Azerbaijani government has taken drastic measures to preserve the environment of Azerbaijan . But national protection of the environment started to truly improve after 2001 when the state budget increased due to new revenues provided by the Baku @-@ Tbilisi @-@ Ceyhan pipeline . Within four years protected areas doubled and now make up eight percent of the country 's territory . Since 2001 the government has set up seven large reserves and almost doubled the sector of the budget earmarked for environmental protection . = = = Landscape = = = Azerbaijan is home to a vast variety of landscapes . Over half of Azerbaijan 's land mass consists of mountain ridges , crests , yailas , and plateaus which rise up to hypsometric levels of 400 – 1000 meters ( including the Middle and Lower lowlands ) , in some places ( Talis , Jeyranchol @-@ Ajinohur and Langabiz @-@ Alat foreranges ) up to 100 – 120 meters , and others from 0 – 50 meters and up ( Qobustan , Absheron ) . The rest of Azerbaijan 's terrain consist of plains and lowlands . Hypsometric marks within the Caucasus region vary from about − 28 meters at the Caspian Sea shoreline up to 4 @,@ 466 meters ( Bazardüzü peak ) . The formation of climate in Azerbaijan is influenced particularly by cold arctic air masses of Scandinavian anticyclone , temperate of Siberian anticyclone , and Central Asian anticyclone . Azerbaijan 's diverse landscape affects the ways air masses enter the country . The Greater Caucasus protects the country from direct influences of cold air masses coming from the north . That leads to the formation of subtropical climate on most foothills and plains of the country . Meanwhile , plains and foothills are characterized by high solar radiation rates . Nine out of 11 existing climate zones are present in Azerbaijan . Both the absolute minimum temperature ( − 33 ° C or − 27 @.@ 4 ° F ) and the absolute maximum temperature ( 46 ° C or 114 @.@ 8 ° F ) were observed in Julfa and Ordubad . The maximum annual precipitation falls in Lankaran ( 1 @,@ 600 to 1 @,@ 800 mm or 63 to 71 in ) and the minimum in Absheron ( 200 to 350 mm or 7 @.@ 9 to 13 @.@ 8 in ) . Rivers and lakes form the principal part of the water systems of Azerbaijan , they were formed over a long geological timeframe and changed significantly throughout that period . This is particularly evidenced by remnants of ancient rivers found throughout the country . The country 's water systems are continually changing under the influence of natural forces and human introduced industrial activities . Artificial rivers ( canals ) and ponds are a part of Azerbaijan 's water systems . In terms of water supply , Azerbaijan is below the average in the world with approximately 100 @,@ 000 cubic metres ( 3 @,@ 531 @,@ 467 cubic feet ) per year of water per square kilometer . All big water reservoirs are built on Kur . The hydrography of Azerbaijan basically belongs to the Caspian Sea basin . There are 8 @,@ 350 rivers of various lengths within Azerbaijan . Only 24 rivers are over 100 kilometers long . The Kura and Aras are the most popular rivers in Azerbaijan , they run through the Kura @-@ Aras Lowland . The rivers that directly flow into the Caspian Sea , originate mainly from the north @-@ eastern slope of the Major Caucasus and Talysh Mountains and run along the Samur – Devechi and Lankaran lowlands . Yanar Dag , translated as " burning mountain " , is a natural gas fire which blazes continuously on a hillside on the Absheron Peninsula on the Caspian Sea near Baku , which itself is known as the " land of fire . " Flames jet out into the air from a thin , porous sandstone layer . It is a tourist attraction to visitors to the Baku area . = = = Biodiversity = = = The first reports on the richness and diversity of animal life in Azerbaijan can be found in travel notes of Eastern travelers . Animal carvings on architectural monuments , ancient rocks and stones survived up to the present times . The first information on the animal kingdom of Azerbaijan was collected during the visits of naturalists to Azerbaijan in the 17th century . Unlike fauna , the concept of animal kingdom covers not only the types of animals , but also the number of individual species . There are 106 species of mammals , 97 species of fish , 363 species of birds , 10 species of amphibians and 52 species of reptiles which have been recorded and classified in Azerbaijan . The national animal of Azerbaijan is the Karabakh horse , a mountain @-@ steppe racing and riding horse endemic to Azerbaijan . The Karabakh horse has a reputation for its good temper , speed , elegance and intelligence . It is one of the oldest breeds , with ancestry dating to the ancient world . However today the horse is an endangered species . Azerbaijan 's flora consists of more than 4 @,@ 500 species of higher plants . Due the unique climate in Azerbaijan , the flora is much richer in the number of species than the flora of the other republics of the South Caucasus . About 67 percent of the species growing in the whole Caucasus can be found in Azerbaijan . = = Politics = = The structural formation of Azerbaijan 's political system was completed by the adoption of the new Constitution on 12 November 1995 . According to the Article 23 of Constitution , the state symbols of the Azerbaijan Republic are the flag , the coat of arms and the national anthem . The state power in Azerbaijan is limited only by law for internal issues , but for international affairs is additionally limited by the provisions of international agreements . The government of Azerbaijan is based on the separation of powers among the legislative , executive and judicial branches . The legislative power is held by the unicameral National Assembly and the Supreme National Assembly in the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic . Parliamentary elections are held every five years , on the first Sunday of November . The Yeni Azerbaijan Party , and independents loyal to the ruling government , currently hold almost all of the Parliament 's 125 seats . During the 2010 Parliamentary election , the opposition parties , Musavat and Azerbaijani Popular Front Party , failed to win a single seat . European observers found numerous irregularities in the run @-@ up to the election and on election day . The executive power is held by the president , who is elected for a five @-@ year term by direct elections , and the Prime Minister of Azerbaijan . The president is authorized to form the Cabinet , a collective executive body , accountable to both the President and the National Assembly . The Cabinet of Azerbaijan consists primarily of the Prime Minister , his Deputies and Ministers . The president does not have the right to dissolve the National Assembly , but he has the right to veto its decisions . To override the presidential veto , the parliament must have a majority of 95 votes . The judicial power is vested in the Constitutional Court , Supreme Court and the Economic Court . The President nominates the judges in these courts . The Security Council is the deliberative body under the president , and he organizes it according to the Constitution . It was established on 10 April 1997 . The administrative department is not a part of the president 's office but manages the financial , technical and pecuniary activities of both the president and his office . Although Azerbaijan has held several elections since regaining its independence and it has many of the formal institutions of democracy , it remains classified as " not free " ( on border with " partly free " ) by Freedom House . In recent years , large numbers of Azerbaijani journalists , bloggers , lawyers , human rights activists have been rounded up and jailed for their criticism of President Aliyev and government authorities . A resolution adopted by the European Parliament in September 2015 described Azerbaijan as " having suffered the greatest decline in democratic governance in all of Eurasia over the past ten years , " noting as well that its dialogue with the country on human rights has " not made any substantial progress . " Azerbaijan has been harshly criticized for bribing foreign officials and diplomats for promoting its causes abroad and legitimizing its elections at home , a practice which has been termed as ' caviar diplomacy ' . = = = Foreign relations = = = The short @-@ lived Azerbaijan Democratic Republic succeeded in establishing diplomatic relations with six countries , sending diplomatic representatives to Germany and Finland . The process of international recognition of Azerbaijan 's independence from the collapsing Soviet Union lasted roughly one year . The most recent country to recognize Azerbaijan was Bahrain , on 6 November 1996 . Full diplomatic relations , including mutual exchanges of missions , were first established with Turkey , Pakistan , the United States , Iran and Israel . Azerbaijan has placed a particular emphasis on its " Special Relationship " with Turkey . Azerbaijan has diplomatic relations with 158 countries so far and holds membership in 38 international organizations . It holds observer status in the Non @-@ Aligned Movement and World Trade Organization and is a correspondent at the International Telecommunication Union . On 9 May 2006 Azerbaijan was elected to membership in the newly established Human Rights Council by the United Nations General Assembly . The term of office began on 19 June 2006 . Foreign policy priorities of Azerbaijan include , first of all , the restoration of its territorial integrity ; elimination of the consequences of the loss of Nagorno @-@ Karabakh and seven other regions of Azerbaijan ; integration into European and Euro @-@ Atlantic structure ; contribution to international security ; cooperation with international organizations ; regional cooperation and bilateral relations ; strengthening of defense capability ; promotion of security by domestic policy means ; strengthening of democracy ; preservation of the ethnic and religious tolerance ; scientific , educational , and cultural policy and preservation of moral values ; economic and social development ; enhancing internal and border security ; and migration , energy , and transportation security policy . The Azerbaijani government , in late 2007 , stated that the long @-@ standing dispute over the Armenian @-@ occupied territory of Nagorno @-@ Karabakh is almost certain to spark a new war if it remains unresolved . The Government is in the process of increasing its military budget . Furthermore , an attack by the Azerbaijani military in 2016 on Armenian villages in Nagorno @-@ Karabakh has caused physical damage and raised controversy over the future of peaceful relations between Azerbaijan and its neighbor , Armenia . Azerbaijan is an active member of international coalitions fighting international terrorism . The country is contributing to peacekeeping efforts in Kosovo , Afghanistan and Iraq . Azerbaijan is an active member of NATO 's Partnership for Peace program . It also maintains good relations with the European Union and could potentially one day apply for membership . = = = Administrative divisions = = = Azerbaijan is divided into 10 economic regions ; 66 rayons ( rayonlar , singular rayon ) and 77 cities ( şəhərlər , singular şəhər ) of which 12 are under the direct authority of the republic . Moreover , Azerbaijan includes the Autonomous Republic ( muxtar respublika ) of Nakhchivan . The President of Azerbaijan appoints the governors of these units , while the government of Nakhchivan is elected and approved by the parliament of Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic . Note : The cities under the direct authority of the republic in italics . = = Military = = The history of the modern Azerbaijan army dates back to Azerbaijan Democratic Republic in 1918 , when the National Army of the newly formed Azerbaijan Democratic Republic was created on 26 June 1918 . When Azerbaijan gained independence after the dissolution of the Soviet Union , the Armed Forces of the Republic of Azerbaijan were created according to the Law on the Armed Forces of 9 October 1991 . The original date of the establishment of the short @-@ lived National Army is celebrated as Army Day ( 26 June ) in today 's Azerbaijan . As of 2002 , Azerbaijan had 95 @,@ 000 active personnel in its armed forces . There are also 17 @,@ 000 paramilitary troops . The armed forces have three branches : the Land Forces , the Air Forces and the Navy . Additionally the armed forces embrace several military sub @-@ groups that can be involved in state defense when needed . These are the Internal Troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the State Border Service , which includes the Coast Guard as well . The Azerbaijan National Guard is a further paramilitary force . It operates as a semi @-@ independent entity of the Special State Protection Service , an agency subordinate to the President . Azerbaijan adheres to the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe and has signed all major international arms and weapons treaties . Azerbaijan closely cooperates with NATO in programs such as Partnership for Peace and Individual Partnership Action Plan . Azerbaijan has deployed 151 of its Peacekeeping Forces in Iraq and another 184 in Afghanistan . The defense budget of Azerbaijan for 2011 was set at US $ 3 @.@ 1 billion . In addition to that , $ 1 @.@ 36 billion was planned to be used for the needs of the defense industry , which bring up the total military spending to billion . Azerbaijani President Ilham Aliyev said on 26 June 2011 that the defence spending reached $ 3 @.@ 3 billion that year . Azerbaijan 's defense budget for 2013 is $ 3 @.@ 7 billion . Azerbaijani defense industry manufactures small arms , artillery systems , tanks , armors and noctovision devices , aviation bombs , pilotless vehicles , various military vehicles and military planes and helicopters . = = Economy = = After gaining independence in 1991 , Azerbaijan became a member of the International Monetary Fund , the World Bank , the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development , the Islamic Development Bank and the Asian Development Bank . The banking system of Azerbaijan consists of the Central Bank of Azerbaijan , commercial banks and non @-@ banking credit organizations . The National ( now Central ) Bank was created in 1992 based on the Azerbaijan State Savings Bank , an affiliate of the former State Savings Bank of the USSR . The Central Bank serves as Azerbaijan 's central bank , empowered to issue the national currency , the Azerbaijani manat , and to supervise all commercial banks . Two major commercial banks are UniBank and the state @-@ owned International Bank of Azerbaijan , run by Dr. Jahangir Hajiyev . Pushed up by spending and demand growth , the 2007 Q1 inflation rate reached 16 @.@ 6 % . Nominal incomes and monthly wages climbed 29 % and 25 % respectively against this figure , but price increases in non @-@ oil industry encouraged inflation in the country . Azerbaijan shows some signs of the so @-@ called " Dutch disease " because of the fast @-@ growing energy sector , which causes inflation and makes non @-@ energy exports more expensive . In the early years of this century the chronically high inflation was brought under control and this led to the launch of a new currency , the new Azerbaijani manat , on 1 January 2006 , to cement the acquisition of the economic reforms and erase the vestiges of an unstable economy . In 2008 , Azerbaijan was cited as one of the top 10 reformers by the World Bank 's Doing Business Report . Azerbaijan led the world as the top reformer in 2007 / 08 , with improvements on seven out of 10 indicators of regulatory reform . Azerbaijan started operating a one @-@ stop shop in January 2008 that halved the time , cost and number of procedures to start a business . Business registrations increased by 40 % in the first six months . Azerbaijan also eliminated the minimum loan cutoff of $ 1 @,@ 100 , more than doubling the number of borrowers covered by the credit registry . Also , taxpayers can now file forms and pay their taxes online . Azerbaijan 's extensive reforms moved it far up the ranks , from 97 to 33 in the overall ease of doing business . Azerbaijan is also ranked 57th in the Global Competitiveness Report for 2010 – 2011 , which is above other CIS countries . By 2012 the GDP of Azerbaijan increased 20 @-@ fold relative to its 1995 level . = = = Energy = = = Two @-@ thirds of Azerbaijan is rich in oil and natural gas . The region of the Lesser Caucasus accounts for most of the country 's gold , silver , iron , copper , titanium , chromium , manganese , cobalt , molybdenum , complex ore and antimony . In September 1994 , a 30 @-@ year contract was signed between the State Oil Company of Azerbaijan Republic ( SOCAR ) and 13 oil companies , among them Amoco , BP , ExxonMobil , Lukoil and Statoil . As Western oil companies are able to tap deepwater oilfields untouched by the Soviet exploitation , Azerbaijan is considered one of the most important spots in the world for oil exploration and development . Meanwhile , the State Oil Fund of Azerbaijan was established as an extra @-@ budgetary fund to ensure the macroeconomic stability , transparency in the management of oil revenue , and the safeguarding of resources for future generations . Azeriqaz , a sub @-@ company of SOCAR , intends to ensure full gasification of the country by 2021 . = = = Agriculture = = = Azerbaijan has the largest agricultural basin in the region . About 54 @.@ 9 percent of Azerbaijan is agricultural lands . At the beginning of 2007 there were 4 @,@ 755 @,@ 100 hectares of utilized agricultural area . In the same year the total wood resources counted 136 million m ³ . Azerbaijan 's agricultural scientific research institutes are focused on meadows and pastures , horticulture and subtropical crops , green vegetables , viticulture and wine @-@ making , cotton growing and medicinal plants . In some lands it is profitable to grow grain , potatoes , sugar beets , cotton and tobacco . Livestock , dairy products , and wine and spirits are also important farm products . The Caspian fishing industry is concentrated on the dwindling stocks of sturgeon and beluga . In 2002 the Azerbaijani merchant marine had 54 ships . Some portions of most products that were previously imported from abroad have begun to be produced locally ( among them are Coca Cola by Coca Cola Bottlers LTD , beer by Baki @-@ Kastel , parquet by Nehir and oil pipes by EUPEC Pipe Coating Azerbaijan ) . = = = Tourism = = = Tourism is an important part of the economy of Azerbaijan . The country was a well @-@ known tourist spot in the 1980s . However , the fall of the Soviet Union , and the Nagorno @-@ Karabakh War during the 1990s , damaged the tourist industry and the image of Azerbaijan as a tourist destination . It was not until the 2000s that the tourism industry began to recover , and the country has since experienced a high rate of growth in the number of tourist visits and overnight stays . In the recent years , Azerbaijan has also becoming a popular destination for religious , spa , and health care tourism . During winter , the Shahdag Mountain Resort offers skiing with state of the art facilities . The government of Azerbaijan has set the development of Azerbaijan as an elite tourist destination as a top priority . It is a national strategy to make tourism a major , if not the single largest , contributor to the Azerbaijani economy . These activities are regulated by the Ministry of Culture and Tourism of Azerbaijan . = = = Transportation = = = The convenient location of Azerbaijan on the crossroad of major international traffic arteries , such as the Silk Road and the south – north corridor , highlights the strategic importance of transportation sector for the country 's economy . The transport sector in the country includes roads , railways , aviation , and maritime transport . Azerbaijan is also an important economic hub in the transportation of raw materials . The Baku – Tbilisi – Ceyhan pipeline ( BTC ) became operational in May 2006 and extends more than 1 @,@ 774 kilometers through the territories of Azerbaijan , Georgia and Turkey . The BTC is designed to transport up to 50 million tons of crude oil annually and carries oil from the Caspian Sea oilfields to global markets . The South Caucasus Pipeline , also stretching through the territory of Azerbaijan , Georgia and Turkey , became operational at the end of 2006 and offers additional gas supplies to the European market from the Shah Deniz gas field . Shah Deniz is expected to produce up to 296 billion cubic meters of natural gas per year . Azerbaijan also plays a major role in the EU @-@ sponsored Silk Road Project . In 2002 , the Azerbaijani government established the Ministry of Transport with a broad range of policy and regulatory functions . In the same year , the country became a member of the Vienna Convention on Road Traffic . The highest priority being ; upgrading the transport network and transforming transportation services into one of the key comparative advantages of the country , as this would be highly conducive to the development of other sectors of the economy . In 2012 , the construction of Kars – Tbilisi – Baku railway expected to provide transportation between Asia and Europe through connecting the railways of China and Kazakhstan in the east with Turkey 's Marmaray to the European railway system in the west . Broad @-@ gauge railways in 2010 stretched for 2 @,@ 918 km ( 1 @,@ 813 mi ) and electrified railways numbered 1 @,@ 278 km ( 794 mi ) . By 2010 , there were 35 airports and one heliport . = = = Science and technology = = = In the 21st century , a new oil and gas boom helped to improve the situation in Azerbaijan 's science and technology sectors , and the government launched a campaign aimed at modernization and innovation . The government estimates that profits from the information technology and communication industry will grow and become comparable with those from oil production . Azerbaijan has a large and steadily growing Internet sector , mostly uninfluenced by the global financial crisis ; rapid growth is forecast for at least five more years . The country has also been making progress in developing its telecoms sector . The Ministry of Communications & Information Technologies ( MCIT ) , as well as being an operator through its role in Aztelekom , is both a policy @-@ maker and regulator . Public pay phones are available for local calls and require the purchase of a token from the telephone exchange or some shops and kiosks . Tokens allow a call of indefinite duration . As of 2009 , there were 1 @,@ 397 @,@ 000 main telephone lines and 1 @,@ 485 @,@ 000 internet users . There are four GSM providers : Azercell , Bakcell , Azerfon ( Nar Mobile ) , Nakhtel mobile network operators and one CDMA . In the 21st century a number of prominent Azerbaijani geodynamics and geotectonics scientists , inspired by the fundamental works of Elchin Khalilov and others , designed hundreds of earthquake prediction stations and earthquake @-@ resistant buildings that now constitute the bulk of The Republican Center of Seismic Service . The Azerbaijan National Aerospace Agency launched its first satellite AzerSat 1 into orbit on 7 February 2013 from Guiana Space Centre in French Guiana at orbital positions 46 ° East . The satellite will cover Europe and significant part of Asian countries and Africa and will have transmission for TV , radio broadcasting and the internet . The launch of its own satellite on orbit is Azerbaijan 's first action in realizing prospective projects to turn itself into a country with a space industry . = = Demographics = = From the total population of 9 @,@ 165 @,@ 000 people as of July 2011 , nearly 52 % was urban population , the remaining 48 % was the rural population . 51 % of the total population were female . The sex ratio for total population in that year was therefore 0 @.@ 97 males per female . The 2011 population growth @-@ rate was 0 @.@ 85 % , compared to 1 @.@ 09 % worldwide . A significant factor restricting the population growth is rather a high level of migration . In 2011 Azerbaijan saw migration of − 1 @.@ 14 / 1 @,@ 000 people . The Azerbaijani diaspora is found in 42 countries and in turn there are many centers for ethnic minorities inside Azerbaijan , including the German cultural society " Karelhaus " , Slavic cultural center , Azerbaijani @-@ Israeli community , Kurdish cultural center , International Talysh Association , Lezgin national center " Samur " , Azerbaijani @-@ Tatar community , Crimean Tatars society , etc . The ethnic composition of the population according to the 2009 population census : 91 @.@ 60 % Azerbaijanis , 2 @.@ 02 % Lezgians , 1 @.@ 35 % Armenians ( almost all Armenians live in the break @-@ away region of Nagorno @-@ Karabakh ) , 1 @.@ 34 % Russians , 1 @.@ 26 % Talysh , 0 @.@ 56 % Avars , 0 @.@ 43 % Turks , 0 @.@ 29 % Tatars , 0 @.@ 28 % Tats , 0 @.@ 24 % Ukrainians , 0 @.@ 14 % Tsakhurs , 0 @.@ 11 % Georgians , 0 @.@ 10 % Jews , 0 @.@ 07 % Kurds , other 0 @.@ 21 % . Iranian Azerbaijanis are by far the largest minority in Iran . The number of ethnic Azerbaijanis in Iran furthermore far outnumber those in neighboring Azerbaijan . The CIA World Factbook estimates Iranian Azerbaijanis as comprising at least 16 % of Iran 's population . = = = Urbanization = = = In total , Azerbaijan has 77 cities , 64 smaller rayon @-@ class cities , and one special legal status city . These are followed by 257 urban @-@ type settlements and 4 @,@ 620 villages . = = = Language = = = The official language is Azerbaijani , which is spoken by approximately 92 % of the population as a mother tongue . It belongs to the Turkic language family . Russian and English play significant roles as second or third languages of education and communication . There are a dozen other languages spoken natively in the country . Armenian , Avar , Budukh , Georgian , Juhuri , Khinalug , Kryts , Lezgian , Rutul , Talysh , Tat , Tsakhur , and Udi are all spoken by minorities . Some of these language communities are very small and their numbers are decreasing . Armenian is almost exclusively spoken in the break @-@ away Nagorno @-@ Karabakh region . = = = Religion = = = Around 98 % of the population are Muslims . 92 % of the Muslims are Shia Muslims and 8 % Sunni Muslims , and the Republic of Azerbaijan has the second highest Shia population percentage after Iran . Other faiths are practised by the country 's various ethnic groups . Under article 48 of its Constitution , Azerbaijan is a secular state and ensures religious freedom . In a 2006 – 2008 Gallup poll , only 21 % of respondents from Azerbaijan stated that religion is an important part of their daily lives . Of the nation 's religious minorities , Christians who estimated 280 @,@ 000 ( 3 @.@ 1 % ) are mostly Russian and Georgian Orthodox and Armenian Apostolic ( almost all Armenians live in the break @-@ away region of Nagorno @-@ Karabakh ) . In 2003 , there were 250 Roman Catholics . Other Christian denominations as of 2002 include Lutherans , Baptists and Molokans . There is also a small ethnic Azerbaijani Protestant community . Azerbaijan also has an ancient Jewish population with a 2 @,@ 500 @-@ year history ; Jewish organizations estimate that 10 @,@ 000 – 20 @,@ 000 Jews remain in Azerbaijan . Azerbaijan also is home to members of the Bahá 'í , Hare Krishna and Jehovah 's Witnesses communities , as well as adherents of the other religious communities . Some religious communities have been unofficially restricted from religious freedom . A U.S. State Department report on the matter mentions detention of members of certain Muslim and Christian groups , and many groups have difficulty registering with the SCWRA . = = = Education = = = A relatively high percentage of Azerbaijanis have obtained some form of higher education , most notably in scientific and technical subjects . In the Soviet era , literacy and average education levels rose dramatically from their very low starting point , despite two changes in the standard alphabet , from Perso @-@ Arabic script to Latin in the 1920s and from Roman to Cyrillic in the 1930s . According to Soviet data , 100 percent of males and females ( ages nine to forty @-@ nine ) were literate in 1970 . According to the United Nations Development Program Report 2009 , the literacy rate in Azerbaijan is 99 @.@ 5 percent . Since independence , one of the first laws that Azerbaijan 's Parliament passed to disassociate itself from the Soviet Union was to adopt a modified @-@ Latin alphabet to replace Cyrillic . Other than that the Azerbaijani system has undergone little structural change . Initial alterations have included the reestablishment of religious education ( banned during the Soviet period ) and curriculum changes that have reemphasized the use of the Azerbaijani language and have eliminated ideological content . In addition to elementary schools , the education institutions include thousands of preschools , general secondary schools , and vocational schools , including specialized secondary schools and technical schools . Education through the eighth grade is compulsory . = = Culture = = The culture of Azerbaijan has developed as a result of many influences . Today , national traditions are well preserved in the country despite Western influences , including globalized on consumer culture . Some of the main elements of the Azerbaijani culture are : music , literature , folk dances and art , cuisine , architecture , cinematography and Novruz Bayram . The latter is derived from the traditional celebration of the New Year in the ancient Persian religion of Zoroastrianism . Novruz is a family holiday . Azerbaijan folk consists of Azerbaijanis , the representative part of society , as well as of nations and ethnic groups , compactly living in various areas of the country . Azerbaijani national and traditional dresses are the Chokha and Papakhi . There are radio broadcasts in Russian , Armenian , Georgian , Kurdish , Lezgian and Talysh languages , which are financed from the state budget . Some local radio stations in Balakan and Khachmaz organize broadcasts in Avar and Tat . In Baku several newspapers are published in Russian , Kurdish ( Dengi Kurd ) , Lezgian ( Samur ) and Talysh languages . Jewish society " Sokhnut " publishes the newspaper Aziz . = = = Music and folk dances = = = Music of Azerbaijan builds on folk traditions that reach back nearly a thousand years . For centuries Azerbaijani music has evolved under the badge of monody , producing rhythmically diverse melodies . Azerbaijani music has a branchy mode system , where chromatization of major and minor scales is of great importance . Among national musical instruments there are 14 string instruments , eight percussion instruments and six wind instruments . According to The Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians , " in terms of ethnicity , culture and religion the Azerbaijani are musically much closer to Iran than Turkey . " Mugham , meykhana and ashiq art are among the many musical traditions of Azerbaijan . Mugham is usually a suite with poetry and instrumental interludes . When performing mugham , the singers have to transform their emotions into singing and music . In contrast to the mugham traditions of Central Asian countries , Azerbaijani mugham is more free @-@ form and less rigid ; it is often compared to the improvised field of jazz . UNESCO proclaimed the Azerbaijani mugham tradition a Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity on 7 November 2003 . Meykhana is a kind of traditional Azerbaijani distinctive folk unaccompanied song , usually performed by several people improvising on a particular subject . Ashiq combines poetry , storytelling , dance and vocal and instrumental music into a traditional performance art that stands as a symbol of Azerbaijani culture . It is a mystic troubadour or traveling bard who sings and plays the saz . This tradition has its origin in the Shamanistic beliefs of ancient Turkic peoples . Ashiqs ' songs are semi @-@ improvised around common bases . Azerbaijan 's ashiq art was included in the list of Intangible Cultural Heritage by the UNESCO on 30 September 2009 . Since the mid @-@ 1960s , Western @-@ influenced Azerbaijani pop music , in its various forms , that has been growing in popularity in Azerbaijan , while genres as rock and hip hop of alternative music genres are encouraged . Azerbaijani pop and Azerbaijani folk music arose with the international popularity of performers like Alim Qasimov , Rashid Behbudov , Vagif Mustafazadeh , Muslim Magomayev , Shovkat Alakbarova and Rubaba Muradova . Azerbaijan is an enthusiastic participant in the Eurovision Song Contest . Azerbaijan made its debut appearance at the 2008 Eurovision Song Contest . The country 's entry gained the third place in 2009 and fifth the following year . Ell and Nikki won the first place at the Eurovision Song Contest 2011 with the song " Running Scared " , entitling Azerbaijan to host the contest in 2012 , in Baku . They have never missed a Grand Final . There are dozens of Azerbaijani folk dances . They are performed at formal celebrations and the dancers wear national clothes like the Chokha , which is well @-@ preserved within the national dances . Most dances have a very fast rhythm . The national dance shows the characteristics of the Azerbaijani nation . = = = Literature = = = Among the medieval authors born within the territorial limits of modern Azerbaijani Republic was Persian poet and philosopher Nizami , called Ganjavi after his place of birth , Ganja , who was the author of the Khamseh ( " The Quintuplet " ) , composed of five romantic poems , including " The Treasure of Mysteries , " " Khosrow and Shīrīn , " and " Leyli and Mejnūn . " The earliest known figure in Azerbaijani literature was Izzeddin Hasanoglu , who composed a divan consisting of Persian and Turkic ghazals . In Persian ghazals he used his pen @-@ name , while his Turkic ghazals were composed under his own name of Hasanoghlu . Classical literature in Azerbaijani was formed in 14th century based on the various dialect Early Middle Ages dialects of Tabriz and Shirvan . Among the poets of this period were Gazi Burhanaddin , Haqiqi ( pen @-@ name of Jahan @-@ shah Qara Qoyunlu ) , and Habibi . The end of the 14th century was also the period of starting literary activity of Imadaddin Nesimi , one of the greatest Turkic Hurufi mystical poets of the late 14th and early 15th centuries and one of the most prominent early divan masters in Turkic literary history , who also composed poetry in Persian and Arabic . The divan and ghazal styles were further developed by poets Qasim al @-@ Anvar , Fuzuli and Khatai ( pen @-@ name of Safavid Shah Ismail I ) . The Book of Dede Korkut consists of two manuscripts copied in the 16th century , was not written earlier than the 15th century . It is a collection of 12 stories reflecting the oral tradition of Oghuz nomads . The 16th @-@ century poet , Muhammed Fuzuli produced his timeless philosophical and lyrical Qazals in Arabic , Persian , and Azerbaijani . Benefiting immensely from the fine literary traditions of his environment , and building upon the legacy of his predecessors , Fizuli was destined to become the leading literary figure of his society . His major works include The Divan of Ghazals and The Qasidas . In the same century , Azerbaijani literature further flourished with the development of Ashik ( Azerbaijani : Aşıq ) poetic genre of bards . During the same period , under the pen @-@ name of Khatāī ( Arabic : خطائی for sinner ) Shah Ismail I wrote about 1400 verses in Azerbaijani , which were later published as his Divan . A unique literary style known as qoshma ( Azerbaijani : qoşma for improvization ) was introduced in this period , and developed by Shah Ismail and later by his son and successor , Shah Tahmasp I. In the span of the 17th and 18th centuries , Fizuli 's unique genres as well Ashik poetry were taken up by prominent poets and writers such as Qovsi of Tabriz , Shah Abbas Sani , Agha Mesih Shirvani , Nishat , Molla Vali Vidadi , Molla Panah Vagif , Amani , Zafar and others . Along with Turks , Turkmens and Uzbeks , Azerbaijanis also celebrate the Epic of Koroglu ( from Azerbaijani : kor oğlu for blind man 's son ) , a legendary folk hero . Several documented versions of Koroglu epic remain at the Institute for Manuscripts of the National Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan . Modern literature in Azerbaijan is based on the Shirvani dialect mainly , while in Iran it is based on the Tabrizi one . The first newspaper in Azerbaijani , Akinchi was published in 1875 . In the mid @-@ 19th century , it was taught in the schools of Baku , Ganja , Shaki , Tbilisi , and Yerevan . Since 1845 , it has also been taught in the University of Saint Petersburg in Russia . = = = Folk art = = = Azerbaijanis have a rich and distinctive culture , a major part of which is decorative and applied art . This form of art is represented by a wide range of handicrafts , such as chasing , jeweler , engraving in metal , carving in wood , stone and bone , carpet @-@ making , lasing , pattern weaving and printing , knitting and embroidery . Each of these types of decorative art , evidence of the and endowments of the Azerbaijan nation , is very much in favor here . Many interesting facts pertaining to the development of arts and crafts in Azerbaijan were reported by numerous merchants , travelers and diplomats who had visited these places at different times . The Azerbaijani carpet is a traditional handmade textile of various sizes , with dense texture and a pile or pile @-@ less surface , whose patterns are characteristic of Azerbaijan 's many carpet @-@ making regions . In November 2010 the Azerbaijani carpet was proclaimed a Masterpiece of Intangible Heritage by UNESCO . Azerbaijan has been since the ancient times known as a center of a large variety of crafts . The archeological dig on the territory of Azerbaijan testifies to the well developed agriculture , stock raising , metal working , pottery , ceramics , and carpet @-@ weaving that date as far back as to the 2nd millennium BC . Archeological sites in Dashbulaq , Hasansu , Zayamchai , and Tovuzchai uncovered from the BTC pipeline have revealed early Iron Age artifacts . Azerbaijani carpets can be categorized under several large groups and a multitude of subgroups . Scientific research of the Azerbaijani carpet is connected with the name of Latif Kerimov , a prominent scientist and artist . It was his classification that related the four large groups of carpets with the four geographical zones of Azerbaijan , Guba @-@ Shirvan , Ganja @-@ Kazakh , Karabakh and Tabriz . = = = Cuisine = = = The traditional cuisine is famous for an abundance of vegetables and greens used seasonally in the dishes . Fresh herbs , including mint , cilantro ( coriander ) , dill , basil , parsley , tarragon , leeks , chives , thyme , marjoram , green onion , and watercress , are very popular and often accompany main dishes on the table . Climatic diversity and fertility of the land are reflected in the national dishes , which are based on fish from the Caspian Sea , local meat ( mainly mutton and beef ) , and an abundance of seasonal vegetables and greens . Saffron @-@ rice plov is the flagship food in Azerbaijan and black tea is the national beverage . Azerbaijanis often use traditional armudu ( pear @-@ shaped ) glass as they have very strong tea culture . Popular traditional dishes include bozbash ( lamb soup that exists in several regional varieties with the addition of different vegetables ) , qutab ( fried turnover with a filling of greens or minced meat ) and dushbara ( sort of dumplings of dough filled with ground meat and flavor ) . = = = Architecture = = = Azerbaijani architecture typically combines elements of East and West . Many ancient architectural treasures such as the Maiden Tower and Palace of the Shirvanshahs in the Walled City of Baku survive in modern Azerbaijan . Entries submitted on the UNESCO World Heritage tentative list include the Ateshgah of Baku , Momine Khatun Mausoleum , Hirkan National Park , Binegadi National Park , Lökbatan Mud Volcano , Baku Stage Mountain , Caspian Shore Defensive Constructions , Shusha National Reserve , Ordubad National Reserve and the Palace of Shaki Khans . Among other architectural treasures are Quadrangular Castle in Mardakan , Parigala in Yukhary Chardaglar , a number of bridges spanning the Aras River , and several mausoleums . In the 19th and early 20th centuries , little monumental architecture was created , but distinctive residences were built in Baku and elsewhere . Among the most recent architectural monuments , the Baku subways are noted for their lavish decor . The task for modern Azerbaijani architecture is diverse application of modern aesthetics , the search for an architect 's own artistic style and inclusion of the existing historico @-@ cultural environment . Major projects such as Heydar Aliyev Cultural Center , Flame Towers , Baku Crystal Hall , Baku White City and SOCAR Tower have transformed the country 's skyline and promotes its contemporary identity . = = = Visual art = = = Azerbaijani art includes one of the oldest art objects in the world , which were discovered as Gamigaya Petroglyphs in the territory of Ordubad Rayon are dated back to the 1st to 4th centuries BC . About 1500 dislodged and carved rock paintings with images of deer , goats , bulls , dogs , snakes , birds , fantastic beings and also people , carriages and various symbols had been found out on basalt rocks . Norwegian ethnographer and adventurer Thor Heyerdahl was convinced that people from the area went to Scandinavia in about 100 AD and took their boat building skills with them , and transmuted them into the Viking boats in Northern Europe . Over the centuries , Azerbaijani art has gone through many stylistic changes . Azerbaijani painting is traditionally characterized by a warmth of colour and light , as exemplified in the works of Azim Azimzade and Bahruz Kangarli , and a preoccupation with religious figures and cultural motifs . Azerbaijani painting enjoyed preeminence in Caucasus for hundreds of years , from the Romanesque and Ottoman periods , and through the Soviet and Baroque periods , the latter two of which saw fruition in Azerbaijan . Other notable artists who fall within these periods include Sattar Bahlulzade , Togrul Narimanbekov , Tahir Salahov , Alakbar Rezaguliyev , Mirza Gadim Iravani , Mikayil Abdullayev and Boyukagha Mirzazade . = = = Cinema = = = The film industry in Azerbaijan dates back to 1898 . In fact , Azerbaijan was among the first countries involved in cinematography . Therefore , it 's not surprising that this apparatus soon showed up in Baku – at the start of the 20th century , this bay town on the Caspian was producing more than 50 percent of the world 's supply of oil . Just like today , the oil industry attracted foreigners eager to invest and to work . In 1919 , during the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic , a documentary The Celebration of the Anniversary of Azerbaijani Independence was filmed on Azerbaijan 's independence day , 28 May , and premiered in June 1919 at several theatres in Baku . After the Soviet power was established in 1920 , Nariman Narimanov , Chairman of the Revolutionary Committee of Azerbaijan , signed a decree nationalizing Azerbaijan 's cinema . This also influenced the creation of Azerbaijani animation . In 1991 , after Azerbaijan gained its independence from the Soviet Union , the first Baku International Film Festival East @-@ West was held in Baku . In December 2000 , the former President of Azerbaijan , Heydar Aliyev , signed a decree proclaiming 2 August to be the professional holiday of filmmakers of Azerbaijan . Today Azerbaijani filmmakers are again dealing with issues similar to those faced by cinematographers prior to the establishment of the Soviet Union in 1920 . Once again , both choice of content and sponsorship of films are largely left up to the initiative of the filmmaker . = = = Media and media freedom = = = There are three state @-@ owned television channels : AzTV , Idman TV and Medeniyyet TV . One public channel and 6 private channels : İctimai Television , ANS TV , Space TV , Lider TV , Azad Azerbaijan TV , Xazar TV and Region TV . Print and broadcast media in Azerbaijan are almost wholly under control of the ruling Aliyev family , eventually through friendly intermediaries . Ownership opacity is backed by law . Azerbaijan hosts 9 national TV stations ( of which a public service broadcaster and 3 more state @-@ run channels ) , over 12 regional TV stations , 25 radio channels , over 30 daily newspapers . Opposition media manages to work on the perpetual brink of survival . = = = Human rights in Azerbaijan = = = The Constitution of Azerbaijan claims to guarantee freedom of speech , but this is denied in practice . After several years of decline in press and media freedom , in 2014 the media environment in Azerbaijan deteriorated fast under a governmental campaign to silence any opposition and criticism , even while the country led the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe ( May – November 2014 ) . Spurious legal charges and impunity in violence against journalists have remained the norm . All foreign broadcasts are banned in the country . According to the 2013 Freedom House Freedom of the Press report , Azerbaijan 's press freedom status is " not free , " and Azerbaijan ranks 177th out of 196 countries . BBC , Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty and Voice of America are banned in Azerbaijan . During the last few years , three journalists were killed and several prosecuted in trials described as unfair by international human rights organizations . Azerbaijan has the biggest number of journalists imprisoned in Europe and Central Asia in 2015 , according to the Committee to Protect Journalists , and is the 5th most censored country in the world , ahead of Iran and China . A report by an Amnesty International researcher in October 2015 points to ' ... the severe deterioration of human rights in Azerbaijan over the past few years . Sadly Azerbaijan has been allowed to get away with unprecedented levels of repression and in the process almost wipe out its civil society ' . Amnesty 's 2015 / 16 annual report on the country stated ' ... persecution of political dissent continued . Human rights organizations remained unable to resume their work . At least 18 prisoners of conscience remained in detention at the end of the year . Reprisals against independent journalists and activists persisted both in the country and abroad , while their family members also faced harassment and arrests . International human rights monitors were barred and expelled from the country . Reports of torture and other ill @-@ treatment persisted.' = = = Sports = = = Sport in Azerbaijan has ancient roots , and even now , both traditional and modern sports are still practiced . Freestyle wrestling has been traditionally regarded as Azerbaijan 's national sport , in which Azerbaijan won up to fourteen medals , including four golds since joining the National Olympic Committee . Currently , the most popular sports include football and chess . Football is the most popular sport in Azerbaijan , and the Association of Football Federations of Azerbaijan with 9 @,@ 122 registered players , is the largest sporting association in the country . The national football team of Azerbaijan demonstrates relatively low performance in the international arena compared to the nation football clubs . The most successful Azerbaijani football clubs are Neftchi Baku , Inter Baku , Qarabağ , and Khazar Lankaran . In 2012 , Neftchi Baku became the first Azerbaijani team to advance to the group stage of a European competition , beating APOEL of Cyprus 4 @-@ 2 on aggregate in the play @-@ off round of the 2012 @-@ 13 UEFA Europa League . In 2014 , Qarabağ became the second Azerbaijani club advancing to the group stage of UEFA Europa League . Futsal is another popular sport in Azerbaijan . The Azerbaijan national futsal team reached fourth place in the 2010 UEFA Futsal Championship , while domestic club Araz Naxçivan clinched bronze medals at the 2009 – 10 UEFA Futsal Cup and 2013 – 14 UEFA Futsal Cup . Azerbaijan is the main sponsor of Spanish football club Atlético de Madrid , a partnership that the club describes should ' promote the image of Azerbaijan in the world ' . Azerbaijan is one of the traditional powerhouses of world chess , having hosted many international chess tournaments and competitions and became European Team Chess Championship winners in 2009 and 2013 . Notable chess players from country 's chess schools that made a great impact on the game in world , includes Teimour Radjabov , Shahriyar Mammadyarov , Vladimir Makogonov , Vugar Gashimov and former World Chess Champion Garry Kasparov . As of 2014 , country 's home of Shamkir Chess a category 22 event and one of the highest rated tournaments of all time . Backgammon also plays a major role in Azerbaijani culture . The game is very popular in Azerbaijan and is widely played among the local public . There are also different variations of backgammon developed and analyzed by Azerbaijani experts . Azerbaijan is one of the leading volleyball countries in the world and its Azerbaijan Women 's Volleyball Super League is one of strongest women leagues in world . Its women 's national team came fourth at the 2005 European Championship . Over the last years , clubs like Rabita Baku and Azerrail Baku achieved great success at European cups . Azerbaijani volleyball players include likes of Valeriya Korotenko , Oksana Parkhomenko , Inessa Korkmaz , Natalya Mammadova and Alla Hasanova . Azerbaijan has a Formula One race @-@ track and country hosted its first Formula One Grand Prix on 19 June 2016 . Other well @-@ known Azerbaijani athletes are Namig Abdullayev , Toghrul Asgarov , Rovshan Bayramov , Sharif Sharifov , Mariya Stadnik and Farid Mansurov in wrestling , Elnur Mammadli , Elkhan Mammadov and Nazim Huseynov in judo , Rafael Aghayev in karate , Magomedrasul Majidov and Aghasi Mammadov in boxing , Nizami Pashayev in Olympic weightlifting , Azad Asgarov in pankration , Eduard Mammadov in kickboxing , and K @-@ 1 fighter Zabit Samedov . Azerbaijan hosted several major sport competitions in last decade , including the 2013 F1 Powerboat World Championship , 2012 FIFA U @-@ 17 Women 's World Cup , 2011 AIBA World Boxing Championships , 2010 European Wrestling Championships , 2009 Rhythmic Gymnastics European Championships , 2014 European Taekwondo Championships . On 8 December 2012 , Baku was selected to host the 2015 European Games , the first to be held in competition 's history . The most important annual sporting events held in the country are Baku Cup and Tour d 'Azerbaïdjan cycling race .
= Plaza Sésamo = Plaza Sésamo ( Spanish : Sesame Square ) , is one of the first international co @-@ productions of the American children 's television program Sesame Street . Its first season premiered in Mexico in 1972 , and was immediately a ratings hit . It also aired throughout Latin America , to a potential audience of 25 million children in 34 countries . Unlike some of the earliest co @-@ productions , which consisted of dubbed versions of Sesame Street with local language voice @-@ overs , Plaza Sésamo was a true co @-@ production . Half of the show was adapted from the American show , and half was original material , created in Mexico by Mexican writers , performers , and producers . The first season consisted of 130 half @-@ hour episodes . The show 's goals , similar to the process begun in the U.S. , were developed by local experts in television , child development , and early education during curriculum seminars in Caracas , Venezuela . Plaza Sésamo 's goals emphasized problem solving and reasoning , and also included perception , symbolic representation , human diversity , and the child 's environment . Other goals included community cooperation , family life , nutrition , health , safety , self @-@ esteem , and expressing emotions . Early reading skills were taught through the whole language method . The show 's budget for the first and second seasons was approximately US $ 1 @.@ 6 million . The show 's set consisted of a typical neighborhood square ( or plaza ) found throughout the region . New Muppets and human characters were created . In all , four seasons of Plaza Sésamo were filmed . The first season resulted in some of the highest ratings in Mexico . The fourth season , filmed in 1995 , was broadcast in the U.S. , making it the first foreign @-@ language co @-@ production shown in the U.S. Studies conducted after the first season of Plaza Sésamo showed that it had a demonstrable impact on the educational achievement levels of its young audience . Highly significant difference were found in tests about general knowledge , letters , and numbers after children were exposed to the show . Significant gains were made in several cognitive and perceptual areas by regular viewers , even in subjects that were not taught by the show . Characters from the show participated in campaigns promoting health and nutrition ; in 2009 , the Sesame Workshop , the organization responsible for the American show , was awarded the " Champion of Health " award by the Pan American Health Organization ( PAHO ) for its efforts . Sesame Workshop recently produced Sesame Amigos for Spanish @-@ speakers from the United States . = = Background = = A few months after the 1969 debut of Sesame Street on PBS in the US , producers from several countries all around the world approached the Children 's Television Workshop ( CTW , later the Sesame Workshop , or " the Workshop " ) , the organization responsible for the show 's production , to create and produce versions of Sesame Street in their countries . Co @-@ creator Joan Ganz Cooney was approached by German public television officials about a year after the US version debuted . Many years later , Cooney recalled , " To be frank , I was really surprised , because we thought we were creating the quintessential American show . We thought the Muppets were quintessentially American , and it turns out they 're the most international characters ever created " . She hired former CBS executive Mike Dann , who left commercial television to become her assistant , as a CTW vice @-@ president . One of Dann 's tasks was to field offers to produce versions of Sesame Street in other countries . By summer 1970 , he had made the first international agreements for what the CTW came to call " co @-@ productions " . As of 2006 , there were 20 active co @-@ productions . In 2001 , CTW vice @-@ president Charlotte Cole estimated that there were over 120 million viewers of all international versions of Sesame Street , and by the show 's 40th anniversary in 2009 , they were seen in more than 140 countries . Doreen Carvajal of The New York Times reported that income from the co @-@ productions accounted for US $ 96 million in 1994 . Cole stated , " Children 's Television Workshop ( CTW ) can be regarded as the single largest informal educator of young children in the world " . Most of the early international versions were what Cole called " fairly simple " , consisting of dubbed versions of the show with local language voice @-@ overs and instructional cutaways . Studies conducted on the effects of several co @-@ productions found that viewers of these shows gain basic skills from watching them . = = Production = = Plaza Sésamo debuted in Mexico on the Televisa network in 1972 . According to Sesame Street producer Gregory J. Gettas , Plazo Sésamo was one of Sesame Street 's first true co @-@ productions , programs that were developed using a variant of a flexible model , called the CTW model , created by the producers and creators of the American show , in the countries they aired . Like the American show in the late 1960s , the producers and researchers in Mexico conducted a curriculum seminar in Caracas , Venezuela . The goals they developed , however , were significantly different than the goals developed in the U.S. For example , the Plaza Sésamo team emphasized problem solving and reasoning . Their educational goals included perception , symbolic representation , human diversity , and the child 's environment . Other goals included community cooperation , family life , nutrition , health , safety , self @-@ esteem , and expressing emotions . The show was designed to address the educational needs of the region 's 25 million children in 34 countries , including its target audience of 7 million children between the ages of 3 and 6 in Mexico alone . Despite their common language , the show 's Latin American viewers had a wide variety of customs and lifestyles . The show 's budget for the first and second seasons was approximately US $ 1 @.@ 6 million . The American @-@ produced and dubbed segments were analyzed for cultural appropriateness . If any segments were considered " too American " , meaning that they contained English writing on the screen , showed the American flag , or overtly referred to American history , they were removed . The board was responsible for choosing content from the CTW 's inventory , and it had to satisfy the curriculum goals chosen by the Latin American researchers . They chose to teach reading through the whole language method , which emphasizes teaching children to recognize entire words or phrases , as opposed to phonetics , the way the American show taught reading . The Mexican producers and writers designed a distinctive set that appeared different than the American set and consisted of a typical neighborhood square ( or plaza ) found throughout the region . The set included a background of mountains , a vacant lot with playground equipment , houses , a combination repair shop and store @-@ cafe , and the plaza 's central fountain and benches . New music , written and performed by Latin American artists , was recorded , and writers and performers from Mexico , Argentina , Chile , and Venezuela , were hired . New Muppet characters were created and performed by puppeteers trained in Mexico City . Abelardo , a giant parrot , was modeled after the American show 's Big Bird , and like Big Bird , was a full @-@ body puppet that was controlled by the puppeteer from inside the costume . Paco , a grouchy green parrot , was based on Oscar the Grouch . Abelardo and Paco were both played by Justo Martinez . The Muppets Beto and Enrique , who were based upon Bert and Ernie of the American show , were called " national favorites " by the UPI less than three years after the show 's premiere . In 1975 , Enrique and Beto were used to promote Mexico 's nationwide free vaccination campaign . 130 half @-@ hour episodes of the show 's first season were shot in Mexico City entirely in Spanish , under the control of a Mexican research and production team . About half the show 's material was adapted from the American show and dubbed into Spanish , while the other half was produced in Mexico and included animation , live @-@ action films , and studio sequences with human actors and Muppets . A Mexican board of advisers , who set curriculum goals for the show , approved all content , both Mexican and American , something that followed the newly established policies of the CTW . Mexican psychologist Rogelio Diaz @-@ Guerrero was the first chair of the show 's advisory board , which was later expanded to include child @-@ development and educators from other Latin American countries , so that Plazo Sésamo could be broadcast throughout Central and South America , including the Dominican Republic and Puerto Rico . The third season , which was filmed in 1983 and consisted of 130 half @-@ hour episodes , had different goals than the previous seasons . One of its goals was instructing its viewers and their families about basic hygiene , " a matter of critical importance in an area of the world where gastrointestinal diseases abound and infant mortality rates are high " . The third season of the show included characters created to " expose young Latin American children to both traditional and nontraditional role models " . The producers created characters that demonstrated family diversity , in order to fulfill their curriculum goal of presenting more egalitarian lifestyles by modeling overcoming stereotypes , demonstrating different career options for both men and women , and exhibiting the sharing of household responsibilities . They cast performers in two different families . The first family was more traditional and consisted of a middle @-@ aged couple named Tono , a mechanic ( played by Maurico Herrara ) , and Alicia , a public health nurse ( Alicia de Bari ) , who had two children . The adults in the second family were young working professionals ; the wife was a veterinarian and the husband was a music teacher who worked from home . Other human characters included : Jose , a shopkeeper and his young assistant , a student named Mercedes ( Xochiti Vigil ) : a truck driver played by Tony Diaz ; and a pilot ( Fernando Balzaretti ) , who travelled throughout Latin American and came home to tell his adventures to his friends on the plaza . As of 1990 , the third season was still airing in reruns . In 1995 , a fourth season of Plaza Sésamo was produced . It featured a larger cast of children , more original music , and a new set designed by renowned Mexican architect Ricardo Legorreta . The season focused on a more innovative curriculum , developed by a board of Latin American educators and UNICEF , and included topics such as health , hygiene , safety issues , cooperation , counting , and the alphabet . The producers created outreach materials for Hispanic families , for the purpose of promoting media literacy and helping parents improve their roles as their children 's first teachers . The fourth season aired in the U.S. because of the large population of Spanish @-@ speakers in the country ; it was the first time an original co @-@ production was shown in the U.S. As Gary Knell , an executive at the CTW stated , " Our mission is to educate all kids . And the fact is , in the U.S. , especially in cities like Los Angeles , there 's an enormous number of Spanish @-@ speaking households " . The fourth season was test @-@ marketed for American audiences in April on PBS and Univision stations in Miami , Dallas , and Los Angeles . The test @-@ run was successful , so PBS and Univision began airing it nationally in December ; it reached 92 % of the country 's Spanish @-@ speaking households . At first , Plaza Sésamo 's producers were concerned that the show would be attacked , but The Los Angeles Times reported that " even some staunch opponents of bilingual education concede that Plaza Sésamo has its merits " . The L.A. Times also stated that its broadcast in the U.S. was an acknowledgment that Spanish was a prominent language in the U.S. and that more children were bilingual . The show 's supporters believed that exposure to an educational program like Plaza Sésamo would result in the transfer of Spanish skills to English and increase literacy in both languages . Bilingual education opponents disagreed , but were not against the show 's entertainment value . According to Knell , the CTW found that watching the Spanish version did not draw children away from the English version . In 2012 , Plaza Sésamo celebrated its 40th anniversary with the creation of a new website and a traveling photo exhibit . In December 2013 , the show 's 15th season premiered with 52 episodes . Segments were shot throughout Latin America ; it was the first time the show was filmed in Colombia . Its curriculum focused on math , literacy , diversity , and health . A stakeholders meeting was convened in Bogotá in October 2012 , consisting of interested parties from government and the private sector , and included officials from UNICEF . = = Influence = = When Plaza Sésamo 's first season premiered , it was the highest rated TV program ever broadcast in Mexico . The UPI reported that all three seasons of the show had some of the highest ratings in Mexico ; its second season , which premiered in 1975 , " had piled on ratings that only Mexico 's popular soap operas could rival " . Gettas claimed that Plaza Sésamo was " the model for all subsequent Sesame Street co @-@ productions throughout the world " . He also stated that the first season " had a demonstrable impact on the educational achievement levels of its young audience " . In 1974 , a study was conducted by American and Mexican researchers that studied the effect of Plaza Sésamo on its viewers . Highly significant differences were found in tests about general knowledge , letters , and numbers after children were exposed to the show . Significant gains were made in several cognitive and perceptual areas by regular viewers , even in subjects that were not taught by the show . In 1995 , Parque Plaza Sésamo , a 12 @-@ acre theme park based on the show , was opened in Monterrey , Mexico , within the gates of the theme park Parque Fundidora . It is the first theme park of its kind in Mexico . According to a press release announcing its opening , Parque Plaza Sésamo includes water rides , live entertainment , interactive , and educational elements . It is privately owned , with Mexican investments , and features the show 's characters , along with the American Sesame Street , via a licensing agreement with Sesame Workshop . The park 's focus audience is around northern Mexico and South Texas . In 2003 , the Pan American Health Organization ( PAHO ) and the Sesame Workshop collaborated in a program promoting vaccinations . Their promotion reached over 147 million children and adults . In 2007 , the Workshop participated in an extensive health promotion in Mexico ; they put many of the characters of Plaza Sésamo on milk containers , which were given to schools , with positive messages about nutrition and exercise . Studies showed that the promotion was effective . Children choose healthy food associated with the show 's characters , and 68 percent of families exposed to the promotion reported positive changes in their children 's nutrition and hygiene habits . In 2009 , the Workshop was awarded the " Champion of Health " award by PAHO for its efforts . In response to a flu pandemic in Mexico , various national celebrities appeared in public service announcements with the Plaza Muppets , discussing flu prevention . = = International broadcasting = =
= East Huaxia Road Station = East Huaxia Road Station ( Chinese : 华夏东路站 ) is a station on Line 2 of the Shanghai Metro . Located along the Huaxia Elevated Road , it is between the Middle Chuangxin Road and Chuansha stations on line 2 . It came into operation on April 8 , 2010 as part of an extension from the Guanglan Road station to the Pudong Airport station . = = Location and station layout = = The station is located beneath Third Huaxia Road , between Qingyi Road and the Huaxia Elevated Road . Along Line 2 , it is located between the Middle Chuangxin Road and Chuansha stations . It takes about 20 minutes to ride the train to the Pudong International Airport station , the eastern terminus of the line , and about 70 minutes to the East Xujing station , the west end . The station has three exits , numbered 1 , 4 , and 5 . Exit 1 is branched northeast of the station , south of the Huaxia Elevated Road and east of Third Huaxia Road . Along the northwest side of the station is Exit 4 which is located west of Third Huaxia Road . Exit 5 is located south of Qingyi Road east of the station . = = History = = By early March 2010 , line 2 had been completed through the Guanglan Road station . On April 8 , the line was extended past the station through the Tangzhen , and Middle Chuangxin Road stations , through East Huaxia Road , as well as the Chuansha , Lingkong Road , Yuandong Avenue , and Haitiansan Road stations to the Pudong Airport station , which serves the Shanghai Pudong International Airport . This extension uses four @-@ carriage trains as opposed to the eight @-@ carriage trains used west of Guanglan Road , which serves as the transfer point .
= Shamrock Hotel = The Shamrock was a hotel constructed between 1946 and 1949 by wildcatter Glenn McCarthy southwest of downtown Houston , Texas next to the Texas Medical Center . It was the largest hotel built in the United States during the 1940s . The grand opening of the Shamrock is still cited as one of the biggest social events ever held in Houston . Sold to Hilton Hotels in 1955 and operated for over three decades as the Shamrock Hilton , the facility endured financial struggles throughout its history . In 1985 , Hilton Hotels donated the building to the Texas Medical Center and the structure was demolished on June 1 , 1987 . = = Design and construction = = Designed by Fort Worth architect Wyatt C. Hedrick , the eighteen @-@ story building with a green tile pitched roof and 1 @,@ 100 rooms was conceived by McCarthy as a city @-@ sized hotel scaled for conventions with a resort atmosphere . The hotel was located in a suburban area three miles ( 5 km ) southwest of downtown Houston at the acute southwest corner of Main Street and Bellaire Boulevard ( West Holcombe Boulevard after 1963 ) . At the time , this was on the fringes of countryside and was meant to be the first phase of a much larger indoor shopping and entertainment complex called McCarthy Center , anchored alongside the planned Texas Medical Center . At the hotel 's north side was a five @-@ story building containing a 1 @,@ 000 @-@ car garage and 25 @,@ 000 @-@ square @-@ foot ( 2 @,@ 300 m2 ) exhibition hall . To the south was the hotel 's lavishly landscaped garden designed by Ralph Ellis Gunn , a terrace and an immense swimming pool measuring 165 by 142 feet ( 43 m ) described as the world 's biggest outdoor pool , which accommodated exhibition waterskiing and featured a 3 story @-@ high diving platform with an open spiral staircase . Construction was completed for about $ 21 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 ( equivalent to over $ 200 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 in 2007 ) . Politician and entrepreneur Jesse H. Jones privately warned McCarthy that business travelers would be reluctant to stay at a hotel three miles south from downtown Houston . Hotel industry executives flatly warned McCarthy the project would not be profitable . He publicly replied , " I went into the oil business in 1933 when everybody said I was a damn fool . Now they 're saying it again about my hotel . " The 5 @,@ 000 @-@ square @-@ foot ( 460 m2 ) lobby was paneled in burled mahogany with added trim heavily influenced by Art Deco , a design movement which had been popular during the 1920s and 30s . McCarthy ordered furnishings and decor in 63 shades of green , a nod to his ancestral Ireland . Hedrick 's architectural firm had reportedly been the third @-@ largest in the US , however his conservative design for the building 's exterior along with its lavish interiors by Robert D. Harrell of Los Angeles drew wide criticism , notably from Frank Lloyd Wright who while being shown the completed facility before it opened , pointed at the lobby ceiling and said to Fay Jones , " That , young man , is an example of the effects of venereal disease on architecture . " Wright also called the Shamrock " an imitation Rockefeller Center " ( which had been completed ten years earlier ) . McCarthy claimed the decor represented " the best of all periods . " Time magazine described it as " eclectic . " The building 's structural design has since been characterized as " more robust and sturdy than sleek and futuristic . " = = Historic grand opening = = The hotel opened with fireworks displays on St. Patrick ’ s Day 1949 . Two thousand Houstonians paid $ 42 a person to have dinner at what was widely publicized as “ Houston ’ s biggest party " which cost an estimated one million dollars . The party was attended by over 150 Hollywood celebrities including Ginger Rogers , Hedda Hopper , Robert Preston and Errol Flynn along with noted Los Angeles business executives and reporters , some of whom were flown in to Houston International Airport on a customized Boeing 307 Stratoliner airplane which McCarthy had bought only days earlier from Howard Hughes . Many more were brought in by train on a chartered Santa Fe Super Chief . With a crowd estimated at 50 @,@ 000 gathering outside the hotel , newspaper boys dressed in black tie handed out commemorative editions of the Houston Post as guests arrived that evening . The party became very overcrowded , with three thousand people milling in the hotel 's public areas , a thousand more than had been foreseen . Houston mayor Oscar F. Holcombe and his wife sat in a hallway for two hours after his chair was stolen . " It was the worst mob scene I have ever witnessed , " Holcombe said later . The festivities became so raucous that a radio broadcast from the hotel by actress , singer and World War II pinup girl Dorothy Lamour was cut off by the network ; assuming he was off @-@ air , NBC audio engineer Raoul Murphy uttered an expletive heard live nationwide and dead air greeted the audience for a very long twenty seconds . Due to the numerous broadcast difficulties , Lamour reportedly fled the stage in tears . The Houston Chronicle 's society editor wrote that the event was " bedlam in diamonds " . Life called it " ... the most dazzling exhibition of evening dresses and big names ever seen in Texas . Everyone had to concede it was quite a party and quite a hotel . " The grand opening of the Shamrock is still cited as one of the biggest social events in Houston ’ s history . = = Operation = = The Shamrock initially had a staff of 1 @,@ 200 managed by George Lindholm , who had been recruited from the socially prominent Waldorf @-@ Astoria hotel in New York . There were 23 different employee uniforms . Guests signed the register in " grass @-@ hued " green ink and their luggage was carried by bellhops wearing emerald green , lemon trimmed uniforms past a portrait of McCarthy in the elevator lobby to air @-@ conditioned , green @-@ hued rooms each with generously framed abstract art on the walls , push @-@ button radios ( including recorded music from an elaborate in @-@ house system through which an operator played extended @-@ length phonographic records ) and television , all somewhat rare amenities for a hotel at the time . Over a third of the rooms had kitchenettes . Celebrity singers ( including Lamour ) performed in the hotel 's nightclub , called the Emerald room . From 1949 to 1953 the Shamrock hosted a network radio program called Saturday at the Shamrock carried by the American Broadcasting Company , then the only nationally broadcast scripted radio program produced outside New York or Los Angeles . However the Shamrock soon began experiencing persistent problems with occupancy rates and was seldom if ever full . McCarthy had spent lavishly , then borrowed heavily against his assets ( including the hotel ) to leverage a series of risky investments and his cash reserves quickly dwindled . Within a year Lindholm quietly resigned . In 1952 McCarthy defaulted on a loan and the hotel was acquired by Equitable Life Assurance Society . That same year author Edna Ferber described the Shamrock as the " Conquistador " in her novel Giant ( and it was later briefly featured in the 1956 film adaptation directed by George Stevens ) . Despite financial troubles the resort @-@ like Shamrock with its restaurants , bars and swank shops had become a popular gathering place for local society and was characterized as " Houston 's Riviera " during the early 1950s . The Shamrock 's private and sleek Cork Club was noted as the site of many oil deals ( and reportedly , fist fights ) , along with performances by singer Frank Sinatra . In 1953 singer Patty Andrews of the Andrews Sisters launched her brief solo career in the hotel 's still somewhat fashionable Emerald room nightclub . = = = Shamrock Hilton = = = In 1954 the Hilton Hotels Corporation assumed management of the hotel and bought the property at a discount from its construction costs in 1955 but also struggled to find a profitable model for the huge facility , later shown to be isolated from both downtown Houston and its growing system of freeways . Moreover the Shamrock was overwhelmed by competition from many much smaller , cheaper and automobile @-@ friendly motels . A low two @-@ story " lanai " wing in the form of a motel was added next to the swimming pool in 1957 . Meanwhile affluent suburban home buyers bypassed the area and the planned shopping and entertainment center was never built ( although McCarthy 's concept influenced the successful Houston Galleria which opened near an intersection of freeways on the city 's west side in 1970 ) . In about 1965 the first Trader Vic 's restaurant in Texas was launched at the Shamrock where it did business until 1980 . The hotel remained popular for Houston social events such as debutante balls , barbecues and business meetings , continuing operations as the Shamrock Hilton until 1986 , by which time even its local reputation had long since faded . = = Demolition = = During a severe local recession in 1985 the 36 @-@ year @-@ old hotel , still the second largest in Houston but by then in need of extensive refurbishing and refitting , was in effect donated to the Texas Medical Center . In March 1986 a protest rally was held by historic preservationists including McCarthy and the hotel opened its last annual St Patrick 's Day party to the public . That evening , some people who had been at the opening night party in 1949 reportedly attended a semi @-@ formal event in the hotel 's Emerald room . A few employees had been with the hotel since its first year of operation . The building was demolished 1 June 1987 ( McCarthy died 18 months later ) and the land was paved over as a surface parking lot . The Institute of Biosciences and Technology , a component of the Texas A & M Health Science Center has since been built on the site and ironically , along with fountains and some landscaping on the northeast grounds , the hotel 's multi @-@ story parking garage was retained . = = Residents = = Maxine Mesinger and her family = = Programs / Menus = =
= Drew Doughty = Drew Doughty ( born December 8 , 1989 ) is a Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman who currently plays for the Los Angeles Kings of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . He was selected second overall by the Kings in the 2008 NHL Entry Draft from the Guelph Storm of the OHL , where he was twice voted the league 's top offensive defenceman . Doughty made his NHL debut in 2008 as an 18 @-@ year @-@ old and was named to the All @-@ Rookie Team . He is a two @-@ time Stanley Cup champion with the Kings from the 2011 – 12 NHL season and the 2013 – 14 NHL season , two @-@ time Olympic gold medallist with the Canadian national team at Vancouver 2010 and Sochi 2014 , 2009 World Championship silver medallist , 2008 World Junior Championship gold medalist , and a Norris Trophy finalist from the 2009 – 10 and 2014 – 15 NHL season winning the trophy in 2016 . = = Early life = = Doughty was born in London , Ontario , the son of Paul and Connie Doughty . He was introduced to hockey when he was given a mini stick for his first birthday , was skating by the age of two and was playing before he was four . Doughty also played soccer as a youth as a goaltender – his father had a history with the game and his sister Chelsea is named after the English team of the same name . He was considered for a provincial under @-@ 14 team , but gave up the sport at 16 to focus on hockey . Nonetheless , Doughty felt that his time playing goal in soccer helped him develop an awareness of the players and the game in hockey . = = Playing career = = = = = Major Junior = = = Doughty was selected by the Guelph Storm fifth overall in the 2005 Ontario Hockey League ( OHL ) Priority Selection draft . He scored five goals and 33 points for the Storm in 2005 – 06 and was named to the OHL All @-@ Rookie Team on defence . Doughty played in the 2007 OHL All @-@ Star Game and was voted the top offensive defenceman in the league by the coaches following a 74 @-@ point season in 2006 – 07 . He again won both honours in 2007 – 08 with a 50 @-@ point season , and was awarded the Max Kaminsky Trophy as the OHL 's outstanding defenceman . National Hockey League ( NHL ) Central Scouting ranked Doughty as the third best North American prospect for the 2008 NHL Entry Draft . He was selected second overall by the Los Angeles Kings , a choice that excited Doughty as he grew up a Kings fan and wanted to play in Los Angeles . = = = Professional = = = Doughty made the Kings opening day roster to start the 2008 – 09 NHL season , one of eight 18 @-@ year @-@ olds to do so across the league . Earning a spot on the Kings roster overwhelmed Doughty , who did not expect to play in the NHL so quickly . He made his NHL debut on October 11 , 2008 against the San Jose Sharks , and scored his first goal on October 20 against the Colorado Avalanche . The Kings had the option of returning him to junior without using up one year of his rookie contract if they did so before he played his tenth NHL game . However , they chose to keep him on the roster for the season . His defensive partner , Sean O 'Donnell agreed with the decision , praising Doughty 's maturity . He played 81 games in his rookie season , finishing with six goals and 21 assists , earning a spot on the NHL All @-@ Rookie Team , while also playing in the Youngstars Game as part of the 2009 All @-@ Star fesitivities . Doughty improved to 59 points in his sophomore season of 2009 – 10 and finished third in the league in scoring amongst defencemen . He was named to the second all @-@ star team and was named a finalist for the Norris Trophy as the league 's top defenceman . His coach , Terry Murray , praised Doughty for his improvement during the season . Doughty helped lead the Kings into the playoffs for the first time since 2002 , though they lost their first round series to the Vancouver Canucks . He played all six games of the series despite suffering a wrist injury in the first game that forced him to decline an invitation to play for Canada at the 2010 Men 's World Ice Hockey Championships . The Kings ' media voted Doughty the team 's outstanding defenceman for the third consecutive season in 2010 – 11 . His offensive output fell from 59 points the previous season to 40 , but he scored his 100th career point on December 21 , 2010 against the Colorado Avalanche . A restricted free agent following the season , Doughty and the Kings struggled to agree on a new contract . The Kings offered $ 6 @.@ 8 million per season over seven years , but Doughty rejected the offer . Though the Kings publicly stated they were not willing to sign him for a higher annual salary than team leader Anže Kopitar 's $ 6 @.@ 8 million , the two sides ultimately agreed on an eight @-@ year , $ 56 million contract that made Doughty the highest paid player on the team at an average of $ 7 million per season . Doughty missed the majority of Los Angeles ' training camp as a holdout , including five pre @-@ season games , before signing the contract on September 29 , 2011 . In addition to missing training camp , Doughty suffered a concussion early in the season that forced him onto injured reserve . He struggled upon his return from the injury and faced criticism that he had allowed his physical conditioning to lapse . Doughty himself admitted that he was not enjoying the game early in the season . He said that his season turned a corner when the team replaced Murray with Darryl Sutter , a coach who preached the need for preparation . Doughty was elevated into a role where he was expected to shut down the opposition 's top forwards , forcing him to focus more on his defensive play than his offensive . Consequently , Doughty 's 36 points on the season was his lowest total in three years . He was the top @-@ scoring defenceman in the 2012 Stanley Cup playoffs , however , recording 16 points in 20 games to help the Kings win the first Stanley Cup championship in franchise history . Doughty was praised as the top player for either team in the final series , a six @-@ game victory over the New Jersey Devils . = = International play = = In 2006 , Doughty played with Team Ontario at the World U @-@ 17 Hockey Challenge , finishing fifth , then won a gold medal with the national under @-@ 18 team at the Ivan Hlinka Memorial Tournament . He participated the 2007 IIHF World U18 Championships , scoring five points in six games for the fourth place Canadians , and while he was considered for the Canadian junior team for the 2007 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships , he did not make the cut . Doughty was named to participate in the 2007 Super Series , an eight @-@ game tournament against the Russian juniors meant to commemorate the 35th anniversary of the 1972 Summit Series . He played in all eight games , recording two assists , as Canada finished the series unbeaten with seven wins and a tie . He then earned a spot on the roster for the 2008 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships . Doughty was named a tournament all @-@ star , and given the Directorate Award for Best Defenceman after helping lead the Canadians to their fourth consecutive gold medal at the tournament . Following his rookie season in the NHL , Doughty made his debut with the senior team , playing in the 2009 Men 's World Ice Hockey Championships . He scored one goal and added six assists in nine games , however the Canadians settled for silver after losing the championship game to Russia , 2 – 1 . His strong play in the World Championships earned Doughty an invitation to Canada 's summer orientation camp for the 2010 Winter Olympics . Doughty earned one of the final spots on the Canadian defence , beating out established players such as Dion Phaneuf , Jay Bouwmeester and Mike Green . Doughty became the youngest player to represent Canada in a major best @-@ on @-@ best tournament since Eric Lindros participated in the 1991 Canada Cup at the age of 18 . He emerged as one of the top defenders on the team , and won the gold medal as Canada defeated the United States in the final game . He was on the ice when Sidney Crosby scored the tournament @-@ winning goal in overtime . Doughty was a star at the 2014 Winter Olympics , where Canada defended its gold medal title . He led the team with four goals and featured prominently on a defensive core which allowed only three goals in six games en route to being undefeated , one of the best team performances in Olympic history . = = Career statistics = = = = = Regular season and playoffs = = = = = = International = = = = = Awards and honours = =
= Haunting the Chapel = Haunting the Chapel is an EP released by American thrash metal band Slayer in 1984 through Metal Blade and Enigma Records . Slayer 's debut album Show No Mercy became Metal Blade 's highest selling , leading to producer Brian Slagel wanting to release an EP . Recorded in Hollywood the recording process proved difficult when recording drums in a studio without carpet , although it resulted in drummer Dave Lombardo meeting Gene Hoglan who was to become an influence in his drumming style and speed . However , Hoglan said he gave him a bunch of tips and never really gave him lessons ; he was influenced by Slayer too . Although originally featuring three songs , the record evidences a marked evolution from the style of their previous album , Show No Mercy , and is considered the first demonstration of the band 's " classic " style displayed on later albums and is often described as a " stepping stone " . The songs " Captor of Sin " and " Chemical Warfare " are regularly featured on the band 's live set list . " Chemical Warfare " appears in Guitar Hero : Warriors of Rock . = = Recording = = Slayer 's previous album Show No Mercy had sold over 40 @,@ 000 copies worldwide and the band were performing the songs " Chemical Warfare " and " Captor of Sin " live , which made producer Brian Slagel want to release an EP . The album was recorded in Hollywood with sound engineer Bill Metoyer , in a studio with no carpet which was a problem while recording the drums . Slagel was acting as executive producer . Metoyer is Christian and the lyrics from Show No Mercy did not bother him . However , the first words Araya sang when recording Haunting the Chapel were " The holy cross , symbol of lies , intimidates the lives of Christian born " , and other anti @-@ religious lyrics ; Metoyer thought he would go to Hell for his part in recording the lyrics . These lyrical themes were inspired by the band Venom , who influenced King and was also into the Satanic image . Slayer drummer Dave Lombardo set his drum kit on the concrete and the kit went " all over the place " while playing . Lombardo asked Gene Hoglan to hold his kit together , while recording " Chemical Warfare " , with Hoglan thinking , " I hope he does this in one or two takes , because this is rough . " Hoglan was coaching Lombardo how to use double @-@ bass drums to improve his drumming ability and speed ; Lombardo asserts Hoglan was " an amazing double @-@ bass player even back then " , although Hoglan played double bass since a short time then . Eddy Schreyer provided audio mastering and digital remastering , with the cover art design created by Vince Gutierrez . Haunting the Chapel was darker and more thrash @-@ oriented than Show No Mercy , and laid the groundwork for the future direction in the band 's sound . = = Touring = = Hoglan worked as a roadie for the band after their lighting guy did not show up one night , and performed Lombardo 's soundchecks . Slayer and Hoglan would play Dark Angel songs during soundchecks , which is how Hoglan eventually joined Dark Angel . Hoglan approached Dark Angel guitarist Jim Durkin : " He came up to me one day and started giving me his criticisms of the band . He said we needed to be more evil . And then he goes , ' By the way , I 'm a better drummer than the guy you have in Dark Angel right now . ' " Hoglan was fired as he thought a roadie only did lighting , while vocalist Tom Araya 's brother Johnny Araya would do all roadie duties , such as moving equipment , working with sound and lights , and setting up the stage . The band performed a show in Seattle in front of a crowd of 1500 , the largest show they performed at the time , supporting Metal Church , and in Texas played with a band also called Slayer in San Antonio . However , it was the San Antonio Slayer 's goodbye show . = = Reception = = Although the EP did not enter any charts , Eduardo Rivadavia of AllMusic awarded the EP three out of five stars . Rivadavia said Haunting the Chapel was a " stepping stone " that " offers important clues about this transition period , which saw Slayer 's rock @-@ based song structures give way to the non @-@ linear , genre @-@ defining style thereafter regarded as thrash metal 's signature sound . " The tracks " Chemical Warfare " and " Captor of Sin " are played at Slayer 's live shows regularly . Vocalist Karl Willetts of the death metal band Bolt Thrower asserts the record was an inspiration for the band : " When Slayer 's Haunting the Chapel came out I had never heard anything like that before with that style of guitar playing . We were punks and heavy metal was alien to our upbringing . And other bands we heard like Venom , Slaughter and Metallica . So we took the elements of musicianship from metal and the aggression of punk and poured it all together . " Chuck Schuldiner of the band Death said the record was " life changing at the time " asserting , " That was some of the early stuff that gave me that push . " The black metal band Perverseraph covered " Chemical Warfare " on a tribute CD to Slayer titled Gateway to Hell , Vol . 2 : A Tribute to Slayer . Thrash metal band Equinox also made an appearance on the album covering " Haunting the Chapel " . Melodic death metal band At the Gates released " Captor of Sin " on a 2002 re @-@ issue of their 1995 album Slaughter of the Soul . = = Track listing = = = = = Bonus track ( re @-@ issue ) = = = The re @-@ issue features a bonus track previously found on the Metal Massacre Vol . 3 compilation and some vinyl and cassette copies of Show No Mercy = = Personnel = = Tom Araya – bass guitar , lead vocals Jeff Hanneman – guitar Kerry King – guitar Dave Lombardo – drums
= 2008 Humanitarian Bowl = The 2008 Humanitarian Bowl was a postseason college football bowl game between the Maryland Terrapins and the Nevada Wolf Pack on December 30 , 2008 . It was the two teams ' first meeting . The game featured two conference tie @-@ ins : the University of Maryland represented the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) and the University of Nevada represented the Western Athletic Conference ( WAC ) . The game was played at Bronco Stadium in Boise , Idaho and was the 12th edition of the Humanitarian Bowl . It was sponsored by the New Plymouth , Idaho @-@ based company Roady 's Truck Stops , which claims to be the largest chain of truck stops in the United States . The featured match @-@ up was between what was called a " wildly inconsistent " Maryland team and the third @-@ best rushing defense and fifth @-@ best total offense of Nevada . The result was an offensive shoot @-@ out . The final score of 42 – 35 in favor of Maryland exceeded total @-@ points predictions by as much as 17 and tied the all @-@ time Humanitarian Bowl record . Before the kickoff , seven Maryland players , including six starters , received partial @-@ game suspensions for violating the team 's curfew . Maryland took a quick lead within the first two minutes of play , but repeated errors allowed Nevada to remain competitive and the lead changed hands five times . In the second quarter , Nevada 's dual @-@ threat quarterback , Colin Kaepernick , was hobbled by an ankle injury that altered the complexion of the game . Nevertheless , Kaepernick remained in the game for almost its entirety and was able to scramble for a touchdown . Halfway through the third quarter , Maryland 's leading running back , Da 'Rel Scott , made his first appearance of the game . He had been one of the suspended players , but scored twice in the final quarter to help secure a victory for the Terrapins . = = Team selection = = The ACC had a contractual tie @-@ in with the Humanitarian Bowl that afforded the bowl organizing committee the eighth pick of the conference 's bowl @-@ eligible teams . An ACC team participated in the game every year from 2003 to 2008 . Before the selections , the ACC announced that 2008 would be the final year of its tie @-@ in with the game due to travel and cost considerations . The other conference tie @-@ in was with the WAC , which has generally fielded its champion in the game . The WAC has provided a team for the Humanitarian Bowl every year since 2001 . Initially , it was speculated that the WAC championship team , Boise State , would make its fifth appearance in the bowl played in its home stadium . = = = Potential " Battle of the Unbeatens " = = = At the end of the regular season , there were three undefeated teams from non @-@ Bowl Championship Series ( BCS ) conferences , and National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) rules required only one to be given a berth in a BCS game . These three non @-@ BCS teams were Ball State , Boise State , and Utah . The Utes were considered heavy favorites for that berth . In a preemptive move , Humanitarian Bowl officials conducted negotiations with Ball State of the Mid @-@ American Conference ( MAC ) in an effort to arrange a " Battle of the Unbeatens " with Boise State . If Ball State accepted , presumably with the consent of the ACC , it would have forced a team from the ACC to find an at @-@ large bid . However , Ball State officials were unhappy with the home @-@ field advantage that would have been given to Boise State and the expenses associated with traveling to Idaho . Ball State , which lost the MAC Championship Game and ended its perfect record , declined the overtures and instead met Tulsa in the 2009 GMAC Bowl . = = = ACC team selection = = = In 2008 , the ACC experienced a season of unusual parity and fielded an NCAA @-@ record number of ten bowl @-@ eligible teams . Six of those possessed identical 4 – 4 conference records , and the remaining four had 5 – 3 conference records . Among the eligible teams , N.C. State ( 6 – 6 ) possessed the only non @-@ winning overall record and was therefore forced by NCAA rules to find an at @-@ large berth outside of the ACC tie @-@ in games . For the 2008 season , the ACC possessed nine tie @-@ in games . The Orange Bowl was the conference 's BCS game and granted an automatic bid to the winner of the ACC Championship Game . The Chick @-@ fil @-@ A Bowl in Atlanta , Georgia had the first @-@ pick of eligible ACC teams after the BCS game , followed by the Gator Bowl in Jacksonville , Florida and the Champs Sports Bowl in Orlando , Florida . The Music City Bowl in Nashville , Tennessee ; the Meineke Car Care Bowl in Charlotte , North Carolina ; and the Emerald Bowl in San Francisco , California submitted their preferences together , and selected in that order if an agreement between them could not be reached . A special clause also guaranteed that , with a minimum of eight wins , the loser of the championship game would be selected no lower than by the Music City Bowl . The Humanitarian Bowl had the eighth @-@ overall choice followed by the inaugural EagleBank Bowl in Washington , D.C. That season , an economic recession factored into the selections . In general , bowl officials attempted to select teams in close geographic proximity to compensate for an anticipated drop in ticket sales . Maryland , however , stated that they would not accept a berth to face in @-@ state rival Navy in the nearby EagleBank Bowl due to a conflict with the school 's final exams . The Emerald Bowl was not seen as a viable choice due to Maryland 's participation in it the year prior . Maryland head coach Ralph Friedgen made his case to bowl officials by saying that the Terrapins had beaten four of the other five 4 – 4 teams and not played a game against the fifth , Miami . Three of those teams were selected ahead of Maryland : the Meineke Car Care Bowl selected the nearby North Carolina team ; the Gator Bowl chose Clemson , a school with a traditionally well @-@ traveling fanbase ; and the Emerald Bowl selected Miami . After the higher @-@ priority bowl games made their selections , the Humanitarian Bowl had the choice of either Maryland or Wake Forest , the school with the smallest enrollment in any BCS football conference . Humanitarian Bowl officials chose Maryland in light of its larger alumni base , well @-@ traveled fans , and greater television marketing potential . In week 12 of the 2008 season , Maryland possessed a 7 – 3 record and stood atop the ACC Atlantic Division . However , the Terps lost their final two regular season games and slid to a four @-@ way tie for third place in the division . Earlier in the season , Maryland defeated four ranked opponents , a feat surpassed only by the two teams that played in the BCS National Championship Game , Florida and Oklahoma — and those each played an extra game with their conference championships . Maryland spent three weeks ranked in the top @-@ 25 of the Associated Press Poll . = = = WAC team selection = = = At the end of the 2008 season , the WAC had six bowl @-@ eligible teams , five of which participated in bowl games . The WAC had three conference tie @-@ ins : the New Mexico Bowl in Albuquerque , New Mexico ; the Hawaii Bowl in Honolulu , Hawaii ; and the Humanitarian Bowl . Additionally , the WAC had provisions for conditional participation in the Poinsettia Bowl in San Diego , California ; the Independence Bowl in Shreveport , Louisiana ; and the GMAC Bowl in Mobile , Alabama . In the past , the Humanitarian Bowl usually selected the WAC championship team . However , Boise State was not content to play a middle @-@ grade ACC team after negotiations with Ball State failed . The WAC commissioner said that the Broncos would look for another match @-@ up that had " the same type of sizzle " as a match @-@ up against Ball State . The Idaho Statesman added that " The Terrapins don 't ' sizzle . ' " Boise State traveled to the Poinsettia Bowl , where they faced 11th @-@ ranked TCU , which had lost only to the BCS @-@ bound Oklahoma and Utah teams . In Nevada 's final regular season game , Kaepernick led the Wolf Pack in a second @-@ half comeback to defeat Louisiana Tech . The seventh win guaranteed Nevada a berth in one of the three WAC tie @-@ in bowls . The Wolf Pack finished the season in a three @-@ way tie for second place in the WAC alongside Hawaii and Louisiana Tech . Hawaii had a standing contract with the home @-@ town Hawaii Bowl where it played Notre Dame . Louisiana Tech , having lost to both Nevada and Hawaii , appeared unlikely to be selected for a bowl at all . However , the Bulldogs were able to take advantage of a provisional WAC berth in the Independence Bowl since neither the Big 12 nor the Southeastern Conference could provide eligible teams . Two other WAC teams achieved bowl eligibility with 6 – 6 records . Fresno State secured a slot in the New Mexico Bowl , but San Jose State was unable to find an at @-@ large berth . With Boise State 's decision to decline the Humanitarian Bowl invitation , the organizing committee looked to Nevada . Like Maryland , Nevada ended the regular season with a 7 – 5 record . The Wolf Pack 's schedule included losses against then sixth @-@ ranked Missouri , ninth @-@ ranked Boise State , and 12th @-@ ranked Texas Tech . Nevada finished the regular season ranked second nationally in rushing offense and fifth in total offense . The Wolf Pack possessed two 1 @,@ 000 @-@ yard rushers : dual @-@ threat quarterback Colin Kaepernick and running back Vai Taua . Kaepernick also threw for more than 2 @,@ 000 yards . On December 7 , 2008 , the Humanitarian Bowl officially extended invitations to Maryland and Nevada , both of which were accepted . = = Pre @-@ game buildup = = = = = Location = = = The site of the game was Bronco Stadium in Boise , Idaho , the home field of Boise State University . The field 's blue artificial turf has the distinction of being the only non @-@ green playing field in use by a Division I Football Bowl Subdivision team . Due to the color of its field , the stadium is nicknamed " The Blue " and the field itself is sometimes colloquially referred to as " smurf turf " . Pundits and opponents have asserted that Boise State benefits from an added advantage by wearing their blue home uniforms to match the playing field . Boise State possessed a 64 – 2 record at Bronco Stadium from 1998 to 2008 . Nevada , designated as the home team , likewise wore blue uniforms during the Humanitarian Bowl . ACC teams viewed a berth in the Humanitarian Bowl as undesirable due to its location . Aside from being one of the lower priority tie @-@ ins , the destination is far outside the conference 's geographic footprint . Travel costs from the East Coast are prohibitively expensive and historically caused low turnout among ACC fans . In addition , the game is hosted at a cold @-@ weather venue , which is a disadvantage in comparison with ACC bowl games in places such as Florida , California , and Georgia . The game historically relied on local ticket sales , and the participating schools struggled to sell their allotted tickets . On December 8 , a Boise @-@ area television news station reported that Maryland and Nevada had sold just sixteen and eight tickets , respectively . The story was widely circulated by sports @-@ related blogs , but the figures were discredited by a Maryland official . On December 18 , the Reno Gazette @-@ Journal reported that 100 tickets had been sold by Nevada . Maryland officials admitted that ticket sales among its fans were expected to be low , with one stating they were in the " mid @-@ hundreds " a week and a half from the game date . According to a Baltimore Sun reporter , Maryland 's final ticket figure was about 800 . By comparison , Clemson sold about 3 @,@ 500 tickets for the 2001 Humanitarian Bowl , and Georgia Tech sold about 250 tickets for the 2007 Humanitarian Bowl . = = = Team comparison = = = Predictions for the game varied , but generally favored Nevada with Maryland as the underdog . Several publications , including Sports Illustrated , named Nevada as three @-@ point favorites in spread betting . ESPN 's ACC correspondent predicted Nevada to win by 21 points . Las Vegas betting firms assigned Nevada as 0.5- to 3 @.@ 0 @-@ point favorites . The over @-@ under was predicted to be between 60 @.@ 0 and 62 @.@ 0 points . Under head coach Ralph Friedgen , Maryland had earned a reputation for inconsistency , sometimes even being referred to as " schizophrenic " . During the regular season , the Terrapins managed to beat four of the five top @-@ 25 teams they faced : 23rd @-@ ranked California , 20th @-@ ranked Clemson , 21st @-@ ranked Wake Forest , and 16th @-@ ranked North Carolina . All of those teams subsequently participated in bowl games . However , Maryland also lost to teams they were expected to defeat . They lost by ten points to 12 @.@ 5 @-@ point underdogs Middle Tennessee State . Maryland suffered a 31 @-@ point shut @-@ out against Virginia , a team ( then 1 – 3 ) that had lost to Duke , 31 – 3 , the week prior . Nevada suffered three of its five losses against then top @-@ twelve ranked teams . They lost to Big 12 Championship runner @-@ up Missouri and Texas Tech , which , in midseason , was in contention for the national championship and was led by Heisman Trophy prospect Graham Harrell . Nevada managed a close game against Boise State . The Wolf Pack lost by seven points to a team that recorded an average 21 @.@ 4 @-@ point margin of victory in a perfect 12 – 0 regular season . Boise State preserved victory when a Hail Mary pass from Kaepernick was broken up in the final seconds . Nevada , however , was also accused of inconsistent play . The Wolf Pack suffered a home loss to " perennial WAC bottom @-@ feeder " New Mexico State , 48 – 45 . = = = = Maryland offense vs. Nevada defense = = = = Maryland 's offense was run by first @-@ year offensive coordinator and former wide receivers coach James Franklin , who utilized a West Coast system . During the 2008 regular season , starting quarterback Chris Turner threw for 2 @,@ 318 yards , 11 touchdowns , and 10 interceptions . NFL Draft prospect Darrius Heyward @-@ Bey accumulated 561 receiving yards in ten games . Heyward @-@ Bey also recorded 208 rushing yards and was often utilized in reverses and other trick plays due to his breakaway speed . Maryland had another offensive weapon in running back Da 'Rel Scott , who ran for 959 yards during the regular season . Overall , the rushing offense gained 134 @.@ 5 yards per game and was ranked 72nd in the nation . Against Virginia Tech and Boston College , Maryland rushed for − 12 and − 6 yards , respectively . The previous year , in the 2007 Emerald Bowl against Oregon State , Maryland recorded 19 yards on the ground against the then second @-@ ranked rushing defense . About Maryland , Nevada head coach Chris Ault said , " Their offense to me is very balanced . They can run the ball and do a good job . With [ quarterback Chris ] Turner , they split out and they have some nice receivers . Whereas Missouri was going to throw it as much as Texas Tech did , I think Maryland is probably one of the more balanced teams we 've played this year . " The Maryland offense faced first @-@ year defensive coordinator Nigel Burton 's Nevada defense . It ranked third in the nation against the run , allowing 74 @.@ 5 rushing yards per game , but was last ( 120th ) in the nation in passing defense , allowing an average of 321 @.@ 1 passing yards per game . Nevada was ranked eighth in the number of quarterback sacks with 35 . Kevin Basped , ranked tenth in the nation in sacks , and Dontay Moch , ranked fifteenth , accumulated more than nine each . Maryland quarterback Turner was sacked 11 times in the Terrapins ' last two games against Florida State and Boston College . Nevada was also ranked sixth nationally in tackles for loss , with an average of 8 @.@ 0 per game . = = = = Nevada offense vs. Maryland defense = = = = In 2008 , Nevada typically ran an offensive scheme referred to as the " pistol offense " , a system that was pioneered by head coach Chris Ault . In the pistol offense , the quarterback lines up four yards directly behind the center and with a running back directly behind the quarterback . Under the system , the offense attempts to keep the opposing defense off balance by diversifying the types of plays that can be run , with a focus on running up the middle , " quarterback keepers " in which the passer runs the ball , and play action passes where the quarterback fakes a hand @-@ off before throwing to a receiver . It aims to create man @-@ to @-@ man match @-@ ups with the receivers and compensate for an undersized offensive line . With the running back obscured from view by the quarterback , it can also create confusion for the opposing linebackers and allow more effective deception , which is critical to play @-@ action fakes . The system worked well during the regular season . Nevada starting quarterback and 2008 WAC Offensive Player of the Year Colin Kaepernick ran for more than 1 @,@ 100 yards and 16 touchdowns in addition to passing for 2 @,@ 479 yards and 19 touchdowns . Alongside Kaepernick , Nevada 's rushing offense was led by running back Vai Taua , who ran for 1 @,@ 420 yards and 14 touchdowns . With two 1 @,@ 000 @-@ yard rushers for the first time in school history , Nevada ran for an average of 291 @.@ 4 yards per game . Nevada was ranked fifth nationally in terms of total offense , averaging 510 @.@ 6 yards per game . With regards to facing the pistol offense , Maryland head coach Ralph Friedgen said , " If we can keep our assignments and tackle , we 'll be OK . One missed tackle could be a big play ... With the throwing game , there could be a lot of one @-@ on @-@ one situations . To me , it 's pick your poison . What they do best is run it . What we 'd like to do is get them off schedule . If they mix it , then we 're in trouble . " Nevada coach Ault said , " I think the Maryland defense is as physical as Missouri 's was . " Kaepernick said , " You notice how disciplined and how hard they play . They 're never out of alignment . If they 're supposed to be somewhere , they 're going to be there and they 're going to be ready to make a play . When plays come their way , they make them . That 's something we have to be ready for . We have to find a weakness and exploit it . " = = = Personnel changes = = = = = = = Maryland coaching changes = = = = After Maryland 's last regular @-@ season game , defensive coordinator Chris Cosh and tight ends coach and special teams assistant Danny Pearman announced their resignations . Cosh returned to Kansas State , where he had coached before Maryland , to assume defensive play @-@ calling duties under recently re @-@ hired head coach Bill Snyder . Danny Pearman returned to his alma mater , Clemson , to work for Dabo Swinney , who had been promoted from offensive coordinator to interim head coach and , finally , head coach for the Tigers . For the bowl game , Maryland 's defensive line coach , Al Seamonson , was named as the interim defensive coordinator . Third @-@ year intern Brian White filled in for Pearman as the interim tight ends coach and would assist head coach Friedgen in running the special teams . = = = = Maryland player suspensions = = = = Shortly before the game , Maryland head coach Ralph Friedgen placed partial @-@ game suspensions on seven players who violated the team 's pre @-@ bowl curfew . The suspended players were linebackers Moise Fokou , Trey Covington , Antwine Perez , and Derek Drummond , cornerback Jamari McCollough , the quarterback 's preferred third @-@ down wide receiver Danny Oquendo , and leading running back Da 'Rel Scott . All except Drummond were regular starters . Consequently , a much younger line @-@ up started for Maryland , including , according to Friedgen , some who probably would not have seen playing time otherwise . Friedgen stated that the curfew violations occurred over several nights , and that different players violated the rule to separate degrees . He informed Maryland athletic director Deborah Yow of the infractions and initially suggested sending all of the curfew violators back to Maryland by bus . Yow dissented , and they agreed to suspend the players for part of the game . Describing the incident , Friedgen said that " Five percent of [ the ] guys thought they didn 't need to listen to me , that they could get bed checked and sneak out . " He added , " But I checked again at 1 o 'clock . " This is not my first rodeo . " = = Game summary = = The 2008 Humanitarian Bowl kicked off at 2 : 30 p.m. Mountain Time on Tuesday , December 30 , 2008 in front of a crowd of 26 @,@ 781 spectators at Bronco Stadium in Boise , Idaho . The weather conditions were cloudy with a temperature of 38 ° F ( 3 ° C ) and wind at eight mph ( 12 @.@ 9 km / h ) from the southeast . The officiating staff consisted of referee Clair Gausman , umpire Rico Orsot , linesman Cal McNeill , line judge Gary McNanna , back judge Tom Bessant , field judge Shane Standley , side judge Kim Nelson , and scorer Mike Cannon . The game was televised on ESPN and drew a television rating of 2 @.@ 1 for an estimated 3 @,@ 039 @,@ 000 viewers . It was a 218 % increase in television viewers from the previous season 's game . = = = First quarter = = = The game started with Maryland receiving the kickoff , which Kenny Tate returned 17 yards to the Terrapins ' 35 @-@ yard line . Quarterback Chris Turner threw a short pass to Torrey Smith , bringing the ball to the Maryland 41 @-@ yard line , and then threw an incomplete pass . On third down with three yards to go , Turner connected with freshman Adrian Cannon for a 59 @-@ yard touchdown pass . However , placekicker Obi Egekeze missed the extra point . In subsequent possessions , Nevada and Maryland both failed to gain first downs and exchanged punts . Nevada quarterback Colin Kaepernick then led a drive that included a 68 @-@ yard pass to the Maryland three @-@ yard line . The Terrapins ' defense stopped two rushing attempts by Vai Taua , but a short pass to wide receiver Chris Wellington was completed for Nevada 's first touchdown . With the extra point , Nevada took the lead , 7 – 6 . Wolf Pack placekicker Brett Jaekle executed a 69 @-@ yard kickoff to Torrey Smith , and he returned it 99 yards for a second Maryland touchdown . Egekeze made the extra point and Maryland regained the lead , 13 – 7 , with 7 : 53 remaining in the quarter . On the ensuing kickoff , Egekeze attempted to kick the ball as it fell off the tee . This resulted in an unintentional squib that was returned 36 yards to the Terps ' nine @-@ yard line . Nevada 's Kaepernick attempted to rush but was stopped for no gain . On the next play , he threw the ball into the end zone , but it was intercepted by Maryland safety Kenny Tate , resulting in a touchback . The Terps started on their own 20 @-@ yard line , and running back Davin Meggett rushed for 13 yards and a first down . Turner then linked up with freshman receiver Ronnie Tyler for another first down at the Maryland 49 @-@ yard line . After a false start penalty , the Terps were unable to gain a first down and punted the ball away . The ball rolled into the end zone for a touchback , and Nevada started the final drive of the quarter at its 20 @-@ yard line . Kaepernick then passed for two first downs , picked up another due to a pass interference call against Maryland , and scrambled for yet another . He then handed off to Taua , who rushed 17 yards for a touchdown . Nevada re @-@ took the lead , 14 – 13 , with 46 seconds remaining in the quarter . Nevada 's Jaekle made a short kick @-@ off , and Maryland tight end Dan Gronkowski returned the ball eight yards to the Maryland 44 @-@ yard line . On the final play of the quarter , Turner handed the ball off to sophomore running back Morgan Green , who picked up three yards . The quarter ended with Nevada leading , 14 – 13 . = = = Second quarter = = = The second quarter began with Maryland in possession of the ball at its 47 @-@ yard line . On the first play of the quarter , Turner handed off to Green , who broke free of the Nevada defense for a 53 @-@ yard gain and a touchdown . The score and extra point gave Maryland a six @-@ point lead , 20 – 14 , with 14 : 50 remaining in the first half . Nevada and Maryland then exchanged punts three times , and the Wolf Pack punted it away a fourth time . In the span of two series , Kaepernick was sacked three times , once each by linebackers Dave Philistin , Alex Wujciak , and Adrian Moten . As a result , Kaepernick suffered an ankle sprain and played the rest of the game , but he noticeably favored his uninjured side . The Terps took over on their 47 @-@ yard line with 0 : 29 remaining in the half . Turner completed an eight @-@ yard pass to Ronnie Tyler , and a Nevada hit out @-@ of @-@ bounds resulted in a 15 @-@ yard penalty against Nevada and a first down for Maryland . After two incomplete passes , Turner then converted on third down again with a toss to Tyler for 16 yards and then once more for 14 yards and a touchdown to bring the score to 26 – 14 in Maryland 's favor . The Terps elected to attempt a two @-@ point conversion , and Turner completed a pass to a wide @-@ open Meggett in the right side of the end zone . With six seconds remaining in the first half , Maryland had a 28 – 14 lead . Nevada received Maryland 's kickoff , but elected to run out the clock and head into halftime . = = = Third quarter = = = Maryland kicked off to Nevada to start the second half , and the teams again exchanged punts twice . Kaepernick sat out the next series due to his sprained ankle . Backup quarterback Nick Graziano took over but was unable to complete two passes and Nevada punted a third time . In the next series , Turner threw an interception to Nevada safety Jonathan Amaya , who returned it for 33 yards to the Maryland 22 @-@ yard line , then fumbled . The ball was recovered by Nevada , and Kaepernick capitalized on the turnover with a 17 @-@ yard touchdown pass to Taua , narrowing Nevada 's deficit to 28 – 21 . Jaekle kicked off to the Maryland 30 @-@ yard line where it was returned by Green for two yards . A fresh Da 'Rel Scott then made his first appearance in the game . He carried the ball four times in succession to advance to the Nevada 46 @-@ yard line . On third down with nine yards to go , Turner was sacked by defensive lineman Kevin Basped and the ball was knocked loose . It was picked up by Wolf Pack linebacker Brandon Marshall who then also fumbled . Maryland offensive lineman Scott Burley recovered it on the Nevada 45 @-@ yard line . The alternating changes in possession gave Maryland a first down , and Turner then connected with Darrius Heyward @-@ Bey on an 11 @-@ yard pass for another first down . Scott rushed twice to pick up a first down at the Nevada 23 @-@ yard line . After a rush by Meggett , Turner was sacked by defensive end Dontay Moch and again fumbled . This time , Nevada recovered the ball and retained possession . Kaepernick then passed to wide receiver Mike McCoy for 38 yards to the Maryland 27 @-@ yard line . Vai Taua picked up seven yards on a rush attempt , and the quarter came to an end with Maryland leading , 28 – 21 . = = = Fourth quarter = = = The fourth quarter began with Nevada in possession of the ball at the Maryland 20 @-@ yard line . The first play of the quarter was a rush attempt by Taua , but he fumbled and recovered the ball for a loss of one yard . On the second play of the quarter , Kaepernick completed a 21 @-@ yard touchdown pass to wide receiver Marko Mitchell , tying the score at 28 – 28 . Following the Nevada kickoff , Turner handed off to Scott , who picked up two yards . After an incomplete pass , Turner connected with Torrey Smith on a 26 @-@ yard toss for a third @-@ down conversion . Scott then rushed for three yards to the Nevada 49 @-@ yard line , and carried it again down the middle , this time breaking free for a 49 @-@ yard touchdown run . On the following Nevada series , Kaepernick mounted a 38 @-@ yard drive to the Maryland 34 @-@ yard line , but failed to convert on fourth and 12 . On the next series , Da 'Rel Scott was handed the ball four times in succession to pick up first downs with rushes of 11 , 23 , 30 yards and a touchdown on a two @-@ yard run . The score and extra point gave Maryland a two @-@ touchdown lead , 42 – 28 . Nevada 's offense returned to the field with 7 : 44 remaining in the game and used almost three minutes in a 37 @-@ yard drive that culminated in an interception by Maryland safety Jeff Allen on the Maryland 38 @-@ yard line . After no gain on a rush by running back Morgan Green , Maryland attempted an end @-@ around . Turner was stepped on , and the handoff was botched . The intended recipient , Heyward @-@ Bey , dropped the ball but managed to recover it for a loss of six yards . After Nevada called a time out , Green rushed for a five @-@ yard gain . Nevada expended its last remaining time out to stop the clock with 4 : 06 left . Maryland punted it away on fourth down with 11 yards to go . Kaepernick took over on the Nevada 23 @-@ yard line with 4 : 01 and made four completions to drive to the Terps ' 15 @-@ yard line . Exploiting a large opening , Kaepernick held onto the ball and ran it into the end zone to narrow Maryland 's lead to one touchdown , 42 – 35 , with 2 : 19 remaining . Jaekle attempted an onside kick in an effort to give Nevada another chance on offense , but the ball was recovered by Maryland receiver Danny Oquendo . Scott rushed for two and then 19 yards . With the first down , Maryland had enough time to run out the clock and clinch the 42 – 35 victory . = = = Scoring summary = = = = = Statistics = = The 2008 Humanitarian Bowl Most Valuable Player honors were awarded to Maryland running back Da 'Rel Scott , who rushed for 174 yards , and Nevada quarterback Colin Kaepernick , who threw for 370 yards . Each was the statistical leader at his respective position , and Scott scored Maryland 's two final touchdowns to break the 28 – 28 stalemate . Scott also was able to help Maryland clinch the victory in the final minutes by rushing for a first down that allowed the team to run out the clock . = = = Records = = = The 77 points scored in the game tied the Humanitarian Bowl record for total points , which had been set in 1998 by Idaho and Southern Miss . Nevada quarterback Colin Kaepernick set the Humanitarian Bowl passing yardage record with 370 yards through the air , and he scored three touchdowns in the process . Despite the loss , Kaepernick 's team outperformed Maryland in terms of passing yardage , total offense , first downs , and time of possession . Maryland freshman wide receiver Torrey Smith , with his 99 @-@ yard kickoff return , broke the all @-@ time Atlantic Coast Conference single @-@ season kickoff return yards record with 1 @,@ 089 yards . Smith also broke the Humanitarian Bowl kick return record , which was previously 98 yards . With 174 yards , Da 'Rel Scott set the Maryland record for rushing yards in a bowl game , despite playing just one and a half quarters due to his curfew suspension . The previous record was 165 yards , set by Lu Gambino in Maryland 's first bowl game , the 1948 Gator Bowl . Scott also broke the 1 @,@ 000 yards @-@ per @-@ season barrier , making him one of just seven players in school history to do so . Scott said earlier in the year that reaching the 1 @,@ 000 @-@ yard benchmark was a personal goal he set for the 2008 season . Between Scott and Davin Meggett , Maryland also came the closest it ever has to having both a 1,000- and 500 @-@ yard rusher in the same season . Meggett fell just 43 yards shy of the 500 @-@ yard mark . Nevada set a school record for single @-@ season total offensive yards , recording 6 @,@ 611 in 2008 . This surpassed the previous record of 6 @,@ 263 yards , set in 1995 . = = = Maryland statistical recap = = = Four Maryland backups who saw significant playing time due to the suspensions scored touchdowns : second @-@ string slot receiver Ronnie Tyler , second @-@ string X @-@ receiver Torrey Smith , third @-@ string slot receiver Adrian Cannon , and third @-@ string running back Morgan Green . Maryland compiled 456 yards of total offense : 198 in the air and 258 yards on the ground . Quarterback Chris Turner completed passes to five receivers during the game : Ronnie Tyler ( five ) , Darrius Heyward @-@ Bey ( four ) , Torrey Smith ( two ) , Adrian Cannon ( one ) , and Emani Lee @-@ Odai ( one ) . Cannon and Tyler each caught a pass for a touchdown . Running back Davin Meggett caught a pass for a two @-@ point conversion . Turner also threw one interception . On the ground , rushing attempts were made by running backs Da 'Rel Scott ( 14 for 174 yards ) , Morgan Green ( 10 for 72 yards ) , and Davin Meggett ( 10 for 35 yards ) . Wide receiver Heyward @-@ Bey also made a rushing attempt , but dropped the ball and recovered it for a loss of six yards . Maryland had previously shown an ability to strike quickly on offense and did so again in the game . In the 2008 season , the team scored 18 out of 28 touchdowns in drives consisting of six or fewer plays or less than two minutes of game time . This led to the team often trailing opponents in time of possession . In the Humanitarian Bowl , Maryland continued the pattern by scoring in the first 1 : 01 with a 59 @-@ yard Chris Turner pass to Adrian Cannon . Maryland also possessed the ball for 2 : 26 less than Nevada . Maryland , which was third @-@ best in the ACC in third down attempts ( 40 @.@ 4 % ) , did comparatively poorly during the game , converting only four of 14 third downs ( 28 @.@ 6 % ) . Defensively , Maryland was able to hold the nation 's third @-@ ranked rushing offense to just 114 yards on the ground . Nevada quarterback Kaepernick , who ran for 1 @,@ 115 yards , was held to just 19 rushing yards , 15 of which were gained during a touchdown run . Two players made their first career interceptions : true freshman safety Kenny Tate and senior defensive back Jeff Allen . Tate 's interception in the Maryland end zone prevented a Nevada score , while Allen 's interception with 4 : 54 remaining helped seal the victory for Maryland . Offensive lineman Scott Burley forced a fumble against Nevada linebacker Brandon Marshall , who had recovered a third @-@ down fumble by Turner . Burley subsequently recovered the forced fumble and gave Maryland a first down . Maryland 's special teams recorded one touchdown when Torrey Smith returned a kickoff for 99 yards . After the first touchdown of the game , senior placekicker Obi Egekeze missed an extra point for the first time in his career . Early in the season , Egekeze missed his first five field goal attempts , but , prior to the Humanitarian Bowl , he had made all 64 extra @-@ point attempts of his career . After the first failed kick , Egekeze made the other five extra @-@ point attempts of the game . The placekicker also erred when he attempted to kick the ball as it fell off the tee , resulting in a short 15 @-@ yard kick which was returned 36 yards by Nevada to the Maryland nine @-@ yard line . = = = Nevada statistical recap = = = Nevada recorded better statistics than Maryland in several areas despite ultimately losing the game . The Wolf Pack compiled seven more first downs , 172 more passing yards , 28 more total offensive yards , 15 fewer penalty yards , 15 @.@ 8 % more third down conversions , and 2 : 26 more time in possession of the ball . In the passing game , Colin Kaepernick achieved a 51 @.@ 1 % pass completion rate ( 24 out of 47 ) . He threw for 370 yards , including three touchdowns . He completed passes to Mike McCoy ( 13 ) , Marko Mitchell ( five ) , Chris Wellington ( three ) , Arthur King , Jr . ( two ) , and Vai Taua ( one ) . Mitchell , Wellington , and Taua each caught a pass for a touchdown . Due to Kaepernick 's injury , backup quarterback Nick Graziano played for one series but was unable to make a completion on two attempts . On the ground , Nevada struggled against the Maryland defense , recording 114 rushing yards , far fewer than its 291 @.@ 4 per game average . Running plays were attempted by Kaepernick and Taua , who made 23 carries for 101 yards and one touchdown . Despite suffering from a sprained ankle , Kaepernick also was able to scamper 15 yards for a rushing touchdown . Conversely , the Nevada defense had difficulty stopping the Maryland run . Nevada 's rush defense allowed 258 yards , compared with its regular @-@ season average of just 74 @.@ 5 yards allowed per game . This was especially true after a well @-@ rested Da 'Rel Scott entered the game in the middle of the third quarter . Head coach Chris Ault said , " He just ran through us like we weren 't there . " Defensive back Jonathan Amaya intercepted a Chris Turner pass for his fourth interception of the season . Brett Jaekle handled all of Nevada 's kicking duties . He made all five extra @-@ point attempts . Jaekle punted eight times for 295 yards and kicked off five times for 270 yards . With 1 : 42 remaining , he attempted an onside kick , but the ball was recovered by Maryland 's Danny Oquendo . = = Post @-@ game effects = = With the bowl game , Maryland finished the season with an 8 – 5 record . The win was Maryland 's 600th in school history . Ralph Friedgen 's postseason record improved to 4 – 2 , giving him twice as many bowl wins as any other head coach in school history . For the 2008 season , Maryland stood 5 – 1 in games decided by seven points or less and 8 – 0 in games kicked off during daylight hours . Nevada posted a final record of 7 – 6 . The game was the third consecutive postseason loss for Chris Ault and Nevada . Ault 's post @-@ season bowl record slid to 1 – 5 as a result .
= Battle of Ong Thanh = The Battle of Ong Thanh was fought at the stream of that name on the morning of October 17 , 1967 , in Chơn Thành District , at the time part of the old Bình Dương Province , South Vietnam , today in Bình Phước Province . During the first few months of 1967 , the Viet Cong absorbed heavy losses as a result of large @-@ scale search and destroy missions conducted by the United States Army , and it prompted North Vietnamese leaders to review their war strategy in South Vietnam . In light of the setbacks which North Vietnamese and Viet Cong forces had experienced early in 1967 , North Vietnamese General Trần Văn Trà suggested that North Vietnamese and Viet Cong forces could still be victorious if they inflicted as many casualties as possible on U.S. military units , hoping that the Americans would conclude that the war was too costly and withdraw from Vietnam . Thus , towards mid @-@ 1967 , the Viet Cong 7th and 9th Divisions returned to the battlefield again , with the objective of inflicting casualties on U.S. military formations in III Corps Tactical Zone . On June 12 , the U.S. 1st Infantry Division launched Operation Billings to destroy elements of the Viet Cong 9th Division , which had built @-@ up strength around northern Phuoc Vinh . During that operation , American soldiers initially made only limited contact with the Viet Cong , but defeated enemy troops in two separate battles . On June 17 the 1 / 16th infantry battalion , re @-@ enforced by a company of 2 / 28th infantry engaged in a six @-@ hour battle supported by airstrikes and massive artillery . The majority of the casualties suffered from that engagement alone , when the operation concluded on June 26 , the 1st Infantry Division had lost 57 soldiers dead and 197 wounded . Then in September , following a string of attacks on allied military installations by Viet Cong and North Vietnamese troops , Major General John H. Hay decided to temporarily stop conducting large @-@ scale operations until the true intentions of Communist forces were known . Towards October , the Viet Cong 271st Regiment marched into the Long Nguyen Secret Zone , to rest and refit for their next major operation . To disrupt the Viet Cong 's resting period , General Hay launched Operation Shenandoah II to clear a section of National Highway 13 which stretched from Chon Thanh to Loc Ninh . Starting from September 28 , elements of the 1st Infantry Division were air @-@ lifted into positions around Long Nguyen , but again only few contacts were made with the Viet Cong . However , on October 16 , the 2nd Battalion of the U.S. 28th Infantry Regiment found a major Viet Cong bunker system located south of their night defensive position near the Ong Thanh Stream , and a short fire fight broke out . To avoid fighting a long battle , the commander of the 2nd Battalion decided to pull back , and made preparations for a frontal assault on the next day . On the morning of October 17 , two rifle companies of the 2nd Battalion returned to the bunker system they had found the previous day , but they were defeated by the Viet Cong 271st Regiment which had set up an ambush in anticipation of the American attack . = = Background = = In the first half of 1967 , United States military forces in Vietnam had inflicted losses on the Viet Cong , both in terms of infrastructure and manpower , through major ground operations such as Cedar Falls , Junction City and Manhattan . For North Vietnamese military leaders such as Generals Võ Nguyên Giáp and Nguyễn Chí Thanh , the operations carried out by the Americans in South Vietnam had been disastrous for Communist forces . Furthermore , the military situation in North Vietnam also prompted North Vietnamese leaders to question their war strategy . In 1967 the United States expanded their Rolling Thunder bombing campaign , which enabled American airpower to destroy rather than just threaten Hanoi 's limited industrial infrastructures . Consequently , North Vietnamese leaders feared that if the Red River dikes were targeted by the Americans , Hanoi and the surrounding farmlands would be flooded . At the same time , the North Vietnamese government was afraid the Viet Cong may split in order to accommodate a resolution with the Saigon government , because the U.S.-backed government in the South was showing no sign of collapse . Despite the unfavorable developments in South Vietnam , North Vietnamese General Tran Van Tra believed North Vietnam and the Viet Cong could still win the war if they pursued a strategy of attrition . In other words , the Communists would have to fight on for as long as possible , until the United States recognized that the war was unwinnable and would disengage from the conflict in Vietnam . To achieve that objective at the tactical level , Tra argued that North Vietnamese and Viet Cong forces would have to destroy American military units , and cause as many casualties as possible until they got tired and left . Indeed , towards mid @-@ 1967 General Thanh , who had the Viet Cong 7th and 9th Division at his disposal , was out to do just that . In June , U.S. military forces in III Corps Tactical Zone began to detect the build @-@ up of Viet Cong troops in northern Phuoc Vinh located War Zone D. To stop a major enemy attack on Phuoc Vinh , Major General John H. Hay — commander of the U.S. 1st Infantry Division — launched Operation Billings with the objective of trapping three Viet Cong battalions in War Zone D. On the first day of the operation , the 1st Infantry Division was able march about 30 kilometers ( 19 mi ) into Phuoc Vinh virtually unopposed . On June 13 , the Americans claimed to have killed about 60 Viet Cong soldiers in their first major contact . On June 17 Lieutenant Colonel Rufus C. Lazzell and the soldiers of the 1st Battalion , 16th Infantry Regiment , was air @-@ assaulted into a clearing known as Landing Zone X @-@ Ray to search for the Viet Cong . At about 1 : 00 pm Lazzell 's battalion was attacked by elements of the Viet Cong 271st Regiment , and the Viet Cong quickly penetrated the 1st Battalion 's perimeters . However , with the support of artillery and helicopter gunships , Lazzell 's men repelled repeated Viet Cong attacks for the loss of 35 killed and 150 wounded . On June 26 , Operation Billings concluded and the Americans claimed to have killed 347 enemy troops and captured one , at a cost of 57 U.S. soldiers dead and 197 wounded . In August , the Viet Cong was back in action again ; this time the 165th Regiment of the 7th Division targeted the Tong Le Chon Special Forces Camp , located southeast of the 1st Infantry Division 's area of operations . Just after midnight on August 7 , the 165th Regiment attacked Tong Le Chon and was able to penetrate the Special Forces Camp , but was forced to flee after an ammunition bunker exploded . That night the Viet Cong assaulted the base several times more , but on each occasion they were repelled by artillery fire and close air @-@ support . By September , the scale of Viet Cong and North Vietnamese activities in III Corps had perplexed the U.S. commanders of Military Assistance Command , Vietnam . In the meantime , however , Hay decided to put an end to large @-@ scale operations which had proven to be unproductive , until the enemy 's real intentions were known . Instead , Hay continued to commit his 2nd Brigade to pacification efforts in southern Bình Dương Province , while the 3rd Brigade provided protection for engineers clearing Highway 13 . = = Prelude = = Following various engagements with the U.S. 1st Infantry Division during the previous months , Colonel Vo Minh Triet , commander of the Viet Cong 271st Regiment , was ordered to move his troops into an area known as the Long Nguyen Secret Zone , which was situated between National Highway 13 and the Michelin Rubber Plantation . It was located about 56 kilometers ( 35 mi ) northwest of Saigon , in Binh Duong Province . There , Triet 's regiment was supposed to receive troop replacements and food supplies , to prepare for a major offensive against an unspecified target in War Zone D. In previous years , the Viet Cong 9th Division had often used the month of September and October to rest and prepare for their winter @-@ spring offensives , and 1967 was no different . For that reason Hay was determined to disrupt the Viet Cong 's resting period by launching Operation Shenandoah II , with the objective of clearing Highway 13 from Chon Thanh to Loc Ninh . On September 29 , Hay ordered Colonel George E. Newman — commander of the 1st Brigade — to place the 1st Battalion , 2nd Infantry Regiment and the 1st Battalion , 28th Infantry Regiment , in the northern portion of Long Nguyen . On the next day , Colonel Frank E. Blazey , commander of the 3rd Brigade , was ordered to deploy the 2nd Battalion , 2nd Infantry Regiment and the 2nd Battalion , 28th Infantry Regiment to the southern half of the area . In the early stages of Shenandoah II , U.S. forces only made a few contacts with the Viet Cong . On October 2 , a South Vietnamese unit operating east of Highway 13 near Chon Thanh made significant contact with a large Viet Cong formation and absorbed heavy casualties . Enemy documents obtained by the South Vietnamese indicated they had clashed with a battalion @-@ sized unit from the Viet Cong 272nd Regiment , sent to attack Chon Thanh in order to cover the movement of the 271st Regiment into the Long Nguyen area . Early in October , Viet Cong soldiers of the 271st Regiment had arrived in Long Nguyen but they could not obtain their much @-@ needed food supplies , as a result of allied search @-@ and @-@ destroy operations which had created significant food shortages for Viet Cong units in the region . Triet then marched his starving soldiers southward toward the Ong Thanh Stream to link up with Rear Service Group 83 , but local Viet Cong units also lacked adequate food supplies of their own , so the 271st Regiment was forced to wait in the area for the arrival of rice and other essential supplies . Meanwhile , on October 4 the Lieutenant Colonel Joseph R. Stauffer 's 1st Battalion , 2nd Infantry Regiment , made contact with a company @-@ sized Viet Cong formation about 9 kilometers ( 5 @.@ 6 mi ) south @-@ west of Chon Thanh , and claimed to have killed 12 enemy soldiers . To pursue the retreating Viet Cong formation , Lieutenant Colonel Richard E. Cavazos — commander of the 1st Battalion , 18th Infantry Regiment — was instructed to conduct an air @-@ assault into a clearing located about 2 kilometers ( 1 @.@ 2 mi ) west of Stauffer ' battalion , in order to block enemy troops . Cavazos ' battalion landed unopposed , and they immediately set up their standard field position with wire entanglements to protect the base . On October 6 , the 1st Battalion 's position was subjected to Viet Cong mortar bombardment ; even though the shells had caused little damage , Cavazos believed it was part of the enemy 's final preparations for a major ground attack later that evening . At around 6 : 00 pm the rain began to fall and the Viet Cong started attacking the battalion 's camp from different directions , but Cavazos ' men were able to hold their ground , with the support of artillery and mortar fire . By 12 : 00 am the fight was over , and U.S. casualties included 5 killed in action and 4 wounded . Three weeks later a captured Viet Cong soldier from the 2nd Battalion , 271st Regiment , revealed that his unit lost 59 soldiers killed and 56 wounded , in battle with Cavazos ' battalion . On October 8 , Hay pulled Stauffer 's 1st Battalion back to Phuoc Vinh to act as the division 's reaction force . Lieutenant Colonel Terry D. Allen — commander of the 2nd Battalion , 28th Infantry Regiment — was then ordered to depart from Lai Khê with three of his rifle companies ( Alpha , Bravo and Delta ) and air @-@ lifted into a site about 21 kilometers ( 13 mi ) northwest of Chon Thanh village , and 3 kilometers ( 1 @.@ 9 mi ) north @-@ west of Cavazos ' 1st Battalion . Charlie Company was detached from Allen 's 2nd Battalion to protect the supporting 15th Field Artillery Regiment . Two days later , Stauffer 's battalion was deployed into new blocking positions , as Viet Cong units were believed to be moving toward the Michelin Rubber Plantation . On October 11 , Cavazos led two of his companies out on a northward probe , and they were immediately attacked by the Viet Cong . While under heavy fire , Cavazos ordered the lead company to pull back behind a perimeter formed by the second company . As the lead company fell back , artillery and air support were called in to pummel the Viet Cong 's attacking formation . When the battle was over , 21 Viet Cong soldiers were found dead , whereas U.S. casualties for the day were 1 killed and 4 wounded . Shortly afterwards , Cavazos ' battalion pulled back to Phuoc Vinh for rest and refitting . By mid @-@ October , Hay believed the Viet Cong 's 271st Regiment had suffered a major defeat and was ready to withdraw from the Long Nguyen Secret Zone , so he was ready to terminate Shenandoah II . However , increased Viet Cong activity near the Ong Thanh Stream , where the 1st Brigade made most of its contacts , had indicated otherwise . = = Battle = = On the morning of October 16 , Allen led two rifle companies ( Bravo and Delta ) of the 2nd Battalion out from their temporary night defensive position along the Ong Thanh Stream to patrol an area to the southeast , which was covered by thick jungle canopy . After marching for about 2 kilometers ( 1 @.@ 2 mi ) , the battalion found a fortified Viet Cong bunker , so Allen ordered his men to pull back and directed airstrikes against Viet Cong positions . When the bombing runs were over , Allen ’ s men entered the camp and a firefight broke out with Viet Cong snipers firing down from trees in the surrounding areas . Again , Allen ordered his men to pull back and form a perimeter to protect their wounded soldiers , as artillery strikes were called in against Viet Cong bunker positions . The 2nd Battalion re @-@ entered the camp , and they discovered the bodies of 17 dead Viet Cong soldiers . Allen 's men then moved through the western end of the camp , and another fire @-@ fight broke out with an estimated 60 Viet Cong soldiers . Later that afternoon Allen decided to break contact and return to base , to avoid fighting a battle that could last until the evening . In the meantime , however , he called in air @-@ strikes to inflict further damage on the base camp of his primary target , the 271st Regiment . That evening Brigadier General William Coleman and other senior officers of the 1st Infantry Division visited the 2nd Battalion 's camp , where they praised Allen 's men for their efforts , and presented First Lieutenant Clark Welch — commander of Delta Company — with a Silver Star for his actions earlier in the day . Allen then decided to launch a full @-@ frontal attack against the 271st Regiment 's base camp , to determine if the enemy unit was still there . However , due to the lack of sufficient manpower , Welch suggested that Allen should either call off the assault or get more soldiers on the ground for the operation . Allen dismissed Welch 's suggestions , and responded by giving Captain James George — commander of Alpha Company — the responsibility of leading the attack instead of Welch . Meanwhile , Triet 's 1 @,@ 200 @-@ strong regiment was joined by 200 soldiers from the C1 Company of Rear Service Group 83 — under the command of Captain Nguyen Van Lam — and they set up a three @-@ sided ambush and waited for the arrival of a reported U.S. battalion . At around 8 : 00 am on the morning of October 17 , the 2nd Battalion departed from their night defensive position with Alpha Company in the lead followed by the Battalion Command Group , and the tail of the formation was covered by Delta Company . Bravo Company stayed behind to protect the battalion 's base , along with the mortar sections of Alpha and Delta Companies . In accordance with the 1st Brigade 's policy , Allen personally led his unit out as part of the Battalion Command Group , although he preferred to supervise actions from a helicopter . For artillery support , Alpha Company was authorized to call upon the 105mm and 155mm howitzers located at Fire Support Bases Caisson V , Caisson III @-@ S and Lorraine III . Allen 's men marched southward from the base , with the intention of entering the enemy base camp from a slightly different direction to the west . Preceded by marching artillery fire , the 2nd Battalion stopped periodically to conduct cloverleaf patrols to their front , rear and both flanks . At 9 : 56 am the lead element of Alpha Company stumbled upon a northeast @-@ southwest trail , which appeared to have been used within the last hour . The 1st Platoon Leader then requested and received permission to make cloverleaf patrols to the east and west of the trail . Almost immediately , the 1st Platoon sighted a Viet Cong soldier while scouting west of the trail and another group of Viet Cong soldiers soon appeared . George then ordered the 1st Platoon to set up a hasty ambush across the trail , but by the time they were in position the Viet Cong soldiers had disappeared and everything was quiet . About 10 – 15 minutes later , the 1st Platoon Leader reported that trees were moving , in addition to the sound of weapons clicking and the rattle of ammunition . In response , George ordered the 1st Platoon to reinforce their ambush position . While that was happening Alpha Company 's right flank , which was covered by the 2nd Platoon , began to receive sporadic enemy fire . The rest of the 1st Platoon was then pinned down when the Viet Cong , from within concealed bunker positions , fired on them using captured M60 machine @-@ guns . The Viet Cong steadily increased their fire which came in the form of various small arms , .50 caliber and 12.7mm machine guns . Unable to communicate with the 1st and 2nd Platoons , George moved forward with the 3rd Platoon only to find his lead platoons held in their positions by enemy fire . A M18 Claymore mine then exploded in front of Alpha Company 's command element , killing the radio operator and severely wounding both George and his Forward Artillery Observer . At around 10 : 40 am gunfire had died down , but Alpha Company was virtually destroyed during 30 minutes of fighting , with the company commander wounded and the leaders of 1st and 2nd Platoons both killed . To break contact with the Viet Cong units which fired on Alpha Company from the western flank , First Sergeant Jose Valdez quickly organized an assembly area on the eastern side to round up the survivors . Shortly after the assembly area was established George , who was severely wounded from the Claymore explosion , turned his company over to Valdez . Allen then ordered Valdez to lead the survivors of Alpha Company northward to join the rest of the battalion . The survivors , mostly from the 2nd and 3rd Platoons of Alpha Company , were then ordered to withdraw through a perimeter formed by Delta Company . As the surviving elements of Alpha Company pulled back , Delta Company began to receive sporadic fire from their southern flank , so Allen ordered his command group to remain in place near a prominent anthill with the 1st and 2nd Platoons of Delta Company . The 3rd Platoon , on the other hand , was instructed to move forward to assist the wounded men from Alpha Company . As Viet Cong fire increased in intensity , the soldiers of Delta Company picked up the distinctive sound of a U.S.-made M @-@ 60 machine @-@ gun firing from the southern flank . Allen assumed that Alpha Company was approaching his perimeter , so he ordered them to cease @-@ fire because he feared his rifle companies were firing on each other . However , the order was also passed down along the formation of Delta Company , which enabled the Viet Cong soldiers of the 271st Regiment to gain fire superiority . At around 11 : 35 am , Triet unleashed his 2nd Battalion which was placed in reserve during the battle , and they attacked Welch 's Delta Company from three different directions . During that time Allen tried to request artillery support , but that had become impossible due to the close proximity between U.S. and Viet Cong soldiers . In a scene that had characterized the destruction of Alpha Company earlier , both Allen and Welch were wounded in battle as Viet Cong snipers fired down from the trees . Nonetheless , just before 12 : 00 pm , Allen instructed Delta Company to begin a northward march toward the battalion 's base , and Bravo Company to move forward to cover the withdrawal . The withdrawal quickly descended into a scene of chaos , as U.S. soldiers scrambled to avoid heavy enemy fire . During the last moments of the battle , Allen was struck in the head by machine @-@ gun fire which grazed his helmet , and was finally killed when another burst of machine @-@ gun fire hit him . At around 12 : 20 pm Newman flew into Ong Thanh to assume command of the 2nd Battalion , while Coleman took control of the 1st Brigade . Meanwhile , Alpha Company had linked up with Bravo Company , which had taken up positions about 450 meters ( 1 @,@ 480 ft ) to the south of the battalion 's night defensive position with the task of assisting the wounded . At around 2 : 00 pm that afternoon , the 2nd Battalion 's Charlie Company was airlifted into Ong Thanh from FSB Caisson V , as Bravo Company moved into the battle area to help evacuate the wounded . Coleman , who was coordinating the evacuation of U.S. casualties from a helicopter , decided to assemble the bodies of the dead in an area and protect it with artillery fire . By that stage , however , Triet 's 271st Regiment had withdrawn from the battlefield , and medivac flights were only challenged by sporadic sniper fire . = = Aftermath = = At around 12 : 00 pm Triet had already ordered his troops to disengage from the battle without annihilating the remaining Americans caught in his ambush . His men were tired and hungry and he was behind schedule in his movement toward his next assignment . Moreover , he feared that American air power and artillery would begin to inflict heavy casualties on his unit . The battle at Ong Thanh was a costly affair for the soldiers of the 2nd Battalion , 28th Infantry Regiment . During two hours of fighting the 2nd Battalion lost 64 men killed in action , including Lieutenant Colonel Terry Allen and every member of the Battalion Command Group , as well as 75 wounded and 2 missing . For their efforts in the battle , 13 American soldiers were awarded the Silver Star , while Allen and Welch received the Distinguished Service Cross . Forward Observer Second Lieutenant Harold B. Durham , who was attached to the 2nd Battalion on the day from the 15th Field Artillery Regiment , was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor for his heroic actions . Despite the losses that had been inflicted on the 2nd Battalion by the Viet Cong , the U.S. military told the media that the fight at Ong Thanh had resulted in a major American victory . General Hay initially portrayed Ong Thanh as an American victory and cited 101 enemy dead in the battle . However , American veterans who survived the ordeals of the battle were adamant they were ambushed and defeated by the Viet Cong 's 271st Regiment . The estimate of 101 enemy dead officially provided by the U.S. military was likely much inflated to emphasize the scale of the ' American victory ' . For retired U.S. Army Brigadier General James E. Shelton , who was then a major and served as an Operations Officer with the 2nd Battalion , the lack of reliable intelligence and overconfidence on the part of Allen as the battalion commander , were some of the factors that led to the disastrous outcome in the Ong Thanh battle . Furthermore , the American soldiers under Allen 's command lacked fighting experience , whereas the Viet Cong soldiers of the 9th Division were tough and experienced light infantry . The Viet Cong 271st Regiment , after their victory at Ong Thanh , withdrew back towards their base area near the Cambodian border . Meanwhile , the rest of the Viet Cong 9th Division was planning for a major attack on Loc Ninh , with the objective of capturing the district town and the Special Forces Camp . To accomplish their goals the Viet Cong deployed the 272nd and 273rd Regiments , reinforced with two battalions from the 165th Regiment and the Vietnam People 's Army 84th Artillery Regiment . During the days before the battle , U.S. military intelligence had noticed the build @-@ up of Viet Cong units around Loc Ninh . Hay , in response , planned to insert four battalions of the 1st Infantry Division and position them around Loc Ninh , thereby trapping the Viet Cong inside the town . On the evening of October 28 , the 272nd Regiment marched into position from the northeast , and the 273rd Regiment from west . At 1 : 15 am on October 29 , the 273rd Regiment began assaulting the Loc Ninh Special Forces Camp , but they were quickly repelled by U.S.-led Special Forces . At around 6 : 30 am the remaining elements of Bravo and Charlie Companies 2nd Battalion , 28th Infantry Regiment , were airlifted onto the Loc Ninh airfield , to set up a firebase at the field 's south @-@ western end . The soldiers of Alpha and Delta Companies were sent back to their Base Camp at Lai Khe to adjust to the losses they had suffered , and to be kept away from enemy activity .
= Low Fell = Low Fell is a suburb situated in the Metropolitan Borough of Gateshead in Tyne and Wear , England . Built predominantly on sandstone , grindstone and clay , it is bordered by Sheriff Hill / Deckham to the east , Saltwell / Bensham to the west , Harlow Green to the south and Shipcote to the north . The suburb lies on a major bus route 2 @.@ 5 miles ( 4 @.@ 0 km ) south of Gateshead , 3 miles ( 4 @.@ 8 km ) south of the city of Newcastle upon Tyne and 12 miles ( 19 km ) north of the historic City of Durham . The principal road in the suburb is the A167 . According to the 2001 UK census , the suburb had a population of 8 @,@ 643 , falling marginally to 8 @,@ 636 at the 2011 census . For centuries little more than part of a windswept , barren and treacherous heath , the settlement at Low Fell was initially established by a moderate influx of tinkers and miners in the 18th century . Considered a village in the historic County Durham for almost as long as it has been inhabited in measurable numbers , it was formally incorporated into the newly formed Metropolitan Borough of Gateshead by the Local Government Act 1972 which took effect on 1 April 1974 and is now instead a residential suburb . One of the more populous of the two dozen or so villages which now comprise the Metropolitan Borough of Gateshead , Low Fell has a long and rich history . In stark contrast to the industrial development of its near neighbour Sheriff Hill , the settlement at Low Fell developed through the building of a new road to bypass the steep turnpike road which ran through Sheriff Hill , which in turn encouraged both private enterprise ( particularly public houses ) and the incumbency of dozens of wealthy individuals who built substantial villas in which they could escape the dirt and grime of 19th century Newcastle upon Tyne . Several of these villas remain today and contribute to the dozen Grade II listed buildings in the suburb , which has continued to develop into an affluent area with a village feel . The suburb is wholly contained within the Gateshead council ward of the same name and is represented locally by members of the Liberal Democrats party , though nationally the suburb is represented by the Labour party as part of the constituency of Gateshead . The suburb is home to several schools and churches . The principal landmark in the suburb is St Helen 's Church , although also located in the settlement is Underhill , the home of Sir Joseph Swan and the first domestic property in the world to be illuminated by electric light . England international cricketer Graham Onions is a current resident of the suburb . = = History = = = = = Gateshead Fell = = = Prior to 1809 , Low Fell was part of Gateshead Fell ; itself a constituent part of the ancient County of Durham . Once described as a " windswept , barren and treacherous heath " , it took its name from nearby Gateshead and the fact that the area was " a fell or common contigious to it " . That portion of Gateshead Fell which would later become Low Fell was , in the 1640s , little more than boggy march and wetlands owned by the Bishop of Durham who simply divided the land into plots and rented them to the few tenants willing to pay for them . By the 18th century , the lower section of Gateshead Fell consisted broadly of sparsely populated farm and woodland , demarcated from the section of Gateshead Fell which was to become Sheriff Hill by a boundary formed by a mound of earth . In 1771 , the number of settlers on Gateshead Fell increased as a result of the ' Great Flood of 1771 ' , during which the rivers Tyne , Wear and Tees all burst their banks , causing people to lose their homes . By this time , however , Gateshead Fell had become a place of considerable notoriety , both for the bleakness of the land and for the criminality undertaken upon it . When theologian John Wesley arrived in a blizzard in 1785 , he found a " pathless waste of white " inhabited predominantly by tinkers , gypsies , pitmen and quarrymen . In 1809 an Act was obtained ordering the enclosure of Gateshead Fell . = = = 1809 – Present Day = = = The Inclosure Act separated Gateshead Fell into Wrekenton , Sheriff Hill and Low Fell . Commissioners were appointed to settle claims in land and to apportion Gateshead Fell accordingly . Plans were laid for the requisition and construction of wells ( including Carter 's Well ; located on Durham Road and accompanied today by a commemorative Gateshead blue plaque ) , quarries , drains , roads , watering places and other essential requirements . Progress was slow , with the last allotment disputes not settled until 1822 , but by the time of completion , Gateshead Fell was entirely enclosed and effectively consigned to history . The divisions of Gateshead Fell have remained more or less settled , so that the villages created by enclosure have survived , almost entirely intact , to the present day . After enclosure , " civilisation came to the Fell " . This began with the building of a new road . The only major road through Gateshead Fell was that which followed the same route of the ancient turnpike road which ran through what is now Sheriff Hill ( today this is Old Durham Road / Sheriffs Highway ) . The turnpike road was very steep and was deemed rather unsatisfactory : Why should coaches have to labour up the long hill from Newcastle to the top of Gateshead Fell , and then go down the steep descent to the Coach & Horses inn just before Birtley , while those coming from the south had to climb and descend the hills in reverse ? There must be a new road with better gradients ... Until 1824 there was still about a mile of farmland between Gateshead and Low Fell , though the land was far less severe than that leading to Sheriff Hill and Wrekenton , so plans were drawn to build a new road through the farmland , Low Fell and towards Durham . Work began on this new road on 6 December 1824 and took some eighteen months to complete so that the first mail coach travelled on the new road , today known as Durham Road , on 17 June 1826 . Thomas Wilson used to call this road " the road through the fields " ; a description which was said to have suited the road well until at least the turn of the 20th century . The opening of the new road saw people drawn to an area which now attracted considerable trade , travel and through – fare . Robert Clements , proprietor of the Old Cannon Inn at Sheriff Hill , quickly foresaw the likely detrimental effect that the new road would have on his business and opened the New Cannon Inn on the corner of Durham Road and Buck Lane ( now Beaconsfield Road ) in 1826 – the same year that the Sheriff 's March was re – routed from Sheriff Hill to the new road through Low Fell . Despite the cessation of the Sheriff 's March in 1838 , Clements ' establishment became " the social centre of the growing village , where concerts , dinners and meetings of all kinds were held " . New , adjoining roads gradually began to appear , such as Lamesley Road , which later became Kells Lane , and Low Fell Road , which became Beaconsfield Road and Belle Vue Bank . In January 1841 , local poet Thomas Wilson bought land on Durham Road and opened literary rooms which were opened in November 1841 . The upper section of the literary rooms was used as a school for local children until the opening of a new school on a site at Kells Lane in 1895 . In the 1880s there was a decade of intensive building and the population of the village increased accordingly . The relative tranquility of the village , coupled with scenic views of surrounding hills and countryside , attracted rich industrialists from nearby Newcastle – upon – Tyne , seeking an alternative to the dirt and noise of industrial Newcastle and Gateshead . These individuals duly built and lived in mansion property in the area . One such property , Heathfield , was a mansion located on Durham Road which was built and owned by a wealthy chemical manufacturer who kept bears in his substantial adjoining grounds . Through the early 20th century , the village continued to expand towards Gateshead , though even in the interwar – years " children could play marbles on Durham Road in perfect safety " . However , by the turn of World War II in 1945 , Gateshead itself has expanded so much that the urban sprawl had removed much of the scenic panorama which had delighted settlers in the suburb a century earlier . In spite of these developments : By 1939 , Low Fell had become the select suburb of Gateshead and had substantial and independent shopping facilities . All of the houses between Shipcote and the village were private and the owners added ' Low Fell ' to their addresses , at times not even mentioning Gateshead , although , if we adhere to the original boundaries , they did not live in Low Fell at all " . The village changed little in either character or structure after the end of World War II , though in 1965 plans were drawn for the further development of Durham Road which drew criticism from residents . In 1974 , Low Fell was incorporated into the Metropolitan Borough of Gateshead and had transformed from those early , village days and was by that time a bustling suburb with a considerable independent commercial hub attracting a high volume of vehicular traffic . That character is relatively unchanged today , but Low Fell remains one of the most attractive places to live in the North East of England , retaining a distinctive village feel and containing a thriving community of shops , restaurants , schools and churches . = = Governance = = Low Fell is a local council ward in the Metropolitan Borough of Gateshead . This ward is approximately 2 square kilometres ( 0 @.@ 77 sq mi ) in area and has a population of 8 @,@ 643 . The Low Fell ward is represented by three councillors . In April 2012 , these were Ron Beadle , Frank Hindle and Susan Craig . Low Fell is now part of the Westminster parliamentary constituency of Gateshead . It had previously formed part of the Gateshead East and Washington West constituency which was abolished by boundary changes prior to the 2010 UK General Election . The present incumbent MP is Ian Mearns , who lives in nearby Saltwell , Gateshead , Tyne and Wear . Mearns , a member of the Labour party , replaced former incumbent Sharon Hodgson MP , who successfully campaigned for election in the newly formed constituency of Washington and Sunderland West . In the 2010 UK General Election , Mearns was elected with a majority of 12 @,@ 549 votes over the second placed candidate , Frank Hindle . The swing from the Labour party to the Liberal Democrats was 3 @.@ 9 % . Low Fell is part of one of the safest Labour parliamentary seats in the United Kingdom . Mearns ' success in 2010 followed the return of Sharon Hodgson in the 2005 UK General Election after she had polled over 60 % of the total votes cast whilst in 2001 , Joyce Quin was returned to parliament with a majority of 53 @.@ 3 % . = = Geography and topography = = Low Fell , at a latitude of 54 @.@ 93 ° N and a longitude of 1 @.@ 60 ° W , lies on the eastern side of the Team Valley , some 2 @.@ 5 miles ( 4 @.@ 0 km ) south of the centre of Gateshead town centre on " one of the main link roads " into the centre of both Gateshead and Newcastle – upon – Tyne , England . The distance from Low Fell to London is 254 miles ( 409 km ) . Low Fell occupies an elevated position which slopes down from east to west . Though the principal routes through Durham Road and Kells Lane are of gentle slope , some parts of the suburb are quite steeply sloped – notably those which border Sheriff Hill to the east ( Church Road particularly ) . The land upon which the settlement is built contains predominantly sandstone , grindstone and clay . After the enclosure of Gateshead Fell , Low Fell developed firstly into a village but following the subsequent large urban expansion of Gateshead , Low Fell was enveloped so that " now it is surrounded by suburban Gateshead , which has developed in dense form around it with little visual delineation " and in 1974 the village was formerly incorporated into the Metropolitan Borough of Gateshead by the Local Government Act 1972 . Until the implementation of that Act , Low Fell was considered part of County Durham . It is now bordered by a number of settlements which also now form part of the Metropolitan Borough of Gateshead . These are Sheriff Hill to the east , Saltwell / Shipcote to the north , Allerdene to the south and the Team Valley Trading Estate to the west . The precise boundaries of the suburb are difficult to ascertain , though the southern boundary was fixed with certainty at the junction of Kells Lane and Durham Road by the Parliamentary Boundaries Act 1832 and the eastern border with Sheriff Hill is clearly demarcated by Sheriff 's Highway / Old Durham Road . Though the urbanisation of Gateshead around it has detracted from the panoramic views of western Gateshead that were once enjoyed by residents , at elevated positions views of Lobley Hill , Team Valley and Dunston Hill can be glimpsed . Although now a suburb of the Metropolitan Borough of Gateshead , the openness and greenspace prevalent in Low Fell means that the suburb continues to enjoy a rural feel , which is an unusual trait in the modern Gatshead conurbation . = = Demography = = According to the United Kingdom Census 2001 , Low Fell has a population of 8 @,@ 643 . 51 % of the population are female , slightly below the national average , whilst 49 % are male . Only 1 % of the population are from a Black or other Minority Ethnic Group ( BME ) , as opposed to 9 @.@ 1 % of the national population . Of the BME group in the settlement , 40 % are from the Asian or Asian – British ethnic group . Low Fell has a very low proportion of lone parent households at some 4 % of all households in the settlement . This is the lowest figure in the Metropolitan Borough of Gateshead and compares very favourably with a Borough average of 11 @.@ 5 % and a national average of 9 @.@ 5 % . Some 26 % of households have dependent children , as opposed to 29 @.@ 5 % nationally and 28 @.@ 4 % in Gateshead . The Index of Multiple Deprivation , which divides England into 32 @,@ 482 areas and measures quality of life indicators to indicate deprivation , does not include any part of Low Fell in any of the areas marked as deprived . Low Fell compares very favourably with the wider Gateshead area in respect of adults with educational qualifications . Only 23 % of adults in the settlement have no educational qualifications ( the lowest figure in the Metropolitan Borough of Gateshead ) , compared to 38 @.@ 4 % across the whole of Gateshead and the England average of 28 @.@ 9 % . 55 % of adults have at least five or more GCSEs or equivalent at A * – C ( compared to 46 @.@ 6 % nationally ) and , of these , 28 % are qualified to degree level . = = Economy = = Prior to enclosure , Low Fell was predominantly inhabited by a small number of tinkers and hawkers but after enclosure the character of the suburb changed rapidly as people moved to be close to the new turnpike road . Although neighbouring Sheriff Hill thrived through an influx of heavy industry , built upon a colliery and pottery particularly , by 1827 new allotment owners on Low Fell had spent heavily to improve land so that sod cottages were a rarity and the last remaining pit heaps had been removed . The result was that numerous wealthy individuals were drawn to the area and it was this influx which helped shape and grow the early settlement , as opposed to the more usual means of growth allied to work and industry . The 1880s were a decade of considerable building in the village , fueled by the completion of a tramway with nearby Gateshead in 1883 and this brought some light industry to the area ; in the same year Mawson & Swan built their dry plate works in Kells Lane and this proved to be the first of several light industries to locate in that area . These smaller industries , allied to several farms in the Dryden Road area of the village ( Dryden Farm , Orchard Cottage Dairy Farm and Derwent Crook Farm all survived in this area until the Second World War ) , generated a small economy in an area where inhabitants had built and settled predominantly to escape the dirt and grime of industrial Tyneside . As Gateshead expanded southward to meet the village , Low Fell became a residential suburb of Gateshead but one which has , through its atypical development , has retained a rural village character . In 1897 , the first shops were built on Durham Road . These expanded substantially so that by 1939 the villagers were able to forgo travel to nearby Gateshead for commercial purposes . Today the Durham Road area is " a vibrant commercial hub with thriving shops , bars and restaurants " as well as some banks and small offices . These now act as the principle commercial centre for the area though the townscape in this area varies greatly and the unsympathetic development at the crest of Albert Drive in the 1960s is uncommon and has been said to detract from the suburb . A smaller commercial area developed at Kells Lane , again predominantly built through small enterprise , and today the area contains a butcher 's shop , a bakery , hair dressers and a greengrocers . The unemployment levels in the suburb are very low compared to both local and national levels at 2 @.@ 6 % . The overall level of economic activity in Low Fell in 2004 was 69 % , as compared to 61 % in Gateshead overall and 67 % in England . Manufacturing is the largest sector of employment for residents in the suburb . 15 % of all working residents of the suburb do so in a managerial capacity ; again , this is the highest figure in the Metropolitan Borough of Gateshead . = = Culture = = = = = Buildings and Landmarks = = = Low Fell is home to numerous buildings listed by English Heritage . Underhill , at 99 Kells Lane , is a Grade II * listed building . It was the home of Sir Joseph Swan between 1869 – 1883 and was the site of many pioneering experiments in photographic processing and in electricity . Described as " a large , unlovely polychrome villa " , Underhill is triple gabled and built of roughly dressed sandstone and was the first private residence in the world to be lit by electric light . It later became a school , and is now retirement sheltered housing . 231 Kells Lane is the location of Home House . This fine early 19th century , symmetrical , ashlar and sandstone property was the family home of the Dodds sisters and is also a Grade II listed building . At the southern edge of Durham Road is Carter 's Well , the first of the notable buildings and items of interest on that road . No.516 Durham Road houses " a stone building with a domestic air " . This Grade II listed building was the literary room built by local subscription at the instigation of Thomas Wilson in 1841 . Designed by Thomas Oliver , the building was used as a bank but is now derelict . Immediately adjacent to the Literary Rooms is a Grade II listed South African War memorial , dated 1903 and signed ' Morrison ' . Located close to the main shopping centre on Durham Road lies Whinney House , a large villa built in 1865 by local resident Edward Joicey . It is now being converted into Luxery flats . An impressive hexagonal based , stone fountain which has grade II listed status is still in evidence . Travelling further along Durham Road towards Gateshead are two more Grade II listed buildings . The first is Heathfield House , a two story villa built by John Wardle ( designer of St Helen 's Church ) in 1865 and Musgrave House , an ashlar villa with raised quoins built in 1854 – 5 which has been used as a school but is no longer so . Both buildings are now converted to private flats . = = = Churches = = = The most prominent church in the suburb is St Helen 's Church , a Gothic revival church built from rock – faced sandstone with ashlar details . Costing £ 13 @,@ 000 and paid for " by the laudable benevolence of Edward Joicey " , the foundation stone of St Helen 's was laid on 29 October 1873 and the church was consecrated on 29 August 1876 . The result is " a lovely church " located on Belle Vue Bank which benefits from a number of high quality , stained – glass windows. and a Father Willis organ , built for the church and rebuilt in 1949 by H Vincent of Sunderland . St Helen 's is now a Grade II * listed building . Also a Grade II listed building is the Wesley Memorial Methodist Church . Built on a steeply sloping site on Durham Road in 1882 and opened in January 1883 , this church is a " pleasing and individual adaptation of early Gothic design " , built in tooled sandstone with Welsh slate roof – tiles . There are two further churches in the suburb . These are Denewell Avenue Church and St Peter 's . The former was a presbyterian church - now United Reformed Church , located on the corner of Denewell Avenue and Dryden Road which was formed originally in 1907 when a wood and corrugated iron building was erected on a site purchased for £ 480 . This building was soon demolished and replaced with a new building which opened on Good Friday , 10 April 1914 . St Peter 's , meanwhile , is a Roman Catholic located on Kells Lane which opened in 1962 . = = = Venues = = = Low Fell is home to numerous public houses . The New Cannon was established on Durham Road in 1826 and soon became something of a social hub for the village , hosting travelling troupes , lessons in quadrille dancing and hosting plays from visiting theatre as early as the 1820 – 30 's . So successful was the New Cannon that in those formative years it " monopolised trade on the new major route and was , in fact , the centre of village life " . The Cannon Inn still survives today , along with other public houses such as the Black Horse on Kells Lane , the Buck ( now The Beaconsfield ) on Beaconsfield Avenue ( formerly Buck Lane ) , the Crown ( now the Tap at Carters Well ) and the Gateshead Arms on Durham Road . All of these venues were in existence prior to 1858 . The suburb was also once home to a pair of cinemas ; the Classic and the Capitol ( confusingly , this cinema was also later named ' The Classic ' ) . The original Classic was located on Kells Lane and was opened in 1928 , whilst the Capitol was located on Durham Road and opened in 1936 . Both closed prior to the turn of the 21st century . = = Notable residents = = Arguably the most notable resident of Low Fell was Sir Joseph Swan . Swan , most famous as the inventor of the incandescent light – bulb ( though also instrumental in improvements to photographic film and rechargeable batteries ) , lived at Underhill , 99 Kells Lane in Low Fell between 1869 and 1883 . Other notable former residents include J. Thomas Looney , an elementary school master whose controversial text ' Shakespeare Identified ' founded the Oxfordian theory of Shakespeare authorship and Thomas Wilson , a local poet most famous for his 1843 work The Pitman 's Pay . Ruth Dodds was a prominent Labour politician in Gateshead who , along with her sisters Hope and Sylvia Dodds , funded the building of the Little Theatre Gateshead . All three lived in Low Fell their entire lives . Socialist singer / songwriter Alex Glasgow , the so – called " bard of Tyneside " , is best remembered for writing and singing the theme tune to the BBC television classic When the Boat Comes In . Glasgow lived at 59 Church Road in Low Fell until he emigrated to Australia in 1981 . A Gateshead Blue Plaque was erected on the wall of his old house in February 2006 England international cricketer Graham Onions lives in Low Fell having previously played for nearby Gateshead Fell Cricket Club . = = Transport = = Low Fell is on the A167 Durham Road , a former route of the Great North Road and the A1 before it was diverted first to the Tyne Tunnel and then to its present route on the ' Western Bypass ' . The journey time by car or bus to Gateshead town centre is approximately seven minutes , with a further five minutes ' journey taking travellers into the centre of Newcastle upon Tyne . The nearest mainline railway station to the settlement is Newcastle Central Station . This is located 2 @.@ 78 miles ( 4 @.@ 47 km ) away . The nearest Metro station is Gateshead The settlement lies on a busy bus route in and out of Gateshead and is served by several bus services , such as the ' Angel ' which continues into Durham the ' Orbit 52 ' and the " 69 Pulse " which travels into the western Gateshead villages of Whickham and Blaydon . It is also part of the 93 / 94 ' loop ' network . All of the buses which serve Low Fell are operated under the administration of Nexus . = = Education = = The education provisions in the suburb during the 19th century was rather piecemeal and relied largely upon the contribution of local residents such as Thomas Wilson , whose literary rooms on Durham Road provided education classes for residents . It wasn 't until 1895 that the School Board decided to create a permanent education provision in Low Fell , with Kells Lane the chosen location . Today , Low Fell contains several educational institutions . The oldest of these is the aforementioned Kells Lane Primary School . Catering for a mix of boys and girls aged 4 – 11 , Kells Lane Primary is today a popular school which is both larger than usual and oversubscribed. which teaches a variety of subjects across Key Stage 1 and Key Stage 2 . The school is a successful and progressive institution ; in 2004 an OFSTED inspection resulted in a positive report which in 2007 was superseded by an inspection which concluded that the school was an outstanding one which generated an excellent learning environment for both pupils and staff . Opening in 1938 , St Peter 's RC Primary is located on Dryden Road and serves the local Catholic parishes of St Peter 's and Our Lady of the Annunciation . Although the pupil age – range and subject – range is the same as Kells Lane Primary , St Peter 's Primary has a smaller than average cohort but according to the most recent OFSTED inspection , it too is an outstanding school . On the outskirts of the suburb lies Oakfield Junior school , which was built in 1967 and is situated on Chowdene Bank . This is an average sized junior school catering to pupils aged between 7 – 11 years . Though attainment of pupils meets only the minimum acceptable standard , Oakfield is still considered by OFSTED to be a good school whose pupils benefit from a high standard of internal leadership . Near by , on Saltwell Road South is the Joseph Swan Academy , catering for pupils 11 @-@ 18 . The suburb is also served by two specialist schools . Cedars School is situated on Ivy Lane and caters for students demonstrating special educational needs . Though the age range of pupils was 3 – 16 in 2010 , the local authority had plans to re – designate the school as suitable only for pupils aged 11 – 16 . Cedar 's is a " good , happy , safe and effective school " . The Dryden School at Shotley Gardens , provides similar provision for pupils aged between 11 – 18 and is also , according to the latest report , a good school . = = = Academic Texts = = =
= Terry Pratchett = Sir Terence David John " Terry " Pratchett , OBE ( 28 April 1948 – 12 March 2015 ) was an English author of fantasy novels , especially comical works . He is best known for his Discworld series of 41 novels . Pratchett 's first novel , The Carpet People , was published in 1971 ; after the first Discworld novel , The Colour of Magic , was published in 1983 , he wrote two books a year on average . His 2011 Discworld novel Snuff was at the time of its release the third @-@ fastest @-@ selling hardback adult @-@ readership novel since records began in the UK , selling 55 @,@ 000 copies in the first three days . His final Discworld novel , The Shepherd 's Crown , was published in August 2015 , five months after his death . Pratchett , with more than 85 million books sold worldwide in 37 languages , was the UK 's best @-@ selling author of the 1990s . He was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire ( OBE ) in 1998 and was knighted for services to literature in the 2009 New Year Honours . In 2001 he won the annual Carnegie Medal for The Amazing Maurice and his Educated Rodents , the first Discworld book marketed for children . He received the World Fantasy Award for Life Achievement in 2010 . In December 2007 , Pratchett announced that he was suffering from early @-@ onset Alzheimer 's disease . He later made a substantial public donation to the Alzheimer 's Research Trust ( now Alzheimer 's Research UK ) , filmed a television programme chronicling his experiences with the disease for the BBC , and also became a patron for Alzheimer 's Research UK . Pratchett died on 12 March 2015 , aged 66 . = = Early life = = Pratchett was born on 28 April 1948 in Beaconsfield in Buckinghamshire , England , the only child of David and Eileen Pratchett , of Hay @-@ on @-@ Wye and he attended Holtspur School . His family moved to Bridgwater , Somerset , briefly in 1957 , following which he passed his eleven plus exam in 1959 , earning a place in High Wycombe Technical High School ( now John Hampden Grammar School ) where he was a key member of the debating society and wrote stories for the school magazine . Pratchett described himself as a " non @-@ descript student " and , in his Who 's Who entry , credits his education to the Beaconsfield Public Library . His early interests included astronomy . He collected Brooke Bond tea cards about space , owned a telescope and wanted to be an astronomer but lacked the necessary mathematical skills . He developed an interest in reading science fiction and began attending science fiction conventions from about 1963 – 1964 , but stopped when he got his first job a few years later . His early reading included the works of H. G. Wells , Arthur Conan Doyle , and " every book you really ought to read " , which he later regarded as " getting an education " . Pratchett published his first short story entitled " Business Rivals " in the High Wycombe Technical School magazine in 1962 . It is the tale of a man named Crucible who finds the Devil in his flat in a cloud of sulphurous smoke . " The Hades Business " which was published in the school magazine when he was 13 was published commercially when he was 15 . Pratchett earned five O @-@ levels and started A @-@ level courses in Art , English and History . His initial career choice was journalism and he left school at 17 in 1965 to start working for the Bucks Free Press , where he wrote , amongst other things , several stories for the Children 's Circle section under the name Uncle Jim . One of these episodic stories contains named characters from The Carpet People ( 1971 ) . The stories are currently part of a project by the Bucks Free Press to make them available online . While on day release he finished his A @-@ Level in English and took a proficiency course for journalists . = = Early career = = Pratchett had his writing breakthrough in 1968 when he interviewed Peter Bander van Duren , co @-@ director of a small publishing company , Colin Smythe Ltd . During the meeting , Pratchett mentioned he had written a manuscript , The Carpet People . Colin Smythe Ltd published the book in 1971 , with illustrations by Pratchett . The book received strong , if few , reviews and was followed by the science fiction novels The Dark Side of the Sun ( 1976 ) and Strata ( 1981 ) . After various positions in journalism , in 1980 Pratchett became Press Officer for the Central Electricity Generating Board in an area which covered four nuclear power stations . He later joked that he had demonstrated " impeccable timing " by making this career change so soon after the Three Mile Island nuclear accident in Pennsylvania , US , and said he would " write a book about my experiences , if I thought anyone would believe it " . The first Discworld novel , The Colour of Magic , was published in hardback by Colin Smythe Ltd in 1983 . The paperback edition was published by Corgi , an imprint of Transworld , in 1985 . Pratchett 's popularity increased when the BBC 's Woman 's Hour broadcast The Colour of Magic as a serial in six parts , and later Equal Rites . Subsequently , the hardback rights were taken by the publishing house Victor Gollancz Ltd , which remained Pratchett 's publisher until 1997 , and Colin Smythe became Pratchett 's agent . Pratchett was the first fantasy author published by Gollancz . Pratchett gave up working for the CEGB to make his living through writing in 1987 , after finishing the fourth Discworld novel , Mort . His sales increased quickly and many of his books occupied top places on the best @-@ seller list . According to The Times , Pratchett was the top @-@ selling and highest earning UK author in 1996 . Some of his books have been published by Doubleday , another Transworld imprint . In the US , Pratchett is published by HarperCollins . According to the Bookseller 's Pocket Yearbook ( 2005 ) , in 2003 Pratchett 's UK sales amounted to 3 @.@ 4 % of the fiction market by hardback sales and 3 @.@ 8 % by value , putting him in second place behind J. K. Rowling ( 6 % and 5 @.@ 6 % , respectively ) , while in the paperback sales list Pratchett came 5th with 1 @.@ 2 % and 1 @.@ 3 % by value ( behind James Patterson ( 1 @.@ 9 % and 1 @.@ 7 % ) , Alexander McCall Smith , John Grisham , and J. R. R. Tolkien ) . His sales in the UK alone are more than 2 @.@ 5 million copies a year . = = Later life = = Pratchett married Lyn Purves in 1968 , and they moved to Rowberrow , Somerset , in 1970 . Their daughter Rhianna Pratchett , who is also a writer , was born there in 1976 . In 1993 , the family moved to Broad Chalke , a village west of Salisbury , Wiltshire . He listed his recreations as " writing , walking , computers , life " . He described himself as a humanist and was a Distinguished Supporter of the British Humanist Association and an Honorary Associate of the National Secular Society . He was the patron of the Friends of High Wycombe Library . In 2013 he gave a talk at Beaconsfield Library which he had visited as a child and donated the income from the event to it . On a number of occasions he also visited his former school to speak to the students and look around . Pratchett was well known for his penchant for wearing large , black fedora hats , as seen on the inside back covers of most of his books . His style has been described as " more that of urban cowboy than city gent . " Concern for the future of civilisation prompted him to install five kilowatts of photovoltaic cells ( for solar energy ) at his house . Having been interested in astronomy since childhood , he had an observatory built in his garden . An asteroid ( 127005 Pratchett ) is named after him . On 31 December 2008 , it was announced that Pratchett was to be knighted ( as a Knight Bachelor ) in the Queen 's 2009 New Year Honours . He formally received the accolade at Buckingham Palace on 18 February 2009 . Afterwards he said , " You can 't ask a fantasy writer not to want a knighthood . You know , for two pins I 'd get myself a horse and a sword . " In late 2009 , he did make himself a sword , with the help of his friends . He told a Times Higher Education interviewer that " At the end of last year I made my own sword . I dug out the iron ore from a field about 10 miles away – I was helped by interested friends . We lugged 80 kilos of iron ore , used clay from the garden and straw to make a kiln , and lit the kiln with wildfire by making it with a bow . ' Colin Smythe , his long @-@ term friend and agent , donated some pieces of meteoric iron – ' thunderbolt iron ' has a special place in magic and we put that in the smelt , and I remember when we sawed the iron apart it looked like silver . Everything about it I touched , handled and so forth ... And everything was as it should have been , it seemed to me . " = = = Alzheimer 's disease = = = In August 2007 , Pratchett was misdiagnosed as having had a minor stroke in 2004 or 2005 , which doctors believed had damaged the right side of his brain . While his motor skills were affected , the observed damage had not impaired his ability to write . On 11 December 2007 , Pratchett posted online that he had been newly diagnosed with early @-@ onset Alzheimer 's disease , which had been responsible for the " stroke " . He had a rare form of the disease , posterior cortical atrophy ( PCA ) , in which areas at the back of the brain begin to shrink and shrivel . Describing the diagnosis as an " embuggerance " in a radio interview , Pratchett appealed to people to " keep things cheerful " and proclaimed that " we are taking it fairly philosophically down here and possibly with a mild optimism . " He stated he felt he had time for " at least a few more books yet " , and added that while he understood the impulse to ask " is there anything I can do ? " , in this case he would only entertain such offers from " very high @-@ end experts in brain chemistry . " Discussing his diagnosis at the Bath Literature Festival in early 2008 , Pratchett revealed that by then he found it too difficult to write dedications when signing books . In his later years Pratchett wrote by dictating to his assistant , Rob Wilkins , or by using speech recognition software . In March 2008 , Pratchett announced he would donate US $ 1 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 ( about £ 494 @,@ 000 ) to the Alzheimer 's Research Trust , and that he was shocked " to find out that funding for Alzheimer 's research is just 3 % of that to find cancer cures . " He said : " I am , along with many others , scrabbling to stay ahead long enough to be there when the Cure comes along . " In April 2008 , Pratchett worked with the BBC to make a two @-@ part documentary series about his illness , Terry Pratchett : Living With Alzheimer 's . The first part was broadcast on BBC Two on 4 February 2009 , drawing 2.6m viewers and a 10 @.@ 4 % audience share . The second , broadcast on 11 February 2009 , drew 1.72m viewers and a 6 @.@ 8 % audience share . The documentary won a BAFTA award in the Factual Series category . Pratchett also made an appearance on The One Show on 15 May 2008 , talking about his condition . He was the subject and interviewee of the edition of 20 May 2008 of On the Ropes ( Radio 4 ) , discussing Alzheimer 's and how it had affected his life . On 8 June 2008 , news reports indicated that Pratchett had an experience which he described as : " It is just possible that once you have got past all the gods that we have created with big beards and many human traits , just beyond all that , on the other side of physics , there just may be the ordered structure from which everything flows " and " I don 't actually believe in anyone who could have put that in my head " . He went into further detail on Front Row , in which he was asked if this was a shift in his beliefs : " A shift in me in the sense I heard my father talk to me when I was in the garden one day . But I 'm absolutely certain that what I heard was my memories of my father . An engram , or something in my head ... This is not about God , but somewhere around there is where gods come from . " On 26 November 2008 , Pratchett met the Prime Minister Gordon Brown and asked for an increase in dementia research funding . From August 2008 , Pratchett tested a prototype device to address his condition . Despite some apparent improvements , the ability of the device to alter the course of the illness has been met with scepticism from Alzheimer 's researchers . In an article published mid @-@ 2009 , Pratchett stated that he wished to die by assisted suicide ( although he disliked that term ) before his disease progressed to a critical point . He later said he felt " it should be possible for someone stricken with a serious and ultimately fatal illness to choose to die peacefully with medical help , rather than suffer . " Pratchett was selected to give the 2010 BBC Richard Dimbleby Lecture , entitled Shaking Hands With Death , broadcast on 1 February 2010 . Pratchett introduced his lecture on the topic of assisted death , but the main text was read by his friend Tony Robinson because Pratchett 's condition made it difficult for him to read . In June 2011 Pratchett presented a one @-@ off BBC television documentary , Terry Pratchett : Choosing to Die , about assisted suicide . It won the Best Documentary award at the Scottish BAFTAs in November 2011 . In September 2012 Pratchett stated : " I have to tell you that I thought I 'd be a lot worse than this by now , and so did my specialist . " In the same interview , he stated that the cognitive part of his mind was " untouched " and his symptoms were physical ( normal for PCA ) . However , in July 2014 he cancelled his appearance at the biennial International Discworld Convention , saying : " the Embuggerance is finally catching up with me , along with other age @-@ related ailments " . = = = Death = = = Pratchett died at his home on the morning of 12 March 2015 from his Alzheimer 's , according to his publisher . The Telegraph reported an unidentified source as saying that despite his previous discussion of assisted suicide , his death had been natural . After Pratchett 's death , his assistant , Rob Wilkins , wrote from the official Terry Pratchett Twitter account : AT LAST , SIR TERRY , WE MUST WALK TOGETHER . Terry took Death 's arm and followed him through the doors and on to the black desert under the endless night . The End . The use of small capitals is a reference to how the character of Death speaks in Pratchett 's works . Many public figures paid tribute following Pratchett 's death , including British Prime Minister David Cameron and the comedian Ricky Gervais , and authors including Nick Harkaway , Ursula Le Guin , Terry Brooks , Margaret Atwood , George R. R. Martin , and Neil Gaiman . Pratchett was memorialised in a graffito in East London , and the video game company Frontier Developments added a space station to Elite : Dangerous named " Pratchett 's Disc " . Developers of Dota 2 , Valve Corporation , added an item to their game called " Octarine Core , " in reference to Pratchett 's novel " The Colour of Magic . " Users of the social news site Reddit organised a tribute by which an HTTP header , " X @-@ Clacks @-@ Overhead : GNU Terry Pratchett " , is added to a site 's responses , a reference to the Discworld novel Going Postal . Pratchett 's humanist funeral service was held on 25 March 2015 . = = Interests = = = = = Computers and the Internet = = = Pratchett started to use computers for writing as soon as they were available to him . His first computer was a Sinclair ZX81 ; the first computer he used properly for writing was an Amstrad CPC 464 , later replaced by a PC . Pratchett was one of the first authors routinely to use the Internet to communicate with fans , and was a contributor to the Usenet newsgroup alt.fan.pratchett from 1992 . However , he did not consider the Internet a hobby , just another " thing to use " . He had many computers in his house , with a bank of six monitors rigged up to ease writing . When he travelled , he always took a portable computer with him to write . His experiments with computer upgrades are reflected in Hex . Pratchett was also an avid video game player , and collaborated in the creation of a number of game adaptations of his books . He favoured games that are " intelligent and have some depth " , citing Half @-@ Life 2 and fan missions from Thief as examples . Additionally , he played Oblivion , which he described as " wonderful " , and used many of its non @-@ combat @-@ oriented , fan @-@ made mods . He is also said to have enjoyed playing the first Tomb Raider game . = = = Natural history = = = Pratchett had a fascination with natural history that he referred to many times , and he owned a greenhouse full of carnivorous plants . In 1995 , a fossil sea @-@ turtle from the Eocene epoch of New Zealand was named in honour of him Psephophorus terrypratchetti by the palaeontologist Richard Köhler . In 2016 , Pratchett fans petitioned the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry ( IUPAC ) to name chemical element 117 , currently referred to as Ununseptium , as Octarine , with the proposed symbol Oc ( pronounced " ook " ) . = = = = Orangutans = = = = Pratchett was a trustee for the Orangutan Foundation UK but was pessimistic about the animal 's future . His activities included visiting Borneo with a Channel 4 film crew to make an episode of " Jungle Quest " in 1995 , seeing orangutans in their natural habitat . Following Pratchett 's lead , fan events such as the Discworld Conventions have adopted the Orangutan Foundation as their nominated charity , which has been acknowledged by the foundation . One of Pratchett 's most popular fictional characters , the Librarian of the Unseen University 's Library , is a wizard who was transformed into an orangutan in a magical accident and decides to remain in that condition as it is so convenient for his work . = = = Amateur astronomy = = = Pratchett had an observatory in his back garden and was a keen astronomer from childhood . He made an appearance on the BBC programme The Sky at Night . = = = Terry Pratchett First Novel Award = = = Pratchett sponsored a biennial award for unpublished science fiction novelists , the Terry Pratchett First Novel Award . The prize is a publishing contract with his publishers Transworld . In 2011 the award was won jointly by David Logan for Half Sick of Shadows and Michael Logan for Apocalypse Cow . In 2013 the award was won by Alexander Maskill for The Hive . = = = Sir Terry Pratchett Memorial Scholarship = = = In 2015 , the estate of the late Sir Terry Pratchett announced an in @-@ perpetuity endowment to the University of South Australia . The Sir Terry Pratchett Memorial Scholarship supports a Masters scholarship at the University 's Hawke Research Institute . = = Writing career = = = = = Awards = = = Pratchett received a knighthood for " services to literature " in the 2009 UK New Year Honours list . He was previously appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire , also for " services to literature " , in 1998 . Following this , Pratchett commented in the Ansible SF / fan newsletter , " I suspect the ' services to literature ' consisted of refraining from trying to write any , " but added , " Still , I cannot help feeling mightily chuffed about it . " Pratchett was the British Book Awards ' ' Fantasy and Science Fiction Author of the Year ' for 1994 . Pratchett won the British Science Fiction Award in 1989 for his novel , Pyramids , and a Locus Award for Best Fantasy Novel in 2008 for Making Money . Pratchett was awarded ten honorary doctorates : University of Warwick in 1999 , the University of Portsmouth in 2001 , the University of Bath in 2003 , the University of Bristol in 2004 , Buckinghamshire New University in 2008 , the University of Dublin in 2008 , Bradford University in 2009 , University of Winchester in 2009 , The Open University in 2013 for his contribution to Public Service and his last , from the University of South Australia , in May 2014 . Pratchett won the 2001 Carnegie Medal from the British librarians , recognising The Amazing Maurice and His Educated Rodents as the year 's best children 's book published in the UK . Night Watch won the 2003 Prometheus Award for best libertarian novel . In 2003 , BBC conducted The Big Read to identify the " Nation 's Best @-@ loved Novel " and finally published a ranked list of the " Top 200 " . Pratchett 's highest @-@ ranking novel was Mort , number 65 , but he and Charles Dickens were the only authors with five in the Top 100 ( four of his were from the Discworld series ) . He also led all authors with fifteen novels in the Top 200 . Three of the five Discworld novels that centre on the " trainee witch " Tiffany Aching won the annual Locus Award for Best Young Adult Book in 2004 , 2005 and 2007 . In 2005 , Going Postal was shortlisted for the Hugo Award for Best Novel ; however , Pratchett recused himself , stating that stress over the award would mar his enjoyment of Worldcon . Pratchett received the NESFA Skylark Award in 2009 and the World Fantasy Award for Life Achievement in 2010 . In 2011 he won Margaret A. Edwards Award from the American Library Association , a lifetime honour for " significant and lasting contribution to young adult literature " . The librarians cited nine Discworld novels published from 1983 to 2004 and observed that " Pratchett 's tales of Discworld have won over generations of teen readers with intelligence , heart , and undeniable wit . Comic adventures that fondly mock the fantasy genre , the Discworld novels expose the hypocrisies of contemporary society in an intricate , ever @-@ expanding universe . With satisfyingly multilayered plots , Pratchett 's humor honors the intelligence of the reader . Teens eagerly lose themselves in a universe with no maps . " He was made an adjunct Professor in the School of English at Trinity College Dublin in 2010 , with a role in postgraduate education in creative writing and popular literature . I Shall Wear Midnight won the 2010 Andre Norton Award for Young Adult Science Fiction and Fantasy presented by the Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America ( SFWA ) as a part of the Nebula Award ceremony . In 2016 , SFWA announced that Sir Terry would be the recipient of the Kate Wilhelm Solstice Award , presented at the 2016 SFWA Nebula Conference . = = = Fanbase = = = Pratchett 's Discworld novels have led to dedicated conventions , the first in Manchester in 1996 , then worldwide , often with the author as guest of honour . Publication of a new novel was sometimes accompanied by an international book signing tour ; queues were known to stretch outside the bookshop as the author continued to sign books well after the intended finishing time . His fans were not restricted by age or gender , and he received a large amount of fan mail from them . Pratchett enjoyed meeting fans and hearing what they think about his books , saying that since he was well paid for his novels , his fans were " everything " to him . = = Writing = = Pratchett said that to write , you must read extensively , both inside and outside your chosen genre and to the point of " overflow " . He advised that writing is hard work , and that writers must " make grammar , punctuation and spelling a part of your life . " However , Pratchett enjoyed writing , regarding its monetary rewards as " an unavoidable consequence " , rather than the reason for writing . = = = Fantasy genre = = = Although during his early career he wrote for the sci @-@ fi and horror genres , Pratchett later focused almost entirely on fantasy , and said : " It is easier to bend the universe around the story . " In the acceptance speech for his Carnegie Medal he said : " Fantasy isn 't just about wizards and silly wands . It 's about seeing the world from new directions " , pointing to J. K. Rowling 's Harry Potter novels and J. R. R. Tolkien 's The Lord of the Rings . In the same speech , he acknowledged benefits of these works for the genre . Pratchett believed he owed " a debt to the science fiction / fantasy genre which he grew up out of " and disliked the term " magical realism " which , he said , is " like a polite way of saying you write fantasy and is more acceptable to certain people ... who , on the whole , do not care that much . " He expressed annoyance that fantasy is " unregarded as a literary form " , arguing that it " is the oldest form of fiction " ; he described himself as " infuriated " when novels containing science fiction or fantasy ideas were not regarded as part of those genres . He debated this issue with novelist A. S. Byatt and critic Terry Eagleton , arguing that fantasy is fundamental to the way we understand the world and therefore an integral aspect of all fiction . On 31 July 2005 , Pratchett criticised media coverage of Harry Potter author J. K. Rowling , commenting that certain members of the media seemed to think that " the continued elevation of J. K. Rowling can be achieved only at the expense of other writers " . Pratchett later denied claims that this was a swipe at Rowling , and said that he was not making claims of plagiarism , but was pointing out the " shared heritage " of the fantasy genre . Pratchett also posted on the Harry Potter newsgroup about a media @-@ covered exchange of views with her . = = = Style and themes = = = Pratchett is known for a distinctive writing style that included a number of characteristic hallmarks . One example is his use of footnotes , which usually involve a comic departure from the narrative or a commentary on the narrative , and occasionally have footnotes of their own . Pratchett 's earliest Discworld novels were written largely to parody classic sword @-@ and @-@ sorcery fiction ( and occasionally science @-@ fiction ) ; as the series progressed , Pratchett dispensed with parody almost entirely , and the Discworld series evolved into straightforward ( though still comedic ) satire . Pratchett had a tendency to avoid using chapters , arguing in a Book Sense interview that " life does not happen in regular chapters , nor do movies , and Homer did not write in chapters " , adding " I 'm blessed if I know what function they serve in books for adults . " However , there have been exceptions ; Going Postal and Making Money and several of his books for younger readers are divided into chapters . Pratchett offered explanations for his sporadic use of chapters ; in the young adult titles , he said that he must use chapters because ' [ his ] editor screams until [ he ] does ' , but otherwise felt that they were an unnecessary ' stopping point ' that got in the way of the narrative . Characters , place names , and titles in Pratchett 's books often contain puns , allusions and culture references . Some characters are parodies of well @-@ known characters : for example , Pratchett 's character Cohen the Barbarian , also called Ghengiz Cohen , is a parody of Conan the Barbarian and Genghis Khan , and his character Leonard of Quirm is a parody of Leonardo da Vinci . Another hallmark of his writing was the use of capitalised dialogue without quotation marks , used to indicate the character of Death communicating telepathically into a character 's mind . Other characters or types of characters were given similarly distinctive ways of speaking , such as the auditors of reality never having quotation marks , Ankh @-@ Morpork grocers never using punctuation correctly , and golems capitalising each word in everything they say . Pratchett also made up a new colour , octarine , a ' fluorescent greenish @-@ yellow @-@ purple ' , which is the eighth colour in the Discworld spectrum — the colour of magic . Indeed , the number eight itself is regarded in the Discworld as being a magical number ; for example , the eighth son of an eighth son will be a wizard , and his eighth son will be a " sourcerer " ( which is one reason why wizards are not allowed to have children ) . Discworld novels often included a modern innovation and its introduction to the world 's medieval setting , such as a public police force ( Guards ! Guards ! ) , guns ( Men at Arms ) , submarines ( Jingo ) , cinema ( Moving Pictures ) , investigative journalism ( The Truth ) , the postage stamp ( Going Postal ) , modern banking ( Making Money ) , and the steam engine ( Raising Steam ) . The " clacks " , the tower @-@ to @-@ tower semaphore system that sprang up in later novels , is a mechanical optical telegraph ( used in Napoleon 's Era successfully ) before wired electric telegraph chains , with all the change and turmoil that such an advancement implies . The resulting social upheaval driven by these changes serves as the setting for the main story . = = = Influences = = = Pratchett made no secret of outside influences on his work : they were a major source of his humour . He imported numerous characters from classic literature , popular culture and ancient history , always adding an unexpected twist . Pratchett was a crime novel fan , which was reflected in frequent appearances of the Ankh @-@ Morpork City Watch in the Discworld series . Pratchett was an only child , and his characters are often without siblings . Pratchett explained , " In fiction , only @-@ children are the interesting ones " . Pratchett 's earliest inspirations were The Wind in the Willows by Kenneth Grahame , and the works of Isaac Asimov and Arthur C. Clarke . His literary influences have been P.G. Wodehouse , Tom Sharpe , Jerome K. Jerome , Roy Lewis , Alan Coren , G. K. Chesterton , and Mark Twain . = = = Publishing history = = = While Pratchett 's UK publishing history remained quite stable , his relationships with international publishers were turbulent ( especially in America ) . He changed German publishers after an advertisement for Maggi soup appeared in the middle of the German @-@ language version of Pyramids . = = Works = = = = = The Discworld series = = = Pratchett began writing the Discworld series in 1983 to " have fun with some of the cliches " and it is a humorous and often satirical sequence of stories set in the colourful fantasy Discworld universe . The series contains various story arcs ( or sub @-@ series ) , and a number of free @-@ standing stories . All are set in an abundance of locations in the same detailed and unified world , such as the Unseen University and ' The Drum / Broken Drum / Mended Drum ' public house in the twin city Ankh @-@ Morpork , or places in the various continents , regions and countries on the Disc . Characters and locations reappear throughout the series , variously taking major and minor roles . The Discworld itself is described as a large disc resting on the backs of four giant elephants , all supported by the giant turtle Great A 'Tuin as it swims its way through space . The books are essentially in chronological order , and advancements can be seen in the development of the Discworld civilisations , such as the creation of paper money in Ankh @-@ Morpork . Many of the novels in Pratchett 's Discworld series parody real @-@ world subjects such as film making , newspaper publishing , rock and roll music , religion , philosophy , Ancient Greece , Egyptian history , the Gulf War , Australia , university politics , trade unions , and the financial world . Pratchett also included further parody as a feature within the stories , including such subjects as Ingmar Bergman films , numerous fiction , science fiction , and fantasy characters , and various bureaucratic and ruling systems . = = = Other Discworld books = = = Pratchett wrote or collaborated on a number of Discworld books that are not novels in themselves but serve to accompany the series . The Discworld Companion , written with Stephen Briggs , is an encyclopaedic guide to Discworld . The third edition was renamed The New Discworld Companion , and was published in 2003 . The fourth and most recent edition of the companion , Turtle Recall was published on 18 October 2012 . Briggs also collaborated with Pratchett on a series of fictional Discworld " mapps " . The first , The Discworld Mapp ( 1995 ) , illustrated by Stephen Player , comprises a large , comprehensive map of the Discworld itself with a small booklet that contains short biographies of the Disc 's prominent explorers and their discoveries . Three further " mapps " , have been released , focusing on particular regions of the Disc : Ankh @-@ Morpork , Lancre , and Death 's Domain . Between 1997 and 2015 , ten Discworld Diaries were published as collaborations with Briggs or the Discword Emporium . Pratchett and Tina Hannan collaborated on Nanny Ogg 's Cookbook ( 1999 ) . The design of this cookbook , illustrated by Paul Kidby , was based on the traditional Mrs Beeton 's Book of Household Management , but with humorous recipes . Pratchett and Bernard Pearson collaborated on The Discworld Almanak , for the Year of the Prawn , with illustration by Paul Kidby , Pearson and Sheila Watkins . Collections of Discworld @-@ related art have also been released in book form . The Pratchett Portfolio ( 1996 ) and The Art of Discworld ( 2004 ) are collections of paintings of major Discworld characters by Paul Kidby , with details added by Pratchett on the character 's origins . In 2005 , Pratchett 's first book for very young children was Where 's My Cow ? Illustrated by Melvyn Grant , this is a realisation of the short story Sam Vimes reads to his child in Thud ! . The Unseen University Cut Out Book was published in 2006 developed with Alan Bately and Bernard Pearson . The book contains cut @-@ out templates of seven of the major buildings in the Unseen University . Following on from the release of Sky 's adaptation of Hogfather , Terry Pratchett 's Hogfather , The Illustrated Screenplay was released in 2006 . It was written by Vadim Jean and " mucked about with by Terry Pratchett " . It contains the final shooting script , pictures from the film and additional illustrations by Stephen Player . It was published by Gollancz . Pratchett and the Discworld Emporium published The Compleat Ankh @-@ Morpork City Guide in 2012 which combined a trade directory , gazetteer , laws and ordinances together with a fully revised city map with artwork by Bernard Pearson , Ian Mitchell and Peter Dennis . A number of publications have been released on the back of Pratchett 's novels with the participation of the Discworld Emporium : The World of Poo ; a book by Miss Felicity Beedle who features in Snuff ( 2012 ) Mrs Bradshaw 's Handbook : an illustrated guide to Discworld railway ( Raising Steam , 2014 ) Pratchett resisted mapping the Discworld for quite some time , noting that a firmly designed map restricts narrative possibility ( i.e. , with a map , fans would complain if he placed a building on the wrong street , but without one , he could adjust the geography to fit the story ) . = = = = The Science of Discworld = = = = Pratchett wrote four Science of Discworld books in collaboration with Professor of mathematics Ian Stewart and reproductive biologist Jack Cohen , both of the University of Warwick : The Science of Discworld ( 1999 ) , The Science of Discworld II : The Globe ( 2002 ) , The Science of Discworld III : Darwin 's Watch ( 2005 ) , and The Science of Discworld IV : Judgement Day ( 2013 ) . All four books have chapters that alternate between fiction and non @-@ fiction : the fictional chapters are set within the Discworld universe , where characters observe , and experiment on , a universe with the same physics as ours . The non @-@ fiction chapters ( written by Stewart and Cohen ) explain the science behind the fictional events . In 1999 , Pratchett appointed both Cohen and Stewart as " Honorary Wizards of the Unseen University " at the same ceremony at which the University of Warwick awarded him an honorary degree . = = = = Folklore of Discworld = = = = Pratchett collaborated with the folklorist Dr Jacqueline Simpson on The Folklore of Discworld ( 2008 ) , a study of the relationship between many of the persons , places and events described in the Discworld books and their counterparts in myths , legends , fairy tales and folk customs on Earth . = = = Other novels and writing = = = Pratchett 's first two adult novels , The Dark Side of the Sun ( 1976 ) and Strata ( 1981 ) , were both science @-@ fiction , the latter taking place partly on a disc @-@ shaped world . Subsequent to these , Pratchett mostly concentrated on his Discworld series and novels for children , with two exceptions : Good Omens ( 1990 ) , a collaboration with Neil Gaiman ( which was nominated for both Locus and World Fantasy Awards in 1991 ) , a humorous story about the Apocalypse set on Earth , and Nation ( 2008 ) , a book for young adults . After writing Good Omens , Pratchett began to work with Larry Niven on a book that would become Rainbow Mars ; Niven eventually completed the book on his own , but states in the afterword that a number of Pratchett 's ideas remained in the finished version . Pratchett also collaborated with British science fiction author Stephen Baxter on a parallel earth series . The first novel , entitled The Long Earth was released on 21 June 2012 . A second novel , The Long War , was released on 18 June 2013 . The Long Mars was published in 2014 . The fourth book in the series , The Long Utopia , was published in June 2015 , and the fifth , The Long Cosmos , in June 2016 . In 2012 , the first volume of Pratchett 's collected short fiction was published under the title A Blink of the Screen . In 2014 , a similar collection was published of Pratchett 's non @-@ fiction , entitled A Slip of the Keyboard . = = = Juvenile literature = = = Pratchett 's first children 's novel was also his first published novel : The Carpet People in 1971 , which Pratchett substantially rewrote and re @-@ released in 1992 . The next , Truckers ( 1988 ) , was the first in The Nome Trilogy of novels for young readers , about small gnome @-@ like creatures called " Nomes " , and the trilogy continued in Diggers ( 1990 ) and Wings ( 1990 ) . Subsequently , Pratchett wrote the Johnny Maxwell trilogy , about the adventures of a boy called Johnny Maxwell and his friends , comprising Only You Can Save Mankind ( 1992 ) , Johnny and the Dead ( 1993 ) and Johnny and the Bomb ( 1996 ) . Nation ( 2008 ) marked his return to the non @-@ Discworld children 's novel , and this was followed in 2012 by Dodger , a children 's novel set in Victorian London . On 21 November 2013 Doubleday Children 's released Pratchett 's Jack Dodger 's Guide to London . In September 2014 an anthology of children 's stories , Dragons at Crumbling Castle , written by Pratchett , and illustrated by Mark Beech , was published . = = = Collaborations and contributions = = = The Unadulterated Cat ( 1989 ) is a humorous book of cat anecdotes written by Pratchett and illustrated by Gray Jolliffe . Digital Dreams , edited by David V Barrett ( 1990 ) , contains the science fiction short story ' " # ifdefDEBUG + " world / enough " + " time " . Good Omens , written with Neil Gaiman ( 1990 ) After the King : Stories In Honour of J.R.R. Tolkien edited by Martin H. Greenberg ( 1992 ) contains " Troll Bridge " , a short story featuring Cohen the Barbarian . This story was also published in the compilation The Mammoth Book of Comic Fantasy ( 2001 , edited by Mike Ashley ) . Now We Are Sick , written by Neil Gaiman and Stephen Jones ( 1994 ) , includes the poem called " The Secret Book of the Dead " by Pratchett . The Wizards of Odd , a short @-@ story compilation edited by Peter Haining ( 1996 ) , includes a Discworld short story called " Theatre of Cruelty " . The Flying Sorcerers , another short @-@ story compilation edited by Peter Haining ( 1997 ) , starts off with a Pratchett story called " Turntables of the Night " , featuring Death ( albeit not set on Discworld , but in our " reality " ) . Knights of Madness ( 1998 , edited by Peter Haining ) includes a short story called " Hollywood Chickens " . Legends , edited by Robert Silverberg ( 1998 ) , contains a Discworld short story called " The Sea and Little Fishes " . The Ultimate Encyclopedia of Fantasy , edited by David Pringle ( 1998 ) , has a foreword by Pratchett . The Leaky Establishment , written by David Langford ( 1984 ) , has a foreword by Pratchett in later reissues ( from 2001 ) . Meditations on Middle @-@ Earth , an anthology of essays on Middle Earth compiled by Karen Haber , contains Pratchett 's essay " Cult Classic " ( 2002 ) Once More * With Footnotes , edited by Priscilla Olson and Sheila M. Perry ( 2004 ) , is " an assortment of short stories , articles , introductions , and ephemera " by Pratchett which " have appeared in books , magazines , newspapers , anthologies , and program books , many of which are now hard to find . " The Writers ' and Artists ' Yearbook 2007 includes an article by Pratchett about the process of writing fantasy . The " Long Earth " series , written with Stephen Baxter , which includes the following titles : The Long Earth ( 2012 ) The Long War ( 2013 ) The Long Mars ( 2014 ) The Long Utopia ( 2015 ) The Long Cosmos ( 2016 ) = = = Unfinished texts = = = According to Pratchett 's assistant Rob Wilkins , Pratchett left " an awful lot " of unfinished writing , " 10 titles I know of and fragments from many other bits and pieces . " In the past , Pratchett himself mentioned at least two texts , Scouting for Trolls , and a Discworld novel centering on a new character . The notes left behind outline ideas about " how the old folk of the Twilight Canyons solve the mystery of a missing treasure and defeat the rise of a Dark Lord despite their failing memories " , " the secret of the crystal cave and the carnivorous plants in the Dark Incontinent " , about Constable Feeney of the Watch , first introduced in Snuff , involving how he " solves a whodunnit among the congenitally decent and honest goblins " , and on a second book about Amazing Maurice from The Amazing Maurice and His Educated Rodents . Pratchett 's daughter is the current custodian of the Discworld franchise , and has stated on several occasions that she has no plans to publish any of her father 's unfinished work , or to continue the Discworld on her own . = = Adaptations = = = = = Comic books and graphic novels = = = Four graphic novels of Pratchett 's work have been released . The first two , originally published in the US , were adaptations of The Colour of Magic and The Light Fantastic and illustrated by Steven Ross ( with Joe Bennett on the latter ) . The second two , published in the UK , were adaptations of Mort ( subtitled A Discworld Big Comic ) and Guards ! Guards ! , both illustrated by Graham Higgins and adapted by Stephen Briggs . The graphic novels of The Colour of Magic and The Light Fantastic were republished by Doubleday on 2 June 2008 . An adaption of Small Gods is planned for release on 28 June 2016 . = = = Feature films = = = Pratchett held back from Discworld feature films ; though the rights to a number of his books have been sold , no films have yet been made . Director Terry Gilliam announced in an 1999 interview with Empire magazine that he planned to adapt Good Omens , but as of 2007 this still needed funding . In 2001 , DreamWorks commissioned a Truckers adaptation by Andrew Adamson and Joe Stillman but Pratchett believed that it will not be made until after " Shrek 17 " . In 2006 , it was reported that The Wee Free Men was set to be directed by Sam Raimi , but in 2009 Pratchett said that he had " got [ it ] back " after reading the proposed screenplay . In 2008 , Danny Boyle revealed that he hoped to direct a Truckers adaptation by Frank Cottrell Boyce . = = = Internet games = = = The world of Discworld is featured in a fan @-@ created online MUD ( multi @-@ user dungeon ) , which allows players to play humans in various guilds within the universe that Pratchett created . = = = Music = = = From The Discworld ( 1994 ) is a collection of 14 songs by Dave Greenslade inspired by the Discworld novels , with the author contributing to the production of the record . The album features songs and instrumentals about the books as well as some that appear in the novels , such as " A Wizard 's Staff has a Knob on the End " . The video of Soul Music used parts of the complete songs that were actually written and performed by Keith Hopwood and Phil Bush ; the complete songs were released on an audio CD . Steeleye Span co @-@ operated with Terry Pratchett to write and produce the album Wintersmith ( October 2013 ) , based on the novels featuring the Wee Free Men . = = = Radio = = = Pratchett had a number of radio adaptations on BBC Radio 4 : The Colour of Magic , Equal Rites ( on Woman 's Hour ) , Only You Can Save Mankind , Guards ! Guards ! , Wyrd Sisters , Mort , and Small Gods have all been dramatised as serials , as was Night Watch in early 2008 , and The Amazing Maurice and his Educated Rodents as a 90 @-@ minute play . The 4 @-@ part BBC Radio 4 adaptation of Eric by Robin Brooks again started on 6 March 2013 . Guards ! Guards ! was adapted as a one @-@ hour audio drama by the Atlanta Radio Theatre Company and performed live at Dragon * Con in 2001 . In 2014 , a six @-@ part adaption of Good Omens aired on BBC Radio 4 , and featured cameos by both Terry Pratchett and Neil Gaiman . = = = Television = = = Truckers was adapted as a stop motion animation series for Thames Television by Cosgrove Hall Films in 1992 . Johnny and the Dead was made into a TV serial for Children 's ITV on ITV , in 1995 . Wyrd Sisters and Soul Music were adapted as animated cartoon series by Cosgrove Hall for Channel 4 in 1996 ; illustrated screenplays of these were published in 1998 and 1997 respectively . In January 2006 , BBC One aired a three @-@ part adaptation of Johnny and the Bomb . A two @-@ part , feature @-@ length version of Hogfather starring David Jason and the voice of Ian Richardson was first aired on Sky One in the United Kingdom in December 2006 , and on ION Television in the US in 2007 . Pratchett was opposed to live action films about Discworld before because of his negative experience with Hollywood film makers . He changed his opinion when he saw that the director Vadim Jean and producer Rod Brown were very enthusiastic and cooperative . A two @-@ part , feature @-@ length adaptation of The Colour of Magic and its sequel The Light Fantastic aired during Easter 2008 on Sky One . A third adaptation , Going Postal was aired at the end of May 2010 . The Sky adaptations are notable also for the author 's presence in cameo roles . He is also credited as having " mucked about " with these adaptations . In 2012 , Pratchett founded a television production company of his own , Narrativia , which is to hold the rights to his works , and which is in development of a television series , The Watch , based on the Ankh @-@ Morpork City Watch . In 2016 , Neil Gaiman stated that Terry had given him his blessing to go forward with an adaptation of Good Omens if he so wished . It is currently formatted as a six @-@ part series . = = = Theatre = = = Twenty one of Pratchett 's novels have been adapted as plays by Stephen Briggs and published in book form . They were first produced by the Studio Theatre Club in Abingdon , Oxfordshire . They include adaptations of The Truth , Maskerade , Mort , Wyrd Sisters and Guards ! Guards ! Stage adaptations of Discworld novels have been performed on every continent in the world , including Antarctica . In addition , Lords & Ladies has been adapted for the stage by Irana Brown , and Pyramids was adapted for the stage by Suzi Holyoake in 1999 and had a week @-@ long theatre run in the UK . In 2002 , an adaptation of Truckers was produced as a co @-@ production between Harrogate Theatre , the Belgrade Theatre Coventry and Theatre Royal , Bury St. Edmunds . It was adapted by Bob Eaton , and directed by Rob Swain . The play toured to many venues in the UK between 15 March and 29 June 2002 . A version of Eric adapted for the stage by Scott Harrison and Lee Harris was produced and performed by The Dreaming Theatre Company in June / July 2003 inside Clifford 's Tower , the 700 @-@ year @-@ old castle keep in York . It was revived in 2004 in a tour of England along with Robert Rankin 's The Antipope . In 2004 , a musical adaptation of Only You Can Save Mankind was premiered at the Edinburgh Festival , with music by Leighton James House and book and lyrics by Shaun McKenna . In January 2009 , the National Theatre announced that their annual winter family production in 2009 would be a theatrical adaptation of Pratchett 's novel Nation . The novel was adapted by playwright Mark Ravenhill and directed by Melly Still . The production premiered at the Olivier Theatre on 24 November , and ran until 28 March 2010 . It was broadcast to cinemas around the world on 30 January 2010 . Pratchett worked with Youth Music Theatre UK several times over the last few years to bring adaptations of both Mort and Soul Music to the stage . In August 2014 , a brand new adaptation of Soul Music will be performed at the Rose Theatre , Kingston . = = = Role @-@ playing games = = = GURPS Discworld ( Steve Jackson Games , 1998 ) and GURPS Discworld Also ( Steve Jackson Games , 2001 ) are role @-@ playing source books which were written by Terry Pratchett and Phil Masters , which also offer insights into the workings of the Discworld . The first of these two books was re @-@ released in September 2002 under the name of The Discworld Roleplaying Game , with art by Paul Kidby . = = = Video games = = = The Discworld universe has also been used as a basis for a number of video games on a range of formats , such as the Sega Saturn , the Sony PlayStation , the Philips CD @-@ i , and the 3DO , as well as DOS and Windows @-@ based PCs . The following are the more notable games : The Colour of Magic , the first game based on the series , and so far the only one directly adapted from a Discworld novel . It was released in 1986 for the Sinclair ZX Spectrum and Commodore 64 . Discworld , an animated " point @-@ and @-@ click " adventure game made by Teeny Weeny Games and Perfect 10 Productions in 1995 . Discworld II : Missing Presumed ... ! ? , a sequel to Discworld developed by Perfect Entertainment in 1996 . It was subtitled " Mortality Bytes ! " in North America . Discworld Noir is the first 3D game based on the Discworld series , and is both a parody of the film noir genre and an example of it . The game was created by Perfect Entertainment and published by GT Interactive for both the PC and PlayStation in 1999 . It was released only in Europe and Australia . = = = Board games = = = So far there have been five games published relating to Discworld Thud , 2002 , by Trevor Truran , publisher The Cunning Artificer . It resembles ancient Norse games such as Hnefatafl , and involves two unequal sides , Trolls and Dwarves with different moves and ' capture ' abilities . Guards Guards , 2011 , by Backspindle Games ( Designers : Leonard Boyd & David Brashaw ) , Published in conjunction with Z @-@ Man Games . This is a ' quest ' game where players have to manoeuvre their piece around the board collecting stolen spells to return to the Unseen University , while dealing with various Discworld characters . Ankh @-@ Morpork , 2011 , by Martin Wallace , published by Treefrog Games . This is a game where each player has a secret victory condition , usually relating to owning buildings in , or controlling , various areas of the city of Ankh @-@ Morpork . During the game , players play cards from their hand to place control elements in the city , remove other players ' pieces , or otherwise manipulate the ownership of areas . The Witches , 2013 , by Martin Wallace , published by Treefrog Games . This is a game aimed at younger or more family oriented players . They must move around the town of Lancre and its surrounds , dealing with ' problems ' ranging from a sick pig , to an invasion by vampires . Each player has a one @-@ use special power . It is a semi @-@ cooperative game , in that all players can lose if the game wins , but if they resolve all the problems , then one of them will win . Clacks , 2014 , by Backspindle Games ( Designers : Leonard Boyd & David Brashaw ) , Published in conjunction with Z @-@ Man Games . In this game players compete to send their ' message ' on a clacks board while disrupting their opponents ' messages . It resembles the game Amoeba , with its constantly changing board . = = Works about Pratchett = = A collection of essays about his writings is compiled in the book Terry Pratchett : Guilty of Literature , edited by Andrew M. Butler , Edward James and Farah Mendlesohn , published by Science Fiction Foundation in 2000 ( ISBN 0903007010 ) . A second , expanded edition was published by Old Earth Books in 2004 ( ISBN 188296831X ) . Andrew M. Butler also wrote the Pocket Essentials Guide to Terry Pratchett published in 2001 ( ISBN 1903047390 ) . Writers Uncovered : Terry Pratchett is a biography for young readers by Vic Parker , published by Heinemann Library in 2006 ( ISBN 0431906335 ) . = = Arms = =
= I Married Marge = " I Married Marge " is the twelfth episode of The Simpsons ' third season . It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on December 26 , 1991 . In the episode , Marge worries that she may yet again be pregnant and drives to Dr. Hibbert 's office . While anxiously waiting , Homer begins to tell Bart , Lisa , and Maggie the story of how he and Marge got married and how Bart was born . Written by Jeff Martin and directed by Jeffrey Lynch , " I Married Marge " was the second flashback episode of The Simpsons after season two 's " The Way We Was " . It features cultural references to The Empire Strikes Back , Charlie 's Angels , and Ms. Pac @-@ Man . The title of the episode is a play on the American television series I Married Joan . Since airing , " I Married Marge " has received mostly positive reviews from television critics . It acquired a Nielsen rating of 11 @.@ 9 and was the highest @-@ rated show on the Fox network the week it aired . The episode was the first of three about the births of the Simpsons children , this one covering Bart 's birth , with Lisa 's covered in " Lisa 's First Word " in the fourth season , and Maggie 's covered in the sixth season episode " And Maggie Makes Three " . The episode also expands upon the family 's origins as a result of Marge falling pregnant with Bart , briefly referred to in " The Way We Was " , and introduces key moments , such as Bart 's conception at a Mini @-@ Golf course , which would ultimately become a major part of the series ' canon . = = Plot = = Marge and Homer worry that Marge may be pregnant again after a home pregnancy test gives inconclusive results , so Marge drives to Dr. Hibbert 's office to take another test . While waiting , Homer tells Bart , Lisa , and Maggie the story of how he and Marge got married , and Bart 's birth thereafter . In 1980 , Homer works at a miniature golf course and is dating Marge . One night , they make out inside of a golf course castle after seeing The Empire Strikes Back . A few days later , Marge feels sick and tells Homer she might be pregnant . He takes her to the office of Dr. Hibbert , who confirms that Marge is pregnant . Homer is less than thrilled over the announcement , but since he loves Marge he proposes to her and she accepts . They decide to name their new baby Bart , as it is the first name they could think of that Homer did not think other children would make fun of . The two marry in a small wedding chapel across the state line . They spend their wedding night at Marge 's family 's house , sleeping on a couch in the living room , which irritates Marge 's mother , Jacqueline and her sisters Patty and Selma . Homer 's wages at the miniature golf course are insufficient to pay for his new family so he attempts to get a job at the Springfield Nuclear Power Plant , but is unsuccessful . When Homer and Marge 's newly purchased baby supplies and Marge 's wedding ring are repossessed , Homer decides to leave and find a job . When Marge reads the letter Homer left behind explaining his actions , she is brought to tears . Homer gets a job at a " Gulp N ' Blow " taco restaurant , where Patty and Selma find him . Selma , seeing how unhappy her younger sister is without Homer , decides to tell Marge the truth in spite of Patty 's reluctance ( due to her obvious hatred of Homer ) . Marge finds Homer and convinces him to come back home with her . When Homer says he cannot provide much material wealth for Marge , she reminds him that anything he gives her is valuable , because it is from him . Homer applies for a job at the power plant once more , this time marching into Mr. Burns 's office and telling him that he will be the perfect employee . Mr. Burns is so impressed that he hires Homer on the spot . When Homer returns to Marge 's house , he discovers from his mother @-@ in @-@ law that she has gone into labor and is already at the hospital . He quickly gets there and sees Marge with Selma and an angry Patty , who starts berating him . Fed up with her disrespect , Homer lashes out at Patty and angrily tells Patty ( as well as the rest of the Bouvier family ) to start showing him some respect for he has a job , a piece of news that Homer promptly tells Marge before she finally gives birth to Bart. After Homer finishes telling his flashback story , he admits to Bart that he received the greatest gift a man can have the day Bart was born . At that time , Marge arrives home with the news that she is not pregnant . They are both overjoyed and high @-@ five . = = Production = = " I Married Marge " was written by Jeff Martin and directed by Jeffrey Lynch . It was the second flashback episode of The Simpsons and a sequel to the previous one , " The Way We Was " , which tells the story of how Homer and Marge met in high school . Executive producer Sam Simon was concerned that the writers were being " inefficient " with the episode ; he thought the three plots of Homer and Marge 's marriage , the birth of Bart , and Homer getting his job should have been extended into three episodes instead of one . The staff were concerned over the animation of the characters ' eyes in the episode , as the pupils were larger than normal , making the characters look " stoned " , and the eyeballs were " too round " and large . The animation artists at the animation studio in South Korea , where much of the animation process takes place , had begun stenciling the eyes with a template , which according to Lynch resulted in " strangely round eyes which look a little too big sometimes and much too perfect . Which is very un @-@ Simpsons like . " Marge was designed with shorter hair in the flashback sequences to make her appear younger . Lynch thought it was nice to see Marge in a " younger , more attractive mode , and sort of watching her progress through pregnancy . " = = Cultural references = = The title of the episode is a reference to the American television series I Married Joan . Marge and Homer sing along to " You Light Up My Life " by Debby Boone in the car . When Marge is suspected to be pregnant , Bart wants to name the baby after rapper Kool Moe Dee , while Lisa wants to name her after Ariel , from The Little Mermaid . At the beginning of his story , Homer mentions the band Supertramp , and their popularity in the time period . While exiting the movie theater , Homer spoils the ending of The Empire Strikes Back for dozens of moviegoers awaiting the next show . He also compares Marge 's good looks to Princess Leia and her intelligence to Yoda , two characters from the film . Homer 's encounter with the donut delivery man that delivers donuts to the power plant is a reference to a scene in the film Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory . Homer and his best friend Barney Gumble are watching Charlie 's Angels when Marge tells the news of her pregnancy . A poster of Farrah Fawcett , a cast member of Charlie 's Angels , hangs on the wall in Barney 's apartment . Dolly Parton 's 9 to 5 is heard when Homer looks for a new job . The sign outside the wedding chapel resembles Vegas Vic from the Pioneer Club in Las Vegas . When Homer returns to the power plant to apply for a job the second time , Mr. Burns is seen playing the arcade game Ms. Pac @-@ Man . The episode marks the first appearance of Burns 's assistant Smithers 's first name , Waylon , which comes from the puppeteer Wayland Flowers . = = Reception = = In its original American broadcast on December 26 , 1991 , " I Married Marge " finished 27th in the ratings for the week of December 23 – 29 , 1991 , with a Nielsen rating of 11 @.@ 9 , equivalent to approximately 11 million viewing households . It was the highest @-@ rated show on the Fox network that week . Marge 's voice actor , Julie Kavner , received a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Voice @-@ Over Performance in 1992 for her performance in the episode . Since airing , the episode has received mostly positive reviews from television critics . Pete Oliva of North Texas Daily praised the writers for providing back stories that are " believable " and do not feel " contrived or hastily thought through . " The authors of the book I Can 't Believe It 's a Bigger and Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide , Warren Martyn and Adrian Wood , thought it was a " moving " episode with " plenty of great setpieces . " DVD Movie Guide 's Colin Jacobson described the episode as " sweet and funny " and a " nice piece of Simpsons history . " Jacobson went on to say that he enjoyed the flashback concept and that the episode develops the characters " nicely " and gives the viewers " a good sense for the era in which it takes place . " Nate Meyers of Digitally Obsessed gave it a 5 / 5 rating , and highlighted the scenes with Marge 's sisters Patty and Selma , " barraging Homer with insults " , as the " funniest moments " of the episode . Meyers added : " The episode 's climax is a great moment for Homer and fans of the show . " Molly Griffin of The Observer said " I Married Marge " is one of the season three episode that turned the show into " the cultural force it is today . " In his book Drawn to Television – Prime @-@ time Animation from the Flintstones to Family Guy , Keith Booker wrote : " The episode details in a rather sentimental fashion the early struggles of the irresponsible Homer to support his new family [ ... ] Such background episodes add an extra dimension to the portrayal of the animated Simpson family , making them seem oddly real and adding weight to their status as a family with a long history together . "
= Gary Cooper = Gary Cooper ( born Frank James Cooper ; May 7 , 1901 – May 13 , 1961 ) was an American film actor known for his natural , authentic , and understated acting style and screen performances . His career spanned thirty @-@ five years , from 1925 to 1960 , and included leading roles in eighty @-@ four feature films . He was a major movie star from the end of the silent film era through the end of the golden age of Classical Hollywood . His screen persona appealed strongly to both men and women , and his range of performances included roles in most major movie genres . Cooper 's ability to project his own personality onto the characters he played contributed to his appearing natural and authentic on screen . The screen persona he sustained throughout his career represented the ideal American hero . Cooper began his career as a film extra and stunt rider and soon landed acting roles . After establishing himself as a Western hero in his early silent films , Cooper became a movie star in 1929 with his first sound picture , The Virginian . In the early 1930s , he expanded his heroic image to include more cautious characters in adventure films and dramas such as A Farewell to Arms ( 1932 ) and The Lives of a Bengal Lancer ( 1935 ) . During the height of his career , Cooper portrayed a new type of hero — a champion of the common man — in films such as Mr. Deeds Goes to Town ( 1936 ) , Meet John Doe ( 1941 ) , Sergeant York ( 1941 ) , The Pride of the Yankees ( 1942 ) , and For Whom the Bell Tolls ( 1943 ) . In the post @-@ war years , he portrayed more mature characters at odds with the world in films such as The Fountainhead ( 1949 ) and High Noon ( 1952 ) . In his final films , Cooper played non @-@ violent characters searching for redemption in films such as Friendly Persuasion ( 1956 ) and Man of the West ( 1958 ) . He married New York debutante Veronica Balfe in 1933 , and the couple had one daughter . Their marriage was interrupted by a three @-@ year separation precipitated by Cooper 's love affair with Patricia Neal . Cooper received the Academy Award for Best Actor for his roles in Sergeant York and High Noon . He also received an Academy Honorary Award for his career achievements in 1961 . He was one of the top ten film personalities for twenty @-@ three consecutive years , and was one of the top money @-@ making stars for eighteen years . The American Film Institute ( AFI ) ranked Cooper eleventh on its list of the twenty five greatest male stars of classic Hollywood cinema . = = Early life = = Frank James Cooper was born on May 7 , 1901 , at 730 Eleventh Avenue in Helena , Montana to English immigrants Alice ( née Brazier , 1873 – 1967 ) and Charles Henry Cooper ( 1865 – 1946 ) . His father emigrated from Houghton Regis , Bedfordshire and became a prominent lawyer , rancher , and eventually a Montana Supreme Court justice . His mother emigrated from Gillingham , Kent and married Charles in Montana . In 1906 , Charles purchased the 600 @-@ acre ( 240 ha ) Seven @-@ Bar @-@ Nine cattle ranch about fifty miles ( eighty kilometers ) north of Helena near the town of Craig on the Missouri River . Frank and his older brother Arthur spent their summers there and learned to ride horses , hunt , and fish . In April 1908 , the Hauser Dam failed and flooded the Missouri River valley along portions of the Cooper property , but Cooper and his family were able to evacuate in time . Cooper attended Central Grade School in Helena . In the summer of 1909 , Alice , wanting her sons to have an English education , accompanied them to England and enrolled them in Dunstable Grammar School in Bedfordshire , where Cooper was educated from 1910 to 1912 . At Dunstable , Cooper studied Latin and French , and took several courses in English history . While he managed to adapt to the discipline of an English school and learned the requisite social graces , he never adjusted to the rigid class structure and formal Eton collars he was forced to wear . After completing confirmation classes , Cooper was baptized into the Anglican Church on December 3 , 1911 , at the Church of All Saints in Houghton Regis . Cooper 's mother accompanied her sons back to the United States in August 1912 , and Cooper resumed his education at Johnson Grammar School in Helena . At the age of fifteen , Cooper injured his hip in a car accident and returned to the Seven @-@ Bar @-@ Nine ranch to recuperate by horseback riding at the recommendation of his doctor . The misguided therapy left him with his characteristic stiff , off @-@ balanced walk and slightly angled riding style . After attending Helena High School for two years , he left school in 1918 and returned to the family ranch to help raise their five hundred head of cattle and work full @-@ time as a cowboy . In 1919 , his father arranged for his son to complete his high school education at Gallatin County High School in Bozeman , Montana . His English teacher , Ida Davis , encouraged him to focus on academics , join the school 's debating team , and get involved in dramatics . His parents would later credit her for helping their son complete high school , and Cooper confirmed , " She was the woman partly responsible for me giving up cowboy @-@ ing and going to college . " In 1920 , while still attending high school , Cooper took three art courses at Montana Agricultural College in Bozeman . His interest in art was inspired years earlier by the Western paintings of Charles Marion Russell and Frederic Remington . Cooper especially admired and studied Russell 's Lewis and Clark Meeting Indians at Ross ' Hole ( 1910 ) , which still hangs in the state capitol building in Helena . In 1922 , Cooper enrolled in Grinnell College in Iowa to continue his art education . Cooper did well academically in most of his courses , but was not accepted to the school 's drama club . His drawings and watercolors were exhibited throughout the dormitory , and he was named art editor for the college yearbook . During the summers of 1922 and 1923 , Cooper worked at Yellowstone National Park as a tour guide driving the yellow open @-@ top buses . Despite a promising first eighteen months at Grinnell , he left college suddenly in February 1924 , spent a month in Chicago looking for work as an artist , and then returned to Helena , where he sold editorial cartoons to the Independent , a local newspaper . In the autumn of 1924 , Cooper 's father left the Montana Supreme Court bench and moved with his wife to Los Angeles to administer the estates of two relatives . At his father 's request , Cooper joined his parents in California on Thanksgiving Day , November 27 , 1924 . In the coming weeks , after working a series of unpromising jobs , Cooper met two friends from Montana , Jim Galeen and Jim Calloway , who were working as film extras and stunt riders in low @-@ budget Western films for the small movie studios on Poverty Row on Gower Street . They introduced him to another Montana cowboy , rodeo champion Jay " Slim " Talbot , who took him to see a casting director who offered him work . With the goal of saving enough money to pay for a professional art course , Cooper decided to try his hand at working as a film extra for five dollars a day , and as a stunt rider for twice that amount . = = Career = = = = = Silent films , 1925 – 28 = = = In early 1925 , Cooper began his film career working in silent pictures such as The Thundering Herd and Wild Horse Mesa with Jack Holt , Riders of the Purple Sage and The Lucky Horseshoe with Tom Mix , and The Trail Rider with Buck Jones . He worked for several Poverty Row studios , including Famous Players @-@ Lasky and Fox Film Corporation . While his skills as a horseman led to steady work in Westerns , Cooper found the stunt work " tough and cruel " , sometimes resulting in injury to the horses and riders . Hoping to move beyond the risky stunt work and obtain acting roles , Cooper paid for a screen test and hired casting director Nan Collins to work as his agent . Knowing that other actors were using the name " Frank Cooper " , Collins suggested he change his first name to " Gary " after her hometown of Gary , Indiana . Cooper liked the name immediately . Cooper also found work in a variety of non @-@ Western films , appearing , for example , as a masked Cossack in The Eagle ( 1925 ) , as a Roman guard in Ben @-@ Hur ( 1925 ) , and as a flood survivor in The Johnstown Flood ( 1926 ) . Gradually , he began to land credited roles that offered him more screen time , in films such as Tricks ( 1925 ) , in which he played the film 's antagonist , and the short film Lightnin ' Wins ( 1926 ) . As a featured player , he began to attract the attention of major film studios . On June 1 , 1926 , Cooper signed a contract with Samuel Goldwyn Productions for fifty dollars a week . Cooper 's first important film role was in The Winning of Barbara Worth ( 1926 ) with Ronald Colman and Vilma Bánky . In the film , Cooper plays a young engineer , Abe Lee , who helps a rival suitor save the woman he loves and her town from an impending dam disaster . Cooper 's experience living among the Montana cowboys gave his performance an " instinctive authenticity " , according to biographer Jeffrey Meyers . The film premiered on October 14 and was a major success . Critics singled out Cooper as a " dynamic new personality " and future star . Goldwyn rushed to offer the actor a long @-@ term contract , but Cooper held out for a better deal — finally signing a five @-@ year contract with Jesse L. Lasky at Paramount Pictures for $ 175 a week . In 1927 , with help from established movie star Clara Bow , Cooper landed high @-@ profile roles in Children of Divorce and Wings , the latter being the first film to win an Academy Award for Best Picture . That year , Cooper also appeared in his first starring roles in Arizona Bound and Nevada — both films directed by John Waters . In 1928 , Paramount paired Cooper with a youthful Fay Wray in The Legion of the Condemned and The First Kiss — advertising them as the studio 's " glorious young lovers " . Their on @-@ screen chemistry failed to generate much excitement with audiences . With each new film , Cooper 's acting skills improved and his popularity continued to grow , especially among female movie @-@ goers . During this time , he was earning as much as $ 2 @,@ 750 per film and receiving a thousand fan letters a week . Looking to exploit Cooper 's growing audience appeal , the studio placed him opposite popular leading ladies such as Evelyn Brent in Beau Sabreur , Florence Vidor in Doomsday , and Esther Ralston in Half a Bride . That year , Cooper also made Lilac Time with Colleen Moore for First National Pictures , his first movie with synchronized music and sound effects . It became one of the most commercially successful films of 1928 . = = = Hollywood stardom , 1929 – 35 = = = Cooper became a major movie star in 1929 with the release of his first sound picture , The Virginian , which was directed by Victor Fleming and co @-@ starred Mary Brian and Walter Huston . Based on the popular novel by Owen Wister , The Virginian was one of the first sound films to define the Western code of honor and helped establish many of the conventions of the Western movie genre that have lasted to the present day . According to biographer Jeffrey Meyers , the romantic image of the tall , handsome , and shy cowboy hero who embodied male freedom , courage , and honor was created in large part by Cooper in the film . Unlike some silent film actors who had trouble adapting to the new sound medium , Cooper transitioned naturally , with his " deep and clear " and " pleasantly drawling " voice , which was perfectly suited for the characters he portrayed on screen , also according to Meyers . Looking to capitalize on Cooper 's growing popularity , Paramount cast him in several Westerns and wartime dramas in 1930 , including Only the Brave , The Texan , Seven Days ' Leave , A Man from Wyoming , and The Spoilers . One of the more important performances in Cooper 's early career was his portrayal of a sullen legionnaire in Josef von Sternberg 's 1930 film Morocco with Marlene Dietrich in her introduction to American audiences . During production , von Sternberg focused his energies on Dietrich and treated Cooper dismissively . Tensions came to a head after von Sternberg yelled directions at Cooper in German . The 6 @-@ foot @-@ 3 @-@ inch ( 191 cm ) actor approached the 5 @-@ foot @-@ 4 @-@ inch ( 163 cm ) director , physically picked him up by the collar and said , " If you expect to work in this country you 'd better get on to the language we use here . " Despite the tensions on the set , Cooper produced " one of his best performances " , according to Thornton Delehanty of the New York Evening Post . In 1931 , after returning to the Western genre in Zane Grey 's Fighting Caravans with French actress Lili Damita , Cooper appeared in the Dashiell Hammett crime film City Streets playing a westerner who gets involved with big @-@ city gangsters in order to save the woman he loves . Cooper concluded the year with appearances in two unsuccessful films : I Take This Woman with Carole Lombard , and His Woman with Claudette Colbert . The demands and pressures of making ten films in two years left Cooper exhausted and in poor health , suffering from anemia and jaundice . He had lost thirty pounds ( fourteen kilograms ) during that period , and felt lonely , isolated , and depressed by his sudden fame and wealth . In May 1931 , Cooper left Hollywood and sailed to Algiers and then Italy , where he lived for the next year . During his time abroad , Cooper stayed with the Countess Dorothy di Frasso at the Villa Madama in Rome , where she taught him about good food and vintage wines , how to read Italian and French menus , and how to socialize among Europe 's nobility and upper classes . After guiding him through the great art museums and galleries of Italy , she accompanied him on a ten @-@ week big @-@ game hunting safari on the slopes of Mount Kenya in East Africa , where he was credited with over sixty kills , including two lions , a rhinoceros , and various antelopes . His safari experience in Africa had a profound influence on Cooper and intensified his love of the wilderness . After returning to Europe , he and the countess set off on a Mediterranean cruise of the Italian and French Rivieras . Rested and rejuvenated by his year @-@ long exile , a healthy Cooper returned to Hollywood in April 1932 and negotiated a new contract with Paramount for two films per year , a salary of $ 4 @,@ 000 a week , and director and script approval . In 1932 , after completing Devil and the Deep with Tallulah Bankhead to fulfill his old contract , Cooper appeared in A Farewell to Arms , the first film adaptation of an Ernest Hemingway novel . Co @-@ starring Helen Hayes , a leading New York theatre star and Academy Award winner , and Adolphe Menjou , the film presented Cooper with one of his most ambitious and challenging dramatic roles , playing an American ambulance driver wounded in Italy who falls in love with an English nurse during World War I. Critics praised his highly intense and emotional performance , and the film became one of the year 's most commercially successful pictures . In 1933 , after making Today We Live with Joan Crawford and One Sunday Afternoon with Fay Wray , Cooper appeared in the Ernst Lubitsch comedy film Design for Living , based on the successful Noël Coward play . Co @-@ starring Miriam Hopkins and Fredric March , the film received mixed reviews and did not do well at the box office . Cooper 's performance — playing an American artist in Europe competing with his playwright friend for the affections of a beautiful woman — was singled out for its versatility and revealed his genuine ability to do light comedy . Cooper changed his name legally to " Gary Cooper " in August 1933 . In 1934 , Cooper was loaned out to MGM for the Civil War drama film Operator 13 with Marion Davies , about a beautiful Union spy who falls in love with a Confederate soldier . Despite Richard Boleslawski 's imaginative direction and George J. Folsey 's lavish cinematography , the film did poorly at the box office . Back at Paramount , Cooper appeared in his first of seven films by director Henry Hathaway , Now and Forever , with Carole Lombard and Shirley Temple . In the film , he plays a confidence man who tries to sell his daughter to the relatives who raised her , but is eventually won over by the adorable girl . Impressed by Temple 's intelligence and charm , Cooper developed a close rapport with her , both on and off screen . The film was a box @-@ office success . The following year , Cooper was loaned out to Samuel Goldwyn Productions to appear in King Vidor 's romance film The Wedding Night with Anna Sten , who was being groomed as " another Garbo " . In the film , Cooper plays an alcoholic novelist who retreats to his family 's New England farm where he meets and falls in love with a beautiful Polish neighbor . Cooper delivered a performance of surprising range and depth , according to biographer Larry Swindell . Despite receiving generally favorable reviews , the film was not popular with American audiences , who may have been offended by the film 's depiction of an extramarital affair and its tragic ending . That same year , Cooper appeared in two Henry Hathaway films : the melodrama Peter Ibbetson with Ann Harding , about a man caught up in a dream world created by his love for a childhood sweetheart , and the adventure film The Lives of a Bengal Lancer , about a daring British officer and his men who defend their stronghold at Bengal against rebellious local tribes . While the former was more successful in Europe than in the United States , the latter was nominated for six Academy Awards and became one of Cooper 's most popular and successful adventure films . Hathaway had the highest respect for Cooper 's acting ability , calling him " the best actor of all of them " . = = = American folk hero , 1936 – 43 = = = = = = = From Mr. Deeds to The Real Glory = = = = The year 1936 marked an important turning point in Cooper 's career . After making Frank Borzage 's romantic comedy film Desire with Marlene Dietrich at Paramount — delivering a performance considered by some contemporary critics as one of his finest — Cooper returned to Poverty Row for the first time since his early silent film days to make Frank Capra 's screwball comedy Mr. Deeds Goes to Town with Jean Arthur for Columbia Pictures . In the film , Cooper plays the character of Longfellow Deeds , a quiet , innocent writer of greeting cards who inherits a fortune , leaves behind his idyllic life in Vermont , and travels to New York where he faces a world of corruption and deceit . Capra and screenwriter Robert Riskin were able to use Cooper 's well @-@ established screen persona as the " quintessential American hero " — a symbol of honesty , courage , and goodness — to create a new type of " folk hero " for the common man . Commenting on Cooper 's impact on the character and the film , Capra observed : As soon as I thought of Gary Cooper , it wasn 't possible to conceive anyone else in the role . He could not have been any closer to my idea of Longfellow Deeds , and as soon as he could think in terms of Cooper , Bob Riskin found it easier to develop the Deeds character in terms of dialogue . So it just had to be Cooper . Every line in his face spelled honesty . Our Mr. Deeds had to symbolize uncorruptibility , and in my mind Gary Cooper was that symbol . Both Desire and Mr. Deeds opened in April 1936 to critical praise and were major box @-@ office successes . In his review in The New York Times , Frank Nugent wrote that Cooper was " proving himself one of the best light comedians in Hollywood " . For his performance in Mr. Deeds , Cooper received his first Academy Award nomination for Best Actor . Cooper appeared in two other Paramount films in 1936 . In Lewis Milestone 's adventure film The General Died at Dawn with Madeleine Carroll , he plays an American soldier of fortune in China who helps the peasants defend themselves against the oppression of a cruel warlord . Written by playwright Clifford Odets , the film was a critical and commercial success . In Cecil B. DeMille 's sprawling frontier epic The Plainsman — his first of four films with the director — Cooper portrays Wild Bill Hickok in a highly fictionalized version of the opening of the American western frontier . The film was an even greater box @-@ office hit than its predecessor , due in large part to Jean Arthur 's definitive depiction of Calamity Jane and Cooper 's inspired portrayal of Hickock as an enigmatic figure of " deepening mythic substance " . That year , Cooper appeared for the first time on the Motion Picture Herald exhibitor 's poll of top ten film personalities , where he would remain for the next twenty @-@ three years . In late 1936 , while Paramount was preparing a new contract for Cooper that would raise his salary to $ 8 @,@ 000 a week , Cooper signed a contract with Samuel Goldwyn for six films over six years with a minimum guarantee of $ 150 @,@ 000 per picture . Paramount brought suit against Goldwyn and Cooper , and the court ruled that Cooper 's new Goldwyn contract afforded the actor sufficient time to also honor his Paramount agreement . Cooper continued to make films with both studios , and by 1939 the United States Treasury reported that Cooper was the country 's highest wage earner , at $ 482 @,@ 819 ( equivalent to $ 8 @.@ 21 million in 2015 ) . In contrast to his output the previous year , Cooper appeared in only one picture in 1937 , Henry Hathaway 's adventure film Souls at Sea . A critical and box @-@ office failure , Cooper referred to it as his " almost picture " , saying , " It was almost exciting , and almost interesting . And I was almost good . " In 1938 , he appeared in Archie Mayo 's biographical film The Adventures of Marco Polo . Plagued by production problems and a weak screenplay , the film became Goldwyn 's biggest failure to that date , losing $ 700 @,@ 000 . During this period , Cooper turned down several important roles , including the role of Rhett Butler in Gone with the Wind . Cooper was producer David O. Selznick 's first choice for the part . He made several overtures to the actor , but Cooper had doubts about the project , and did not feel suited to the role . Cooper later admitted , " It was one of the best roles ever offered in Hollywood ... But I said no . I didn 't see myself as quite that dashing , and later , when I saw Clark Gable play the role to perfection , I knew I was right . " Back at Paramount , Cooper returned to a more comfortable genre in Ernst Lubitsch 's romantic comedy Bluebeard 's Eighth Wife ( 1938 ) with Claudette Colbert . In the film , Cooper plays a wealthy American businessman in France who falls in love with an impoverished aristocrat 's daughter and persuades her to become his eighth wife . Despite the clever screenplay by Charles Brackett and Billy Wilder , and solid performances by Cooper and Colbert , audiences had trouble accepting Cooper in the role of a shallow philanderer . For many of his fans , Cooper had become " Mr. Deeds incarnate " . In the fall of 1938 , Cooper appeared in H. C. Potter 's romantic comedy The Cowboy and the Lady with Merle Oberon , about a sweet @-@ natured rodeo cowboy who falls in love with the wealthy daughter of a presidential hopeful , believing her to be a poor , hard @-@ working lady 's maid . The efforts of three directors and several eminent screenwriters could not salvage what could have been a fine vehicle for Cooper . While more successful than its predecessor , the film was Cooper 's fourth consecutive box @-@ office failure . In the next two years , Cooper was more discerning about the roles he accepted and made four successful large @-@ scale adventure and cowboy films . In William A. Wellman 's adventure film Beau Geste ( 1939 ) , he plays one of three daring English brothers who join the French Foreign Legion in the Sahara to fight local tribes . Filmed in the same Mojave Desert locations as the original 1926 version with Ronald Colman , Beau Geste provided Cooper with magnificent sets , exotic settings , high @-@ spirited action , and a role tailored to his personality and screen persona . This was the last film in Cooper 's contract with Paramount . In Henry Hathaway 's The Real Glory ( 1939 ) , he plays a military doctor who accompanies a small group of American Army officers to the Philippines to help the Christian Filipinos defend themselves against Muslim radicals . Many film critics praised Cooper 's performance , including author and film critic Graham Greene who recognized that he " never acted better " . = = = = From The Westerner to For Whom the Bell Tolls = = = = Cooper returned to the Western genre in William Wyler 's The Westerner ( 1940 ) with Walter Brennan and Doris Davenport , about a drifting cowboy who defends homesteaders against Roy Bean , a corrupt judge known as the " law west of the Pecos " . Screenwriter Niven Busch relied on Cooper 's extensive knowledge of Western history while working on the script . The film received positive reviews and did well at the box @-@ office , with reviewers praising the performances of the two lead actors . That same year , Cooper appeared in his first all @-@ Technicolor feature , Cecil B. DeMille 's adventure film North West Mounted Police ( 1940 ) . In the film , Cooper plays a Texas Ranger who pursues an outlaw into western Canada where he joins forces with the Royal Canadian Mounted Police who are after the same man , a leader of the North @-@ West Rebellion . While not as popular with critics as its predecessor , the film was another box @-@ office success — the sixth @-@ highest grossing film of 1940 . The early 1940s were Cooper 's prime years as an actor . In a relatively short period , he appeared in five critically successful and popular films that produced some of his finest performances . When Frank Capra offered him the lead role in Meet John Doe before Robert Riskin even developed the script , Cooper accepted his friend 's offer , saying , " It 's okay , Frank , I don 't need a script . " In the film , Cooper plays Long John Willoughby , a down @-@ and @-@ out bush @-@ league pitcher hired by a newspaper to pretend to be a man who promises to commit suicide on Christmas Eve to protest all the hypocrisy and corruption in the country . Considered by some critics to be Capra 's best film at the time , Meet John Doe was received as a " national event " with Cooper appearing on the front page of Time magazine on March 3 , 1941 . In his review in the New York Herald Tribune , Howard Barnes called Cooper 's performance a " splendid and utterly persuasive portrayal " and praised his " utterly realistic acting which comes through with such authority " . Bosley Crowther , in The New York Times , wrote , " Gary Cooper , of course , is ' John Doe ' to the life and in the whole — shy , bewildered , non @-@ aggressive , but a veritable tiger when aroused . " That same year , Cooper made two films with director and good friend Howard Hawks . In the biographical film Sergeant York , Cooper portrays war hero Alvin C. York , one of the most decorated American soldiers in World War I. The film chronicles York 's early backwoods days in Tennessee , his religious conversion and subsequent piety , his stand as a conscientious objector , and finally his heroic actions at the Battle of the Argonne Forest , which earned him the Medal of Honor . Initially , Cooper was nervous and uncertain about playing a living hero , so he traveled to Tennessee to visit York at his home , and the two quiet men established an immediate rapport and discovered they had much in common . Inspired by York 's encouragement , Cooper delivered a performance that Howard Barnes of the New York Herald Tribune called " one of extraordinary conviction and versatility " , and that Archer Winston of the New York Post called " one of his best " . After the film 's release , Cooper was awarded the Distinguished Citizenship Medal by the Veterans of Foreign Wars for his " powerful contribution to the promotion of patriotism and loyalty " . York admired Cooper 's performance and helped promote the film for Warner Bros. Sergeant York became the top @-@ grossing film of the year and was nominated for eleven Academy Awards . Accepting his first Academy Award for Best Actor from his friend James Stewart , Cooper said , " It was Sergeant Alvin York who won this award . Shucks , I 've been in the business sixteen years and sometimes dreamed I might get one of these . That 's all I can say ... Funny when I was dreaming I always made a better speech . " Cooper concluded the year back at Goldwyn with Howard Hawks to make the romantic comedy Ball of Fire with Barbara Stanwyck . In the film , Cooper plays a shy linguistics professor who leads a team of seven scholars who are writing an encyclopedia . While researching slang , he meets Stanwyck 's flirtatious burlesque stripper Sugarpuss O 'Shea who blows the dust off their staid life of books . The screenplay by Charles Brackett and Billy Wilder provided Cooper the opportunity to exercise the full range of his light comedy skills . In his review for the New York Herald Tribune , Howard Barnes wrote that Cooper handled the role with " great skill and comic emphasis " and that his performance was " utterly delightful " . Though small in scale , Ball of Fire was one of the top @-@ grossing films of the year — Cooper 's fourth consecutive picture to make the top twenty . Cooper 's only film appearance in 1942 was also his last under his Goldwyn contract . In Sam Wood 's biographical film The Pride of the Yankees , Cooper portrays baseball star Lou Gehrig who established a record with the New York Yankees for playing in 2 @,@ 130 consecutive games . Cooper was reluctant to play the seven @-@ time All @-@ Star , who only died the previous year from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ( ALS ) — now commonly called " Lou Gehrig 's disease " . Beyond the challenges of effectively portraying such a popular and nationally recognized figure , Cooper knew very little about baseball and was not left @-@ handed like Gehrig . After Gehrig 's widow visited the actor and expressed her desire that he portray her husband , Cooper accepted the role that covered a twenty @-@ year span of Gehrig 's life — his early love of baseball , his rise to greatness , his loving marriage , and his struggle with illness , culminating in his farewell speech at Yankee Stadium on July 4 , 1939 before 62 @,@ 000 fans . Cooper quickly learned the physical movements of a baseball player and developed a fluid , believable swing . The handedness issue was solved by reversing the print for certain batting scenes . The film was one of the year 's top ten pictures and received eleven Academy Award nominations , including Best Picture and Best Actor ( Cooper 's third ) . Soon after the publication of Ernest Hemingway 's novel For Whom the Bell Tolls , Paramount paid $ 150 @,@ 000 for the film rights with the express intent of casting Cooper in the lead role of Robert Jordan , an American explosives expert who fights alongside the Republican loyalists during the Spanish Civil War . The original director , Cecil B. DeMille , was replaced by Sam Wood who brought in Dudley Nichols for the screenplay . After the start of principal photography in the Sierra Nevada in late 1942 , Ingrid Bergman was brought in to replace ballerina Vera Zorina as the female lead — a change supported by Cooper and Hemingway . The love scenes between Bergman and Cooper were " rapturous " and passionate . Howard Barnes in the New York Herald Tribune wrote that both actors performed with " the true stature and authority of stars " . While the film distorted the novel 's original political themes and meaning , For Whom the Bell Tolls was a critical and commercial success and received ten Academy Award nominations , including Best Picture and Best Actor ( Cooper 's fourth ) . Cooper did not serve in the military during World War II due to his age and health , but like many of his colleagues , he got involved in the war effort by entertaining the troops . In June 1943 , he visited military hospitals in San Diego , and often appeared at the Hollywood Canteen serving food to the servicemen . In late 1943 , Cooper undertook a 23 @,@ 000 @-@ mile ( 37 @,@ 000 km ) tour of the South West Pacific with actresses Una Merkel and Phyllis Brooks , and accordionist Andy Arcari . Traveling on a B @-@ 24A Liberator bomber , the group toured the Cook Islands , Fiji , New Caledonia , Queensland , Brisbane — where General Douglas MacArthur told Cooper he was watching Sergeant York in a Manila theater when Japanese bombs began falling — New Guinea , Jayapura , and throughout the Solomon Islands . The group often shared the same sparse living conditions and K @-@ rations as the troops . Cooper met with the servicemen and women , visited military hospitals , introduced his attractive colleagues , and participated in occasional skits . The shows concluded with Cooper 's moving recitation of Lou Gehrig 's farewell speech . When he returned to the United States , he visited military hospitals throughout the country . Cooper later called his time with the troops the " greatest emotional experience " of his life . = = = Mature roles , 1944 – 52 = = = In 1944 , Cooper appeared in Cecil B. DeMille 's wartime adventure film The Story of Dr. Wassell with Laraine Day — his third movie with the director . In the film , Cooper plays American doctor and missionary Corydon M. Wassell , who leads a group of wounded sailors through the jungles of Java to safety . Despite receiving poor reviews , Dr. Wassell was one of the top @-@ grossing films of the year . With his Goldwyn and Paramount contracts now concluded , Cooper decided to remain independent and formed his own production company , International Pictures , with Leo Spitz , William Goetz , and Nunnally Johnson . The fledgling studio 's first offering was Sam Wood 's romantic comedy Casanova Brown with Teresa Wright , about a man who learns his soon @-@ to @-@ be ex @-@ wife is pregnant with his child , just as he is about to marry another woman . The film received poor reviews , with the New York Daily News calling it " delightful nonsense " , and Bosley Crowther , in The New York Times , criticizing Cooper 's " somewhat obvious and ridiculous clowning " . The film was barely profitable . In 1945 , Cooper starred in and produced Stuart Heisler 's Western comedy Along Came Jones with Loretta Young for International . In this lighthearted parody of his past heroic image , Cooper plays comically inept cowboy Melody Jones who is mistaken for a ruthless killer . Audiences embraced Cooper 's character , and the film was one of the top box @-@ office pictures of the year — a testament to Cooper 's still vital audience appeal . It was also International 's biggest financial success during its brief history before being sold off to Universal Studios in 1946 . Cooper 's career during the post @-@ war years drifted in new directions as American society was changing . While he still played conventional heroic roles , his films now relied less on his heroic screen persona and more on novel stories and exotic settings . In November 1945 , Cooper appeared in Sam Wood 's nineteenth century period drama Saratoga Trunk with Ingrid Bergman , about a Texas cowboy and his relationship with a beautiful fortune @-@ hunter . Filmed in early 1943 , the movie 's release was delayed for two years due to the increased demand for war movies . Despite poor reviews , Saratoga Trunk did well at the box office and became one of the top money @-@ makers of the year for Warner Bros. Cooper 's only film in 1946 was Fritz Lang 's romantic thriller Cloak and Dagger , about a mild @-@ mannered physics professor recruited by the OSS during the last years of World War II to investigate the German atomic bomb program . Playing a part loosely based on physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer , Cooper was uneasy with the role and was unable to convey the " inner sense " of the character . The film received poor reviews and was a box @-@ office failure . In 1947 , Cooper appeared in Cecil B. DeMille 's epic adventure film Unconquered with Paulette Goddard , about a Virginia militiaman who defends settlers against an unscrupulous gun trader and hostile Indians on the Western frontier during the eighteenth century . The film received mixed reviews , but even long @-@ time DeMille critic James Agee acknowledged the picture had " some authentic flavor of the period " . This last of four films made with DeMille was Cooper 's most lucrative , earning the actor over $ 300 @,@ 000 in salary and percentage of profits . Unconquered would be his last unqualified box @-@ office success for the next five years . In 1948 , after making Leo McCarey 's romantic comedy Good Sam , Cooper sold his company to Universal Studios and signed a long @-@ term contract with Warner Bros. that gave him script and director approval and a guaranteed $ 295 @,@ 000 per picture . His first film under the new contract was King Vidor 's drama The Fountainhead ( 1949 ) with Patricia Neal and Raymond Massey . In the film , Cooper plays an idealistic and uncompromising architect who struggles to maintain his integrity and individualism in the face of societal pressures to conform to popular standards . Based on the novel by Ayn Rand who also wrote the screenplay , the film reflects her Objectivist philosophy and attacks the concepts of altruism and collectivism while promoting the virtues of selfishness and individualism . For most critics , Cooper was hopelessly miscast in the role of Howard Roark . In his review for The New York Times , Bosley Crowther concluded he was " Mr. Deeds out of his element " . Cooper returned to his element in Delmer Daves ' war drama Task Force ( 1949 ) , about a retiring rear admiral who reminisces about his long career as a naval aviator and his role in the development of aircraft carriers . Cooper 's performance and the Technicolor newsreel footage supplied by the United States Navy made the film one of Cooper 's most popular during this period . In the next two years , Cooper made four poorly received films : Michael Curtiz ' period drama Bright Leaf ( 1950 ) , Stuart Heisler 's Western melodrama Dallas ( 1950 ) , Henry Hathaway 's wartime comedy You 're in the Navy Now ( 1951 ) , and Raoul Walsh 's Western action film Distant Drums ( 1951 ) . Cooper 's most important film during the post @-@ war years was Fred Zinnemann 's Western drama High Noon ( 1952 ) with Grace Kelly for United Artists . In the film , Cooper plays retiring sheriff Will Kane who is preparing to leave town on his honeymoon when he learns that an outlaw he helped put away and his three henchmen are returning to seek their revenge . Unable to gain the support of the frightened townspeople , and abandoned by his young bride , Kane nevertheless stays to face the outlaws alone . During the filming , Cooper was in poor health and in considerable pain from stomach ulcers . His ravaged face and discomfort in some scenes " photographed as self @-@ doubt " , according to biographer Hector Arce , and contributed to the effectiveness of his performance . Considered one of the first " adult " Westerns for its theme of moral courage , High Noon received enthusiastic reviews for its artistry , with Time magazine placing it in the ranks of Stagecoach and The Gunfighter . Bosley Crowther , in The New York Times , wrote that Cooper was " at the top of his form " , and John McCarten , in The New Yorker , wrote that Cooper was never more effective . The film earned $ 3 @.@ 75 million in the United States and $ 18 million worldwide . Following the example of his friend James Stewart , Cooper accepted a lower salary in exchange for a percent of the profits , and ended up making $ 600 @,@ 000 . Cooper 's understated performance was widely praised , and earned him his second Academy Award for Best Actor . = = = Later films , 1953 – 61 = = = After appearing in André de Toth 's Civil War drama Springfield Rifle ( 1952 ) — a standard Warner Bros. film that was overshadowed by the success of its predecessor — Cooper made four films outside the United States . In Mark Robson 's drama Return to Paradise ( 1953 ) , Cooper plays an American wanderer who liberates the inhabitants of a Polynesian island from the puritanical rule of a misguided pastor . Cooper endured spartan living conditions , long hours , and ill health during the three @-@ month location shoot on the island of Upolu in Western Samoa . Despite its beautiful cinematography , the film received poor reviews . Cooper 's next three films were shot in Mexico . In Hugo Fregonese 's action adventure film Blowing Wild ( 1953 ) with Barbara Stanwyck , he plays a wildcatter in Mexico who gets involved with an oil company executive and his unscrupulous wife with whom he once had an affair . In 1954 , Cooper appeared in Henry Hathaway 's Western drama Garden of Evil with Susan Hayward , about three soldiers of fortune in Mexico hired to rescue a woman 's husband . That same year , he appeared in Robert Aldrich 's Western adventure Vera Cruz with Burt Lancaster . In the film , Cooper plays an American adventurer hired by Emperor Maximilian I to escort a countess to Vera Cruz during the Mexican Rebellion of 1866 . All of these films received poor reviews but did well at the box @-@ office . For his work in Vera Cruz , Cooper earned $ 1 @.@ 4 million in salary and percent of the gross . During this period , Cooper struggled with health problems . As well as his ongoing treatment for ulcers , he suffered a severe shoulder injury during the filming of Blowing Wild when he was hit by metal fragments from a dynamited oil well . During the filming of Vera Cruz , he reinjured his hip falling from a horse , and was burned when Lancaster fired his rifle too close and the wadding from the blank shell pierced his clothing . In 1955 , he appeared in Otto Preminger 's biographical war drama The Court @-@ Martial of Billy Mitchell , about the World War I general who tried to convince government officials of the importance of air power , and was court @-@ martialed after blaming the War Department for a series of air disasters . Some critics felt that Cooper was miscast , and that his dull , tight @-@ lipped performance did not reflect Mitchell 's dynamic and caustic personality . In 1956 , Cooper was more effective playing a gentle Indiana Quaker in William Wyler 's Civil War drama Friendly Persuasion with Dorothy McGuire . Like Sergeant York and High Noon , the film addresses the conflict between religious pacifism and civic duty . For his performance , Cooper received his second Golden Globe nomination for Best Motion Picture Actor . The film was nominated for six Academy Awards , was awarded the Palme d 'Or at the 1957 Cannes Film Festival , and went on to earn $ 8 million worldwide . In 1956 , Cooper traveled to France to make Billy Wilder 's romantic comedy Love in the Afternoon with Audrey Hepburn and Maurice Chevalier . In the film , Cooper plays a middle @-@ aged American playboy in Paris who pursues and eventually falls in love with a much younger woman . Despite receiving some positive reviews — including from Bosley Crowther who praised the film 's " charming performances " — most reviewers concluded that Cooper was simply too old for the part . While audiences may not have welcomed seeing Cooper 's heroic screen image tarnished by his playing an aging roué trying to seduce an innocent young girl , the film was still a box @-@ office success . The following year , Cooper appeared in Philip Dunne 's romantic drama Ten North Frederick In the film , which was based on the novel by John O 'Hara , Cooper plays an attorney whose life is ruined by a double @-@ crossing politician and his own secret affair with his daughter 's young roommate . While Cooper brought " conviction and controlled anguish " to his performance , according to biographer Jeffrey Meyers , it was not enough to save what Bosley Crowther called a " hapless film " . Despite his ongoing health problems and several operations for ulcers and hernias , Cooper continued to work in action films . In 1958 , he appeared in Anthony Mann 's Western drama Man of the West ( 1958 ) with Julie London and Lee J. Cobb , about a reformed outlaw and killer who is forced to confront his violent past when the train he is riding in is held up by his former gang members . The film has been called Cooper 's " most pathological Western " , with its themes of impotent rage , sexual humiliation , and sadism . According to biographer Jeffrey Meyers , Cooper , who struggled with moral conflicts in his personal life , " understood the anguish of a character striving to retain his integrity ... [ and ] brought authentic feeling to the role of a tempted and tormented , yet essentially decent man " . Mostly ignored by critics at the time , the film is now well @-@ regarded by film scholars and is considered Cooper 's last great film . After his Warner Bros. contract ended , Cooper formed his own production company , Baroda Productions , and made three unusual films in 1959 about redemption . In Delmer Daves ' Western drama The Hanging Tree , Cooper plays a frontier doctor who saves a criminal from a lynch mob , and later tries to exploit his sordid past . Cooper delivered a " powerful and persuasive " performance of an emotionally scarred man whose need to dominate others is transformed by the love and sacrifice of a woman . In Robert Rossen 's historical adventure They Came to Cordura with Rita Hayworth , he plays an army officer who is found guilty of cowardice and assigned the degrading task of recommending soldiers for the Medal of Honor during the Pancho Villa Expedition of 1916 . While Cooper received positive reviews , Variety and Films in Review felt he was too old for the part . In Michael Anderson 's action drama The Wreck of the Mary Deare with Charlton Heston , Cooper plays a disgraced merchant marine officer who decides to stay aboard his sinking cargo ship in order to prove the vessel was deliberately scuttled and to redeem his good name . Like its two predecessors , the film was physically demanding . Cooper , who was a trained scuba diver , did most of his own underwater scenes . Biographer Jeffrey Meyers observed that in all three roles , Cooper effectively conveyed the sense of lost honor and desire for redemption — what Joseph Conrad in Lord Jim called the " struggles of an individual trying to save from the fire his idea of what his moral identity should be " . = = Personal life = = = = = Marriage and family = = = Cooper was formally introduced to his future wife , twenty @-@ year @-@ old New York debutante Veronica Balfe , on Easter Sunday 1933 at a party given by her uncle , art director Cedric Gibbons . Called " Rocky " by her family and friends , she grew up on Park Avenue and attended finishing schools . Her stepfather was Wall Street tycoon Paul Shields . Cooper and Rocky were quietly married at her parents ' Park Avenue residence on December 15 , 1933 . According to his friends , the marriage had a positive impact on Cooper , who turned away from past indiscretions and took control of his life . Athletic and a lover of the outdoors , Rocky shared many of Cooper 's interests , including riding , skiing , and skeet @-@ shooting . She organized their social life , and her wealth and social connections provided Cooper access to New York high society . Cooper and his wife owned homes in the Los Angeles area in Encino ( 1933 – 36 ) , Brentwood ( 1936 – 53 ) , and Holmby Hills ( 1954 – 61 ) , and owned a vacation home in Aspen , Colorado ( 1949 – 53 ) . Cooper 's daughter Maria Veronica Cooper was born on September 15 , 1937 . By all accounts , he was a patient and affectionate father , teaching Maria to ride a bicycle , play tennis , ski , and ride horses . Sharing many of her parents ' interests , she accompanied them on their travels and was often photographed with them . Like her father , she developed a love for art and drawing . As a family they vacationed together in Sun Valley , Idaho , spent time at Rocky 's parents ' country house in Southampton , New York , and took frequent trips to Europe . Cooper and Rocky were legally separated on May 16 , 1951 , when Cooper moved out of their home . For over two years , they maintained a fragile and uneasy family life with their daughter . Cooper moved back into their home in November 1953 , and their formal reconciliation occurred in February 1954 . = = = Romantic relationships = = = Prior to his marriage , Cooper had a series of romantic relationships with leading actresses , beginning in 1927 with Clara Bow , who advanced his career by helping him get one of his first leading roles in Children of Divorce . Bow was also responsible for getting Cooper a role in Wings , which generated an enormous amount of fan mail for the young actor . In 1928 , he had a relationship with another experienced actress , Evelyn Brent , whom he met while filming Beau Sabreur . In 1929 , while filming The Wolf Song , Cooper began an intense affair with Lupe Vélez , which was the most important romance of his early life . During their two years together , Cooper also had brief affairs with Marlene Dietrich while filming Morocco in 1930 and with Carole Lombard while making I Take This Woman in 1931 . During his year abroad in 1931 – 32 , Cooper had an affair with the married Countess Dorothy di Frasso , while staying at her Villa Madama in Rome . After he was married in December 1933 , Cooper remained faithful to his wife until the summer of 1942 , when he began an affair with Ingrid Bergman during the production of For Whom the Bell Tolls . Their relationship lasted through the completion of filming Saratoga Trunk in June 1943 . In 1948 , after finishing work on The Fountainhead , Cooper began an affair with actress Patricia Neal , his co @-@ star . At first they kept their affair discreet , but eventually it became an open secret in Hollywood , and Cooper 's wife confronted him with the rumors , which he admitted were true . He also confessed that he was in love with Neal , and continued to see her . Cooper and his wife were legally separated in May 1951 , but he did not seek a divorce . Neal ended their relationship in late December 1951 . During his three @-@ year separation from his wife , Cooper had affairs with Grace Kelly , Lorraine Chanel , and Gisèle Pascal . = = = Friendships , interests , and character = = = For me the really satisfying things I do are offered me , free , for nothing . Ever go out in the fall and do a little hunting ? See the frost on the grass and the leaves turning ? Spend a day in the hills alone , or with good companions ? Watch a sunset and a moonrise ? Notice a bird in the wind ? A stream in the woods , a storm at sea , cross the country by train , and catch a glimpse of something beautiful in the desert , or the farmlands ? Free to everybody ... Cooper 's twenty @-@ year friendship with Ernest Hemingway began at Sun Valley in October 1940 . The previous year , Hemingway drew upon Cooper 's image when he created the character of Robert Jordan for the novel For Whom the Bell Tolls . The two shared a passion for the outdoors , and for years they hunted duck and pheasant , and skied together in Sun Valley . Both men admired the work of Rudyard Kipling — Cooper kept a copy of the poem " If — " in his dressing room — and retained as adults Kipling 's sense of boyish adventure . As well as admiring Cooper 's hunting skills and knowledge of the outdoors , Hemingway believed his character matched his screen persona , once telling a friend , " If you made up a character like Coop , nobody would believe it . He 's just too good to be true . " They saw each other often , and their friendship remained strong through the years . Cooper 's social life generally centered on sports , outdoor activities , and dinner parties with his family and friends from the film industry , including directors Henry Hathaway , Howard Hawks , William Wellman , and Fred Zinnemann , and actors Joel McCrea , James Stewart , Barbara Stanwyck , and Robert Taylor . As well as hunting , Cooper enjoyed riding , fishing , skiing , and later in life , scuba diving . He never abandoned his early love for art and drawing , and over the years , he and his wife acquired a private collection of modern paintings , including works by Pierre @-@ Auguste Renoir , Paul Gauguin , and Georgia O 'Keeffe . Cooper owned several works by Pablo Picasso , whom he met in 1956 . Cooper had a lifelong passion for automobiles , with a collection that included a 1930 Duesenberg . Cooper was naturally reserved and introspective , and loved the solitude of outdoor activities . Not unlike his screen persona , his communication style frequently consisted of long silences with an occasional " yup " and " shucks " . He once said , " If others have more interesting things to say than I have , I keep quiet . " According to his friends , Cooper could also be an articulate , well @-@ informed conversationalist on topics ranging from horses , guns , and Western history to film production , sports cars , and modern art . He was modest and unpretentious , frequently downplaying his acting abilities and career accomplishments . His friends and colleagues described him as charming , well @-@ mannered , and thoughtful , with a lively boyish sense of humor . Cooper maintained a sense of propriety throughout his career and never misused his movie star status — never sought special treatment or refused to work with a director or leading lady . His close friend Joel McCrea recalled , " Coop never fought , he never got mad , he never told anybody off that I know of ; everybody that worked with him liked him . " = = = Political views = = = Cooper was a conservative Republican like his father , and voted for Calvin Coolidge in 1924 , Herbert Hoover in 1928 and 1932 , and campaigned for Wendell Willkie in 1940 . When Franklin D. Roosevelt ran for an unprecedented fourth presidential term in 1944 , Cooper campaigned for Thomas E. Dewey and criticized Roosevelt for being dishonest and adopting " foreign " ideas . In a radio address that he paid for himself just prior to the election , Cooper said , " I disagree with the New Deal belief that the America all of us love is old and worn @-@ out and finished — and has to borrow foreign notions that don 't even seem to work any too well where they come from ... Our country is a young country that just has to make up its mind to be itself again . " He also attended a Republican rally at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum that drew 93 @,@ 000 Dewey supporters . Cooper was one of the founding members of the Motion Picture Alliance for the Preservation of American Ideals , a conservative organization dedicated , according to its statement of principles , to preserving the " American way of life " and opposing communism and fascism . The organization — whose membership included Walt Disney , Clark Gable , Ronald Reagan , Barbara Stanwyck , and John Wayne — pressured the United States Congress to investigate communist influence in the motion picture industry . On October 23 , 1947 , Cooper appeared before the House Un @-@ American Activities Committee ( HUAC ) and was asked if he had observed any " communistic influence " in Hollywood . Cooper recounted statements he 'd heard suggesting that the Constitution was out of date and that Congress was an unnecessary institution — comments that Cooper said he found to be " very un @-@ American " . He also testified that he had rejected several scripts because he thought they were " tinged with communist ideas " . Unlike some other witnesses , Cooper did not name any individuals during his testimony . = = = Religion = = = Cooper was baptized in the Anglican Church in December 1911 in England , and was raised in the Episcopal Church in the United States . While he was never an observant Christian during his adult life , many of his friends believed he had a deeply spiritual side . On June 26 , 1953 , Cooper accompanied his wife and daughter , who were devout Catholics , to Rome , where they had an audience with Pope Pius XII . Cooper and his wife were still separated at the time , but the papal visit marked the beginning of their gradual reconciliation . In the coming years , Cooper contemplated his mortality and his personal behavior , and started discussing Catholicism with his family . He began attending church with them regularly , and met with their parish priest , who offered Cooper spiritual guidance . After several months of study , Cooper was baptized as a Roman Catholic on April 9 , 1959 , before a small group of family and friends at the Church of the Good Shepherd in Beverly Hills . = = Final year and death = = On April 14 , 1960 , Cooper underwent surgery at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston for prostate cancer after it had metastasized to his colon . He fell ill again on May 31 and underwent further surgery at Lebanon Hospital in Los Angeles in early June to remove a malignant tumor from his large intestine . After recuperating over the summer , Cooper took his family on vacation to the south of France before traveling to England in the fall to make his last film , The Naked Edge . In December 1960 , he worked on the NBC television documentary The Real West , which was part of the company 's Project 20 series . On December 27 , his wife learned from their family doctor that Cooper 's cancer had spread to his lungs and bones and was inoperable . His family decided not to tell him immediately . On January 9 , 1961 , Cooper attended a dinner given in his honor at the Friars Club hosted by Frank Sinatra and Dean Martin . Attended by many of his industry friends , the dinner concluded with a brief speech by Cooper who said , " The only achievement I 'm proud of is the friends I 've made in this community . " In mid @-@ January , Cooper took his family to Sun Valley for their last vacation together . Cooper and Hemingway hiked through the snow together for the last time . On February 27 , after returning to Los Angeles , Cooper learned that he was dying . He later told his family , " We 'll pray for a miracle ; but if not , and that 's God 's will , that 's all right too . " On April 17 , Cooper watched the Academy Awards ceremony on television and saw his good friend James Stewart , who had presented Cooper with his first Oscar years earlier , accept on Cooper 's behalf an honorary award for lifetime achievement — his third Oscar . Speaking to Cooper , an emotional Stewart said , " Coop , I want you to know I 'll get it to you right away . With it goes all the friendship and affection and the admiration and deep respect of all of us . We 're very , very proud of you , Coop . " The following day , newspapers around the world announced the news that Cooper was dying . In the coming days he received numerous messages of appreciation and encouragement , including telegrams from Pope John XXIII and Queen Elizabeth II , and a phone call from President John F. Kennedy . On May 4 , Cooper , in his last public statement , said , " I know that what is happening is God 's will . I am not afraid of the future . " He received the last rites on May 12 . Cooper died quietly the following day , Saturday , May 13 , 1961 , at 12 : 47 pm , less than a week after his sixtieth birthday . A requiem mass was held on May 18 at the Church of the Good Shepherd , attended by many of Cooper 's friends , including James Stewart , Henry Hathaway , Joel McCrea , Audrey Hepburn , Jack L. Warner , John Ford , John Wayne , Edward G. Robinson , Frank Sinatra , Dean Martin , Randolph Scott , Walter Pidgeon , Bob Hope and Marlene Dietrich . Cooper was buried in the Grotto of Our Lady of Lourdes in Holy Cross Cemetery in Culver City , California . In May 1974 , after his family relocated to New York , Cooper 's remains were exhumed and reburied in Sacred Hearts Cemetery in Southampton . His grave is marked by a three @-@ ton boulder from a Montauk quarry . = = Acting style and reputation = = Naturalness is hard to talk about , but I guess it boils down to this : You find out what people expect of your type of character and then you give them what they want . That way , an actor never seems unnatural or affected no matter what role he plays . Cooper 's acting style consisted of three essential characteristics : his ability to project elements of his own personality onto the characters he portrayed , to appear natural and authentic in his roles , and to underplay and deliver restrained performances calibrated for the camera and the screen . Acting teacher Lee Strasberg once observed : " The simplest examples of Stanislavsky 's ideas are actors such as Gary Cooper , John Wayne , and Spencer Tracy . They try not to act but to be themselves , to respond or react . They refuse to say or do anything they feel not to be consonant with their own characters . " Film director François Truffaut ranked Cooper among " the greatest actors " because of his ability to deliver great performances " without direction " . This ability to project elements of his own personality onto his characters produced a continuity across his performances to the extent that critics and audiences were convinced that he was simply " playing himself " . Cooper 's ability to project his personality onto his characters played an important part in his appearing natural and authentic on screen . Actor John Barrymore said of Cooper , " This fellow is the world 's greatest actor . He does without effort what the rest of us spend our lives trying to learn — namely , to be natural . " Charles Laughton , who played opposite Cooper in Devil and the Deep agreed , " In truth , that boy hasn 't the least idea how well he acts ... He gets at it from the inside , from his own clear way of looking at life . " William Wyler , who directed Cooper in two films , called him a " superb actor , a master of movie acting " . In his review of Cooper 's performance in The Real Glory , Graham Greene wrote , " Sometimes his lean photogenic face seems to leave everything to the lens , but there is no question here of his not acting . Watch him inoculate the girl against cholera — the casual jab of the needle , and the dressing slapped on while he talks , as though a thousand arms had taught him where to stab and he doesn 't have to think anymore . " Cooper 's style of underplaying before the camera surprised many of his directors and fellow actors . Even in his earliest feature films , he recognized the camera 's ability to pick up slight gestures and facial movements . Commenting on Cooper 's performance in Sergeant York , director Howard Hawks observed , " He worked very hard and yet he didn 't seem to be working . He was a strange actor because you 'd look at him during a scene and you 'd think ... this isn 't going to be any good . But when you saw the rushes in the projection room the next day you could read in his face all the things he 'd been thinking . " Sam Wood , who directed Cooper in four films , had similar observations about Cooper 's performance in Pride of the Yankees , noting , " What I thought was underplaying turned out to be just the right approach . On the screen he 's perfect , yet on the set you 'd swear it 's the worst job of acting in the history of motion pictures . " His fellow actors also admired his abilities as an actor . Commenting on her two films playing opposite Cooper , actress Ingrid Bergman concluded , " The personality of this man was so enormous , so overpowering — and that expression in his eyes and his face , it was so delicate and so underplayed . You just didn 't notice it until you saw it on the screen . I thought he was marvelous ; the most underplaying and the most natural actor I ever worked with . " = = Career assessment and legacy = = Cooper 's career spanned thirty @-@ six years , from 1925 to 1961 . During that time , he appeared in eighty @-@ four feature films in a leading role . He was a major movie star from the end of the silent film era to the end of the golden age of Classical Hollywood . His natural and authentic acting style appealed powerfully to both men and women , and his range of performances included roles in most major movie genres , including Westerns , war films , adventure films , drama films , crime films , romance films , comedy films , and romantic comedy films . He appeared on the Motion Picture Herald exhibitor 's poll of top ten film personalities for twenty @-@ three consecutive years , from 1936 to 1958 . According to Quigley 's annual poll , Cooper was one of the top money @-@ making stars for eighteen years , appearing in the top ten in 1936 – 37 , 1941 – 49 , and 1951 – 57 . He topped the list in 1953 . In Quigley 's list of all @-@ time money @-@ making stars , Cooper is listed fourth , after John Wayne , Clint Eastwood , and Tom Cruise . At the time of his death , it was estimated that his films grossed well over $ 200 million ( equivalent to $ 1 @.@ 58 billion in 2015 ) . In over half of his feature films , Cooper portrayed Westerners , soldiers , pilots , sailors , and explorers — all men of action . In the rest he played a wide range of characters , included doctors , professors , artists , architects , clerks , and baseball players . Cooper 's heroic screen image changed with each period of his career . In his early films , he played the young naive hero sure of his moral position and trusting in the triumph of simple virtues ( The Virginian ) . After becoming a major star , his Western screen persona was replaced by a more cautious hero in adventure films and dramas ( A Farewell to Arms ) . During the height of his career , from 1936 to 1943 , he played a new type of hero — a champion of the common man willing to sacrifice himself for others ( Mr. Deeds , Meet John Doe , and For Whom the Bell Tolls ) . In the post @-@ war years , Cooper attempted broader variations on his screen image , which now reflected a hero increasingly at odds with the world who must face adversity alone ( The Fountainhead and High Noon ) . In his final films , Cooper 's hero rejects the violence of the past , and seeks to reclaim lost honor and find redemption ( Friendly Persuasion and Man of the West ) . The screen persona he developed and sustained throughout his career represented the ideal American hero — a tall , handsome , and sincere man of steadfast integrity who emphasized action over intellect , and combined the heroic qualities of the romantic lover , the adventurer , and the common man . On February 6 , 1960 , Cooper was awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6243 Hollywood Boulevard for his contribution to the film industry . He was also awarded a star on the sidewalk outside the Ellen Theater in Bozeman , Montana . On May 6 , 1961 , he was awarded the French Order of Arts and Letters in recognition of his significant contribution to the arts . On July 30 , 1961 , he was posthumously awarded the David di Donatello Special Award in Italy for his career achievements . In 1966 , he was inducted into the Hall of Great Western Performers at the National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum in Oklahoma City . The American Film Institute ( AFI ) ranked Cooper eleventh on its list of the 25 male stars of classic Hollywood . Three of his characters — Will Kane , Lou Gehrig , and Sergeant York — made AFI 's list of the one hundred greatest heroes and villains , all of them as heroes . His Lou Gehrig line , " Today , I consider myself the luckiest man on the face of the earth . " , is ranked by AFI as the thirty @-@ eighth greatest movie quote of all time . More than a half century after his death , Cooper 's enduring legacy , according to biographer Jeffrey Meyers , is his image of the ideal American hero preserved in his film performances . Charlton Heston once observed , " He projected the kind of man Americans would like to be , probably more than any actor that 's ever lived . " = = Awards and nominations = = = = Filmography = = The following is a list of feature films in which Cooper appeared in a leading role .
= Angelus Silesius = Angelus Silesius ( c . 1624 – 9 July 1677 ) , born Johann Scheffler and also known as Johann Angelus Silesius , was a German Catholic priest and physician , known as a mystic and religious poet . Born and raised a Lutheran , he adopted the name Angelus ( Latin for " angel " or " heavenly messenger " ) and the epithet Silesius ( " Silesian " ) on converting to Catholicism in 1653 . While studying in the Netherlands , he began to read the works of medieval mystics and became acquainted with the works of the German mystic Jacob Böhme through Böhme 's friend , Abraham von Franckenberg . Silesius 's mystical beliefs caused tension between him and Lutheran authorities and led to his eventual conversion to Catholicism . He took holy orders under the Franciscans and was ordained a priest in 1661 . Ten years later , in 1671 , he retired to a Jesuit house where he remained for the rest of his life . An enthusiastic convert and priest , Silesius worked to convince German Protestants in Silesia to return to the Roman Catholic Church . He composed 55 tracts and pamphlets condemning Protestantism , several of which were published in two folio volumes entitled Ecclesiologia ( trans . " The Words of the Church " ) . He is now remembered chiefly for his religious poetry , and in particular for two poetical works both published in 1657 : Heilige Seelenlust ( literally , " The Soul 's Holy Desires " ) , a collection of more than 200 religious hymn texts that have been used by Catholics and Protestants ; and Der Cherubinischer Wandersmann ( " The Cherubinic Pilgrim " ) , a collection of 1 @,@ 676 short poems , mostly Alexandrine couplets . His poetry explores themes of mysticism , quietism , and pantheism within an orthodox Catholic context . = = Life = = = = = Early life and education = = = While his exact birthdate is unknown , it is believed that Silesius was born in December 1624 in Breslau , the capital of Silesia . The earliest mention of him is the registration of his baptism on Christmas Day , 25 December 1624 . At the time , Silesia was a German @-@ speaking province of the Habsburg Empire . Today , it is the southwestern region of Poland . Baptized Johann Scheffler , he was the first of three children . His parents , who married in February 1624 , were Lutheran . His father , Stanislaus Scheffler ( c . 1562 – 1637 ) , was of Polish ancestry and was a member of the lower nobility . Stanislaus dedicated his life to the military was made Lord of Borowice ( or Vorwicze ) and received a knighthood from King Sigismund III . A few years before his son 's birth , he had retired from military service in Kraków . In 1624 , he was 62 . The child 's mother , Maria Hennemann ( c . 1600 – 1639 ) , was a 24 @-@ year @-@ old daughter of a local physician with ties to the Habsburg Imperial court . Scheffler obtained his early education at the Elisabethsgymnasium ( Saint Elizabeth 's Gymnasium , or high school ) in Breslau . His earliest poems were written and published during these formative years . Scheffler was probably influenced by the recently published works of poet and scholar Martin Opitz and by one of his teachers , poet Christoph Köler . He subsequently studied medicine and science at the University of Strasbourg ( or Strassburg ) in Alsace for a year in 1643 . It was a Lutheran university with a course of study that embraced Renaissance humanism . From 1644 to 1647 , he attended Leiden University . At this time , he was introduced to the writings of Jacob Böhme ( 1575 – 1624 ) and became acquainted with one of Böhme 's friends , Abraham von Franckenberg ( 1593 – 1652 ) , who probably introduced him to ancient Kabbalist writings , alchemy , and hermeticism , and to mystic writers living in Amsterdam . Franckenberg had been compiling a complete edition of Böhme 's work at the time Scheffler resided in the Netherlands . The Dutch Republic provided refuge to many religious sects , mystics , and scholars who were persecuted elsewhere in Europe . Scheffler then went to Italy and enrolled in studies at the University of Padua in Padua in September 1647 . A year later , he received a doctoral degree in philosophy and medicine and returned to his homeland . = = = Physician = = = On 3 November 1649 , Scheffler was appointed to be the court physician to Silvius I Nimrod , Duke of Württemberg @-@ Oels ( 1622 – 1664 ) and was given an annual salary of 175 thalers . Although he was " recommended to the Duke on account of his good qualities and his experience in medicine , " it is likely that Scheffler 's friend and mentor , Abraham von Franckenberg , had arranged the appointment given his closeness to the Duke . Franckenberg was the son of a minor noble from the village of Ludwigsdorf near Oels within the duchy . Franckenberg returned to the region the year before . It is also possible that Scheffler 's brother @-@ in @-@ law , Tobias Brückner , who was also a physician to the Duke of Württemberg @-@ Oels , may have recommended him . Scheffler soon was not happy in his position as his personal mysticism and critical views on Lutheran doctrine ( especially his disagreements with the Augsburg Confession ) caused friction with the Duke and members of the ducal court . The Duke was characterized in history as being " a zealous Lutheran and very bigoted . " Coincidentally , it was at this time that Scheffler began to have mystical visions , which along with his public pronouncements led local Lutheran clergy to consider him a heretic . After Franckenberg 's death in June 1652 , Scheffler resigned his position — he may have been forced to resign — and sought refuge under the protection of the Roman Catholic Church . = = = Priest and poet = = = The Lutheran authorities in the Reformed states of the Empire were not tolerant of Scheffler 's increasing mysticism , and he was publicly attacked and denounced as a heretic . At this time , the Habsburg rulers ( who were Catholic ) were pushing for a Counter Reformation and advocated a re @-@ Catholicisation of Europe . Scheffler sought to convert to Catholicism and was received by the Church of Saint Matthias in Breslau on 12 June 1653 . Upon being received , he took the name Angelus , the Latin form of " angel " , derived from the Greek ángelos ( ἄγγελος , " messenger " ) ; for his epithet , he took Silesius ( Latin for " Silesian " ) . It is uncertain why he took this name , but he may have added it in honour of his native Silesia or to honor a favourite scholastic , mystic or theosophic author , to distinguish himself from other famous writers of his era : perhaps the Spanish mystic writer Juan de los Ángeles ( author of The Triumph of Love ) or Lutheran theologian Johann Angelus in Darmstadt . He no longer used the name Scheffler , but did on occasion use his first name , Johann . From 1653 until his death , he used the names Angelus Silesius and also Johann Angelus Silesius . Shortly after his conversion , on 24 March 1654 , Silesius received an appointment as Imperial Court Physician to Ferdinand III , the Holy Roman Emperor . However , this was probably an honorary position to offer some official protection against Lutheran attackers , as Silesius never went to Vienna to serve the Imperial Court . It is very likely that he never practiced medicine after his conversion to Catholicism . In the late 1650s , he sought permission ( a nihil obstat or imprimatur ) from Catholic authorities in Vienna and Breslau to begin publishing his poetry . He had begun writing poetry at an early age , publishing a few occasional pieces when a schoolboy in 1641 and 1642 . He attempted to publish poetry while working for the Duke of Württemberg @-@ Oels , but was refused permission by the Duke 's orthodox Lutheran court clergyman , Christoph Freitag . However , in 1657 , after obtaining the approval of the Catholic Church , two collections of his poems were published — the works for which he is known — Heilige Seelenlust ( " The Soul 's Holy Desire " ) and Der Cherubinische Wandersmann ( " The Cherubinic Pilgrim " ) . On 27 February 1661 , Silesius took holy orders as a Franciscan . Three months later , he was ordained a priest in the Silesian Duchy of Neisse — an area of successful re @-@ Catholicisation and one of two ecclesiastical states within the region ( that is , ruled by a Prince @-@ Bishop ) . When his friend Sebastian von Rostock ( 1607 – 1671 ) became Prince @-@ Bishop of Breslau , Silesius was appointed his Rath und Hofmarschall ( a counselor and Chamberlain ) . During this time , he began publishing over fifty tracts attacking Lutheranism and the Protestant Reformation . Thirty @-@ nine of these essays he later compiled into a two @-@ volume folio collection entitled Ecclesiologia ( 1676 ) . = = = Death = = = After the death of the Prince @-@ Bishop of Breslau in 1671 , Silesius retired to the Hospice of the Knights of the Cross with the Red Star ( the Matthiasstift ) , a Jesuit house associated with the church of Saint Matthias at Breslau . He died on 9 July 1677 and was buried there . Some sources claim he died from tuberculosis ( " consumption " ) , others describe his illness as a " wasting sickness . " Immediately after news of his death spread , several of his Protestant detractors spread the untrue rumor that Silesius had hanged himself . By his Will , he distributed his fortune , largely inherited from his father 's noble estate , to pious and charitable institutions , including orphanages . = = Importance = = = = = Interpretation of his work = = = The poetry of Angelus Silesius consists largely of epigrams in the form of alexandrine couplets — the style that dominated German poetry and mystical literature during the Baroque era . According to Baker , the epigram was key to conveying mysticism , because " the epigram with its tendency towards brevity and pointedness is a suitable genre to cope with the aesthetic problem of the ineffability of the mystical experience . " The Encyclopaedia Brittanica identifies these epigrams as Reimsprüche — or rhymed distichs — and describes them as : ... embodying a strange mystical pantheism drawn mainly from the writings of Jakob Böhme and his followers . Silesius delighted specially in the subtle paradoxes of mysticism . The essence of God , for instance , he held to be love ; God , he said , can love nothing inferior to himself ; but he cannot be an object of love to himself without going out , so to speak , of himself , without manifesting his infinity in a finite form ; in other words , by becoming man . God and man are therefore essentially one . Silesius 's poetry directs the reader to seek a path toward a desired spiritual state , an eternal stillness , by eschewing material or physical needs and the human will . It requires an understanding of God that is informed by the ideas of apophatic theology and of antithesis and paradox . Some of Silesius 's writings and beliefs that bordered on pantheism or panentheism caused tensions between Silesius and local Protestant authorities . However , in the introduction to Der Cherubinischer Wandersmann , he explained his poetry ( especially its paradoxes ) within the framework of Catholic orthodoxy and denied pantheism which would have run afoul of Catholic doctrine . His mysticism is informed by the influences of Böhme and Franckenberg as well as of prominent writers Meister Eckhart ( 1260 – 1327 ) , Johannes Tauler ( c . 1300 – 1361 ) , Heinrich Suso ( c . 1300 – 1366 ) , and Jan van Ruysbroeck ( 1293 / 4 – 1381 ) . Critic and literary theorist Georg Ellinger surmised in his study of Silesius that his poetry was influenced by loneliness ( especially due to the death of his parents and becoming an orphan early in life ) , ungoverned impulsivity , and lack of personal fulfillment , rendering much of his poetry confessional and exhibiting internal psychological conflict . = = = Use in hymns = = = Several of the poems of Silesius have been used or adapted as hymns used in Protestant and Catholic services . In many early Lutheran and Protestant hymnals , these lyrics were attributed to " anonymous " , rather than admit they were penned by the Catholic Silesius , known for his criticism and advocacy against Protestantism . In many instances , the verse of Silesius is attributed in print to " anonymous " or to " I.A. " While I.A. were the Latin initials for Iohannis Angelus they were often misinterpreted as Incerti auctoris , meaning " unknown author " . Likewise , several truly anonymous works were later misattributed to Silesius , thanks to the same ambiguous initials . Verses by Silesius appear in the lyrics of hymns published in Nürnberg Gesang @-@ Buch ( 1676 ) , Freylinghausen 's Gesang @-@ Buch ( 1704 ) , Porst 's Gesang @-@ Buch ( 1713 ) ; and Burg 's Gesang @-@ Buch ( 1746 ) . Seventy @-@ nine hymns using his verses were included in Nicolaus Zinzendorf 's Christ @-@ Catholisches Singe und Bet @-@ Büchlein ( 1727 ) . During the 18th Century , they were frequently in use in the Lutheran , Catholic , and Moravian Churches . Many of these hymns are still popular in Christian churches today . = = = Silesius in modern culture = = = In a series of lectures entitled Siete Noches ( " Seven Nights " ) ( 1980 ) , Argentine writer and poet Jorge Luis Borges ( 1899 – 1986 ) remarks that the essence of poetry can be encapsulated in a single line from Silesius . Borges wrote : I will end with a great line by the poet who , in the seventeenth century , took the strangely real and poetic name of Angelus Silesius . It is the summary of all I have said tonight — except that I have said it by means of reasoning and simulated reasoning . I will say it first in Spanish and then in German : La rosa es sin porqué ; florece porque florece . Die Rose ist ohne warum ; sie blühet weil sie blühet . The line he quoted , Die Rose ist ohne warum ; sie blühet , weil sie blühet ... from Silesius 's The Cherubinic Pilgrim ( 1657 ) , can be translated as : " The Rose is without a ' wherefor ' — she blooms because she blooms . " The influence of mysticism is seen in the work of Borges , especially in his poetry , which frequently references Silesius and his work . This same line was often referenced in the work of Martin Heidegger ( 1889 – 1976 ) who ( building on the work of Leibniz and Hegel ) explored mysticism in many of his works , in which he defines a theory of truth as phenomenal and defying any rational explanation . Heidegger was commenting on the rational philosophy of German philosopher and mathematician Leibniz ( 1646 – 1716 ) — a contemporary of Silesius — who called the mystic 's poetry " beautiful " , but " extraordinarily daring , full of difficult metaphors and inclined almost to godlessness " despite Silesius 's mysticism being contrary to Leibniz 's principium reddendae rationis sufficientis , the Principle of sufficient reason . In the 1991 American film Cape Fear directed by Martin Scorsese , Max Cady ( played by Robert De Niro ) quotes a verse of Silesius . The verse is : However , the context of this line in the film does not match the context intended by Silesius . The character of Cady uses it to emphasize dramatically to his intended victims the power of his individual will and his god @-@ like ability to exact a violent vengeance . The context intended by Silesius was of man 's realization through his spiritual potential for perfection that he was of the same substance with God in the sense of the mystical divine union or theosis — that experience of direct communion of love between the believer and God as equals . = = Works = = = = = Poetry = = = 1642 : Bonus Consiliarius ( trans . The Good Counselor ) 1657 : Heilige Seelenlust , oder geistliche Hirtenlieder der in ihren Jesum verliebten Psyche ( trans . " The Soul 's Holy Desires , or the Spiritual Songs of the Shepherd in your Christ @-@ loving Spirit " ) 1657 : Geistreiche Sinn @-@ und @-@ Schlussreime zur göttlichen Beschaulichkeit ( trans . " Ingenious Aphorisms in End @-@ Rhymes to Divine Tranquility " , or " Witty Aphorisms in End @-@ Rhymes to Divine Tranquility " ) renamed in the 2nd edition ( 1674 ) to Der Cherbinische Wandersmann ( trans . " The Cherubinic Pilgrim " ) 1675 : Sinnliche Beschreibung der vier letzten Dinge , zu heilsamen Schröken und Auffmunterung aller Menschen inn Druck gegeben . Mit der himmlischen Procession vermehrt , & c . ( trans . " A Sensuous Representation of the Four Last Things ... " ) = = = Theological tracts and polemical writings = = = 1653 : Gründtliche Ursachen von Motiven , warumb Er Von dem Lutherthumb abgetretten , und sich zu der Catholischen Kyrchen bekennet hat . ( trans . " a thorough examination of his motives why he has deviated from Lutheranism and confessed to the Catholic church " ) 1663 : Türcken @-@ Schrifft Von den Ursachen der Türkischen Überziehung . ( trans . Writing on the Turks : Of the causes of the Turkish invasion " ) 1664 : Kehr @-@ Wisch Zu Abkehrung des Ungeziefers Mit welchem seine wolgemeinte Tückenschrifft Christianus Chemmtis hat wollen verhast machen . ( trans . " A Sweeping conversion of the Vermin which Christ would want to make with his well @-@ intentioned trickery " ) 1664 : Zerbrochene Triumphs @-@ Wagen auff welchem er Uber die Lutheraner triumphirend einzufahren ihm im Traum vorkommen lassen . ( trans . " The Broken Triumph Wagon , over which he triumphantly can tell the Lutherans it can happen in a dream " ) 1664 : Christen @-@ Schrifft Von dem herrlichen Kennzeichen deß Volkes Gottes . ( trans . " That the Christian scriptures are the lovely mark of God 's people " ) 1664 : Und Scheffler redet noch ! Daß ist Johannis Schefflers Schutz @-@ Rede Für sich und seine Christen @-@ Schrifft . ( trans . " And Scheffler still speaks ! That Johann Scheffler 's protecting speech for himself and his Christian scriptures " ) 1665 : Kommet her und Sehet mit vernünfftigen Augen wie Joseph und die Heiligen bey den Catholischen geeehret . ( trans . " Come and Behold , glorified with reasonable eyes as Joseph and the Saints by the Catholics " ) 1665 : Der Lutheraner und Calvinisten Abgott der Vernunfft entblösset dargestellt . ( trans . " The God of Reason of the Lutherans and Calivinsits shown denuded . " ) 1665 : Gülden @-@ Griff Welcher Gestalt alle Ketzer auch von dem Ungelehrtesten leichtlich können gemeistert werden . 1666 : Des Römischen Bapists Oberhauptmannschaft über die gantze allgemeine Kirche Christi . ( trans . " The Roman Baptists ' leadership of the entire general Church of Christ " ) 1667 : Johannis Schefflers Gründliche Außführung Daß die Lutheraner auf keine weise noch wege ihren Glauben in der Schrifft zu zeigen vermögen und ihr Gott ein blosser Wahn Bild oder Ding ihrer Vernunfft sey . ( trans . " A thorough handling that the Lutherans have no routes to their faith in the Scriptures to show their God as either a mere hallucination or a thing of reason " ) 1670 : Kurtze Erörterung Der Frage Ob die Lutheraner in Schlesien der in Instrumento Pacis denen Augsburgischen Confessions @-@ Verwandten verliehenen Religions @-@ Freyheit sich getrösten können . ( trans . " A short discussion of the question whether religious liberty can exist with the Lutherans in Silesia where the Augsburg Confessions have been accorded an Instrument of Peace " ) 1670 : Christiani Conscientiosi Sendschreiben An Alle Evangelische Universitäten in welchem er seine Gewissens @-@ Scrupel proponirt . ( trans . " To all conscientious Christians : A Letter to all Protestant Universities in which he proposes his scruples of conscience " ) 1671 : Johann Schefflers Erweiß Daß der gröste Hauffe die rechte Kirche sey ; Und man sich kurtzumb zu der Catholischen Kirche begeben musse wo man ewig Seelig werden wil . ( trans . " Johann Scheffler 's knowledge that the greates home the true church is — to go to the Catholic church where you will be forever blessed " ) 1672 : J. E. InformationSchreiben Wegen des Fegefeuers an E. V. In welchem unüberwindlich erwiesen wird daß mehr als zwey Orte der Seelen nach dem Tode und ein Fegefeuer sey . ( trans . " An informative letter on Purgatory , proving insurmountably the more than two places of the soul after death and purgatory " ) 1673 : Hierothei Boranowsky Gerechtfertigter Gewissens @-@ Zwang Oder Erweiß daß man die Ketzer zum wahren Glauben zwingen könne und solle . ( trans . Boranowsky 's The Justified Coercion of Conscience , or the knowledge of what could and should force heretics to the true faith " ) 1675 : Johannis Schefflers Alleiniges Him [ m ] elreich Das ist Abweisung Des schädlichen Wahns daß man wol Seelig werden könne wenn man gleich nicht Catholisch wird . ( trans . " Johann Scheffler 's The Kingdom of Heaven alone rejects the harmful delusion that you can be saved if you are not Catholic " ) 1675 : D. J. Schefflers Vernünfftiger Gottes @-@ Dienst . ( trans . " J. Scheffler 's Reasonable Service to God " ) 1675 : Der Catholisch gewordene Bauer Und Lutherische Doctor ( trans . " The Catholic becomes a farmer and Lutheran Doctor " ) 1677 : Ecclesiologia Oder Kirche @-@ Beschreibung . ( trans . " The Words of the Church , or Description of the Church " )
= Battle of Chongju ( 1950 ) = The Battle of Chongju ( 29 – 30 October 1950 ) took place during the United Nations ( UN ) offensive towards the Yalu River , which followed the North Korean invasion of South Korea at the start of the Korean War . The battle was fought between Australian forces from 3rd Battalion , Royal Australian Regiment ( 3 RAR ) and the 17th Tank Brigade of the Korean People 's Army for control of Chongju , North Korea and the surrounding area . After detecting a strong North Korean armoured force equipped with T @-@ 34 tanks and SU @-@ 76 self @-@ propelled guns on a thickly wooded ridgeline astride the line of advance , the Australians launched a series of company attacks with American M4 Sherman tanks and aircraft in support . Despite heavy resistance the North Koreans were forced to withdraw and the Australians captured their objectives after three hours of fighting . That evening the North Koreans were strongly reinforced , attacking the Australian southern flank manned by D Company 3 RAR , and partially penetrating their perimeter . After two hours of fighting the assault was repulsed , and the North Koreans subsequently launched a furious assault against A Company 3 RAR on the northern position , which also failed amid heavy losses . The following day the Australians advanced to the high ground overlooking Chongju , killing and capturing a number of North Koreans in skirmishes . That afternoon the town itself was cleared by the remaining elements of the 27th British Commonwealth Brigade without opposition . North Korean casualties during the fighting were heavy , while Australian losses included their commanding officer , Lieutenant Colonel Charles Green , who was wounded in the stomach by artillery fire after the battle and died two days later . = = Background = = = = = Military situation = = = The Korean War began early in the morning of 25 June 1950 , following the surprise invasion of the Republic of Korea ( ROK ) by its northern neighbour , the communist Democratic People 's Republic of Korea ( DPRK ) . Numerically superior and better @-@ equipped , the Korean People 's Army ( KPA ) crossed the 38th Parallel and rapidly advanced south , easily overcoming the South Koreans . In response , the United Nations ( UN ) decided to intervene on behalf of South Korea , inviting member states to send forces to restore the situation . As a consequence , American ground forces were hastily deployed in an attempt to prevent the South Koreans from collapsing , however they too were under strength and poorly equipped , and by early August had been forced back by the North Koreans to an enclave around Pusan , known as the Pusan Perimeter . Key US allies — Britain , Canada and Australia — also committed forces , although these were initially limited to naval contingents and were largely viewed as token efforts in the US . Under diplomatic pressure the British agreed to deploy an infantry brigade in July , and would later dispatch a second brigade as the crisis worsened . The Canadians also agreed to provide an infantry brigade , although the first battalion would not arrive until December 1950 . A total of 21 UN member states eventually contributed forces . Australia was one of the first nations to commit units to the fighting , playing a small but sometimes significant part in the United Nations Command , which was initially led by General Douglas MacArthur . Forces deployed in Japan as part of the British Commonwealth Occupation Force formed the basis of the Australian response , with P @-@ 51 Mustang fighter @-@ bombers from No. 77 Squadron RAAF flying their first missions on 2 July , while the frigate HMAS Shoalhaven and the destroyer HMAS Bataan were also committed to naval operations . During this time the 3rd Battalion , Royal Australian Regiment ( 3 RAR ) , which had been preparing to return to Australia prior to the outbreak of the war , remained in Japan , however on 26 July the Australian government announced that it would also commit the understrength and poorly equipped infantry battalion to the fighting , following a period of preparation . Training and re @-@ equipment began immediately , while hundreds of reinforcements were hastily recruited in Australia as part of K Force ; they soon began arriving to fill out the battalion . The battalion 's commanding officer , Lieutenant Colonel Floyd Walsh , was subsequently replaced by Lieutenant Colonel Charles Green . An officer with extensive operational experience fighting the Japanese in New Guinea during the Second World War , Green took over from Walsh due to the latter 's perceived inexperience . On 23 September 1950 , 3 RAR embarked for Korea , concentrating at Pusan on 28 September . There it joined the British 27th Infantry Brigade , a garrison formation hurriedly committed from Hong Kong by the British government as the situation deteriorated around the Pusan Perimeter in late August to bolster the US Eighth Army under Lieutenant General Walton Walker . Commanded by Brigadier Basil Coad , the brigade was renamed the 27th British Commonwealth Brigade and consisted of the 1st Battalion , Argyll and Sutherland Highland Regiment ( 1 ASHR ) , the 1st Battalion , Middlesex Regiment ( 1 MR ) and 3 RAR . Under strength , the two British battalions had each mustered just 600 men of all ranks , while the brigade was also short on transport and heavy equipment , and had no integral artillery support , for which it would rely entirely on the Americans until the 16th Field Regiment , Royal New Zealand Artillery arrived in January 1951 . As such , with a strength of nearly 1 @,@ 000 men , the addition of 3 RAR gave the brigade increased tactical weight as well as expediently allowing the Australians to work within a familiar organisational environment , rather than being attached to a US formation . Also under the command of the brigade were a number of US Army units , including 155 mm howitzers from the US 90th Field Artillery Battalion , M4 Sherman tanks from US 89th Tank Battalion and a company from the US 72nd Combat Engineer Battalion . = = Prelude = = = = = Opposing forces = = = By the time 3 RAR arrived in the theatre , the North Koreans had been broken and were in rapid retreat , with MacArthur 's forces conducting a successful amphibious assault at Inchon and breaking out along the Naktong perimeter on the southern tip of the Korean peninsula . A steady advance began , driving the North Koreans northwards towards the 38th Parallel . The 27th British Commonwealth Brigade was airlifted from Taegu to Kimpo Airfield north of Seoul on 5 October , however its vehicles had to move by road , driving 420 kilometres ( 260 mi ) , and did not arrive until 9 October . It was subsequently attached to the US 1st Cavalry Division , under the command of Major General Hobart R. Gay . On 16 October the brigade took over from the US 7th Cavalry Regiment as the vanguard of the UN advance up the west coast , its axis intended to take it through Kaesong , Kumchon and Hungsu @-@ ri to Sariwon , then through Hwangju to the North Korean capital of Pyongyang . Although the North Koreans had suffered heavily in the preceding weeks , they continued to resist strongly , while a lack of accurate maps and the narrowness of the roads made rapid movement difficult for the advancing UN forces . During this time 3 RAR had a platoon of American M4 Sherman tanks attached and a battery of field guns in direct support . The 27th British Commonwealth Brigade subsequently moved 70 kilometres ( 43 mi ) from Kumchon , with the Argylls capturing Sariwon on 17 October , killing 215 North Koreans and taking many prisoners for the loss of one man killed and three wounded . The brigade then passed to the command of the US 24th Infantry Division on 21 October , under the overall command of Major General John H. Church , while the US 1st Cavalry Division remained in Pyongyang to complete its capture . The 27th British Commonwealth Brigade was subsequently ordered to seize Chongju . Consequently , the brigade continued to advance north with little respite , and on 22 October the Australians fought their first major action at Yongju , killing 150 North Koreans and capturing 239 of the brigade 's 800 prisoners , for the loss of seven men wounded . Intending to defeat the North Koreans and bring the war to a close , the UN forces pushed towards the Yalu River , on the Chinese border . Resistance continued to be met as the brigade crossed the Chongchon River however , and they now moved towards Pakchon . On 24 October , MacArthur had removed all restrictions on the movement of his forces south of the Yalu River and prepared for the final phase of the UN advance , defying a directive of the US Joint Chiefs of Staff and risking Chinese intervention in support of North Korea . On the afternoon of 25 October a platoon from 3 RAR was fired on by two companies of North Koreans as they crossed the Taeryong River to conduct a reconnaissance of the west bank , and although they were subsequently forced to withdraw , the Australians took 10 prisoners with them . Acting as the forward elements of the brigade , that evening Green sent two companies across the river to establish defensive positions , and they subsequently broke up a frontal assault on their positions with mortars while the North Koreans were in the process of forming up . Sixty North Koreans supported by a T @-@ 34 tank then attacked the forward Australian companies at Kujin early the following morning , resulting in Australian losses of eight killed and 22 wounded . However , the North Koreans suffered heavy casualties including over 100 killed and 350 captured , and the Australians subsequently succeeded in defending the bridgehead after the North Koreans withdrew . Intelligence indicated that the British and Australians were facing the North Korean 17th Tank Brigade , equipped with 20 tanks , which was preparing a last line of defence at Chongju , 70 kilometres ( 43 mi ) away . Although the North Koreans had suffered heavy casualties during the previous fighting on the Taeryong River , Coad was now forced to adopt more cautious tactics , advancing in shorter bounds and clearing high points en route . On 27 October the Middlesex continued the advance and was involved in a sharp fight in the hills west of the river near the village of Yongsong @-@ ni . With the war considered all but over the 27th British Commonwealth Brigade continued to pursue the North Koreans towards Chongju over the next three days , however the advance increasingly encountered strong resistance from North Korean infantry dug @-@ in with tanks and self @-@ propelled guns in support , as they approached the Yalu River on the Manchurian border . = = Battle = = = = = Fighting around Chongju , 29 October 1950 = = = 3 RAR took over as lead battalion of the 27th British Commonwealth Brigade on 29 October , 6 kilometres ( 3 @.@ 7 mi ) from Chongju . At 10 : 00 a US LT @-@ 6G Mosquito light spotter aircraft reported a large North Korean formation consisting of a battalion @-@ sized force of 500 – 600 infantry supported by several tanks and at least two self @-@ propelled guns , positioned on a thickly wooded ridgeline around Chongju . Astride the line of the advance , these positions were noted as being well constructed , camouflaged and dug @-@ in , with the North Koreans occupying positions on the forward slopes on both sides of the road . Airstrikes were called in and eight sorties were undertaken by United States Air Force ( USAF ) F @-@ 80 Shooting Stars which rocketed , strafed and napalmed the North Korean positions on the ridgelines . By 14 : 00 the pilots claimed to have destroyed seven T @-@ 34 tanks and two SU @-@ 76 self @-@ propelled guns , as well as causing many casualties among the North Korean forces . These claims proved optimistic however . With only a few hours of daylight remaining , Green then planned a battalion attack with two companies forward . Under the command of Major Walter Brown , D Company was subsequently ordered to attack the North Korean positions on the left of the road , followed by A Company commanded by Captain William Chitts , which would attack the right . Meanwhile , preparatory fire from the 155 mm howitizers of the US 90th Field Artillery Battalion and 3 @-@ inch mortars from Support Company 3 RAR began to fall on the North Korean positions . At 14 : 30 , D Company launched an assault against the ridge south of the road , with two platoons of Sherman tanks in support from D Company , US 89th Tank Battalion . One tank platoon led the attack followed by the other carrying infantry from 10 Platoon D Company . Under the command of Lieutenant David Mannett , 10 Platoon made a right flanking assault along the road , while 11 and 12 Platoons attacked the ridge frontally across the paddy fields . Meeting stronger resistance than expected however , the attackers came under heavy fire and one of the Sherman tanks was knocked out by an armour @-@ piercing round that hit its turret . However , with the American tanks providing vital close support to the infantry , 10 Platoon successfully secured its objective , allowing it to take the North Koreans in enfilade and to provide fire support to the assault . Thus , despite strong opposition , the remainder of D Company gained the high ground by 16 : 30 . With the earlier airstrikes having been ineffective , D Company had been opposed by a number of T @-@ 34 tanks and SU @-@ 76 self @-@ propelled guns , however the bulk of these were destroyed by the Shermans during the assault . Another tank had been knocked out by well @-@ directed fire at point @-@ blank range from a Bren light machine @-@ gun by Private John Stafford , which caused the armoured vehicle 's auxiliary fuel tanks to ignite , resulting in its ammunition exploding . Stafford was subsequently awarded the US Silver Star for his bravery . A Company attacked the ridgeline to the north of the road to Chonju just prior to dusk , this time without the support of the Sherman tanks . The Australians again came under heavy fire from the North Koreans , however they quickly overcame the defenders and the ridge was secured by 17 : 30 . During the fighting for the northern position , three North Korean T @-@ 34 tanks dug @-@ in on the ridgeline had been destroyed by the Australians at short range with new M20 3 @.@ 5 @-@ inch bazookas , which now proved to be effective anti @-@ armour weapons despite difficulties experienced in their use at Kujin several days before . During the day 's fighting , a total of 11 T @-@ 34 tanks and two SU @-@ 76 self @-@ propelled guns had been destroyed by the Australian infantry and American tanks , contrary to the reports of their destruction by USAF airstrikes earlier in the day . Expecting a counter @-@ attack , Green then ordered B Company forward to occupy positions along the road in between the positions held by D and A Companies , while Battalion headquarters moved in behind B Company , with C Company held in reserve at the rear with Support Company . After conducting a limited resupply of the forward companies , the Australians hastily began to dig in . The North Koreans subsequently brought up substantial reinforcements , and soon after dark they moved against D Company on the southern flank . Preparatory fire by artillery , mortars and machine @-@ guns began at 19 : 00 , following which a battalion @-@ sized ground assault was launched . The weight of the counter @-@ attack fell on 10 Platoon D Company , with Mannett holding his platoon 's fire until the North Koreans were only 10 metres ( 33 ft ) away before engaging , killing 32 men . Mannett was later awarded the Military Cross for his leadership during the initial assault and the subsequent defence of the ridgeline . Regardless , the North Koreans succeeded in overrunning parts of the Australian position before they were finally repulsed following counter @-@ attacks by 11 and 12 Platoons during two hours of fierce fighting . A number of North Koreans also succeeded in penetrating the perimeter , and they moved behind D Company from where they fired on the 3 RAR headquarters . Contact was subsequently lost with D Company and was not regained until the North Koreans were forced to withdraw by Headquarters Company , under Captain Ben O 'Dowd , which then cleared the depth positions . At 21 : 30 the focus of the North Korean counter @-@ attack shifted to the northern flank , launching a heavy assault against A Company . This effort also failed however , being repulsed as Chitts called @-@ in indirect fire from the Support Company mortars and American howitzers to within 10 metres ( 33 ft ) of the forward Australian positions . The North Koreans finally withdrew at 22 : 15 , though a SU @-@ 76 self @-@ propelled gun continued to fire sporadically into the Australian positions until 23 : 00 . = = = Clearance of the town , 30 October 1950 = = = The following morning the Australians remained in position , and at daybreak they found more than 150 North Korean dead within the 3 RAR defensive position . Coad subsequently brought the Middlesex forward to secure his northern flank , while 3 RAR moved forward to the Talchon River , taking up positions in the hills overlooking Chongju by 11 : 00 . During the advance the Australians had clashed with a number of North Korean stragglers , killing 12 and capturing 10 in skirmishes . It became clear that organised resistance had ceased however , with the successful Australian assault and the subsequent defence of its objectives the day before breaking the North Koreans locally . In the north the Middlesex pushed forward to the riverbank , while in the afternoon the Argylls forded the river with two platoons of Shermans . Meanwhile , aerial reconnaissance reported the presence of North Korean tanks to the west of Chongju . Regardless , that afternoon the Argylls encountered no further opposition as they entered and cleared the ruined and burning town , securing it by 17 : 00 . The brigade then moved into divisional reserve for the US 24th Infantry Division , with Church ordering the US 21st Infantry Regiment to take its place in the lead in order to give the British and Australian infantry a much needed respite . The tanks and infantry of the US 21st Infantry Regiment subsequently moved through the brigade . The 27th British Commonwealth Brigade adopted tight security that evening due to the threat of North Korean infiltration . For added protection while in reserve the 3 RAR headquarters had been sited on the reverse slope of a hill overlooking the Talchon River , with the rifle companies occupying the forward slope of the ridgeline to the west and a spur line which thrust towards the river bank . Around dusk at 18 : 10 on 30 October , six high @-@ velocity shells , likely from a North Korean self @-@ propelled gun or tank , hit the area . Five of the shells landed on the forward slope , while the sixth cleared the crest and detonated to the rear of the C Company position after hitting a tree . In his tent on a stretcher after 36 hours without sleep , Green was severely wounded in the stomach by a fragment from the wayward round . He was evacuated to a Mobile Army Surgical Hospital ( MASH ) at Anju , however he succumbed to his wounds and died two days later on 1 November , and was subsequently interred at Pusan . Forty other men who had been in the vicinity when the shell landed were unhurt . A popular and respected commanding officer , Green 's loss was keenly felt by the Australians . Meanwhile , Coad received congratulations from Gay for the brigade 's victory at Chongju after marching 50 kilometres ( 31 mi ) in twelve hours . = = Aftermath = = = = = Casualties = = = The fighting around Chongju was the heaviest undertaken by the Australians since entering the war . North Korean casualties included 162 killed and 10 captured , while Australian losses were nine killed and 30 wounded , including Green . The Royal Australian Regiment was subsequently granted the battle honour " Chongju " . Following the capture of the town the US 21st Infantry Regiment had set off rapidly along the road to Sonchon to the west . Encountering only one strong North Korean position which they quickly turned , by noon on 1 November the lead battalion had reached Chonggodong , just 30 kilometres ( 19 mi ) from the Yalu River where the Americans clashed with another North Korean armoured force . To the north meanwhile , the US 5th and 9th Infantry Regiments of the 24th Division secured Taechon and Kusong , before advancing to within 40 kilometres ( 25 mi ) of the Manchurian border . = = = Subsequent operations = = = During the last weeks of October the Chinese had moved 18 divisions of the People 's Volunteer Army across the Yalu River under the overall command of Marshal Peng Dehuai in order to reinforce the remnants of the KPA . Undetected by US and South Korean intelligence , the 13th Army Group crossed the border on 16 October and penetrated up to 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) into North Korea , and were reinforced in early November by 12 divisions from the 9th Army Group ; in total 30 divisions composed of 380 @,@ 000 men . The Chinese subsequently ambushed MacArthur 's forces which were now widely dispersed , decimating ROK II Corps at Onjong and encircling and overrunning the US 8th Cavalry Regiment at Unsan . Ultimately Chongju was the furthest north that 27th British Commonwealth Brigade was to penetrate , and on 1 November the brigade began moving south as part of the United Nations general withdrawal in the face of the Chinese First Phase Offensive . Walsh , by then an observer at US Eighth Army headquarters , was urgently posted to resume command of 3 RAR following Green 's death , however he was relieved of his position by Coad just six days later in the wake of the Battle of Pakchon on 5 November that cost the battalion heavily , losing 12 killed and 64 wounded despite killing 200 Chinese . The battalion second @-@ in @-@ command , Major Bruce Ferguson , subsequently assumed command . Suffering significant casualties , the Chinese offensive was halted the next day due to logistics difficulties . Between 6 – 25 November 3 RAR remained in the Pakchon area , conducting extensive patrolling to secure the area. small groups of Chinese and North Koreans were captured . As winter approached the weather became colder and the Australians increasingly suffered health and maintenance problems , before additional US cold clothing and equipment was issued . The United Nations subsequently resumed the offensive again on 24 November . Meanwhile , the Chinese began their Second Phase Offensive , with the Chinese 13th Army Group pushing the US Eighth Army back to the Chongchon River , inflicting heavy losses on the South Koreans and decimating the US 2nd Infantry Division on the right flank as the US Eighth Army began a long retreat . At the same time , the Chinese 9th Army Group ambushed the US X Corps near the Chosin Reservoir as the freezing winter weather set in . Although the US Eighth Army succeeded in avoiding encirclement , the US X Corps had to be evacuated by sea from Hungnam during December 1950 , despite inflicting heavy casualties on the Chinese . MacArthur 's forces were subsequently expelled from North Korea , and withdrew to the 38th Parallel where they sought to once again establish defensive positions .
= Bart the Murderer = " Bart the Murderer " is the fourth episode of The Simpsons ' third season . It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on October 10 , 1991 . In the episode , Bart stumbles upon the Mafia bar , Legitimate Businessman 's Social Club , after having a terrible day at school . The owner of the bar , mobster Fat Tony , hires Bart to work as its bartender . When Principal Skinner goes missing after punishing Bart in school , Bart is soon accused of having him murdered and is put on trial . As he is about to get convicted , Skinner arrives and explains that he was accidentally trapped in his garage all week , clearing Bart. The episode was written by John Swartzwelder and directed by Rich Moore . Fat Tony ( voiced by Joe Mantegna ) and his henchmen , Legs and Louie , made their first appearances on The Simpsons . The episode features cultural references to songs such as " Witchcraft " and " One Fine Day " , and the American television series MacGyver . Since airing , the episode has received mostly positive reviews from television critics . It acquired a Nielsen rating of 13 @.@ 4 and was the highest @-@ rated show on the Fox network the week it aired . = = Plot = = After having a particularly bad day at school , Bart gets caught in a downpour and loses control of his skateboard . He crashes down the stairwell of the Legitimate Businessman 's Social Club , a Mafia bar owned by the Springfield Mafia . Fat Tony , the leader of the Mafia , and his henchmen Legs and Louie are initially inhospitable towards Bart , but they are impressed by his ability to pick the winning horse in a horse race on television . When Bart makes up an excellent Manhattan cocktail for the mobsters , Fat Tony hires him as their bartender and errand boy . As Bart adopts more and more gangster @-@ like traits , Marge grows anxious and tells Homer to go and meet the Mafia , but Homer approves of them after they let him win at poker . When Fat Tony finds out the Principal Skinner is giving Bart detention after school , the mobsters go to confront Skinner . The next day , Skinner is missing and is presumed to have been murdered . Bart has a nightmare of Skinner 's ghost and his own execution on the chair . He rushes to confront Fat Tony at the bar . When the police burst in , Fat Tony blames Skinner 's disappearance on Bart , who is put on trial . During the trial , Fat Tony , Legs , and Louie lie to the court , saying that Bart is Skinner 's murderer and the leader of the Springfield Mafia . Judge Snyder is about to convict Bart when Skinner bursts through the doors , disheveled and unshaven , and explains that neither Bart nor the mobsters assaulted him . Rather , when Fat Tony and his henchmen had come to his office meekly , Skinner had yelled at them to not interfere with student discipline , and they left sheepishly . After Skinner returned to his house , he became trapped beneath tons of old newspapers in his garage , and was stuck there for over a week , until he was able to escape . Bart is cleared of all charges despite counsel for the prosecution unsuccessfully trying to convince the Judge to strike Skinner 's speech from the record . Fat Tony tells Bart that he did not want to get him into any trouble on his behalf , but Bart decides to resign after learning that " crime doesn 't pay " . = = Production = = The episode was written by John Swartzwelder and directed by Rich Moore . The writers conceived the idea of the episode before the 1990 film GoodFellas , which has a similar plot , was released . After it was , the writers incorporated references to the film into the episode . The character Fat Tony makes his first appearance on the show in this episode . He was modeled after the physical appearance of Paul Sorvino 's character Paul Cicero in GoodFellas . The writers originally wanted American actor Sheldon Leonard to voice Fat Tony , but they were unable to get him , so they went with Joe Mantegna instead . Mantegna was offered the role during the show 's second season , and since he had seen the show before and thought it was " funny " , he decided to give it a shot . He felt honored that they asked him to do a voice for the show . In an interview with The A.V. Club , Mantegna said he thinks the reason he got the role was partly due to his performance in the 1990 Mafia film The Godfather Part III , which opened just prior to when he received the role . He thought the script was smart and clever and that he enjoyed recording it . Mantegna has since appeared many times on the show as Fat Tony , who became a recurring character ; it is Mantegna 's longest @-@ running role in his acting career . Mantegna commented : " Who knew that Fat Tony was gonna resonate in the hearts and minds of the [ Simpsons fans ] out there ? Apparently [ the writers ] got enough feedback as to how the character was liked that they wrote it in again and again , and I was kind of a recurring guy that they ’ d tap into at least a couple episodes a season . " Legs and Louie , Fat Tony 's henchmen , also made their first appearances in this episode . The character of Louie was based on American actor Joe Pesci , who is known for playing violent Mafia mobsters . Neil Patrick Harris guest starred in the episode as himself , portraying Bart in Blood on the Blackboard : The Bart Simpson Story , a horribly inaccurate made @-@ for @-@ television film based on Bart 's life with the Mafia that the Simpson family watches at the end of the episode . The movie casts Joe Mantegna ( looking like his character in The Godfather Part III ) as Fat Tony . = = Cultural references = = The sequence of Bart crashing down the stairwell to the Mafia bar is similar to a scene in the film GoodFellas , in which a young boy is employed by a Mafia as their messenger . All of the horses in the race that Bart bets on are named after a famous animated character 's catchphrase : " Ain 't I a Stinker ? " ( Bugs Bunny ) , " Yabba Dabba Doo " ( Fred Flintstone ) , " Sufferin ' Succotash " ( Sylvester ) , " That 's All Folks " ( Porky Pig ) , " I Yam What I Yam " ( Popeye ) , and Bart 's catchphrases " Eat my shorts " and " Don 't have a cow " . The Chiffons 's song " One Fine Day " is heard when Bart serves drinks to the mobsters during a game of poker . The writers originally wanted to use the song " Be My Baby " by The Ronettes for the scene , but they could not clear the copyrights for it . In his room , Bart stores the Springfield Mafia 's loot — a truckload of cartons of Laramie cigarettes . While strutting around the kitchen , he sings Frank Sinatra 's song " Witchcraft " . The scene in which Bart wakes up screaming after having a nightmare about Skinner is a reference to a scene in the 1972 film The Godfather , in which Jack Woltz screams after waking up in bed and finding a decapitated horse head by his side . Skinner frees himself from being trapped under the newspapers in a way similar to the character Angus MacGyver 's escapes in the American television series MacGyver . = = Reception = = In its original American broadcast , " Bart the Murderer " finished 31st in the ratings for the week of October 7 – 13 , 1991 , with a Nielsen rating of 13 @.@ 4 , equivalent to approximately 12 @.@ 5 million viewing households . It was the highest @-@ rated show on the Fox network that week . Since airing , the episode has received mostly positive reviews from television critics . John Orvted of Vanity Fair named it the eighth best episode of The Simpsons because of the " inspired " Mafia satire and because it " goes deeper into Bart 's ongoing conflict with authority figures . " Warren Martyn and Adrian Wood , the authors of the book I Can 't Believe It 's a Bigger and Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide , praised the scene in which Skinner explains his disappearance to the courtroom , calling it Skinner 's " finest hour " on the show . Nate Meyers of Digitally Obsessed named the episode the best in the third season , and commented that there are " many priceless moments " in it , such as Homer 's meeting with the Springfield Mafia . Meyers also praised Swartzwelder 's script . Bill Gibron of DVD Verdict commented that how an episode that starts with Bart having a bad day can lead to him being tried for murder as the head of the local Mafia " is just one of the amazing monuments to this show 's superiority . " DVD Movie Guide 's Colin Jacobson thought " Bart the Murderer " was season three 's first " truly great " episode because it " starts off strong and gets even better as it moves . " Even though he thinks Mafia parodies have been overused , Jacobson thought this one brought " a fresh approach and remains consistently amusing . A great guest spot from Mantegna helps . It also feels like the first episode of this season that really moves the series ahead ; it seems like something a little more incisive than most of what came before it . " Andy Patrizio of IGN called " Bart the Murderer " his favorite of the season , and praised the episode for its references to The Godfather and MacGyver . The episode 's reference to GoodFellas was named the 28th greatest film reference in the history of the show by Total Film 's Nathan Ditum .
= Meshuggah = Meshuggah / məˈʃʊɡə / is a Swedish extreme metal band from Umeå , formed in 1987 . Meshuggah 's line @-@ up consists of founding members vocalist Jens Kidman and lead guitarist Fredrik Thordendal , drummer Tomas Haake , who joined in 1990 , rhythm guitarist Mårten Hagström , who joined in 1992 and bassist Dick Lövgren since 2004 . Meshuggah first attracted international attention with the 1995 release Destroy Erase Improve for its fusion of fast @-@ tempo death metal , thrash metal and progressive metal elements . Since its 2002 album Nothing , Meshuggah has switched from seven @-@ string to downtuned eight @-@ string guitars . Meshuggah has become known for their innovative musical style , complex , polymetered song structures and polyrhythms . Meshuggah was labelled as one of the ten most important hard rock and heavy metal bands by Rolling Stone and as the most important band in metal by Alternative Press . Meshuggah has found little mainstream success as yet , but is a significant act in extreme underground music . Nevertheless , Meshuggah has begun to gain attention and respect among more mainstream audiences since the late 2000s , having also inspired the djent movement within progressive metal . Since its formation , Meshuggah has released seven studio albums , six EPs and eight music videos . The band has performed in various international festivals , including Ozzfest and Download , and embarked on the obZen world tour from 2008 to 2010 . Meshuggah 's latest studio album , Koloss , was released on March 23 , 2012 . Nothing and the albums that followed have all charted on the Billboard 200 . Meshuggah 's most commercially successful album , Koloss , debuted at number 17 in the USA , with first week sales of 18 @,@ 342 copies . In 2006 and 2009 , the band was nominated for a Swedish Grammy Award . = = History = = = = = Formation and Contradictions Collapse ( 1987 – 1994 ) = = = In 1985 , guitarist Fredrik Thordendal formed a band in Umeå , a college town in northern Sweden with a population of 105 @,@ 000 . The band , originally named Metallien , recorded a number of demo tapes , after which it disbanded . Thordendal , however , continued playing under a different name with new band members . Meshuggah was formed in 1987 by vocalist and guitarist Jens Kidman , and took the name Meshuggah from the Yiddish word for " crazy " . The band recorded several demos before Kidman left , which prompted the remaining members to disband . Kidman then formed a new band , Calipash , with guitarist Thordendal , bassist Peter Nordin and drummer Niklas Lundgren . Kidman , who also played guitar , and Thordendal decided to restore the name Meshuggah for the new band . On February 3 , 1989 , Meshuggah released the self @-@ titled , three @-@ song EP Meshuggah , which is commonly known as Psykisk Testbild ( a title that could be translated as " Psychological Test @-@ Picture " ) . This 12 " ( 30 cm ) vinyl EP had only 1 @,@ 000 copies released , sold by local record store Garageland . The EP 's back cover features the band members with cheese doodles on their faces . After replacing drummer Niklas Lundgren with Tomas Haake in 1990 , Meshuggah signed a contract with German heavy metal record label Nuclear Blast and recorded its debut full @-@ length album , Contradictions Collapse . The LP , originally entitled ( All this because of ) Greed , was released on January 1 , 1991 . The album received positive reviews , but was not a commercial success . Soon after , Kidman decided to concentrate on vocals , and rhythm guitarist Mårten Hagström , who had already played in a band with Haake when they were in sixth grade , was recruited . The new lineup recorded the EP None at Tonteknik Recordings in Umeå in 1994 for release later that year . A Japanese version was also released , including lyrics printed in Japanese . During this period , Thordendal , who was working as a carpenter , severed the tip of his left middle finger , while Haake injured his hand in a grinder accident . As a result , the band was unable to perform for several months . Thordendal 's fingertip was later reattached , and he went on to make a full recovery . The Selfcaged EP was recorded in April and May 1994 , but its release was delayed to later in 1995 due to the accidents . = = = Destroy Erase Improve ( 1995 – 1997 ) = = = In January 1995 , Meshuggah undertook a short European tour organized by its record label Nuclear Blast . Afterwards , the band returned to the studio to record the album Destroy Erase Improve at Soundfront Studios in Uppsala , with Daniel Bergstrand as a producer . Shortly thereafter , the band went on a European tour supporting Machine Head for two months . During the tour , Nordin became ill and experienced difficulties with his inner ear balance . Due to the resulting chronic dizziness and vertigo , Nordin was forced to leave the tour and travel to Sweden . Machine Head 's bassist Adam Duce offered to cover his absence ; however , Meshuggah decided to continue as a four @-@ piece . Sometimes Thordendal played bass , while other times the band performed with two guitars . In this lineup , Hagström would use a pitch shifter to play his guitar at an octave lower than usual . Destroy Erase Improve was released in July 1995 , with positive response from critics for the " heady tempos and abstract approach " . Kidman described the album cover : " The title fits the pictures we cut out and stole from reference books in the library . " In mid @-@ 1995 , Meshuggah had a short tour with Swedish band Clawfinger in Scandinavia and Germany . Nordin had to leave the band because of his sickness and was replaced by bassist Gustaf Hielm during the tour . In late 1995 , Meshuggah went on a month @-@ long tour with Hypocrisy . During 1996 and 1997 , Thordendal worked on his solo album Sol Niger Within , which was released in March 1997 in Scandinavia and in April in Japan . He also hosted Mats / Morgan Band 's debut . In 1997 , Meshuggah recorded an unreleased demo , toured occasionally , and played a few concerts in its hometown . In May , Meshuggah moved to Stockholm to be closer to its management and the record industry in general . The EP The True Human Design was recorded and released in late 1997 . It contained one new song entitled " Sane " , and one live and two alternate versions of Destroy Erase Improve 's opening track " Future Breed Machine " . Thordendal 's solo album Sol Niger Within was simultaneously released in the United States , and Meshuggah started to plan its next album at the end of the year . = = = Chaosphere and Nothing ( 1998 – 2002 ) = = = Hielm officially joined the band in January 1998 after more than two years as a session member . Nuclear Blast re @-@ released Contradictions Collapse with the addition of songs from the None EP . In May 1998 , the title of the next album , Chaosphere , was reported and recording began . Immediately after recording the album , Meshuggah went on a short US tour , and the album was released later in November 1998 . Shortly after the release , Meshuggah toured Scandinavia with Entombed . In early 1999 , Meshuggah joined Slayer on their U.S. tour . After the new album and the live performances , Meshuggah was beginning to be recognized by mainstream music , guitar , drum and metal magazines . In mid @-@ 1999 , Meshuggah performed in several Swedish concerts . The band started to write some new material but reported in mid @-@ 2000 that " songwriting isn 't that dramatic , but we 're getting there slowly " . While fans were waiting for the next album , a collection of demos ( from the Psykisk Testbild EP ) , remixes and unreleased songs from the Chaosphere sessions were released as the Rare Trax album . Hielm left the band in July 2001 for unclear reasons . Meshuggah joined Tool on a lengthy tour , playing for more than 100 @,@ 000 people total . In March 2002 , Meshuggah recorded three @-@ track demos with programmed drums in their home studio , which were based on Haake 's sample Drumkit from Hell . The upcoming album was recorded in five to six weeks in May and was produced by the band at Dug @-@ Out Studios in Uppsala and at its home studio in Stockholm . The last @-@ minute decision to join 2002 's Ozzfest tour forced the band to mix the album in two days and master it in one . Meshuggah immediately went on another US tour after finishing the recording . The album Nothing was released in August 2002 , selling 6 @,@ 525 copies during its first week in the US and reaching No. 165 on the Billboard 200 . With this album , Meshuggah became the first band in the history of Nuclear Blast Records to crack the Billboard 200 and also became the first band signed to Nuclear Blast to be reviewed in Rolling Stone magazine . Meshuggah 's previous two releases , 1998 's Chaosphere and 1995 's Destroy Erase Improve , have sold 38 @,@ 773 and 30 @,@ 712 copies to that date , respectively . The CD booklet of Nothing has no liner notes , lyrics , or credits , only a hint of one word : ingenting , which is Swedish for nothing . All of this information is available on the CD @-@ ROM . At the end of 2002 , the band went on another US tour with Tool and a headlining tour of its own . = = = I and Catch Thirtythree ( 2003 – 2006 ) = = = In 2003 , Hagström hinted at the direction of the band 's next album by saying , " There 's only one thing I really feel that is important . We 've never measured our success in terms of sales , because we 're quite an extreme band . It 's more that people understand where we 're coming from . I get more out of a fan coming up and saying that we 've totally changed their way of looking on metal music , than having like 200 kids buy it . I mean , it would be nice for the money , but that 's not why we 're in it . So what I 'd like to see is that we keep progressing . Keeping the core of what Meshuggah has always been , but exploring the bar , so to speak . Destroy Erase Improve was like exploring the dynamics of the band , Chaosphere was exploring the aggressiveness , the all @-@ out side , and Nothing is more of a sinister , dark , pretty slow album , actually . So honestly , now I don 't know where we 're going . It might be a mix of all of them . " In February 2004 , bassist Dick Lövgren joined Meshuggah . The band then recorded and released the I EP , which contains a single , 21 @-@ minute track , released on Fractured Transmitter Records . Meshuggah spent about six months in total on recording the EP . Catch Thirtythree , the only Meshuggah album on which programmed drums have been used , was released the following year in May 2005 . Seven thousand copies of Catch Thirtythree were sold the first week , and it debuted at No. 170 on the Billboard 200 chart in June 2005 . The video for the track " Shed " was released in June , and the previous album Nothing sold approximately 80 @,@ 000 copies in the United States to that date , according to Nielsen SoundScan . Catch Thirtythree earned the band a Swedish Grammy nomination . In December 2005 , 10 years after signing its first record deal with the publishing company Warner / Chappell Music Scandinavia , Meshuggah extended its cooperation with the company . In November 2005 , Haake said in an interview that the band was not content with the productions of Chaosphere and Nothing , because , being on tour , they had little time to devote to them . A remixed and remastered version of Nothing with rerecorded guitars was released in a custom @-@ shaped slipcase featuring a three @-@ dimensional hologram card on October 31 , 2006 , via Nuclear Blast Records . The release also includes a bonus DVD featuring the band 's appearance at the Download 2005 festival and the official music videos of " Rational Gaze " , " Shed " and " New Millennium Cyanide Christ " . = = = obZen , Koloss , Pitch Black and new album ( 2007 – present ) = = = Meshuggah returned to the studio to record obZen , which was released in March 2008 . The band spent almost a year on the album , its longest recording session yet . A significant portion of the year was spent learning to perform the songs they wrote ; the recording itself took six months. obZen reached No. 59 on the Billboard 200 chart , selling 11 @,@ 400 U.S. copies in its first week of release and 50 @,@ 000 copies after six months . With obZen , Meshuggah received more media attention and attracted new fans . The release was followed by a world tour , which started in the U.S. and proceeded to Europe , Asia and Australia . In May 2008 , Meshuggah published a music video for the song " Bleed " , which was produced by Ian McFarland and was written , directed and edited by Mike Pecci and Ian McFarland . Killswitch Productions said : " It 's extremely cool to work with a band who is willing to allow the music and imagery to speak for itself and who does not insist on themselves being the prominent focus of the video . " In January 2009 , obZen was nominated for the Swedish Grammis award in the " Best Hard Rock " category . In February 2009 , Haake announced that the band was planning a concert DVD and a studio album . In April , Meshuggah was forced to cancel its Scandinavian shows in early 2009 , due to Haake 's herniated disc in his lower back , which was causing problems with his right foot when playing . Haake later underwent a surgery and recovered for European summer festivals . The concert DVD entitled Alive was released on February 5 , 2010 in Europe and February 9 in North America . Thordendal started to work on a second solo album in June 2010 with the Belgian drummer Dirk Verbeuren . The newest studio album , Koloss , was released on March 23 , 2012 in Germany , on March 26 in the rest of Europe , and March 27 in North America . Koloss reached No. 17 on the Billboard Top 200 , and sold 18 @,@ 342 copies in its first week . In Sweden , it reached No. 12 . On February 5 , 2013 , Meshuggah released a free two @-@ track EP entitled Pitch Black with Scion A / V. The EP features a previously unreleased track , " Pitch Black " , that was recorded by Fredrik Thordendal in 2003 at Fear and Loathing , in Stockholm Sweden . The second track is a live recording of " Dancers to a Discordant System " from obZen . The track was recorded at Distortion Fest in Eindhoven , Netherlands , on December 9 , 2012 . On May 12 , 2016 , Meshuggah released a teaser video on their YouTube page and confirmed that their next studio album is to be released in late 2016 . = = Musical style = = = = = Genre and typical traits = = = Meshuggah 's experimentation , stylistic variation and changes during its career cross several musical subgenres . Heavy metal subgenres avant @-@ garde metal or experimental metal are umbrella terms that enable description of the career of the band in general . Extreme metal crosses both thrash metal and death metal ( or technical death metal ) , which are at root of the sound of Meshuggah 's music , which has also been described as groove metal . The band is often labelled as math metal ( for using elements of math rock ) and progressive metal . Meshuggah also incorporates elements of experimental jazz . In its review of Nothing , Allmusic describes Meshuggah as " masterminds of cosmic calculus metal — call it Einstein metal if you want " . Meshuggah 's early output was also considered alternative metal . Meshuggah creates a recognizable sonic imprint and distinct style . Trademarks and characteristics that define Meshuggah 's sound and songwriting include polyrhythms , polymetered riff cycles , rhythmic syncopation , rapid key and tempo changes and neo @-@ jazz chromatics . Hagström notes that " it doesn 't really matter if something is hard to play or not . The thing is , what does it do to your mind when you listen to it ? Where does it take you ? " A trademark of Thordendal is jazz fusion @-@ like soloing and improvisation . He is also known for the usage of a " breath controller " device . Haake is known for his cross @-@ rhythm drumming with " jazzlike cadence " . The vocal style of Jens Kidman varies between hardcore @-@ style shouts and " robotic " death metal vocals . In polymeters typically used by Meshuggah , the guitars might play in odd meters such as 5 / 16 or 17 / 16 , while drums play in 4 / 4 . One particular example of Haake 's use of polymeter is 4 / 4 against 23 / 16 bimeter , in which he keeps the hi @-@ hat and ride cymbal in 4 / 4 time but uses the snare and double bass drums in 23 / 16 time . On " Rational Gaze " ( from Nothing ) , Haake plays simple 4 / 4 time , hitting the snare on each third beat , for 16 bars . At the same time , the guitars and bass are playing same quarter notes , albeit in a different time signature ; eventually both sides meet up again at the 64th beat . Hagström notes about the polymeters , " We 've never really been into the odd time signatures we get accused of using . Everything we do is based around a 4 / 4 core . It 's just that we arrange parts differently around that center to make it seem like something else is going on . " = = = Early work , Destroy Erase Improve and Chaosphere = = = The early work of Meshuggah , influenced mainly by Metallica , is " simpler and more straightforward than their more recent material , but some of their more progressive elements are present in the form of time @-@ changes and polyrhythmics , and Fredrik Thordendal 's lead playing stands out " . According to Allmusic , their debut album is a relatively immature , but original , release . Double bass drums and " angular " riffing also defined the early work of Meshuggah . With the groundbreaking Destroy Erase Improve , Meshuggah showed fusion of death metal , thrash metal , progressive metal and technical polyrhythmic math metal . Allmusic describes the style as " weaving hardcore @-@ style shouts amongst deceptively ( and deviously ) simple staccato guitar riffs and insanely precise drumming — often with all three components acting in different time signatures " . Thordendal adds the melodic element with his typical lead guitar and uses his " breath controller " device most famously on the opening track " Future Breed Machine " . Chaosphere incorporates typically fast , still tempo changing death metal . Allmusic compares the genre also with grindcore fathers Napalm Death . Rockdetector states : " Whilst fans reveled in the maze like meanderings , critics struggled to dissect and analyze , hailing Haake 's unconventional use of dual 4 / 4 and 23 / 16 rhythm , Kidman 's mechanical staccato bark and Thordendal 's liberal usage of avant @-@ garde jazz " . = = = Nothing , I and Catch Thirtythree = = = On Nothing , Meshuggah abandons the fast tempos of Chaosphere and concentrates on slow , tuned down tempos and grooves . The album was intended to be recorded using custom @-@ made Nevborn eight @-@ string guitars , but the prototypes were faulty so Thordendal and Hagström used detuned Ibanez seven @-@ string guitars instead . This technique , which involved keeping the instruments untuned during the sessions , created additional problems . When Ibanez provided Meshuggah with special eight @-@ string guitars with two extra @-@ low strings that worked properly after the initial release , the band re @-@ recorded the guitar parts for Nothing and re @-@ released it in 2006 . Hagström notes that this allowed the band to go lower sonically and to attain bass sounds on guitars . The I EP contains a single , 21 @-@ minute song of complex arrangements and was a hint of the forthcoming album , 2005 's Catch Thirtythree . The EP , which was never played live by the band , was written and recorded during jamming sessions of Haake and Thordendal . On Catch Thirtythree , Meshuggah again used eight @-@ string guitars , but utilized programmed drums for the first time also for the release , with the exception of two songs from 2001 's compilation Rare Trax . The album was self @-@ produced by the band and was recorded at the studio that Meshuggah shares with Clawfinger . Hagström notes , " The eight @-@ strings really have given us a whole new musical vocabulary to work with . Part of it is the restrictions they impose : you really can 't play power chords with them ; the sound just turns to mush . Instead , we concentrated on coming up with really unusual single @-@ note parts , new tunings and chord voicings . We wanted to get as far away from any kind of conventions and traditions as we could on the album , so the guitars worked out beautifully . " Catch Thirtythree is one 47 @-@ minute song divided into 13 sections . It is more mid @-@ tempo guitar riff based , and a more straightforward and experimental full @-@ length album than Chaosphere or Nothing . Nick Terry of Decibel Magazine describes the album as a four @-@ movement symphony . Some songs still use Meshuggah 's " familiar template combining harsh vocals and nightmarish melodies over coarse , mechanically advancing , oddball tempos " , while others explore ambient sounds and quieter dynamics . The first part of Catch Thirtythree centers around two simple riffs . In the song " In Death - Is Death " , the band uses a combination of noise and silence , which is in contrast with the atypical melodies on " Dehumanization " . On " Mind 's Mirrors " , Meshuggah used electronics , programming and " robotic voices " . " Shed " incorporates tribal percussion and whispered vocals . = = = obZen = = = With 2008 's obZen , Meshuggah moved away from the experimentation of 2002 's Nothing and 2005 's Catch Thirtythree to return to the musical style of its previous albums , such as Contradictions Collapse , Destroy Erase Improve and Chaosphere , while still maintaining its focus on musical and technical innovation . The album loses some of the mathematical @-@ like rhythmal quick changes of past releases and the melodic orchestration of Catch Thirty @-@ Three and uses " angular " riffs , mid @-@ tempo and common 4 / 4 beats . The album is a culmination of the band 's previous work . Meshuggah decided to self @-@ produce because it sought to retain artistic control over the recording and mixing process . For obZen , Haake returned to the drum kit most notably with his performance on the song " Bleed " . In an interview for Gravemusic.com , Haake stated , " [ ' Bleed ' ] was a big effort for me to learn , I had to find a totally new approach to playing the double bass drums to be able to do that stuff . I had never really done anything like that before like the fast bursts that go all the way through the song basically . So I actually spent as much time practicing that track alone as I did with all of the other tracks combined . It 's kind of a big feat to change your approach like that and I 'm glad we were able to nail it for the album . For a while though we didn 't even know if it was going to make it to the album . " Hagström also stated , " obZen is one of the most highly technical offerings the band has ever put to tape " . Revolver magazine confirms this statement : " At first listen , obZen seems less challenging to the listener than some of the band 's other records , and most of the songs flow smoothly from one syncopated passage to the next . However , careful examination reveals that the material is some of the group 's most complicated " . = = Reception = = Meshuggah has become known for its innovative musical style that evolves between each release and pushes heavy metal into new territory , and for its technical prowess . Hagström comments : " We try never to repeat ourselves . " Rockdetector stated about Destroy Erase Improve : " [ T ] he band ... stripped Metal down to the bare essentials before completely rebuilding it in a totally abstract form " . The official Meshuggah biography comments on Chaosphere by noting that " Some fans felt that Meshuggah had left their dynamic and progressive elements behind ; while others thought they were only progressing naturally and focusing on their original sound . " The band 's website also describes Nothing as displaying " a very mature and convincing Meshuggah , now focusing on groove and sound ... Meshuggah once again divided their fans into the ' ecstatic ' and the ' slightly disappointed ' " . The polyrhythms can make the music sound cacophonous , like band members are playing different songs simultaneously . Listeners perceiving a polyrhythm often either extract a composite pattern that is fitted to a metric framework , or focus on one rhythmic stream while treating others as " noise " . Rolling Stone labeled Meshuggah as " one of the ten most important hard and heavy bands " , and the Alternative Press named it the " most important band in metal . " Meshuggah has been described as virtuoso or genius @-@ bordering musicians , " recognized by mainstream music magazines , especially those dedicated to particular instruments " . In 2007 , Meshuggah earned an in @-@ depth analysis by the academic journal Music Theory Spectrum . Meshuggah has found little mainstream success but is a significant act in extreme underground music and an influence for many modern metal bands . According to guardian.co.uk , Meshuggah coined the onomatopoeic term " djent " , describing an " elastic , syncopated guitar riff " , that later gave a name to the microgenre . = = Songwriting , recording and lyrics = = Meshuggah 's music is written by Thordendal , Hagström and Haake with assistance from Kidman . During songwriting , a member programs the drums , and records the guitar and bass via computer . He presents his idea to the other members as a finished work . Meshuggah typically adheres to the original idea and rarely changes the song afterwards . Hagström explains that each member has an idea of what the others are doing conceptually , and nobody thinks exclusively in terms of a particular instrument . Kidman does not play guitar in the band anymore , but he is involved in writing riffs . Except for when Hagström needs a soloist , he and Thordendal rarely record together . Both play guitar and bass while composing . Haake says about his songwriting , " Sometimes I 'll sample guitar parts , cut them up , pitch @-@ shift and tweak them until I 've built the riffs I want , just for demoing purposes . But most of the time I 'll just present the drums , and explain my ideas for the rest of the song , sing some riffs . " The band uses Cubase to record the tracks , and the guitars are routed through software amplifier modeling , because it allows them to change the amp settings even after the song was fully recorded . Approximately once a year , Haake writes most of the band 's lyrics , with the exception of finished tracks . His lyrical inspirations are derived from books and films . Although Meshuggah does not record concept albums , the band prefers strong conceptual underpinnings in the background . Often esoteric and conceptual , Meshuggah 's lyrics explore themes such as existentialism . Allmusic describes Destroy Erase Improve 's lyrical focus as " the integration of machines with organisms as humanity 's next logical evolutionary step " . PopMatters ' review of Nothing singles out the lyrics from " Rational Gaze " : " Our light @-@ induced image of truth — filtered blank of its substance / As our eyes won 't adhere to intuitive lines / Everything examined . Separated , one thing at a time / The harder we stare the more complete the disintegration . " Haake explains that Catch Thirtythree 's cover , title and lyrics deal with " the paradoxes / negations / contradictions of life and death ( as we see it in our finest moments of unrestrained metaphoric interpretation ) " . The main theme of obZen is " human evil " , according to Haake . The title is a play on the words " obscene " and " Zen " ; in addition , " ob " means " anti " in Latin . Therefore , the title suggests that the human species has found harmony and balance in warfare and bloodshed . Revolver Magazine finds the lyrics of the title track from obZen representative of the entire album : " Salvation found in vomit and blood / Where depravation , lies , corruption / War and pain is god . " However , Haake claims , " We don 't dwell on hate and bad feelings as people . But with these songs , I think we really wanted to paint a picture lyrically that might be seen as a cautionary tale . We 're going , ' Heads up . Here 's what some of the parts of being human are about , and this is what we can be at our worst . ' So it 's more about being aware of negative feelings than actually living them all the time . " = = Band members = = = = = Timeline = = = = = Discography = = Contradictions Collapse ( 1991 ) Destroy Erase Improve ( 1995 ) Chaosphere ( 1998 ) Nothing ( 2002 ) Catch Thirtythree ( 2005 ) obZen ( 2008 ) Koloss ( 2012 ) TBA ( 2016 ) = = Awards and nominations = = Loudwire Music Awards Metal Hammer Golden Gods Awards Revolver Golden Gods Awards Decibel Magazine = = = Official = = = Official website Meshuggah on Facebook = = = Videos = = = Meshuggah - The Movie , Behind The Scenes Footage - The Life of Meshuggah , official Meshuggah channel on YouTube Interview with Mårten Hagström and Tomas Haake , 2008 , Nuclear Blast : part 1 , part 2 , part 3 , part 4
= James Bond filmography = Commander James Bond RN — code number 007 — is a fictional character created by the British journalist and novelist Ian Fleming in 1952 . The character appeared in a series of twelve novels and two short story collections written by Fleming and a number of continuation novels and spin @-@ off works after Fleming 's death in 1964 . Seven actors have played Bond in 26 films . Fleming portrayed Bond as a tall , athletic , handsome secret agent in his thirties or forties ; he has several vices including drinking , smoking , gambling , automobiles and women . He is an exceptional marksman , and skilled in unarmed combat , skiing , swimming and golf . While Bond kills without hesitation or regret , he usually kills only when carrying out orders , while acting in self @-@ defence and occasionally as revenge . American actor Barry Nelson was the first to portray Bond on screen , in a 1954 television adaptation , " Casino Royale " . In 1961 Eon Productions began work on Dr. No , an adaptation of the novel of the same name . The result was a film that began a series of 24 films that celebrated their 50th anniversary in 2012 . After considering the likes of " refined " English actors such as Cary Grant and David Niven , the producers cast Sean Connery as Bond in the film . Fleming was appalled at the selection of the uncouth , 31 @-@ year @-@ old Scottish actor , considering him to be the antithesis of his character . However , Connery 's physical prowess and sexual magnetism in the role came to be closely identified with the character , with Fleming ultimately changing his view on Connery and incorporating aspects of his portrayal into the books . Following Connery 's portrayal , David Niven , George Lazenby , Roger Moore , Timothy Dalton , Pierce Brosnan and Daniel Craig have assumed the role in twenty @-@ six feature film productions . These screen versions have retained many traits from Fleming 's depiction , although some of Bond 's less fashionable attitudes have been dropped , such as racism , homophobia , retaining the services of a maid , and in the more recent films , smoking . Despite playing the same character , there have been notable differences among the portrayals . Daniel Craig is the incumbent Bond in the long @-@ running Eon series , and played the part for a fourth time in the latest film , Spectre , released in October 2015 . = = Fleming 's literary characterisation = = A Secret Service agent , Bond was a composite based on a number of commandos whom author Ian Fleming had known during his service in the Naval Intelligence Division during World War II , to whom he added his own style and a number of his own tastes . Fleming appropriated the name from American ornithologist James Bond . Bond 's code number 007 comes from one of British naval intelligence 's key achievements of World War I : the breaking of the German diplomatic code . One of the German documents cracked and read by the British was the Zimmermann Telegram , which was coded 0075 , and which was one of the factors that led the US entering the war . Subsequently if material was graded 00 it meant it was highly classified . Fleming later told a journalist , " When I was at the Admiralty ... all the top @-@ secret signals had the double @-@ 0 prefix ... and I decided to borrow it for Bond " . Although James Bond is in his mid @-@ to @-@ late thirties , he does not age in Fleming 's stories . Fleming biographer Andrew Lycett noted that , " within the first few pages [ of Casino Royale ] Ian had introduced most of Bond 's idiosyncrasies and trademarks " , which included his looks , his Bentley and his smoking and drinking habits : Bond 's penchant for alcohol runs throughout the series of books and he smokes up to 70 cigarettes a day . Fleming decided to underplay Bond 's character , observing that " Exotic things would happen to and around him , but he would be a neutral figure " . On another occasion , he reinforced his point , saying , " When I wrote the first one in 1953 , I wanted Bond to be an extremely dull , uninteresting man to whom things happened ; I wanted him to be a blunt instrument " . = = Films = = = = = Sean Connery : 1962 – 67 , 71 and 83 = = = Sean Connery was the first actor to portray Bond on film in Dr. No ( 1962 ) . An amateur bodybuilder , he had come to the attention of the Bond film producers after several appearances in British films from the late 1950s . At a muscular 6 ' 2 " , Fleming originally disapproved of his casting as James Bond , believing him to be an overgrown stuntman who lacked the finesse and elegance to play James Bond ; he envisaged a suave actor , such as David Niven playing the role . Producer Albert R. Broccoli — known to all as Cubby — disagreed with Fleming 's view , later commenting that " I wanted a ballsy guy ... put a bit of veneer over that tough Scottish hide and you 've got Fleming 's Bond instead of all the mincing poofs we had applying for the job " . Eon 's choice of Connery was also based on his looks and sex appeal , an appeal that would later be echoed by Honor Blackman who said , after appearing with Connery in Goldfinger , " He was exceedingly handsome , virile and sexy and that really was the tenor of what the script was always trying to display " . After Connery was chosen , director Terence Young took the actor to his tailor and hairdresser , and introduced him to the high life , restaurants , casinos and women of London . In the words of Bond writer Raymond Benson , Young educated the actor " in the ways of being dapper , witty , and above all , cool " . Connery 's interpretation of the character differed considerably from Fleming 's , being more promiscuous and cold blooded than the literary version . Connery described Bond as " a complete sensualist — senses highly tuned , awake to everything , quite amoral . I particularly like him because he thrives on conflict " . Academic James Chapman observed that for Dr. No , Connery 's interpretation of the character , although not complete , showed the actor " should be credited with having established a new style of performance : a British screen hero in the manner of an American leading man " . In his second film , From Russia with Love , Connery looked less nervous and edgy ; he gave " a relaxed , wry performance of subtle wit and style " . Pfeiffer and Worrall noted that Connery " personified James Bond with such perfection that even Ian Fleming ... admitted that it was difficult imagining anyone else in the part " ; academic Jeremy Black agreed and declared that " Connery made the role his own and created the Bond audience for the cinema " . Black also observed that Connery gave the character a " spare , pared @-@ down character ... [ with ] inner bleakness along with the style " . Connery played Bond with " the right mix of cool charisma , violence and arrogance ... against which all others are judged " . Raymond Benson perceived that Connery " embodies a ruggedness and an intense screen presence this transcends any preconceived notions about the character " . Benson also noted that Bond was witty , but contains " an assured toughness that epitomises the machismo male " . Roger Moore agreed with Black and Benson , commenting that " Sean was Bond . He created Bond . He embodied Bond and because of Sean , Bond became an instantly recognisable character the world over — he was rough , tough , mean and witty ... he was a bloody good 007 " . However , despite his charm and virility , Connery was characteristically laconic in his delivery . Christopher Bray says of him that " in his single @-@ minded , laconic , mocking , self @-@ sufficient vanity , Connery 's Bond was the epitome of sixties consumer culture " . Interviewed by Oriana Fallaci in 1965 , Connery identified where he had altered the character for the films , saying " I said to the producers that the character had one defect , there was no humor about him ; to get him accepted , they 'd have to let me play him tongue @-@ in @-@ cheek , so people could laugh . They agreed , and there you are : today Bond is accepted to such an extent that even philosophers take the trouble to analyze him , even intellectuals enjoy defending him or attacking him . And even while they 're laughing at him , people take him terribly seriously " . Connery went on to add that " Bond is important : this invincible superman that every man would like to copy , that every woman would like to conquer , this dream we all have of survival . And then one can 't help liking him " . After the pressures of five films in six years , Connery left the role after the 1967 film You Only Live Twice saying , " It became a terrible pressure , like living in a goldfish bowl ... that was part of the reason I wanted to be finished with Bond . Also I had become completely identified with it , and it became very wearing and very boring " . After a hiatus of one film — On Her Majesty 's Secret Service , in which George Lazenby played Bond — Connery returned to the role for Diamonds Are Forever after David Picker , the head of United Artists , made it clear that Connery was to be enticed back to the role and that money was no object . When approached about resuming the role of Bond , Connery demanded — and received — a fee of £ 1 @.@ 25 million ( £ 24 million in 2016 pounds ) , 12 @.@ 5 % of the gross profits and , as a further enticement , United Artists offered to back two films of his choice . His performance received mixed reviews , with Raymond Benson considering that Connery " looks weary and bored ... he is overweight , slow @-@ moving , and doesn 't seem to be trying to create a credible character " . Despite that , Benson considers that Connery " still radiates more screen presence than Roger Moore or George Lazenby " . On the other hand , Pauline Kael said " Connery 's James Bond is less lecherous than before and less foppish — and he 's better this way " . In the early 1980s producer Jack Schwartzman moved ahead with a non @-@ Eon Bond film , following the controversy over the 1961 novel Thunderball and the subsequent long legal battle ; the result was Never Say Never Again . Connery accepted an offer to play Bond once more , asking for ( and receiving ) a fee of $ 3 million ( $ 7 million in 2016 dollars ) , a percentage of the profits , as well as casting , director and script approval . The script has several references to Bond 's advancing years — playing on Connery being 52 at the time of filming . David Robinson , reviewing the film for The Times considered that , " Connery ... is back , looking hardly a day older or thicker , and still outclassing every other exponent of the role , in the goodnatured throwaway with which he parries all the sex and violence on the way " . In 2003 Bond , as portrayed by Connery , was selected as the third @-@ greatest hero in cinema history by the American Film Institute . = = = David Niven : 1967 = = = When Sean Connery had been cast in November 1961 , David Niven had been Fleming 's choice for the role as the actor reflected his image of the character . In 1965 producer Charles Feldman signed Niven to play Sir James Bond for Casino Royale , a film not made by Eon Productions . Connery and Peter Sellers had both turned down the role . Niven was 56 when he played Bond and his characterisation was that of an elderly man who had won the Victoria Cross at the Siege of Mafeking , had a daughter by his lover , the spy Mata Hari , played Claude Debussy on the piano , ate royal jelly and cultivated black roses . The concept of Bond is that once Niven 's Bond retired , his name and 007 designation was passed to another agent to keep the legend alive ; James Chapman notes that the implication was that the " other Bond " was that played by Connery . Chapman considered the concept of an elderly Bond to be an interesting one , with Bond referring to Connery 's Bond as a " sexual acrobat who leaves a trail of beautiful dead women behind like blown roses " . In line with the literary Bond , Niven 's character drives a vintage Bentley , rather than the Aston Martin favoured by Connery . Bond scholar Steven Jay Rubin thought Niven perfectly cast as the retired Bond , and saw him as " a throw @-@ back to the hell @-@ for @-@ leather adventure heroes " of the character , which paralleled Niven 's own life and career . Barnes and Hearn describe this as a " perfectly fair interpretation " , given the way Niven approached the role , while Raymond Benson thinks casting Niven was " intelligent " . Jeremy Black questioned the use of Niven in the role , observing that he did not seem to be a killer , and did not have the " disconcerting edge " that Connery had . = = = George Lazenby : 1969 = = = With the departure of Connery after You Only Live Twice , Broccoli and director Peter R. Hunt chose Australian George Lazenby to play the role of Bond . He first came to their attention after seeing him in a Fry 's Chocolate Cream advertisement . Lazenby dressed the part by sporting several sartorial Bond elements such as a Rolex Submariner wristwatch and a Savile Row suit ( ordered , but uncollected , by Connery ) , and going to Connery 's barber at the Dorchester Hotel . Lazenby consolidated his claim during a screen test , when he accidentally punched a professional wrestler , who was acting as stunt coordinator , in the face , impressing Broccoli with his ability to display aggression . Lazenby never signed a contract , with negotiations dragging on during production , and he was subsequently convinced by his agent Ronan O 'Rahilly that the secret agent would be archaic in the liberated 1970s ; as a result he left the role before the release of On Her Majesty 's Secret Service in 1969 . For his performance as Bond , Lazenby was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for New Star of the Year – Actor at the 27th Golden Globe Awards . Critical opinion was split about Lazenby ; he has been considered to have been the worst Bond , and has variously been described as " laconic and humourless " , " a little stiff " and " annoying and smug " . Derek Malcolm of The Guardian was dismissive of Lazenby 's performance , saying that he " is not a good actor and though I never thought Sean Connery was all that stylish either , there are moments when one yearns for a little of his louche panache " . The New York Times critic AH Weiler also weighed in against Lazenby , saying that " Lazenby , if not a spurious Bond , is merely a casual , pleasant , satisfactory replacement " . Pauline Kael called Lazenby " quite a dull fellow " in her otherwise positive review in The New Yorker . However , Peter R. Hunt , director of On Her Majesty 's Secret Service , stated that Lazenby should have undertaken more films in the role , saying " he would have made a very credible Bond and been very good indeed " . Smith and Lavington consider that Lazenby " had chosen to play Bond the same way as Sean Connery had , with perhaps more humility and humanity " ; they went on to say that " Lazenby 's inexperience rarely shows " in the film , and that " he invariably rises to the occasion " . Alexander Walker in the London Evening Standard said that , " The truth is that George Lazenby is almost as good a James Bond as the man referred to in his film as ' the other fellow ' . Lazenby 's voice is more suave than sexy @-@ sinister and he could pass for the other fellow 's twin on the shady side of the casino . Bond is now definitely all set for the Seventies " . Judith Crist of New York Magazine commented that , " This time around there 's less suavity and a no @-@ nonsense muscularity and maleness to the role via the handsome Mr. Lazenby " . Feminist film critic Molly Haskell wrote an approving review in the Village Voice : " Lazenby ... seems more comfortable in a wet tuxedo than a dry martini , more at ease as a donnish genealogist than reading ( or playing ) Playboy , and who actually dares to think that one woman who is his equal is better than a thousand part @-@ time playmates " . James Chapman considers that Lazenby looks the part of Bond , identifying his athleticism and " arrogant swagger " , which " convey the snobbery of the character " . Chapman also distinguished a more vulnerable and human characterisation in Bond — feeling exhausted and falling in love — as opposed to the " heroic superman " of Connery . Brian Fairbanks noted that " OHMSS gives us a James Bond capable of vulnerability , a man who can show fear and is not immune to heartbreak . Lazenby is that man , and his performance is superb " . Ben Macintyre also observed that of all the Bonds , Lazenby 's characterisation was closest to that of Fleming 's original character . = = = Roger Moore : 1973 – 85 = = = After Diamonds Are Forever , Broccoli and Saltzman tried to convince Sean Connery to return as Bond , but he declined . After considering Jeremy Brett , Michael Billington and Julian Glover , the two producers finally turned to Roger Moore , who they had previously discussed for On Her Majesty 's Secret Service , but who had been unavailable , and he was ultimately cast to play Bond in Live and Let Die . At the time Moore was an established television actor , known for his performances as Simon Templar in The Saint and Lord Brett Sinclair in The Persuaders ! : in both of which he played a " charming , debonair , international playboy " . When playing Bond , Moore tried not to imitate either Connery or his previous roles , and screenwriter Tom Mankiewicz fitted the screenplay around Moore 's persona by giving more comedy scenes and a light @-@ hearted feel to Bond , an approach that led Raymond Benson to describe Moore 's Bond as " a rather smarmy , eyebrow @-@ raising international playboy who never seemed to get hurt " . Film writer Andrew Spicer considered Roger Moore to be the most elegant and mannerly of the Bonds , with the voice and style of an English debonair country gentleman . Benson agreed , stating that Moore was , " too nice and well @-@ mannered to be a James Bond of any real substance " , while Doug Pratt said that " the writers worked out an amenable personality for Roger Moore and found a breezy balance between comedy and action " . To make Moore 's character appear tougher , a Smith & Wesson .44 Magnum — which at the time was associated with the macho image of the Clint Eastwood character , Dirty Harry — was chosen for Moore to use in Live and Let Die rather than Bond 's usual choice of Walther PPK . Spicer says " Roger Moore re @-@ created Bond as an old @-@ style debonair hero , more polished and sophisticated than Connery 's incarnation , using the mocking insouciance he had perfected in his role as Simon Templar ... Moore 's humour was a throwaway , and certainly in the later films , verged on self @-@ parody . It was an essential strand in the increasingly tongue @-@ in @-@ cheek direction of the series which became more light @-@ hearted , knowing and playfully intertextual " . Chapman noted that Moore was the most comedic of the Bonds , with a more light @-@ hearted approach to playing the character with a mocking wit and innuendo . Additionally , Moore 's one @-@ liners were delivered in a way to suggest that the violence inherent in the films was a joke , as opposed to Connery 's , which was used to mitigate the violence . Moore explained his approach to the humour by saying " to me , the Bond situations are so ridiculous ... I mean , this man is supposed to be a spy , and yet everybody knows he 's a spy ... it 's outrageous . So you have to treat the humour outrageously as well " . Pauline Kael was a fairly vocal critic of Moore 's , dismissing him as an " iceberg " in The Man with the Golden Gun . In reviewing For Your Eyes Only , she wrote " Roger Moore is Bond again , and his idea of Bond 's imperturbable cool is the same as playing dead " . Reviewing Moonraker , she wrote " Roger Moore is dutiful and passive as Bond ; his clothes are neatly pressed and he shows up for work , like an office manager who is turning into dead wood but hanging on to collect his pension " . Only in The Spy Who Loved Me , one of Kael 's favourite Bond films , did she praise him describing him as self @-@ effacing : " Moore gets the chance to look scared — an emotion that suits him and makes him more likable " . A number of Moore 's personal preferences were transferred into his characterisation of Bond : his taste for Cuban cigars and his wearing of safari suits were assigned to the character . Moore 's use for cigars in his early films put him in contrast to the cigarette @-@ smoking Connery , Lazenby and Dalton . By the time of Moore 's fifth film , For Your Eyes Only , released in 1981 , his characterisation had come to represent an old @-@ fashioned character , in contrast to the fashionability Connery had brought to the role in the 1960s . In 1985 Moore appeared in his seventh and final film , A View to a Kill ; he was 57 ( he appeared alongside co @-@ star Tanya Roberts , who was 30 ) . Critics focussed on Moore 's age : The Washington Post said " Moore isn 't just long in the tooth – he 's got tusks , and what looks like an eye job has given him the pie @-@ eyed blankness of a zombie . He 's not believable anymore in the action sequences , even less so in the romantic scenes " . When he was cast for the film , Moore recalled that he felt " a bit long in the tooth " , and in December 2007 admitted that he " was only about four hundred years too old for the part " . Like Connery , Moore appeared as Bond in seven films ; by the time he retired in 1985 , he was the oldest actor to play 007 in the Eon series , and his Bond films had earned over $ 1 billion at the box office . = = = Timothy Dalton : 1986 – 94 = = = With the retirement of Roger Moore in 1985 , a search for a new actor to play Bond took place that saw a number of actors , including Sam Neill , Pierce Brosnan and Timothy Dalton audition for the role in 1986 . Bond co @-@ producer Michael G. Wilson , director John Glen , Dana and Barbara Broccoli " were impressed with Sam Neill and very much wanted to use him " , although Bond producer Albert R. Broccoli was not sold on the actor . Dalton and Brosnan were both considered by Eon , but after Brosnan was eventually ruled out by his Remington Steele contract , Dalton was appointed in August 1986 on a salary of $ 5 @.@ 2 million . When he was either 24 or 25 years old Dalton had discussed playing Bond with Broccoli , but decided he was too young to accept the role , thinking Bond should be played between 35 and 40 years old . In preparing for the role , Dalton , a green @-@ eyed , dark haired , slender , 6 ' 2 " ( 1 m 88 cm ) classically trained Shakespearean actor , was keen to portray the character as accurately as possible , reading up extensively on the books before his role in The Living Daylights ( 1987 ) . Dalton 's Bond was a serious one : dark , cold , emotional stern , ruthless , showing little humour , and focused as a killer with little time for fun and indulgence . Dalton 's interpretation of the character came from his " desire to see a darker Bond " , one that was " less of a womaniser , tougher and closer to the darker character Ian Fleming wrote about " . James Chapman also considered Dalton to be closer to Fleming 's Bond than the previous actors , writing that Dalton was " clearly less comfortable ... with the witty asides and one @-@ liners ... so he becomes something closer to the Bond of the books , who rarely develops a sense of humour " . When reviewing Licence to Kill , Iain Johnstone of The Sunday Times disagreed , declaring that " any vestiges of the gentleman spy ... by Ian Fleming " have now gone ; he went on to say that " this character is remarkably close both in deed and action to the eponymous hero of the new Batman film " . Not all viewers were taken with Dalton . Jay Scott of The Globe and Mail was entirely dismissive . " The new Bond has been widely described in feature stories as a throwback to the Ian Fleming original ( studying the Fleming novels , Dalton was pleased to discover that Bond was a human being , he says ) , and that may be true , if the Fleming original lacked charm , sex appeal and wit . Timothy Dalton 's Bond is a serious bloke who swallows his words and approaches his job with responsibility and humanity , and eschews promiscuity – Dirtless Harry . You get the feeling that on his off nights , he might curl up with the Reader 's Digest and catch an episode of Moonlighting – he 'd try to memorize the jokes – before nodding off under the influence of Ovaltine . The British reviews of The Living Daylights have been laudatory , perhaps because this Bond is the most British of all , if British is to be understood as a synonym for reserved " . Raymond Benson noted that Dalton " purposely played Bond as a ruthless and serious man with very little of the wit displayed by Connery , Lazenby or Moore " , and considered him to be " the most accurate and literal interpretation of the role ... ever seen on screen " . His character also reflected a degree of moral ambiguity ; in Licence to Kill , for instance , he becomes a rogue agent , while Dalton himself saw the character as a " man , not a superhuman ; a man who is beset with moral confusions and apathies and uncertainties , and who is often very frightened and nervous and tense " . Smith and Lavington observed that during Dalton 's portrayal in Licence to Kill , Bond appeared " self @-@ absorbed ... reckless , brutal , prone to nervous laughter and ... probably insane , or at least seriously disturbed . In the light of Licence to Kill , one academic , Martin Willis , referred to Dalton 's Bond as a " muscular vigilante " . Steven Jay Rubin noted that Dalton 's films had " a hard @-@ edged reality and some unflinching violent episodes that were better suited to Dalton 's more realistic approach to the character " . Rubin considered Dalton 's portrayal to be " Fleming 's Bond ... the suffering Bond " . In contrast to the previous incarnations of the character , Smith and Lavington identified Dalton 's humour as " brooding rather than flippant " ; combined with his heavy smoking , they considered him " an effective leading man " . Eoghan Lyng , writing for The James Bond Dossier , favourably compared him to Daniel Craig , stating that " Despite chronological placement , it was Dalton , not Brosnan , who proved to be the prototype for the 21st century Bond . " . Although Bond screenwriter Richard Maibaum called Sean Connery the best Bond , he considered Dalton the best actor of the four he worked with . His predecessor , Roger Moore also felt that Dalton was the best Bond . Dalton 's films did not perform as well at the box office as most of the previous films . Commentators such as Screen International considered the Bond series had run its course in the age of series such as Indiana Jones and Lethal Weapon . Edward P. Comentale observed that " Dalton , for all his occasional flat northern vowels , was probably too much the stage actor to be convincing as an action hero in the age of Willis , Schwarzenegger and Stallone " . After just two films — The Living Daylights and Licence to Kill — litigation ensued over the licensing of the Bond catalogue , delaying what would have been Dalton 's third film by several years . His six @-@ year contract expired in 1993 and he left the series in 1994 . = = = Pierce Brosnan : 1995 – 2004 = = = After Timothy Dalton retired from the Bond role in 1994 , Eon turned to the actor they had considered after A View to a Kill : Pierce Brosnan . He was offered a three @-@ film contract , with an option on a fourth ; his salary for his first film , GoldenEye , was $ 4 million , which rose to $ 16 @.@ 5 million for his fourth and final outing , Die Another Day . Brosnan had first met Broccoli on the set of For Your Eyes Only , when Brosnan 's wife , Cassandra Harris , was appearing in the film as Countess Lisl von Schlaf , and the couple lunched with Broccoli during filming . Brosnan went on to play a criminal @-@ turned @-@ private investigator in Remington Steele in the 1980s , where he captured some of the traits of previous Bonds in playing the role : like Moore , he exemplified a high degree of suavity , elegance , charm and wit , but displayed a masculinity and grittiness on occasion reminiscent of Connery 's Bond , both successfully " combine the character 's Englishness with a classless internationalism that is highly knowing " . Andrew Spicer says that " Brosnan 's frame carries the ' Armani look ' with its refined understated Englishness , to perfection . His lithe , sinuous athleticism is well suited to the fast @-@ paced action and state @-@ of @-@ the @-@ art gadgetry that retains the series ' core appeal " . James Chapman also considered Brosnan 's appearance striking , saying the actor had " old @-@ fashioned , darkly handsome matinee idol looks " . With Brosnan , the Bond writers knew that because of the changes in public attitudes , he could not be as overtly sexual and dominant over women as Connery 's Bond , and was denounced by M in Goldeneye to be a " sexist , misogynist dinosaur , a relic of the Cold War " . Brosnan was seen by many as the quintessential James Bond in appearance and manner ; displaying an air of coolness , elegance and a grace which made him believable as an international playboy , if not purely as an assassin . John G. Stackhouse for instance argues that it is preposterous that any man as strikingly handsome as Brosnan and Connery could be a secret agent , saying , " When Sean Connery or Pierce Brosnan enters a room , everyone notices . Thus it is ridiculous to suppose that James Bond , looking like that , could be a secret agent for longer than about two seconds " . Brosnan 's Bond was introduced in Goldeneye ; James Chapman argues that the film works his portrayal of Bond into the history of the others in the series through the post @-@ credits sequence use of the Aston Martin DB5 , previously seen in Goldfinger and Thunderball , " thus immediately evoking the memory of [ Sean ] Connery " . Brosnan 's characterisation of Bond was seen by Jeremy Black as being " closer to the Fleming novels than Moore ... yet he is also lighter and less intense than Dalton " . Black also commented that the shift in character in the first three films reflected changing social opinions , with Bond not smoking . Brosnan was clear he wanted to change Bond 's smoking habit , saying " I don 't give a damn about everyone 's perception of the character : I think smoking causes cancer therefore he doesn 't smoke " , although he did smoke a Cuban cigar in Die Another Day . Brosnan continued with the use of humour prevalent with other portrayals , and provided a " mix of action and danger threaded through with the right amount of wit and humour " ; Smith and Lavington saw the humour largely as puns that were " flippant , but not crass " . After four films in the role , Brosnan stated he wished to do one final Bond film . Although plans were made for a film to be released in 2004 , negotiations stalled and Brosnan announced his intention to leave in July 2004 . = = = Daniel Craig : 2005 – present = = = On 14 October 2005 Eon Productions , Sony Pictures Entertainment and MGM announced at a press conference in London that Daniel Craig would be the sixth actor to portray Bond in the Eon series ( although seventh film Bond overall ) . A tuxedo @-@ clad Craig arrived via a Royal Navy speedboat . Craig had based his acceptance of the role on the strength of the script for the first film , Casino Royale ; he later recalled that " once I sat down and read the story , I just thought that I wanted to tell [ it ] ... I 'm a big Bond fan , and I love what he represents " . Significant controversy followed the decision , with some critics and fans expressing doubt the producers had made the right choice . Throughout the entire production period , Internet campaigns such as danielcraigisnotbond.com expressed their dissatisfaction and threatened to boycott the film in protest . Craig , unlike previous actors , was not considered by the protesters to fit the tall , dark , handsome and charismatic image of Bond to which viewers had been accustomed . Many disparagingly called him " James Blonde " , believing the 5 ft 10 in ( 1 @.@ 78 m ) blond @-@ haired blue @-@ eyed rugged Craig to be far fitting from the traditional tall , dark and suave actors who had earlier portrayed him . The Daily Mirror ran a front page news story critical of Craig , with the headline , The Name 's Bland – James Bland . Craig first played Bond in the 2006 film Casino Royale , an adaptation of Fleming 's novel of the same name and a reboot of the Eon series , which saw Bond earn his 00 status . Despite the negative press on his appointment , Craig was widely praised by critics and former Bonds after the release of Casino Royale , believing him to have been the first actor to truly nail Fleming 's character in the book : Todd McCarthy , reviewing the film for Variety , considered that " Craig comes closer to the author 's original conception of this exceptionally long @-@ lived male fantasy figure than anyone since early Sean Connery " , and he went on to say that " Craig once and for all claims the character as his own " , while Steven Spielberg called Craig " the perfect 21st @-@ century Bond " . Paul Arendt , writing for the BBC , agreed , observing that " Daniel Craig is not a good Bond . He 's a great Bond . Specifically , he is 007 as conceived by Ian Fleming — a professional killing machine , a charming , cold @-@ hearted patriot with a taste for luxury . Craig is the first actor to really nail 007 's defining characteristic : he 's an absolute swine " . James Chapman commented on the realism and violence in the film noting that Bond is seen to seriously bleed for the first time in the series ; Chapman also identified a number of violent scenes which make Casino Royale notable in the series . In 2012 Skyfall was released : it was Craig 's third outing as 007 . Reviewing the film , Philip French , writing in The Observer , considered that Craig managed to " get out of the shadow of Connery " , while the New Statesman thought that he had " relaxed into Bond without losing any steeliness " .
= D.S. ( song ) = " D.S. " is an album track by Michael Jackson from his 1995 double disc record HIStory : Past , Present and Future , Book I. It is track six on the second disc , one of the three songs from that disc whose lyrics are printed in the album booklet , and is four minutes and forty @-@ nine seconds in length . The song is often cited as a derogatory reference to Santa Barbara County District Attorney Tom Sneddon , whose name is similar to the subject of the song , Dom Sheldon . When Jackson was accused of child sexual abuse in 1993 , the investigation was controlled by Sneddon , who also ordered that Jackson be strip searched . The criminal investigation was subsequently closed when according to the New York Times , " the boy and his family announced that they would no longer cooperate . In an out @-@ of @-@ court settlement of a civil suit filed by the family , the boy was to receive a payment of more than $ 10 million , according to Mr. Jackson ’ s associates . " Jackson was angered by the allegations , his perception of being mistreated by the police and media , and the negative effect on his health . Shortly afterwards , he began work on HIStory : Past , Present and Future , Book I. The track " D.S. " is written , composed and produced by Jackson and includes a guitar solo by Slash . It is a rock song that conveys themes such as bitterness , mistrust and corruption within law enforcement . There was no major critical analysis of the song from mainstream reviews when HIStory : Past , Present and Future , Book I was issued , but the song 's connection to Tom Sneddon was widely reported in the media . Jackson was subsequently involved in projects that made coded references to Sneddon and the 1993 investigation . = = Background = = HIStory : Past , Present and Future , Book I , its album tracks such as " D.S. " and corresponding music videos are heavily influenced by the 1993 child sexual abuse accusations made against Jackson , the reaction to the allegations and the effect they had on the singer . The album acts as Jackson 's response to the media and the public . In 1993 , Evan Chandler and his son Jordan Chandler accused Jackson of child sexual abuse . Jackson agreed to a strip search of his body at Neverland Ranch ; the strip search was ordered by Thomas W. Sneddon Jr . , the district attorney of Santa Barbara County , California . Sneddon was in charge of the investigation as a whole . The accuser gave a detailed description of what he alleges were Jackson 's genitals , also giving details on patches of vitiligo on the singer 's body , but eventually the description was proved wrong . In an emotional state , Jackson stood on a platform in the middle of the room , took off all his clothes and was examined for approximately twenty @-@ five minutes ; he was never physically touched . The media coverage of the allegations was criticized for using sensational headlines to draw in readers and viewers when the content itself did not support the headline , for accepting stories of Jackson 's alleged criminal activity in return for money , for accepting confidential leaked material from the police investigation in return for money , for deliberately using pictures of Jackson 's appearance at its worst , for a lack of objectivity and for using headlines that strongly implied Jackson 's guilt . At the time , Jackson said of the media reaction , " I will say I am particularly upset by the handling of the matter by the incredible , terrible mass media . At every opportunity , the media has dissected and manipulated these allegations to reach their own conclusions " . A few months after the allegations became news , Jackson had lost approximately 10 pounds in weight and had stopped eating . Jackson 's health had deteriorated to the extent that he cancelled the remainder of his tour and went into rehabilitation . Jackson booked the whole fourth floor of the clinic , and was put on Valium IV to wean him from painkillers . The singer 's spokesperson told reporters that Jackson was " barely able to function adequately on an intellectual level " . While in the clinic , Jackson took part in group and one @-@ on @-@ one therapy sessions . Jackson was not charged with a crime and the police closed their criminal investigation citing lack of evidence . With his health improving , Jackson then began work on a new album called HIStory , and commenced recording in 1994 . The song " D.S. " included in the album contains lyrics about a cold man called Dom S. Sheldon , which , when sung , sounds similar to Thomas Sneddon . Some media sources , and Sneddon himself , believe the song is directed at him . = = Themes and genre = = " D.S. " has very similar themes to the rest of HIStory . The album 's content focuses on the hardships and public struggles Jackson went through just prior to its production . In the new jack swing / funk rock efforts " Scream " and " Tabloid Junkie " , along with the R & B ballad " You Are Not Alone " , Jackson retaliates against the injustice and isolation he feels , and directs much of his anger at the media . " D.S. " contains an excerpt from the Yes hit single " Owner of a Lonely Heart " composed by Trevor Rabin , Jon Anderson , Chris Squire and Trevor Horn . The lyrics describe the subject of the song as a man who wants him " dead or alive " and " really tried to take me down / By surprise " . The track ends with the sound of a gunshot . The song has a distinct rock feel to it , with a guitar solo performed by Guns N ' Roses guitarist Slash , who had previously worked with Jackson on his Dangerous album . Jackson screams the name " Slash ! " immediately before Slash 's part in the song . Jackson has previously made a number of successful rock songs , including ; " Beat It " , " Dirty Diana " , " Give In to Me " and " Scream " . In his HIStory album review , Entertainment Weekly 's David Browne musically defines " D.S. " as a hard rock song . = = Critical reaction = = Although the album HIStory was nominated for the Grammy Award for Album of the Year and had additional related Grammy nominations , hardly any mainstream music reviewers provided a critical analysis of " D.S. " in their reviews of the album . Analysis of the song usually only covered the connection to Tom Sneddon and the song 's genre . However , Fred Shuster of the Daily News of Los Angeles described " D.S. " as a " superb [ slice ] of organic funk that will fuel many of the summer 's busiest dance floors " . Many news organizations reviewed the piece in connection to Sneddon . Fox News Channel and CNN expressed the opinion that the " cold man " of this song 's lyrics is Sneddon , as when sung , " Dom S. Sheldon " sounds very close to " Thomas Sneddon " . The BBC suggested that the lyric 's reference to a " B.S.T.A. " sounds similar to " S.B.D.A. " , meaning " Santa Barbara District Attorney " . The Guardian and The New York Times expressed the view that Jackson suggests " Sheldon " has links to the CIA and the Ku Klux Klan and he just " wants your vote " . Sneddon 's own work website indicates that he believes he is the subject of the song , stating , " He 's the only DA in the nation to have an angry song written about him by pop megastar Michael Jackson " . Of the song , he said , " I have not — shall we say — done him the honor of listening to it , but I ’ ve been told that it ends with the sound of a gunshot " . = = Other works and aftermath = = Although there was no music video made for " D.S. " , the song 's subject was referenced in the short film Ghosts . Released in 1997 and premiering at the 1996 Cannes Film Festival , it was written by Jackson and Stephen King and directed by Stan Winston . The story was loosely based on the events and isolation Jackson felt after he was accused of child sexual abuse in 1993 . In the plot , the Maestro ( played by Jackson ) is nearly chased out of his town by the mayor ( who deliberately looks very similar to Sneddon ) and the residents because they believe him to be a " freak " . It features many special effects and dance moves to original music , composed and choreographed by Jackson . The film includes several songs and music videos from the albums HIStory and Blood on the Dance Floor : HIStory in the Mix . The video for Ghosts is over thirty @-@ eight minutes long and holds the Guinness World Record as the world 's longest music video . The child sexual abuse allegations of 2003 resulted in a long trial two years later . Sneddon was the lead investigator again , as well as the trial prosecutor . The trial ended with Jackson being acquitted on all counts . The two investigations being controlled by Sneddon have led to complaints that he was motivated by a " vendetta " against Jackson . Evidence to support these claims include Sneddon joking about Jackson 's greatest hits album being released on the same day as his arrest and sarcastically saying , " Like the sheriff and I really are into that kind of music " . He then preceded to call Jackson " Wacko Jacko " and shouting " we got him , we finally got him " to the media when he had only just begun an investigation and had gathered limited information or evidence . " D.S. " was sung outside the courtroom by a group of Jackson 's fans every day the trial took place . = = Personnel = = Written , composed , produced , vocal arrangements , lead and background vocals by Michael Jackson Arrangements by Michael Jackson , Jimmy Jam & Terry Lewis and Dallas Austin Keyboards and synthesizers by Jimmy Jam & Terry Lewis Lead and rhythm guitars by Slash
= Girl ( Destiny 's Child song ) = " Girl " is a song recorded by American girl group Destiny 's Child . Columbia Records released it as the third single from the group 's fourth studio album Destiny Fulfilled ( 2004 ) on January 16 , 2005 . The band co @-@ wrote the song with Darkchild , Ric Rude , Angela Beyince , Sean Garrett , and Patrick " 9th Wonder " Douthit ; the latter co @-@ produced it with band members Beyoncé and Kelly Rowland . Sampling " Ocean of Thoughts and Dreams " by The Dramatics , the soul song was written about an abusive relationship Rowland went through during the time of writing . The song received mostly positive reviews by music critics who praised its composition and lyrical content . " Girl " had a moderate success in the US and across most European countries in comparison to the group 's other singles ; in the former it peaked at number 23 on its Billboard Hot 100 chart and was certified gold . It was more successful in the UK , Ireland , New Zealand and Australia where it peaked inside the top ten on the countries ' respective singles charts . A music video for the song was directed by Bryan Barber and it depicted a story inspired by Sex and the City . The song was performed live by the band in 2005 at three televised appearances as well as during their final tour Destiny Fulfilled ... and Lovin ' It . In 2015 , " Girl " was sampled on " The Girl Is Mine " by British music duo 99 Souls . = = Background and release = = In June 2013 , Rowland revealed during an interview with Hot 107 @.@ 9 Morning Show that Beyoncé and Williams wrote " Girl " as a request for her to escape an abusive relationship ; the same topic was discussed in Rowland 's " Dirty Laundry " ( 2013 ) and her fans were the first to " connect [ the ] dots " and discover the inspiration behind " Girl " . Rowland elaborated , " Of course , I did [ feel emotional upon hearing ' Girl ' ] ! The girls [ Beyonce and Michelle Williams ] [ sic ] wrote it for me . Destiny 's Child is deeper than what people see on the surface . Those are my homies for life ... Those girls we stuck with each other – period . " Producer 9th Wonder initially met Beyoncé while she was in the recording studio as Jay @-@ Z was recording the song " Threat " for his 2003 album The Black Album . After Jay went through the CD of tracks that 9th Wonder handed to him , Beyoncé mentioned that she liked what she heard from him . Several months later , 9th received a call from Jay @-@ Z asking for him to give the CD of tracks to Destiny 's Child . He was surprised at being contacted by Jay about working with the group , as 9th confessed that he never owned an album by Destiny 's Child . He later traveled to Los Angeles to work on the songs with the trio for their next album . During the three days sessions , he produced the songs " Girl " , " Is She The Reason " and " Game Over " - all of which made the final track listing for Destiny Fulfilled . In early 2005 , a poll was conducted on Destiny 's Child 's official website asking from the group 's fans to choose their " favorite " song between " Girl " and " Cater 2 U " . Following this , " Girl " was released as the next single from Destiny Fulfilled . It became the group 's final single on the European music market . In the UK and Ireland , two separate CD singles of " Girl " were released on April 25 , 2005 . In Germany , a vinyl single was released on May 2 , 2005 and the following day it was also released in the US . A CD single consisting of the album track and a Kardinal Beats Remix was released on May 16 in the former country . An extended play ( EP ) consisting of remixes of " Girl " was released on May 17 , 2005 . The same day a maxi single was released in Germany also consisting of several remixes of " Girl " . " Girl " was included on the group 's compilation albums # 1 's ( 2005 ) and Playlist : The Very Best of Destiny 's Child ( 2012 ) . = = Composition = = " Girl " was written by Destiny 's Child band members Beyoncé , Kelly Rowland and Michelle Williams as well as Darkchild , Ric Rude , Angela Beyince , Sean Garrett , and Patrick " 9th Wonder " Douthit , with production handled by Beyoncé , Rowland and 9th Wonder . " Girl " was recorded by Jim Caruana at Sony Music Studios in New York City in 2004 . The song was mixed by Dave " Hard Drive " Pensado and mastered by Tom Coyne . " Girl " samples the song " Ocean of Thoughts and Dreams " , written by Don Davis and Eddie Robinson and performed by The Dramatics . According to the sheet music published on the website Musicnotes.com by Sony / ATV Music Publishing , " Girl " was composed using common time in the key of C ♯ minor with a moderate tempo of 90 beats per minute . The vocal elements span from the low note of E3 to the high note of C ♯ 5 . " Girl " was noted for containing elements of soul music in its composition . Eric Henderson from the website Slant Magazine described the song as Zhané @-@ esque . Dimitri Ehrlich of Vibe magazine felt that it sounded like a " Motown classic on steroids " . Lyrically , the song talks about two female friends being concerned about their other friend who denies her bad love relationship and tries to convince them that nothing is wrong . As the girls know what is really happening , they try to comfort her and make her leave the partner . A writer of The Times of India found a break @-@ up theme in the song , further saying that " In ' Girl ' , the relational mishaps play out as three @-@ way girl talk , with two girlfriends trying to help their sister see the truth of a bad connection " . It opens with Beyoncé singing the lines " Take a minute girl , come sit down / And tell us what 's been happening / In your face I can see the pain / Don 't try and convince us you 're happy . " = = Critical reception = = Lynsey Hanley writing for The Daily Telegraph described " Girl " as an obvious choice for a single and hailed it as " Beyoncé 's requisite feminist anthem " . A reviewer from Billboard magazine felt that the band 's " personal transition from teen @-@ dom to womanhood " was most evident on " Girl " among other songs . Slant Magazine 's Eic Henderson felt that it was a " smooth bump @-@ and @-@ grinder ... almost sunk by the group 's hyperbolic vocal arrangements " . Vibe 's writer Dimitri Enrlich concluded , " Destiny 's Child refuses to play it safe with cookie @-@ cutter formulas " something he found evident on " Girl " . The Observer reviewer Kitty Empire noted that the band 's characteristic female solidarity , " is limply expressed in ' Girl ' , on which they purport to be your best friend " . While reviewing # 1 's , Thomas Inskeep from Stylus Magazine described the song as " lovely " . Jess Harvell writing for Pitchfork Media opined , " ' Girl ' was a stroll over a 9th Wonder @-@ produced Dramatics sample through bros @-@ before @-@ hoes territory as latte frothy as its ' Sex & the City ' video . " Idolator 's Mike Wass gave a more mixed review for " Girl " describing it as " slightly sappy " . On the occasion of Beyoncé 's 32nd birthday , Erika Ramirez and Jason Lipshutz of Billboard included " Girl " at number 30 on the list of " Beyonce 's 30 Biggest Billboard Hits " . They remarked that it was an album highlight and added , " [ it ] will be remembered as one of Destiny 's Child 's minor singles , but its soulful melody , pitch @-@ perfect harmonies ... encapsulated the reason the R & B trio gelled so effortlessly " . In 2013 , Lindsey Weber from Vulture put " Girl " at number five on her list of the top 25 songs by Destiny 's Child praising it for giving an accurate and " catchy " portrayal of concerned women . = = Chart performance = = In the US , " Girl " debuted at number 90 on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart on the chart issue dated April 2 , 2005 . The following week it moved to 71 and gradually ascended the chart in several weeks . It set a peak of 23 on the chart issue dated May 28 , 2005 and spent a total of 19 weeks ; this made it Destiny 's Child 's lowest charting single there since " Bug a Boo " ( 1999 ) . " Girl " performed better on the US Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Songs chart where it peaked at number ten for the week ending June 4 , 2005 . It became the third single from Destiny Fulfilled to enter the chart 's top ten and the group 's eleventh top ten song . In 2005 , " Girl " was the 57th best @-@ selling song on the year @-@ end Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Songs chart . The single further peaked at number 27 on the Pop Songs chart . On October 21 , 2005 , " Girl " was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America for shipment of 500 @,@ 000 digital copies in the US . " Girl " had a moderate success across Europe . It managed to peak at numbers 49 and 56 on the Swedish and Austrian Singles Chart respectively charting for two weeks on the former and four weeks on the latter chart . On the Danish Singles Chart , " Girl " peaked at number 13 in its only week of charting on June 10 , 2005 . It also peaked at number 12 in Italy on May 5 , 2005 charting for only one week . It was more successful in the UK and Ireland after picking up strong airplay and videoplay in those countries . It debuted at number six on May 7 , 2005 becoming the third top ten single from Destiny Fulfilled in that country . Beginning from the following week when it moved to a position of number eight , it started gradually descending the singles chart which also made its initial position become its peak . On the Irish Singles Chart , " Girl " debuted at number eight for the week ending April 28 , 2005 which later became its peak position . The single achieved success across Oceania . In Australia , " Girl " debuted at its peak position of number five on the ARIA Singles Chart . It spent the following three consecutive weeks in the top ten of the singles chart and later charted at number ten in its sixth week . The Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) awarded " Girl " with a gold certification for selling 35 @,@ 000 copies in that region . On the New Zealand Singles Chart the single reached number six in its second week of charting on May 16 , 2005 . It further spent five weeks at number nine and was last seen on the chart on August 1 at number 38 . = = Music video = = The accompanying music video for " Girl " was directed by Bryan Barber and released in mid @-@ February along with the video for " Cater 2 U " . It was inspired by Sex and the City , containing elements and influences of the sitcom in many scenes . The clip is split into two different sets : Destiny 's Child in Beyoncé 's apartment and the same trio on a fictional television show . It begins with Williams and Rowland entering Beyoncé 's apartment as she writes on her laptop . They settle down with snacks and wine as they watch a fictional show styled after Sex and the City . After the opening credits , Beyoncé and Williams meet Rowland on the TV for lunch at a restaurant . Throughout the video , the women at home respond to the events of the program through gestures and actions , while , on the television , the dialogue of the song matches their conversations in the restaurant . Beyoncé confronts Rowland about her sad demeanor and suspected boyfriend problems , but she feigns shock and insists that nothing is wrong ; however , neither Williams nor Beyoncé are convinced . Viewers can see that , on one occasion , her boyfriend took very long to come home without explanation and , when he finally arrived , a hurt Rowland threw his food away before running upstairs avoiding him . Rowland admits to some problems , while making excuses for her boyfriend , such as his busy schedule and her own moodiness . Beyoncé , however , rolls her eyes at the thin excuses , and assures Rowland that she and Williams love her and she does not need not to suffer alone . At this , Rowland begins to cry and laugh at the same time . Williams goes on to tell her of the day she confronted her boyfriend when she saw him browsing through jewelry with another woman . During the last minute of the video , Rowland can seen be seen looking cold and angry as her boyfriend comes home . He arrives apologetic , but she perks up , dangling a pair of fuzzy handcuffs . He smiles and begins to follow her upstairs . In the following scene , he is naked except for a pair of boxers ( in some versions , his rear @-@ end is blurred out ) and handcuffed to the balcony . With her bags packed and the handcuff key in hand , she leaves — laughing happily leaving her partner shocked and angry . The girls are finally seen walking down the city street , holding hands , as an image of the album cover of Destiny Fulfilled passes by on a city bus . Rashaun Hall of MTV News compared Beyoncé 's role to Sarah Jessica Parker 's portrayal of Carrie Bradshaw in Sex and the City due to the heels designed by Manolo Blahnik she wore in the video . Erika Ramirez and Jason Lipshutz from Billboard described it as " adorable " . Mike Wass from the website Idolator felt that the clip was " dubious " . Lindsay Weber writing on behalf of the blog Vulture , noted that it was a " cheesy play " on Sex and the City . Stylus Magazine 's Thomas Inskeep opined that the song itself has been " bettered by its Sex and the City homage of a video " . The music video is featured on the bonus DVD of the Destiny Fulfilled Tour edition as well as on the Japanese version of the DVD Destiny 's Child : Live in Atlanta . In 2013 it was included on the album Destiny 's Child Video Anthology which contained every music video the group had filmed during their career . = = Live performances and usage as sample = = Destiny 's Child sang " Girl " during the British show Top of the Pops on April 29 , 2005 . They later appeared on the programme CD : UK where they performed the song . On July 2 , 2005 , " Girl " was part of Destiny 's Child 's set list during the Live 8 concert in Philadelphia as the closing song . Gil Kaufman reporting for MTV News noted , " The ladies in the audience sang their hearts out during ... ' Girl . ' " The trio gave a live rendition of the song again at the Today show on July 29 , 2005 as part of the " Toyota Concert Series on Today " . At the beginning of the performance , Beyoncé announced that the band wrote the song " for all the girlfriends out there " and later " I 'll Take You There " ( 1972 ) was incorporated during the end . In 2005 , " Girl " was part of the set list of the group 's final tour Destiny Fulfilled ... and Lovin ' It . The performance was preceded by a video interlude , during which Beyoncé , Williams and Rowland appeared on the screen on the stage . The former two started discussing about the latter 's relationship who also joined them after hearing their opinions . Their discussions were similar to the lyrical content of the song with the two trying to convince her the relationship is wrong and the latter defending her love interest . After the interlude finished , the group appeared onstage performing " Girl " mixing it with " I 'll Take You There " . While reviewing a concert in the UK , Adenike Adenitire of MTV News praised the performance , concluding " They borrowed the ' Sex and the City ' theme for the ' Girl ' video , but they lean more toward ' Girlfriends ' when taking it on the road , with a light comedy moment that may see TV execs thinking seriously about a Destiny 's Child sitcom . " In contrast , Barbara Ellen of The Observer criticized the segment during which " Girl " was performed , writing " ... no amount of ' girlpower ' rabble @-@ rousing can disguise the fact the songs are wet @-@ paper @-@ bag weak ; giving the impression of three bored young women dozing off at a slumber party , whining in their jim @-@ jams about men who ' done them wrong ' , or men who ' done someone else wrong ' , or just men doing wrong , period . " The song was included on the track listing of the group 's live album Destiny 's Child : Live in Atlanta ( 2006 ) chronicling a concert from the tour in that city . In 2015 , " Girl " was sampled along with Brandy and Monica 's " The Boy Is Mine " ( 1998 ) on 99 Souls 's " The Girl Is Mine " . The track was released as a single in late 2015 and managed to peak at number five in the UK and the top forty in other European countries . = = Credits and personnel = = Credits are adapted from the liner notes of the album Destiny Fulfilled . Lead vocals : Beyoncé Knowles , Kelly Rowland and Michelle Williams Vocal production : Knowles and Rowland Recorded by : Jim Caruna at Sony Music Studios , NYC Audio mixing : Dave " Hard Drive " Pensado Audio mastering : Tom Coyne = = Track listings = = = = Charts = = = = Certifications = =
= Classy Christmas = " Classy Christmas " is the collective name for the eleventh and twelfth episodes of the seventh season of the American comedy television series The Office , and the show 's 137th and 138th episodes overall . Written by Mindy Kaling and directed by Rainn Wilson , the episode originally aired on December 9 , 2010 on NBC . " Classy Christmas " guest stars Jack Coleman as Senator Robert Lipton , Rob Huebel as A.J. , Mark Proksch as Nate , and marks the return of Amy Ryan as Holly Flax . The series — presented as if it were a real documentary — depicts the everyday lives of office employees in the Scranton , Pennsylvania , branch of the fictional Dunder Mifflin Paper Company . In the episode , Michael Scott ( Steve Carell ) is overjoyed about the return of his old love , Holly Flax ( Ryan ) . Michael forces Pam Halpert ( Jenna Fischer ) to plan a second Christmas party on the day Holly returns to Scranton . Meanwhile , Darryl Philbin ( Craig Robinson ) convinces his daughter to attend the party in hopes of meeting Santa Claus . Jim Halpert ( John Krasinski ) agrees to a snowball fight with Dwight Schrute ( Rainn Wilson ) , which he later regrets . The scenes that were filmed outdoors in Los Angeles had to be crafted to look as if it were cold ; in reality , temperatures reached into 90 degrees Fahrenheit , and above . The snowmen used in the episode took a day to create and used over 100 tons of chipped ice . " Classy Christmas " was viewed by 7 @.@ 18 million viewers and received a 3 @.@ 7 rating among adults between the age of 18 and 49 , marking a slight drop in the ratings when compared to the previous week . Despite this , the episode was the highest @-@ rated NBC series on the night that it aired . It received largely positive reviews from critics . = = Plot = = Michael Scott ( Steve Carell ) learns that Toby Flenderson ( Paul Lieberstein ) will be taking a leave of absence to go on jury duty for the Scranton Strangler trial , leading the corporate office to send Holly Flax ( Amy Ryan ) to cover for him . Michael forces Pam Halpert ( Jenna Fischer ) to plan a second , classier Christmas party on the day Holly returns to Scranton . Michael welcomes Holly back , but becomes upset when she tells him that she and A.J. ( Rob Huebel ) are still in a relationship . Holly then tells the women of the office that she 's giving A.J. an ultimatum : either propose to her by year 's end or their relationship is over . Michael lies to Holly and tells her that he 's seeing a woman named Tara from New York , and Holly shows curiosity , but Michael interprets this as potential jealousy . When Michael gets further upset over hearing about Holly 's relationship with A.J. , he takes her toy Woody from Toy Story — a present from A.J. — throws it in the trash , and pours his coffee on it . When Holly demands to know who did it , Michael comes forward and admits that he is upset and still has feelings for her . A.J. arrives in Scranton to surprise Holly , and Michael welcomes him politely . After cleaning Holly 's Woody , he leaves the office and Pam follows him out , where he breaks down . In order to lift his spirits , Pam tells him about Holly 's ultimatum , suggesting their relationship is not going to last very long . He returns to the party where he overhears Holly and A.J. talking about Woody , with Holly fabricating a story to cover for Michael 's actions . Darryl Philbin ( Craig Robinson ) is upset that his daughter Jada would rather spend Christmas with her mother than him . At the party , Jada begins to lose interest , but Pam and Andy Bernard ( Ed Helms ) try to find fun activities for her ; however , Andy ends up ruining most of them . Darryl then takes her to the break room , where she is impressed with the snacks in the vending machines . They take out the snacks and hand them to employees . When she hands one to Michael , he decides to dress up as Santa again so she can tell him what she wants for Christmas as Holly looks on with admiration . Pam says that her husband Jim Halpert ( John Krasinski ) always makes her great Christmas gifts so she wants to make him one too . She creates a hand @-@ drawn comic book about Jim who gets attacked by a radioactive bear and takes its powers . She asks for others ' opinions before giving it to Jim , but most of them give her harsh critiques . Jim gives Pam a beautiful bracelet and he is equally amazed at the comic book she gives him . Meanwhile , Jim agrees to a snowball fight with Dwight Schrute ( Rainn Wilson ) . When he is first challenged outside , however , he finds the doors chained . Dwight then emerges from a snowman , throwing multiple snowballs at Jim and leaving him with a bloody nose . Throughout the day , Dwight torments Jim with increasingly elaborate snowball ambushes . Jim tries to surrender , but Dwight refuses . At the end of the day , Jim is too afraid to go outside . He and Pam find multiple snowmen , and Jim attacks them all hoping to find Dwight . Dwight , however , is on the roof of the building , claiming that the most powerful snowball in a snowball fight is fear , and smilingly wishes the camera " Merry Christmas " . = = Production = = The episode was written by co @-@ executive producer Mindy Kaling , her eighteenth writing credit for the series . Rainn Wilson , who portrays Dwight Schrute on the series , directed the episode , his second directing credit of the series after the sixth @-@ season episode " The Cover @-@ Up " . The episode was also the first of several season seven episodes that saw the return of Amy Ryan as Holly . Kaling purposely made Dwight " complicated " and " mean " in the script ; she wanted to avoid a situation wherein Jim and Dwight become best friends , calling it something that would happen in a " crappy sitcom feel @-@ good formula . " She wanted to stress the fact that " Jim [ and Dwight ] are not friends . " Kaling specifically wrote Jim to be " off @-@ guard [ and ] surprised " in the episode , because she reasoned that " perfect isn 't always nearly as fun to play or watch as flawed . " The episode was filmed in early November and was shot out of order . This required the assistant directors of The Office to re @-@ dress " the sets from white , spare ' classy Christmas ' look to the elaborate , colorful ' regular Christmas look . ' " According to Kaling , the group had to pretend like it was cold during the outdoor scenes when it was actually warm . The snow that was used for the snowballs was artificial , and did not cooperate well . According to Kaling , the snowballs would " ' explode ' before they made contact " . While Krasinski and Wilson did not hold back during the fights , neither one was injured ; the blood on Jim 's face and shirt was artificial . The snowmen featured at the end of the episode took a day to construct . In addition , the artificial snow had to be maintained , and footprints had to " be tracked constantly " to maintain continuity . The snowmen were crafted out of 100 tons of chipped ice , and the show 's special effects team created molds and hand @-@ crafted the creations . The scenes featuring the snowmen were shot on the hottest day of the episode 's shoot in Los Angeles , with temperatures reaching above 90 degrees Fahrenheit . The entire crew was outfitted UV @-@ protectant glasses because " snow @-@ blindness was a real possibility . " To prevent heat @-@ related injuries , an on @-@ set medic monitored the staff and crew ; anyone who was slated to appear outside was " slathered in sunscreen " and kept inside until " moments " before each shot . The Season Seven DVD contains a number of deleted scenes from this episode . Notable cut scenes include more scenes of Kelly giving out the Sabre gifts , extended scenes of Toby discussing the Scranton Strangler trial , Jim asking Erin for the first aid kit , and Pam talking about Holly 's ultimatum . = = Cultural references = = Michael claims that , to a person from New Hampshire , a fake tree is the same as a burning cross . Darryl mentions that he has a fondness for the Nickelodean series iCarly , specifically complimenting the voice of Freddie Benson , played by Nathan Kress . A line that was cut from the scene features Darryl harshly criticizing the Disney Channel series The Suite Life of Zack & Cody . The gifts that Kelly decides to give to her staff members on Corporate 's behalf are laptop sleeves , featuring the popular fictional character Hello Kitty , which is produced by the Japanese company Sanrio . Holly 's gift from A.J. is a replica of Woody from Toy Story , the 1995 animated Pixar film about friendly toys coming to life when no one is around . When Michael claims he heard Holly would be single , he blames " Nora Ephron and every romantic comedy ever " . Andy disguises himself as the Grinch and steals the Christmas tree 's star for the sake of Jada 's entertainment . = = Reception = = " Classy Christmas " first aired on December 9 , 2010 . The episode received 3 @.@ 7 / 10 percent share among adults between the ages of 18 – 49 according to Nielsen ratings . This means that 3 @.@ 7 percent of all households with an 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ old living in it watched the episode , and ten percent had their televisions tuned to the channel at any point . The episode was watched by 7 @.@ 18 million viewers , dropping in viewers from the previous week , although ratings were adjusted down for NBC due to NFL game local broadcasts in Indianapolis and Nashville . Despite this , the episode was the highest @-@ rated NBC series of the night that it aired . This episode received mostly positive reviews . James Poniewozik of Time magazine said , " ' Classy Christmas ' may not have been one of the show 's most hilarious episodes ever , but it did recall the best era of the show , when it was able to deliver with storylines that were as much drama as comedy . " He also said that " it was an initially good payment " . TV Fanatic 's Dan Forcella said that " Classy Christmas " was an enjoyable episode and " watching Jim suffer as Dwight jumped out of a snowman and pummeled him with snow ball after snow ball was absolutely hilarious . " Despite this , he also said he wasn 't as good as the second season episode " Christmas Party " . IGN writer Matt Fowler named it the third best Christmas episode of the series calling it a " good episode , with a sweet ending " . Alan Sepinwall of HitFix called the episode " another standout holiday episode " , and applauded the return of Holly , calling her " welcome " . He enjoy the episode largely because it was full of " darkness " ; he noted that " I like when The Office aims for something non @-@ comic , so long as it takes its characters seriously , which it did here . " Sepwinwall also complimented that subplot featuring Jim being terrorized by Dwight , applauding both Kaling 's writing and Wilson 's directing . Bonnie Stiernberg of Paste magazine argued that the reappearance of Holly — a signal that Steve Carell 's exit was approaching — " gifted [ the viewers ] with some of the show 's best writing in a long time . " Myles McNutt of The A.V. Club gave it a slightly more critical review , awarded it a " B " . He compared the episode the third season episode " A Benihana Christmas " , writing that " both deal with Michael ’ s heart being broken and the somewhat self @-@ destructive ways he deals with it . " However , he felt that the episode " struggles greatly if you have no emotional connection to Holly and Michael " because it " isn 't funny , by any real stretch of the term , nor is it really intended to be funny . " He went on to say " I like episodes like this one in general and don 't necessarily need the show to make me laugh , but I would say that I wanted this hour to be slightly more ... pleasant . "
= Michael J. Fox = Michael Andrew Fox , OC ( born June 9 , 1961 ) , known as Michael J. Fox , is a Canadian @-@ American actor , author , producer , and activist . With a film and television career spanning from the 1970s , Fox 's roles have included Marty McFly from the Back to the Future trilogy ( 1985 – 1990 ) ; Alex P. Keaton from NBC 's Family Ties ( 1982 – 1989 ) , for which he won three Emmy Awards and a Golden Globe Award ; and Mike Flaherty in ABC 's Spin City ( 1996 – 2001 ) , for which he won an Emmy , three Golden Globes , and two Screen Actors Guild Awards . Fox was diagnosed with Parkinson 's disease in 1991 , at age 29 , and disclosed his condition to the public in 1998 . Fox semi @-@ retired from acting in 2000 as the symptoms of his disease worsened . He has since become an advocate for research toward finding a cure ; he created the Michael J. Fox Foundation , and on March 5 , 2010 , Sweden 's Karolinska Institutet gave him a honoris causa doctorate for his work in advocating a cure for Parkinson 's disease . Since 2001 , Fox has mainly worked as a voice @-@ over actor in films such as Stuart Little and Disney 's Atlantis : The Lost Empire . On the CBS TV show The Good Wife , he earned Emmy nominations for three consecutive years for his recurring role as crafty attorney Louis Canning . Fox has also taken recurring guest roles and cameo appearances in Boston Legal , Scrubs , Curb Your Enthusiasm and Rescue Me . He has released three books : Lucky Man : A Memoir ( 2002 ) , Always Looking Up : The Adventures of an Incurable Optimist ( 2009 ) , and A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Future : Twists and Turns and Lessons Learned ( 2010 ) . He was appointed an Officer of the Order of Canada in 2010 . He also was inducted into Canada 's Walk of Fame in 2000 . = = Early life = = Fox was born on June 9 , 1961 , in Edmonton , Alberta , Canada , to Phyllis ( née Piper ) , an actress / payroll clerk , and William Fox , a police officer and Canadian Forces member . Fox 's family lived in various cities and towns across Canada because of his father 's career . The family finally moved to the Vancouver suburb of Burnaby , British Columbia , when his father retired in 1971 . His father died on January 6 , 1990 , from a heart attack . Fox attended Burnaby Central Secondary School , and now has a theatre named for him in Burnaby South Secondary . Fox , at age 15 , starred in the Canadian television series Leo and Me produced by the CBC , and in 1979 , at age 18 , he moved to Los Angeles to further his acting career . Shortly after his marriage , he decided to move back to Vancouver . Fox is one of four members of the Leo and Me cast and crew who eventually developed Parkinson 's disease in mid @-@ life , an unusually high number that led to some investigation as to whether an environmental factor may have played a role . Fox was discovered by producer Ronald Shedlo and made his American television debut in the television film Letters from Frank , credited under the name " Michael Fox " . He intended to continue to use the name , but when he registered with the Screen Actors Guild , which requires unique registration names to avoid credit ambiguities , he discovered that Michael Fox , a veteran character actor , was already registered under the name . As he explained in his autobiography , Lucky Man : A Memoir and in interviews , he needed to come up with a different name . He did not like the sound of " Michael A. Fox " during a time when " fox " was coming to mean " attractive " and because his middle initial sounded too much like the Canadian " eh ? " He also didn 't like the sound of " Andrew " or " Andy , " so he decided to adopt a new middle initial and settled on " J " , as an homage to actor Michael J. Pollard . = = Acting career = = = = = Early career = = = Fox 's first feature film roles were Midnight Madness ( 1980 ) and Class of 1984 ( 1982 ) , credited in both as Michael Fox . Shortly afterward , he began playing " Young Republican " Alex P. Keaton in the show Family Ties which aired on NBC for seven seasons , 1982 – 89 . In an interview with Jimmy Fallon in April 2014 , Fox stated he negotiated the role at a payphone at Pioneer Chicken . He received the role only after Matthew Broderick was unavailable . Family Ties had been sold to the television network using the pitch " Hip parents , square kids , " with the parents originally intended to be the main characters . However , the positive reaction to Fox 's performance led to his character becoming the focus of the show following the fourth episode . At its peak , the audience for Family Ties drew one @-@ third of America 's households every week . Fox won three Emmy awards for Family Ties , in 1986 , 1987 and 1988 . He also won a Golden Globe Award in 1989 . Brandon Tartikoff , one of the show 's producers , felt that Fox was too short in relation to the actors playing his parents , and tried to have him replaced . Tartikoff reportedly said that " this is not the kind of face you 'll ever find on a lunch @-@ box . " After his later successes , Fox presented Tartikoff with a custom @-@ made lunch @-@ box with the inscription " To Brandon , this is for you to put your crow in . Love and Kisses , Michael J. Fox . " Tartikoff kept the lunch @-@ box in his office for the rest of his NBC career . While filming Family Ties , Fox met his wife , Tracy Pollan , who portrayed his girlfriend , Ellen . When Fox left the TV series Spin City , his final episodes made numerous allusions to Family Ties : Michael Gross ( who played Alex 's father Steven ) portrays Mike Flaherty 's ( Fox 's ) therapist , and there is a reference to an off @-@ screen character named " Mallory " . Also , when Flaherty becomes an environmental lobbyist in Washington , D.C. , he meets a conservative senator from Ohio named Alex P. Keaton , and in one episode Meredith Baxter played Mike 's mother . As a consequence of working in Family Ties , as well as his acting in Teen Wolf and Back to the Future , Fox became a teen idol , VH1 's show The Greatest later naming him among their " 50 Greatest Teen Idols . " = = = Film career = = = In January 1985 Fox was cast to replace Eric Stoltz as Marty McFly , a teenager who is accidentally sent back in time from 1985 to 1955 in Back to the Future . Robert Zemeckis , the director , originally wanted Fox to play Marty , but Gary David Goldberg the creator of Family Ties , which Fox was working on at the time , refused to allow Zemeckis even to approach Fox as he felt that as Meredith Baxter was on maternity leave at the time , Fox 's character Alex Keaton was needed to carry the show in her absence . Eric Stoltz was cast and was already filming Back to the Future , but Zemeckis felt that Stoltz was not giving the right type of performance for the humor involved . Zemeckis quickly replaced Stoltz with Fox whose schedule was now more open with the return of Meredith Baxter . He was considered for the role of Mark Kendall in Once Bitten , but it eventually went to Jim Carrey . During filming , Fox would rehearse for Family Ties from 10 a.m to 6 p.m , then rush to the Back to the Future set where he would rehearse and shoot until 2 : 30 a.m. This schedule lasted for two full months . Back to the Future was both a commercial and critical success . The film spent 8 consecutive weekends as the number @-@ one grossing movie at the US box office in 1985 and eventually earned a worldwide total of $ 381 @.@ 11 million . Variety applauded the performances , stating that Fox and his co @-@ star Christopher Lloyd imbued Marty and Doc Brown 's friendship with a quality reminiscent of King Arthur and Merlin . The film was later followed by two similarly @-@ successful sequels , Back to the Future Part II ( 1989 ) and Back to the Future Part III ( 1990 ) . During and immediately after the Back to the Future trilogy , Fox starred in Teen Wolf ( 1985 ) , Light of Day ( 1987 ) , The Secret of My Success ( 1987 ) , Bright Lights , Big City ( 1988 ) and Casualties of War ( 1989 ) . In The Secret of My Success , Fox played a recent graduate from Kansas State University who moves to New York City where he has to deal with the ups and downs of the business world . The film was successful at the box office , taking $ 110 million worldwide . Roger Ebert in The Chicago Sun Times wrote ; " Fox provides a fairly desperate center for the film . It could not have been much fun for him to follow the movie 's arbitrary shifts of mood , from sitcom to slapstick , from sex farce to boardroom brawls . " In Bright Lights , Big City , Fox played a fact @-@ checker for a New York magazine , who spends his nights partying with alcohol and drugs . The film received mixed reviews , with Hal Hinson in The Washington Post criticizing Fox by claiming that " he was the wrong actor for the job " . Meanwhile , Roger Ebert praised the actor 's performance : " Fox is very good in the central role ( he has a long drunken monologue that is the best thing he has ever done in a movie ) " . During the shooting of Bright Lights , Big City , Fox co @-@ starred again with Tracy Pollan , his on @-@ screen girlfriend from Family Ties . Fox then starred in Casualties of War , a dark and violent war drama about the Vietnam War , alongside Sean Penn . Casualties of War was not a major box office hit , but Fox , playing a private serving in Vietnam , received good reviews for his performance . Don Willmott on film critic 's website wrote ; " Fox , only one year beyond his Family Ties sitcom silliness , rises to the challenges of acting as the film 's moral voice and sharing scenes with the always intimidating Penn . " In 1991 , he starred in Doc Hollywood , a romantic comedy about a talented medical doctor who decides to become a plastic surgeon . While moving from Washington , D.C. to Los Angeles , he winds up as a doctor in a small southern town in South Carolina . Michael Caton @-@ Jones , from Time Out , described Fox in the film as " at his frenetic best " . The Hard Way was also released in 1991 , with Fox playing an undercover actor learning from police officer James Woods . Between 1992 and 1996 , he continued making several films , such as For Love or Money ( 1993 ) , Life With Mikey ( 1993 ) and Greedy ( 1994 ) . Fox then played small supporting roles in political drama The American President ( 1995 ) and comedy Mars Attacks ! ( 1996 ) . His last major film role was in The Frighteners ( 1996 ) , directed by Peter Jackson . The Frighteners tells the story of Frank Bannister ( Fox ) , an architect who develops psychic abilities allowing him to see , hear , and communicate with ghosts . After losing his wife , he uses his new abilities by cheating customers out of money for his " ghost hunting " business . However , a mass murderer comes back from Hell , prompting Frank to investigate the supernatural presence . Fox 's performance received critical praise , Kenneth Turan in The Los Angeles Times wrote ; " The film 's actors are equally pleasing . Both Fox , in his most successful starring role in some time , and [ Trini ] Alvarado , who looks rather like Andie MacDowell here , have no difficulty getting into the manic spirit of things . " He voiced the American Bulldog Chance in Disney 's live @-@ action film Homeward Bound : The Incredible Journey and its sequel Homeward Bound II : Lost in San Francisco , the titular character in Stuart Little and its two sequels Stuart Little 2 and Stuart Little 3 : Call of the Wild , and Milo Thatch in Disney 's animated film Atlantis : The Lost Empire . = = = Later career = = = Spin City ran from 1996 to 2002 on American television network ABC . The show was based on a fictional local government running New York City , originally starring Fox as Mike Flaherty , a Fordham Law School graduate serving as the Deputy Mayor of New York . Fox won an Emmy award for Spin City in 2000 , three Golden Globe Awards in 1998 , 1999 and 2000 and two Screen Actors Guild Awards in 1999 and 2000 . During the third season of Spin City , Fox made the announcement to the cast and crew of the show that he had Parkinson 's disease . During the fourth season , he announced his retirement from the show to focus on spending more time with his family . He announced that he planned to continue to act and would make guest appearances on Spin City ( he made three more appearances on the show during the final season ) . After leaving the show , he was replaced by Charlie Sheen , who portrayed the character Charlie Crawford . Altogether , 145 episodes were produced . Fox also served as an executive producer during his time on the show , alongside co @-@ creators Bill Lawrence and Gary David Goldberg . In 2004 , Fox guest starred in two episodes of the comedy @-@ drama Scrubs as Dr. Kevin Casey , a surgeon with severe obsessive @-@ compulsive disorder . The series was created by Spin City creator Bill Lawrence . In 2006 , he appeared in four episodes of Boston Legal as a lung cancer patient . The producers brought him back in a recurring role for Season three , beginning with the season premiere . Fox was nominated for an Emmy Award for best guest appearance . In 2009 , he appeared in five episodes of the television series Rescue Me which earned him an Emmy for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series . Since 2000 Fox has released three books , Lucky Man : A Memoir ( 2002 ) , Always Looking Up : The Adventures of an Incurable Optimist ( 2009 ) and A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Future : Twists and Turns and Lessons Learned ( 2010 ) . Starting in 2010 , Fox played a recurring role in the US drama The Good Wife as crafty attorney Louis Canning and earned Emmy nominations for three consecutive years . In 2011 , Fox was featured as himself in the eighth season of the Larry David vehicle , Curb Your Enthusiasm . David 's character ( also himself ) becomes a temporary resident of the New York City apartment building that Fox resides in and a conflict arises between the two , whereby David believes that Fox is using his condition ( Parkinson 's disease ) as a manipulative tool . On August 20 , 2012 , NBC announced The Michael J. Fox Show , loosely based on his life . It was granted a 22 @-@ episode commitment from the network and premiered on NBC on September 26 , 2013 . Fox also made several appearances in other media . At the 2010 Winter Olympics closing ceremony in Vancouver , Canada , he delivered comedy monologues , along with William Shatner and Catherine O 'Hara , in the " I am Canadian " part of the show . Along with Tatjana Patitz , Fox appears in the 2011 Carl Zeiss AG calendar , photographed by Bryan Adams in New York City in the summer of 2010 . Despite a sound @-@ alike , A.J Locascio , voicing his character of Marty McFly in the 2011 Back to the Future episodic adventure game , Fox lent his likeness to the in @-@ game version of Marty alongside Christopher Lloyd . Fox made a special guest appearance in the final episode of the series as an elder version of Marty , as well as his great @-@ grandfather Willie McFly . = = Personal life = = Fox married actress Tracy Pollan on July 16 , 1988 , at West Mountain Inn in Arlington , Vermont . The couple have four children : son Sam Michael ( born May 30 , 1989 ) , twin daughters Aquinnah Kathleen and Schuyler Frances ( born February 15 , 1995 ) , and daughter Esmé Annabelle ( born November 3 , 2001 ) . Fox holds dual Canadian @-@ US citizenship . On February 28 , 2010 , Fox provided a light @-@ hearted segment during the 2010 Winter Olympics ' closing ceremony in Vancouver , British Columbia , wherein he expressed how proud he is to be Canadian . On June 4 , 2010 , the city of Burnaby , British Columbia , honoured Fox by granting him the Freedom of the City . Fox and his family reside in Manhattan , New York . = = = Health and activism = = = Fox started displaying symptoms of early @-@ onset Parkinson 's disease in 1991 while shooting the movie Doc Hollywood , although he was not properly diagnosed until the next year . After his diagnosis , Fox began drinking more heavily than in the past ; however , he sought help and stopped drinking altogether . In 1998 , he decided to go public with his condition , and since then he has been a strong advocate of Parkinson 's disease research . His foundation , The Michael J. Fox Foundation , was created to help advance every promising research path to curing Parkinson 's disease , including embryonic stem cell studies . Fox manages the symptoms of his Parkinson 's disease with the drug carbidopa / levodopa , and he also had a thalamotomy in 1998 . His first book , Lucky Man , focused on how , after seven years of denial of the disease , he set up the Michael J. Fox Foundation , stopped drinking and began to be an advocate for people living with Parkinson 's disease . In Lucky Man , Fox wrote that he did not take his medication prior to his testimony before the Senate Appropriations Subcommittee in 1999 ( full C @-@ Span video clip ) ; In an interview with NPR in April 2002 , Fox explained what he does when he becomes symptomatic during an interview ; In 2006 , Fox starred in a campaign ad for then State Auditor of Missouri Claire McCaskill ( D ) in her successful 2006 Senate campaign against incumbent Jim Talent ( R ) , expressing her support for stem cell research . In the ad , he visibly showed the effects of his Parkinson 's disease ; The New York Times called it " one of the most powerful and talked about political advertisements in years " and polls indicated that the commercial had a measurable impact on the way voters voted , in an election that McCaskill won . His second book , Always Looking Up : The Adventures of an Incurable Optimist , describes his life between 1999 and 2009 , with much of the book centred on how Fox got into campaigning for stem @-@ cell research . On March 31 , 2009 , Fox appeared on The Oprah Winfrey Show with Dr. Oz to publicly discuss his condition as well as his book , his family and his prime @-@ time special which aired May 7 , 2009 ( Michael J. Fox : Adventures of an Incurable Optimist ) . His work led him to be named one of the 100 people " whose power , talent or moral example is transforming the world " in 2007 by Time magazine . On March 5 , 2010 , Fox received an honorary doctorate in medicine from Karolinska Institutet for his contributions to research in Parkinson 's disease . He has also received an honorary doctorate of laws from the University of British Columbia . On May 31 , 2012 , he received an honorary degree of Doctor of Laws from the Justice Institute of British Columbia to recognize his accomplishments as a performer as well as his commitment to raising research funding and awareness for Parkinson 's disease . Fox recalled performing in role @-@ playing simulations as part of police recruit training exercises at the Institute early in his career . = = Filmography = = = = = Film = = = = = = Video games = = = = = = Director = = = = = = Producer = = = = = Awards and nominations = = Canada 's Walk of Fame 2000 : Inducted , Canada 's Walk of Fame Double Helix Medal 2012 : CSHL Double Helix Medal Honoree Hollywood Walk of Fame 2002 : Star on the Walk of Fame – 7021 Hollywood Blvd . Goldene Kamera 2011 : Goldene Kamera für Lebenswerk ( Lifetime Achievement Award ) , German film and TV award . Grammy Awards 2010 : Won , Best Spoken Word Album – Always Looking Up : Adventures of An Incurable Optimist Influential Canadian Expat Award 2009 : Awarded " Most Influential Canadian Expat " , Canadian Expat Association Honorary Degrees 2008 : Doctor of Fine Arts , honoris causa , New York University 2008 : Doctor of Laws , honoris causa , University of British Columbia 2010 : Honoris causa doctorate , Karolinska Institutet 2012 : Doctor of Laws , honoris causa , Justice Institute of British Columbia Golden Globe Awards 1986 : Nominated , Best Actor in a TV @-@ Series — Comedy / Musical – Family Ties 1986 : Nominated , Best Actor in a Motion Picture — Comedy / Musical – Back to the Future 1987 : Nominated , Best Actor in a TV @-@ Series — Comedy / Musical – Family Ties 1989 : Won , Best Actor in a TV @-@ Series — Comedy / Musical – Family Ties 1997 : Nominated , Best Actor in a TV @-@ Series — Comedy / Musical – Spin City 1998 : Won , Best Actor in a TV @-@ Series — Comedy / Musical – Spin City 1999 : Won , Best Actor in a TV @-@ Series — Comedy / Musical – Spin City 2000 : Won , Best Actor in a TV @-@ Series — Comedy / Musical – Spin City 2014 : Nominated , Best Actor in a TV @-@ Series — Comedy / Musical – The Michael J. Fox Show Primetime Emmy Awards 1985 : Nominated , Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series – Family Ties 1986 : Won , Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series – Family Ties 1987 : Won , Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series – Family Ties 1988 : Won , Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series – Family Ties 1989 : Nominated , Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series – Family Ties 1997 : Nominated , Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series – Spin City 1998 : Nominated , Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series – Spin City 1999 : Nominated , Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series – Spin City 2000 : Won , Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series – Spin City 2006 : Nominated , Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series – Boston Legal 2009 : Won , Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series – Rescue Me : Sheila 2011 : Nominated , Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series – The Good Wife 2012 : Nominated , Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series – Curb Your Enthusiasm : Larry vs. Michael J. Fox 2012 : Nominated , Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series – The Good Wife 2013 : Nominated , Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series – The Good Wife 2015 : Nominated , Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series - The Good Wife People 's Choice Awards 1997 : Won , Favorite Male Performer in a New Television Series 2012 : Nominated , Favorite TV Guest Star – The Good Wife Satellite Awards 1997 : Nominated , Best Actor in a Television Series — Comedy or Musical – Spin City 1998 : Nominated , Best Actor in a Television Series — Comedy or Musical – Spin City 1999 : Nominated , Best Actor in a Television Series — Comedy or Musical – Spin City Saturn Awards 1985 : Won , Best Actor – Back to the Future Screen Actors Guild Awards 1999 : Won , Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Comedy Series – Spin City 2000 : Won , Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Comedy Series – Spin City = = Books = = Fox , Michael J. ( 2002 ) . " Lucky Man : A Memoir " . New York : Hyperion . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 7868 @-@ 6764 @-@ 6 . Fox , Michael J. ( 2009 ) . " Always Looking Up : The adventures of an Incurable Optimist " . New York : Hyperion . ISBN 978 @-@ 1 @-@ 4013 @-@ 0338 @-@ 9 . Fox , Michael J. ( 2010 ) . " A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Future : Twists and Turns and Lessons Learned " . New York : Hyperion . ISBN 978 @-@ 1 @-@ 4013 @-@ 2386 @-@ 8 .
= Fort Ricasoli = Fort Ricasoli ( Maltese : Forti Rikażli ) is a bastioned fort in Kalkara , Malta , which was built by the Order of Saint John between 1670 and 1698 . The fort occupies a promontory known as Gallows ' Point and the north shore of Rinella Bay , commanding the entrance to the Grand Harbour along with Fort Saint Elmo . It is the largest fort in Malta , and it has been on the tentative list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites since 1998 , as part of the Knights ' Fortifications around the Harbours of Malta . Fort Ricasoli saw use during the French invasion of Malta in 1798 and the subsequent Maltese insurrection , after which it ended up in British hands . Ricasoli was the site of the Froberg mutiny in 1807 , and it was also used as a military hospital during the 19th century . It saw use once again in World War II , when parts of it were destroyed by aerial bombardment . After it was decommissioned in the 1960s , the fort was used for industrial purposes . Today , the fort remains mostly intact but in a dilapidated state , and it is used as a filming location and a tank cleaning facility . = = Hospitaller rule = = = = = Background = = = Fort Ricasoli stands on the easternmost peninsula on the east side of the Grand Harbour . The promontory was originally known as Rinella Point or Punta Sottile . In 1531 , two slaves who had tried to take over Fort St. Angelo were hanged on the peninsula , which became known as Gallows ' Point afterwards . During the Great Siege of Malta in 1565 , the Ottomans built an artillery battery on the peninsula in order to bombard Fort St. Elmo . On 18 January 1629 , the Italian knight Alessandro Orsi financed the construction of a tower on Gallows ' Point . The tower was officially called Torre San Petronio , but it was commonly known as Orsi Tower or Torri Teftef by the locals . The tower was round , and it was built to prevent the escape of slaves from the island . A semi @-@ circular battery , which was known as Orsi Battery or San Petronio Battery , was later built around the tower . The tower and battery were protected by a sea @-@ filled ditch and a drawbridge . They remained standing until they were destroyed by waves in a storm on 8 February 1821 , and today only the rock @-@ hewn ditch of the battery remains . In 1644 , Giovanni de ’ Medici proposed that Fort St. Angelo in Birgu be abandoned and a new fort be constructed on Orsi Point . The new fort would have been also called Fort St. Angelo , and would be manned with the garrison of the old fort . He drew up plans for the proposed fort , but they were never implemented . = = = Construction and modifications = = = In 1669 , fears of an Ottoman attack rose after the fall of Candia , and the following year Grand Master Nicolas Cotoner invited Antonio Maurizio Valperga , the military engineer of the House of Savoy , to improve Malta 's fortifications . Valperga designed a new fort to be built on the headland , and despite some criticism from within the Order , the decision was eventually approved . The Florentine knight Fra Giovanni Francesco Ricasoli donated 20 @,@ 000 scudi to construct the fort , and it was named in his honour . The first stone was laid down on 15 June 1670 , and the initial stages of construction were supervised by Valperga himself . The fort received a skeleton garrison in June 1674 , although it was still incomplete . In 1681 , the Flemish engineer Carlos de Grunenbergh proposed some changes to the design of the fort , and these recommendations were implemented . The barracks , chapel and other buildings within the fort were constructed in the 1680s and 1690s , and the fort was officially declared complete and armed in May 1698 . In 1714 , the French engineers René Jacob de Tigné , Charles François de Mondion and Philippe de Vendôme criticized the small size of the fort 's bastions , which they deemed ineffective . De Tigné proposed a number of alterations , including repairing the existing parapets and embrasures , as well as constructing a retrenchment within the fort . Vendôme proposed the construction of a canal separating the fort from the mainland . In 1722 , the repairs proposed by de Tigné were implemented , although the retrenchment and canal were never built due to a lack of funds . The fort was in a bad state by the mid @-@ 18th century , and some maintenance work was done in 1761 . In 1785 , Ricasoli was armed with eighty cannon , including forty @-@ one 24 @-@ pounders , making it the most heavily armed fort in Malta . Parts of the fort 's enceinte were rebuilt under the direction of Antoine Étienne de Tousard in the 1790s . The fort was also used as a prison prior to the construction of the Corradino Correctional Facility . = = French occupation = = Fort Ricasoli saw use during the French invasion of Malta in June 1798 , during the French Revolutionary Wars . At the time , it was commanded by the Bali de Tillet , and was garrisoned by the Cacciatori , who were a volunteer chasseur light infantry regiment . The fort repelled three French attacks , before surrendering after Grand Master Hompesch officially capitulated to Napoleon . In the subsequent Maltese uprising and blockade , the fort remained in French hands . It continually fired at the insurgents ' San Rocco Battery , which was located about 700 metres ( 2 @,@ 300 ft ) away . = = British rule = = The fort continued to be an active military installation throughout the British period . It was the scene of a mutiny in 1807 when Albanian soldiers of the Froberg Regiment revolted and shut themselves up in Fort Ricasoli . Despite attempts at negotiation they eventually blew up the main gunpowder magazine , causing extensive damage to the fort in the process . The mutiny was quashed by loyal troops , and some of the mutineers were condemned to death by court martial . The damaged parts of the fort were repaired , but were not rebuilt to their original design . A new magazine was built in 1829 to replace the one destroyed in the mutiny . The fort was also used as a temporary naval hospital in the late 1820s and early 1830s , before Bighi Hospital was opened . During the cholera epidemic of 1837 , patients who had contracted the disease at the Ospizio in Floriana were transferred to Ricasoli . Most of them died within a few days , and they were buried within the nearby Wied Għammieq cemetery . Another cholera epidemic broke out at Ricasoli in 1865 . In 1844 , the fort was manned by 500 men . In 1848 , Sir John Fox Burgoyne inspected Malta 's fortifications , and considered Ricasoli as " impregnable . " In the 1850s , artillery of a higher calibre was introduced to the fort , and the guns were replaced a number of times over the following decades . The seaward enceinte had been completely overhauled by 1878 , and by the 1900s , new gun emplacements , searchlights and a torpedo station had been installed . In the 1930s , concrete fire control towers were built on No. 2 , No. 3 and No. 4 Bastions , and further searchlights were installed . Fort Ricasoli was active in the defence of Malta during World War II , and on 26 July 1941 its guns helped repel an Italian attack on the Grand Harbour . In April 1942 , the gate and Governor 's House were destroyed by German aerial bombardment . After the war , the fort was commissioned as HMS Ricasoli between 1947 and 1958 , and was used as a naval barracks . In 1958 , the gate was rebuilt , although the design was slightly different from the original . The Governor 's House was never reconstructed , mainly for financial reasons . In 1964 , the Admiralty transferred control of the fort to the Government of Malta . = = Recent history = = = = = Industrial use = = = After the fort was handed over to the Maltese government , it was initially abandoned but it later became a container depot for raw material arriving in Malta . In 1976 , part of the ditch near the Left Ravelin was filled in , and St. Dominic Demi @-@ Bastion was breached to make way for a new road . In 1964 , the fort 's ditch became a tank cleaning farm for the Malta Drydocks . The depot , which is known as Ricasoli Tank Cleaning Facilities , treats liquid waste from ships arriving in the Grand Harbour and removes oil and other chemicals prior to releasing the waste into the sea . The facility was privatized in 2012 , and it is currently under the management of Waste Oils Co . Ltd . The area around the fort eventually became an industrial park , which was known as Ricasoli Industrial Estate after the fort . The industrial estate was demolished in 2007 to make way for SmartCity Malta . = = = Filming location = = = Most of the fort is leased to the Malta Film Commission , and it has been used extensively as a location for various films and serials . In recent years , huge sets were built within its walls for the films Gladiator ( 2000 ) , Troy ( 2004 ) and Agora ( 2009 ) . In these films , the fort stood in as Rome , Troy and Alexandria respectively . The fort was also used in the filming of Assassin 's Creed ( 2016 ) . The TV miniseries Julius Caesar ( 2002 ) and Helen of Troy ( 2003 ) were also partially filmed at Fort Ricasoli . A set dubbed as the Roman Road was built for Julius Caesar and this has been retained and used for other films . The first season of HBO 's adaptation of George R. R. Martin 's Game of Thrones used various parts of the fort to represent the Red Keep . = = = Present condition = = = Today , Fort Ricasoli remains largely intact , although it is in a dilapidated state . The headland that it is built upon is prone to coastal erosion , and some of the walls between No. 3 and No. 4 Bastions have already collapsed into the sea . In 2004 , the Restoration Unit of the Ministry of Resources and Infrastructure removed , restored and re @-@ attached part of the fort 's walls , but nothing has been done to restore the entire fort . In May 2015 , the Democratic Alternative and some NGOs suggested that the campus of the proposed American University of Malta should be split up between Fort Ricasoli and the nearby Fort Saint Rocco and Fort San Salvatore . This proposal will not be implemented , as the campus is to be split up between Dock No. 1 in Cospicua and Żonqor Point in Marsaskala . As of 2015 , there is no public access to Fort Ricasoli . = = Layout = = Fort Ricasoli has an irregular plan following the coastline of the peninsula it is built upon . The fort consists of a bastioned land front and its outworks , an enceinte facing the sea , and a tenaille trace facing Rinella Bay of the Grand Harbour . = = = Land front = = = The land front consists of the following bastions and demi @-@ bastions , which are linked together by curtain walls : St. Dominic 's Demi @-@ Bastion , also known as Left Demi @-@ Bastion or No. 5 Bastion – the demi @-@ bastion at the northern end of the land front . It was damaged during the Froberg mutiny of 1807 , when its magazine was blown up . St. Francis Bastion , also known as Central Bastion or No. 6 Bastion – a pentagonal bastion at the centre of the land front . It contains a traverse and a covered abris . St. John 's Demi @-@ Bastion , also known as Right Demi @-@ Bastion or No. 7 Bastion – the demi @-@ bastion at the southern end of the land front . The land front contains casemates , which were used as barracks . The land front is further protected by the following outworks : a faussebraye in the form of a crownwork encircling the entire land front . St. Dominic Counterguard – a casemated counterguard near the left extremity of the land front . It was heavily damaged by the action of seawater , with half of the structure having collapsed . two triangular ravelins between the St. Francis Bastion and either of the demi @-@ bastions . The Left Ravelin contains a 6 @-@ inch ( 152mm ) breech @-@ loading ( BL ) gun emplacement . two caponiers leading from the land front to each of the ravelins . Extensive modifications were made to their structures by the British . The outworks are surrounded by a ditch , a covertway and a glacis . = = = Sea front enceinte = = = The enceinte facing the open sea is made up of the following bastions and curtain walls : No. 1 Bastion – a demi @-@ bastion linked to a tenaille , forming Point Battery . It originally contained an echaugette but this was dismantled to make way for a Directing Station for the Brennan Torpedo System . A gun emplacement for a RML 12 @.@ 5 inch 38 ton gun is located on the bastion 's face . No. 1 Curtain – curtain wall between No. 1 and No. 2 Bastions , containing a casemated battery and a searchlight emplacement . No. 2 Bastion – an asymmetrical bastion containing embrasures , and various British gun emplacements , magazines and a Fire Control Tower . No. 2 Curtain – curtain wall between No. 2 and No. 3 Bastions , containing embrasures , an expense magazine ( where ammunition intended for immediate use was stored ) and a searchlight emplacement . No. 3 Bastion – a flat @-@ faced bastion , containing embrasures and various British gun emplacements , magazines and a Fire Control Tower . a curtain wall near No. 4 Bastion , containing embrasures , magazines and a sally port . Part of the curtain wall has collapsed into the sea . No. 4 Bastion – a small bastion , containing a gun emplacement , magazine , gun crew shelters and a Fire Control Tower . No. 5 Curtain – curtain wall between No. 4 Bastion and St. Dominic Demi @-@ Bastion of the land front , containing gun emplacements , magazines and gun crew shelters . A shallow rock @-@ hewn ditch extends from No. 1 to No. 3 Bastions . = = = Harbour tenaille trace = = = The enceinte along Rinella Bay is made up of a tenaille trace with high walls . The fort 's main gate is located within the enceinte . The Governor 's House ( now demolished ) and Chapel of St. Nicholas are located within the fort , close to the main gate . The fort also contained a windmill , which does not exist anymore . The rock @-@ hewn ditch of Orsi Battery can still be seen at the northern end of the tenaille , at the tip of the peninsula . The British built a Brennan Torpedo Station near the trace in the late 19th century . = = In popular culture = = The fort is featured in the 2013 book Ricasoli Soldier by Joe Scicluna , which centres around the Froberg mutiny of 1807 .
= Don Dufek = Donald Patrick " Don " Dufek , Jr . ( born April 28 , 1954 ) is a former American football player who played safety and special teams for eight seasons with the Seattle Seahawks of the National Football League ( NFL ) . He had previously played for the Michigan Wolverines football team in Ann Arbor from 1973 – 1975 . He was chosen to serve as team captain for both the Seahawks and Wolverines . At Michigan , he was following in the footsteps of his father Don Dufek , Sr. who had been a Wolverine team Most Valuable Player . As a graduate of Pioneer High School in Ann Arbor , Dufek was able to stay close to home while performing as a two @-@ sport star at the University of Michigan where he played for the Michigan Wolverines football and hockey teams . In football , he was a member of back @-@ to @-@ back Big Ten Conference championship teams at Michigan and became an All @-@ American as well as a team captain . Dufek , was sought after as a professional athlete in two sports : Dufek was drafted by teams in the National Hockey League , World Hockey Association and National Football League . He opted for football and played his entire professional career with the Seahawks . He endured several unsuccessful seasons in Seattle , but the team made the playoffs in his final two years . In his role as a special teams player , he again became a team captain . = = Youth = = Dufek grew up in Ann Arbor , the son of former fullback , Don Dufek , Sr. , who was named Most Valuable Player of the 1950 Michigan Wolverines football team and the MVP of the 1951 Rose Bowl . In 1971 , Dufek played linebacker for Ann Arbor Pioneer High School and was one of only three unanimous picks for the major All @-@ State football teams in the State of Michigan , as selected by the United Press International ( UPI ) , Associated Press ( AP ) , and Detroit Free Press . The coach of Pioneer 's cross @-@ town rival Huron High School said of Dufek in 1971 : " He 's the best I 've seen . " In a 2003 interview with the Grand Rapids Press , Dufek recalled growing up in Ann Arbor and meeting his father 's Michigan teammates . " Living in Ann Arbor , and seeing all the things that embody a great university , you learned that there were highly successful people in athletics , and it just made you want to feel a part of it . Then , as you got older , and you got more deeply involved in the game yourself , you just hoped that you had a chance to play in college -- and after watching all those games at Michigan Stadium , that maybe Michigan would take a chance on you . " = = University of Michigan = = = = = Football = = = Michigan provided Dufek with the opportunity that he had hoped for . He played defensive back for the Wolverines from 1973 to 1975 and was named a team co @-@ captain and an All @-@ American as a member of the 1975 Wolverines team . He was chosen as a first @-@ team All @-@ American by the Football Writers Association of America , and the Walter Camp Football Foundation , and as a second @-@ team All @-@ American by UPI . Twice named an All @-@ Big Ten safety , Dufek had 249 tackles , nine fumble recoveries and four interceptions for the Wolverines . Although the 1973 and 1974 Michigan teams were Big Ten co @-@ champions , the Ohio State Buckeyes advanced to the Rose Bowl both years , and Dufek 's only bowl game appearance was in a 14 – 6 loss to the Oklahoma in the 1976 Orange Bowl . = = = Hockey = = = In addition to receiving three varsity letters in football , Dufek also received four letters as a left wing for the Michigan Wolverines hockey team . Dufek played with the hockey team only after the football season ended , and he managed to score about 10 goals a year in the shortened seasons he played . Dufek made a sufficiently solid showing in his freshman and sophomore years at Michigan that the Detroit Red Wings selected him in the sixth round of the 1974 NHL Amateur Draft . He was also drafted by the Minnesota Fighting Saints of the World Hockey Association with the 162nd overall selection in the eleventh round of the 1974 WHA Amateur Draft . In a 1975 interview , Dufek noted his love of both sports : " There are times when I 've thought of dropping one or the other , but heck , I 've been doing this since high school and it would be pretty tough to quit them both now . " Dufek added : " Hockey is a more relaxed thing . It 's a smaller atmosphere and you have to deal with only one or two coaches . You can be more individual and flashy . Football has certain assignments and you can 't really express yourself . " In the end , however , Dufek chose the NFL over the NHL . He explained : " I 've decided to pursue professional football because I would probably have an extensive tour in the hockey minor leagues and I don 't want that . " = = Seattle Seahawks = = Dufek was drafted by the Seahawks with the second selection of fifth round and 126th overall selection of the 1976 NFL Draft . Dufek was one of the original Seahawks in 1976 , the franchise 's first year in the NFL , and he played for them until 1984 . He was the captain of the Seahawks ' special teams units in 1981 and 1982 . During both of these seasons he was co @-@ captain along with eventual Pro Football Hall of Famer and four @-@ term representative in United States House of Representatives , Steve Largent , the captain of the offensive unit and Keith Simpson , captain of the defensive unit . Over the course of his career he had three interceptions , two quarterback sacks , a fumble recovery and thirteen kickoff returns . Sportswriter Richard Kucner once wrote : " Don Dufek was the kind of guy who just won 't take ' No ' for an answer . He was released in training camp four times during his eight @-@ year Seahawks career . But each time , Seattle had a change of heart , bringing him back . Today , he is remembered as one of the best special teams performers the team has had . " After numerous seasons under Jack Patera from 1976 @-@ 1982 and interim coach Mike McCormack in 1982 , the Seahawks finally reached the playoffs in Dufek 's final two seasons under Chuck Knox . During the 1983 NFL season , the Seahawks went 9 @-@ 7 and reached the AFC Championship Game where they lost to the Oakland Raiders . Then , during the 1984 NFL season , the Seahawks went 12 @-@ 4 and failed to reach the Conference Championships during the 1984 @-@ 85 Playoffs . Dufek was interviewed by the Ann Arbor News in 2006 about life in Seattle . He said : " It 's a bigger version of Ann Arbor . It 's overcast , and it 's green and clean . " And there 's the coffee . " It 's really comical , " says Dufek of all the coffee stops in Seattle . " Even the gas stations have coffee bars . " = = Family = = Dufek now lives in Ann Arbor with his wife Candy Dufek . Dufek ran his own construction company , Dufek Wolverine Construction . In December 2006 , the Detroit Free Press did a feature about the Dufek family and their big U @-@ M tailgate parties . The article noted : " It 's hard to get more maize and blue than the Dufek family . Candy Dufek met Donnie Dufek in the first grade in Ann Arbor , and cheered as he played under Bo Schembechler in the 1970s . Younger brother , Bill also played for U @-@ M from 1974 @-@ 78 , also attaining All @-@ American status . Their younger brother Joe , however , played for Yale ( as well as pro ball as a quarterback for the Buffalo Bills and San Diego Chargers ) . They are the sons of legendary U @-@ M Hall of Famer , Don Dufek , Sr. , who scored two touchdowns in U @-@ M 's 1951 Rose Bowl win . " Dufek has two children , Jacqueline and Frank .
= 2008 UAW @-@ Dodge 400 = The 2008 UAW @-@ Dodge 400 was the third stock car race of the 2008 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series . It was held on March 2 , 2008 , before a crowd of 153 @,@ 000 in Las Vegas , Nevada , at Las Vegas Motor Speedway , one of ten intermediate tracks to hold NASCAR races . The 267 @-@ lap race was won by Carl Edwards of the Roush Fenway Racing team who started from second position . Dale Earnhardt Jr. finished second and Edwards ' teammate Greg Biffle came in third . Kyle Busch won the pole position , which he held for 20 laps until he was passed by Edwards . He held the lead until the first green @-@ flag pit stops and regained the position after the stops ended . Busch retook the lead on lap 81 and held it until he was passed by Matt Kenseth . Jeff Gordon took over the lead on lap 163 , before Earnhardt became the leader on the 181st lap and maintained this position until Edwards regained it 14 laps later . The race was stopped for 17 minutes when Gordon crashed on lap 262 , and car parts were strewn into the path of other drivers , requiring officials to clean the track . Edwards maintained the lead at the restart and held it to win the race . There were eleven cautions and 19 lead changes by nine different drivers during the race . The race was Edwards ' second consecutive win of the season , and the ninth of his career . Edwards was later issued with a 100 @-@ point penalty after his car was found to violate NASCAR regulations , dropping him from first to seventh in the Drivers ' Championship . Kyle Busch increased his lead over Ryan Newman to 20 points as a consequence . Ford took over the lead of the Manufacturers ' Championship , five points ahead of Dodge . Chevrolet moved clear of Toyota in third place , with 33 races left in the season . The race attracted 12 @.@ 1 million television viewers . = = Report = = = = = Background = = = The UAW @-@ Dodge 400 was the third scheduled stock car race of the 2008 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series , out of 36 . It was held on March 2 , 2008 , in Las Vegas , Nevada , at Las Vegas Motor Speedway , one of ten intermediate tracks to hold NASCAR races ; the others are Atlanta Motor Speedway , Charlotte Motor Speedway , Chicagoland Speedway , Darlington Raceway , Homestead @-@ Miami Speedway , Kansas Speedway , Kentucky Speedway , New Hampshire Motor Speedway , and Texas Motor Speedway . The standard track at Las Vegas Motor Speedway is a four @-@ turn 1 @.@ 5 @-@ mile ( 2 @.@ 4 km ) oval . Its turns are banked at twenty degrees and both the front stretch ( the location of the finish line ) and the back stretch are banked at nine degrees . Before the race , Kyle Busch led the Drivers ' Championship with 335 points , ahead of Ryan Newman in second and Tony Stewart third . Kurt Busch and Carl Edwards were fourth and fifth , and Kasey Kahne , Kevin Harvick , Jimmie Johnson , Greg Biffle , Jeff Burton , Brian Vickers and Martin Truex Jr. rounded out the top twelve . In the Manufacturers ' Championship , Dodge and Ford were tied for the lead with twelve points each ; their rivals Chevrolet and Toyota were tied for third place with ten points each . Johnson was the race 's defending champion . In preparation for the race , NASCAR held the second of its two pre @-@ season tests for Sprint Cup entrants on January 28 – 29 at Las Vegas Motor Speedway . Sessions began at 9 : 00 a.m. EST , paused from 12 : 00 to 1 : 00 p.m. , and concluded at 5 : 00 p.m. Sixty @-@ seven cars participated in the January 28 morning session ; Denny Hamlin was quickest with a top speed of 178 @.@ 265 miles per hour ( 286 @.@ 890 km / h ) , while Kyle Busch was quickest in the afternoon session , with a top speed of 183 @.@ 350 miles per hour ( 295 @.@ 073 km / h ) . Several incidents occurred during the second session ; Regan Smith spun leaving turn @-@ two and damaged his car 's nose after hitting the inside wall ; Sam Hornish Jr. heavily damaged his car after scraping the wall hard ; and Dario Franchitti heavily damaged his Dodge 's rear @-@ end after spinning . Jacques Villeneuve spun but did not damage his car ; David Ragan wrecked after spinning off turn @-@ two ; and Mark Martin damaged the front @-@ end of his vehicle when he hit a cement piling after swerving to avoid a tow truck . During the third session with seventy @-@ four cars , Edwards had the fastest speed of 184 @.@ 256 miles per hour ( 296 @.@ 531 km / h ) , and Burton damaged the right @-@ hand side of his car after hitting the wall . Juan Pablo Montoya recorded the fastest speed of the two days , at 186 @.@ 761 miles per hour ( 300 @.@ 563 km / h ) in the fourth and final session . Edwards was looking forward to the race weekend and felt that his result would be good . Biffle was confident he could secure a top @-@ five finishing position , and stated if his car 's handling was good , he believed he could be in contention for winning the race . Having won twice at the track in the early 2000s , Kenseth stated that he enjoyed racing at Las Vegas Motor Speedway and hoped the Roush Fenway Racing cars would be able to contend for race victories . Johnson was considered by some bookmakers to be the favorite to win the race , and in the event he succeeded , he would have become the first person to secure four consecutive victories in a NASCAR Cup Series racing event since Gordon won the Southern 500 four times between 1995 and 1998 . He said that it would be " great " if he took the victory but would not approach the event differently than at a track where he had not won a race . There was one change of driver before the race . Jon Wood , the grandson of retired driver Glen Wood , was originally scheduled to replace 1988 NASCAR Winston Cup Series champion Bill Elliott in the No. 21 Wood Brothers Racing car , but withdrew because of a lack of experience with the Car of Tomorrow , and former Haas CNC Racing driver Johnny Sauter took over his seat . Wood said he felt Sauter was a better qualifier and Elliott was not available to drive . Kahne developed a sinus infection two days before the event , and his team had Nationwide Series driver Jason Keller ready to replace him if he could not compete . = = = Practice and qualifier = = = Three practice sessions were held before the Sunday race , one on Friday and two on Saturday . The first session lasted 90 minutes , the second 45 minutes and the third 60 minutes . In the first practice session , Kyle Busch was fastest with a time of 30 @.@ 009 seconds ; Jeff Gordon was second and Johnson third . Stewart took fourth , and David Reutimann was placed fifth . Dale Earnhardt Jr . , Edwards , Elliott Sadler , Kurt Busch , and Jeremy Mayfield rounded out the session 's top ten fastest drivers . Hornish made contact with the turn @-@ two barrier , while Reed Sorenson and Patrick Carpentier spun in turn @-@ four but avoided damaging their cars . Montoya switched to a back @-@ up car after heavily colliding with the turn @-@ two wall , and Bobby Labonte did the same after he lost control in turn @-@ four and damaged his left @-@ rear quarter . Kahne made light contact with the turn @-@ four wall , repaired by his team . Although 47 drivers were entered in the qualifier , according to NASCAR 's qualifying procedure only 43 could race . Each driver ran two laps , with the starting order determined by the competitor 's fastest times . Drivers who recorded their lap times early in the session were at an advantage because the track was cooler and thus gave more grip . Edwards felt his car had oversteer during his run . Kyle Busch won the third pole position of his career with a time of 29 @.@ 613 seconds . He was joined on the grid 's front row by Edwards , who was 0 @.@ 125 seconds slower and had the pole position until Kyle Busch 's lap . Martin qualified third , Gordon fourth , and Mike Skinner fifth . Biffle , Scott Riggs , Earnhardt , Kurt Busch , and Sadler completed the top ten qualifiers . The four drivers that failed to qualify were A. J. Allmendinger , Joe Nemechek , John Andretti , and Sauter ( who crashed at turn @-@ two on his first qualifying lap ) . Burney Lamar withdrew from the race prior to qualifying . After the qualifier Busch said his team was aware of the car 's potential which was displayed in Friday 's sole practice session and the January test session ; he was worried about his vehicle being very tight going into the first and second turns having been on the accelerator pedal throughout his fastest lap . On Saturday afternoon , Matt Kenseth was fastest in the second practice session with a time of 30 @.@ 321 seconds , ahead of Clint Bowyer and Earnhardt . Travis Kvapil was fourth @-@ fastest ; David Gilliland was fifth and Biffle sixth . Johnson , Newman , Hornish and Edwards followed in the top ten . Kyle Busch scraped the outside wall while driving up the track ; he sustained minor damage and did not switch to a back @-@ up car . Later that day , Kahne paced the final practice session with a time of 30 @.@ 580 seconds ; Edwards was second and Paul Menard third . Gordon was fourth @-@ fastest , ahead of Hendrick Motorsports teammates Johnson and Earnhardt . Reutimann was seventh @-@ fastest , Biffle eighth , Bowyer ninth , and Dave Blaney tenth . Bowyer moved to the outside of the track but was unable to steer left and hit the outside wall leaving turn @-@ two and into the backstretch ; he came down the track and Kyle Petty hit Bowyer and damaged his front @-@ left fender before Bowyer 's car stopped after he made contact with the inside wall . Bowyer was required to use a back @-@ up car but Petty was able to repair his chassis . = = = Race = = = Live television coverage of the race began at 3 : 30 p.m. EST in the United States on Fox . Around the start of the race , weather conditions were sunny , between 54 and 64 ° F ( 12 and 18 ° C ) , and no rain was expected . Gusty winds from the north created strong headwinds on the back straight . Kenny Farmer , chaplain of Las Vegas Motor Speedway , began pre @-@ race ceremonies with an invocation . Actress Carol Linnae Johnson of the stage production Mamma Mia ! performed the national anthem , and John Byers , co @-@ director of UAW @-@ Chrysler National Training Center , commanded the drivers to start their engines . During the pace laps , two drivers moved to the rear of the field because of unapproved changes : Bowyer had switched to a back @-@ up car , and Kahne had changed his engine . The race started at 4 : 48 p.m. ; Kyle Busch maintained his pole position advantage heading into the first corner and led the field on the first lap . Carpentier went up the track on the same lap but avoided hitting the barriers , while Reutimann did the same and scraped the outside wall , causing right @-@ rear damage to his car . He was black @-@ flagged by NASCAR because debris was dangling from his vehicle . Reutimann 's right @-@ rear tire exploded while entering the pit road on lap five but no debris was left on the track . On lap eight , Bowyer hit the wall , causing Kahne to drive down the track . He also made contact with Jamie McMurray , who slid through the infield frontstretch grass , causing the first caution flag and the appearance of the pace car . During the caution , most drivers elected to make pit stops for tires , and eighteen drivers remained on the track . Kyle Busch stayed out and led the field back up to speed on the lap twelve restart . Four laps later , Edwards started to challenge Kyle Busch for the lead . Jeff Gordon moved up to third on lap 18 , and Martin moved from third to eighth by the same lap . Kyle Busch and Edwards ran alongside each other in the battle for the first position on lap 20 ; the battle concluded after Edwards passed Kyle Busch on the following lap . Gordon was passed by Biffle for third place on lap 22 , while Kurt Busch moved up to fifth on the same lap . By lap 28 , Biffle had closed the gap to Kyle Busch and passed him for second position two laps later . Edwards had a 1 @.@ 3 @-@ second lead over teammate Biffle on the same lap . Kyle Busch fell to fourth place after Gordon passed him on the 33rd lap . Kyle Busch reclaimed the third position from Gordon two laps later ; Kurt Busch had moved into third after moving ahead of Gordon on the same lap . By the 42nd lap , Edwards and teammate Biffle had opened a three @-@ second lead over Kyle Busch . Riggs and Kurt Busch both moved in front of Kyle Busch for third and fourth positions on lap 45 . Green @-@ flag pit stops began on lap 48 . Edwards and Biffle made pit stops on lap 49 , handing the lead to Riggs . Hornish hit the turn @-@ two outside wall on the following lap after his right @-@ front tire went down in the tri @-@ oval , and sustained damage to his right @-@ front quarter panel , but no debris came off his car . After the pit stops , Edwards regained the lead and held a five @-@ second lead over Kyle Busch ; Martin moved into third place , Riggs regained fourth place , and Harvick moved up to fifth place by lap 65 . Three laps later , a second caution was needed when debris was spotted at turn @-@ two . Most of the leaders , including Edwards , made pit stops . Jeff Burton chose to remain on the track and led on the lap @-@ 75 restart , ahead of Earnhardt and Kyle Busch . On lap 78 , Kyle Busch moved ahead of Earnhardt to take second place and began to close the gap to Burton . Kyle Busch passed Burton to reclaim the lead three laps later , and opened up a 1 @.@ 3 @-@ second advantage over Burton by the 92nd lap . Earnhardt was passed by Edwards for fifth place on lap 94 and Biffle got ahead of Gordon for seventh on the same lap . Edwards gained fourth place when he passed Stewart on the 96th lap , and Burton lost second to Kenseth two laps later . On lap 102 , Burton fell to fourth place after Edwards passed him . By lap 105 , Kyle Busch held a 3 @.@ 1 @-@ second lead over Kenseth . Three laps later , the third caution was triggered when Stewart 's car made heavy contact with the turn @-@ two wall after his right @-@ front tire burst . Stewart grazed his foot and climbed out of his car ; emergency workers helped take him to a waiting car that took him to the infield medical center for further examination . All of the race leaders , including Edwards , chose to make pit stops for tires and car adjustments under caution . NASCAR required Edwards to fall back to the end of the longest line because one of his crew members had allowed one of his tires to roll away from his pit box during his stop . Kyle Busch maintained the lead at the restart on lap 114 ; he was followed by Kenseth and Gordon . Kenseth passed Kyle Busch to take the lead on lap 117 . On the same lap , Gordon passed Busch . By lap 135 , Kenseth had opened up a 2 @.@ 2 @-@ second lead over Gordon . Biffle moved in front of Burton for fourth place on the 139th lap . On lap 144 , Robby Gordon 's right @-@ front tire blew , causing him to hit the turn @-@ two wall , and the fourth caution was triggered . All of the race leaders made pit stops during the caution . Kenseth remained the leader at the lap @-@ 149 restart ; he was followed by Gordon . The fifth caution was deployed twelve laps later when Carpentier was squeezed towards the backstretch outside wall by Newman , causing Carpentier to slide down the track and hit the inside wall . During the caution , the leading drivers , including Kenseth , elected to make pit stops for tires . Gordon took the lead and maintained it at the lap @-@ 165 restart . Biffle and his teammate Kenseth drove alongside each other in a battle for second place on lap 166 , until Biffle escaped and ran onto the apron on the next lap . Mayfield burst his right @-@ front tire on lap 171 , but no debris came off his car , avoiding the need for a caution . Six laps later , Biffle passed Kyle Busch to take fifth place . Riggs experienced oversteer in the fourth turn while running down the inside of Labonte ; Franchitti ran into Riggs , causing the sixth caution on lap 179 . All of the leaders , including Kenseth , elected to make pit stops for tires . Earnhardt led the field on the lap @-@ 183 restart ; he was followed by Harvick and Edwards . Gordon moved into fifth place by lap 188 . Harvick fell to fourth place when Edwards and Kenseth passed him . Edwards passed Earnhardt to reclaim the lead on lap 195 , while Earnhardt lost a further position after Kenseth got ahead of him on the same lap . Ten laps later , Biffle moved ahead of Harvick to take fifth place , while his teammate Kenseth had a 1 @.@ 5 @-@ second lead over the second @-@ place Edwards by the 211th lap . Three laps later , the seventh caution was issued when officials located debris in the turn @-@ two groove . The leaders , including Edwards , chose to make pit stops for tires and car adjustments . One tire from Edwards ' car went outside his pit box but he was not penalized because a cameraman blocked Edwards ' crew from retrieving the tire . Kenseth led the field back up to speed on the lap @-@ 219 restart ; Earnhardt was in second place and Edwards third . Casey Mears hit Vickers , who spun and triggered the eighth caution on lap 224 ; both drivers avoided contacting the wall . Kenseth maintained the lead on the lap @-@ 227 restart . Edwards drove up the track in an attempt to take the lead on lap 229 , but Kenseth kept the position . Four laps later , the ninth caution was needed when Dale Jarrett spun and hit the turn @-@ two outside wall . Kenseth remained the leader at the restart on lap 236 . Edwards passed teammate Kenseth for the lead two laps later , and began to pull away . Earnhardt caught up to Kenseth by lap 243 and ten laps later he passed Kenseth for second . Kurt Busch 's right @-@ front tire exploded , causing him to hit the wall between turns three and four , and the tenth caution was shown on lap 256 . Kurt Busch retired from the race because of his crash . Edwards remained in the lead for the lap @-@ 262 restart . Earnhardt spun his tires , forcing Kenseth onto the outside lane and Gordon to the inside where he passed Earnhardt . Kenseth moved in front of Earnhardt and then made contact with Gordon , who was sent into the inside backstretch retaining wall , which had no SAFER barrier installed . Gordon 's car 's radiator flew out from its chassis and into the path of oncoming traffic . Kenseth slid but was able to straighten his car and continue . The final caution was initially waved before a red @-@ flag was shown , which stopped the race to allow officials to remove debris from the track . The race resumed 17 minutes later , with Edwards leading Earnhardt and Biffle . Edwards maintained the lead for the remaining two laps to secure his second consecutive win and the ninth of his career . Earnhardt finished second , ahead of Biffle in third place , Harvick in fourth , and Burton in fifth . Ragan , Kahne , Kvapil , Hamlin , and Martin rounded out the top ten finishers . The race had eleven cautions and nineteen lead changes among nine drivers . Edwards led four times for a total of 86 laps , more than any other competitor . = = = Post @-@ race comments = = = Edwards appeared in victory lane in front of the crowd of 153 @,@ 000 people to celebrate his second victory of the season , earning him $ 425 @,@ 675 . He was pleased with the result , saying it was " a very special win " and that he felt he was close to the form he had achieved in 2005 : " I tried hard to stay calm . And I 'm not the best at it sometimes . We all know that . " He added , " We do this to win . Winning these races is the greatest . Winning a championship would be the ultimate . What we ’ re trying to do is win the championship this year . That ’ s our number @-@ one goal . ” Second @-@ place finisher Earnhardt was disappointed , saying he had his car in his chosen position but the red @-@ flag period prevented him from winning the race : " Carl wasn 't going to get beat today . He had it in the bag . He was so strong ... I was terrible on cold tires . I wish all of you knew what that felt like . I hate it . " Biffle was philosophical as he argued that he had the fastest car but did not gain the track position he needed to challenge Edwards because he slid on pit road . Despite his injury , Stewart said he hoped to participate in a planned two @-@ day test session at Phoenix International Raceway . He also said he was worried about his crash because his legs and hips were tingling and his lower back was in pain . Stewart said the crash scared him and the tingling in his legs had improved after leaving the infield care center . Gordon said his crash on lap 264 was " probably the hardest hit I 've ever taken " and admitted fault for causing the crash . According to Kenseth , " I knew he was going to get a run on me , so I laid back a little bit ... We came off [ turn ] 2 and I was up as high as I thought I could , and Jeff just came across . Whether it was on purpose or not , it just kind of wiped us out . " Gordon said he hoped Speedway Motorsports chairman and chief executive Bruton Smith ( the owner of Las Vegas Motor Speedway ) would install SAFER barriers along the inside retaining walls around the track . Biffle said there should have been no open gaps in the circuit barriers and that all NASCAR tracks should have SAFER barriers installed . After consultation with NASCAR officials , construction crews installed a 1 @,@ 700 @-@ foot ( 520 m ) long SAFER barrier along the inside backstretch wall in August 2008 . After the race , NASCAR announced it had found a problem with the lid on the oil reservoir encasement during a post @-@ race inspection on Edwards ' car , which was later taken to the NASCAR Research and Development Center in Concord , North Carolina , for further analysis . Three days after the race , Roush Fenway Racing was given penalties for " actions detrimental to stock car racing " , " car , car parts , components and / or equipment used do not conform to NASCAR rules " , and a device or duct work that permitted air to pass through the car from one area of the interior of the car to another , or to the outside of the car . The penalties included a $ 100 @,@ 000 fine and a six @-@ race suspension for Edwards ' crew chief Bob Osborne , who was suspended from NASCAR until April 30 , 2008 , and placed on probation until December 31 , 2008 . Roush Fenway Racing chief engineer Chris Andrews took over Osborne 's role at the next race weekend . Edwards and car owner Jack Roush incurred the loss of 100 driver and owner points . In the event that Edwards qualified for the Chase for the Sprint Cup , he would not receive ten bonus points awarded to him for winning the race which was used to determine the seeding order . Edwards was allowed to keep the victory ; he moved from first to seventh in the Drivers ' Championship . On March 12 , Roush Fenway Racing announced it would not appeal the penalties . Roush Fenway Racing president Geoff Smith said a bolt that held the oil lid together did not work because of vibration harmonics generated by Edwards ' car and the Las Vegas race track . Edwards said the infraction was " an absolute mistake " and that his team had no intention of cheating . Edwards ' teammate Biffle and Newman agreed the penalties were justified . According to Sadler , the penalties were not severe enough ; he argued that the driver should be penalized or required to miss one event . Toyota Racing Development General Manager Lee White said Roush Fenway Racing had modified Edwards ' car to enhance downforce by 240 lb ( 110 kg ) , which increased the car 's horsepower leaving the corners . Roush felt White 's comments were motivated by results . White later issued a statement in which he apologized for his comments . An internal investigation found no evidence that another person had intentionally caused the bolt to come loose , and that the team enacted protective measures to ensure the oil lid would stay fastened in future events . The result meant Kyle Busch maintained his lead in the Drivers ' Championship , twenty points ahead of Newman in second place . Kahne 's seventh @-@ place finish allowed him to advance into third place , sixteen points in front of Harvick , who also moved up three positions . Biffle was in fifth place on 427 points . Burton , Edwards , Truex , Sadler , Earnhardt , Stewart and Kurt Busch rounded out the top twelve . Ford moved into the lead of the Manufacturers ' Championship , five points ahead of Dodge . Chevrolet moved three points clear of Toyota . The event had a television audience of 12 @.@ 1 million viewers ; it took three hours , eight minutes , and eight seconds to complete the race , and the margin of victory was 0 @.@ 504 seconds . = = Results = = = = = Qualifying = = = = = = Race = = = = = Standings after the race = =
= The Boat Race 1953 = The 99th Boat Race took place on 28 March 1953 . Held annually , the Boat Race is a side @-@ by @-@ side rowing race between crews from the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge along the River Thames . The race , in which the Oxford crew was slightly heavier than their opponents , was umpired by former rower Gerald Ellison . Cambridge won by eight lengths in a time of 19 minutes 54 seconds . It was their sixth win in seven years and took the overall record in the event to 54 – 44 in their favour . = = Background = = The Boat Race is a side @-@ by @-@ side rowing competition between the University of Oxford ( sometimes referred to as the " Dark Blues " ) and the University of Cambridge ( sometimes referred to as the " Light Blues " ) . First held in 1829 , the race takes place on the 4 @.@ 2 @-@ mile ( 6 @.@ 8 km ) Championship Course on the River Thames in southwest London . The rivalry is a major point of honour between the two universities ; it is followed throughout the United Kingdom and , as of 2014 , broadcast worldwide . Oxford went into the race as reigning champions , having won the 1952 race by a canvas , with Cambridge leading overall with 53 victories to Oxford 's 44 ( excluding the " dead heat " of 1877 ) . Cambridge were coached by James Crowden ( who had represented Cambridge in the 1951 and 1952 races ) , David Jennens ( who rowed three times between 1949 and 1951 ) , Roy Meldrum ( a coach for Lady Margaret Boat Club ) and R. H. H. Symonds ( who had rowed in the 1931 race ) . Oxford 's coaches were A. J. M. Durand ( who had rowed for the Dark Blues in the 1920 race ) , Hugh " Jumbo " Edwards ( who rowed for Oxford in 1926 and 1930 ) , R. D. Hill ( who rowed in the 1940 wartime race ) and J. H. Page . The race was umpired for the second time by former Oxford rower and Bishop of Willesden Gerald Ellison . In the build @-@ up to the race , opinions were divided on which crew was favourite to win . According to the rowing correspondent of The Manchester Guardian , upon arrival at Putney , Oxford demonstrated " great superiority " over Cambridge , yet the Light Blues had improved , and had " the pace , if not the form , to win " . The Times had declared " Oxford the stronger crew " on the day of the race . Queen Mary had died four days prior to the race ; the coxes wore black armbands and the flag post on the umpire 's launch was draped in black as marks of respect . The umpire was accompanied on his launch by the Chancellor of the University of Cambridge Lord Tedder . = = Crews = = The Oxford crew weighed an average of 12 st 13 lb ( 81 @.@ 9 kg ) , 3 pounds ( 1 @.@ 4 kg ) per rower more than their opponents . Cambridge saw two rowers return to their crew : J. S. M. Jones at number two and G. T. Marshall at number four . Oxford 's crew contained three rowers with Boat Race experience : A. J. Smith , M. L. Thomas and H. M. C. Quick . Two of the participants in the race were registered as non @-@ British : Oxford 's Smith was Australian while Cambridge 's L. B. McCagg was from the United States . The rowing correspondent for The Times described Oxford 's crew as containing " no outstanding individuals " yet " no weak links " . Conversely , Cambridge 's crew was " variable " in quality but in former Harvard University rower Louis McCagg , they had the " outstanding oarsman in either crew " . = = Race = = Cambridge won the toss and elected to start from the Surrey station , handing the Middlesex side of the river to Oxford . On a poor tide and in a strong south @-@ westerly wind , umpire Ellison started the race at 12 noon . Both crews rated 36 for the first minute , after which the Light Blues held a quarter @-@ length lead . Passing Beverley Brook , the bend in the river began to favour Oxford but Cambridge continued to pull away and were clear by a length as the crews passed the Mile Post . They increased the lead by a further half @-@ length as they passed the Crab Tree pub , and although Oxford made several bursts , they passed below Hammersmith Bridge six seconds behind the Light Blues , and fell in behind them , the " first visible gesture of despair " according to The Manchester Guardian 's rowing correspondent . Pushing away from the bridge , Oxford stayed in touch with Cambridge for a brief period , although could not reduce their lead . Rowing into rough water towards Chiswick Eyot , Cambridge moved across to seek shelter closer to the Surrey shore , while Oxford continued in the difficult conditions . A lead of 14 seconds by Chiswick Steps was calmly extended to 20 seconds by the time the crews passed below Barnes Bridge . Cambridge won by eight lengths in a time of 19 minutes 54 seconds , a time which " could have been shortened by at least half a minute had the winners been pressed " . It was their sixth victory in the past seven and the fastest winning time since the 1949 race . The rowing correspondent for The Times described the result as a " spectacular reversal of form " having failed to show the pace they demonstrated in practice .
= Dresden Triptych = The Dresden Triptych ( or Virgin and Child with St. Michael and St. Catherine and a Donor , or Triptych of the Virgin and Child ) is a very small hinged @-@ triptych altarpiece by the Early Netherlandish painter Jan van Eyck . It consists of five individual panel paintings : a central inner panel , and two double @-@ sided wings . It is signed and dated 1437 , and in the permanent collection of the Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister , Dresden , with the panels still in their original frames . The only extant triptych attributed to van Eyck , and the only non @-@ portrait signed with his personal motto , ALC IXH XAN ( " I Do as I Can " ) . the triptych can be placed at the midpoint of his known works . It echoes a number of the motifs of his earlier works while marking an advancement in his ability in handling depth of space , and establishes iconographic elements of Marian portraiture that were to become widespread by the latter half of the 15th century . Elisabeth Dhanens describes it as " the most charming , delicate and appealing work by Jan van Eyck that has survived " . The paintings on the two outer wings become visible when the triptych is closed . They show the Virgin Mary and Archangel Gabriel in an Annunciation scene painted in grisaille , which because of their near @-@ monochrome colouring give the impression that the figures are sculpted . The three inner panels are set in an ecclesiastical interior . In the central inner panel Mary is seated and holds the Christ Child on her lap . On the left hand wing Archangel Michael presents a kneeling donor , while on the right St. Catherine of Alexandria stands reading a prayer book . The interior panels are outlined with two layers of painted bronze frames , inscribed with mostly Latin lettering . The texts are drawn from a variety of sources , in the central frames from biblical descriptions of the assumption , while the inner wings are lined with fragments of prayers dedicated to saints Michael and Catherine . The work may have been intended for private devotion , perhaps as a portable altarpiece for a migrant cleric . That the frames are so richly decorated with Latin inscriptions indicates that the donor , whose identity is lost , was highly educated and cultured . Because of a lack of surviving documentary evidence on commissions of 15th century @-@ Northern painting , the identities of donors are often established through evidence gathered by modern art historians . In this work , damaged coats of arms on the borders of the interior wings have been identified with the Giustiniani of Genoa – an influential albergo active from 1362 – who established trade links with Bruges as early as the mid @-@ 14th century . = = Provenance and attribution = = The Dresden Triptych was probably in the possession of the Giustiniani family in the mid- to late @-@ 15th century . It is mentioned in a May 10 , 1597 record of a purchase by Vincenzo Gonzaga , Duke of Mantua , and was then sold with the Gonzaga Collection to Charles I of England in 1627 . After Charles 's fall and execution , the painting went to Paris and was owned by Eberhard Jabach , the Cologne @-@ based banker and art dealer for Louis XIV and Cardinal Mazarin . A year after Jabach 's death in 1695 , it passed to the Elector of Saxony , and next appears in a 1754 inventory of the Dresden Collection , attributed to Albrecht Dürer , until the German historian Aloys Hirt in 1830 established it as a van Eyck . In the mid @-@ 19th century the Dresden catalogues first attribute it to Hubert van Eyck ( d . 1426 ) and a few years later to Jan. Van Eyck signed , dated and added his motto to the central panel , a fact only discovered when the frame was removed in the course of a mid @-@ 20th century restoration , and confirmed with the 1959 discovery of the signature which is placed along with the words IOHANNIS DE EYCK ME FECIT ET C [ OM ] PLEVIT ANNO D [ OMINI MCCCCXXXVII.ALC IXH XAN ( " Jan Van Eyck Made And Completed Me In The Year 1437 . As I Can " ) . The word " completed " ( complevit ) may suggest the completion date , but as master painters of the era typically had workshops to assist on major works , the wording can be seen as aggressively socially ambitious ; perhaps an arrogant master painter indicating his workshop assistants had little material involvement in the panels , and that he was primarily responsible for its design and execution . This view is reinforced by the fact that it is the only non @-@ portrait to contain van Eyck 's motto , ALC IXH XAN . Until the discovery of the signature the piece was variously dated to an early piece from the 1420s to his later period in the late 1430s . Because the panels are so definitely attributed they are often used as a touchstone to date van Eyck 's other works ; there are a number of evident stylistic developments , including the type of stained glass windows and mouldings around the arcades , and his ability at handling perspective , which can be used to determine if other works at least pre @-@ date the triptych . The central panel has often been compared to his unsigned and undated Lucca Madonna of c . 1436 . That work echoes the central panel of the Dresden triptych in a number of aspects , including the dark green canopy , the figuration and positioning of Mary , her heavily @-@ folded dress , the orange and brown pigments of the floor , the geometric carpet and the wooden carvings . The Lucca Madonna is thought to be a portrait of the artist 's much younger wife , Margaret . = = Description = = The work measures 33 by 27 @.@ 5 centimetres ( 13 @.@ 0 in × 10 @.@ 8 in ) including the frames . Given this miniaturist scale , the triptych probably functioned as a portable devotional piece , or altare portabile . Members of the upper @-@ classes and nobility acquired these through papal dispensation , to use during travel and typically during pilgrimage . Van Eyck 's patron and employer Philip the Good owned at least one portable triptych of which fragments survive . The three inner panels comprise a typical sacra conversazione , a form established in Italy in the latter half of the 14th century with a patron saint presenting the donor , usually kneeling , to an enthroned " Deity or Mother of God " . John Ward believes the rich and complex iconography and symbolic meaning van Eyck employed in his religious panels served to highlight the co @-@ existence the artist saw between the spiritual and material worlds . In his earlier paintings , subtle iconographical features – referred to as disguised symbolism – are typically woven into the work , as " relatively small , in the background , or in the shadow [ details ] " . These elements include the apparition of the Virgin before the donor , whose panel contains carvings that seem to be reflective of events of his life . In his religious panels after 1436 , van Eyck 's reliance on iconographical or symbolic elements is greatly reduced . Ward speculates the reduced size of the work or the wishes of the commissioner influenced this choice , or he " decided that he had exhausted the most interesting possibilities and .... much of his carefully planned symbolism went unappreciated by patrons or by viewers . " According to Jacobs , the work reflects a system of symbolism in so far as heavenly and earthly objects are juxtaposed . This is most evident in the disparity between the monochromatic exterior and vivid inner panels . = = = Frames = = = The triptych retains its original frames , which are both ornate and served to protect the piece from the effects of light and smoke during travel and when in situ . The inner frames have recessed mouldings and are carved with gilded inscriptions , and the top corners of the two wing panels each bear a carved set of coat of arms . The lettering and phrases in Latin serve a dual purpose . They are decorative , similar to margins in medieval manuscripts , and set the context for the imagery ; van Eyck would have expected the viewer to contemplate text and imagery in unison . Writing about Early Netherlandish triptychs , Jacobs says the inscriptions serve to distinguish and separate between the worldly and spiritual spheres , with the panels showing earthly images while the inscriptions on the frames act as reminder of heavenly influence . The letterings reinforce the duality between the earthly and heavenly , with St. Catherine 's a reminder of ascetic piety while the figure herself is depicted in sumptuous garments and jewels . The inscriptions on the central panel are fragments from the Book of Wisdom ( 7 : 26 and 7 : 29 ) , and Ecclesiastes ( 24 : 23 – 24 ) . Those on the wing panels are taken from texts referring directly to the two saints . = = = Inner panels = = = = = = = Virgin and Child = = = = In the central panel the Virgin and Child are enthroned in a church nave within a columned basilica running on either side . The columns are painted using a variety of dark red , orange and grey pigments , a colour scheme which Peter Heath describes as lending to a " sense of airy silence " . The throne is positioned on a dais , before a lavishly detailed oriental carpet lying on a similarly geometrically designed tiled floor . The arms of the canopied throne and the arches to either side contain carved or sculptured figures , including tiny representations of Isaac , and David and Goliath , although art historian Antje Maria Neuner reads this carving as showing Jephthah sacrificing his daughter . Mary wears a richly embroidered and as is typical for van Eyck , voluminous red robe , which effectively serves as a cloth of honour . The robe is placed over a blue square @-@ cut underdress edged with a jewelled border . In van Eyck 's Marian paintings , he almost always clothes her in red writes Pächt , which makes her seem to dominate the space . The Christ Child is naked and holds towards the donor a banderole adorned with a phrase from the Gospel of Matthew ( 11 : 29 ) , DISCITE A ME , QUIA MITIS SUM ET HUMILIS CORDE ( " Learn of me , for I am meek and lowly in heart " ) . Mary 's presence in the church is symbolic ; she and the child occupy the area where the altar would normally be situated . Like van Eyck 's two other late Madonna portraits ( Virgin and Child with Canon van der Paele of 1436 and Madonna in the Church of c . 1438 – 40 ) , Mary is unrealistically large and out of proportion to her surroundings . This reflects the influence of 12th- and 13th @-@ century Italian artists such as Cimabue and Giotto , who in turn drew on the tradition of monumental depictions of Mary from Byzantine icons . According to Lorne Campbell , Mary is presented as if about to " rise from her throne and advance into the same plane as St. Michael and St. Catherine , she would tower above them and also above the columns of the church . " This idea is in keeping with van Eyck 's tendency in such portraits to present Mary as if she was an apparition materialising before the donor in response to his prayer and devotion . Van Eyck 's Mary is here monumental , but less overwhelmingly large than in 13th century works . She is disproportionate to the architecture in her panel , but approximately proportional to the figures in the wings . This restraint evidences the beginning of van Eyck 's mature phase , most evidently seen in the composition 's " greater spatial depth " . Christ 's pose closely follows that of the Paele Madonna ; his body still leans towards the donor but here his head faces the viewer more directly . = = = = Saints and donor wings = = = = St. Catherine and the Archangel Michael occupy the right and left hand panels respectively . They appear to stand in either the aisles or ambulatories , and a few bays to the fore compared to the central panel . Their depictions are in keeping with the artist 's evolving style : the aisles convey spaciousness , especially by the implied spaces out of view , while both saints subtly lean close to Mary . The use of perspective makes the saints appear small ; according to Pächt they are " less solid than the massive figures in the Paele Madonna . It was this Gothic daintiness that led many scholars ... to place this among Jan van Eyck 's early work " . The two side panels are filled with light streaming through the windows that reflects off the saints ' accoutrements , glinting from St. Michael 's armour and St. Catherine 's bejewelled steel sword . On the right panel St. Catherine is presented as almost the essence of a gothic princess . She stands reading a book in " ravishing modesty " , with unbound blonde hair , which is topped with an elaborate jewelled crown very similar to that in the Madonna of Chancellor Rolin , combined with her rich blue gown and tabard of white draped ermine showing her as the princess she was . A golden chain with a jewelled pendant hangs from her neck . The attributes associated with her are included in her depiction . In her right hand , she holds the sword used for her beheading and at her feet lies the breaking wheel on which she was tortured . Like the woman in van Eyck 's Arnolfini Portrait she is " fashionably pear @-@ shaped " ; Heath describes her attire as " more dazzling than the Virgin 's " , mirroring St. Michael 's splendid armour on the opposite panel . St. Catherine 's presence can be attributed to a number of factors . At that period her reputation and popularity were second to Mary 's ; she was both an educated and outspoken woman during her lifetime – characteristics that perhaps mirrored the donor 's . She is absorbed in her book in a contemplative manner , which might be reflective of a donor with a similar temperament . The frame of her wing is inscribed with the words VIRGO PRUDENS ANELAVIT , GRANUM SIBI RESERVAVIT , VENTILANDO PALEAM . DISIPLINUS EST IMBUTA PUELLA COELESTIBUS , NUDA NUDUM EST SECUTA CHRISTUM PASSIBUS , DUM MUNDANIS EST EXUTA ECT ( " The prudent virgin has longed for the starry throne where she has made her place ready ; leaving the world 's threshing floor , she saved the grain for herself by winnowing the chaff . The young girl has been steeped in heavenly learning . Stripped of everything , with sure footsteps she followed Christ until she was delivered from earthly affairs " ) . A landscape can be seen through the window behind St. Catherine . Because of the miniature scale of the painting it can be seen only at close up . The view is built with extremely fine brushwork and shows a number of highly detailed buildings and hills before snowcapped mountains . A lance rests against the shoulder of a youthful @-@ looking St. Michael . Michael is dressed in elaborately jewelled and coloured armour , his left arm holding his helmet , while his right hand rests on the shoulder of the donor as he is presented to Mary . The donor kneels in prayer before the Virgin , with his hands held upwards as if in prayer , although they are not clasped . He wears a gold ring on his right small finger , and is dressed in a long olive @-@ green houppelande , at the time the height of fashion and an indicator of status within the Burgundian court . The gown has a fur @-@ lined high collar and deep baggy sleeves , also lined with fur . The donor 's bowl @-@ shaped haircut , rounded at the fringe but cut above his ears , is also typical of mid @-@ 1430s Netherlandish fashion . Except for the red hood , the garment closely resembles that worn by the groom in the Arnolfini Portrait . The capital of the pillar above the donor 's head is lined with carvings of military scenes . Similar carvings are seen near the donor in van Eyck 's earlier van der Paele and Madonna of Chancellor Rolin , and where they depict events or personal circumstances from the donor 's life . Those in the present work likely serve a similar role , however because the donor is unidentified it is unknown as to what they may refer . Elisabeth Dhanens speculates that they might depict the sarcophagus of Hippolytus in Pisa , which she believes adds credibility to the belief the donor was of Italian origin ; she also notes the military scene reflects St. Michael 's status as military commander . Ward compares the carving to a similar one found in the Washington Annunciation . Unlike in van Eyck 's earlier votive portraits the donor is positioned at a remove from the Marian apparition , and at a much smaller scale to Mary on a triptych wing . The lettering running along the edges of the panel 's frame consists of a prayer fragment from the liturgy for the feast of St. Michael . The extract reads HIC EST ARCHANGELUS PRINCEPS MILITAE ANGELORUM CUIUS HONOR PRAESTAT BENEFICIA POPULORUM ET ORATARIO PERDUCIT AD REGNA COELORUM . HIC ANGELUS MICHAEL DEI NUNTIUS DE ANIMABUS JUSTIS . GRATIA DEI ILLE VICTOR IN COELIS RESEDIT . A PACIBUS ( " This is Michael the Archangel , leader of the angelic hosts , whose privilege it is to grant favours to the people , and whose prayer leads them to the Kingdom of Heaven . The Archangel Michael is God 's messenger for the souls of the just . By the grace of God , that great victor has taken his place in Heaven , on the side of peace ' " ) . = = = Outer panels = = = When the triptych is closed , the outer wings reveal an Annunciation scene with the Archangel Gabriel and Mary painted in grisaille . The figures form an illusionistic imitation of sculpture , a conceit which van Eyck extends by placing them on octagonal pedestals . The figures are illuminated by light from the left , a device van Eyck often used to imply the presence of God . A dove , representing the Holy Spirit , hovers above Mary . Because the dove is also in grisaille but not attached to a pedestal and apparently floating unfixed above the saints , its presence serves to highlight that the viewer is not looking at sculpture but at a painted representation of sculpture . The annunciation dominates any other theme on the outer wings of Northern 15th @-@ century polyptychs . The tradition originates from Byzantine art , with van Eyck largely responsible for re @-@ popularising the practice . Along with his Ghent Altarpiece , the Dresden Triptych is one of the earliest surviving examples of the technique , and on this basis he is usually credited as the innovator of a motif that became almost standard from the mid @-@ 15th century . As the annunciation marks the incarnation of Christ , its representation on the outer wings gives symmetry to the scenes of his life typically detailed on the inner panels . The outer wings of 15th @-@ century diptychs and triptychs typically contained Annunciation scenes painted in grisaille . Molly Teasdale Smith believes the practice echoes the tradition of covering religious imagery with grey cloth during the then @-@ 46 day lenten period leading up to Easter . There is a symmetry with this in how polyptychs were typically kept closed except for Sundays or church holidays , when they were opened to reveal the more colourful and expansive inner panels . According to Dhanens , the sculptural depictions on the outer panels are a " brilliant success ... in imparting a sense of life to the supposed statues . " The wings continue van Eyck 's innovation in placing two grisaille outer panels wings of polyptychs ; the earliest extant example being the Annunciation wings of the Ghent Altarpiece . = = Architecture = = The depicted church is of a Romanesque style with Gothic elements . There are pointed canopies above Mary , and the nave is narrow , barely wide enough to contain her . It is walled by a colonnade joined by entablatures and capped with rounded arches . The columns are variously of pink , red and purple marble . Each of the capitals is decorated with faux carvings , some showing representations of the twelve apostles under a small baldachin . The vaulting is visible in the aisles but not in the central nave . There are a number of implied spaces not visible to the viewer . The central panel contains two on either side of the pillars , others lead from the balcony above the throne , and there are unseen exits to hallways at the rear of the two wing panels . The east facing windows in the right hand wing resemble those in van Eyck 's Rolin Madonna . The centre panel 's spatial depth marks an advancement in van Eyck 's technique , especially when compared to his similar 1436 Diptych of the Annunciation or van der Paele panel , both of which are comparatively flat . The depth of space is accomplished through such devices as placing the Virgin at the far end of the pictorial space , making her appear both smaller and seemingly at a remove and accentuating the receding lines of the carpets by setting them against the parallels of the folds of her gown . The recessional perspective is further achieved by the sequence of columns stretching back from the throne . This is particularly noticeable with the positioning of the throne in comparison to the Lucca Madonna and van der Paele panels . As with van Eyck 's earlier paintings of interiors , the building is not based on a particular place , but is an imagined and idealised formation of what he viewed as a perfect and representational architectural space . This is evidenced by a number of features that would be unlikely in an actual contemporary church such as the sculptures that were more secular in nature . In detailing the structure he pays close attention to contemporary models , which he possibly combined with elements from ancient buildings . The columns contain " high prismatic bases " found in early churches and on the Arch of Constantine . Craig Harbison believes that because the interior is not based on an actual building , the viewer is not burdened by preconceptions , a device which perhaps opens up the painting 's " physiological " impact . In his view , the panels capture the moment when the donor 's prayer and piety is rewarded by an apparition of the Virgin and Child . The novelty and unworldliness of the situation is highlighted by the unrealistic size of the Virgin compared to her surroundings . Light plays a central role in all panels , to an extent almost comparable to van Eyck 's Madonna in the Church . The arches and columns are bathed in daylight , echoed by the text of the inscriptions around the central frame allude to light and illumination . Van Eyck pays close attention to the saturating effects and gradations of the light , which enters from the left and spreads across the middle ranges of each panel . He often used light to indicate a divine ethereal presence . Because the implied spaces found on either side of Mary and leading into each of the wing panels are bathed in this light , they can be seen as conduits for the divine . The triptych influenced Rogier van der Weyden 's 1445 – 50 Seven Sacraments Altarpiece in a number of aspects , most obviously in its disregard of scale , especially with Mary 's size relative to the other figures and surrounding architecture . Van der Weyden develops the idea further , placing a large crucifixion towering above the figures and almost spanning the height of the central panel . = = Donor = = The identity of the donor has not been established , although a number of suggestions have been advanced over the last 200 years . Harbison suggests the work 's small scale indicates that it functioned as a portable altarpiece rather than as a private devotional work , and thus was commissioned by or for a member of the clergy . Other art historians have argued that the donor may have been a Genoese merchant . This belief has been fed by the triptych 's similarity to Giovanni Mazone 's Virgin and Child altarpiece in Pontremoli , Tuscany , which may place it in the Italian region of Liguria at latest by the end of the 15th century . Damaged coats of arms on the inner frames have been linked to the Giustiniani family , known for establishing trade links with Bruges in the 14th and 15th centuries . If not commissioned by that family , historical record place the work at least in their possession by the end of the century . In the early 1800s , Frances Weale attempted to place Michele Giustiniani as the donor , however later historical research has been unable to verify his presence in Bruges around 1437 , and he seems to have returned to Italy by 1430 . Mid @-@ twentieth century technical examination revealed the Giustiniani coats of arms may have been painted over an earlier heraldic design , perhaps as early as the 15th century , whose signifiance and history is now lost . Dhanens theorises that a member of the Giustiniani family may have established other associations with St. Michael and St. Catherine , advancing that they were a member of the Italian Rapondi family , whose trading house in Paris was named after St. Catherine . Their daughter , also named Catherine , married the Italian merchant Michel Burlamacchi ( Bollemard in Flemish ) from Lucca , who was active in Bruges . From this Dhanens theorises the piece was commissioned as a wedding gift for the couple . Documents show weavers in Wervik paid taxes to Catherine Rapondi and in September 1434 , when Michele Burlamacchi was tax collector in that town , van Eyck received a stipend funded by local tax receipts , suggesting a connection . Dhanens admits the donor 's identity is lost , but she says of the piece that " it could have been a gift from the husband to the wife , a pledge of his affection during his absences ; or it could have been a gift from the wife to the husband , by way of protection on his travels . " = = Condition = = The triptych is in poor condition , having suffered damage and heavy paint loss , and has undergone a number of restorations . The outer wooden frames , originally painted in grey and yellow marbling , were later overpainted in a design of black and red in the 16th or 17th centuries when " a faux turtle @-@ shell design , imitating the then @-@ fashionable veneer , replaced the earlier scheme of jaspered paint " . An ebony surround was added to the inner frames for protection in the 1840s . There has been extensive repair work on the paint forming Mary 's dress , with large areas of her gown repaired in 1844 by painter Eduard Bendemann . The badly damaged coats of arms have been retouched , while the frames have sustained impairment and are overpainted in areas . The painting was looted and taken to Moscow during the Second World War . It was returned in 1959 when it was cleaned , restored and underwent examination in a laboratory . This process revealed the ALC IXH XAN inscription on the inner moulding of the central frame in front of the tiled floor when a coat of brown paint was stripped away . The surround was removed during the 1959 restoration .
= Hurricane Richard = Hurricane Richard was a damaging hurricane that affected areas of Central America in October 2010 . It developed on October 20 from an area of low pressure that had stalled in the Caribbean Sea . The system moved to the southeast before turning to the west . The storm slowly organized , and the system intensified into a tropical storm . Initially , Richard only intensified slowly in an area of week steering currents . However , by October 23 , wind shear diminished , and the storm intensified faster as it headed toward Belize . The next day , Richard intensified into hurricane status , and further into its peak intensity as a Category 2 hurricane , reaching maximum winds of 100 mph ( 150 km / h ) . The hurricane made its only landfall on Belize at peak intensity . Over land , Richard quickly weakened , and later degenerated into a remnant low on October 25 . Hurricane Richard caused an estimated $ 80 million ( 2010 USD ) in damages in its path , much of which was in Belize . In Honduras , damage was mostly limited to power outages and landslides . In Belize , most of the damage was attributed to damage to crops . Power outages were also widespread across the country . Two fatalities occurred in Belize , one direct and the other indirect . One person drowned after his ship capsized during the storm and another was mauled to death by a jaguar that had escaped its cage . = = Meteorological history = = The origins of Hurricane Richard can be traced back to a tropical wave that moved off the African coast on October 4 and moved westward , stalling over Venezuela on October 13 . Over the next 3 days , it drifted into the extreme southwestern Caribbean Sea , and soon developed an area of low pressure , until it stalled just north of Panama . On October 16 , the National Hurricane Center ( NHC ) began to monitor that area of disturbed weather in association with a weak trough of low pressure over the southwestern Caribbean Sea , which persisted across the region as Hurricane Paula dissipated over Cuba on the same day . By October 17 , the easterly and northerly trade winds flowed into the low , producing a disorganized area of convection , or thunderstorms across the region . For several days the system moved generally west @-@ northwestward toward Central America . Convection increased over the low on October 18 , and the National Hurricane Center noted the possibility of further organization due to favorable environmental conditions . Later that day , it passed near the eastern coast of Nicaragua . The storm became more organized as it turned to a north @-@ northwest drift in the northwestern Caribbean Sea . The Hurricane Hunters investigated the system on October 19 and indicated the development of a low @-@ level circulation . As such , the NHC noted that the storm was very close to tropical depression strength . The next day , after the system turned to the east , strong upper @-@ level wind shear impeded its further development , but such conditions were expected to abate . Early on October 21 , the convection had organized and increased near the center of circulation despite still being in an area of moderate wind shear . Due to the organization , the NHC classified it as Tropical Depression Nineteen about 125 miles ( 200 km ) south of Grand Cayman . At the time , the depression was drifting eastward , located near the base of a mid @-@ level trough and toward the west of a subtropical ridge . In the hours after its formation , the center remained located along the western portion of a cyclonically curved rainband as the convection increased . The wind shear decreased , and despite the presence of dry air to its northwest , the depression intensified to Tropical Storm Richard by 1500 UTC on October 21 , based on confirmation from the Hurricane Hunters . However post – operational analysis revealed that the depression became a tropical storm slightly earlier , at 1200 UTC . Upon intensifying to tropical storm status , Richard was moving southeastward , still in an area of weak steering currents and in the midst of undergoing a loop in its track . Two hurricane models predicted for the storm to intensify to major hurricane status over the western Caribbean . The official forecast was for the storm to make landfall on Belize with winds of 90 mph ( 150 km / h ) . As Richard continued generally southward early on October 22 , its convection became ragged and linear , preventing any initial strengthening . Additionally , the circulation became elongated as the thunderstorms deteriorated , due to the continued presence of dry air and wind shear . After turning westward , Richard moved parallel just offshore the Honduras coast , and its circulation became difficult to locate on satellite imagery . On October 23 , Tropical Storm Richard began strengthening again , after the shear diminished and the storm took advantage of the warm waters of the western Caribbean . Later that day , a mid @-@ level eye feature became evident on satellite imagery . Additionally , the outflow gradually improved and became more symmetrical throughout the circulation . On October 24 , Hurricane Hunters indicated that Richard attained hurricane status , based on surface winds of 85 mph ( 135 km / h ) . In addition , radar from Belize at the time indicated a nearly @-@ closed eyewall . The hurricane continued intensifying to peak winds of 100 mph ( 155 km / h ) , and the minimum central pressure dropped to 977 millibars ( 28 @.@ 9 inHg ) , making it a Category 2 hurricane , despite the fact that it was operationally classified as a Category 1 hurricane with winds of 90 mph ( 150 km / h ) and a pressure of 981 millibars ( 29 @.@ 0 inHg ) . At around 0045 UTC on October 25 , Hurricane Richard made landfall about 20 miles ( 35 km / h ) south @-@ southeast of Belize City , Belize at peak intensity , and just after moving ashore , the eye briefly became better defined . Within a few hours however , the inner core lost definition as the eye dissipated . The winds rapidly diminished , and Richard weakened to tropical depression status after crossing into northern Guatemala . By then , there was little deep convection remaining , and after emerging into the Bay of Campeche Richard degenerated into a remnant low on October 26 , but then turned back east as the system was forced to because of the strong wind shear . After the storm reached the Yucatán Peninsula , the system began turning north until it reached the Gulf of Mexico . The remnants of Hurricane Richard continued to move north over the Gulf of Mexico as it weakened , until the system dissipated completely , late on October 27 . = = Preparations and impact = = = = = Honduras = = = Starting late on October 21 , the Government of Honduras issued a tropical storm watch for then @-@ Tropical Storm Richard , which covered the north coast of Honduras from Limón to the border with Nicaragua . When Richard finally began to head westward on October 22 , the tropical storm watch was upgraded to a tropical storm warnings ; a hurricane watch was also issued for the same location . By 1500 UTC on October 23 , the Government of Honduras had issued a tropical storm warning from Limón heading westward toward Puerto Cortés ; the tropical storm warning also included the three Bay Islands of Guanaja , Roatán , and Útila . As Richard was predicted to brush the coast of Honduras just offshore , the tropical storm warning was upgraded to a hurricane warning . At the time Richard had intensified into a hurricane , it had moved away from eastern Honduras , and the tropical storm warning and hurricane watch was discontinued from Limón to the border with Nicaragua . While Hurricane Richard was approaching Belize on October 24 , the Government of Honduras discontinued all watches and warning that had been issued in association with the storm as was no longer considered a possible threat for landfall . While passing to the north of the country , Richard knocked down trees and power lines on the northern Honduras coast . Some power outages occurring in areas resulted from the fallen power lines . In addition , mudslides triggered by rainfall cut off an estimated 15 @,@ 000 people in 40 small towns . Four coastal Honduran provinces were declared areas of maximum alert by the government after the storm . The offshore Bay Islands also experienced heavy rainfall due to Richard . Winds on the islands peaked at 58 mph ( 93 km / h ) on Roatán . = = = Belize = = = The Government of Belize began warning of the threat of Richard on October 22 , starting with a tropical storm watch issued for the entire east coast of the country . As Tropical Storm Richard was rapidly intensifying , the tropical storm watch on the coast of Belize was replaced with a tropical storm warning , which had been upgraded at 1500 UTC October 23 . Only three hours after the replacement of the tropical storm watch to warning , Richard was nearing hurricane status , and the tropical storm warning in place on the east coast of Belize upgraded to a hurricane warning . The hurricane warning associated with Hurricane Richard remained in place for the east coast of Belize as landfall was occurring , since the storm made landfall to the south @-@ southeast of Belize City . Prior to the storm 's landfall , an estimated 10 @,@ 000 people took refuge in storm shelters and churches . Throughout Belize , Hurricane Richard damaged thousands of homes and leaving many without power . The Belize Zoo and Tropical Education Center , a major attraction for ecotourists and Belizeans , was in the path and heavily damaged forcing it to close to remove debris and repair their animal exhibits . Overall damage was BZ $ 33 @.@ 8 million ( $ 17 @.@ 4 million 2010 USD ) , most of which from crop damage , especially to citrus fruits . The entire grapefruit harvest was lost , an estimated 25 % of orange crops were lost , and several large trees were downed . In addition , about 200 homes were destroyed . = = = Mexico = = = The Government of Mexico also gave warnings of the approaching Richard , first issuing a hurricane watch also the east coast of the Yucatán Peninsula from Punta Gruesa southward to the city of Chetumal , which is on the border with Belize . In addition to the hurricane watch issued for that portion for the Yucatán Peninsula , a tropical storm warning was set in effect for the same area . Although Hurricane Richard approached closely to the Mexican portion of the Yucatán Peninsula , there were no changes to the watches and warning from 1500 UTC October 23 to the time of landfall in Belize . After Hurricane Richard made landfall in Belize , the Government of Mexico discontinued the hurricane watch from Punta Gruesa southward to Chetumal , although the tropical storm warnings have been cancelled . Governor of Quintana Roo Félix González Canto declared Chetumal as the highest state of alert prior to Richard . However , areas on the northeastern coast of the Yucatán Peninsula were put on only minimum alert by the government .
= Agrippina ( opera ) = Agrippina ( HWV 6 ) is an opera seria in three acts by George Frideric Handel with a libretto by Cardinal Vincenzo Grimani . Composed for the 1709 – 10 Venice Carnevale season , the opera tells the story of Agrippina , the mother of Nero , as she plots the downfall of the Roman Emperor Claudius and the installation of her son as emperor . Grimani 's libretto , considered one of the best that Handel set , is an " anti @-@ heroic satirical comedy " , full of topical political allusions . Some analysts believe that it reflects Grimani 's political and diplomatic rivalry with Pope Clement XI . Handel composed Agrippina at the end of a three @-@ year sojourn in Italy . It premiered in Venice at the Teatro San Giovanni Grisostomo on 26 December 1709 . It proved an immediate success and an unprecedented series of 27 consecutive performances followed . Observers praised the quality of the music — much of which , in keeping with the contemporary custom , had been borrowed and adapted from other works , including the works of other composers . Despite the evident public enthusiasm for the work , Handel did not promote further stagings . There were occasional productions in the years following its premiere but Handel 's operas , including Agrippina , fell out of fashion in the mid @-@ 18th century . In the 20th century Agrippina was revived in Germany and premiered in Britain and America . Performances of the work have become more ever common , with innovative stagings at the New York City Opera and the London Coliseum in 2007 . Modern critical opinion is that Agrippina is Handel 's first operatic masterpiece , full of freshness and musical invention which have made it one of the most popular operas of the ongoing Handel revival . = = Background = = Handel 's earliest opera compositions , in the German style , date from his Hamburg years , 1704 – 06 , under the influence of Johann Mattheson . In 1706 he traveled to Italy where he remained for three years , developing his compositional skills . He first settled in Florence where he was introduced to Alessandro and Domenico Scarlatti . His first opera composed in Italy , though still reflecting the influence of Hamburg and Mattheson , was Rodrigo ( 1707 , original title Vincer se stesso ê la maggior vittoria ) , was presented there . It was not particularly successful , but was part of Handel 's process of learning to compose opera in the Italian style and to set Italian words to music . Handel then spent time in Rome , where the performance of opera was forbidden by Papal decree , and in Naples . He applied himself to the composition of cantatas and oratorios ; at that time there was little difference ( apart from increasing length ) between cantata , oratorio and opera , all based on the alternation of secco recitative and aria da capo . Works from this period include Dixit Dominus and the dramatic cantata Aci , Galatea e Polifemo , written in Naples . While in Rome , probably through Alessandro Scarlatti , Handel had become acquainted with Cardinal Grimani , a distinguished diplomat who wrote libretti in his spare time , and acted as an unofficial theatrical agent for the Italian royal courts . He was evidently impressed by Handel and asked him to set his new libretto , Agrippina . Grimani intended to present this opera at his family @-@ owned theatre in Venice , the Teatro San Giovanni Grisostomo , as part of the 1709 – 10 Carnevale season . = = Writing history = = = = = Libretto = = = Grimani 's libretto is based on much the same story used as the subject of Monteverdi 's 1642 opera L 'incoronazione di Poppea . Grimani 's libretto centres on Agrippina , a character who does not appear in Monteverdi 's darker version . Grimani avoids the " moralizing " tone of the later opera seria libretti written by such acknowledged masters as Metastasio and Zeno . According to the critic Donald Jay Grout , " irony , deception and intrigue pervade the humorous escapades of its well @-@ defined characters . " All the main characters , with the sole exception of Claudius 's servant Lesbus , are historical , and the broad outline of the libretto draws heavily upon Tacitus 's Annals and Suetonius ' Life of Claudius . It has been suggested that the comical , amatory character of the Emperor Claudius is a caricature of Pope Clement XI , to whom Grimani was politically opposed . Certain aspects of this conflict are also reflected in the plot : the rivalry between Nero and Otho mirror aspects of the debate over the War of the Spanish Succession , in which Grimani supported the Habsburgs and Pope Clement XI France and Spain . = = = Composition = = = According to John Mainwaring , Handel 's first biographer , Agrippina was composed in the three weeks following Handel 's arrival in Venice in November 1709 , a theory supported by the autograph manuscript 's Venetian paper . In composing the opera Handel borrowed extensively from his earlier oratorios and cantatas , and from other composers including Reinhard Keiser , Arcangelo Corelli and Jean @-@ Baptiste Lully . This practice of adapting and borrowing was common at the time but is carried to greater lengths in Agrippina than in almost all of Handel 's other major dramatic works . The overture , which is a French @-@ style two @-@ part work with a " thrilling " allegro , and all but five of the vocal numbers , are based on earlier works , though subject in many cases to significant adaptation and reworking . Examples of recycled material include Pallas 's " Col raggio placido " , which is based on Lucifer 's aria from La resurrezione ( 1708 ) , " O voi dell ' Erebo " , which was itself adapted from Reinhard Keiser 's 1705 opera Octavia . Agrippina 's aria " Non ho cor che per amarti " was taken , almost entirely unchanged , from " Se la morte non vorrà " in Handel 's earlier dramatic cantata Qual ti reveggio , oh Dio ( 1707 ) ; Narcissus 's " Spererò " is an adaptation of " Sai perchè " from another 1707 cantata , Clori , Tirsi e Fileno ; and parts of Nero 's Act 3 aria " Come nube che fugge dal vento " are borrowed Handel 's oratorio Il trionfo del tempo ( all from 1707 ) . Later , some of Agrippina 's music was used by Handel in his London operas Rinaldo ( 1711 ) and the 1732 version of Acis and Galatea , in each case with little or no change . The first music by Handel presented in London may have been Agrippina 's " Non ho cor che " , transposed into Alessandro Scarlatti 's opera Pirro è Dimitrio which was performed in London on 6 December 1710 . The Agrippina overture and other arias from the opera appeared in pasticcios performed in London between 1710 and 1714 , with additional music provided by other composers . Echoes of " Ti vo ' giusta " ( one of the few arias composed specifically for Agrippina ) can be found in the air " He was despised " , from Handel 's Messiah ( 1742 ) . Two of the main male roles , Nero and Narcissus , were written for castrati , the " superstars of their day " in Italian opera . The opera was revised significantly before and possibly during its run . One example is the Act III duet for Otho and Poppaea , " No , no , ch 'io non apprezzo " , replaced with two solo arias before the first performance . Another is Poppaea 's aria " Ingannata " , replaced during the run with another of extreme virtuosity , " Pur punir chi m 'ha ingannata " , either to emphasise Poppaea 's new @-@ found resolution at this juncture of the opera or , as is thought more likely , to flatter Scarabelli by giving her an additional opportunity to show off her vocal abilities . The instrumentation for Handel 's score follows closely that of all his early operas : two recorders , two oboes , two trumpets , three violins , two cellos , viola , timpani , contrabassoon and harpsichord . By the standards of Handel 's later London operas this scoring is light , but there are nevertheless what Dean and Knapp describe as " moments of splendour when Handel applies the full concerto grosso treatment . " Agrippina , Handel 's second Italian opera , was probably his last composition in Italy . = = Roles = = = = Synopsis = = = = = Act 1 = = = On hearing that her husband , the Emperor Claudius , has died in a storm at sea , Agrippina plots to secure the throne for Nero , her son by a previous marriage . Nero is unenthusiastic about this project , but consents to his mother 's wishes ( " Con saggio tuo consiglio " ) . Agrippina obtains the support of her two freedmen , Pallas and Narcissus , who hail Nero as the new Emperor before the Senate . With the Senate 's assent , Agrippina and Nero begin to ascend the throne , but the ceremony is interrupted by the entrance of Claudius 's servant Lesbus . He announces that his master is alive ( " Allegrezza ! Claudio giunge ! " ) , saved from death by Otho , the commander of the army . Otho himself confirms this and reveals that Claudius has promised him the throne as a mark of gratitude . Agrippina is frustrated , until Otho secretly confides to her that he loves the beautiful Poppaea more than he desires the throne . Agrippina , aware that Claudius also loves Poppaea , sees a new opportunity of furthering her ambitions for Nero . She goes to Poppaea and tells her , falsely , that Otho has struck a bargain with Claudius whereby he , Otho , gains the throne but gives Poppaea to Claudius . Agrippina advises Poppaea to turn the tables on Otho by telling the Emperor that Otho has ordered her to refuse Claudius 's attentions . This , Agrippina believes , will make Claudius revoke his promise to Otho of the throne . Poppaea believes Agrippina . When Claudius arrives at Poppaea 's house she denounces what she believes is Otho 's treachery . Claudius departs in fury , while Agrippina cynically consoles Poppaea by declaring that their friendship will never be broken by deceit ( " Non ho cor che per amarti " ) . = = = Act 2 = = = Pallas and Narcissus realize that Agrippina has tricked them into supporting Nero and decide to have no more to do with her . Otho arrives , nervous about his forthcoming coronation ( " Coronato il crin d 'alloro " ) , followed by Agrippina , Nero and Poppaea , who have come to greet Claudius . All combine in a triumphal chorus ( " Di timpani e trombe " ) as Claudius enters . Each in turns pays tribute to the Emperor , but Otho is coldly rebuffed as Claudius denounces him as a traitor . Otho is devastated and appeals to Agrippina , Poppaea , and Nero for support , but they all reject him , leaving him in bewilderment and despair ( " Otton , qual portentoso fulmine " followed by " Voi che udite il mio lamento " ) . However , Poppaea is touched by her former beloved 's grief , and wonders if he might not be innocent ( " Bella pur nel mio diletto " ) . She devises a plan and when Otho approaches her , she pretends to talk in her sleep recounting what Agrippina has told her earlier . Otho , as she intended , overhears her and fiercely protests his innocence . He convinces Poppaea that Agrippina has deceived her . Poppaea swears revenge ( " Ingannata una sol volta " , alternate aria " Pur punir chi m 'ha ingannata " ) but is distracted when Nero comes forward and declares his love for her . Meanwhile Agrippina , having lost the support of Pallas and Narcissus , manages to convince Claudius that Otho is still plotting to take the throne . She advises Claudius that he should end Otho 's ambitions once and for all by abdicating in favour of Nero . Claudius agrees , believing that this will enable him to win Poppaea . = = = Act 3 = = = Poppaea now plans some deceit of her own , in an effort to divert Claudius 's wrath from Otho with whom she has now reconciled . She hides Otho in her bedroom with instructions to listen carefully . Soon Nero arrives to press his love on her ( " Coll 'ardor del tuo bel core " ) , but she tricks him into hiding as well . Then Claudius enters ; Poppaea tells him that he had earlier misunderstood her : it was not Otho but Nero who had ordered her to reject Claudius . To prove her point she asks Claudius to pretend to leave , then she summons Nero who , thinking Claudius has gone , resumes his passionate wooing of Poppaea . Claudius suddenly reappears and angrily dismisses the crestfallen Nero . After Claudius departs , Poppaea brings Otho out of hiding and the two express their everlasting love in separate arias . At the palace , Nero tells Agrippina of his troubles and decides to renounce love for political ambition ( " Come nube che fugge dal vento " ) . But Pallas and Narcissus have by now revealed Agrippina 's original plot to Claudius , so that when Agrippina urges the Emperor to yield the throne to Nero , he accuses her of treachery . She then claims that her efforts to secure the throne for Nero had all along been a ruse to safeguard the throne for Claudius ( " Se vuoi pace " ) . Claudius believes her ; nevertheless , when Poppaea , Otho , and Nero arrive , Claudius announces that Nero and Poppaea will marry , and that Otho shall have the throne . No one is satisfied with this arrangement , as their desires have all changed , so Claudius in a spirit of reconciliation reverses his judgement , giving Poppaea to Otho and the throne to Nero . He then summons the goddess Juno , who descends to pronounce a general blessing ( " V 'accendano le tede i raggi delle stelle " ) . = = Performance history = = = = = Premiere = = = The date of Agrippina 's first performance , about which there was at one time some uncertainty , has been confirmed by a manuscript newsletter as 26 December 1709 . The cast consisted of some of Northern Italy 's leading singers of the day , including Antonio Carli in the lead bass role ; Margherita Durastanti , who had recently sung the role of Mary Magdalene in Handel 's La resurrezione ; and Diamante Scarabelli , whose great success at Bologna in the 1697 pasticcio Perseo inspired the publication of a volume of eulogistic verse entitled La miniera del Diamante . Agrippina proved extremely popular and established Handel 's international reputation . Its original run of 27 performances was extraordinary for that time . Handel 's biographer John Mainwaring wrote of the first performance : " The theatre at almost every pause resounded with shouts of Viva il caro Sassone ! ( ' Long live the beloved Saxon ! ' ) They were thunderstruck with the grandeur and sublimity of his style , for they had never known till then all the powers of harmony and modulation so closely arranged and forcibly combined . " Many others recorded overwhelmingly positive responses to the work . = = = Later performances = = = Between 1713 and 1724 there were productions of Agrippina in Naples , Hamburg , and Vienna , although Handel himself never revived the opera after its initial run . The Naples production included additional music by Francesco Mancini . In the later 18th , and throughout the 19th centuries , Handel 's operas fell into obscurity , and none were staged between 1754 and 1920 . However , when interest in Handel 's operas awakened in the 20th century , Agrippina received several revivals , beginning with a 1943 production at Handel 's birthplace , Halle , under conductor Richard Kraus at the Halle Opera House . In this performance the alto role of Otho , composed for a woman , was changed into a bass accompanied by English horns , " with calamitous effects on the delicate balance and texture of the score " , according to Winton Dean . The Radio Audizioni Italiane produced a live radio broadcast of the opera on 25 October 1953 , the opera 's first presentation other than on stage . The cast included Magda László in the title role and Mario Petri as Claudius , and the performance was conducted by Antonio Pedrotti . A 1958 performance in Leipzig , and several more stagings in Germany , preceded the British première of the opera at Abingdon , Oxfordshire , in 1963 . In 1983 the opera returned to Venice , for a performance under Christopher Hogwood at the Teatro Malibran . In the United States a concert performance had been given on 16 February 1972 at the Academy of Music in Philadelphia , but the opera 's first fully staged American performance was in Fort Worth , Texas , in 1985 . That same year it reached New York , with a concert performance at Alice Tully Hall , where the opera was described as a " genuine rarity " . The Fort Worth performance was quickly followed by further American stagings in Iowa City and Boston . The historically informed performance movement inspired two period instrument productions of Agrippina in 1985 and 1991 respectively . Both were in Germany , the first was in the Schlosstheater Schwetzingen , the other at the Göttingen International Handel Festival . = = = 21st century revivals = = = There have been numerous productions in the 21st century , including a 2002 ultramodern staging by director Lillian Groag at the New York City Opera . This production , revived in 2007 , was described by the New York Times critic as " odd ... presented as broad satire , a Springtime for Hitler version of I , Claudius " , although the musical performances were generally praised . In Britain , the English National Opera ( ENO ) staged an English @-@ language version in February 2007 , directed by David McVicar , which received a broadly favourable critical response , although critic Fiona Maddocks identified features of the production that diminished the work : " Music so witty , inventive and humane requires no extra gilding " . Some of the later revivals used countertenors in the roles written for castrati . = = Music = = Agrippina is considered Handel 's first operatic masterpiece ; according to Winton Dean it has few rivals for its " sheer freshness of musical invention " . Grimani 's libretto has also been praised : The New Penguin Opera Guide describes it as one of the best Handel ever set , and praises the " light touch " with which the characters are vividly portrayed . Agrippina as a whole is , in the view of the scholar John E. Sawyer , " among the most convincing of all the composer 's dramatic works " . = = = Style = = = Stylistically , Agrippina follows the standard pattern of the era by alternating recitative and da capo arias . In accordance with 18th @-@ century opera convention the plot is mainly carried forward in the recitatives , while the musical interest and exploration of character takes place in the arias — although on occasion Handel breaks this mould by using arias to advance the action . With one exception the recitative sections are secco ( " dry " ) , where a simple vocal line is accompanied by continuo only . The anomaly is Otho 's " Otton , qual portentoso fulmine " , where he finds himself robbed of the throne and deserted by his beloved Poppaea ; here the recitative is accompanied by the orchestra , as a means of highlighting the drama . Dean and Knapp describe this , and the Otho 's aria which follows , as " the peak of the opera " . The 19th @-@ century musical theorist Ebenezer Prout singles out Agrippina 's " Non ho cor che per amarti " for special praise . He points out the range of instruments used for special effects , and writes that " an examination of the score of this air would probably astonish some who think Handel 's orchestration is wanting in variety . " Handel made more use than was then usual of orchestral accompaniment in arias , but in other respects Agrippina is broadly typical of an older operatic tradition . For the most part the arias are brief , there are only two short ensembles , and in the quartet and the trio the voices are not heard together . However , Handel 's style would change very little in the next 30 years , a point reflected in the reviews of the Tully Hall performance of Agrippina in 1985 , which refer to a " string of melodious aria and ensembles , any of which could be mistaken for the work of his mature London years " . = = = Character = = = Of the main characters , only Otho is not morally contemptible . Agrippina is an unscrupulous schemer ; Nero , while not yet the monster he would become , is pampered and hypocritical ; Claudius is pompous , complacent , and something of a buffoon , while Poppaea , the first of Handel 's sex kittens , is also a liar and a flirt . The freedmen Pallas and Narcissus are self @-@ serving and salacious . All , however , have some redeeming features , and all have arias that express genuine emotion . The situations in which they find themselves are sometimes comic , but never farcical — like Mozart in the Da Ponte operas , Handel avoids laughing at his characters . In Agrippina the da capo aria is the musical form used to illustrate character in the context of the opera . The first four arias of the work exemplify this : Nero 's " Con raggio " , in a minor key and with a descending figure on the key phrase " il trono ascenderò " ( " I will ascend the throne " ) characterises him as weak and irresolute . Pallas 's first aria " La mia sorte fortunata " , with its " wide @-@ leaping melodic phrasing " introduces him as a bold , heroic figure , contrasting with his rival Narcissus whose introspective nature is displayed in his delicate aria " Volo pronto " which immediately follows . Agrippina 's introductory aria " L 'alma mia " has a mock @-@ military form which reflects her outward power , while subtle musical phrasing establishes her real emotional state . Poppaea 's arias are uniformly light and rhythmic , while Claudius 's short love song " Vieni O cara " gives a glimpse of his inner feelings , and is considered one of the gems of the score . = = = Irony = = = Grimani 's libretto is full of irony , which Handel reflects in the music . His settings sometimes illustrate both the surface meaning , as characters attempt to deceive each other , and the hidden truth . For instance , in her Act I aria " Non ho cor che per amarti " Agrippina promises Poppaea that deceit will never mar their new friendship , while tricking her into ruining Otho 's chances for the throne . Handel 's music illuminates her deceit in the melody and minor modal key , while a simple , emphasised rhythmic accompaniment hints at clarity and openness . In Act III , Nero 's announcement that his passion is ended and that he will no longer bound by it ( in " Come nube che fugge dal vento " ) is set to bitter @-@ sweet music which suggests that he is deceiving himself . In Otho 's " Coronato il crin " the agitated nature of the music is the opposite of what the " euphoric " tone of the libretto suggests . Contrasts between the force of the libretto and the emotional colour of the actual music would develop into a constant feature of Handel 's later London operas . = = List of arias and musical numbers = = The index of Chrysander 's edition ( see below ) lists the following numbers , excluding the secco recitatives . Variants from the libretto are also noted .
= 2002 – 03 Australian region cyclone season = The 2002 – 03 Australian region cyclone season included Cyclone Inigo , which tied Cyclone Gwenda in 1999 as the most intense tropical cyclone on record in the Australian basin . It began on 1 November 2002 and ended on 30 April 2003 . The regional tropical cyclone operational plan also defines a tropical cyclone year separately from a tropical cyclone season , which runs from 1 July 2002 to 30 June 2003 . These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Australian region , which is defined as in the southern hemisphere between 90 ° E and 180 ° E. The season 's ten tropical depressions existed within these dates , with the first , designated as Tropical Cyclone 07S , entering the basin on 27 December 2002 . The last system , Cyclone Epi , dissipated on 6 June 2003 . Tropical cyclones in this area were monitored by four Tropical Cyclone Warning Centres ( TCWCs ) : the Australian Bureau of Meteorology ( BOM ) in Perth , Darwin , and Brisbane and one in Port Moresby , Papua New Guinea . Tropical cyclogenesis in the season began when a tropical low developed in the Arafura Sea on 5 January and last until 24 January , after meandering over northern and Western Australia . On 1 February , weakening Cyclone Beni entered the Australian region and brought severe flooding to Queensland , before dissipating on 5 February . Severe Tropical Cyclone Fiona formed north of Western Australia on 3 February and later peaked as a Category 4 severe tropical cyclone on the Australian tropical cyclone intensity scale . Cyclone Graham developed offshore Western Australia on 24 February and made landfall in a rural area of that state on 28 February , producing flooding in the area . Tropical Cyclone Harriet existed offshore of Western Australia from 1 March to 11 March . On 1 March , Cyclone Erica formed offshore Queensland and strengthened as it moved in a parabolic path , before leaving the Australian region on 12 March . Erica caused only minor damage in Queensland . Cyclone Craig originated offshore Northern Territory on 8 March . The system subsequently struck the territory and eventually made another landfall in Queensland on 12 March , after crossing the Gulf of Carpentaria . Impact from Craig was generally minor . Cyclone Inigo formed on 30 March and caused severe impact in Indonesia , especially in Flores , Sumba , and West Timor . Inigo later deepened into the most intense tropical cyclone on record in the Australian region , tied with Cyclone Gwenda in 1999 . Inigo weakened significantly before striking Western Australia on 8 April and dissipating shortly thereafter . The final system , Tropical Cyclone Epi developed east of Papua New Guinea on 5 June and dissipated on the following day . Overall , the tropical cyclones of this season caused 60 deaths and about $ 12 million ( 2003 USD ) in damage . = = Seasonal summary = = The season began on 1 November 2002 and ended on 30 April 2003 , while the regional tropical cyclone operational plan also defines a tropical cyclone year from 1 July 2002 to 30 June 2003 . Eight cyclones entered or formed in the Australian region , which was below the 1970 @-@ 71 to 2001 @-@ 02 average of 13 per season . There was a major shift in tropical cyclone activity from the Australian region to the South Pacific , because of a moderate El Niño event . Only two cyclones occurred between 125 ° E and 150 ° E , which is east of Australia , and six formed between 150 ° E and 160 ° E. All of the tropical cyclone developed during Madden – Julian oscillation ( MJO ) pulses or Equatorial Rossby ( ER ) pulses . Overall , the tropical cyclones of this season resulted in 60 deaths and slightly less than $ 12 million in damage . Activity began in December 2002 , when Tropical Cyclone 07S entered the Australian region from the southwestern Indian Ocean basin on 27 December . In January , an unnamed tropical cyclone existed for more than three weeks over the Arafura Sea , Northern Territory , and Western Australia . The basin became more active in February , with South Pacific Cyclone Beni entering the area on 1 February . This was followed by the development of Fiona on 3 February and Graham on 24 February ; both formed north of Western Australia . Two tropical cyclones – Harriet and Erica – both originated on 1 March ; the former developed northwest of Western Australia and the latter formed east of Queensland . About a week later , 8 March , Cyclone Craig developed near the coast of Northern Territory . The strongest tropical system of the season , Cyclone Inigo , originated over the Lesser Sunda Islands of Indonesia on 30 March . At peak intensity , Inigo had a minimum barometric pressure of 900 mbar ( 27 inHg ) , making the most intense tropical cyclone in the Australian region on record , tied with Cyclone Gwenda in 1999 . Activity remained dormant until the development of Cyclone Epi on 5 June , which dissipated on the following day . = = Storms = = = = = Tropical Depression 07S = = = Tropical Cyclone 07S developed in the southwestern Indian Ocean on 25 December , while located about 1345 km ( 835 mi ) west @-@ northwest of Cocos Islands . It initially drifted southwest and then turned eastward on 27 December . Around this time , 07S entered Perth 's Area Of Responsibility ( AOR ) . The Joint Typhoon Warning Center ( JTWC ) estimated that 07S peaked with 1 @-@ minute maximum sustained winds of 55 km / h ( 35 mph ) and a minimum barometric pressure of 1 @,@ 006 mbar ( 29 @.@ 7 inHg ) . The storm drifted erratically and by 1800 UTC on 28 December , the JTWC issued its final warning on 07S , while situated about 465 km ( 290 mi ) west @-@ northwest of Cocos Islands . However , TCWC Perth continued Tropical Weather Outlooks ( TWOs ) on the system until 3 January . = = = Unnamed tropical cyclone = = = A tropical low developed over the Arafura Sea on 4 January and strengthened into a tropical cyclone before passing near Elcho Island , Northern Territory . The storm then made landfall in Arnhem Land on 5 January . At 0900 UTC , the system peaked with winds of 95 km / h ( 60 mph ) . It meandered over Northern Territory and the Gulf of Carpentaria for a few weeks . The system remained inland until moving offshore Kimberley on 21 January . A deep trough generated wind shear , which inhibited significant intensification . However , deep convection began to develop late on 24 January as it approached the north coast of Western Australia . Around 0300 UTC on 25 January , the storm made landfall near Port Hedland with winds of 65 km / h ( 40 mph ) . The system quickly weakened and dissipated by 1200 UTC . Gale force winds caused damage vegetation , trees , vehicles , and buildings in Elcho Island , Gapuwiyak , Maningrida , and Ramingining . Wind @-@ driven waves at the mouth of the Rose River inundated workshops near Numbulwar . Torrential rains fell in the Roper @-@ McArthur River district , peaking at 880 mm ( 35 in ) at Wollogorang . A temporary evacuated occurred along the Waterhouse River at Beswick . Other rivers that overflowed inundated portions of highways such as the Carpentaria Highway and Tablelands Highway . After regenerating into a tropical cyclone , the storm brought up to 146 @.@ 6 mm ( 5 @.@ 77 in ) of rainfall in a 24 ‑ hour period in the Port Hedland area . This caused the Yule River to overflow its banks , which flooded the North @-@ West Highway . Operationally , the storm was thought to have been two separate systems and to have remained below tropical cyclone intensity . = = = Tropical Cyclone Beni = = = Beni originated from the South Pacific region in late January and its remnants crossed into the Australian region by 1 February . Upon reaching the Coral Sea , the remnants of Beni slowly began to redevelop . After strong convective bands formed , Brisbane TCWC initiated gale warnings . Located offshore Queensland on 4 February , the remnants of Beni regenerated into a tropical cyclone . However , strong vertical wind shear caused Beni to dissipated on 5 February , while situated offshore of Queensland near the city of Mackay . Heavy rainfall accompanied Beni and its remnants , reaching 500 mm ( 20 in ) near Gladstone . One person drowned due to the flooding rains . Runoff on the Fitzroy River caused by Cyclone Beni resulted in a moderate flood with an estimated return period of four years at Rockhampton . The cyclone 's heavy rains helped ease drought problems in Queensland . Nine shires in Central Queensland were declared disaster areas . Additionally , strong winds left power outages in Agnes Water and 1770 . Overall , Beni resulted in damages of at least A $ 10 million ( US $ 6 million ) in Queensland . = = = Tropical Low Isha = = = = = = Severe Tropical Cyclone Fiona = = = An area of convection began developing into a tropical low on 3 February , while located about 970 km ( 600 mi ) north of Karratha , Western Australia . Poorly @-@ defined convection was noted as well as good outflow and a weak circulation . The system drifted westward with minimal development until late on 4 February , when satellite imagery showed increasing convection near the center . Subsequently , the JTWC issued a TCFA for the system . With the developing low located in an environment of weak to moderate wind shear , TCWC Perth issued a warning . At 0700 UTC on 5 February , Perth named the system Fiona . The JTWC issued their first advisory on Fiona about five hours later . Fiona strengthened steadily and reached tropical cyclone intensity at 0600 UTC on 6 February . Continuing to intensify , TCWC Perth upgraded the storm to severe tropical cyclone status early on 7 February . Early on 8 February , an eye became embedded within partial concentric convective bands . Later that day , TCWC Perth reported a peak intensity of 175 km / h ( 110 mph ) at 1000 UTC . Shortly thereafter , the storm began weakening as dry air increased . By 1000 UTC on 9 February , TCWC Perth reduced the intensity of Fiona to 170 km / h ( 105 mph ) . Deep convection weakened somewhat and the eye had become cloud @-@ filled . Although the eye briefly redeveloped , water vapor imagery showed cooler and drier air entering the southern portion of the storm . Fiona began to turn southwestward as it neared the 90 ° E longitude . By late 12 February , Fiona weakened below gale force intensity . Moving steadily southward , it then re @-@ curved south @-@ southeastward along the 91 ° E. With the storm rapidly weakening , JTWC issued their final warning early on 13 February and Perth followed suit four hours later . The remnants of Fiona moved into the Great Australian Bight , leading to significant amounts of rainfall . The Eyre Peninsula and Adelaide recorded more rain in 24 hours than they had in 2002 and 2001 combined . The New South Wales saw major flooding events in towns such as Tamworth . Flooding also closed the Pacific Highway . Over 100 houses along the Gold Coast were damaged due to the torrential rains . = = = Tropical Cyclone Graham = = = In late February , an area of convection situated inland for roughly a week emerged over open waters along the northern coast of Australia . A tropical low formed on 24 February , and developed a banding feature by 25 February . Despite strong wind shear , the BOM began issuing warnings while the low was located several hundred kilometers north @-@ northeast of Port Hedland . The disturbance was initially nearly stationary . At 0700 UTC on 27 February , the JTWC designated the storm as Tropical Cyclone Graham . According to the JTWC , the storm had intensified late on 28 February , though the BOM noted the slight weakening of the storm . Graham reached its peak intensity that day with winds of 95 km / h ( 60 mph ) , while nearing the coast . The storm made landfall at Eighty Mile Beach , Western Australia at 1400 UTC on 28 February . Graham weakened and dissipated on 1 March . The storm dropped rainfall in Western Australia , with 175 mm ( 6 @.@ 9 in ) recorded at Telfer . The heavy rain caused flooding and road closures , and swelled a river passing through Fitzroy Crossing , though the river only topped its banks slightly . In nearby Blue Bush Creek , two men drowned as their group of people attempted to cross floodwaters . Both men were rescued , though one died before emergency services arrived . In addition to the flooding , a number of trees were downed . = = = Tropical Cyclone Harriet = = = A tropical low developed southwest of Christmas Island on 28 February . Perth TCWC issued a TWO on 1 March , which indicated an eastward @-@ moving 1 @,@ 005 mb ( 29 @.@ 7 inHg ) low . At 0600 UTC on 2 March , the JTWC initiated warnings on Tropical Cyclone 21S , estimating winds of 65 km / h ( 40 mph ) . The system maintained a well @-@ defined circulation , although deep convection diminished somewhat on 2 March . Later that day , Perth began issuing gale warnings on the low as it was expected to develop into a tropical cyclone . Moving eastward , convection increased near the center , though dry air inhibited much development . At 0400 UTC on 4 March , the TCWC Perth named the system Tropical Cyclone Harriet . On 5 March , JTWC briefly decreased the intensity of Harriett to 55 km / h ( 35 mph ) , as deep convection diminished , probably due to persistent dry air . By late on 5 March , convection increased in coverage . Based on this , TCWC Perth upped their intensity to 80 km / h ( 50 mph ) . Late on 5 March , Harriet moved slowly southward and curved west @-@ southwestward . Although convection fluctuated , the cyclone maintained its intensity . After deep convection decreased slightly , the JTWC lowered the intensity of Harriett to 65 km / h ( 40 mph ) . However , TCWC Perth suggested otherwise and on 8 March , Harriet peaked with winds of 100 km / h ( 65 mph ) , while located over 480 km ( 300 mi ) north @-@ northwest of Carnarvon . Early on 9 March , JTWC issued their final advisory on Harriet . The storm became extratropical at 1000 UTC on 9 March , while located about 580 km ( 360 mi ) west @-@ northwest of Carnarvon . Strong winds from Harriet contributed to a large bushfire near Walpole , Western Australia . = = = Severe Tropical Cyclone Erica = = = A monsoon trough strengthened into a tropical low on 1 March . The low then significantly organized and was named Erica on 4 March , just offshore Queensland . Early on 5 March , the JTWC began classifying the system as Tropical Cyclone 22S . Moving slowly southeastward and then northward under the influence of a weak mid @-@ level ridge to the east , Erica attained 10 @-@ minute sustained winds of 150 km / h ( 90 mph ) . However , Erica soon weakened due to strong wind shear . On 7 March , the cyclone degenerated into a tropical low . After the remnants curved eastward and then southeastward , wind shear abated and became favorable for tropical cyclogenesis . As a result , the low regenerated into a tropical cyclone . After attaining the equivalent to a Category 1 hurricane on the Saffir – Simpson hurricane wind scale , Erica entered the South Pacific basin on 12 March . Severe Tropical Cyclone Erica was a powerful cyclone that severely affected New Caledonia and was considered the worst to affect the country since Cyclone Beti in 1996 . Early in its existence while just offshore Queensland , the predecessor to Erica brought strong winds to the coast . Several trees were uprooted , and others were defoilated . Power lines were also damaged . = = = Tropical Cyclone Craig = = = TCWC Darwin began monitoring a tropical low that developed west of Darwin on 5 March . Early on 8 March , the JTWC classified the system as Tropical Cyclone 24S . At 0300 UTC on 9 March , the storm became Tropical Cyclone Craig , while situated northwest of Cape Fourcroy . The storm deepened and drifted eastward and then southeastward . On 10 March , Craig made landfall on Melville Island with winds of 95 km / h ( 60 mph ) . Upon emerging into the Van Diemen Gulf on 10 March , Craig peaked with sustained winds of 100 km / h ( 65 mph ) . Craig struck the Coburg Peninsula and began to slowly weaken inland . The storm reached the Gulf of Carpentaria on 11 March , where it accelerated southeastward . On 12 March at 0600 UTC , the cyclone made landfall south of Kowanyama . After moving inland , the storm quickly weakened and dissipated later that day . In advance of the storm , tropical cyclone advisories were issued for communities between Weipa and Mornington Island . The government of the Tiwi Islands evacuated some residents to shelters . In the Darwin area , certain schools were closed temporarily as a precaution . Impact from Craig was generally minor . At Ramingining , 164 mm ( 6 @.@ 5 in ) of rain fell in just 24 hours . Storm surge ran 2 to 2 @.@ 5 m ( 6 @.@ 6 to 8 @.@ 2 ft ) on Goulburn Island and the Cobourg Peninsula , while tides were estimated at 1 @.@ 5 m ( 4 @.@ 9 ft ) at Nhulunbuy . Strong winds at Maningrida and Kowanyama downed numerous trees , with one striking a house in the latter . Craig inflicted minor damage to small craft in the northwestern Gulf of Carpentaria . Throughout the region , roads were cut by the cyclone . = = = Severe Tropical Cyclone Inigo = = = An area of disturbed weather was located within the near @-@ equatorial trough near Papua New Guinea in late March . Despite easterly wind shear , a tropical low developed on 30 March , shortly before crossing the island of Flores . Decreasing wind shear allowed the low to strengthen into a tropical cyclone while crossing the Savu Sea on 1 April . Later that day , the JTWC initiated advisories on Tropical Cyclone 26S . On 2 April , BOM classified the low as Tropical Cyclone Inigo . An eye feature gradually organized as winds increased to 130 km / h ( 80 mph ) early on 3 April . As a result , the BOM began classifying Inigo as a severe tropical cyclone . Later on 3 April , low wind shear and strong divergence allowed the cyclone to undergo rapid intensification as the eye became well @-@ defined . At 0600 UTC 4 April , Inigo peaked with sustained winds of 240 km / h ( 150 mph ) , according to BOM . Based on the pressure @-@ wind relationship , it was estimated that Inigo reached a minimum barometric pressure of 900 mbar ( 27 inHg ) . Thus , the storm tied with Cyclone Gwenda as the most intense tropical cyclone in the Australian cyclone region . Simultaneously , JTWC indicated the Inigo peaked with sustained winds of 260 km / h ( 160 mph ) . However , later on 4 April , increasing wind shear began to weaken Inigo . On the following day , the eye became cloud @-@ filled and by 7 April , Inigo weakened to Category 2 status . Inigo made landfall in the Pilbara region of Western Australia on 8 April with winds of 75 km / h ( 45 mph ) . The circulation dissipated within 12 hours after moving ashore . The precursor tropical disturbance dropped heavy rainfall in eastern Indonesia . In Kupang on West Timor , the system destroyed hundreds of homes and large fields of corn , bean , and rice crop . Heavy damage was reported near Ende , where flooding and mudslides destroyed 20 houses and destroyed the roads connecting to East Flores . In Ende , a total of 294 animals were killed . In East Flores Regency in eastern Flores Island , the system left 75 destroyed houses , along with 77 severely damaged and a further 56 receiving light damage . Damage in Indonesia totaled less than $ 6 million , and 102 injuries were reported . In addition , 58 fatalities were reported . In Australia , the storm dropped 128 mm ( 5 @.@ 04 in ) of rain in 80 minutes . = = = Tropical Cyclone Epi = = = In early June , an area of fairly persistent convection stretched from Papua New Guinea to just north of Fiji . Around 0630 UTC on 5 June , Epi developed near Woodlack Island , unusually close to the Equator . Initially , the storm appeared to be undergoing rapid deepening , prompting the JTWC to issue a TCFA . However , strong wind shear caused the system to quickly become less organized and the TCFA was soon cancelled . A very short lived cyclone , a Papua New Guinea warning during the late morning hour of 5 June placed Epi 's center about 130 km ( 80 mi ) northeast of Woodlack Island . Never recognized as a tropical cyclone by the JTWC , the third and final warning was issued later that day after winds fell below gale force . = = Season effects = = This is a table of all of the storms that have formed in the 2002 – 03 Australian region cyclone season . It includes their duration , names , landfall ( s ) – denoted by bold location names – damages , and death totals . Damage and deaths include totals while the storm was extratropical , a wave , or a low , and all of the damage figures are in 2003 AUD and USD .
= Love Machine ( Girls Aloud song ) = " Love Machine " is a song recorded by British girl group Girls Aloud from their second studio album , What Will the Neighbours Say ? ( 2004 ) . It was released by Polydor Records on 13 September 2004 , as the second single from the album . The song was written by Miranda Cooper , Brian Higgins , Tim Powell , Nick Coler , Lisa Cowling , Myra Boyle , and Shawn Lee . The instrumentation was inspired by The Smiths , and created by Powell and Coler . " Love Machine " is an uptempo pop rock and teen pop song with elements of the 1980 synthpop . The single was received favourably by contemporary music critics , who deemed it as joyful track that was different from the single releases by other artists at the time . According to research carried out for Nokia in 2006 , " Love Machine " is the second " most exhilarating " song ever . " Love Machine " debuted and peaked at number 2 on the UK Singles Chart , continuing the band 's string of hits by becoming their sixth consecutive single to chart within the top three . The song also peaked inside the top ten in Europe and Ireland . The accompanying music video was directed by Stuart Gosling , and portrays the five members in a nightclub / restaurant scene dancing and sipping champagne whilst singing their pop number . Girls Aloud performed " Love Machine " on all of their tours and on several live appearances , including at Disney Channel Kids Awards , TMF Awards 2005 , and at The Girls Aloud Party TV special in 2008 . English indie rock band Arctic Monkeys covered the song on BBC Radio 1 's Live Lounge . = = Background and release = = Following a brief hiatus , Polydor Records enlisted Brian Higgins and Xenomania to produce Girls Aloud 's second album in its entirety , following the success of their debut album Sound of the Underground . Higgins explained that Polydor were not going to continue with the group 's contract unless he produced songs for the album . He continued , saying that his initial reaction was that he thought he would only be required to produce a couple of songs , however Polydor insisted that he produce the album in its entirety and that they thought only he understood what they wanted . The album was recorded from April to September 2004 , although its lead single " The Show " was released in June 2004 . Bandmate Nicola Roberts said that " Love Machine " was recorded in 18 parts over three days . Roberts also revealed that the band initially was in disagreement with Polydor regarding its release as a single , with Sarah Harding adding that all the girls wanted to release " Deadlines & Diets " instead . However , " Love Machine " was picked as the second single from What Will the Neighbours Say ? , being released on 13 September 2004 . " The pressure to come up with singles was , as always , immense . But [ ... ] we were able to have a lot of fun working on ideas that were maybe a little too odd to be on the radio , " Higgins said . It was released on three different CD single formats , as well as an additional 7 " picture disc , making it Girls Aloud 's first single available on vinyl . The first disc included a Flip & Fill remix of " The Show " . For the sleeve of the second CD , Artwork design group Form invented five fake magazines , one for each member , and used " Love Machine " lyrics as the headlines . The disc included an exclusive previously unreleased b @-@ side entitled " Androgynous Girls " , which had been initially considered to be released as the lead single of the album . The Gravitas Disco Mix of " Love Machine " was also included . The maxi @-@ CD also included a task @-@ based game , created by design agency Holler . The 7 " picture disc included the radio edit and Tony Lamezma Remix of " Love Machine " . = = Composition = = " Love Machine " was written by Miranda Cooper , Brian Higgins , Tim Powell , Nick Coler , Lisa Cowling , Myra Boyle , Shawn Lee . They came up with some of the song 's lyrics by singing " nonsense lyrics " over a backing track , which eventually evolved into real songwords . The instrumentation track was inspired by The Smiths , and created by Powell and Coler . It is a pop rock and teen pop written in C major with a time signature in common time and a tempo of 88 beats per minute . The vocal range from the band members spans from F3 to B4 . An early demo of " Love Machine " was included on the compilation album Popjustice : 100 % Solid Pop Music , and later on an official Girls Aloud singles boxset ; this version was sung by band members Cheryl Cole , Nadine Coyle and Sarah Harding only , and featured radically different lyrics from the released version , even excluding the phrase " Love Machine " . One of the song 's lyrics , " What will the neighbours say / This time ? " inspired the album 's title , and it is a reference to Girls Aloud 's debut single , where Cole sings , " Neighbours banging on the bathroom wall " . MusicOMH contributor John Murphy noted the track uses " a guitar line that sounds like it 's been nicked from an old rockabilly tune " , and compared its composition to other " ' 80s synth pop songs . " = = Reception = = = = = Critical response = = = The track received generally favourable reviews from music critics . Alexis Petridis of The Guardian considered " The Show " and " Love Machine " as the " perfect examples of Xenomania 's uniquely rousing approach to pop , " adding that the latter " sounds , incredibly , like the Smiths ' Rusholme Ruffians colliding head @-@ on with that band 's musical nemesis , chirpy 1980s synth @-@ pop . " A reviewer for Virgin Media stated the song 's " bouncy drums , perky guitars and ditsy lyrics will probably cause a seizure , " and commented further , saying that " it sounds so unlike anything else in the charts right now ... proving once again that they 're still one of the most exciting bands in pop right now . " The song was a Track Pick from the Allmusic review of What Will the Neighbours Say ? by Sharon Mawer , while Robert Copsey of Digital Spy stated that , despite having many previous releases , it wasn 't until " Love Machine " , " a swinging , big band track with ludicrous lyrics – that they were thrust into the wider public consciousness . " A BBC Music critic , however , called it " upbeat but not particularly tuneful " . According to research carried out for Nokia in 2006 , " Love Machine " is the second " most exhilarating " song ever , after " Song 2 " by Blur . = = = Chart performance = = = On the week ending 2 October 2004 , " Love Machine " debuted at number 2 on the UK Singles Chart , being held of the top spot by " Call on Me " by Eric Prydz . It stayed at the same position the following week , before falling to number 8 . The song also reached number six on the UK Downloads Chart , and eventually became the band 's 7th best @-@ selling single in the UK . " Love Machine " also debuted and peaked at number 8 on the European Hot 100 Singles , staying on the top ten for two weeks . In Ireland , the song debuted at number nine on 16 September 2004 , and remained at the same position for three weeks , becoming Girls Aloud 's first single to fail to enter the top five . It spent one last week in the top ten at number ten . " Love Machine " also entered the Dutch chart Single Top 100 on 14 May 2005 at number 52 , before falling of the chart after 4 weeks . = = Music video = = The accompanying music video for " Love Machine " was directed by Stuart Gosling for Image Dynamic Pictures , and filmed at the Titanic restaurant on London 's Brewer Street . Gosling shot the project on 35mm film to give it the desired sleek , stylised , polished and glossy look . Girls Aloud members stopped in at Camden Post to view the footage and were impressed with the final results of it . The video depicts a nightclub / restaurant scene with the five women dancing and sipping champagne at the location whilst singing their pop number . A caption at the start of the video identifies the location as " The Eskimo Club " , which explains the otherwise meaningless song lyrics " Let 's go eskimo " . = = Live performances = = " Love Machine " was promoted through several live performances , including at the Disney Channel Kids Awards on 16 September 2004 , and at the Smash Hits Poll Winners Party in 2004 . They also performed it at the Carling Academy London on 10 February 2005 , and at the TMF Awards 2005 in Belgium . The same year , Girls Aloud went on their debut tour , What Will the Neighbours Say ? Live , where they performed " Love Machine " in schoolgirl uniforms . For 2006 's Chemistry Tour , there was an interlude where the group danced to " 1 Thing " by Amerie . There was a similar interlude during 2007 's The Sound of Girls Aloud : The Greatest Hits Tour , where a big band breakdown was included . Also in 2007 , the song was performed at the T4 on the Beach special . " Love Machine " was performed on 2008 's Tangled Up Tour , where the band members wore cabaret inspired costumes . Later that year , the band performed it at The Girls Aloud Party TV special held by ITV1 , and at the V Festival . For 2009 's Out of Control Tour , the song was given a brassier , retro arrangement and included a dance break . On 14 December 2012 , the band appeared on BBC Radio 1 's Live Lounge , performing the song to promote their greatest hits album Ten , and also at The Graham Norton Show the same day . To further promote the greatest hits , " Love Machine " was also included on a promotional megamix . In 2013 , the song was performed during the Ten : The Hits Tour . English indie rock band Arctic Monkeys covered the song on BBC Radio 1 's Live Lounge . = = Formats and track listings = = These are the formats and track listings of major single releases of " Love Machine " . = = Personnel = = Nadine Coyle – co @-@ lead vocals Cheryl Fernandez @-@ Versini – co @-@ lead vocals Sarah Harding – co @-@ lead vocals Nicola Roberts – co @-@ lead vocals Kimberley Walsh – co @-@ lead vocals = = Charts = = = = Certifications = =
= Doug Anthony All Stars = The Doug Anthony All Stars ( or Doug Anthony Allstars , DAAS , D.A.A.S. or stylised as D ⋆ A † A ☭ S ) are an Australian musical comedy , alternative rock and vocal group who initially performed together between 1984 and 1994 . The band is an acoustic trio , originally comprising Paul McDermott and Tim Ferguson on main vocals and Richard Fidler on guitar and backing vocals . The 2014 DAAS Live reformation tour features Paul Livingston ( aka Flacco ) on guitar and vibes . DAAS are known for their aggressive , provocative style ; their habit of involving audience members and their tendency to attack topical and sometimes controversial issues in their comedy . DAAS began performing as buskers on the streets of Canberra in 1984 , while they were attending university . After winning the Pick of the Fringe award at the 1986 Adelaide Fringe Festival , the group relocated from Canberra to Melbourne , but it was not until they travelled to the Edinburgh Festival Fringe in 1987 that they first achieved success . They quickly gained popularity in the United Kingdom , where they made numerous television appearances , but remained virtually unknown in Australia until 1989 when they were made regular performers on the Australian comedy show The Big Gig . These appearances gained them recognition , and they remained a popular feature of the show until 1991 when they left to create their own ABC comedy series , DAAS Kapital . The group have released four live recordings and one studio album , DAAS Icon , which achieved some independent success in Australia but was briefly banned in Britain . They also released a collection of dark short stories in 1989 , entitled Book , which took a markedly different tone from their comedic stage performances . They also made two live concert videos and one film , The Edinburgh Years . The group split up in 1994 , following a final farewell tour of Australia . Although they reunited in 2003 to perform together at a benefit concert , were interviewed together in 2008 in support of their DVD , and reunited for a one @-@ off show to launch the DAAS Kapital DVD in 2013 , the three ruled out the suggestion of a reunion tour at the time . In December 2013 , McDermott and Ferguson announced they would be performing " as DAAS " for the group 's 30th anniversary , at the Canberra Comedy Festival in March 2014 , with Paul Livingston performing the role of Fidler . This current line @-@ up has announced subsequent shows in Hobart , Melbourne , Wollongong , Perth , Brisbane and Bendigo , with more dates to follow . = = Style = = DAAS employ an aggressive , confrontational style , which author and journalist Geoff Bartlett describes as " [ pushing ] the boundaries of humour and good taste to their absolute limits " . They frequently delve into topical and taboo subject matter with songs such as " Commies for Christ " and " I Fuck Dogs " . " Long before anyone knew the term , one of our greatest driving forces was to be politically incorrect , " said Ferguson . Each band member developed distinctive onstage characters , with McDermott adopting a nasty , mean persona , while Ferguson played a narcissistic character who was " gorgeous but stupid " . Fidler initially played the straight man , but as the group became more aggressive he developed into a character who was naturally happy and caring but frequently victimised by his fellow band members . The group drew inspiration from short @-@ lived punk bands like the Fat Sluts , The Lone Reagans and Forbidden Mule , whom Ferguson describes as " like all punk bands ... very fast and furious . " Much of the band 's provocative style emerged from their origins as street performers , where to get people 's attention they resorted to outrageous or theatrical tactics — the group would sometimes walk into the street and stop traffic to get noticed . " Sometimes we have to do really ugly or horrendous things to get people 's attention , and we 're not afraid to do that . We 'll hit someone if it gets a bit of discourse going , " said McDermott . Neil Pigot , who did some work with the group , describes their style as " a sort of extension of the Python tradition , but very much in an Australian context . " He says that DAAS were " crucially important " in the development of Australian comedy , directly contributing to the styles of successful comedy shows such as The D @-@ Generation , Fast Forward and Wogs Out of Work . At the time DAAS emerged , Pigot says , comedy in Australia was dominated by joke @-@ tellers and impersonators . By contrast , DAAS were belligerent and confrontational , frequently attacking topical issues , invading people 's personal space and involving the audience in their act . Mark Trevorrow , who frequently collaborated with the group , described their work as " true genius . " " Their great shows were among the greatest evenings I 've witnessed in my life and their worst shows were among the worst , " he said . " They 'd whip up an audience and appeal to people 's darker side . It was very Dada , what they were doing . And what happens with that is you 're just as often likely to have people who want to kill you as applaud you . " In addition , ABC comedy producer Ted Robinson says that the group played an important role in raising the profile of Australian comedy overseas , particularly in Britain where DAAS were very popular . British comedian Al Murray said of seeing the group at the Edinburgh Festival in 1988 , " they came onstage with the attitude of feral invaders and left it with no taboo untouched . " Describing the All Stars as " an insanely hot act from Oz who sang , cursed , sweated and insulted each other and their audiences with a level of commitment and polish that seemed exotically charged and almost transgressive in the late 80s . " DAAS were known for continuing to act , or to remain in character , during interviews . Much of this was just banter , but they also had serious messages . DAAS were often criticising the media and part of this was to tell outrageous lies to journalists during interviews and attempt to see them published as fact . In one of the best @-@ known instances of this , the group told British reporters that their namesake , former Australian politician Doug Anthony , was a much @-@ loved Prime Minister of Australia who had been assassinated on 11 November 1975 , by right wing extremists . ( In fact , Anthony is a former Deputy Prime Minister of Australia who had led the right @-@ of @-@ center National Party of Australia from 1971 to 1984 . ) The lie was printed in The Times , The Guardian and The Independent . This game continued undetected until in 1990 the group told a reporter that they had been cast in Batman and had become great friends with Jack Nicholson , both lies . The story was reported as fact in newspapers around Australia and appeared as a cover story in the TV guide of Melbourne 's Herald Sun before the media realised the hoax . = = History = = = = = Early years = = = Tim Ferguson met Richard Fidler busking on the streets of Canberra in 1984 , while they were both attending university . Ferguson recalls : " Richard was playing the guitar — something from Cat Stevens — one day and I walked up to him and we did ' Wild Thing ' . I sang a few lyrics and jumped about like a mad thing . Lo and behold we made a stack of money in ten minutes . " The two began performing together and joined with another friend , Robert Piper , to form the Doug Anthony All Stars . They derived their name from Doug Anthony , a former Country Party leader and Deputy Prime Minister of Australia . According to Fidler , during their earlier gigs in clubs and as street performers , Ferguson was " a bit of an explosive hippie " while Fidler and Piper were more reserved . Robert Piper left the group in 1985 due to other commitments . Piper has gone on to a successful career with the United Nations and is now Deputy Special Coordinator for the Middle East Peace Process and the humanitarian coordinator for the Occupied Palestinian Territory . With Piper 's departure , Paul McDermott , who performed at one of DAAS 's regular clubs , was invited to join . He accepted , although he did not like their material , which he considered too sweet . Fidler says McDermott changed the group 's dynamic ; he wrote the majority of their songs and prompted a darker tone . After winning the Pick of the Fringe award at the 1986 Adelaide Fringe Festival , the group relocated from Canberra to Melbourne , where they based themselves with a regular gig at the Prince Patrick Hotel in Collingwood , in an effort to save enough money to travel to the Edinburgh Fringe . Initially DAAS found that Melbourne audiences did not respond to their act and to provoke a reaction they became more aggressive , with McDermott and Ferguson adopting more abusive personas and often picking on Fidler 's naturally happy but stupid character . They made their first overseas performance at the Edinburgh Fringe in 1987 , to sold out crowds . = = = Successes = = = Following their Edinburgh Fringe shows , the group enjoyed considerable success in the United Kingdom , making appearances on numerous BBC comedy shows . In 1988 , the group was nominated for the Perrier Comedy Award for their performances at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe . Fidler says that the British people were more receptive to their act at the time than Australians had been . " The whole thing exploded for us when we got there , it was quite incredible . Within a very short time we were doing national television appearances in front of millions of people and playing these enormous shows , " he says . They played extensively in Canada , Germany , America and Britain , and finished their time in Britain by appearing on the final episode of the successful Friday Night Live . However , despite the acclaim they were receiving overseas , when they returned to Australia at the end of 1988 they remained unknown . Upon arriving in Melbourne , they struggled to gain a following and went back to busking on the streets . This changed in 1989 when ABC comedy producer Ted Robinson invited them to appear on a new comedy show , The Big Gig . They became a popular feature on the series and appeared in every episode until 1991 . In 1989 the group also released a book entitled Book , which was a collection of dark short stories . Many of the stories had been written several years prior , even before the three had started performing together , and adopted a markedly different tone to their comedic , largely ad libbed live shows . Ferguson said that they had wanted to write something that people could read and enjoy without having seen DAAS perform . Book sold 30 @,@ 000 copies in England within the first two weeks of publication before being banned when DAAS refused to release an edited version of the book or permit a warning sticker on the cover . The issue was taken to court in the same year , where the ban was overturned . DAAS released their first official album , DAAS Icon , in 1990 . Two of the featured songs , " I Want to Spill the Blood of a Hippy " and " Bottle " , were also released as singles . Icon went on to become the highest selling independent album in Australia , but was banned in the UK due to a reference to the IRA in the song " KRSNA " . This was later overturned by a British court . The group continued to appear weekly on The Big Gig until 1991 when their own series , DAAS Kapital , premiered on the ABC . A futuristic half @-@ hour @-@ long sitcom about the band 's adventures in an underwater history museum , DAAS Kapital ran for two seven @-@ episode seasons between 1991 and 1992 despite a poor critical reaction . From 1992 they became UK @-@ based , returning to Australia for a short time in 1993 to promote Dead & Alive , a live recording of one of their London shows which was released on CD and VHS . They played at the opening of the 1992 Barcelona Olympics and appeared regularly on Britain 's Channel 4 variety show Viva Cabaret . = = = Break @-@ up and reformation = = = The group held a final farewell tour of Australia in 1994 , which was recorded and released on CD by ABC Records as DAAS : The Last Concert . The break @-@ up sparked rumours of a falling out among the trio , although all three denied this , stating that it was simply time to move on . Richard Fidler described it as a matter of practicality : Ferguson wanted to return to Australia to be closer to his young family , while McDermott and Fidler wished to continue working in Britain as they felt they had done everything they had wanted to do in Australia . In June 2010 , Tim Ferguson revealed that the break @-@ up was due in large part to personal health issues . Unknown to the public at the time , Ferguson had been diagnosed with multiple sclerosis in 1996 after experiencing symptoms for several years including a few severe episodes while touring in 1993 . The symptoms affected his mobility , causing him to struggle with choreography and physical routines onstage and eventually , he says , " it was clear I couldn 't remain a Doug Anthony Allstar with whatever this was " . Still coming to terms with his diagnosis , Ferguson chose to keep it private , telling few people outside of his close friends and family . " I didn 't want other people to know , " he says . " I didn 't want it to be coming up in conversation with strangers . " In July 2003 , DAAS reunited for the first time since their break @-@ up to perform at a special gala comedy event called " For Holly " . Dedicated to the memory of Holly Robinson — a casting director for Home and Away and the daughter of The Big Gig 's Ted Robinson — who had died of cancer the month before , the concert was a fundraising benefit for research into the disease . At Holly 's request , the three also performed the Hunters & Collectors ' " Throw Your Arms Around Me " , a song they had frequently covered in the group 's later years , at her funeral . A DAAS DVD entitled The Unlimited Uncollectible Sterling Deluxe Edition , a 2 @-@ disc collection of their performances from the first two seasons of The Big Gig , was released on 6 November 2008 . Ferguson , Fidler and McDermott recorded a commentary track for the DVD and made several media appearances together to promote its release , but the three ruled out the prospect of a reunion tour . " We certainly catch up for barbecues , but not as a comedy group , " McDermott said . DAAS reunited for a one @-@ off show to launch the DVD of the TV series DAAS Kapital on 13 April 2013 as part of the Melbourne International Comedy Festival . McDermott , Ferguson and Paul Livingston ( performing the role of Fidler ) performed " as DAAS " for their 30th anniversary at the Canberra Comedy Festival , held in March 2014 . They have since permanently reformed the band , and are doing an Australia @-@ wide tour . Although Fidler had been advocating for the group to reform for years , his work commitments with ABC Radio prevented him from participating and Livingston again filled his place as the group 's guitarist . = = = Subsequent work = = = Initially , McDermott was not interested in further pursuing comedy , which he came to regard as an " aberration " . However , in 1996 he returned to television after being recruited by Ted Robinson to host the satirical news @-@ based quiz show Good News Week . McDermott hosted the show until its cancellation in 2000 and returned to this role when the series was renewed in 2008 . He reunited with Robinson again in 2007 when he was named host of a new ABC variety program , The Sideshow , a show described as a successor to The Big Gig . Although it quickly built a strong cult audience , the show did not rate well and was cancelled after its initial run of 26 episodes . In addition to his television work , McDermott has continued to be involved in live comedy . He has frequently participated in the Melbourne International Comedy Festival , having often captained one of the two competing teams in the festival 's Great Debate since his first debate appearance in 1994 . At the 2002 festival he not only presented a solo comedy show titled " Comedyoscopy " , but also performed with Cameron Bruce and Mick Moriarty in a music @-@ based comedy trio called GUD . McDermott described GUD as being in a similar vein to DAAS in that it revolved around music , comedy and the inter @-@ relationships between the band members onstage . Ferguson also continued to pursue a career in television . In 1995 he hosted the Nine Network 's short @-@ lived game show Don 't Forget Your Toothbrush , and after the show 's cancellation Nine kept him on to develop new television pilots . However , the network was not sure how best to use his talents , and Ferguson left to pursue other work . During this time he wrote his first novel , Left , Right and Centre : A Tale Of Greed , Sex And Power , a political satire . His subsequent television credits have included Unreal TV , Big Brother , Funky Squad and Shock Jock , a 2001 cable sitcom which he also wrote and produced . He has also built a strong career as a corporate event performer and is a sessional lecturer at the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology , where he teaches Narrative Comedy for the Professional Screenwriting Advanced Diploma and has run short courses on comedy writing since 2008 . In 2010 , he released a guide to comedy writing , The Cheeky Monkey : Writing Narrative Comedy . In 2010 , Ferguson hosted and co @-@ produced WTF – With Tim Ferguson , a comedy chat show on community television station C31 Melbourne . After leaving DAAS , Fidler became heavily involved in computers and multimedia . In 1996 he wrote the award @-@ winning CD @-@ ROM Real Wild Child , a history of Australian rock and roll . Fidler also wrote a regular monthly column for internet.au magazine on the digital media world , and contributed an essay to the Australian Constitutional Convention website [ 1 ] . Although he had not initially intended to return to television , he has hosted various TV shows since 1996 , including Race Around the World , Aftershock , Mouthing Off and Vulture ; and spent three years in management as an editor of ABC TV comedy before deciding he " wasn 't cut out to be a manager " . In 2005 Fidler ventured into radio , fronting the 7 – 10pm shift on ABC Local Radio station 612 ABC Brisbane . Since 2006 , he has hosted the 11 am – 3pm shift on 612 ABC Brisbane , with the show 's first hour — known as The Conversation Hour — also broadcast on 702 ABC Sydney . He currently hosts Conversations with Richard Fidler [ 2 ] on ABC 's Radio National . In 2011 , Fidler co @-@ wrote a satirical book on Australian politics titled , Jack the Insider : The Insider 's Guide to Power in Australia , released by Random House Books , New Zealand [ 3 ] . Original and founding member Robert Piper entered into a very successful career with the United Nations , serving in Cambodia , New York , Serbia , and other countries , and later worked for the Clinton Administration . = = Members = = Current Members Tim Ferguson – vocals ( 1984 – 1994 , 2014 – present ) Paul McDermott – vocals ( 1985 – 1994 , 2014 – present ) Paul Livingston – guitar ( 2014 – present ) Past Members Richard Fidler – guitar , vocals ( 1984 – 1994 ) Robert Piper – vocals ( 1984 ) = = = Timeline = = = = = Discography = = DAAS Icon ( 1990 ) Dead & Alive ( 1993 ) DAAS Bootleg – Live in Edinburgh ( 1994 ) The Last Concert ( 1995 )
= Castle Walls = " Castle Walls " is a song by American singers T.I. and Christina Aguilera , from T.I. ' s seventh studio album No Mercy ( 2010 ) . Alex da Kid produced the song and co @-@ wrote it along with Skylar Grey and T.I. The song was initially produced for Diddy 's album Last Train to Paris , but Diddy felt that " Castle Walls " would be better suited to T.I. ; Aguilera was later chosen as the featured artist on the song . A hip hop and electro number , " Castle Walls " received mixed response from music critics , some of whom picked it as a highlight from No Mercy , and some others criticized the song 's lyrics . Despite not being released as a single , the track still managed to appear on record charts of several nations , including on the US Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles , where it peaked at number five . = = Background = = Originally , " Castle Walls " belonged to Diddy , who had commissioned the song for his fifth album Last Train to Paris with his group Dirty Money . But Diddy told T.I. , " Yeah , this is my record , but you know what , I think this is a better fit for you . I think you should rock out on this one . I think this speaks volumes to where you are , what you going through , what you living and how you feel . " Consequently , Christina Aguilera was chosen as the featured guest on the song , which appeared on T.I. ' s album No Mercy . Alex da Kid , producer of the song , said about the collaboration , " I love it . I think it 's amazing . It 's my sound , just kind of an evolution of that . I think it 'll cater to a lot of different people . " T.I. told RapFix Live about the track 's inspiration : I live the life that most would die for , but there 's a lot of things that come with this life . People don 't take that into consideration . There are a lot of things in this life that I would trade in a minute just for a slice of normalcy [ ... ] I just listed a few things that they probably never viewed from that particular perspective . Because I think people need to see things another way ; they need to see it other than just celebrity . In November 2010 , Alex da Kid announced that " Castle Walls " would be released as a single from No Mercy . However , the song was not released . A 30 @-@ second snippet of the song featuring Aguilera 's part was released onto YouTube later that month . = = Composition = = " Castle Walls " lasts for a duration of 5 : 29 ( five minutes and twenty nine seconds ) and is a hip hop and electro song . The song features a Europop keyboard in its arrangement . Nathan Rabin from The A.V. Club wrote that the lyrics of " Castle Walls " " offer similarly incisive and only occasionally self @-@ pitying commentary on the tragedy and triumph of being young , black , rich , famous , and a repeat felon . " The song begins with the chorus , in which Aguilera sings , " Everyone thinks that I have it all / But it 's so empty living behind these castle walls ( These castle walls ) / If I should tumble if I should fall / Would anyone hear me screaming behind these castle walls ? / There 's no one here at all , behind these castle walls . " After the chorus , T.I. raps the verse " See with the Phantoms and Ferraris in the driveway / But you see it came in exchange of a sane man 's sanity / Your vision jaded by the Grammys on the mantlepiece / Just switch your camera lenses , you will see the agony " over a " warbling " electronic background and hip hop beats . Towards the song 's conclusion , there is a " sad " string arrangement and an electronica @-@ influenced " triumphantly striding beat . " An editor from HipHopDX compared " Castle Walls " to " Love the Way You Lie " by Eminem featuring Rihanna , which was also produced by da Kid . = = Reception = = " Castle Walls " received mixed reviews from music critics . Becky Bain from Idolator called " Castle Walls " a " bright spot " for both T.I. and Aguilera " after the not @-@ so @-@ great years both artists have had . " Steve Jones , an editor from USA Today , praised Aguilera 's appearance on the track and picked it as one of the highlights on No Mercy . Likewise , Slava Kupersein of HipHopDX and The Boston Globe 's Ken Capobianco labelled " Castle Walls " a standout from No Mercy and applauded Aguilera 's vocals . Chase McMullen from One Thirty BPM thought that the song " epitomizes the album nearly perfectly " , but opined that Justin Timberlake should be the guest vocalist rather than Aguilera . Leah Greenblatt of Entertainment Weekly simply deemed the track " mournful , lonely " and described the chorus on the song as " melancholy " . David Amidon writing for PopMatters wrote a mixed review , calling " Castle Walls " " heartfelt [ ... ] but it also feels like a hip @-@ hop version of late @-@ period Phil Collins , a sort of end so inoffensive and far removed from the life force of hip @-@ hop as to appear a sick joke . " Critic Jody Rosen from Rolling Stone was displeased with the lyrics of the song , deeming it " an icky bit of self @-@ pity from a rich and famous man . " Sean Fennessey of The Washington Post named it an " unfortunately regal perspective " , while Pitchfork Media 's Tom Breihan called it " downright insulting . " Prefix Magazine 's Dave Park described " Castle Walls " as " cloying " and opined that the track bore an " embarrassing resemblance " to Britney Spears ' song " Lucky " ( 2001 ) . Despite not being released as an official single , " Castle Walls " still managed to enter the record charts of several countries . The track was a success in South Korea , where it debuted at number six on the Gaon International Singles Chart during the week of 5 December 2010 . In the United States , the song reached number five on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart and number 84 on the Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Songs . On the Canadian Hot 100 chart , it peaked at number 99 . " Castle Walls " also entered the charts of three European countries : number 27 in Czech Republic , number 31 in Slovakia , and number 51 in Sweden . = = Weekly charts = =
= Peter 's Progress = " Peter 's Progress " is the 16th episode and the season finale of the seventh season of Family Guy . It originally aired on Fox in the United States on May 17 , 2009 . In the episode , a psychic reads Peter 's palms and discovers he led a fascinating past life as Griffin Peterson , a dignified gentleman in 17th @-@ century England , who was the original founder of Quahog . The episode was written by Wellesley Wild and directed by Brian Iles . It received mixed reviews from critics for its storyline and many cultural references . According to Nielsen ratings , it was viewed in 7 @.@ 33 million homes in its original airing . The episode featured guest performances by John Ross Bowie , Neil Patrick Harris , Brody Hutzler , Derwin Jordan , Keri Lynn Pratt , David Pressman , Josh Radnor , Martin Savage , Jason Segel , Alexander Siddig and Erik von Detten , along with several recurring guest voice actors for the series . This episode marks Cleveland Brown 's final regular appearance on Family Guy until the episode ' He 's Bla @-@ ack ! ' in season 12 where he made his official return to the show . = = Plot = = Cleveland introduces his Jamaican cousin Madame Claude to Peter , Joe , and Quagmire saying she is a psychic . Cleveland offers to have her read their palms and determine past lives they have had . Madame Claude then determines that Joe was once an octopus whose tentacles were bitten off by a shark , and Quagmire was Jack the Ripper . When Claude reads Peter 's palm , she discovers that he was Griffin Peterson , the supposed founder of Quahog where the previously @-@ mentioned history of Quahog was a myth . Most of the episode follows the story of this past life , the main characters therein having the appearance of regular Family Guy characters . In 17th @-@ century England , Griffin Peterson proposes to the love of his life Lady Redbush ( Lois ) upon getting the approval from Carter Redbush . The ruthless King Stewart III ( Stewie ) has the court jester ( Brian ) tell him some jokes after " deleting " How I Met Your Mother from his " TiVo " ( represented as archers killing Josh Radnor , Jason Segel , and Neil Patrick Harris ) . While being carried around in his litter , King Stewart spots Lady Redbush strolling through town with Griffin Peterson and decides that she should marry him instead . While Griffin Peterson is on the way to his wedding , Stewart secretly kidnaps him , exiling him to the New World on one of the outgoing ships . As Lady Redbush waits in growing angst , King Stewart walks into the church . He tells Lady Redbush that Griffin Peterson is dead and proceed to marry her himself . At sea , Griffin Peterson meets fellow exiles Joe ( exiled for pleasuring himself in front of a carving ) , Quagmire ( exiled for having sex with an underage girl ) , and Seamus . Upon reaching the New World , Griffin Peterson establishes the colony of Quahog , which eventually grows into a thriving settlement . Griffin Peterson moves on with his life , even marrying another woman ( Meg ) . Back in London , Later Redbush suffers a dull sexless marriage with King Stewart since they 're never available to each other . Lady Redbush continues to lament Griffin 's supposed death until the jester reveals the truth by showing her the newspaper about Quahog 's founding . The jester stated that he was to keep quiet about this under threat of execution . Lady Redbush and the jester immediately depart for Quahog on one of the slave ships . In Quahog , Griffin Peterson has grown irritated with his current wife until Lady Redbush arrives . Griffin Peterson and Lady Rebush are reunited and Griffin " divorces " his current wife by killing her with a musket . Six months later , King Stewart learns that Redbush is gone and he makes his way to Quahog to reclaim his wife and kill Griffin Peterson . King Stewart 's army arrives in Quahog where they terrorize the colony ( similar to a scene from Blazing Saddles ) . King Stewart orders Cockney First Lieutenant ( Chris ) to search every house for them . Upon being discovered by the First Lieutenant , Griffin Peterson and Lady Redbush are confronted by King Stewart . Griffin Peterson threatens to kill the officer , while King Stewart threatens to kill Redbush . After exchanging threats without getting anywhere , Griffin and Stewart decide to settle their dispute with a talent show , with the winner winning Lady Redbush 's hand in marriage , and ownership of the town of Quahog . For his act , King Stewart steals his jester 's mostly unfunny jokes about his Aunt Frieda . However , Griffin , Quagmire , Joe , Cleveland , Mort , and Seamus effectively steal the show with a techno @-@ rock number from Revenge of the Nerds . This was enough to defeat King Stewart in the talent show . After King Stewart and his army leaves , Griffin and Redbush remain in Quahog to live happily ever after . After the story is told , Peter , Quagmire , Cleveland , Joe , and Madame Claude see a promo @-@ ad for " Cross @-@ Armed Opposites " = = Production = = The episode was written by Wellesley Wild and directed by Brian Iles . The live action sequences used throughout the episode to promote supposed shows on Fox was directed by Bones director Steve Beers . The night the episode aired , the " Animation Domination " block was co @-@ hosted by an animated version of rapper Eminem and Stewie Griffin . Eminem , who provided his own voice , said that it was a " thrill to work with Stewie " and that he is a " big fan of talking babies and their humor " . In addition to the main cast , Josh Radnor , Jason Segel and Neil Patrick Harris guest starred in the episode as their characters from the CBS sitcom How I Met Your Mother . Family Guy writer John Viener was the voice of Cleveland 's cousin , Madame Claude . Recurring guest voice actor John G. Brennan and writers Alec Sulkin , Danny Smith , Tom Devanney and Mark Hentemann made minor appearances in the episode . Alexander Siddig , Martin Savage , John Ross Bowie , Brody Hutzler , Derwin Jordan , Keri Lynn Pratt , David Pressman and Erik von Detten guest starred as well . = = Cultural references = = The title is a reference to The Pilgrim 's Progress . When Madame Claude tells everyone who they were in a past life , she reveals that Quagmire was Jack the Ripper . Also , when Madame Claude first speaks , Peter says that she sounds like Sebastian the crab from Disney 's The Little Mermaid King Stewart III orders to kill the cast of How I Met Your Mother after he is displeased with their performance . Griffin Peterson 's act in the talent show is a reference to the act the Lambda Lambda Lambdas perform at the homecoming in the 1984 film Revenge of the Nerds . As a running gag throughout the episode , Fox promos appear on the bottom of the screen for made up shows including Shovin ' Buddies , Slowly Rotating Black Man , and Cross @-@ Armed Opposites , parodying stereotypical types of Fox mid @-@ show advertising . Griffin says that he is " the happiest guy in the world because he 's got a girl and is 290 years away from the films of Kevin Smith " . A clip is shown of Madonna celebrating her sixteenth birthday , suggesting she is over 300 years old . During King Stewart 's invasion of the settlement the music and lyrics are identical to that of Mel Brooks ' Blazing Saddles , with Rock Ridge changed to Quahog . A lady says of King Stewart , " I didn 't vote for him , " alluding to Monty Python and the Holy Grail . Harry MacAfee from the film Bye Bye Birdie makes an appearance . Peter 's appearance is similar to Kajagoogoo frontman Limahl . = = Reception = = In its original airing in the United States , " Peter 's Progress " was watched by 7 @.@ 33 million homes , which was up from the previous episode , and was the most watched show in the " Animation Domination " block , beating the season finales of The Simpsons , American Dad ! and King of the Hill . It acquired a 3 @.@ 7 rating in the 18 – 49 demographic , finishing third in its timeslot after the season finales of Survivor : Tocantins and Desperate Housewives . The episode received mixed reviews from critics . Ahsan Haque of IGN said that " Family Guy has never really done anything particularly special for the last episode of any season [ ... ] and despite the obvious efforts to increase the animation quality and try to tell a complete story in this episode , it didn 't turn out to be the winning effort that will keep fans eagerly awaiting the show 's return next season " . Todd VanDerWerff of The A.V. Club gave the episode a D , and called it an " unfortunate and unfunny flashback [ ... ] with lots of incest gags [ that ] was genuinely queasy @-@ making , but not in a way that made anyone laugh from the shock of recognition or anything like that " , but said that Family Guy can be " damn funny when it wants to be " , referring to the Fox promos that take up the bottom quarter of the screen . Robin Pierson of The TV Critic gave the episode a positive review , stating : " Good fun story , good fun jokes " , but said that the end " felt flat " because of the Revenge of the Nerds music sequence .
= New York State Route 446 = New York State Route 446 ( NY 446 ) is a state highway in the Southern Tier of New York in the United States . The highway extends for 6 @.@ 76 miles ( 10 @.@ 88 km ) on a northeast – southwest alignment from an intersection with NY 16 north of the hamlet of Hinsdale to a junction with NY 305 in the village of Cuba . It parallels the Southern Tier Expressway ( NY 17 and Interstate 86 or I @-@ 86 ) very closely for its entire length . NY 446 was originally designated as part of Route 4 , an unsigned legislative route , in 1908 . The Hinsdale – Cuba highway received its first posted designation in 1924 when it was included as part of NY 17 . It was renumbered twice , becoming part of NY 63 in 1930 and NY 408 in the 1940s , before gaining its current designation c . 1975 . = = Route description = = NY 446 begins at an intersection with NY 16 in the Hinsdale hamlet of Maplehurst , located a quarter @-@ mile ( 0 @.@ 40 km ) north of exit 27 on the Southern Tier Expressway ( I @-@ 86 and NY 17 ) and roughly one mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) north of the larger community of Hinsdale . The route heads northeast through the town of Hinsdale along the base of a valley surrounding Oil Creek . While NY 446 follows the north bank of the creek , the Southern Tier Expressway and the adjacent Western New York and Pennsylvania Railroad ( WNYP ) run along the southern bank . Near the Cattaraugus – Allegany county line , Route 446 , Oil Creek , and the WNYP all turn east toward Cuba ; however , the expressway continues on a northeasterly alignment to bypass the village to the north . Upon entering Allegany County , NY 446 passes under the Southern Tier Expressway and becomes known as Water Street as it enters Cuba from the west upon traversing Oil Creek . The route continues eastward for three blocks to NY 305 ( Genesee Street ) , where both Water Street and NY 446 terminate approximately a quarter @-@ mile ( 0 @.@ 40 km ) south of exit 28 on the Southern Tier Expressway . = = History = = All of modern NY 446 was originally designated as part of Route 4 , a cross @-@ state unsigned legislative route defined by the New York State Legislature in 1908 . Route 4 continued south from Hinsdale on what is now NY 16 and east from the village of Cuba on County Route 20 . The legislative route system was replaced by the modern state route system in 1924 , at which time most of Route 4 was designated NY 17 , including from Hinsdale to Cuba . In the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York , NY 17 was moved onto a more southerly alignment ( now NY 417 ) between Olean and Wellsville . Its former routing between Hinsdale and the Amity hamlet of Belvidere became the southwesternmost part of the new NY 63 , which continued north from Belvidere to the Lake Ontario shoreline . NY 63 was rerouted south of Mount Morris in the early 1940s to follow its current alignment to Wayland . The former alignment of NY 63 from Hinsdale to Mount Morris was redesignated as NY 408 . In the early 1970s , construction began on the portion of the Southern Tier Expressway between Olean and Corning . From Hinsdale to Belvidere , the new highway closely followed NY 408 . By 1974 , the highway was open from Olean to Hinsdale and from Almond to Corning . The segment between Hinsdale and NY 19 in Belvidere was completed by January 1975 , and the leg between Belvidere and Almond opened to traffic on January 30 , 1975 , completing the Olean – Corning portion of the expressway . The bypassed section of NY 408 between Cuba and Belvidere was subsequently transferred to Allegany County , and NY 408 was truncated to its current southern terminus in Nunda as a result . The portion of NY 408 's former routing between Hinsdale and Cuba was retained as a state highway and renumbered to NY 446 . = = Major intersections = =
= Mesozoic mammals of Madagascar = Several mammals are known from the Mesozoic of Madagascar . The Bathonian ( middle Jurassic ) Ambondro , known from a piece of jaw with three teeth , is the earliest known mammal with molars showing the modern , tribosphenic pattern that is characteristic of marsupial and placental mammals . Interpretations of its affinities have differed ; one proposal places it in a group known as Australosphenida with other Mesozoic tribosphenic mammals from the southern continents ( Gondwana ) as well as the monotremes , while others favor closer affinities with northern ( Laurasian ) tribosphenic mammals or specifically with placentals . At least five species are known from the Maastrichtian ( late Cretaceous ) , including a yet undescribed species known from a nearly complete skeleton that may represent a completely new group of mammals . The gondwanathere Lavanify , known from two teeth , is most closely related to other gondwanatheres found in India and Argentina . Two other teeth may represent another gondwanathere or a different kind of mammal . One molar fragment is one of the few known remains of a multituberculate mammal from Gondwana and another ( UA 8699 ) has been interpreted as either a marsupial or a placental . = = Jurassic = = Ambondro mahabo was described from the middle Jurassic ( Bathonian , about 167 million years ago ) of northwestern Madagascar in 1999 . It is known from a single lower jaw fragment with three teeth , probably the last premolar and first two molars . The molars have been interpreted as showing the tribosphenic pattern that is characteristic of modern mammals ; Ambondro is the oldest known mammal with such a pattern . This led its discoverers to propose that the ancestors of tribosphenic mammals arose in the south ( Gondwana ) , not , as generally assumed , in the north ( Laurasia ) . In 2001 , however , paleontologist Zhe @-@ Xi Luo and colleagues alternatively proposed that Ambondro was part of a clade with Ausktribosphenos from the Cretaceous of Australia and the monotremes that developed tribosphenicity independently from other mammals ( Boreosphenida ) . This clade , Australosphenida , has since been expanded with more recently discovered species from Argentina ( Asfaltomylos and Henosferus ) and Australia ( Bishops ) . Other paleontologists have disagreed with this interpretation and proposed different models ; for example , in 2001 Denise Sigogneau @-@ Russell and colleagues proposed that although Ausktribosphenos and monotremes were related , Ambondro was not and was in fact more similar to boreosphenidans , and in 2003 Michael Woodburne and colleagues excluded monotremes from Australosphenida and placed the remaining australosphenidans close to placentals . The deposits that produced Ambondro have yielded some reptiles , but no other mammals . = = Cretaceous = = The Mahajanga Basin of northwestern Madagascar has produced a rich late Cretaceous fauna , including various dinosaurs and crocodyliforms as well as mammals , found by the team of David W. Krause since 1993 . Many of these taxa show affinities with similarly aged South American and Indian animals , also parts of Gondwana . The mammalian fauna consists of several taxa known only by isolated teeth and a single reasonably complete skeleton , none of which can be plausibly related to the Recent Madagascar fauna ( see list of mammals of Madagascar ) . The fossils come from the Maastrichtian ( latest Cretaceous ) of the Anembalembo Member of the Maevarano Formation . Two teeth , one complete and one damaged , form the known material of the gondwanathere Lavanify , first described in 1997 . The teeth are high @-@ crowned and curved ; one contains a deep cementum @-@ filled furrow and the other at least one deep pit ( infundibulum ) . Lavanify appears to be most closely related to the Indian gondwanathere Bharattherium and more distantly to the other gondwanatheres , which are known from Argentina . Two other teeth , not yet fully described , may represent different tooth positions of another gondwanathere . One , a fragmentary molariform ( molar or molar @-@ like premolar — the identities of gondwanathere tooth are poorly understood ) is larger and lower @-@ crowned than the Lavanify teeth and the other , which is complete and unworn , is yet lower @-@ crowned and has the surface obliquely oriented . Its crown consists of a W @-@ shaped ridge with the parts separated by deep infundibula . This second tooth may also represent a completely different , yet unknown mammalian group . A fragmentary molar , preserving two cusps , is identified as from a multituberculate . Although multituberculates are common in nearly contemporaneous deposits in Laurasia , this tooth is one of the few records from Gondwana ; a few fragmentary remains , the multituberculate affinities of some of which are disputed , are also known from South America ( Argentodites ) , Africa ( Hahnodon ) , and Australia ( Corriebaatar ) . Another fragmentary tooth , UA 8699 , is recognizable as a tribosphenic lower molar . Krause identified it in 2001 as a marsupial , but in 2003 a group led by Alexander Averianov instead argued that the tooth was placental and related to zhelestids ( a primitive group possibly related to ungulates ) . Both placentals and marsupials are mostly known from Laurasia during the Cretaceous . In addition to these fragmentary teeth , the Maevarano Formation has also yielded a nearly complete , articulated skeleton of an immature , cat @-@ sized mammal that has not yet been fully described . It is the most complete mammal known from the Mesozoic of Gondwana . Its skull is damaged , but its unusual dentition is preserved . The incisors ( two on each side of the upper and one on each side of the lower jaw ) project forwards and are separated from the three or four cheektooth in each side of the lower and upper jaws by a large diastema ( gap ) . It shows primitive features , such as the presence of epipubic bones ( in the pelvis ) , a septomaxilla ( a small bone placed between the premaxilla and the maxilla in the upper jaw ) , and a deep zygomatic arch ( cheekbone ) . On the other hand , it has derived traits like the presence of a well @-@ developed trochlea on the distal ( far ) end of the humerus ( upper arm bone ) , the absence of a rim at the dorsal ( upper ) margin of the acetabulum ( the opening in the pelvis which receives the head of the femur ) , a small lesser trochanter of the femur ( upper leg bone ) , reduced contact between the fibula ( the smaller of the two lower leg bones ) and the calcaneum ( heel bone ) , and the dentition . In a 2000 abstract , Krause identified it as a therian ( a member of the group that includes marsupials , placentals , and their closest extinct relatives ) more derived than the early Cretaceous Vincelestes of Argentina , but in 2006 he and colleagues instead refused to place it in any existing higher @-@ order mammalian group and claimed that " it represents a major new nontherian clade " .
= Suillus spraguei = Suillus spraguei is a species of fungus in the Suillaceae family . It is known by a variety of common names , including the painted slipperycap , the painted suillus or the red and yellow suillus . Suillus spraguei has had a complex taxonomical history , and is also frequently referred to Suillus pictus in the literature . The readily identifiable fruit bodies have caps that are dark red when fresh , dry to the touch , and covered with mats of hairs and scales that are separated by yellow cracks . On the underside of the cap are small , yellow , angular pores that become brownish as the mushroom ages . The stalk bears a grayish cottony ring , and is typically covered with soft hairs or scales . Suillus spraguei grows in a mycorrhizal association with several pine species , particularly eastern white pine , and the fruit bodies grow on the ground , appearing from early summer to autumn . It has a disjunct distribution , and is found in eastern Asia , northeastern North America , and Mexico throughout the range of the host tree . The mushroom is edible , although opinions about its quality vary . The mushroom bears a resemblance to several other Suillus species , including the closely related S. decipiens , although the species can be differentiated by variations in color and size . = = Taxonomy , phylogeny , and naming = = Suillus spraguei has had a complex taxonomic history . Although the first specimen was originally collected in New England in 1856 by Charles James Sprague , a formal scientific description was not published until 1872 when Miles Joseph Berkeley and Moses Ashley Curtis called it Boletus spraguei . In a publication that appeared the following year , American mycologist Charles Horton Peck named the species Boletus pictus . Berkeley and Curtis had also described what they believed to be a new species — Boletus murraii — although this was later considered by Rolf Singer to be merely a younger version of their Boletus spraguei . Although Peck 's description appeared in print in 1873 , the date stamp on the original publication revealed that he had sent his documents to the printer before the appearance of the 1872 Berkeley and Curtis publication , thus establishing nomenclatural priority under the rules of fungal naming . However , in 1945 Singer reported that the name Boletus pictus was illegitimate because it was a homonym , already being used for a polypore mushroom described by Carl Friedrich Schultz in 1806 . The name was officially switched to Suillus spraguei in 1986 ( Otto Kuntze had previously transferred the taxon to Suillus in 1898 ) . A 1996 molecular analysis of 38 Suillus species used the sequences of their internal transcribed spacers to infer phylogenetic relationships and clarify the taxonomy of the genus . The results indicate that S. spraguei is most closely related to S. decipiens . The species S. granulatus and S. placidus lie on a branch sister to that containing S. spraguei . These results were corroborated and extended in later publications that assessed the relationships between Asian and eastern North American isolates of various Suillus , including S. spraguei . The analysis supported the hypothesis that Chinese and U.S. S. spraguei and S. decipiens were each other 's closest relatives , and the clade that contained them could be divided into four distinct subgroups : S. decipiens , U.S. S. spraguei , China ( Yunnan ) S. spraguei , and China ( Jilin ) S. spraguei . The specific epithet spraguei is an homage to the collector Sprague , while pictus means " painted " or " colored " . Suillus spraguei is commonly known as the " painted slipperycap " , the " painted suillus " , or the " red and yellow suillus " . It is also called the " eastern painted Suillus " to contrast with the " western painted Suillus " ( Suillus lakei ) . = = Description = = The cap of the fruit body is 3 to 12 cm ( 1 @.@ 2 to 4 @.@ 7 in ) in diameter , and depending on its age , is either conic to convex , to somewhat flattened at maturity . The cap margin is initially rolled downward before straightening out , often with hanging remnants of partial veil ( appendiculate ) . The cap surface is covered with densely matted filaments that are rough and scale @-@ like . The scales are pink to brownish red , fading to a pale brown @-@ gray or dull yellow in maturity . Under the scales , the cap surface is yellow to pale yellow @-@ orange . While many other Suillus species have a sticky or slimy cap , S. spraguei is dry . The flesh is yellow . The pores on the underside of the cap are yellowish and angular , measuring 0 @.@ 5 to 5 mm ( 0 @.@ 02 to 0 @.@ 20 in ) wide , and formed by tubes that extend 4 to 8 mm ( 0 @.@ 2 to 0 @.@ 3 in ) deep . These pores have a slightly decurrent attachment to the stem ( extending down its length ) . Young specimens have a whitish fibrous partial veil that protects the developing pores ; as the cap expands it rips the veil , which remains as a grayish ring on the stem . The stem is 4 to 12 cm ( 1 @.@ 6 to 4 @.@ 7 in ) long , and 1 to 2 @.@ 5 cm ( 0 @.@ 4 to 1 @.@ 0 in ) thick , roughly cylindrical in shape , or sometimes with a bulbous bottom so as to be somewhat club @-@ shaped . The stem surface is tomentose , with scales at the top , and a ring on the upper half of the stem . Below the ring the stem is fibrillose , covered with a mat of soft hairs . Its color at the top is yellow , but with wine @-@ red to reddish @-@ brown scales below , underlaid with a pale yellow to grayish color . The stem is usually solid , rarely hollow . The tissue of all parts of the fruit body — cap , pores , and stem — will turn brownish shortly after being bruised or injured . In deposit , such as with a spore print , the spores of S. spraguei appear olive @-@ brown in color , although this changes to clay or tawny @-@ olive after drying . Microscopically , the spores have smooth surfaces , measuring 9 – 11 by 3 – 4 @.@ 5 µm ; in side profile they have asymmetrical sides and a suprahilar depression ( a surface indentation formed where the spore attaches to the basidia ) , while in face view they appear oblong . The spores are not amyloid , meaning that they do not absorb iodine when stained with Melzer 's reagent . The basidia ( the spore @-@ bearing cells in the hymenium ) are thin @-@ walled , four @-@ spored , and have dimensions of 17 – 19 by 5 – 7 @.@ 8 µm . In the presence of potassium hydroxide , they appear hyaline ( translucent ) , and they become pale yellow to nearly hyaline in Melzer 's reagent . Various parts of the mushroom display characteristic color reactions to chemical tests commonly used in mushroom identification . The cap cuticle will turn a blackish color with the application of a drop of potassium hydroxide ( KOH ) , iron sulfate ( FeSO4 ) solution , or ammonia solution . The mushroom flesh turns grayish @-@ green to greenish black with a drop of FeSO4 , and olive to greenish black with KOH or NH4OH . = = = Edibility = = = Suillus spraguei is an edible mushroom . Its taste is not distinctive , although the odor has been described as " slightly fruity " . Although it turns a blackish color when cooked , some consider it choice , and " among the better edibles in the genus Suillus . " In contrast , another source on mushrooms of Québec described the mushroom as a poor edible ( " comestible médiocre " ) , and warned of a slightly acidic taste and disagreeable flavor . Michael Kuo 's 2007 book 100 Edible Mushrooms rates the taste as mediocre , suggesting " its sluglike consistency has all the palatability of unflavored gelatin . " The book recommends frying the thinly sliced mushroom in butter or oil until it acquires a crispy texture . = = = Similar species = = = S. spraguei is a popular edible among novice mushroom hunters as it is readily identifiable due to both its appearance and its association with White Pine . Although this distinctiveness renders it unlikely to be confused with other species , it does share similar characteristics with several other Suillus species . S. spraguei bears some resemblance to the rosy larch bolete ( S. ochraceoroseus ) , but the latter species has a darker spore print , a thicker stem , and grows in association with larch . S. cavipes , another associate of larch trees , is more brownish and has a hollow stalk . S. lakei is less brightly colored than S. spraguei , has a shorter stalk , and usually grows with Douglas fir . S. decipiens has a less intensely red cap when young , but the color of older specimens fade and can resemble S. spraguei . S. decipiens generally has a smaller stature , with a cap ranging from 4 to 7 cm ( 1 @.@ 6 to 2 @.@ 8 in ) in diameter , and stem that is typically 4 – 7 cm ( 1 @.@ 6 – 2 @.@ 8 in ) long by 0 @.@ 7 – 1 @.@ 6 cm ( 0 @.@ 3 – 0 @.@ 6 in ) thick . Further , its pores are irregular in shape , measuring 0 @.@ 5 – 1 mm in diameter at maturity , and stain a shade of hazel rather than reddish to brownish . It is found in the southeastern United States , from New Jersey south to Florida and west to Texas . = = Ecology , habitat and distribution = = In nature , Suillus spraguei forms ectomycorrhizal relationships with five @-@ needled pine species . This is a mutually beneficial relationship where the hyphae of the fungus grow around the roots of the trees , enabling the fungus to receive moisture , protection and nutritive byproducts of the tree , and affording the tree greater access to soil nutrients . S. spraguei produces tuberculate ectomycorrhizae ( covered with wart @-@ like projections ) that are described as aggregates of ectomycorrhizal roots encased in a fungal rind , and rhizomorphs that are tubular fungal cords with a hard outer sheath . The fungus has ecological host specificity , and in natural soils can only associate with white pine , a grouping of trees classified in subgenus Strobus of the genus Pinus . However , under controlled pure culture conditions in the laboratory , S. spraguei has also been shown to form associations with Red Pine , Pitch Pine , and Loblolly Pine . Asian populations have been associated with Korean Pine , Chinese White Pine , Siberian Dwarf Pine and Japanese White Pine . In North America , fruit bodies appear earlier than most other boletes , as early as June ( bolete fruit bodies generally begin to appear in July – September ) , although they may be found as late as October . Mushrooms can be parasitized by the fungus Hypomyces completus . In the asexual stage of H. completus , it appears initially as patches of whitish mold on the surface of the cap or stem that rapidly spread to cover the entire mushroom surface and produce conidia ( asexual spores ) . In the sexual stage , the mold changes color , progressing from yellow @-@ brown to brown , greenish @-@ brown and eventually black as it makes perithecia , asci @-@ containing sexual structures that produce ascospores . The perithecia are pimply and give the surface a roughened texture . A Japanese field study found that S. spraguei was the dominant fungus in a 21 @-@ year @-@ old stand of Korean Pine , both in terms of ectomycorrhizae ( measured as percentage of biomass present in soil samples ) and by fruit body production ( comprising over 90 % of dry weight of total fruit bodies collected of all species ) . The production of S. spraguei fruit bodies averaged about one per square meter , without much variance during the four @-@ year study period . The mushrooms appeared mostly from August to November , tended to grow in clumps , and the spatial distribution of clumps was random — the location of the clumps was not correlatable with appearances in previous years . The density of mushrooms along a forest road was higher than average , suggesting a preference for disturbed habitat . The results also suggested that S. spraguei prefers to produce fruit bodies in areas with low litter accumulation , a finding corroborated in a later publication . This study also determined that the fungus propagates mainly by vegetative growth ( extension of underground mycelia ) , rather than by colonization of spores . Suillus spraguei has a disjunct distribution and is known from several localities in Asia , including China , Japan , Korea , and Taiwan . In North America , its range extends from eastern Canada ( Nova Scotia ) south to the Carolinas , and west to Minnesota . It has also been collected in Mexico ( Coahuila and Durango ) . Furthermore , the species has been introduced to Europe ( Germany , Lower Saxony ; Netherlands ) .
= Maryland Route 404 = Maryland Route 404 ( MD 404 ) is a major highway on Maryland 's Eastern Shore in the United States . It runs 24 @.@ 61 miles ( 39 @.@ 61 km ) from MD 662 in Wye Mills on the border of Queen Anne 's and Talbot counties , southeast to the Delaware state line in Caroline County , where the road continues as Delaware Route 404 ( DE 404 ) to Nassau ( near Rehoboth Beach ) . The Maryland and Delaware state highways together cross the width of the Delmarva Peninsula and serve to connect the cities west of the Chesapeake Bay by way of the Chesapeake Bay Bridge and U.S. Route 50 ( US 50 ) with the Delaware Beaches . Along the way , MD 404 passes through mostly farmland and woodland as well as the towns of Queen Anne , Hillsboro , and Denton . The road is a two @-@ lane undivided highway for most of its length with the exception of the bypass around Denton and a section near Hillsboro , which is a four @-@ lane divided highway . MD 404 was designated by 1933 to run from Matapeake ( where the Annapolis @-@ Matapeake ferry across the Chesapeake Bay connected the route to Annapolis ) , east along present @-@ day MD 8 , US 50 , and MD 662 to Wye Mills , where it followed its current routing to the Delaware border . By 1946 , the route ’ s western terminus was moved to MD 2 north of Annapolis , where it headed east across the Chesapeake Bay on the Sandy Point @-@ Matapeake ferry . The western terminus was cut back to Wye Mills in 1949 , having been replaced with US 50 west of there . The route was realigned to bypass Queen Anne and Hillsboro in 1960 and Denton in 1987 . Since MD 404 is the main route for travelers between the Chesapeake Bay Bridge and the Delaware Beaches , the road has a high accident rate . To improve on this situation , the Maryland State Highway Administration is planning to widen the two @-@ lane portions of the route into a four @-@ lane divided highway . A portion of the road east of Tuckahoe Creek in Caroline County received $ 7 @.@ 7 million for widening as a part of the stimulus bill signed into law by President Barack Obama in 2009 . = = Route description = = MD 404 begins at an intersection with MD 662 ( Old Wye Mills Road ) in Wye Mills on the border of Queen Anne 's and Talbot Counties , heading to the east on Queen Anne 's Highway , a two @-@ lane undivided road . It heads east through farmland along the Queen Anne 's / Talbot County border before reaching an intersection with US 50 ( Ocean Gateway ) . Upon crossing US 50 , MD 404 becomes a part of the main route between the Chesapeake Bay Bridge and the Delaware Beaches . MD 404 continues east through farmland with some residences and wooded areas as a two @-@ lane road , approaching the town of Queen Anne . Further east , Old Queen Anne Road splits from MD 404 , with MD 404 crossing entirely into Queen Anne 's County . It resumes east through some farmland before coming to an intersection with MD 309 ( Starr Road ) . Past MD 309 , the route intersects the northern terminus of MD 303 ( Main Street ) , which intersects the route as a northbound @-@ only road that provides access to eastbound MD 404 . From MD 303 , the road heads into wooded areas adjacent to Tuckahoe State Park before crossing the Tuckahoe Creek . MD 404 enters Caroline County upon crossing the Tuckahoe Creek , where it becomes Shore Highway . It widens into a four @-@ lane divided highway and emerges from the woods into agricultural areas , intersecting MD 480 ( Ridgely Road ) near Hillsboro . Past that intersection , the route heads through a mix of woods and residences , narrowing back into a two @-@ lane undivided road , before intersecting MD 404 Alt . ( Hillsboro Road ) , where MD 404 heads into a mix of farms and woodland . Unsigned MD 485 ( Saathoff Road ) loops to the south of MD 404 , returning to the route before the intersection with the southern terminus of MD 312 ( Downes Station Road ) . The route continues to the southeast through farms , heading toward Denton . As the road approaches Denton , it widens into a four @-@ lane divided highway that heads through rural areas with some residences and businesses . MD 404 Bus . ( Meeting House Road ) splits from MD 404 to head through the center of Denton while MD 404 continues east to bypass Denton to the north . The route continues east through fields before intersecting MD 328 ( New Bridge Road ) . Past this intersection , MD 404 crosses over the Choptank River . It continues east as a limited @-@ access road with a diamond interchange with MD 313 ( Greensboro Road ) and unsigned MD 619 ( Sixth Street ) , where some businesses are located . MD 313 forms a concurrency with MD 404 and the two routes turn south , heading along the eastern side of Denton through woodland and then past residential neighborhoods . It turns to the southwest , heading into woods and intersecting MD 404 Bus . ( Franklin Street / Gay Street ) at an at @-@ grade intersection . MD 313 and MD 404 continue as a surface road that turns south and heads through some commercial areas . The road heads south into farmland , passing by Martinak State Park . It crosses over Watts Creek and comes to an intersection with MD 16 ( Harmony Road ) , with that route joining MD 313 and MD 404 for a three @-@ way concurrency . The three routes continue southeast , narrowing into a two @-@ lane undivided road that heads through a mix of woods and farms with some homes . The road turns more to the east @-@ southeast , with MD 313 splitting from MD 16 and MD 404 by heading south on Federalsburg Highway in Andersontown . The road turns southeast and in a short distance , MD 16 splits from MD 404 by heading east on Greenwood Road . Past this intersection , MD 404 continues southeast through farmland and woodland to the Delaware border , where the road continues as DE 404 , which runs east to an intersection with DE 1 in Five Points ( near Rehoboth Beach ) . MD 404 is a part of the main National Highway System for its entire length except for the portion from MD 662 to US 50 in Wye Mills . = = History = = By 1921 , what would become MD 404 was built as a state highway within Queen Anne , from Hillsboro to a point between Hillsboro and Denton , and between West Denton and Denton . The state highway between Queen Anne and Denton was completed by 1927 . By 1933 , MD 404 was designated onto a state highway between Matapeake , where the Annapolis @-@ Matapeake ferry across the Chesapeake Bay connected the route to Annapolis in Anne Arundel County , and the Delaware border southeast of Denton . The route headed east across Kent Island to Queenstown , where it turned southeast to Wye Mills and continued east through Queen Anne , Hillsboro , and Denton . By 1946 , the route 's western terminus was moved to MD 2 north of Annapolis in Anne Arundel County , crossing the Chesapeake Bay on the Sandy Point @-@ Matapeake ferry , roughly where the Chesapeake Bay Bridge is now , and continuing west through Skidmore to MD 2 . MD 404 was rerouted to bypass Wye Mills in 1948 , with part of the former alignment through the community becoming part of MD 662 . A year later , the western terminus of MD 404 was moved to MD 662 in Wye Mills . West of Wye Mills , the route was replaced by an extended US 50 . The former alignment of MD 404 west of Wye Mills is now the US 50 approaches to the Chesapeake Bay Bridge , with the part between Matapeake and Stevensville now a part of MD 8 . In 1950 , MD 404 was rerouted to bypass Queen Anne and Hillsboro to the north , with the former alignment now MD 404 Alt . A portion of the route between Hillsboro and Denton was bypassed in 1960 . This former alignment of MD 404 is now known as Saathoff Road and has the unsigned MD 485 designation . In 1972 , MD 404 and MD 313 were relocated to a one @-@ way pair , eastbound Franklin Street and westbound Gay Street , through Denton . The routes previously headed south out of Denton on Sixth Street and Fifth Avenue . The former alignment along Sixth Street became MD 619 by 1978 . In the early 1980s , construction began to widen MD 404 to a divided highway . By 1985 , construction was underway for the four @-@ lane divided bypass of Denton between MD 404 west of Denton and MD 313 north of Denton . In 1987 , MD 313 and MD 404 were rerouted to bypass Denton along the newly completed four @-@ lane divided bypass . The former alignment of MD 404 through Denton became MD 404 Bus . The divided highway portion of MD 404 in the Denton area was extended further in the 2000s from the south end of Denton to the Sennett Road intersection east of where MD 16 joins the route . This project received $ 3 million from the federal government in 2001 . On May 29 , 2011 , the Route 404 Memorial Garden , located near Denton , was dedicated , honoring those who were killed in car accidents along MD 404 . The memorial consists of a flagpole surrounded by a circular path with bricks bearing the names of people who died along the route . = = Future = = The Maryland State Highway Administration is working on improvements to MD 404 in order to provide relief to travelers driving to the ocean resorts , notably by widening the remainder of the route into a four @-@ lane divided highway . The primary motive behind the widening is the high accident rate that plagues the two @-@ lane road , brought on by beach traffic . As part of the stimulus bill signed into law by President Barack Obama on February 17 , 2009 , $ 7 @.@ 7 million went to widening a portion of MD 404 east of Tuckahoe Creek in Caroline County , creating 221 jobs . On May 21 , 2014 , groundbreaking took place to widen MD 404 between west of MD 309 and Cemetery Road . The project to widen this section of will cost a total of $ 39 million . On June 25 , 2015 , Governor Larry Hogan announced that state funding would be allocated to finish widening MD 404 between US 50 and Denton , among other projects across the state . A total of $ 160 million in funds would go to widening MD 404 . = = Junction list = = = = Related routes = = = = = Hillsboro alternate route = = = Maryland Route 404 Alternate ( MD 404 Alt . ) is a 2 @.@ 69 @-@ mile ( 4 @.@ 33 km ) long alternate route of MD 404 in Talbot and Caroline counties . The route runs along the former alignment of MD 404 through the towns of Queen Anne and Hillsboro . The route begins at an intersection with MD 309 ( Cordova Road ) near Queen Anne , Talbot County , where it heads east on two @-@ lane undivided Millsboro Denton Road . West of MD 309 , Old Queen Anne Road continues west to MD 404 . MD 404 Alt. passes through woodland , crossing under the abandoned Chesapeake Railroad before coming to MD 303 ( Lewistown Road ) . At this point , the route turns north to form a concurrency with MD 303 along Talbot Avenue , and the two routes enter Queen Anne as it turns to the east . MD 303 splits from MD 404 Alternate by turning north on Main Street , while MD 404 Alt. continues east past homes , intersecting MD 518 ( First Street ) . As the road runs a short distance to the south of the Tuckahoe Creek , there is an industrial building on the south side of the road . Upon crossing the Tuckahoe Creek , MD 404 Alt. enters Hillsboro in Caroline County and becomes Hillsboro Road . The route continues through residential areas of the town . Upon leaving Hillsboro , the road heads into agricultural areas with a few homes and a patch of woods . MD 404 Alt. ends at an intersection with MD 404 east of Hillsboro . Junction list = = = Denton business loop = = = Maryland Route 404 Business ( MD 404 Bus . ) is a 2 @.@ 32 @-@ mile ( 3 @.@ 73 km ) long business route of MD 404 through the town of Denton in Caroline County . The route runs along the former alignment of MD 404 that was bypassed by the divided , four @-@ lane Denton Bypass . MD 404 Bus. branches off from MD 404 west of Denton by heading southeast on a two @-@ lane divided road called Meeting House Road that soon becomes undivided as it passes through farmland with some businesses . As it comes to MD 328 ( New Bridge Road ) in West Denton , the route passes near residences . The road crosses the Choptank River into Denton , where it becomes Franklin Street . Shortly after the river , MD 404 Bus. splits into a one @-@ way pair that follows Franklin Street eastbound and Gay Street westbound . The one @-@ way pair , which has two lanes in each direction , carries the route through the residential and commercial downtown of Denton , where it intersects MD 619 ( Sixth Street ) . In the eastern part of Denton , the two directions of MD 404 Bus. turn south and join again , becoming a four @-@ lane divided highway with the Franklin Street name that runs through woodland . MD 404 Bus. ends at MD 313 and MD 404 a short distance later . Junction list The entire route is in Caroline County . = = = Auxiliary routes = = = MD 404C runs along Liden School Road from MD 404 northeast to MD 404D southeast of Denton in Caroline County . The route is 0 @.@ 03 mi ( 0 @.@ 048 km ) long . MD 404D runs along Patten Road and Liden School Road from the beginning of state maintenance southeast to the end of state maintenance southeast of Denton in Caroline County , intersecting MD 404C . The route is 0 @.@ 22 mi ( 0 @.@ 35 km ) long . MD 404K runs along West Frontage Road from MD 404P north to MD 404N in Denton , Caroline County , running to the west of MD 313 / MD 404 . The route is 0 @.@ 31 mi ( 0 @.@ 50 km ) long . MD 404L runs along West Frontage # 2 from a cul @-@ de @-@ sac north to MD 404P in Denton , Caroline County , running to the west of MD 313 / MD 404 . The route is 0 @.@ 39 mi ( 0 @.@ 63 km ) long . MD 404M runs along East Frontage Road from MD 404R north to MD 313 / MD 404 in Denton , Caroline County , running to the east of MD 313 / MD 404 . The route is 0 @.@ 36 mi ( 0 @.@ 58 km ) long . MD 404N runs along Sharp Road from the beginning of state maintenance east to MD 313 / MD 404 in Denton , Caroline County , intersecting MD 404K . The route is 0 @.@ 05 mi ( 0 @.@ 080 km ) long . MD 404P runs along Deep Shore Road from the beginning of state maintenance at MD 404L east to MD 313 / MD 404 and MD 404R in Denton , Caroline County , intersecting MD 404K . The route is 0 @.@ 07 mi ( 0 @.@ 11 km ) long . MD 404R runs along Double Hills Road from the beginning of state maintenance north to MD 313 / MD 404 and MD 404P in Denton , Caroline County , intersecting MD 404M . The route is 0 @.@ 24 mi ( 0 @.@ 39 km ) long . MD 404S runs along West Frontage Road from a dead end east to MD 16 / MD 313 / MD 404 at Sennett Road southeast of Denton in Caroline County . The route is 0 @.@ 09 mi ( 0 @.@ 14 km ) long . MD 404T runs along Service Road 9A from MD 404 north to MD 404U in Caroline County . The route is 0 @.@ 09 mi ( 0 @.@ 14 km ) long and was created in 2011 . MD 404U runs along Service Road 9B from MD 404T east to a cul @-@ de @-@ sac in Caroline County . The route is 0 @.@ 085 mi ( 0 @.@ 137 km ) long and was created in 2011 .
= Outta My Head ( Leona Lewis song ) = " Outta My Head " is a song recorded by British singer @-@ songwriter Leona Lewis for her second studio album Echo ( 2009 ) . The track was written by Savan Kotecha , Max Martin and Johan " Shellback " Schuster , and produced by the latter two . It is an electropop and Eurodance song , and its compositional structure is noticeably different from the other songs on Echo . The instrumentation consists of keyboard riffs and beats , instead of pianos and guitars which are used on the other songs . The chorus of " Outta My Head " was compared to the works of Australian singer Kylie Minogue and German singer Cascada due to its Eurodance style . It debuted and peaked at number 98 on the Slovakian Singles Chart upon the release of Echo . Lewis has performed the song on Jimmy Kimmel Live ! and it was included on the set list of her debut concert tour , The Labyrinth ( 2010 ) . = = Recording and composition = = " Outta My Head " was written by Savan Kotecha , Max Martin and Shellback , with production done by the latter two , for Lewis 's second studio album , Echo ( 2009 ) . It was recorded by Ann Miniceli in Maratone Studios , Stockholm , Sweden and at Germano Studios , New York . She was assisted in the process by Christian Baker . It was mixed by Serban Genea at MixStar Studios in Virginia Beach , VA . The Pro Tools engineer for the mixing was John Hanes , and his assistant was Tim Roberts . " Outta My Head " is an electropop and Eurodance song which lasts for a duration of three minutes and 39 seconds ; it appears as the fifth song on the standard United Kingdom track list of Echo . On the US edition , it runs for one second less and is included as the sixth track . The instrumentation of " Outta My Head " is different from the rest of the songs on Echo and does not follow the same styles of production . Instead of using pianos and guitars , it employs " stuttering keyboard riffs " and " cheap beats " . The lyrics of the song contain a " F * * k you ! " sentiment . " Outta My Head " moves at a tempo of 130 beats per minute in the key of C major . Lewis ' vocals span from G3 to A5 . The song follows a chord progression of F – C – Em . = = Critical reception = = " Outta My Head " garnered mixed reviews from music critics . Nick Levine for Digital Spy described " Outta My Head " as a " genuine surprise " because of its uptempo style and how different it is to the rest of the songs on Echo , which Levine thought often sounded the same from song to song . He further wrote that the chorus is something which would suit German Eurodance singer Cascada . Writing for The Independent , Andy Gill praised the song for its " fast , juddering " style and wrote that it is the edgiest song on the album . Although , he thought that it did not deviate from " the chunky , machine @-@ like reliability " which is present on the rest of Echo . Michael Cragg for musicOMH complimented the song for lifting Echo 's overall feel of being " mundane " , and that it is an " obvious highlight " of the album . He continued to write that the chorus is " brilliantly camp " and would be well suited to Kylie Minogue . Nate Chinen for The New York Times thought that Lewis was trying to show musical relevance with songs such as " Outta My Head " and " Love Letter " , but achieves it with mixed results . " But Ms. Lewis strives for relevance here too , with mixed results . " Love Letter " is Kelly Clarkson without the spunk ; " Outta My Head " is Lady Gaga without the smirk . " Mike Diver for BBC Music thought that the song represents " cheesy " Eurodance and almost achieves being a credible dance song , if it was not for the slightly " too cheap @-@ sounding , too tinny of production " . As part of his review of Echo , Matthew Cole for Slant Magazine wrote that he was unimpressed by the " novelty " of Lewis ' impressive vocals , writing that she uses the higher registers of her voice too much . " The fact that Lewis can sing isn 't a novelty here — it 's the premise of the album . On nearly every track she can be found cooing impossibly high melodies over bouncing club beats ( ' Can 't Breathe , ' ' Outta My Head ' ) or imbuing the ballads with thick , powerful choruses to match their outsized string arrangements ( ' Broken ' ) . Hugh Montgomery , writing for The Guardian , was critical of the song , writing that it is the " only serious misfire " on the album and that it confirms how " Lewis does sexy and upbeat like Jedward do singing in tune . " Although he thought Lewis ' vocals are " technically unimpeachable " on " Outta My Head " , it is the artistry behind it which fails to deliver . = = Live performances = = Lewis performed " Outta My Head " for the first time live on Jimmy Kimmel Live ! on 25 November 2009 in the United States . She also performed the lead single from the album , " Happy " . The song was included as the seventeenth song on the set list of her debut concert tour , called The Labyrinth ( 2010 ) . It was later included on the DVD release of the tour , The Labyrinth Tour : Live from the O2 . Lewis performed the song in the last section of the set list , along with a cover of Eurythmics " Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) " and Lewis ' version of " Run " . = = Track listing = = Standard edition " Outta My Head " – 3 : 39 United States standard version " Outta My Head " – 3 : 38 = = Credits and personnel = = Recording Recorded at Maratone Studios , Stockholm , Sweden ; Germano Studios , New York . Mixed at MixStar Studios , Virginia Beach , VA . Personnel Songwriting – Savan Kotecha , Max Martin , Shellback Production – Max Martin , Shellback Vocal recording – Ann Miniceli Vocal recording assistant – Christian Baker Mixing – Serban Genea Pro @-@ Tools engineer for mixing – John Hanes Pro @-@ Tools engineer for mixing assistant – Tim Roberts Credits adapted from the liner notes of Echo . = = Chart performance = = For the week beginning 14 December 2009 , " Outta My Head " debuted and peaked at number 98 on the Slovakian Singles Chart .
= The True Cost = The True Cost is a 2015 documentary film directed by Andrew Morgan that focuses on fast fashion . It discusses several aspects of the garment industry from production — mainly exploring the life of low @-@ wage workers in developing countries — to its after @-@ effects such as river and soil pollution , pesticide contamination , disease and death . Using an approach that looks at environmental , social and psychological aspects , it also examines consumerism and mass media , ultimately linking them to global capitalism . The documentary is a collage of several interviews with environmentalists , garment workers , factory owners , and people organizing fair trade companies or promoting sustainable clothing production . Morgan 's attention was drawn to the topic after the 2013 Savar building collapse , when a commercial building in Bangladesh named Rana Plaza toppled and killed over a thousand workers . Starting the project in October of that year , he traveled to thirteen countries to collect information and conduct interviews . The film was funded by Kickstarter and premiered at the 2015 Cannes Film Festival in early May 2015 before its release in select American and British theaters later that month . Critics have been both positive and dismissive , with reviews ranging from " vitally important documentary " to " vague liberal agitprop " . = = Content = = In The True Cost , Morgan examines the garment industry — specifically the fast fashion business — and links it to consumerism , globalization , capitalism , structural poverty , and oppression . In the film , it is stated that in the 1960s , the American fashion industry produced 95 % of the clothes its people wore , while now only 3 % percent are produced in the United States , with the rest produced in developing countries . Operating in countries such as Bangladesh , India , Cambodia , and China , major brand manufacturers minimize costs and maximize profits by having companies in those countries competing against each other . The international brands pressure the factory owners , threatening to close and move production to another country if the clothes are not cheap enough ; the owners in turn pressure their workers and , as one owner says , " They 're hampering me , I 'm hampering my workers " . According to Morgan , despite garment manufacturing being a three @-@ trillion @-@ dollar industry , the working conditions in those countries are poor . In addition to having to work in those conditions and live on low salaries , these workers have a difficult time demanding their rights ; Bangladeshi workers in Dhaka may be beaten by their employers while Cambodians are shot by police . In Dhaka , workers must work in hot and chemical @-@ ridden environments and structurally unsound buildings . The film shows the events of the 2013 Savar building collapse when an eight @-@ story commercial building named Rana Plaza collapsed . Just prior to that , workers had been forced into the factory even though a crack was seen in the walls . The film shows how the demand for cotton in India has led to the planting of genetically modified ( GM ) cotton , and how the monopoly inherent in its use by seed companies causes an increase in the price of cotton , leading to suicides among farmers who lose their land to these companies because they cannot pay the higher seed prices . GM crops need more pesticides , causing environmental damage , birth defects leading to mental and physical disabilities among the Punjab people , and an increased rate of cancer . The film claims that sometimes the companies that produce the pesticides are the same ones that produce the needed medications . A similar scenario occurs in contaminated cotton fields in Texas , where pesticides are causing brain tumors . The garment industry is the second @-@ most @-@ polluting industry the world , according to the film , which is illustrated by leather tanneries pouring chromium into the Ganges River in Kanpur , India . In the film , the focus returns to America , where it looks at how media affects the desire of people — especially teenagers — to buy and create an identity focused on consumption . This is borne out by a 500 % worldwide increase in clothing consumption compared to the 1990s . However , clothes are quickly disposed of ; an average American wastes 82 lb ( 37 kg ) of textiles a year . Only 10 % percent of donated clothes go to thrift shops ; the rest go to landfills , such as those in Port @-@ au @-@ Prince , Haiti . Aside from weakening local industries by this constant disposal of clothes , land and water are polluted because most apparel is made from non @-@ biodegradable materials . Throughout the film , Morgan shows people who defend the low @-@ cost prices such as Benjamin Powell of the Free Market Institute at Texas Tech University and Kate Ball @-@ Young , former sourcing manager of Joe Fresh . Ball @-@ Young says that , in comparison to more precarious alternative work , the fashion industry is a good choice for workers . Powell argues sweatshops are " part of the very process that raises living standards and leads to better working conditions over time " . In contrast , the film shows a Texas organic cotton farmer , eco fashion activist Livia Firth and her sustainability @-@ focused consulting firm , and people who manage fair trade clothing companies , such as animal @-@ rights activist Stella McCartney , People Tree 's Safia Minney , Redress 's Christina Dean , and Patagonia 's Vincent Stanley . Other individuals interviewed and appearing in the film include : television personalities Stephen Colbert and John Oliver , economist Richard D. Wolff , John Hilary of the charity War on Want , professor of media studies Mark Crispin Miller , psychologist Tim Kasser , physician Pritpal Singh , and environmentalists Rick Ridgeway and Vandana Shiva . = = Production = = The documentary 's budget of US $ 500 @,@ 000 was obtained through individual investors and Kickstarter , with Kickstarter crowd funders contributing US $ 76 @,@ 546 . Morgan refused to accept money from companies , non @-@ governmental organizations , and foundations to keep the project " autonomous " . During a two @-@ year period beginning in October 2013 , Morgan traveled to twenty @-@ five cities in thirteen countries , where he collected information and conducted interviews . Some of the interviews were made possible through the efforts of executive producer Livia Firth , who introduced Morgan to eco fashion . Morgan had planned to interview Firth , but when she learned about the project she became interested in it and recommended people for him to talk to . Firth became heavily involved with the project , and after completing several interviews with her , Morgan showed Firth the final cut and made her an executive producer for the film . He had also planned to conduct interviews with 25 " major " brands , but none of them agreed to appear in the film . With no knowledge of the fashion industry , Morgan decided to make a film on the topic after being shocked by the news of the collapse of Rana Plaza . After spending several days getting information , and discovering the industry 's human rights violations and " staggering environmental impacts " , he was sure he had to make the film . He had also previously had an appreciation for the genre , saying he was " actually fascinated by those [ fashion ] films that follow one person " . Like Morgan a non @-@ connoisseur of fashion , executive producer and eco activist Lucy Siegle said that she does not like such films as they are usually limited to exploring the aesthetic aspects of the industry . It is The True Cost differential in her opinion ; it " goes there and then some ‍ — ‌ it unravels the grim , gritty , global supply chain of fast fashion " . Nevertheless , the film purposely does not give viewers a clear answer on how to solve the problems as there are " no straightforward answers " . Morgan commented , " I 'm probably most proud that we avoided easy answers and instead chose to trust people to both feel and think deeply about the issues raised . " Regarding the ultimate objectives behind the making of the film , Morgan said he was not trying to blame just a single company nor the fast fashion industry as " it did not invent a very irresponsible way of manufacturing , it did not invent overmarketing the consumption of things . " The director said the film was intended to be a caution on the " incessant consumption of mediocre stuff " and an incentive to view shopping as something more than a hobby , adding that buying is " a moral act and there is a chain reaction of consequences " . He commented he was not trying to be " anti @-@ business or anti @-@ market " but was just reaffirming basic human rights and showing the limits of natural resources . Morgan said his main hope for the film was that it would spark a debate on the topic and make people " more mindful and choose things that support life and not take it away . " Morgan thought he had included a good number of counter @-@ examples of how people can make a difference , so the film does not simply show " the destructive ways this industry operates but also the opportunity to reinvent it " through " small choices [ that ] actually impact those [ big problems ] . " Ultimately , he considered his film an introduction to the topic that was able to connect several elements , any one of which would be worth being covered in a film . = = Release and response = = To coincide with Fashion Revolution Day , which seeks transparency in clothes production , the trailer of The True Cost was released on April 24 , 2015 . It premiered at the 2015 Cannes Film Festival on May 15 , when film producer Harvey Weinstein said , " This movie 's going to shock the fashion world " . A week before the official release , the crowd funders received personal links to allow them watch the film . It was released on May 29 through iTunes , video on demand services , DVD , Blu @-@ Ray , and in select theaters in Los Angeles , New York , and London , and has since been translated into 19 languages . After its release , companies that were subjects of the film , including H & M and Zara , defended themselves in a CNBC article . The film has been subject to dissonant reviews that ranged from extremely positive to very dismissive . Aggregator site Rotten Tomatoes says there were five positive reviews and three negative reviews ‍ — ‌ which indicates that 63 % of critics were favorable ‍ — ‌ and that it received an average score of 6 @.@ 3 . Based on one positive , two mixed , and one negative review , Metacritic assigns an average score of 46 out of 100 . It also received an Environmental Media Awards nomination for Best Documentary Film . The New York Times reviewer Jeannette Catsoulis praised it for avoiding the dichotomy of " corporate greed versus environmental well @-@ being " , adding that instead of being an exposé , " Under the gentle , humane investigations of its director , what emerges most strongly is a portrait of exploitation that ought to make us more nauseated than elated over those $ 20 jeans " . Tamsin Blanchard of the Daily Telegraph called it a work that will " do for the fast fashion business what Food Inc did for fast food " . The Hollywood Reporter 's Frank Scheck commended it for approaching an issue often " untouched by major news organizations " . He said the film was " more despair @-@ inducing than instructive " , but was optimistic about its possible impact on the fashion culture , citing the effect that films such as Super Size Me and Fast Food Nation had on the fast food industry . Carson Quiros of Paste also compared it to the former film . David Noh of Film Journal International called it a " vitally important documentary " that contains scenes that " are enough to make you never want to go shopping again " . Gabrielle Wilson of MTV stated it is " hard to swallow but never feels preach @-@ y or like a barrage of depressive factoids " and will empower viewers to change their shopping habits . Casey Jarman said she was disappointed by " the only solution offered : eliminating global capitalism " ; however , ultimately , she wrote for Willamette Week that it is a " compelling film , which is , above all else , a badly needed conversation @-@ starter " . Alan Scherstuhl wrote a very critical piece for The Village Voice ; he called the film predictable and repetitive , and said it contained several facts that have been clearly " common knowledge for years " . Scherstuhl said it is scattershot , " a litany of Things We Can All Agree Are Bad " , but ultimately jumps between several topics ‍ — ‌ without sufficient detail , in his opinion ‍ — ‌ but comes to no conclusion or alternative . Scherstuhl said not even common people would have their beliefs challenged and that they would " dismiss it as the vague liberal agitprop that it is " . Similarly , while saying the film discusses important issues , both Genevieve Koski of The Dissolve and Jennie Kermode of Eye for Film said it deals with several themes quickly but does not expand upon any of them . Koski said , " The True Cost is methodical to a fault " , while Kermode said it is " a good starting point " on the topic . Fashion critic Vanessa Friedman said it has an " easy @-@ to @-@ swallow accessibility " but that it " oversimplifies " some aspects of the industry . In addition to commenting on the lack of attribution for " lots of eye @-@ popping statements " , she said , " trying to do everything , he skirted a lot of things " . The Los Angeles Times 's Martin Tsai criticized Morgan for interviewing his own executive producers , saying " the effects of fertilizers ... don 't appear quite as tangible " , and faulted Morgan for not exploring " retailer markups that could have gone toward improving sweatshop conditions instead of profit margins " , but appreciated that he had interviewed people with both pro and con views . Lizzie Crocker of The Daily Beast said Morgan had socialist views and that the film implies he wants to go back to the 1960s . She also criticized some interviewees , such as Miller , whom she called a " conspiracy theorist " , and Wolff , whom she called a " Marxist idealist " . Crocker was dismissive of the film , saying , " the film loses focus and credibility , criticizing not just the fashion industry but the global capitalist system that supports it " .
= Edward Ford ( physician ) = Colonel Sir Edward Ford OBE , FRACP , FRCP ( 15 April 1902 – 27 August 1986 ) was an Australian soldier , academic and physician . He played an important role in the anti @-@ malaria campaign in the South West Pacific Area during the Second World War , and in preventative medicine in Australia after the war , but is best known for his Bibliography of Australian Medicine . After the war , Ford wrote a thesis on malaria control in the South West Pacific , for which he was awarded his Doctor of Medicine ( MD ) degree by the University of Melbourne in 1946 . He became Director of the School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine at the University of Sydney in 1946 , and Professor of Preventive Medicine in 1947 , concurrently holding these two positions until his 1968 retirement . = = Education and early life = = Edward ( Ted ) Ford was born in Bethanga , Victoria , on 15 April 1902 , the son of Edward John Knight Ford and his wife Mary Doxford , née Armstrong . His first job after leaving Clunes Higher Elementary School was as a telegraph boy at the Postmaster @-@ General 's Department ( PMG ) , which he joined in April 1917 , later working in its accounts branch . After he matriculated at the age of 24 he enrolled in an arts course at the University of Melbourne , but soon switched to medicine . He supported himself by continuing to work for the PMG by night . He graduated with his Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery ( MBBS ) degrees in 1932 , and did his residency at Melbourne Hospital . Ford became a lecturer in anatomy at the university in 1933 , and became a senior lecturer in anatomy and histology in 1934 . While there he met Frederic Wood Jones , who shared and encouraged a passion for books . Ford would later dedicate his Bibliography of Australian Medicine 1790 – 1900 to Jones . Ford became interested in physical anthropology , and later tropical medicine . He moved to Sydney where he became a lecturer at the School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine at the University of Sydney , from which he obtained a Graduate Diploma in Tropical Medicine in 1938 . That year , he travelled to Papua where he conducted a study of sexually transmitted disease among the people of the Trobriand Islands , Goodenough Island and the D 'Entrecasteaux Islands for the Papuan administration . When he returned to Australia in 1939 , he became the Medical Officer in Charge of the Commonwealth Laboratory in Darwin . = = Military career = = In June 1940 , in the early months of the Second World War , Ford volunteered for service with the Second Australian Imperial Force and was commissioned as a major in the Australian Army Medical Corps , receiving the service number NX445 . In March 1941 he was sent to the Middle East as commanding officer of the 1st Australian Mobile Bacteriological Laboratory , and was soon engaged in the diagnosis of a variety of hitherto uncertain diseases . In July 1941 , Ford 's unit moved to Syria , where it was attached to the 2 / 3rd Casualty Clearing Station , providing the latter with the diagnostic capabilities of a larger general hospital , of which none were available . Ford returned to Australia in March 1942 , and was promoted to lieutenant colonel in August . He was appointed Assistant Director of Pathology , I Corps and New Guinea Force . To combat the danger of dysentery , Ford had all available supplies of sulphaguanidine in Australia shipped up to New Guinea , where Australian forces were fighting a desperate campaign against the Japanese . This was a new drug that Neil Hamilton Fairley had tested in the Middle East , and found to be effective . An initial dose of 4g followed by 2g doses at four hourly intervals was found to rapidly relieve the symptoms and permit the sufferers to travel . New Guinea had numerous tropical diseases that posed a threat to the health and fitness of the troops fighting there , but the biggest medical problem was malaria . In December Ford took his case to the Commander in Chief ( and commander of New Guinea Force ) , General Sir Thomas Blamey . After being lectured by Ford for about an hour on the history and dangers of malaria , and what needed to be done , Blamey said : " I think I understand you , Colonel Ford . If I don 't do these things , my troops will suffer . " " What I have been trying to tell you , Sir , " Ford replied , " is that if you don 't do these things , you won 't have any bloody troops to suffer . " Blamey liked officers who spoke to him like that . The effect was soon felt : The over @-@ night appearance of a growing labour force , the clearing up of the hitherto obscure delays in supplies , the provision of a special officer to speed on these vital items to their destination and the emphasis laid on personal responsibility of all ranks brought about welcome changes . Of great importance too was the recognition of the principle that patients suffering from malaria should be as far as possible retained for treatment in New Guinea , and not sent back to Australia . Blamey even wrote an article on malaria in New Guinea Force 's newspaper , Guinea Gold , in which he exhorted his men to take proper precautions against malaria . " Our worst enemy in New Guinea is not the Nip , " he wrote , " it 's the bite . " Gradually , the incidence of the once epidemic disease began to drop . For his part , Ford was mentioned in despatches for " gallant and distinguished services " . In March 1943 , Ford was appointed malariologist at Allied Land Forces Headquarters ( LHQ ) in Melbourne . Here he was charged with responsibility for co @-@ ordinating the Army 's overall effort against malaria . In March 1945 , he became Director of Hygiene , Pathology and Entomology at LHQ , and in May he was promoted to colonel . For his services he was made an Officer of the Order of the British Empire ( Military Division ) on 19 July 1945 for his " skill , energy and initiative of a high order " . He was transferred to the Reserve of Officers on 25 June 1946 . After the war he served in the part @-@ time Citizen Military Forces , and was Director of Army Health from 1953 to 1964 . = = Academia = = After the war , Ford wrote a thesis on malaria control in the South West Pacific , for which he was awarded his Doctor of Medicine ( MD ) degree by the University of Melbourne in 1946 . He received a Rockefeller Fellowship that allowed him to study at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine , where he gained a Diploma of Public Health with distinction in 1947 . Ford became Director of the School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine at the University of Sydney in 1946 , and Professor of Preventive Medicine in 1947 , concurrently holding these two positions until his 1968 retirement . In addition , he was the Dean of the Faculty of Medicine and a Fellow of the Senate from 1953 to 1957 , and was Acting Vice @-@ Chancellor of the University of Sydney from November 1960 until March 1961 . He was involved in the establishment of the medical school at the University of Western Australia , and was a member of the council of Macquarie University . His wartime Army service was recognised in 1946 by his appointment as a fellow of the Royal Australasian College of Physicians ( RACP ) in 1946 . He later served as its Vice @-@ President from 1970 to 1972 . He became a fellow of the Royal College of Physicians ( RCP ) in London in 1958 , and also of the Royal Australian College of Medical Administrators , the Zoological Society , London , and the Royal Sanitary Institute , London . He was made an honorary fellow of the Royal College of Pathologists of Australia in 1971 , and of the Royal Australian Historical Society in 1957 . On 1 January 1960 , he was created a knight bachelor . In 1969 the RCP and the RACP awarded him the Neil Hamilton Fairley medal , and he was granted an honorary Doctor of Letters by the University of Sydney in 1971 . Ford collected books , and he was a curator of the RACP library from 1958 until his death in 1986 . He donated some 2 @,@ 200 items to the library . Today other books from his collection can be found in the libraries of Latrobe University , Macquarie University and the University of Sydney , where the Burkitt @-@ Ford library is named in his honour . In 1976 , he published his Bibliography of Australian Medicine 1790 – 1900 . Benedetto ( " Ben " ) Haneman predicted that this work would be " one reason Ford 's name will be permanently recalled in any study of the historiography of Australian medicine . " Ford , who never married , died at his home in Potts Point , New South Wales , on 27 August 1986 and was cremated . Some of his papers are in the Mitchell Library in Sydney , while others can be found in the National Archives of Australia in Sydney .
= Kicking Television : Live in Chicago = Kicking Television : Live in Chicago is a live album by Chicago alternative rock band Wilco , released on November 15 , 2005 by Nonesuch Records . The album consists of material from four live shows at Chicago 's Vic Theater recorded May 4 , 2005 to May 7 , 2005 . Although the band filmed the concerts , they decided not to release the footage as a DVD . It was the band 's first album with an expanded lineup featuring Nels Cline and Pat Sansone . Kicking Television debuted on the Billboard 200 at number forty @-@ seven , and has since sold over 114 @,@ 000 copies . Critical reception to the album was generally positive . Publications such as The A.V. Club and Pitchfork Media lauded the band 's performance of material from Yankee Hotel Foxtrot and A Ghost Is Born . On April 17 , 2010 , for Record Store Day Wilco released an audiophile , 180 @-@ gram vinyl pressing of Kicking Television . The vinyl pressing , spread across four LP 's , included eight previously unreleased tracks recorded in May 2005 . = = Production = = Shortly after the release of A Ghost Is Born , Wilco 's fifth studio album , multi @-@ instrumentalist Leroy Bach left the band to pursue a career in theater production . To replace him , the band added jazz rock guitarist Nels Cline and multi @-@ instrumentalist Pat Sansone to their lineup . The lineup was expanded because lead singer Jeff Tweedy was concerned that the other members were multi @-@ tasking on instruments . This made performing material live from Summerteeth and Yankee Hotel Foxtrot difficult . While touring in support of Ghost , Wilco decided to record their first live album . Wilco decided to use concerts from their hometown of Chicago " because [ they ] wanted to be really comfortable " . They chose a string of four consecutive shows from May 4 to May 7 , 2005 at The Vic Theater in Chicago , Illinois . The band recorded the four shows on a 24 @-@ track digital recorder . The shows were filmed for a potential DVD release , but the band decided not to release the footage . According to Tweedy , the band was disappointed by how the footage " sapped " the energy out of the performances . On September 13 , 2005 , the band announced that the album would be released on November 1 , 2005 . The release date was later delayed two weeks . Most of the material from the album — 16 of 23 songs — is from Wilco 's two Nonesuch Records releases : Yankee Hotel Foxtrot and A Ghost Is Born . The title track was an outtake from the Ghost recording sessions because the band considered it to be one of their most exciting songs live . Tweedy explained why it was chosen for the title : A rock concert is " kicking television . " If you 're out of the house and with a bunch of people enjoying something together , that 's kicking television to me . I don 't think very many people , myself included , will ever kick television cold turkey , but I certainly think more people should be aware of what it 's doing to them . Two live tracks from Summerteeth were also included on the album , as well as one song each from Being There , Mermaid Avenue and Mermaid Avenue Vol . II . The final track was a cover of " Comment ( If All Men Are Truly Brothers ) " , originally performed by Charles Wright & the Watts 103rd Street Rhythm Band . " How to Fight Loneliness " ( from Summerteeth ) and " Monday " ( from Being There ) were included with purchase of the album on iTunes . Guitarist Jeff Tweedy provided the lead vocals for the album and John Stirratt , the only other original member of the band , played bass guitar and added backing vocals . Lead guitarist Nels Cline and multi @-@ instrumentalist Pat Sansone performed here on a Wilco album for the first time . Glenn Kotche performed on the drums and other percussion instruments , and Mikael Jorgensen played keyboards . Other instrumentation was provided by Patrick Newbery ( trumpet and flugelhorn ) , Nick Broste ( trombone ) , and Rick Parenti ( baritone sax ) . = = Release and reception = = Nonesuch Records released the album on November 15 , 2005 . The album debuted at number forty @-@ seven on the U.S. Billboard 200 and spent two weeks on the chart . As of April 13 , 2007 , the album has sold over 114 @,@ 000 copies . Kicking Television was well received by critics ; according to Metacritic , it was given a score of 85 out of 100 based on " universal acclaim " . Scott Tobias of The A.V. Club called the album " stellar " and expressed surprise over how well the A Ghost Is Born songs sounded live . Allmusic editor Mark Deming lauded the " new muscle and force " of the songs , and commented that " the élan of this band in full flight shows that the fun has been put back in Wilco . " Marc Hogan of Pitchfork Media called the Yankee Hotel Foxtrot songs " still awesome " and remarked that " this is what A Ghost Is Born is supposed to sound like . " Hogan gave the album an 8 @.@ 3 out of 10 rating . Q named the album one of the top 20 live albums of all time . It also gave the album four stars out of five and said that " Live albums rarely come equipped with such a strong pulse . " E ! Online gave the album an A and said that Wilco " [ turn ] each song up to 11 and [ let their ] rabid hometown fans provide thousand @-@ strong backing vocals . It 'll make you want to yell ' Woooh ! ' too . " Spin also gave it an A and stated : " Not since Grateful Dead 's Europe ' 72 has there been a live double album in which intimacy and expansiveness , guitar mess and piano reflection commingle this sweetly . " Billboard gave it a favorable review and said that Wilco had " never sounded better " . Ben Gilbert of Yahoo ! Music UK gave it eight stars out of ten and that the album " documents a band on fire and a frontman in clarion clear voice . " Under the Radar also gave it eight stars out of ten and said the album " Captures a band at the height of their creative powers . " Uncut gave it four stars out of five and said , " In this live setting , fascinatingly , the brutality to which the songs are subjected only serves to underscore their poignancy . " Blender also gave it four stars out of five and said it " sounds like a greatest hits set . " Although most reviews applauded the effort , critics also expressed discontent with elements of the album . Hogan noted in his Pitchfork review that Tweedy 's banter was " ho @-@ hum " , and stated that " Kicking Television " and " The Late Greats " should have been cut from the album . Andrew Gaering of Stylus Magazine gave the album a B rating , but was disappointed with how the songs " find the band holding serve " . = = Track listing = = All songs were written by Jeff Tweedy , except where noted . = = = Disc one = = = " Misunderstood " – 6 : 08 ( from Being There ) " Company in My Back " – 3 : 44 ( from A Ghost Is Born ) " The Late Greats " – 2 : 40 ( from A Ghost Is Born ) " Hell Is Chrome " ( Mikael Jorgensen , Tweedy ) – 4 : 56 ( from A Ghost Is Born ) " Handshake Drugs " – 6 : 23 ( from A Ghost Is Born ) " I Am Trying to Break Your Heart " – 6 : 03 ( from Yankee Hotel Foxtrot ) " Shot in the Arm " ( Jay Bennett , John Stirratt , Tweedy ) – 4 : 51 ( from Summerteeth ) " At Least That 's What You Said " – 5 : 18 ( from A Ghost Is Born ) " Wishful Thinking " ( Glenn Kotche , Tweedy ) – 4 : 26 ( from A Ghost Is Born ) " Jesus , Etc . " ( Bennett , Tweedy ) – 4 : 00 ( from Yankee Hotel Foxtrot ) " I 'm the Man Who Loves You " ( Bennett , Tweedy ) – 3 : 58 ( from Yankee Hotel Foxtrot ) " Kicking Television " – 3 : 03 ( B @-@ Side of " I 'm a Wheel " ) = = = Disc two = = = " Via Chicago " – 5 : 14 ( from Summerteeth ) " Hummingbird " – 3 : 19 ( from A Ghost Is Born ) " Muzzle of Bees " – 4 : 49 ( from A Ghost Is Born ) " One by One " ( Woody Guthrie , Tweedy ) – 3 : 26 ( from Mermaid Avenue ) " Airline to Heaven " ( Bennett , Guthrie , Tweedy ) – 4 : 41 ( from Mermaid Avenue Vol . II ) " Radio Cure " ( Bennett , Tweedy ) – 4 : 42 ( from Yankee Hotel Foxtrot ) " Ashes of American Flags " ( Bennett , Tweedy ) – 6 : 03 ( from Yankee Hotel Foxtrot ) " Heavy Metal Drummer " – 3 : 21 ( from Yankee Hotel Foxtrot ) " Poor Places " ( Bennett , Tweedy ) – 5 : 31 ( from Yankee Hotel Foxtrot ) " Spiders ( Kidsmoke ) " – 11 : 17 ( from A Ghost Is Born ) " Comment " ( Yusef Rahman , Charles Wright ) – 6 : 13 ( previously unreleased ) = = = Vinyl bonus tracks = = = " Another Man 's Done Gone " ( Guthrie , Bragg ) ( from Mermaid Avenue ) " How to Fight Loneliness " ( Tweedy , Bennett ) ( from Summerteeth ) " Theologians " ( Tweedy , Jorgensen , Chris Girard ) ( from A Ghost Is Born ) " Kamera " ( Tweedy , Bennett ) ( from Yankee Hotel Foxtrot ) " Just a Kid " ( Jeff Tweedy , Spencer Tweedy ) ( from The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie : Music From the Movie and More ) " Monday " ( from Being There ) " Outtasite ( Outta Mind ) " ( from Being There ) " I 'm a Wheel " ( from A Ghost Is Born ) = = Personnel = = All information is taken from the liner notes of Kicking Television . Jeff Tweedy – vocals , guitar John Stirratt – bass guitar , backing vocals Glenn Kotche – drums , percussion Nels Cline – guitar , lap steel guitar Pat Sansone – guitar , keyboards , backing vocals Mikael Jorgensen – keyboards Patrick Newbery – trumpet , flugelhorn Nick Broste – trombone Rick Parenti – baritone sax Karina Benznicki – production supervisor Eli Cane – production coordination Mycle Konopka , Timothy Powell – engineers Nick Webb – mastering Stan Doty , Jim Scott – mixing Dan Glomski , Michael Ways – assistants Chris Hoffman , Deborah Miles Johnson , Frankie Montuoro , Matt Zivich – technical crew Nathan Baker – photography , technical crew Zoran Orlic , Mike Segal – photography
= Polonnaruwa Vatadage = The Polonnaruwa Vatadage is an ancient structure dating back to the Kingdom of Polonnaruwa of Sri Lanka . It is believed to have been built during the reign of Parakramabahu I to hold the Relic of the tooth of the Buddha or during the reign of Nissanka Malla of Polonnaruwa to hold the alms bowl used by the Buddha . Both these venerated relics would have given the structure a great significance and importance at the time . Located within the ancient city of Polonnaruwa , it is the best preserved example of a vatadage in the country , and has been described as the " ultimate development " of this type of architecture . Abandoned for several centuries , excavation work at the Polonnaruwa Vatadage began in 1903 . Built for the protection of a small stupa , the structure has two stone platforms decorated with elaborate stone carvings . The lower platform is entered through a single entrance facing the north , while the second platform can be accessed through four doorways facing the four cardinal points . The upper platform , surrounded by a brick wall , contains the stupa . Four Buddha statues are seated around it , each facing one of the entrances . Three concentric rows of stone columns had also been positioned here , presumably to support a wooden roof . The entire structure is decorated with stone carvings . Some of the carvings at the Polonnaruwa Vatadage , such as its sandakada pahanas , are considered to be the best examples of such architectural features . Although some archaeologists have suggested that it also had a wooden roof , this theory is disputed by others . = = History = = Theories vary among archaeologists and historians regarding who built the Polonnaruwa Vatadage , and when . One such theory suggests that it was built by Parakramabahu I during his reign in the 12th century . The Culavamsa , an ancient chronicle , mentions that he built a circular stone shrine to hold the tooth relic of the Buddha . Archaeologist Harry Charles Purvis Bell believed that this shrine is the Polonnaruwa Vatadage . This is contradicted by several ancient sources of the island , including Rajavaliya and Poojavaliya , which mention that it was built by Nissanka Malla . However , according to the studies of Arthur Maurice Hocart , Nissanka Malla only renovated an already existing building and made some additions such as the entrance and outer porch . Wilhelm Geiger , who translated the ancient Mahavamsa , and historian H. W. Codrington both agree with this theory . A nearby stone inscription set by Nissanka Malla lists the Vatadage among his constructions . In this , he claims that it was built by one of his generals under his own direction . A unique feature of architecture of ancient Sri Lanka , vatadages were built for the protection of small stupas that had an important relic enshrined in them or were built on hallowed ground . If the Polonnaruwa Vatadage is the shrine built by Parakramabahu I , the relic of the tooth of the Buddha would have been enshrined within it . Another possibility is that the alms bowl used by the Buddha may have been enshrined here . Both these relics were important objects in ancient Sri Lankan culture , and would have made the Polonnaruwa Vatadage one of the most significant and venerated buildings in the country . The Kingdom of Polonnaruwa ended in 1215 with an invasion from South India . The Polonnaruwa Vatadage appears to have been abandoned with the fall of the kingdom , and there is no mention of it in the chronicles in later periods . It was not until 1903 that the Department of Archaeology began excavation work at the site under Bell , who noted that it was " only a mound of earth " at the time . = = Location and appearance = = The Polonnaruwa Vatadage is located in a quadrangular area known as the Dalada Maluva in the ancient city of Polonnaruwa . The Dalada Maluva contains some of the oldest and most sacred monuments of the city . The Polonnaruwa Vatadage , which occupies most of the south western area of it , is a prominent structure among them . It is the best preserved example of a Vatadage in the country , and is somewhat similar in design to those belonging to the Anuradhapura period , especially Thuparamaya and Lankaramaya . The building has been built around a small stupa with a base diameter of 27 feet 8 inches ( 8 @.@ 43 m ) . The Vatadage has two levels ; the lower platform and the raised upper platform that contains the stupa . The upper platform is 80 feet ( 24 m ) in diameter , and the lower one 120 feet ( 37 m ) . The lower platform is 4 feet 3 inches ( 1 @.@ 30 m ) from ground level , and the upper platform is 5 feet 3 inches ( 1 @.@ 60 m ) from the lower . The circular lower platform is entered through a single entrance on the northern side . Four elaborately constructed doorways lead from it to the upper platform , which is surrounded by a brick wall on its edge . These entrances are oriented to the four cardinal directions . The center of this platform is occupied by the stupa , which has four Buddha statues seated around it , each facing one of the entrances . Each of these statues are 5 feet ( 1 @.@ 5 m ) high , and are seated on stone seats with a height of 2 feet 10 inches ( 0 @.@ 86 m ) each . Three concentric rows of stone columns had existed on the upper platform . Two of these rows , of which nothing remain , were within the brick wall , while the third row is just outside it . The inner row had consisted of 16 columns , the middle row of 20 , and the outer row of 32 . The existing stone columns of the outer ring are about 8 feet ( 2 @.@ 4 m ) in height . = = Architecture and stonemasonry = = Employing citizens in construction and repairing works was done in ancient Sri Lanka as a form of tax payment . Such labour may also have been used in the construction of the Polonnaruwa Vatadage . However , the quality of the works indicate that most of the task may have been carried out by skilled craftsmen . Architecture of vatadage type structures was at its peak during the Polonnaruwa period , and the Polonnaruwa Vatadage is considered to be its " ultimate development " . Some of the most striking features of the structure are its elaborate stone carvings . The sandakada pahana ( moonstone ) at the northern entrance and the two muragalas ( guard stone ) at the eastern entrance are considered to be the best examples of such architectural features belonging to the Polonnaruwa period . These decorational elements were commonly placed at entrances to monastic buildings of ancient Sri Lanka , and historians believe that sandakada pahanas depict the cycle of Saṃsāra in Buddhism . According to Bell , the carvings on the sides of the upper platform are " unrivalled , whether at Anuradhapura or Polonnaruwa , and probably in any other Buddhist shrine of Ceylon " . The straight , symmetrical stone columns found in the Polonnaruwa Vatadage are quite similar to those seen in buildings of the Anuradhapura period . The foot of each column is carved in the shape of a lotus flower . Archaeologist Senarath Paranavithana has suggested that these stone columns had supported a wooden roof . This is widely accepted , and nails and roof tiles found in excavations seem to support this . However , another theory is that the Vatadage did not have a roof , and the stone columns were used to hang lamps , curtains or Buddhist symbols . The brick wall around the platform is in a considerably preserved state as well , although parts of it have broken off . It is quite thick — 2 feet 6 inches ( 0 @.@ 76 m ) — and was presumably constructed to protect the stupa from the sides . There is evidence that inner surface of the wall had been adorned with paintings . Its lower portion is covered by stone panels with carvings of a flower design . Below the wall , the side of the upper platform itself is decorated with carvings , as is the side of the lower platform . The four Buddha statues , which depict the Dhyana mudra , are also carved from solid rock . Two of them are more or less intact today , while only parts of the other two remain . The stupa in the middle appears to have been of the Bubbulakara ( bubble shaped ) design commonly seen in Sri Lanka . The upper part has been destroyed , and only the dome shaped lower part now remains . However , it has only two Pesavas ( the rings found at the base of stupas ) rather than the traditional three .
= Liverpool F.C. = Liverpool Football Club ( / ˈlɪvərpuːl / ) is a Premier League association football club based in Liverpool , Merseyside , England . The club has won five European Cups , three UEFA Cups , three UEFA Super Cups , 18 League titles , seven FA Cups , a record eight League Cups , and 15 FA Community Shields . The club was founded in 1892 and joined the Football League the following year . The club has played at Anfield since its formation . Liverpool established itself as a major force in both English and European football during the 1970s and 1980s when Bill Shankly and Bob Paisley led the club to 11 League titles and seven European trophies . Under the management of Rafa Benítez and captained by Steven Gerrard Liverpool became European champion for the fifth time , winning the 2005 UEFA Champions League Final against Milan in spite of being 3 – 0 down at half time . Liverpool was the ninth highest @-@ earning football club in the world for 2013 – 14 , with an annual revenue of € 306 million , and the world 's eighth most valuable football club in 2015 , valued at $ 982 million . The club holds many long @-@ standing rivalries , most notably the North West Derby against Manchester United and the Merseyside derby with Everton . The club 's supporters have been involved in two major tragedies . The first was the Heysel Stadium disaster in 1985 , where escaping fans were pressed against a collapsing wall in the Heysel Stadium , with 39 people — mostly Italians and Juventus fans — losing their lives , after which English clubs were given a five @-@ year ban from European competition . The second was the Hillsborough disaster in 1989 , where 96 Liverpool supporters lost their lives in a crush against perimeter fencing . The team changed from red shirts and white shorts to an all @-@ red home strip in 1964 which has been used ever since . The club 's anthem is " You 'll Never Walk Alone " . = = History = = Liverpool F.C. was founded following a dispute between the Everton committee and John Houlding , club president and owner of the land at Anfield . After eight years at the stadium , Everton relocated to Goodison Park in 1892 and Houlding founded Liverpool F.C. to play at Anfield . Originally named " Everton F.C. and Athletic Grounds Ltd " ( Everton Athletic for short ) , the club became Liverpool F.C. in March 1892 and gained official recognition three months later , after The Football Association refused to recognise the club as Everton . The team won the Lancashire League in its début season , and joined the Football League Second Division at the start of the 1893 – 94 season . After finishing in first place the club was promoted to the First Division , which it won in 1901 and again in 1906 . Liverpool reached its first FA Cup Final in 1914 , losing 1 – 0 to Burnley . It won consecutive League championships in 1922 and 1923 , but did not win another trophy until the 1946 – 47 season , when the club won the First Division for a fifth time under the control of ex @-@ West Ham Utd centre half George Kay . Liverpool suffered its second Cup Final defeat in 1950 , playing against Arsenal . The club was relegated to the Second Division in the 1953 – 54 season . Soon after Liverpool lost 2 – 1 to non @-@ league Worcester City in the 1958 – 59 FA Cup , Bill Shankly was appointed manager . Upon his arrival he released 24 players and converted a boot storage room at Anfield into a room where the coaches could discuss strategy ; here , Shankly and other " Boot Room " members Joe Fagan , Reuben Bennett , and Bob Paisley began reshaping the team . The club was promoted back into the First Division in 1962 and won it in 1964 , for the first time in 17 years . In 1965 , the club won its first FA Cup . In 1966 , the club won the First Division but lost to Borussia Dortmund in the European Cup Winners ' Cup final . Liverpool won both the League and the UEFA Cup during the 1972 – 73 season , and the FA Cup again a year later . Shankly retired soon afterwards and was replaced by his assistant , Bob Paisley . In 1976 , Paisley 's second season as manager , the club won another League and UEFA Cup double . The following season , the club retained the League title and won the European Cup for the first time , but it lost in the 1977 FA Cup Final . Liverpool retained the European Cup in 1978 and regained the First Division title in 1979 . During Paisley 's nine seasons as manager Liverpool won 21 trophies , including three European Cups , a UEFA Cup , six League titles and three consecutive League Cups ; the only domestic trophy he did not win was the FA Cup . Paisley retired in 1983 and was replaced by his assistant , Joe Fagan . Liverpool won the League , League Cup and European Cup in Fagan 's first season , becoming the first English side to win three trophies in a season . Liverpool reached the European Cup final again in 1985 , against Juventus at the Heysel Stadium . Before kick @-@ off , Liverpool fans breached a fence which separated the two groups of supporters , and charged the Juventus fans . The resulting weight of people caused a retaining wall to collapse , killing 39 fans , mostly Italians . The incident became known as the Heysel Stadium disaster . The match was played in spite of protests by both managers , and Liverpool lost 1 – 0 to Juventus . As a result of the tragedy , English clubs were banned from participating in European competition for five years ; Liverpool received a ten @-@ year ban , which was later reduced to six years . Fourteen Liverpool fans received convictions for involuntary manslaughter . Fagan had announced his retirement just before the disaster and Kenny Dalglish was appointed as player @-@ manager . During his tenure , the club won another three League Championships and two FA Cups , including a League and Cup " Double " in the 1985 – 86 season . Liverpool 's success was overshadowed by the Hillsborough disaster : in an FA Cup semi @-@ final against Nottingham Forest on 15 April 1989 , hundreds of Liverpool fans were crushed against perimeter fencing . Ninety @-@ four fans died that day ; the 95th victim died in hospital from his injuries four days later and the 96th died nearly four years later , without regaining consciousness . After the Hillsborough disaster there was a government review of stadium safety . The resulting Taylor Report paved the way for legislation that required top @-@ division teams to have all @-@ seater stadiums . The report ruled that the main reason for the disaster was overcrowding due to a failure of police control . Liverpool was involved in the closest finish to a league season during the 1988 – 89 season . Liverpool finished equal with Arsenal on both points and goal difference , but lost the title on total goals scored when Arsenal scored the final goal in the last minute of the season . Dalglish cited the Hillsborough disaster and its repercussions as the reason for his resignation in 1991 ; he was replaced by former player Graeme Souness . Under his leadership Liverpool won the 1992 FA Cup Final , but their league performances slumped , with two consecutive sixth @-@ place finishes , eventually resulting in his dismissal in January 1994 . Souness was replaced by Roy Evans , and Liverpool went on to win the 1995 Football League Cup Final . While they made some title challenges under Evans , third @-@ place finishes in 1996 and 1998 were the best they could manage , and so Gérard Houllier was appointed co @-@ manager in the 1998 – 99 season , and became the sole manager in November 1998 after Evans resigned . In 2001 , Houllier 's second full season in charge , Liverpool won a " Treble " : the FA Cup , League Cup and UEFA Cup . Houllier underwent major heart surgery during the 2001 – 02 season and Liverpool finished second in the League , behind Arsenal . They won a further League Cup in 2003 , but failed to mount a title challenge in the two seasons that followed . Houllier was replaced by Rafael Benítez at the end of the 2003 – 04 season . Despite finishing fifth in Benítez 's first season , Liverpool won the 2004 – 05 UEFA Champions League , beating A.C. Milan 3 – 2 in a penalty shootout after the match ended with a score of 3 – 3 . The following season , Liverpool finished third in the Premier League and won the 2006 FA Cup Final , beating West Ham United in a penalty shootout after the match finished 3 – 3 . American businessmen George Gillett and Tom Hicks became the owners of the club during the 2006 – 07 season , in a deal which valued the club and its outstanding debts at £ 218 @.@ 9 million . The club reached the 2007 UEFA Champions League Final against Milan , as it had in 2005 , but lost 2 – 1 . During the 2008 – 09 season Liverpool achieved 86 points , its highest Premier League points total , and finished as runners up to Manchester United . In the 2009 – 10 season , Liverpool finished seventh in the Premier League and failed to qualify for the Champions League . Benítez subsequently left by mutual consent and was replaced by Fulham manager Roy Hodgson . At the start of the 2010 – 11 season Liverpool was on the verge of bankruptcy and the club 's creditors asked the High Court to allow the sale of the club , overruling the wishes of Hicks and Gillett . John W. Henry , owner of the Boston Red Sox and of Fenway Sports Group , bid successfully for the club and took ownership in October 2010 . Poor results during the start of that season led to Hodgson leaving the club by mutual consent and former player & manager Kenny Dalglish taking over . Despite a record 8th League Cup success against Cardiff and an FA Cup final defeat to Chelsea , Liverpool finished in eighth position in the 2011 – 12 season , the worst league finish in 18 years and led to the sacking of Dalglish . He was replaced by Brendan Rodgers . In Rodgers ' first season , Liverpool finished in seventh . In the 2013 – 14 season , Liverpool mounted an unexpected title charge to finish second behind champions Manchester City and subsequently return to the Champions League , scoring 101 goals in the process , the most since the 106 scored in the 1895 – 96 season . Following a disappointing 2014 – 15 season , where Liverpool finished sixth in the league , and a poor start to the 2015 – 16 season , Brendan Rodgers was sacked in October 2015 . He was replaced by Jürgen Klopp , who became the third foreign manager in Liverpool 's history . In Klopp 's first season at Liverpool , he took the club to the finals of both the Football League Cup and UEFA Europa League , finishing as runner @-@ up in both competitions . = = Colours and badge = = For much of Liverpool 's history its home colours have been all red , but when the club was founded its kit was more like the contemporary Everton kit . The blue and white quartered shirts were used until 1894 , when the club adopted the city 's colour of red . The city 's symbol of the liver bird was adopted as the club 's badge in 1901 , although it was not incorporated into the kit until 1955 . Liverpool continued to wear red shirts and white shorts until 1964 , when manager Bill Shankly decided to change to an all red strip . Liverpool played in all red for the first time against Anderlecht , as Ian St. John recalled in his autobiography : He [ Shankly ] thought the colour scheme would carry psychological impact — red for danger , red for power . He came into the dressing room one day and threw a pair of red shorts to Ronnie Yeats . " Get into those shorts and let 's see how you look " , he said . " Christ , Ronnie , you look awesome , terrifying . You look 7ft tall . " " Why not go the whole hog , boss ? " I suggested . " Why not wear red socks ? Let 's go out all in red . " Shankly approved and an iconic kit was born . The Liverpool away strip has more often than not been all yellow or white shirts and black shorts , but there have been several exceptions . An all grey kit was introduced in 1987 , which was used until the 1991 – 92 centenary season , when it was replaced by a combination of green shirts and white shorts . After various colour combinations in the 1990s , including gold and navy , bright yellow , black and grey , and ecru , the club alternated between yellow and white away kits until the 2008 – 09 season , when it re @-@ introduced the grey kit . A third kit is designed for European away matches , though it is also worn in domestic away matches on occasions when the current away kit clashes with a team 's home kit . The current kits are designed by Warrior Sports , who became the club 's kit providers at the start of the 2012 – 13 season . In February 2015 , Warrior 's parent company New Balance announced it would be entering the global football market , with teams sponsored by Warrior now being outfitted by New Balance . The only other branded shirts worn by the club were made by Umbro until 1985 , when they were replaced by Adidas , who produced the kits until 1996 when Reebok took over . They produced the kits for ten years before Adidas made the kits from 2006 to 2012 . Liverpool was the first English professional club to have a sponsor 's logo on its shirts , after agreeing a deal with Hitachi in 1979 . Since then the club has been sponsored by Crown Paints , Candy , Carlsberg and Standard Chartered Bank . The contract with Carlsberg , which was signed in 1992 , was the longest @-@ lasting agreement in English top @-@ flight football . The association with Carlsberg ended at the start of the 2010 – 11 season , when Standard Chartered Bank became the club 's sponsor . The Liverpool badge is based on the city 's liver bird , which in the past had been placed inside a shield . In 1992 , to commemorate the centennial of the club , a new badge was commissioned , including a representation of the Shankly Gates . The next year twin flames were added at either side are symbolic of the Hillsborough memorial outside Anfield , where an eternal flame burns in memory of those who died in the Hillsborough disaster . In 2012 , Warrior Sports ' first Liverpool kit removed the shield and gates , returning the badge to what had adorned Liverpool shirts in the 1970s ; the flames were moved to the back collar of the shirt , surrounding the number 96 for number who died at Hillsborough . = = Stadium = = Anfield was built in 1884 on land adjacent to Stanley Park . It was originally used by Everton before the club moved to Goodison Park after a dispute over rent with Anfield owner John Houlding . Left with an empty ground , Houlding founded Liverpool in 1892 and the club has played at Anfield ever since . The capacity of the stadium at the time was 20 @,@ 000 , although only 100 spectators attended Liverpool 's first match at Anfield . In 1906 the banked stand at one end of the ground was formally renamed the Spion Kop after a hill in KwaZulu @-@ Natal . The hill was the site of the Battle of Spion Kop in the Second Boer War , where over 300 men of the Lancashire Regiment died , many of them from Liverpool . At its peak , the stand could hold 28 @,@ 000 spectators and was one of the largest single @-@ tier stands in the world . Many stadia in England had stands named after Spion Kop , but Anfield 's was the largest of them at the time ; it could hold more supporters than some entire football grounds . Anfield could accommodate more than 60 @,@ 000 supporters at its peak , and had a capacity of 55 @,@ 000 until the 1990s . The Taylor Report and Premier League regulations obliged Liverpool to convert Anfield to an all @-@ seater stadium in time for the 1993 – 94 season , reducing the capacity to 45 @,@ 276 . The findings of the Taylor Report precipitated the redevelopment of the Kemlyn Road Stand , which was rebuilt in 1992 , coinciding with the centenary of the club , and is now known as the Centenary Stand . An extra tier was added to the Anfield Road end in 1998 , which further increased the capacity of the ground but gave rise to problems when it was opened . A series of support poles and stanchions were inserted to give extra stability to the top tier of the stand after movement of the tier was reported at the start of the 1999 – 2000 season . Because of restrictions on expanding the capacity at Anfield , Liverpool announced plans to move to the proposed Stanley Park Stadium in May 2002 . Planning permission was granted in July 2004 , and in September 2006 , Liverpool City Council agreed to grant Liverpool a 999 @-@ year lease on the proposed site . Following the takeover of the club by George Gillett and Tom Hicks in February 2007 , the proposed stadium was redesigned . The new design was approved by the Council in November 2007 . The stadium was scheduled to open in August 2011 and would hold 60 @,@ 000 spectators , with HKS , Inc. contracted to build the stadium . Construction was halted in August 2008 , as Gillett and Hicks had difficulty in financing the £ 300 million needed for the development . In October 2012 , BBC Sport reported that Fenway Sports Group , the new owners of Liverpool FC , had decided to redevelop their current home at Anfield stadium , rather than building a new stadium in Stanley Park . As part of the redevelopment the capacity of Anfield was to increase from 45 @,@ 276 to approximately 60 @,@ 000 and would cost approximately £ 150m . = = Support = = Liverpool is one of the best supported clubs in Europe . The club states that its worldwide fan base includes more than 200 officially recognised Club of the LFC Official Supporters Clubs in at least 50 countries . Notable groups include Spirit of Shankly and Reclaim The Kop . The club takes advantage of this support through its worldwide summer tours . Liverpool fans often refer to themselves as Kopites , a reference to the fans who once stood , and now sit , on the Kop at Anfield . In 2008 a group of fans decided to form a splinter club , A.F.C. Liverpool , to play matches for fans who had been priced out of watching Premier League football . The song " You 'll Never Walk Alone " , originally from the Rodgers and Hammerstein musical Carousel and later recorded by Liverpool musicians Gerry & The Pacemakers , is the club 's anthem and has been sung by the Anfield crowd since the early 1960s . It has since gained popularity among fans of other clubs around the world . The song 's title adorns the top of the Shankly Gates , which were unveiled on 2 August 1982 in memory of former manager Bill Shankly . The " You 'll Never Walk Alone " portion of the Shankly Gates is also reproduced on the club 's crest . The club 's supporters have been involved in two stadium disasters . The first was the 1985 Heysel Stadium disaster , in which 39 Juventus supporters were killed . They were confined to a corner by Liverpool fans who had charged in their direction ; the weight of the cornered fans caused a wall to collapse . UEFA laid the blame for the incident solely on the Liverpool supporters , and banned all English clubs from European competition for five years . Liverpool was banned for an additional year , preventing it from participating in the 1990 – 91 European Cup , even though it won the League in 1990 . Twenty @-@ seven fans were arrested on suspicion of manslaughter and were extradited to Belgium in 1987 to face trial . In 1989 , after a five @-@ month trial in Belgium , 14 Liverpool fans were given three @-@ year sentences for involuntary manslaughter ; half of the terms were suspended . The second disaster took place during an FA Cup semi @-@ final between Liverpool and Nottingham Forest at Hillsborough Stadium , Sheffield , on 15 April 1989 . Ninety @-@ six Liverpool fans died as a consequence of overcrowding at the Leppings Lane end , in what became known as the Hillsborough disaster . In the following days The Sun newspaper published an article entitled " The Truth " , in which it claimed that Liverpool fans had robbed the dead and had urinated on and attacked the police . Subsequent investigations proved the allegations false , leading to a boycott of the newspaper by Liverpool fans across the city and elsewhere ; many still refuse to buy The Sun more than 20 years later . Many support organisations were set up in the wake of the disaster , such as the Hillsborough Justice Campaign , which represents bereaved families , survivors and supporters in their efforts to secure justice . = = = Rivalries = = = Liverpool 's longest @-@ established rivalry is with fellow Merseyside and Liverpool @-@ based team Everton , against whom the club contest the Merseyside derby . Their rivalry stems from Liverpool 's formation and the dispute with Everton officials and the then owners of Anfield . Unlike other rivalries , there is no political , geographical or religious split between Liverpool and Everton . The Merseyside derby is usually sold out . It is one of the few local derbies which do not enforce fan segregation , and hence was known as the " friendly derby " . Since the mid @-@ 1980s , the rivalry has intensified both on and off the field and , since the inception of the Premier League in 1992 , the Merseyside derby has had more players sent off than any other Premier League game . It has been referred to as " the most ill @-@ disciplined and explosive fixture in the Premier League " . Liverpool 's rivalry with Manchester United is viewed as a manifestation of the cities ' competition during the Industrial Revolution of the 19th century . The two clubs alternated as champions between 1964 and 1967 , and Manchester United became the first English team to win the European Cup in 1968 , followed by Liverpool 's four European Cup victories . Despite the 38 league titles and eight European Cups between them the two rivals have rarely been successful at the same time – Liverpool 's run of titles in the 1970s and 1980s coincided with Manchester United 's 26 @-@ year title drought , and United 's success in the Premier League @-@ era has likewise coincided with Liverpool 's ongoing drought , and the two clubs have finished first and second in the league only five times . Nonetheless , former Manchester United manager Alex Ferguson said in 2002 , " My greatest challenge was knocking Liverpool right off their fucking perch " , and the last player to be transferred between the two clubs was Phil Chisnall , who moved to Liverpool from Manchester United in 1964 . = = Ownership and finances = = As the owner of Anfield and founder of Liverpool , John Houlding was the club 's first chairman , a position he held from its founding in 1892 until 1904 . John McKenna took over as chairman after Houlding 's departure . McKenna subsequently became President of the Football League . The chairmanship changed hands many times before John Smith , whose father was a shareholder of the club , took up the role in 1973 . He oversaw the most successful period in Liverpool 's history before stepping down in 1990 . His successor was Noel White who became Chairman in 1990 In August 1991 David Moores , whose family had owned the club for more than 50 years became Chairman . His uncle John Moores was also a shareholder at Liverpool and was chairman of Everton from 1961 to 1973 . Moores owned 51 percent of the club , and in 2004 expressed his willingness to consider a bid for his shares in Liverpool . Moores eventually sold the club to American businessmen George Gillett and Tom Hicks on 6 February 2007 . The deal valued the club and its outstanding debts at £ 218 @.@ 9 million . The pair paid £ 5 @,@ 000 per share , or £ 174.1m for the total shareholding and £ 44.8m to cover the club 's debts . Disagreements between Gillett and Hicks , and the fans ' lack of support for them , resulted in the pair looking to sell the club . Martin Broughton was appointed chairman of the club on 16 April 2010 to oversee its sale . In May 2010 , accounts were released showing the holding company of the club to be £ 350m in debt ( due to leveraged takeover ) with losses of £ 55m , causing auditor KPMG to qualify its audit opinion . The group 's creditors , including the Royal Bank of Scotland , took Gillett and Hicks to court to force them to allow the board to proceed with the sale of the club , the major asset of the holding company . A High Court judge , Mr Justice Floyd , ruled in favour of the creditors and paved the way for the sale of the club to Fenway Sports Group ( formerly New England Sports Ventures ) , although Gillett and Hicks still had the option to appeal . Liverpool was sold to Fenway Sports Group on 15 October 2010 for £ 300m . Liverpool has been described as a global brand ; a 2010 report valued the club 's trademarks and associated intellectual property at £ 141m , an increase of £ 5m on the previous year . Liverpool was given a brand rating of AA ( Very Strong ) . In April 2010 business magazine Forbes ranked Liverpool as the sixth most valuable football team in the world , behind Manchester United , Real Madrid , Arsenal , Barcelona and Bayern Munich ; they valued the club at $ 822m ( £ 532m ) , excluding debt . Accountants Deloitte ranked Liverpool eighth in the Deloitte Football Money League , which ranks the world 's football clubs in terms of revenue . Liverpool 's income in the 2009 – 10 season was € 225.3m. = = Liverpool in popular culture = = Because of its successful history , Liverpool is often featured when football is depicted in British culture and has appeared in a number of media firsts . The club appeared in the first edition of the BBC 's Match of the Day , which screened highlights of its match against Arsenal at Anfield on 22 August 1964 . The first football match to be televised in colour was between Liverpool and West Ham United , broadcast live in March 1967 . Liverpool fans featured in the Pink Floyd song " Fearless " , in which they sang excerpts from " You 'll Never Walk Alone " . To mark the club 's appearance in the 1988 FA Cup Final , Liverpool released a song known as the " Anfield Rap " , featuring John Barnes and other members of the squad . A documentary drama on the Hillsborough disaster , written by Jimmy McGovern , was screened in 1996 . It featured Christopher Eccleston as Trevor Hicks , whose story is the focus of the script . Hicks , who lost two teenage daughters in the disaster , went on to campaign for safer stadiums and helped to form the Hillsborough Families Support Group . Liverpool featured in the film The 51st State ( also known as Formula 51 ) , in which ex @-@ hitman Felix DeSouza ( Robert Carlyle ) is a keen supporter of the team and the last scene takes place at a match between Liverpool and Manchester United . The club was featured in a children 's television show called Scully ; the plot revolved around a young boy , Francis Scully , who tried to gain a trial match with Liverpool . The show featured prominent Liverpool players of the time such as Kenny Dalglish . = = Players = = = = = First @-@ team squad = = = As of 26 July 2016 . Note : Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules . Players may hold more than one non @-@ FIFA nationality . = = = Out on loan = = = Note : Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules . Players may hold more than one non @-@ FIFA nationality . = = = Reserves and Academy = = = = = = Former players = = = = = = Player records = = = = = = Club captains = = = Since the establishment of the club in 1892 , 45 players have been club captain of Liverpool F.C. Andrew Hannah became the first captain of the club after Liverpool separated from Everton and formed its own club . Initially Alex Raisbeck , who was club captain from 1899 to 1909 , was the longest serving captain before being overtaken by Steven Gerrard who served 12 seasons as Liverpool captain starting from the 2003 – 04 season . The present captain is Jordan Henderson , who replaced Gerrard in the 2015 – 16 season following Gerrard 's move to LA Galaxy . = = = Player of the Season = = = = = Club officials = = = = Honours = = Liverpool 's first trophy was the Lancashire League , which it won in the club 's first season . In 1901 , the club won its first League title , while its first success in the FA Cup was in 1965 . In terms of the number of trophies won , Liverpool 's most successful decade was the 1980s , when the club won six League titles , two FA Cups , four League Cups , five Charity Shields ( one shared ) and two European Cups . Liverpool has won the English League Championship eighteen times , the FA Cup seven times and the League Cup a record eight times . The club achieved a League and FA Cup " double " in 1986 and won the League and European Cup double both in 1977 and in 1984 . Liverpool also won the League Cup in 1984 to complete a treble , a feat repeated ( albeit with different trophies ) in 2001 , when the club won the FA Cup , League Cup and UEFA Cup . The club has accumulated more top @-@ flight wins and points than any other English team . Liverpool also has the highest average league finishing position ( 3 @,@ 3 ) for the 50 @-@ year period to 2015 and second @-@ highest average league finishing position for the period 1900 – 1999 after Arsenal , with an average league placing of 8 @.@ 7 . Liverpool has won the European Cup , Europe 's premier club competition , five times , an English record and only surpassed by Real Madrid and A.C. Milan . Liverpool 's fifth European Cup win , in 2005 , meant that the club was awarded the trophy permanently and was also awarded a multiple @-@ winner badge . Liverpool has won the UEFA Cup , Europe 's secondary club competition , three times . = = = Domestic = = = = = = = League = = = = First Division : 18 1900 – 01 , 1905 – 06 , 1921 – 22 , 1922 – 23 , 1946 – 47 , 1963 – 64 , 1965 – 66 , 1972 – 73 , 1975 – 76 , 1976 – 77 , 1978 – 79 , 1979 – 80 , 1981 – 82 , 1982 – 83 , 1983 – 84 , 1985 – 86 , 1987 – 88 , 1989 – 90 Second Division : 4 1893 – 94 , 1895 – 96 , 1904 – 05 , 1961 – 62 Lancashire League : 1 1892 – 93 = = = = Cups = = = = FA Cup : 7 1964 – 65 , 1973 – 74 , 1985 – 86 , 1988 – 89 , 1991 – 92 , 2000 – 01 , 2005 – 06 League Cup : 8 1980 – 81 , 1981 – 82 , 1982 – 83 , 1983 – 84 , 1994 – 95 , 2000 – 01 , 2002 – 03 , 2011 – 12 ( record ) FA Charity / Community Shield : 15 1964 * , 1965 * , 1966 , 1974 * , 1976 , 1977 * , 1979 , 1980 , 1982 , 1986 * , 1988 , 1989 , 1990 * , 2001 , 2006 ( * shared ) Football League Super Cup : 1 1985 – 86 = = = European = = = European Cup / UEFA Champions League : 5 1976 – 77 , 1977 – 78 , 1980 – 81 , 1983 – 84 , 2004 – 05 UEFA Cup / UEFA Europa League : : 3 1972 – 73 , 1975 – 76 , 2000 – 01 European Super Cup / UEFA Super Cup : 3 1977 , 2001 , 2005 = = = Doubles and trebles = = = Doubles : League and FA Cup : 1 1985 – 86 League and League Cup : 2 1981 – 82 , 1982 – 83 European Double ( League and European Cup ) : 1 1976 – 77 League and UEFA Cup : 2 1972 – 73 , 1975 – 76 League Cup and European Cup : 1 1980 – 81 TreblesLeague , League Cup and European Cup : 1 1983 – 84 FA Cup , League Cup and UEFA Cup : 1 2000 – 01 Especially short competitions , such as the FA Community Shield and the UEFA Super Cup , are not generally considered to contribute towards a Double or Treble .
= New York State Route 252A = New York State Route 252A ( NY 252A ) was an east – west state highway located within the town of Chili in Monroe County , New York , in the United States . The western terminus of the route was at an intersection with NY 33A and NY 386 in the hamlet of Chili Center . Its eastern terminus was at a junction with NY 383 near the Greater Rochester International Airport . NY 252A was known as Paul Road and was a 4 @.@ 40 @-@ mile ( 7 @.@ 08 km ) alternate route of NY 252 through Chili ; however , it did not directly connect to NY 252 . NY 252A was originally designated as New York State Route 198 c . 1932 . NY 198 became part of NY 252 in 1949 ; however , NY 252 was realigned in the late 1950s to follow a more southerly alignment through the town of Chili . Its former routing was redesignated as NY 252A . The route was realigned slightly in the late 1960s following an expansion of the Greater Rochester International Airport 's primary runway . Ownership and maintenance of NY 252A was transferred from the state of New York to Monroe County as part of a highway maintenance swap that took effect on November 26 , 2007 , and the NY 252A designation was eliminated on July 1 , 2009 . NY 252A 's former routing is now part of County Route 168 ( CR 168 ) , an unsigned route . = = Route description = = NY 252A began at an intersection with NY 33A and NY 386 in Chili Center , a hamlet located within the town of Chili . The route proceeded eastward from the commercial community and passed through largely residential neighborhoods on its way across Chili . As it approached the Greater Rochester International Airport , the homes were gradually replaced by industrial factories and warehouses . It crossed the Rochester and Southern Railroad in the community of Maplewood just before intersecting Beahan Road , a local road that serves as the western extent of the airport property . The route , and Paul Road along with it , turned southward at the Beahan Road junction , replacing Beahan Road as the boundary @-@ delimiting highway . This portion of NY 252A formed a " U " as it looped around the southern end of the airport 's primary runway . East of the runway , the route gradually curved to the northeast before ending south of the airport at a junction with NY 383 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) southwest of the city of Rochester . = = History = = The east – west highway connecting the hamlet of Chili Center to the western bank of the Genesee River by way of the community of Maplewood was originally known as Clifton Road . At the time , Clifton Road continued due east from the modern junction of Paul and Beahan Roads to Scottsville Road ( now NY 383 ) . It became a state highway on August 6 , 1903 , following the conclusion of a 13 @-@ month project to improve the highway . The Chili Center – Maplewood highway was designated as NY 198 c . 1932 . NY 198 became a westward extension of NY 252 on January 1 , 1949 , and Clifton Road was renamed to Paul Road in the early 1950s . NY 252 was rerouted in the late 1950s to follow a new , more southerly alignment through Chili . The former routing of NY 252 between Chili Center and NY 383 was redesignated as NY 252A even though it did not directly connect to NY 252 , its implied parent route . In the late 1960s , the then @-@ Rochester – Monroe County Airport expanded its primary runway southward across a tract of land that included part of NY 252A 's routing . As a result , NY 252A was moved onto a new alignment that circumvented the runway to the south . In 2007 , ownership and maintenance of NY 252A was transferred from the state of New York to Monroe County as part of a highway maintenance swap between the two levels of government . A bill ( S4856 , 2007 ) to enact the swap was introduced in the New York State Senate on April 23 and passed by both the Senate and the New York State Assembly on June 20 . The act was signed into law by Governor Eliot Spitzer on August 28 . Under the terms of the act , it took effect 90 days after it was signed into law ; thus , the maintenance swap officially took place on November 26 , 2007 . NY 252A became concurrent with CR 168 , which was extended eastward from its previous terminus at NY 33A and NY 386 in Chili Center to cover NY 252A . The NY 252A designation was removed from CR 168 on July 1 , 2009 . However , the NY 252A shields remained posted until they were removed by Fall 2010 . = = Major intersections = = The entire route was in Chili , Monroe County .
= History of Bombay under Portuguese rule ( 1534 – 1661 ) = Bombay , now called Mumbai , Bombaim in Portuguese , is the financial and commercial capital of India and one of the most populous cities in the world . At the time of arrival of the Portuguese , current Bombay was an archipelago of seven islands . Between the third century BCE and 1348 , the islands came under the control of successive Hindu dynasties . The Muslim rulers of Gujarat , who had been ruling current Thane and Vasai for a few decades , annexed the islands in 1348 , that were later governed by the Gujarat Sultanate from 1391 to 1534 . Growing apprehensive of the power of the Mughal emperor Humayun , Sultan Bahadur Shah of the Gujarat Sultanate was obliged to sign the Treaty of Bassein with the Portuguese Empire on 23 December 1534 . According to the treaty , the seven islands of Bombay , the nearby strategic town of Bassein and its dependencies were offered to the Portuguese . The territories were later surrendered on 25 October 1535 . The Portuguese were actively involved in the foundation and growth of their Roman Catholic religious orders in Bombay . They called the islands by various names , which finally took the written form Bombaim . The islands were leased to several Portuguese officers during their regime . The Portuguese Franciscans and Jesuits built several churches in the city , prominent being the St. Michael 's Church at Mahim , St. John the Baptist Church at Andheri , St. Andrew 's Church at Bandra , and Gloria Church at Byculla . The Portuguese also built several fortifications around the city like the Bombay Castle , Castella de Aguada ( Castelo da Aguada or Bandra Fort ) , and Madh Fort . The British were in constant struggle with the Portuguese vying for hegemony over Bombay , as they recognized its strategic natural harbour and its natural isolation from land @-@ attacks . By the middle of the 17th century the growing power of the Dutch Empire forced the British to acquire a station in western India . On 11 May 1661 , the marriage treaty of Charles II of England and Catherine of Braganza , daughter of King John IV of Portugal , placed Bombay in possession of the British Empire , as part of dowry of Catherine to Charles . Even after the treaty , some villages in Bombay remained under Portuguese possession , but many were later acquired by the British . = = Arrival of the Portuguese = = Between the third century BCE and 1534 , the islands had come under the control of successive dynasties : Mauryas ( 3rd century BCE - around 185 BCE ) , Satavahanas ( Around 185 BCE - 250 CE ) , Abhiras and Vakatakas ( 250 CE - early 5th century ) , Kalachuris ( 5th century ) , Konkan Mauryas ( 6th and early 7th century ) , Chalukyas ( later 7th century ) , Rashtrakutas ( mid @-@ 8th century ) , Silharas ( 810 to 1260 ) , Yadavas ( late 13th century - 1348 ) , Muslim rulers of Gujarat ( 1348 – 1391 ) , and the Gujarat Sultanate ( 1391 – 1534 ) . At the time of arrival of the Portuguese , Bombay was ruled by Sultan Bahadur Shah of the Gujarat Sultanate , and was an archipelago of seven islands : Bombay Island ( Bombaim ) , Parel , Mazagaon , Mahim , Colaba , Worli , and Old Woman 's Island ( also known as Little Colaba ) . The Salsette group of islands were located east of Bombay , separated by the Mahim Bay . Important strategic towns located near Bombay were ; Bassein ( Baçaim ) to the north , Thana to the east , and Chaul to the south . The Portuguese first reached the west coast of India when the Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama landed at Calicut in 1498 . For several years after their arrival in India , they had been consolidating their power in north Konkan . They had established a strong foothold in Goa , which they captured from the Sultan of Bijapur in 1510 . Portuguese explorer Francisco de Almeida 's ship sailed into the deep natural harbour of Bombay in December 1508 on his expedition from Cannanore to Diu . The Portuguese paid their first visit to the islands on 21 January 1509 , when they landed at Mahim after capturing a barge of the Gujarat Sultanate in the Mahim creek . Between 1513 @-@ 14 , they requested Sultan Bahadur Shah to allow them build a fortress at Mahim . In 1517 , during the viceroyalty of Lopo Soares de Albergaria ( 1515 – 18 ) , João de Monroyo entered the Bandora creek ( Bandra creek ) and defeated the Gujarat commandant of Mahim . Between 1522 and 1524 , when Duarte de Menezes was viceroy of Goa , the Portuguese were constantly prowling about Bombay for the ships of the Gujarat Sultante . In 1526 , the Portuguese established their factory at Bassein . During 1528 @-@ 29 , Lopo Vaz de Sampaio seized the fort of Mahim from the Gujarat Sultanate , when Sultan Bahadur Shah was at war with Nizam @-@ ul @-@ mulk , the emperor of Chaul . Bombay came into prominence in connection with the attempt of the Portuguese to capture Diu in 1530 @-@ 31 . Nuno da Cunha , the viceroy of Goa , commanded the largest fleet seen in India , which passed through Bombay Harbour . In March – April 1531 , the Portuguese torched the towns of Thana and Mahim . In consequence of this success , and later of Nuno da Cunha 's capture of Bassein in January 1533 , the islands of Bombay and Mahim , together with Bandra , became tributary to the Portuguese . = = Accession of the islands to the Portuguese = = The Mughal Empire , founded in 1526 , was the dominant power in the Indian subcontinent during the mid @-@ 16th century . The dynasty was founded when Babur , hailing from Ferghana ( in modern @-@ day Uzbekistan ) , invaded parts of North India and defeated Ibrahim Shah Lodhi , the ruler of Delhi Sultanate , at the First Battle of Panipat in 1526 . After Babur 's death on 26 December 1530 , his son Humayun ( 1530 – 40 ) ascended to the throne at Agra on 29 December 1530 . Sultan Bahadur Shah had grown apprehensive of the power of Humayun . He dispatched his chief officer Xacoes ( Shah Khawjeh ) to Nuno da Cunha with an offer to hand over the seven islands of Bombay together with Bassein , its dependencies , and revenues by sea and land . On 23 December 1534 , the Treaty of Bassein was signed on board the galleon San Mateos ( St. Matthew ) . Bassein and the seven islands of Bombay were surrendered later by a treaty of peace and commerce between Bahadur Shah and Nuno da Cunha on 25 October 1535 , permanently ending the Islamic rule on the islands . = = Development of islands = = In the general distribution of estates which occurred after 1534 , Bombay Island was leased to Mestre Diogo for an annual rent of 1 @,@ 432 ½ pardaos ( about Rs . 537 @-@ 3 @-@ 0 ) , payable at the royal treasury in Bassein . Mahim was similarly rented for 36 @,@ 057 foedeas ( Rs . 751 @-@ 3 @-@ 0 ) , the custom house of Mahim for 39 @,@ 975 foedeas ( Rs . 791 @-@ 2 @-@ 9 ) , and Mazagon for 8 @,@ 500 foedeas ( Rs . 178 ) . The San Miguel ( St. Michael 's Church ) in Mahim , the oldest Portuguese Franciscan church in Bombay , was built in 1534 . Bombay was placed under the spiritual jurisdiction of the Vigario da Vara at Bassein . Under his auspices , the Franciscan Order was established . The Jesuit Order was established in 1542 , the most notable member of which was the Navarrese Jesuit Francis Xavier . The Dominican Order established in Goa in 1545 , was established in Bombay in 1548 . The Portuguese called the islands by various names like Mombai , Mombay , Mombayn , Mombaym , and Bombai , which finally took the written form Bombaim , still common in current Portuguese use . After the British gained possession , it was believed to be anglicised to Bombay from the Portuguese Bombaim . Between 1545 and 1548 , during the viceroyalty of João de Castro ( 1545 @-@ 7 ) , the four villages of Parel , Wadala , Sion , and Worli were granted to Manuel Serrão for an annual payment of 412 pardaos ( Rs . 154 @-@ 8 @-@ 0 ) . Salsette was granted for three years to João Rodrigues Dantas , Cosme Corres , and Manuel Corres . Trombay and Chembur were granted to Roque Tello de Menezes , and the Island of Pory ( Elephanta Island ) to João Pirez in 1548 for 105 pardaos ( Rs . 39 @-@ 6 @-@ 0 ) . The revenue of the custom house at Walkeshwar was granted to a Portuguese officer for 60 foedeas ( Rs . 1 @-@ 4 @-@ 0 ) . Mazagaon was granted to António Pessoa . In 1554 , during the viceroyalty of Pedro Mascarenhas , the seven islands of Bombay were leased to Garcia de Orta , a Portuguese physician and botanist , for a yearly rent equivalent to about £ 85 sterling . Orta had fled Portugal to escape the trials of the Portuguese Inquisition , established in 1536 , that kept an eye on Jewish families converted to Catholicism and severely persecuted them in case of real or imagined relapse on their former faith . Garcia de Orta was responsible for building the manor @-@ house ( Bombay Castle ) in Bombay . He also mentioned several accounts of the islands and the people living in Bombay during his time . During his regime , as regards the population of the island , Bombay was composed of seven villages subordinate to two cacabas ( kashas ) or chief stations , at which customs @-@ duty was levied . These villages were Mahim , Parel , Varella ( Wadala ) and Syva ( Sion ) under the kasba ( chief officer ) of Mahim , and Mazagaon , Bombaim ( Bombay ) , and Varel ( Worli ) under the kasba ( chief officer ) of Bombay . In addition to these , there were smaller hamlets like Cavel , Colaba , Naigaon and Dongri , which had existed from the epoch of indigenous Hindu settlement . The Kolis , a fishing community , formed the most numerous class of people , and dwelt in most parts of Bombay from Colaba in the south to Sion and Mahim in the north . Other Hindu communities residing were , the Kunbis and Agris ( Curumbins ) ( who cultivated the fields and sowed them with rice and all sorts of pulse ) , the Malis ( who tended the orchards ) , and the Piaes ( men @-@ at @-@ arms ) ( who were Bhandaris ) . The Parus ( Prabhus ) dwelt in Mahim , Bombay , and Parel . They collected the rents of the King and of the inhabitants and their estates , and were also merchants . The Muslim Moors in Bombay were solely engaged in maritime trade . A few Muslims of less mixed descent were living in Mahim , but the bulk of the followers of Islam belonged to the Konkani Muslim community . Christians residing in Bombay during his time included eleven Roman Catholic Portuguese families of married men . The other three communities mentioned by Orta as residents in Bassein and its surrounding tracts were Baneanes ( Banias ) , Coaris or Esparcis ( Parsis ) , and Deres ( Dheds or Mahars ) or Farazes . Most Banias and Parsis did not actually settle in Bombay until after its cession to England by the Portuguese . Bombay apparently remained in Orta 's possession until his peaceful death in Goa in 1570 . Several years later , his bones were exhumed and burnt at the stake for his Jewish faith . The islands appears to have been granted on the same tenure to several Portuguese officials in succession . The Portuguese encouraged intermarriage with the local population , and strongly supported the Roman Catholic Church . They converted nearly 10 @,@ 000 natives to Christianity in Bassein , Thane , and neighbouring places . They started the Inquisition in India in 1560 . These people were referred as " Portuguese Christians " . Later , named themselves as the East Indian Catholics ( after the British East India Company ) during the British regime because Goan and Mangalorean Catholic settlers in Bombay were also referred to as " Portuguese Christians " by British . After António Pessoa 's death in 1571 , a patent was issued which granted Mazagaon in perpetuity to the Sousa e Lima family . The St. Andrew Church at Bandra was built in 1575 by the Portuguese Jesuits . The union of the crowns of Portugal and Spain in 1580 – 1640 opened the way for other European powers to follow the spice routes to India . The Dutch arrived first , closely followed by the British . The Portuguese also built several fortifications around the city . The Madh Fort was one of their most important constructions in Salsette . The first English merchants arrived in Bombay in November 1583 , and travelled through Bassein and Thana . A prominent merchant among them was Ralph Fitch from London . They mentioned that Bassein and Thana were trading in rice and corn on a small scale . They arrived in Chaul on 10 November 1583 . During this time , Bombay 's main trade was coconuts and coir . The Portuguese Franciscans had obtained practical control of Salsette and Mahim by 1585 , and built Nossa Senhora do Bom Conselho ( Our Lady of Good Advice , affiliated to igreja de São Miguel / St. Michael 's Church in 1596 ) at Sion and Nossa Senhora da Salvação ( Our Lady of Salvation , popularly referred as " Portuguese Church " ) at Dadar in 1596 . The immense natural advantages of Bombay aroused the cupidity of the English who recognized its value as a naval base . In November 1612 , the British fought the Battle of Swally with the Portuguese at Surat for the possession of Bombay . The British emerged victorious in the battle , and the Portuguese defeat was a significant event in marking the beginning of the end of their commercial monopoly over western India . Later , the British burnt the manor house built by Garcia de Orta in 1626 . Dorabji Nanabhoy , a Gujarati trader , was the first Parsi to settle in Bombay in 1640 . The Parsis immensely contributed towards the future development of Bombay during the British period . In 1640 , the Portuguese built Castella da Aguada ( Fort of the Waterpoint ) at Bandra , as a watchtower overlooking the Mahim Bay , the Arabian Sea and the southern island of Mahim . It was armed with seven cannons and other smaller guns as defence . = = End of Portuguese rule = = In 1652 , the Surat Council of the British Empire urged the British East India Company to purchase Bombay from the Portuguese . In 1654 , the British East India Company drew the attention of Oliver Cromwell , a top English military officer , to this suggestion by the Surat Council , laying great stress upon its excellent harbour and its natural isolation from land @-@ attacks . By the middle of the seventeenth century the growing power of the Dutch Empire forced the English to acquire a station in western India . The Directors of the Council of Surat reported in 1659 that every effort should be made to obtain Bombay from King John IV of Portugal . On 11 May 1661 , the marriage treaty of Charles II of England and Catherine of Braganza , daughter of King John IV of Portugal , placed Bombay in the possession of the British Empire , as part of Catherine 's dowry to Charles . On 19 March 1662 , Abraham Shipman was appointed the first Governor and General of the city , and his fleet arrived in Bombay in September – October 1662 . On being asked to hand over Bombay and Salsette to the English , the Portuguese Governor contended that Bombay Island alone had been ceded , and alleging irregularity in the patent , he refused to give up even Bombay Island . The Portuguese Viceroy declined to interfere and Shipman was prevented from landing in Bombay . He was forced to retire to the island of Anjediva in North Canara and died there in October 1664 . In November 1664 , Shipman 's successor Humphrey Cooke agreed to accept Bombay Island without its dependencies , with the condition of granting special privileges to Portuguese citizens in Bombay , and no interference in the Roman Catholic religion . However , Salsette ( including Bandra ) , Mazagaon , Parel , Worli , Sion , Dharavi , Wadala and Elephanta island still remained under Portuguese possession , as much as Thane or Vasai . From 1665 to 1666 , Cooke managed to acquire Mahim , Sion , Dharavi , and Wadala for the English . = = Historiography = = The historical period of Portuguese colonial rule in the seven original islands of Bombay ( 1534 – 1665 ) and in the remaining territory of the Northern Province of the Estado da Índia ( 1534 – 1739 ) has been scantly researched . During the second half of the 19th century , Dr. J Gerson da Cunha , a Bombayite of Goan origin , began compiling information on the subject and published some books and articles . He wrote the first book on history of Bombay , The Origin of Bombay , published by the Bombay branch of the Royal Asiatic Society . Later , Braz Fernandes , an East @-@ Indian , took up da Cunha 's work and provided more in depth studies , especially about the Island of Salsette ( Shashti ) and the ruins in Vasai . Since the Independence of India , a few historians and scholars in Bombay have studied local or partial aspects of the period 's history . Of particular interest are the works of Mariam Dossal , Pankaj Joshi , Theresa Albuquerque and Fleur de Souza . However , the most significant recent contribution to the study of Bombay 's Portuguese layer has come from the research project Bombay Before the British , developed by the Architecture Department of the University of Coimbra between 2004 and 2007 . Broadly speaking , the state of the art regarding Bombay 's indo @-@ Portuguese historical layer is currently ( 2012 ) represented by two PhD dissertations recently concluded in Portugal and also most of the content in the " Heritage of Portuguese Influence " inventory .
= Sea Mither = Sea Mither , or Mither of the Sea , is a mythical being of Orcadian folklore that lives in the sea during summer , when she confines the demonic nuckelavee to the ocean depths . Each spring she battles with her arch @-@ enemy Teran , another spirit of Orcadian legend capable of causing severe winter storms , to gain control of the seas and the weather . Eventually Sea Mither overcomes Teran and sends him to the depths of the ocean , but the effort of keeping him confined there along with her other benevolent labours during the summer exhaust her , until in the autumn Teran takes advantage of her weakness to wrest control from her once again . Stories of the Sea Mither and Teran are among Orkney 's oldest legends , perhaps invented to explain the vagaries of weather and other naturally occurring events . In Shetland fishermen petition Sea Mither to afford them protection from the Devil . = = Etymology = = Mither is defined in the Dictionary of the Older Scottish Tongue as the Scots variant of " mother " , which may particularly reflect oral Orcadian use . The name of her opponent , Teran , is local Orkney dialect meaning " furious anger " , and may be a derivative of tyrren , Norse for " angry " . = = Folk beliefs = = = = = Description and common attributes = = = Sea Mither is a spirit of summer days that quells the turbulent sea waters around the northern isles of Scotland . Shetland islanders , particularly fishermen , seek her protection from the Devil . Control of the seas is maintained by Teran , the spirit of winter , until Sea Mither arrives around the time of the vernal equinox in mid @-@ March . Both spirits are invisible to humans . Teran is her arch @-@ enemy and the pair fight bitterly , often for weeks as she tries to gain control . Their arguments cause gale force winds and heavy tumultuous seas as she tries to wrest control from him . Teran 's screeches are carried by the howling gales as the two spirits try to oust each other . The period of the spring combat between the pair is termed the Vore tullye or the " spring struggle " . Eventually Sea Mither overcomes Teran , relegating him to the depths of the ocean ; inclement summer weather is caused by Teran 's attempts to escape . During summer months the Sea Mither also keeps the demonic nuckelavee creature confined , and undertakes benevolent labours : she empowers aquatic creatures with the ability to reproduce ; warms and calms the seas ; and instils a softer song @-@ like quality to the gentle summer breeze . According to folklorist and Orkney resident , Walter Traill Dennison , during Sea Mither 's reign in summer the conditions reported by islanders may have " tempted one to believe that the Orkney archipelago had become the islands of the blessed . " But the continual work she undertakes to keep everything calm and the strain of maintaining control over Teran gradually tires her . As autumn approaches , Teran takes advantage of Sea Mither 's exhaustion to break free , and conflict between the two starts again . The power struggles cause the weather to change with darkening skies and howling winds . This time , Teran triumphs in the conflict termed the Gore vellye . Control of the ocean and weather is returned to Teran and Sea Mither is forced to leave . No details are given as to where she spends the winter , but during the storms caused by Teran the fishermen were consoled that Sea Mither would return refreshed and powerful in the spring , to again oust Teran from his malevolent grip over the seas . = = Origins = = Orcadian tales were strongly influenced by Scandinavian mythology with a blending of traditional Celtic stories . Folklorist and writer Ernest Marwick describes the Sea Mither and Teran as " pure personifications of nature . " Several ancient myths were based upon the natural elements of the turbulent and ever changing sea surrounding Orkney , but the stories of the two spirits are among the oldest legends on the islands . People had to be able to explain the vagaries of weather and other natural life cycles without the benefit of science ; Traill Dennison hypothesises that this is why " the imagination of some half savage " may have formed the foundations of the myth .
= McCarthyism = McCarthyism is the practice of making accusations of subversion or treason without proper regard for evidence . It also means " the practice of making unfair allegations or using unfair investigative techniques , especially in order to restrict dissent or political criticism . " The term has its origins in the period in the United States known as the Second Red Scare , lasting roughly from 1950 to 1956 and characterized by heightened political repression against supposed communists , as well as a campaign spreading fear of their influence on American institutions and of espionage by Soviet agents . Originally coined to criticize the anti @-@ communist pursuits of Republican U.S. Senator Joseph McCarthy of Wisconsin , " McCarthyism " soon took on a broader meaning , describing the excesses of similar efforts . The term is also now used more generally to describe reckless , unsubstantiated accusations , as well as demagogic attacks on the character or patriotism of political adversaries . During the McCarthy era , thousands of Americans were accused of being communists or communist sympathizers and became the subject of aggressive investigations and questioning before government or private @-@ industry panels , committees and agencies . The primary targets of such suspicions were government employees , those in the entertainment industry , educators and union activists . Suspicions were often given credence despite inconclusive or questionable evidence , and the level of threat posed by a person 's real or supposed leftist associations or beliefs was often greatly exaggerated . Many people suffered loss of employment and / or destruction of their careers ; some even suffered imprisonment . Most of these punishments came about through trial verdicts later overturned , laws that were later declared unconstitutional , dismissals for reasons later declared illegal or actionable , or extra @-@ legal procedures that would come into general disrepute . The most notable examples of McCarthyism include the speeches , investigations , and hearings of Senator McCarthy himself ; the Hollywood blacklist , associated with hearings conducted by the House Un @-@ American Activities Committee ( HUAC ) ; and the various anti @-@ communist activities of the Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) under Director J. Edgar Hoover . McCarthyism was a widespread social and cultural phenomenon that affected all levels of society and was the source of a great deal of debate and conflict in the United States . = = Origins = = The historical period that came to be known as the McCarthy era began well before Joseph McCarthy 's own involvement in it . Many factors contributed to McCarthyism , some of them extending back to the years of the First Red Scare ( 1917 – 20 ) , inspired by Communism 's emergence as a recognized political force . Thanks in part to its success in organizing labor unions and its early opposition to fascism , the Communist Party of the United States ( CPUSA ) increased its membership through the 1930s , reaching a peak of about 75 @,@ 000 members in 1940 – 41 . While the United States was engaged in World War II and allied with the Soviet Union , the issue of anti @-@ communism was largely muted . With the end of World War II , the Cold War began almost immediately , as the Soviet Union installed Communist puppet régimes across Central and Eastern Europe , while the United States backed anti @-@ communist forces in Greece and China . Although the Igor Gouzenko and Elizabeth Bentley affairs had raised the issue of Soviet espionage as far back as 1945 , events in 1949 and 1950 sharply increased the sense of threat from Communism in the United States . The Soviet Union tested an atomic bomb in 1949 , earlier than many analysts had expected . That same year , Mao Zedong 's Communist army gained control of mainland China despite heavy American financial support of the opposing Kuomintang . In 1950 , the Korean War began , pitting U.S. , U.N. , and South Korean forces against Communists from North Korea and China . The following year also saw several significant developments regarding Soviet Cold War espionage activities . In January 1950 , Alger Hiss , a high @-@ level State Department official , was convicted of perjury . Hiss was in effect found guilty of espionage ; the statute of limitations had run out for that crime , but he was convicted of having perjured himself when he denied that charge in earlier testimony before the House Un @-@ American Activities Committee . In Great Britain , Klaus Fuchs confessed to committing espionage on behalf of the Soviet Union while working on the Manhattan Project at Los Alamos National Laboratory during the War . Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were arrested in 1950 on charges of stealing atomic bomb secrets for the Soviets and were executed in 1953 . There were also more subtle forces encouraging the rise of McCarthyism . It had long been a practice of more conservative politicians to refer to progressive reforms such as child labor laws and women 's suffrage as " Communist " or " Red plots . " This tendency increased in the 1930s in reaction to the New Deal policies of President Franklin D. Roosevelt . Many conservatives equated the New Deal with socialism or Communism , and saw its policies as evidence that the government had been heavily influenced by Communist policy @-@ makers in the Roosevelt administration . In general , the vaguely defined danger of " Communist influence " was a more common theme in the rhetoric of anti @-@ Communist politicians than was espionage or any other specific activity . Joseph McCarthy 's involvement with the ongoing cultural phenomenon that would bear his name began with a speech he made on Lincoln Day , February 9 , 1950 , to the Republican Women 's Club of Wheeling , West Virginia . He produced a piece of paper which he claimed contained a list of known Communists working for the State Department . McCarthy is usually quoted as saying : " I have here in my hand a list of 205 — a list of names that were made known to the Secretary of State as being members of the Communist Party and who nevertheless are still working and shaping policy in the State Department . " This speech resulted in a flood of press attention to McCarthy and established the path that made him one of the most recognized politicians in the United States . The first recorded use of the term McCarthyism was in a political cartoon by Washington Post editorial cartoonist Herbert Block ( aka Herblock ) , published on March 29 , 1950 . The cartoon depicted four leading Republicans trying to push an elephant ( the traditional symbol of the Republican Party ) to stand on a teetering stack of ten tar buckets , the topmost of which was labeled " McCarthyism " . Block later wrote that there was " nothing particularly ingenious about the term , which is simply used to represent a national affliction that can hardly be described in any other way . If anyone has a prior claim on it , he 's welcome to the word and to the junior senator from Wisconsin along with it . I will also throw in a set of free dishes and a case of soap . ” = = Institutions = = A number of anti @-@ Communist committees , panels , and " loyalty review boards " in federal , state , and local governments , as well as many private agencies carried out investigations for small and large companies concerned about possible Communists in their work force . In Congress , the primary bodies that investigated Communist activities were the House Committee on Un @-@ American Activities , the Senate Internal Security Subcommittee , and the Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations . Between 1949 and 1954 , a total of 109 investigations were carried out by these and other committees of Congress . On December 2 , 1954 , the United States Senate voted 65 to 22 to condemn Joseph McCarthy for " conduct that tends to bring the Senate into dishonor and disrepute " . = = = Executive branch = = = = = = = Loyalty @-@ security reviews = = = = In the federal government , President Harry Truman 's Executive Order 9835 initiated a program of loyalty reviews for federal employees in 1947 . It called for dismissal if there were " reasonable grounds ... for belief that the person involved is disloyal to the Government of the United States . " Truman , a Democrat , was probably reacting in part to the Republican sweep in the 1946 Congressional election and felt a need to counter growing criticism from conservatives and anti @-@ communists . When President Dwight Eisenhower took office in 1953 , he strengthened and extended Truman 's loyalty review program , while decreasing the avenues of appeal available to dismissed employees . Hiram Bingham , Chairman of the Civil Service Commission Loyalty Review Board , referred to the new rules he was obliged to enforce as " just not the American way of doing things . " The following year , J. Robert Oppenheimer , scientific director of the Manhattan Project that built the first atomic bomb , then working as a consultant to the Atomic Energy Commission , was stripped of his security clearance after a four @-@ week hearing . Oppenheimer had received a top @-@ secret clearance in 1947 , but was denied clearance in the harsher climate of 1954 . Similar loyalty reviews were established in many state and local government offices and some private industries across the nation . In 1958 , it was estimated that roughly one out of every five employees in the United States was required to pass some sort of loyalty review . Once a person lost a job due to an unfavorable loyalty review , it could be very difficult to find other employment . " A man is ruined everywhere and forever , " in the words of the chairman of President Truman 's Loyalty Review Board . " No responsible employer would be likely to take a chance in giving him a job . " The Department of Justice started keeping a list of organizations that it deemed subversive beginning in 1942 . This list was first made public in 1948 , when it included 78 items . At its longest , it comprised 154 organizations , 110 of them identified as Communist . In the context of a loyalty review , membership in a listed organization was meant to raise a question , but not to be considered proof of disloyalty . One of the most common causes of suspicion was membership in the Washington Bookshop Association , a left @-@ leaning organization that offered lectures on literature , classical music concerts and discounts on books . = = = = J. Edgar Hoover and the FBI = = = = FBI director J. Edgar Hoover designed President Truman 's loyalty @-@ security program , and its background investigations of employees were carried out by FBI agents . This was a major assignment that led to the number of agents in the Bureau being increased from 3 @,@ 559 in 1946 to 7 @,@ 029 in 1952 . Hoover 's sense of the Communist threat and the standards of evidence applied by his bureau resulted in thousands of government workers losing their jobs . Due to Hoover 's insistence upon keeping the identity of his informers secret , most subjects of loyalty @-@ security reviews were not allowed to cross @-@ examine or know the identities of those who accused them . In many cases they were not even told what they were accused of . Hoover 's influence extended beyond federal government employees and beyond the loyalty @-@ security programs . The records of loyalty review hearings and investigations were supposed to be confidential , but Hoover routinely gave evidence from them to congressional committees such as HUAC . From 1951 to 1955 , the FBI operated a secret " Responsibilities Program " that distributed anonymous documents with evidence from FBI files of Communist affiliations on the part of teachers , lawyers , and others . Many people accused in these " blind memoranda " were fired without any further process . The FBI engaged in a number of illegal practices in its pursuit of information on Communists , including burglaries , opening mail and illegal wiretaps . The members of the left @-@ wing National Lawyers Guild were among the few attorneys who were willing to defend clients in communist @-@ related cases , and this made the NLG a particular target of Hoover 's . The office of this organization was burgled by the FBI at least fourteen times between 1947 and 1951 . Among other purposes , the FBI used its illegally obtained information to alert prosecuting attorneys about the planned legal strategies of NLG defense lawyers . The FBI also used illegal undercover operations to disrupt Communist and other dissident political groups . In 1956 , Hoover was becoming increasingly frustrated by Supreme Court decisions that limited the Justice Department 's ability to prosecute Communists . At this time he formalized a covert " dirty tricks " program under the name COINTELPRO . COINTELPRO actions included planting forged documents to create the suspicion that a key person was an FBI informer , spreading rumors through anonymous letters , leaking information to the press , calling for IRS audits , and the like . The COINTELPRO program remained in operation until 1971 . Historian Ellen Schrecker calls the FBI " the single most important component of the anti @-@ communist crusade " and writes : " Had observers known in the 1950s what they have learned since the 1970s , when the Freedom of Information Act opened the Bureau 's files , ' McCarthyism ' would probably be called ' Hooverism ' . " = = = Congress = = = = = = = House Committee on Un @-@ American Activities = = = = The House Committee on Un @-@ American Activities - commonly referred to as the House Un @-@ American Activities Committee ( HUAC ) - was the most prominent and active government committee involved in anti @-@ Communist investigations . Formed in 1938 and known as the Dies Committee for Rep. Martin Dies , who chaired it until 1944 , HUAC investigated a variety of " activities , " including those of German @-@ American Nazis during World War II . The Committee soon focused on Communism , beginning with an investigation into Communists in the Federal Theatre Project in 1938 . A significant step for HUAC was its investigation of the charges of espionage brought against Alger Hiss in 1948 . This investigation ultimately resulted in Hiss 's trial and conviction for perjury , and convinced many of the usefulness of congressional committees for uncovering Communist subversion . HUAC achieved its greatest fame and notoriety with its investigation into the Hollywood film industry . In October 1947 , the Committee began to subpoena screenwriters , directors , and other movie industry professionals to testify about their known or suspected membership in the Communist Party , association with its members , or support of its beliefs . It was at these testimonies that what became known as " the $ 64 @,@ 000 question " was asked : " Are you now or have you ever been a member of the Communist Party of the United States ? " Among the first film industry witnesses subpoenaed by the Committee were ten who decided not to cooperate . These men , who became known as the " Hollywood Ten " , cited the First Amendment 's guarantee of free speech and free assembly , which they believed legally protected them from being required to answer the Committee 's questions . This tactic failed , and the ten were sentenced to prison for contempt of Congress . Two of the ten were sentenced to six months , the rest to a year . In the future , witnesses ( in the entertainment industries and otherwise ) who were determined not to cooperate with the Committee would claim their Fifth Amendment protection against self @-@ incrimination . While this usually protected them from a contempt of Congress citation , it was considered grounds for dismissal by many government and private industry employers . The legal requirements for Fifth Amendment protection were such that a person could not testify about his own association with the Communist Party and then refuse to " name names " of colleagues with Communist affiliations . Thus many faced a choice between " crawl [ ing ] through the mud to be an informer , " as actor Larry Parks put it , or becoming known as a " Fifth Amendment Communist " — an epithet often used by Senator McCarthy . = = = = Senate committees = = = = In the Senate , the primary committee for investigating Communists was the Senate Internal Security Subcommittee ( SISS ) , formed in 1950 and charged with ensuring the enforcement of laws relating to " espionage , sabotage , and the protection of the internal security of the United States . " The SISS was headed by Democrat Pat McCarran and gained a reputation for careful and extensive investigations . This committee spent a year investigating Owen Lattimore and other members of the Institute of Pacific Relations . As had been done numerous times before , the collection of scholars and diplomats associated with Lattimore ( the so @-@ called China Hands ) were accused of " losing China , " and while some evidence of pro @-@ communist attitudes was found , there was nothing to support McCarran 's accusation that Lattimore was " a conscious and articulate instrument of the Soviet conspiracy " . Lattimore was charged with perjuring himself before the SISS in 1952 . After many of the charges were rejected by a Federal Judge and one of the witnesses confessed to perjury , the case was dropped in 1955 . Joseph McCarthy himself headed the Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations in 1953 and 1954 , and during that time used it for a number of his Communist @-@ hunting investigations . McCarthy first examined allegations of Communist influence in the Voice of America , and then turned to the overseas library program of the State Department . Card catalogs of these libraries were searched for works by authors McCarthy deemed inappropriate . McCarthy then recited the list of supposedly pro @-@ communist authors before his subcommittee and the press . Yielding to the pressure , the State Department ordered its overseas librarians to remove from their shelves " material by any controversial persons , Communists , fellow travelers , etc . " Some libraries actually burned the newly forbidden books . McCarthy 's committee then began an investigation into the United States Army . This began at the Army Signal Corps laboratory at Fort Monmouth . McCarthy garnered some headlines with stories of a dangerous spy ring among the Army researchers , but ultimately nothing came of this investigation . McCarthy next turned his attention to the case of a U.S. Army dentist who had been promoted to the rank of major despite having refused to answer questions on an Army loyalty review form . McCarthy 's handling of this investigation , including a series of insults directed at a brigadier general , led to the Army @-@ McCarthy hearings , with the Army and McCarthy trading charges and counter @-@ charges for 36 days before a nationwide television audience . While the official outcome of the hearings was inconclusive , this exposure of McCarthy to the American public resulted in a sharp decline in his popularity . In less than a year , McCarthy was censured by the Senate and his position as a prominent force in anti @-@ communism was essentially ended . = = = Blacklists = = = On November 25 , 1947 ( the day after the House of Representatives approved citations of contempt for the Hollywood Ten ) , Eric Johnston , President of the Motion Picture Association of America , issued a press release on behalf of the heads of the major studios that came to be referred to as the Waldorf Statement . This statement announced the firing of the Hollywood Ten and stated : " We will not knowingly employ a Communist or a member of any party or group which advocates the overthrow of the government of the United States [ ... ] " This marked the beginning of the Hollywood blacklist . In spite of the fact that hundreds would be denied employment , the studios , producers and other employers did not publicly admit that a blacklist existed . At this time , private loyalty @-@ review boards and anti @-@ communist investigators began to appear to fill a growing demand among certain industries to certify that their employees were above reproach . Companies that were concerned about the sensitivity of their business , or who , like the entertainment industry , felt particularly vulnerable to public opinion made use of these private services . For a fee , these teams would investigate employees and question them about their politics and affiliations . At such hearings , the subject would usually not have a right to the presence of an attorney , and as with HUAC , the interviewee might be asked to defend himself against accusations without being allowed to cross @-@ examine the accuser . These agencies would keep cross @-@ referenced lists of leftist organizations , publications , rallies , charities and the like , as well as lists of individuals who were known or suspected communists . Books such as Red Channels and newsletters such as Counterattack and Confidential Information were published to keep track of communist and leftist organizations and individuals . Insofar as the various blacklists of McCarthyism were actual physical lists , they were created and maintained by these private organizations . = = = Laws and arrests = = = Efforts to protect the United States from the perceived threat of Communist subversion were particularly enabled by several federal laws . The Alien Registration Act or Smith Act of 1940 made it a criminal offense for anyone to " knowingly or willfully advocate , abet , advise or teach the [ ... ] desirability or propriety of overthrowing the Government of the United States or of any State by force or violence , or for anyone to organize any association which teaches , advises or encourages such an overthrow , or for anyone to become a member of or to affiliate with any such association " . Hundreds of Communists and others were prosecuted under this law between 1941 and 1957 . Eleven leaders of the Communist Party were convicted under the Smith Act in 1949 in the Foley Square trial . Ten defendants were given sentences of five years and the eleventh was sentenced to three years . The defense attorneys were cited for contempt of court and given prison sentences . In 1951 , twenty @-@ three other leaders of the party were indicted , including Elizabeth Gurley Flynn , a founding member of the American Civil Liberties Union . Many were convicted on the basis of testimony that was later admitted to be false . By 1957 , 140 leaders and members of the Communist Party had been charged under the law , of whom 93 were convicted . The McCarran Internal Security Act , which became law in 1950 , has been described by scholar Ellen Schrecker as " the McCarthy era 's only important piece of legislation " ( the Smith Act technically predated McCarthyism ) . However , the McCarran Act had no real effect beyond legal harassment . It required the registration of Communist organizations with the U.S. Attorney General and established the Subversive Activities Control Board to investigate possible Communist @-@ action and Communist @-@ front organizations so they could be required to register . Due to numerous hearings , delays and appeals , the act was never enforced , even with regard to the Communist Party of the United States itself , and the major provisions of the act were found to be unconstitutional in 1965 and 1967 . In 1952 , the Immigration and Nationality , or McCarran @-@ Walter , Act was passed . This law allowed the government to deport immigrants or naturalized citizens engaged in subversive activities and also to bar suspected subversives from entering the country . The Communist Control Act of 1954 was passed with overwhelming support in both houses of Congress after very little debate . Jointly drafted by Republican John Marshall Butler and Democrat Hubert Humphrey , the law was an extension of the Internal Security Act of 1950 , and sought to outlaw the Communist Party by declaring that the party , as well as " Communist @-@ Infiltrated Organizations " were " not entitled to any of the rights , privileges , and immunities attendant upon legal bodies " . The Communist Control Act never had any significant effect , and was perhaps most notable for the odd mix of liberals and conservatives among its supporters . It was successfully applied only twice : in 1954 it was used to prevent Communist Party members from appearing on the New Jersey state ballot , and in 1960 it was cited to deny the CPUSA recognition as an employer under New York State 's unemployment compensation system . The New York Post called the act " a monstrosity " , " a wretched repudiation of democratic principles , " while The Nation accused Democratic liberals of a " neurotic , election @-@ year anxiety to escape the charge of being ' soft on Communism ' even at the expense of sacrificing constitutional rights . " = = Popular support = = McCarthyism was supported by a variety of groups , including the American Legion and various other anti @-@ communist organizations . One core element of support was a variety of militantly anti @-@ communist women 's groups such as the American Public Relations Forum and the Minute Women of the U.S.A .. These organized tens of thousands of housewives into study groups , letter @-@ writing networks , and patriotic clubs that coordinated efforts to identify and eradicate what they saw as subversion . Although far @-@ right radicals were the bedrock of support for McCarthyism , they were not alone . A broad " coalition of the aggrieved " found McCarthyism attractive , or at least politically useful . Common themes uniting the coalition were opposition to internationalism , particularly the United Nations ; opposition to social welfare provisions , particularly the various programs established by the New Deal ; and opposition to efforts to reduce inequalities in the social structure of the United States . One focus of popular McCarthyism concerned the provision of public health services , particularly vaccination , mental health care services and fluoridation , all of which were deemed by some to be communist plots to poison or brainwash the American people . At times , the anti @-@ internationalist aspect of McCarthyist literature took on an anti @-@ Jewish tone . ( See flier at right : ' Rabbi Spitz in the American Hebrew , March 1 , 1946 : " American Jews must come to grips with our contemporary anti @-@ Semites ; we must fill our insane asylums with anti @-@ Semitic lunatics . " ' ) Such viewpoints led to major collisions between McCarthyite radicals and supporters of public health programs , most notably in the case of the Alaska Mental Health Bill controversy of 1956 . William F. Buckley , Jr . , the founder of the influential conservative political magazine National Review , wrote a defense of McCarthy , McCarthy and his Enemies , in which he asserted that " McCarthyism ... is a movement around which men of good will and stern morality can close ranks . " In addition , as Richard Rovere points out , many ordinary Americans became convinced that there must be " no smoke without fire " and lent their support to McCarthyism . In January 1954 , a Gallup poll found that 50 % of the American public supported McCarthy , while 29 % had an unfavorable opinion of the senator . Earl Warren , the Chief Justice of the United States , commented that if the United States Bill of Rights had been put to a vote it probably would have been defeated . = = Portrayals of Communists = = Those who sought to justify McCarthyism did so largely through their characterization of Communism , and American Communists in particular . Proponents of McCarthyism claimed that the CPUSA was so completely under Moscow 's control that any American Communist is a puppet of the Soviet and Russian intelligence services . This view is supported by recent documentation from the archives of the KGB as well as post @-@ war decodes of wartime Soviet radio traffic from the Venona Project , showing that Moscow provided financial support to the CPUSA and had significant influence on CPUSA policies . J. Edgar Hoover commented in a 1950 speech , " Communist members , body and soul , are the property of the Party . " This attitude was not confined to arch @-@ conservatives . In 1940 , the American Civil Liberties Union ejected founding member Elizabeth Gurley Flynn , saying that her membership in the Communist Party was enough to disqualify her as a civil libertarian . In the government 's prosecutions of Communist Party members under the Smith Act ( see above ) , the prosecution case was based not on specific actions or statements by the defendants , but on the premise that a commitment to violent overthrow of the government was inherent in the doctrines of Marxism – Leninism . Passages of the CPUSA 's constitution that specifically rejected revolutionary violence were dismissed as deliberate deception . In addition , it was often claimed that the Party did not allow any member to resign , so a person who had been a member for a short time decades previously could be considered as suspect as a current member . Many of the hearings and trials of McCarthyism featured testimony by former Communist Party members such as Elizabeth Bentley , Louis Budenz , and Whittaker Chambers , speaking as expert witnesses . Various historians and pundits have discussed alleged Soviet @-@ directed infiltration of the U.S. government and the possible collaboration of high U.S. government officials . = = Victims of McCarthy = = It is difficult to estimate the number of victims of McCarthy . The number imprisoned is in the hundreds , and some ten or twelve thousand lost their jobs . In many cases simply being subpoenaed by HUAC or one of the other committees was sufficient cause to be fired . Many of those who were imprisoned , lost their jobs or were questioned by committees did in fact have a past or present connection of some kind with the Communist Party . But for the vast majority , both the potential for them to do harm to the nation and the nature of their communist affiliation were tenuous . After the extremely damaging " Cambridge Five " spy scandal ( Burgess , Maclean , Philby , Blunt , et al . ) , suspected homosexuality was also a common cause for being targeted by McCarthyism . The hunt for " sexual perverts " , who were presumed to be subversive by nature , resulted in thousands being harassed and denied employment . Many have termed this aspect of McCarthyism the " Lavender Scare " . Homosexuality was classified as a psychiatric disorder in the 1950s . However , in the context of the highly politicised Cold War environment , homosexuality became framed as a dangerous , contagious social disease that posed a potential threat to state security . As the family was believed to be the cornerstone of American strength and integrity , the description of homosexuals as " sexual perverts " meant that they were both unable to function within a family unit and presented the potential to poison the social body . This era also witnessed the establishment of widely spread FBI surveillance intended to identify homosexual government employees . The McCarthy hearings and according " sexual pervert " investigations can be seen to have been driven by a desire to identify individuals whose ability to function as loyal citizens had been compromised . Joseph McCarthy began his campaign by drawing upon the ways in which he embodied traditional American values in order to become the self @-@ appointed vanguard of social morality . Paradoxically , accusations of alleged homosexual behaviour marked the end of McCarthy ’ s political career . In the film industry , more than 300 actors , authors and directors were denied work in the U.S. through the unofficial Hollywood blacklist . Blacklists were at work throughout the entertainment industry , in universities and schools at all levels , in the legal profession , and in many other fields . A port security program initiated by the Coast Guard shortly after the start of the Korean War required a review of every maritime worker who loaded or worked aboard any American ship , regardless of cargo or destination . As with other loyalty @-@ security reviews of McCarthyism , the identities of any accusers and even the nature of any accusations were typically kept secret from the accused . Nearly 3 @,@ 000 seamen and longshoremen lost their jobs due to this program alone . Some of the more notable people who were blacklisted or suffered some other persecution during McCarthyism are listed here : In 1953 , Robert K. Murray , a young professor of history at Pennsylvania State University who had served as an intelligence officer in World War II , was revising his dissertation on the Red Scare of 1919 – 20 for publication until Little , Brown and Company decided that " under the circumstances ... it wasn 't wise for them to bring this book out . " He learned that investigators were questioning his colleagues and relatives . The University of Minnesota press published his volume , Red Scare : A Study in National Hysteria , 1919 – 1920 , in 1955 . = = Critical reactions = = The nation was by no means united behind the policies and activities that have come to be associated with McCarthyism . There were many critics of various aspects of McCarthyism , including many figures not generally noted for their liberalism . For example , in his overridden veto of the McCarran Internal Security Act of 1950 , President Truman wrote , " In a free country , we punish men for the crimes they commit , but never for the opinions they have . " Truman also unsuccessfully vetoed the Taft @-@ Hartley Act , which among other provisions denied trade unions National Labor Relations Board protection unless union leaders signed affidavits swearing they were not and had never been Communists . In 1953 , after he left office , Truman criticized the current Eisenhower administration : It is now evident that the present Administration has fully embraced , for political advantage , McCarthyism . I am not referring to the Senator from Wisconsin . He is only important in that his name has taken on the dictionary meaning of the word . It is the corruption of truth , the abandonment of the due process law . It is the use of the big lie and the unfounded accusation against any citizen in the name of Americanism or security . It is the rise to power of the demagogue who lives on untruth ; it is the spreading of fear and the destruction of faith in every level of society . On June 1 , 1950 , Senator Margaret Chase Smith , a Maine Republican , delivered a speech to the Senate she called a " Declaration of Conscience " . In a clear attack upon McCarthyism , she called for an end to " character assassinations " and named " some of the basic principles of Americanism : The right to criticize ; The right to hold unpopular beliefs ; The right to protest ; The right of independent thought " . She said " freedom of speech is not what it used to be in America " , and decried " cancerous tentacles of ' know nothing , suspect everything ' attitudes " . Six other Republican Senators — Wayne Morse , Irving M. Ives , Charles W. Tobey , Edward John Thye , George Aiken , and Robert C. Hendrickson — joined Smith in condemning the tactics of McCarthyism . Elmer Davis , one of the most highly respected news reporters and commentators of the 1940s and 1950s , often spoke out against what he saw as the excesses of McCarthyism . On one occasion he warned that many local anti @-@ Communist movements constituted a " general attack not only on schools and colleges and libraries , on teachers and textbooks , but on all people who think and write [ ... ] in short , on the freedom of the mind " . In 1952 , the Supreme Court upheld a lower court decision in Adler v. Board of Education of New York , thus approving a law that allowed state loyalty review boards to fire teachers deemed " subversive " . In his dissenting opinion , Justice William O. Douglas wrote : " The present law proceeds on a principle repugnant to our society — guilt by association . [ ... ] What happens under this law is typical of what happens in a police state . Teachers are under constant surveillance ; their pasts are combed for signs of disloyalty ; their utterances are watched for clues to dangerous thoughts . " One of the most influential opponents of McCarthyism was the famed CBS newscaster and analyst Edward R. Murrow . On October 20 , 1953 , Murrow 's show See It Now aired an episode about the dismissal of Milo Radulovich , a former reserve Air Force lieutenant who was accused of associating with Communists . The show was strongly critical of the Air Force 's methods , which included presenting evidence in a sealed envelope that Radulovich and his attorney were not allowed to open . On March 9 , 1954 , See It Now aired another episode on the issue of McCarthyism , this one attacking Joseph McCarthy himself . Titled " A Report on Senator Joseph R. McCarthy " , it used footage of McCarthy speeches to portray him as dishonest , reckless and abusive toward witnesses and prominent Americans . In his concluding comment , Murrow said : We must not confuse dissent with disloyalty . We must remember always that accusation is not proof and that conviction depends upon evidence and due process of law . We will not walk in fear , one of another . We will not be driven by fear into an age of unreason , if we dig deep in our history and our doctrine , and remember that we are not descended from fearful men . This broadcast has been cited as a key episode in bringing about the end of McCarthyism . In April 1954 , Senator McCarthy was also under attack in the Army – McCarthy hearings . These hearings were televised live on the new American Broadcasting Company network , allowing the public to view first @-@ hand McCarthy 's interrogation of individuals and his controversial tactics . In one exchange , McCarthy reminded the attorney for the Army , Joseph Welch , that he had an employee in his law firm who had belonged to an organization that had been accused of Communist sympathies . In an exchange that reflected the increasingly negative public opinion of McCarthy , Welch rebuked the senator : " Have you no sense of decency , sir ? At long last , have you left no sense of decency ? " = = Decline = = In the mid- and late 1950s , the attitudes and institutions of McCarthyism slowly weakened . Changing public sentiments heavily contributed to the decline of McCarthyism . Its decline may also be charted through a series of court decisions . A key figure in the end of the blacklisting of McCarthyism was John Henry Faulk . Host of an afternoon comedy radio show , Faulk was a leftist active in his union , the American Federation of Television and Radio Artists . He was scrutinized by AWARE , Inc . , one of the private firms that examined individuals for signs of communist " disloyalty " . Marked by AWARE as unfit , he was fired by CBS Radio . Almost uniquely among the many victims of blacklisting , Faulk decided to sue AWARE in 1957 and finally won the case in 1962 . With this court decision , the private blacklisters and those who used them were put on notice that they were legally liable for the professional and financial damage they caused . Although some informal blacklisting continued , the private " loyalty checking " agencies were soon a thing of the past . Even before the Faulk verdict , many in Hollywood had decided it was time to break the blacklist . In 1960 , Dalton Trumbo , one of the best known members of the Hollywood Ten , was publicly credited with writing the films Exodus and Spartacus . Much of the undoing of McCarthyism came at the hands of the Supreme Court . As Richard Rovere wrote in his biography of Joseph McCarthy , " [ T ] he United States Supreme Court took judicial notice of the rents McCarthy was making in the fabric of liberty and thereupon wrote a series of decisions that have made the fabric stronger than before . " Two Eisenhower appointees to the court — Earl Warren ( who was made Chief Justice ) and William J. Brennan , Jr . — proved to be more liberal than Eisenhower had anticipated , and he would later refer to the appointment of Warren as his " biggest mistake " . In 1956 , the Supreme Court heard the case of Slochower v. Board of Education . Harry Slochower was a professor at Brooklyn College who had been fired by New York City for invoking the Fifth Amendment when McCarthy 's committee questioned him about his past membership in the Communist Party . The court prohibited such actions , ruling " ... we must condemn the practice of imputing a sinister meaning to the exercise of a person 's constitutional right under the Fifth Amendment . [ ... ] The privilege against self @-@ incrimination would be reduced to a hollow mockery if its exercise could be taken as equivalent either to a confession of guilt or a conclusive presumption of perjury . " Another key decision was in the 1957 case Yates v. United States , in which the convictions of fourteen Communists were reversed . In Justice Black 's opinion , he wrote of the original " Smith Act " trials : " The testimony of witnesses is comparatively insignificant . Guilt or innocence may turn on what Marx or Engels or someone else wrote or advocated as much as a hundred years or more ago . [ ... ] When the propriety of obnoxious or unfamiliar view about government is in reality made the crucial issue , [ ... ] prejudice makes conviction inevitable except in the rarest circumstances . " Also in 1957 , the Supreme Court ruled on the case of Watkins v. United States , curtailing the power of HUAC to punish uncooperative witnesses by finding them in contempt of Congress . Justice Warren wrote in the decision : " The mere summoning of a witness and compelling him to testify , against his will , about his beliefs , expressions or associations is a measure of governmental interference . And when those forced revelations concern matters that are unorthodox , unpopular , or even hateful to the general public , the reaction in the life of the witness may be disastrous . " In its 1958 decision in Kent v. Dulles , the Supreme Court halted the State Department from using the authority of its own regulations to refuse or revoke passports based on an applicant 's communist beliefs or associations . = = Repercussions = = The political divisions McCarthyism created in the United States continue to make themselves manifest , and the politics and history of anti @-@ Communism in the United States are still contentious . Portions of the massive security apparatus established during the McCarthy era still exist . Loyalty oaths are still required by the California Constitution for all officials and employees of the government of California ( which is highly problematic for Quakers and Jehovah 's Witnesses whose beliefs preclude them from pledging absolute loyalty to the state ) , and at the federal level , a few portions of the McCarran Internal Security Act are still in effect . A number of observers have compared the oppression of liberals and leftists during the McCarthy period to recent actions against suspected terrorists , most of them Muslims . In The Age of Anxiety : McCarthyism to Terrorism , author Haynes Johnson compares the " abuses suffered by aliens thrown into high security U.S. prisons in the wake of 9 / 11 " to the excesses of the McCarthy era . Similarly , David D. Cole has written that the Patriot Act " in effect resurrects the philosophy of McCarthyism , simply substituting ' terrorist ' for ' communist . ' " From the opposite pole , conservative writer Ann Coulter devotes much of her book Treason to drawing parallels between past opposition to McCarthy and McCarthyism and the policies and beliefs of modern @-@ day liberals , arguing that the former hindered the anti @-@ Communist cause and the latter hinder the War on Terrorism . Other authors who have drawn on a comparison between current anti @-@ terrorism policies and McCarthyism include Geoffrey R. Stone , Ted Morgan , and Jonah Goldberg . McCarthyism also attracts controversy purely as a historical issue . Through declassified documents from Soviet archives and Venona project decryptions of coded Soviet messages , it has become known that the Soviet Union engaged in substantial espionage activities in the United States during the 1940s . It is also known that the Communist Party USA was substantially funded and its policies controlled by the Soviet Union , and there are accusations that CPUSA members were often recruited as spies . In the view of some contemporary commentators , these revelations stand as at least a partial vindication of McCarthyism . Some feel that there was a genuinely dangerous subversive element in the United States , and that this danger justified extreme measures . Others , while acknowledging that there were inexcusable excesses during McCarthyism , argue that some contemporary historians of McCarthyism underplay the depth of Soviet espionage in America or the undemocratic nature of the CPUSA , the latter concern being shared by some Trotskyites who felt that they , and anti @-@ Stalin socialists in general , were persecuted by the CPUSA . The opposing view holds that , recent revelations notwithstanding , by the time McCarthyism began in the late 1940s , the CPUSA was an ineffectual fringe group , and the damage done to U.S. interests by Soviet spies after World War II was minimal . Historian Ellen Schrecker , herself criticised for pro @-@ Stalinist leanings , has written , " in this country , McCarthyism did more damage to the constitution than the American Communist Party ever did . " = = = Later use of the term = = = Since the time of McCarthy , the word McCarthyism has entered American speech as a general term for a variety of practices : aggressively questioning a person 's patriotism , making poorly supported accusations , using accusations of disloyalty to pressure a person to adhere to conformist politics or to discredit an opponent , subverting civil and political rights in the name of national security , and the use of demagoguery are all often referred to as McCarthyism . McCarthyism can also be synonymous with the term witch @-@ hunt , both referring to mass hysteria and moral panic . = = McCarthyism in popular culture = = The 1952 Arthur Miller play The Crucible used the Salem witch trials as a metaphor for McCarthyism , suggesting that the process of McCarthyism @-@ style persecution can occur at any time or place . The play focused on the fact that once accused , a person had little chance of exoneration , given the irrational and circular reasoning of both the courts and the public . Miller later wrote : " The more I read into the Salem panic , the more it touched off corresponding images of common experiences in the fifties . " The 1976 film The Front dealt with the McCarthy @-@ era Hollywood blacklist , as did the 2015 film Trumbo .
= Boosey & Hawkes = Boosey & Hawkes is a British music publisher purported to be the largest specialist classical music publisher in the world . Until 2003 , it was also a major manufacturer of brass , string and woodwind musical instruments . Formed in 1930 through the merger of two well @-@ established British music businesses , the company owns the copyrights or agencies to much major , 20th @-@ century music , including works by Bartók , Leonard Bernstein , Britten , Copland , Kodály , Prokofiev , Richard Strauss and Stravinsky . It also publishes many prominent contemporary composers , including Steve Reich , John Adams , James MacMillan , Elliott Carter , Harrison Birtwistle , Osvaldo Golijov , Anna Clyne , and Louis Andriessen . With subsidiaries in Germany , the UK and the US , the company also sells sheet music ; provides ready @-@ made production music for television , radio and audio @-@ visual use ; commissions and produces music for radio , television and advertising ; and administers copyrights owned by media companies . = = History = = = = = Before the merger of the Boosey and Hawkes companies = = = Boosey & Hawkes was founded in 1930 through the merger of two respected music companies , Boosey & Company and Hawkes & Son . The Boosey family was of Franco – Flemish origin . Boosey & Company traces its roots back to John Boosey , a bookseller in London in the 1760s – 1770s . His son Thomas continued the business at 4 Old Bond Street , and from 1819 the bookshop was called Boosey & Sons or T. & T. Boosey . Thomas Boosey 's son , also named Thomas ( 1794 / 1795 – 1871 ) , set up a separate musical branch of the company known as T. Boosey & Co. and , in the latter part of the 19th century , Boosey & Company . This branch initially imported foreign music but soon began publishing in England the works of composers such as Johann Nepomuk Hummel , Saverio Mercadante and Gioachino Rossini , and subsequently important operas by Bellini , Donizetti and Verdi . Elgar and Vaughan Williams were among its later signings . The company also produced books : among its first publications was an English translation of Johann Nikolaus Forkel 's book Life of J.S. Bach ( 1820 ) . The company was seriously affected by the House of Lords ' decision in Boosey v. Jeffreys ( 1854 ) which deprived English publishers of many of their foreign copyrights . Boosey & Company diversified into manufacturing woodwind instruments in 1851 , collaborating in 1856 with flautist R.S. Pratten ( 1846 – 1936 ) to develop new designs for flutes . The firm bought over the business of Henry Distin in 1868 , allowing it to begin making brass instruments . Among its achievements was the widely acclaimed design for compensating valves developed by David James Blaikley in 1874 . The company also commenced production of string instruments . The company capitalised on the increasing popularity of the ballad by focusing its publishing activities on them . To promote sales , John Boosey ( c.1832 – 1893 ) , son of Thomas Jr . , established the London Ballad Concerts in 1867 at St. James 's Hall and later at Queen 's Hall when it opened in 1893 . Clara Butt , John Sims Reeves and Charles W. Clark performed at these concerts , and its successes included Arthur Sullivan 's " The Lost Chord " ( 1877 ) and Stephen Adams ' " The Holy City " . The company began emphasising educational music from about the end of the 19th century . In 1874 Boosey & Company moved into offices at 295 Regent Street , where the business was to stay for the next 131 years . In 1892 , Boosey & Company opened an office in New York which still exists today . The business eventually owned half of Regent Street , and at the time of the merger was managed by Leslie Boosey ( 1887 – 1979 ) . Hawkes & Son ( later Rivière & Hawkes ) , a rival to Boosey & Company , was founded in 1865 by William Henry Hawkes selling orchestral sheet music . The company also made musical instruments and spare parts such as clarinet reeds , and by 1925 Hawkes had set up an instrument factory in Edgware , North London . The business , which was particularly known for brass and military band music , was eventually inherited by Ralph Hawkes ( 1898 – 1950 ) . = = = After the merger = = = Leslie Boosey and Ralph Hawkes met in the 1920s when they were on the Board of the Performing Right Society , and saw an opportunity to go into business together . They formed Boosey & Hawkes in October 1930 through a merger of their respective businesses . Hawkes & Son moved from its office in Denman Street to join the Boosey staff at 295 Regent Street . The 1938 Anschluss — the annexation of Austria into Greater Germany by the Nazi regime — led to the Nazification of Viennese publishing house Universal Edition . Boosey & Hawkes seized the opportunity to sign up composers Béla Bartók and Zoltán Kodály , and also rescued Universal 's Jewish staff , who later played an important role in developing the company . One such employee in particular , Ernst Roth , facilitated the signing of Richard Strauss and Igor Stravinsky , and was instrumental in the production of Strauss 's Vier letzte Lieder ( Four Last Songs ) ( 1948 ; premièred 1950 ) and Stravinsky 's The Rake 's Progress ( premièred 1951 ) . Another significant figure from Vienna who occupied an editorial role was composer Arnold Schoenberg 's pupil Erwin Stein , and after the war the composer Leopold Spinner , a pupil of Anton Webern , was also on the editorial staff . Stein was instrumental in founding the modern @-@ music journal Tempo in 1939 , which began as Boosey & Hawkes ' own newsletter but later became a more independent publication . By the time World War II broke out in 1939 , Boosey & Hawkes had also signed Benjamin Britten and Aaron Copland . It was Ralph Hawkes who championed Britten when he was still relatively unknown , often against the rest of the board of directors , until the première on 7 June 1945 of Peter Grimes , which was a critical and popular success . Sheet music sales soared during the War , enabling Boosey & Hawkes to buy Editions Russes which held the rights to the most valuable works of Prokofiev , Rachmaninoff and Stravinsky . The company also purchased the lease of the Royal Opera House in London in 1944 , rescuing it from becoming a permanent dance hall and providing a venue for world @-@ class ballet and opera in the capital . By 1950 , Boosey & Hawkes was a leading international music company with an extensive catalogue of serious composers and offices in Bonn , Johannesburg , New York , Paris , Toronto and Sydney . However , from the late 1940s , strains had begun to appear in the relationship between Leslie Boosey and Ralph Hawkes , and this led to factions supporting each man forming in the company . It was discovered that Hawkes had borrowed capital of £ 100 @,@ 000 during the war without the permission of the exchange control authorities , and Boosey was forced to clear up the situation at great personal cost . Hawkes secretly wanted to buy out the music publishing side of the business and manage it from New York , leaving Boosey in London with the musical instrument business which Hawkes found dull . However , he died suddenly on 8 September 1950 , and representation of his faction was taken over by his flamboyant but unreliable brother Geoffrey who spent much of the company 's money on ventures such as the manufacture of mouth organs and ovens , which failed . Geoffrey Hawkes also sold shares in the company to fund his philandering , to the point that the company was forced to go public to raise cash . Leslie Boosey allowed Geoffrey his turn as chairman , but within two years the profitable company was on the brink of insolvency and Geoffrey Hawkes died of leukaemia in 1961 . During these difficult years , Boosey was supported by his trusted managing director , Ernst Roth . However , Roth later regarded the Boosey family as ineffectual and parochial . In the early 1960s , Roth forced Boosey 's sons Anthony and Simon out of the company , and prevented his youngest son , Nigel , from even joining , allegedly at the behest of Benjamin Britten . Roth and Boosey also had differences over Britten 's influence over the company . Roth regarded Britten as a gifted local musician , rather than a true genius like Roth 's friends Strauss and Stravinsky . Boosey realised how valuable Britten was to the company , and agreed to Britten 's request to divide the company into instruments and publishing . However , Britten humiliated Boosey by preventing him from chairing the music publishing board Boosey had established at Britten 's request . In 1963 , Britten also managed to get Boosey & Hawkes to employ Donald Mitchell to find new , young composers for the company . Angered by the sway Britten had over Boosey , Roth fired Mitchell within a year . Mitchell later set up Faber Music for book publisher Faber and Faber with the assistance of Britten and the blessing of T. S. Eliot . Boosey retired from the company in 1964 , and died without an obituary in 1979 . Although he had been awarded with the Légion d 'honneur by France , his achievements were mostly unrecognised in the UK . However , a large number of composers and their estates continue to benefit from his pioneering work in rights and royalty collection . In addition , every two years the Royal Philharmonic Society and the Performing Right Society honour individuals who have made an outstanding contribution to the furtherance of contemporary music in Britain with the Leslie Boosey Award . The award is given to those who work " backstage " , such as administrators , broadcasters , educationalists , programmers , publishers and representatives from the recording industry . Some time during the late 1960s or early 1970s Boosey & Hawkes bought out The Salvation Army Brass Instrument Factory in North London . They continued for some years to manufacture instruments with The Salvation Army name and crest on them such as The Bandmaster cornets . Boosey & Hawkes ' musical instruments division was gradually scaled down from the mid @-@ 1970s as it became less viable to have such an extensive range of products . Various lines were outsourced and sold off . By the time of the closure of the Edgware factory in 2001 , brass instruments were the only thriving part of the instrument range . Production was moved to Watford , Hertfordshire , and the instruments rebranded Besson . It took nearly 20 years for Boosey & Hawkes to regain the leading position in the international music scene that it has today . It claims to be the largest specialist classical music publisher in the world . = = The company today = = In 2001 , Boosey & Hawkes was put up for sale after accounting irregularities were discovered in its Chicago instrument @-@ distribution business , leading to £ 13m worth of sales being written off , a plummeting share price , and the company 's near @-@ bankruptcy . It was eventually bought by venture capitalists HgCapital in 2003 for £ 40 million . On 11 February 2003 , Boosey & Hawkes sold its musical instrument division , which included clarinet maker Buffet Crampon and guitar manufacturer Höfner , to The Music Group , a company formed by rescue buyout specialists Rutland Fund Management , for £ 33 @.@ 2 million . An archive of musical instruments manufactured or collected by the company throughout its history was passed to the Horniman Museum in Forest Hill , South London . In September 2005 the company was again offered for sale by HgCapital which announced that it was seeking between £ 60 and £ 80 million . One of the interested buyers was Elevation Partners , a private equity firm which counts U2 lead singer Bono as a partner and managing director . Despite offers of about £ 115 million from a number of parties , the sale was later cancelled in November 2005 . In April 2008 , Boosey & Hawkes was bought by the Imagem Music Group . Today , partly due to the foresight or business acumen of Ralph Hawkes , the company owns the copyrights or agencies to much major 20th @-@ century music , including works by Bartók , Leonard Bernstein , Britten ( notably all his output between 1938 and 1963 ) , Copland , Kodály , Prokofiev , Rachmaninoff , Richard Strauss and Stravinsky . It also publishes many prominent contemporary composers , such as John Adams , Louis Andriessen , Sir Harrison Birtwistle , Unsuk Chin , Michael Daugherty , Peter Maxwell Davies , Henryk Górecki , Heinz Karl Gruber , Robin Holloway , Magnus Lindberg , James MacMillan , Olga Neuwirth , Kurt Schwertsik and Mark @-@ Anthony Turnage . The company 's New York branch has developed its own catalogue emphasising the works of American composers , including Elliott Carter , David Del Tredici , Walter Piston , Ned Rorem and Steve Reich . 295 Regent Street , which was the home of Boosey & Company since 1874 and of Boosey & Hawkes ' publishing business and music shop from 1930 , was finally given up by the company in 2005 which then relocated to Aldwych House . Boosey & Hawkes Music Shop claims to have the UK 's largest selection of printed music from all publishers , and operates a worldwide mail order service . The company had a major division , BooseyMedia , that commissioned and produced music for radio , television and advertising jingles , and the administration of copyrights owned by media companies . This has now been split into commercial synchronisation and production music departments , both under the Imagem name . Its Cavendish Production Music Library provides ready @-@ made production music for television , radio and audio @-@ visual use . The Boosey & Hawkes group has branches in five countries on four continents , including companies in Germany ( Bote & Bock GmbH & Co . KG and Anton J. Benjamin GmbH ) , the UK ( Boosey & Hawkes Music Publishers Ltd . ) and the USA ( Boosey & Hawkes , Inc . ) . In North America , Boosey & Hawkes ' print sales catalogue is distributed by the Hal Leonard Corporation . Boosey & Hawkes launched its Online Scores service in 2011 , allowing customers to view full scores of works in its catalogue . = = Parodies = = The company was lampooned by The Goon Show as " Goosy and Borks " in their episode , " Lurgy Strikes Britain " , as well as by musical parodist Peter Schickele who named one of the friends of fictional composer P.D.Q. Bach Jonathan " Boozey " Hawkes . Somewhat more recondite was the punning reference delivered in one of Gerard Hoffnung 's parody concerts : " If Boosey 's will Hawk it , Schott 's will Tippett " ( from Punkt Contrapunkt at Hoffnung Interplanetary Music Festival with John Amis , Royal Festival Hall , 21 and 22 November 1958 ) = = = Articles = = = Mortimer , C.G. ( 1938 – 1939 ) . " Leading Music Publishers : Boosey & Hawkes Ltd . " . Musical Opinion ( Luton , Bedfordshire : Musical Opinion Ltd . ) 62 : 181 – 190 . ISSN 0027 @-@ 4623 . 02 . " The Music Publisher of Tradition : The Booseys : Thomas and John ; The Hawkes : William Henry and Oliver " . Musical Opinion ( Luton , Bedfordshire : Musical Opinion Ltd . ) 65 : 68 . 1941 – 1942 . ISSN 0027 @-@ 4623 . 02 . " Boosey & Hawkes Settle with Disney " . The Daily Telegraph . 21 March 2001 . Aldrick , Philip ( 1 May 2001 ) . " Boosey in Talks with Lenders after Account Irregularities " . The Daily Telegraph . Fagan , Mary ( 7 October 2001 ) . " Boosey & Hawkes Faces £ 50m Bid " . The Daily Telegraph . Aldrick , Philip ( 13 February 2002 ) . " Steinway Quits Boosey Auction " . The Daily Telegraph . Parkinson , Gary ( 25 February 2002 ) . " Equity Groups Make a Play for Boosey " . The Daily Telegraph . Osborne , Alistair ( 30 April 2002 ) . " Boosey & Hawkes in Sale Talks " . The Daily Telegraph . Jay , Adam ( 27 May 2003 ) . " Boosey Stands Firm on EMI Deal " . The Daily Telegraph . Jay , Adam ( 11 September 2003 ) . " Final Notes Sound in Boosey Sale Opera " . The Daily Telegraph . Jay , Adam ( 10 September 2003 ) . " Fresh Bidder Chimes in on Boosey Sale " . The Daily Telegraph . Lawson , Annie ( 10 September 2003 ) . " Boosey Trumpets £ 40m Buyout " . The Guardian . Osborne , Alistair ( 17 September 2003 ) . " Boosey Prepared for Trio of Suitors " . The Daily Telegraph . Osborne , Alistair ( 4 October 2003 ) . " Hg Offer Tops Boosey Buyout " . The Daily Telegraph . Milmo , Dan ( 23 November 2004 ) . " La Donna e mobile ? Key in a Classic Ringtone " . The Guardian . Hopkins , Nic ( 20 September 2005 ) . " Clamour of Interest in £ 130m Sale of Boosey " . The Times ( London ) . = = = Books = = = Boosey , William ( 1931 ) . Fifty Years of Music . London : Ernest Benn . OCLC 1150185 . Wallace , Helen ( 2007 ) . Boosey & Hawkes : The Publishing Story . London : Boosey & Hawkes Music Publishers Ltd . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 85162 @-@ 514 @-@ 0 .
= Radar ( song ) = " Radar " is a song recorded by American singer Britney Spears for her fifth studio album , Blackout ( 2007 ) . It was written and produced by Bloodshy & Avant and The Clutch , with additional writing from Henrik Jonback , as a record that did not relate to any of her personal problems at the time . The recording sessions took place the day after Spears filed for divorce from Kevin Federline , and members of The Clutch claimed to be surprised by her work ethic . " Radar " was originally planned to be released as the third single from Blackout , but " Break the Ice " was chosen instead . The song was then planned as the fourth single , but the release was cancelled as Spears began recording her sixth studio album , Circus ( 2008 ) . " Radar " was later included as a bonus track on Circus , and released as the fourth and final single from the album on June 22 , 2009 by Jive Records . Musically , " Radar " is an electropop and synthpop song , that runs through a midtempo dance groove . Spears ' vocals are auto tuned and accompanied by sonar pulses and a heavy usage of distorted synthesizers . The lyrics refer to an attraction between the protagonist and a man , while she wonders if he knows what she is feeling . " Radar " received mixed reviews from critics ; some called it one of the highlights of Blackout , while others felt that it was over @-@ produced and also criticized her vocals for being processed . In July 2008 , " Radar " charted in the top forty of Ireland and New Zealand , and inside the top @-@ ten in Sweden . After it was released as a single from Circus , the track performed poorly on the charts and did not manage to enter the top forty in most countries . However , it became her 21st hit on the US Billboard 's Pop Songs chart , the most for any artist of the decade . The single 's accompanying music video was directed by Dave Meyers , and pays tribute to the music video of Madonna 's " Take a Bow " ( 1994 ) . In the video , Spears is an aristocratic woman involved in a love triangle with two men who are polo players . The video received mixed reviews from critics , who complimented the fashion but called the idea unoriginal . " Radar " was performed by Spears at The Circus Starring Britney Spears ( 2009 ) , with the accompanying dance routine featuring her pole dancing . = = Background = = The main instrumentation was recorded by Bloodshy & Avant at Bloodshy & Avant Studios in Stockholm , Sweden . In November 2006 , Spears recorded " Radar " with Ezekiel Lewis and Patrick M. Smith of The Clutch at Sony Music Studios in New York City . Lewis had wanted to work with her for a long time and was motivated to produce something for her that was going to " help her project become a great project to come back with " . Smith stated that the team tried to create a record " for the Britney Spears that we know and love " and that it did not " touch on anything that was really dealing with all the stuff that she was dealing with . " Both commented that although Spears arrived late to the recording sessions , she caught them off guard with her efficiency and professionalism , with Lewis adding , " It was absolutely nuts , and she took directions very well . [ ... ] I don ’ t know what I was expecting because we went in to cut that record the day after she filed divorce from Kevin [ Federline ] . " The song was later mixed by Niklas Flyckt at Mandarine Studios in Stockholm , Sweden . " Radar " was originally planned to be released as the third single from Blackout , according to Lewis . " Break the Ice " was released instead and " Radar " was chosen as the fourth single . In July 2008 , a CD single was released in countries such as New Zealand and Sweden . However , a wider release was scrapped when Spears began recording new material for her sixth studio album , Circus . On May 7 , 2009 , the song was announced as the fourth single from Circus . = = Music and lyrics = = " Radar " is an electropop and synthpop song , that runs through a midtempo dance groove . The song is influenced by rave music and R & B. It has a bouncy and skipping beat , and a repetitive melody reminiscent of a nursery rhyme . Spears ' vocals are auto tuned and kept " more in the foreground " , according to Jennifer Vineyard of MTV . Her voice is accompanied by sonar pulses and distorted synthesizers . The synthesizers have been compared by Kimberly Chou of The Michigan Daily to those of Soft Cell 's " Tainted Love " ( 1981 ) . During the outro , Spears repeats Vocodered da @-@ da @-@ das . Critics noted that " Radar " is influenced by the works of Rihanna ; Cameron Adams of the Herald Sun said the song sounds " like an inferior take " of Rihanna 's single “ SOS ” ( 2006 ) . According to Poppy Cossins of The Sun , Radar sounds " like the Pussycat Dolls at their most risqué " . Roger Friedman of Fox News said that along with " Break the Ice " , " Radar " was more " straight @-@ ahead electronic disco " than the rest of Blackout and added that it " sounds like Las Vegas goes Eurodisco . " In the lyrics , Spears lets the subject know he is on her radar , while she lists the qualities the man has . Kimberly Chou said Spears ' delivery " [ is ] so aggressive it 's almost threatening . " Spears sings lyrics such as " Confidence is a must / cockiness is a plus / edginess is a rush / edges I like ' em rough / A man with a Midas touch / Intoxicate me I 'm a lush . " During the bridge she sings " I got my eye on you / And I can 't let you get away " , making clear her attraction . = = Critical reception = = Blender gave the song four and a half stars , named it the second potential hit from the album , and called it “ a bubblegum @-@ electro dance floor jam with a hook most pop stars would kill for ” . Eric R. Danton of The Hartford Courant deemed it as " crackling " and " club @-@ ready " , while calling it one of the " killer tracks " off the album along with " Break the Ice " and " Hot as Ice " . Denton Record @-@ Chronicle 's Mike Daniel said the best tracks of Blackout are " the unwaveringly catchy ' Radar ' and the neo @-@ wave curveball of ' Heaven and Earth ' " . Stephen Thomas Erlewine of Allmusic said some of the songs of Blackout , " really show off the skills of the producers " , exemplifying " Gimme More " , " Radar " , " Break the Ice " , " Heaven on Earth " and " Hot as Ice " . He also selected it as one of his ' track picks ' of the album . Jedd Rosche of The Maneater deemed it as one of the standout tracks of Blackout along with " Ooh Ooh Baby . " Nekesa Mumbi Moody of USA Today called it " a sexy techno groove that you can 't help but bounce to . " Theon Weber of The Village Voice said that " Spears 's writers present her with the goofiest , most vivacious productions she 's ever had , filling ' Radar ' with pinging noises and polishing Madonna 's dance @-@ floor trash bright . " Nick Levine of Digital Spy called it " a rave @-@ tinged electro blipathon on which Spears is vocodered to the point of sounding extra @-@ terrestrial . " Alexis Petridis from The Guardian said that the song " seems to be bending over backwards to annoy the listener . Perhaps it 's a last desperate tactic to win back some privacy : she 's trying to get people to leave her alone by making as irritating a noise as possible . " A reviewer from the Ottawa Citizen said that " some tracks [ of the album ] just don 't work , such as Radar , in which Britney 's voice is tuned up so high she sounds like she 's 14 . " Laura Herbert of BBC News said that many of the album 's songs , including " Radar " and " Toy Soldier " " are repetitive and over @-@ produced . " Jim Abbott of the Orlando Sentinel said that " Musically , songs such as ' Piece of Me , ' ' Radar ' and ' Break the Ice ' are one @-@ dimensional , robotic exercises . " Chris Wasser from the Irish Independent said the album had single potential , exemplifying that " There 's little doubting we 'll hear the bouncing and digitally affected vocals of Radar and the livelier Hot As Ice on the radio soon enough , but both tracks still seem a little under par . " After the release of " Radar " single from Circus , Nick Levine of Digital Spy said it " still sounds pretty ace , one of the best examples of the robopop sound Blackout essentially invented , but its fresh @-@ out @-@ the @-@ box sheen has long since faded " . On July 29 , 2009 , " Radar " was chosen as single of the week in FHM . = = Commercial performance = = On November 17 , 2007 , due to digital downloads for the Blackout release , " Radar " peaked at number fifty @-@ two on the U.S. Billboard Hot Digital Songs . The song also charted in several countries based on strong digital sales and airplay alone , surprisingly reaching high chart positions . In Ireland , the song debuted at number forty @-@ seven on July 15 , 2008 . It peaked at number thirty @-@ two on August 5 , 2008 . In Sweden , " Radar " debuted at number forty @-@ six on July 24 , 2008 . The single peaked at number eight on July 28 , 2008 , becoming the second highest @-@ charting single from the album after " Gimme More " . It stayed on the position for two weeks , and for eight weeks on the chart overall . In New Zealand , the song debuted at number thirty @-@ seven on August 18 , 2008 , and peaked at number thirty @-@ two two weeks later . It stayed on the chart for five weeks . After being confirmed as the fourth single from Circus , " Radar " re @-@ entered the charts in several countries . On August 29 , 2009 , the song peaked at number thirty on the U.S. Billboard Pop Songs . On September 5 , 2009 , " Radar " finally entered the Billboard Hot 100 at number ninety , and peaked at number eighty @-@ eight on the following week . It became her fifth song from Circus to chart on the Hot 100 , marking the first time five songs from one of her albums entered the chart . It was also her 22nd Hot 100 hit . " Radar " also became her 21st hit on the Pop Songs chart , the most for any artist of the decade . As of July 2010 , " Radar " has sold 481 @,@ 000 paid digital downloads in the United States . On the same week , the song peaked at number sixty @-@ five in Canada . The track re @-@ entered the ARIA Singles Chart at number forty @-@ six on July 20 , 2009 and stayed on the chart for just one week . In the UK , the song peaked at number forty @-@ six on August 2 , 2009 . = = Music video = = = = = Development = = = In June 2008 , Spears ' manager Larry Rudolph told The Sun that a video for " Radar " directed by Spears was to be shot in Chelsea , London . The concept would have Spears and her friends chasing a man in different clubs . However , this was scrapped along with the single ’ s release . The music video for " Radar " from Circus was filmed on May 27 and 28 , 2009 , at the Bacara Resort & Spa located in Santa Barbara , California . It was directed by Dave Meyers , who previously worked with Spears on her music videos for " Lucky " , " Boys " and " Outrageous " as well as the Curious commercials . Meyers claimed the video pays tribute to the music video of Madonna 's 1994 single " Take a Bow " . He added , " [ we were ] looking for a way to take her into a contemporary , classy environment . I felt empowered by referencing Madonna 's video . Britney hasn 't done anything like that " . He had a very clear idea of how he wanted the story line to work : " There is a narrative going on , a romantic triangle on a weekend at this polo mansion , " he said . " A soap @-@ opera romance . " Meyers commented that working with Spears again was " a great celebration of trusting one another " , explaining that both wanted " to do something fresh and new , seeking out an actual different technique and stylistic choices and trying to find a form to celebrate them in . " Since the song was not the first single from Circus , Meyers chose to experiment and not have dancing scenes , saying that " the videos are a chance for her to vocalize a sense of herself . The media tends to attack her , so I thought , ' Let 's show the classy side of Britney and focus on a classy experience , very European @-@ inspired ' . And she 's at the point in her career where I think this would be a nice step . " After the video was finished , Meyers said he was happy with the lack of dancing scenes , because the cuts and dissolves kept the pace of the song . = = = Synopsis = = = The video begins with Spears arriving at a polo mansion . She comes out from the car wearing a vest , jeans and showing her midriff . She starts singing while her boyfriend welcomes her . They walk past a barn , where a polo player is sitting . They look at each other briefly and she starts to sing in a balcony , watching the second man with a pair of binoculars . At the end of the first chorus , her boyfriend comes and puts a studded necklace around her neck , as a surprise gift . Until the end of the second chorus , we see scenes of Spears singing and watching the polo player as he gets ready . When the bridge begins , Spears arrives at a match wearing a white dress and a large hat . She looks at the polo player over her shoulder and sings the lines " I got my eye on you / And I can ’ t let you get away " . When the match ends , she leaves and the second man follows her . They flirt inside a hallway and leave . Her boyfriend notices her absence , walks into the hallway and sees her necklace on the floor . The video ends with Spears and the second man walking into the sunset . = = = Release and reception = = = The music video leaked online on July 1 , 2009 . Daniel Kreps of Rolling Stone said the music video was her weakest since " Gimme More " and highlighted the comparisons with " Take a Bow " , saying , " while Madonna dressed the role of a distressed aristocratic senorita in the stands , Spears ’ wardrobe and giant hat mirror the elite at the Kentucky Derby " . He also said the idea was unoriginal and compared it to Spears ' fragances commercials . Nadia Mendoza of The Sun said , " forget PVC catsuits and teeny weeny air hostess outfits . Britney Spears has gone all sophisticated on us " and positively commented on the fashion , saying " Britney dons a hat more suited to Ascot than a music video " . Peter Gicas of E ! commented that the video was a nice departure from her recent more choreographed videos , such as " Womanizer " and " If U Seek Amy " . He commended it for its " more straightforward approach in telling a so @-@ called story " , but felt it was " a bit too much like one of those overly dramatic fragrance commercials " . OK ! said the video was " posh " and also noted the difference from her recent videos . = = Live performances = = Spears performed the song during The Circus Starring Britney Spears ( 2009 ) . After the performance of " Piece of Me " , there was a brief interlude in which acrobats hanging from fabric simulated a thunderstorm . Spears took the stage again to perform " Radar " , which featured her pole dancing . She wore a black bra encrusted with Swarovski crystals , fishnet stockings and high @-@ heeled laced up boots , designed by Dean and Dan Caten . Spears ended the performance with her and her dancers posing in the middle of the three @-@ ring stage as a red curtain slowly descended in the closing . A contest in DanceJam.com was announced to promote the song . The contestants had to upload a video of them dancing to " Radar " , and Spears and Jive Records picked the winner . In the revamped Britney : Piece Of Me concert ( 2016 ) , " Radar " plays during an interlude that features multiple excerpts of Britney 's music videos . A cover version of the song by American singer @-@ songwriter Christopher Dallman was included in an EP titled Sad Britney , released on November 9 , 2009 , along with covers of " ... Baby One More Time " , " Toxic " and " Gimme More " . = = Track listings = = = = Credits and Personnel = = Backing vocals , Lead vocals – Britney Spears Writers , drums – Christian Karlsson , Pontus Winnberg , Henrik Jonback , Balewa Muhammad , Candice Nelson , Ezekiel " Zeke " Lewis , Patrick " J.Que " Smith Producers , drums – Bloodshy & Avant , The Clutch Mixing – Niklas Flyckt Assistant engineer – Jim Carauna Guitars – Henrik Jonback Keyboard , bass – Bloodshy & Avant Background vocals – Candice Nelson , Michaela Breen = = Charts = = = = Release history = =
= Number 1 's ( Destiny 's Child album ) = # 1 's is the first compilation album released by recording group Destiny 's Child through Columbia Records on October 25 , 2005 . It marked their last album before a formal disbandment in late 2005 , announced during the tour Destiny Fulfilled ... and Lovin ' It . The greatest hits album features the highest @-@ charting singles from Destiny 's Child 's four studio albums released between 1998 and 2004 as well as a song from their remix album This Is the Remix released in 2002 . In addition to already existing material , three new songs were recorded for the compilation — " Stand up For Love " , " Feel the Same Way I Do " and group member Beyoncé 's collaboration with Slim Thug , " Check on It " . Following its release , # 1 's received positive reviews from music critics who praised the included material as the highlights of the group 's music career . However , its title was dismissed as many of the songs included on the track listing hadn 't reached the top position of a major record chart ; it was later acknowledged by Billboard magazine that the title was only used as a marketing strategy . The compilation debuted and peaked on top of the US Billboard 200 album chart becoming the group 's second album to reach number one in that country . It further peaked at number one in Japan and number six in the UK while also reaching the top forty in many European countries . The compilation received seven certifications by music trade organizations in different countries across the world . It further spawned two singles : " Stand up For Love " , which failed to appear on a major music chart , and " Check on It " , which reached number one on the US Billboard Hot 100 and the top ten on many European charts . = = Background and release = = Destiny 's Child went to a hiatus , following the release of their third studio album Survivor ( 2001 ) , allowing each member of the group to release solo material . As each member had success with their individual projects , questions arose by the public whether they would record again as a group . However , group members Beyoncé , Kelly Rowland and Michelle Williams reunited again to work on their fourth studio album Destiny Fulfilled . The album was released in late 2004 and the group further embarked on a worldwide tour Destiny Fulfilled ... and Lovin ' It the following year as part of its promotion . During a concert the group had at the Palau Sant Jordi in Barcelona , Spain on June 11 , 2005 , Rowland announced to the audience that the tour would be Destiny 's Child last together , revealing their formal disbandment . It was announced that after their final North American leg , the group would part ways , with each member continuing their music career as a solo act . During an interview , they explained that their disbandment was planned during the making of Destiny Fulfilled as they discussed their individual aspirations and realized that remaining as a group would prevent them in pursuing those interests . However , it was acknowledged that the album would not be their last album together . On August 1 , 2005 , Rowland announced the release of a greatest hits album later that year during an interview with Billboard magazine . She said , " We 're definitely going to record another song for our greatest hits album for our fans . We 're still thinking about it because we want it to mean something . " In September , the album 's title # 1 's was revealed along with a release date on October 25 , 2005 . A DualDisc edition of # 1 's was also announced with the same songs of the standard edition mixed in 5 @.@ 1 surround sound on a CD as well as bonus content on a DVD containing seven music videos and a trailer for the live album Destiny 's Child : Live in Atlanta ( 2005 ) . The album was also released as a two @-@ pack set at Walmart including the original CD and a DVD titled " Fan Pack II " which contained live performances of two songs , three music videos of the members ' solo songs and bonus footage . = = Content = = # 1 's contained charting songs from Destiny 's Child 's four studio albums Destiny 's Child ( 1998 ) , The Writing 's on the Wall ( 1999 ) , Survivor ( 2001 ) and Destiny Fulfilled ( 2004 ) as well as their remix album This Is the Remix ( 2002 ) . Following the announcement of # 1 's , Billboard magazine questioned the criteria by which the inclusion of the songs would be determined as the group had only four number @-@ one singles on the main US Billboard Hot 100 singles chart and only one single topped the Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Songs chart . However , Keith Caulfield of Billboard magazine later acknowledged in an article that its title was a marketing strategy as its liner notes did not offer information on the chart positions of the songs . " Bills , Bills , Bills " , " Say My Name " , " Independent Women " and " Bootylicious " were the band 's four singles which topped the Hot 100 chart while " No , No , No " topped the Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Songs . " Lose My Breath " , " Soldier " featuring T.I and Lil Wayne and " Jumpin ' , Jumpin ' " additionally topped other component Billboard charts ; the former two peaked at number one on the Hot Dance Club Songs while the latter peaked at the top position of the Mainstream Top 40 . In addition to those , the album contained charting singles which not necessarily reached number one on a music chart — " Emotion " , " Bug a Boo " , " Girl " and " Cater 2 U " . AllMusic 's Andy Kellman further noted that every charting single was included on the album with the exception of songs from the group 's holiday album 8 Days of Christmas ( 2001 ) . " Brown Eyes " which was not released as a single was featured as an international bonus track due to its appearance on a chart in the US . Similarly , " Nasty Girl " and " So Good " were placed as bonus songs on the album 's Japanese edition . The music on the album was noted to be contemporary R & B , pop and new age soul music ; Sputnikmusic 's John Hanson further described it as " filled " with bubblegum R & B pop . In addition to already released material , new songs were also recorded for the album , including " Stand Up for Love " , Beyoncé 's " Check on It " featuring Slim Thug and " Feel the Same Way I Do " . " Stand Up for Love " was written by David Foster , his daughter Amy Foster @-@ Gillies and Beyoncé while its production was handled by both Foster and Humberto Gatica . The ballad was inspired by poverty @-@ stricken children and families which receive funds from charitable organization . " Check on It " was originally written by Beyoncé , Slim Thug , Angela Beyince and Sean Garrett for the The Pink Panther 2006 soundtrack but was included on the compilation album and during the closing credits of the aforementioned film . It was later included on the track list of the international deluxe edition of Beyoncé 's second studio album B 'Day ( 2006 ) . Slim Thug raps his lines backed by a bassline , while Beyoncé 's vocals , further described as " R & B pipes " by Bret McCabe from the Baltimore City Paper , received comparisons to Donna Summer . A dance beat is present in the song along with quick hooks sang by Beyoncé . " Feel the Same Way I Do " was described as a track similar to soul songs by American group The Supremes instrumentally complete with " exotic " strings . Jess Harvell from Pitchfork Media felt its sound was suitable for Mariah Carey 's The Emancipation of Mimi ( 2005 ) . = = Singles and promotion = = " Stand Up for Love " was released as the compilation 's first single on September 27 , 2005 . It was termed as 2005 World Children 's Day Anthem and used for a worldwide fundraiser for Ronald McDonald House Charities and several other local children 's organizations . Critical commentary towards the song was generally negative and it failed to chart in the US becoming the band 's first single to do so . " Stand Up for Love " became the group 's last single together prior to their disbandment . The second single from the album , " Check on It " was released on December 13 , 2005 and was later available for digital download on January 31 , 2006 in the US . It managed to reach the top of the Hot 100 and three other component Billboard charts in the US . Worldwide , it topped the New Zealand Singles Chart , peaked at numbers two and three in Ireland and the UK and within the top ten in many other European countries . Destiny 's Child performed " Stand Up for Love " and " Survivor " on November 15 , 2005 on the television show Jimmy Kimmel Live ! as their last TV performance together as a group . The former was performed by the band again the same day at Ronald McDonald House in Los Angeles for World Children 's Day . = = Critical reception = = Andy Kellman from AllMusic wrote in his review that # 1 's was formatted the same was as other music scores and anthologies packed for the holiday shopping season . He further commented that its title should have been different and concluded , " the disc reaffirms that Destiny 's Child released some of the biggest R & B singles of the late ' 90s and early 2000s . " Slant Magazine 's Sal Cinquemani criticized the album 's title as only four of the singles reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 . However , he praised Destiny 's Child 's " impressive output , which includes some of the most recognizable R & B hits of the past bling / celly / status @-@ obsessed five years " . BBC Online 's writer James Blake called the album " more than decent " and added that the group 's success in the music industry was a notable reason for a greatest hits release . However , he argued that it was very soon to include songs from their final studio album , Destiny Fulfilled , as it was released only eleven months before # 1 's . Pitchfork Media 's Jess Harvell felt that it was a " smart " move not to arrange the songs on the compilation in a chronological order and felt it " has the odd knock @-@ on effect of suggesting that their legacy may be based on a smaller body of work than imagined " . Harvell finished the review by writing , " you can take # 1 's as pure product and not feel wrong for doing so " . Despite classifying its title as " misleading " and criticizing the new material , Houston Chronicle 's editor Michael D. Clark wrote the album was " dolled up as beautiful and immaculate as " the members of the group and included their best singles from their four studio albums . John A. Hanson of Sputnikmusic felt that the greatest hits album was released " at the perfect time " as many of the songs were released a long time ago and " they 've lost the overplayedness , but its [ sic ] soon enough that they still have some sort of relevance " . He concluded for the album , " [ it ] hits you with recognizable hit after recognizable hit , and they are all pretty much as perfect as contemporary R & B @-@ pop gets " . Describing the album as a " masterclass in what happens when a great band comes together " , Yahoo ! Music 's Hattie Collins wrote , " Despite the low @-@ points , this is a Destiny 's Child must have collection of classics from one of R & B 's most significant talents " . A more mixed review came from Fiona Mckinlay from the website musicOMH who felt the album included many " skippable " songs and noted that the material from The Writing 's on the Wall and Survivor were the collection 's best . She felt that the progress in the sound of the band was evident on # 1 's , but offered the opinion , " As far as greatest hits albums go , Destiny 's Child show themselves to be pretty ace , but still not quite the incredible force in R & B " . San Francisco Chronicle 's Aidin Vaziri criticized the songs from Destiny Fulfilled and " Stand Up for Love " and concluded " surveying Destiny 's Child 's entire career on this set ... it 's obvious their hearts slipped away around the same time Beyonce 's solo album sold its first million " . = = Chart performance = = In its first week , # 1 's sold 113 @,@ 000 copies in the United States according to Nielsen SoundScan and debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 for the chart issue dated November 12 , 2005 . It became the band 's second number one album on that chart following Survivor in 2001 . In its second week of charting , the compilation fell to the position of number five selling 85 @,@ 000 copies with a decrease of 25 % of the previous sales . It also debuted atop the Top R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Albums charts during the same week as it debuted on the Billboard 200 . It has been certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) for shipment of 1 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 copies . In Canada , the compilation received a platinum certification by Music Canada ( MC ) for selling 100 @,@ 000 units . In the UK , the compilation debuted and peaked at number six on the UK Albums Chart on November 5 , 2005 . It became the group 's fourth top ten entry in that country . In the week of the release of Beyoncé 's studio album 4 , on July 9 , 2011 , # 1 's climbed from the position of 111 back to 54 in its forty second charting week in that country . The same week , it set a peak on the UK R & B Albums Chart at number 12 in its fortieth . It was certified platinum in the UK on July 22 , 2013 by the British Phonographic Industry for shipment of 300 @,@ 000 copies . In Ireland , the compilation debuted at number ten on the Irish Albums Chart for the week ending October 27 , 2005 . The following week , it moved to number eight on the chart which also became its peak position in that country . The Irish Recorded Music Association ( IRMA ) certified # 1 's double platinum for selling 30 @,@ 000 copies in that country . Across other European countries , the album peaked within the top ten in Switzerland and the Flanders region in Belgium , within the top thirty in Germany and the Wallonia region of Belgium and within the top forty in Austria , Netherlands , Norway , Spain and Sweden . On November 6 , 2005 , the compilation debuted on the position of 13 on the Australian ARIA Charts . The following week it moved to ten and spent a total of 19 weeks on the chart . It was certified platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) for shipment of 70 @,@ 000 copies . In New Zealand it peaked at number three on the country 's albums chart in its second week of charting . The Recorded Music NZ ( RMNZ ) certified it platinum for shipment of 15 @,@ 000 copies in that country . In Japan , # 1 's debuted at number one on the Oricon albums chart , selling 154 @,@ 859 copies in its first week . In 2005 , it was eventually certified double platinum by the Recording Industry Association of Japan ( RIAJ ) for selling 500 @,@ 000 copies in that country . The same year , # 1 's was ranked as the twentieth best @-@ selling album in the world . = = Track listing = = Notes ^ [ a ] signifies a co @-@ producer = = Credits and personnel = = Credits for # 1 's are adapted from the album 's liner notes and the website AllMusic . = = Charts = = = = Certifications = = = = Release history = =
= Archery at the 2004 Summer Olympics = Archery at the 2004 Summer Olympics was held at Panathinaiko Stadium in Athens , Greece with ranking rounds on 12 August and regular competition held from 15 August to 21 August . One hundred twenty @-@ eight archers from forty @-@ three nations competed in the four gold medal events — individual and team events for men and for women — that were contested at these games . The stadium , often called Kallimarmaro , is notable as the site of the first Olympic Games and even earlier , where the Ancient Greeks ' Panathenean Games were hosted . At the behest of James Easton , president of the International Archery Federation , archery events were held in the historic stadium , hoping that its history and natural beauty would attract the public to the sport . Laurence Godfrey , the fourth @-@ place finisher in the men 's individual event , remarked that the stadium inspired pride , while American Vic Wunderle spoke for most of the archers in saying , " It 's a great honor and a privilege to be able to compete inside the 1896 Olympic Stadium . " The Korean team won three out of the four gold medals contested . Four Olympic records and several other world records were broken at these games , despite poor weather conditions during the preliminary rounds of competition . = = Qualification and format = = There were four ways for National Olympic Committees ( NOCs ) to qualify individual archers for the Olympics in archery . For each gender , the host nation ( Greece ) was guaranteed three spots . The 2003 World Target Competition 's top 8 teams ( not including the host nation ) each received three spots , and the 19 highest ranked archers after the team qualifiers were removed also received spots . Fifteen of the remaining eighteen spots were divided equally among the five Olympic continents for allocation in continental tournaments . The last three spots in each gender were determined by the Tripartite Commission . Sixty @-@ four archers of each sex took part in the Olympics , with each NOC being able to enter a maximum of three archers . For all archery events at the Olympics , archers stand 70 metres from their target . The target consists of concentric circles , and has a total diameter of 122 cm . Archers earn points based on which circle their arrow landed in , with ten points awarded for hitting the center circle , and one point awarded for hitting the outermost circle . During the ranking rounds , each archer shot twelve ends , or groups , of six arrows per end . The score from that round determined the match @-@ ups in the elimination rounds , with high @-@ ranking archers facing low @-@ ranking archers . The first three rounds of elimination used six ends of three arrows , narrowing the field of archers from 64 to 8 . The three final rounds ( quarterfinals , semifinals , and medal matches ) each used four ends of three arrows . Thirteen men 's and fifteen women 's teams competed in the team competitions . The teams consisted of the country 's three archers from the individual round , and the team 's initial ranking was determined by summing the three members ' scores in the individual ranking round . Each round of eliminations consisted of each team firing 27 arrows ( 9 by each archer ) . = = Medal summary = = = = Event summary = = For the sixth Olympics in a row , the South Korean team came out as the clear victor , taking three out of the four gold medals in Athens . Korean archers set new world records in the women 's individual ( Park Sung @-@ Hyun ) and team ( Park , Yun Mi @-@ Jin , and Lee Sung @-@ Jin ) ranking rounds and the men 's individual ranking round ( Im Dong Hyun ) , though none of those scores counted as Olympic records because the ranking round was held before the opening ceremony . Olympic records were broken in both the men 's and women 's 36 @-@ arrow 1 / 16 and 1 / 8 rounds combined ( by Chen Szu Yuan of Chinese Taipei and Yun of Korea ) , as well as in the men 's 18 @-@ arrow match ( by Park Kyung Mo of Korea ) and 36 @-@ arrow finals rounds combined ( by Tim Cuddihy of Australia ) . In the men 's events , the Korean team shot 12 maximum scores of 10 to win the gold medal against Chinese Taipei 251 @-@ 245 . Losing by two points , the United States failed to fend of the Ukraine team to capture the bronze . The event causing the most upset however was the men 's individual , the only event that the Korean team has never won and yet again failed to clinch . Defending champion Simon Fairweather was ousted from the competition in a first round loss due to blustery weather conditions . The wind caused some archers like Fairweather to make one @-@ point shots , and its strength even caused others to miss their targets completely . The final matches of this event also saw competitors coming close in score , with Italian Marco Galiazzo beating the Japanese Hiroshi Yamamoto by only two points to win gold . Even closer still was the bronze medal match , in which Britain 's Laurence Godfrey was outshot 112 @-@ 113 by seventeen @-@ year @-@ old Australian Tim Cuddihy , who himself only managed to get into the semifinals by one point . The woman 's individual event fell easily to the Koreans ; they have won this event continuously since the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles and swept all three medals at the 2000 Olympics . Though both gold and silver fell to Korean archers , Alison Williamson captured the bronze medal , giving Britain its first medal in archery since 1992 . In the team event , the Korean women beat the Chinese team 241 @-@ 240 to win the gold medal , making this their eleventh straight women 's team championship win . Taiwan easily took the bronze medal over France . = = Participating nations = = Forty @-@ three nations contributed archers to compete in the events . Below is a list of the competing nations ; in parentheses are the number of national competitors . = = Medal table = = Korea continued its domination of the sport , winning three of the four gold medals as well as a silver . Marco Galiazzo won the men 's individual competition , earning Italy the nation 's first gold medal in Olympic archery , blocking Hiroshi Yamamoto 's attempt to win Japan 's first gold medal . Chinese Taipei , which had never before won a medal in archery , won a silver and a bronze .
= Santa Rosa de la Eminencia castle = Santa Rosa de la Eminencia castle is a colonial castle built in the seventeenth century by the Spanish monarchy in La Asunción , Venezuela . Its construction started on 24 March 1677 by order of governor Juan Muñoz de Gadea after a group of French pirates attacked the city , and finished c . 1683 . The structure comprises three defensive fronts , each one with two bastions , two half bastions and three curtains , and is positioned at the top of a hill that overlooks the city . The castle served as a prison for war heroine Luisa Cáceres de Arismendi between November 1815 and January 1816 . She was held captive by the Spanish forces on an attempt to bow down her husband , Juan Bautista Arismendi , who was the chief of the patriotic forces on the island . Simón Bolívar 's arrival to the island prompted the partial destruction and abandonment of the fort in May 1816 . By 1899 , the facility serviced as headquarters , and later as quarters for the National Army . It was declared as a National Monument in 1965 . = = Description = = The Santa Rosa de la Eminencia castle was built on the site of the old San Bernardo fortress ; its construction started on 24 March 1677 and finished c . 1683 , under the command of governor Don Juan Fermín de Huidobro . Construction of the fortress began by order of governor Juan Muñoz de Gadea after a group of French pirates attacked the city in early 1677 . The castle is positioned at the top of a hill that overlooks the city of La Asunción , and next to a reservoir . It comprises three defensive fronts , each one with two bastions , two half bastions and three curtains . The castle also includes barracks , a chapel , and a cistern , located at the parade along a curbstone and the ramp leading to the upper level . La Asunción was founded in 1562 by Pedro González Cervantes de Albornoz on the Santa Lucía valley , located at the eastern part of the Margarita island on the state of Nueva Esparta . The city was an important stronghold at the Venezuelan War of Independence . = = History = = From November 1815 and until January 1816 , Luisa Cáceres de Arismendi , a heroine of the Venezuelan War of Independence , was imprisoned in the castle . The Spaniards wanted to bow down her husband , Juan Bautista Arismendi , who was the chief of the patriotic forces on the island . After the patriots attempted an unsuccessful takeover of the fort in December 1815 , Arismendi gave birth in January 1816 to a child that died at birth due to the terrible conditions of her confinement in the castle . Later in May 1816 , Simón Bolívar 's arrival to the island prompted the abandonment and partial destruction of the fort by the Spanish forces . Between 1818 and 1821 , the structure was repaired and used as an artillery quarter during the War of Independence . It was later used as a magazine for the storage of gunpowder and ammunition in 1830 ; two years later , it functioned as barraks and armory . By 1899 , the facility serviced as headquarters , and after receiving further repairs under instructions from the president Cipriano Castro in 1901 , it served as quarters for the National Army . The sickness and eventual death of president Juan Vicente Gómez in 1935 led to the abandonment of the castle by the troops . Later in 1955 , and due to a local initiative , the castle achieved the status of War Museum . It was declared as a National Monument in 1965 by president Raúl Leoni .
= A Glimpse of Hell ( book ) = A Glimpse of Hell : The Explosion on the USS Iowa and Its Cover @-@ Up is a nonfiction book of investigative journalism , written by Charles C. Thompson II and published in 1999 . The book describes the USS Iowa turret explosion that took place on April 19 , 1989 , and the subsequent investigations that tried to determine the cause . The explosion aboard the United States Navy battleship Iowa killed 47 of the turret 's crewmen . Soon after the explosion , Thompson was informed by an Iowa crewman that the Navy was conducting a dishonest investigation into the cause of the tragedy . Thompson , a producer for the television newsmagazine 60 Minutes , later produced several television reports which disputed the Navy 's conclusions as to what had caused the explosion . Based on his work for the 60 Minutes reports plus further investigation on his own , Thompson wrote A Glimpse of Hell . The book was published by W. W. Norton & Company . Thompson 's book was extremely critical of most of the Navy personnel involved in the investigation , concluding that the Navy had orchestrated a cover @-@ up to conceal the true cause of the explosion . Upon its publication , the book received favorable comments from book reviewers . Thompson later claimed that the Navy tried to suppress sales by banning the book from Navy exchange stores on Navy bases throughout the world . In 2001 , five Navy servicemen named in Thompson 's book sued Thompson , the book 's publisher , and one of Thompson 's sources for libel , false light privacy , and conspiracy . The suit was settled out @-@ of @-@ court in 2007 for undisclosed terms . = = Background = = On the morning of April 19 , 1989 , the United States Navy battleship USS Iowa , under the command of Captain Fred Moosally , was 260 nautical miles ( 480 km ) northeast of Puerto Rico , steaming at 15 knots ( 17 mph ; 28 km / h ) , and preparing to engage in a live @-@ fire exercise with its 16 @-@ inch guns . At 09 : 53 , as the ship 's 16 @-@ inch Turret Two loaded and prepared to fire its three guns , a fireball between 2500 and 3000 ° F ( 1400 and 1650 ° C ) and traveling at 2 @,@ 000 feet per second ( 600 m / s ) with a pressure of 4 @,@ 000 pounds per square inch ( 28 MPa ) blew out from the turret 's center gun 's open breech . The fireball spread through all three of the turret 's gun rooms and through much of the lower levels of the turret . All 47 crewmen inside the turret were killed . Soon after the fires in the turret were extinguished , Vice Admiral Joseph S. Donnell , commander of Surface Forces Atlantic , appointed Rear Admiral Richard Milligan to conduct an informal one @-@ officer investigation into the explosion . Milligan boarded Iowa with his staff on April 20 and began his investigation by interviewing Iowa crewmembers . Milligan 's investigation continued after Iowa returned to its home port of Norfolk on April 23 . Five days after the explosion , a gunner 's mate who worked in Iowa 's Turret One called Charles Thompson and told him that Milligan was conducting a dishonest investigation . " The news media is the only thing that can keep the Navy honest " said the caller . Thompson , a producer for 60 Minutes , was a former US Navy officer and naval gunfire spotter who had served two tours of duty during the Vietnam War . After leaving the military and becoming a journalist , Thompson had produced numerous news stories about military subjects . Thompson discussed the phone call with his colleague and journalist Mike Wallace , also a former naval officer , who asked him to begin following news stories about the explosion and the Navy 's investigation into its cause more closely . On September 7 , 1989 , Milligan and Admiral Leon A. Edney , the Navy 's Vice Chief of Naval Operations , announced the results of Milligan 's investigation . Milligan 's investigation report , endorsed by the top Navy leadership , concluded that the explosion was " most probably " a result of an intentional act committed by a Turret Two crewman named Clayton Hartwig . According to the Navy , Hartwig , who had died in the explosion , was a suicidal loner who had initiated the explosion with either an electronic or chemical timer . Robert Zelnick , an ABC News reporter , wrote an editorial for the New York Times on September 11 , 1989 , titled , " The Navy Scapegoats a Dead Seaman . " In the editorial , Zelnick was sharply critical of the Navy 's conclusions , stating that Hartwig had been subjected to a " process of guilt by fiat " and that the evidence against the sailor was very weak . Mike Wallace read Zelnick 's article and asked Thompson to produce a report for broadcast on the explosion and the Navy 's investigation . With help from a team of ex @-@ military officers , including Ed Snyder , a former commander of the battleship USS New Jersey , Thompson produced a story which aired on 60 Minutes in November 1989 . The story , conducted by Mike Wallace , heavily criticized the findings of Milligan 's investigation . The story contained an interview in which Milligan defended his conclusions , saying , " Mike , there is no other cause of this accident . We have looked at everything . We 've ruled out everything . This was a deliberate act , most likely done by Petty Officer Hartwig . " The Navy 's conclusions were heavily criticised by the victim 's families , the media , and congress . After a test found that an overram of the powder bags into the gun could have caused the explosion , the Navy reopened the investigation . On October 17 , 1991 , Frank Kelso , the new Navy Chief of Naval Operations , announced that the Navy could not determine who or what had caused the tragedy . Kelso apologized to Hartwig 's family and closed the Navy 's investigation . An independent review of the Navy 's investigation by Sandia National Laboratories concluded that the explosion had probably been caused by an overram of the powder bags into the center gun 's breech , possibly because of a malfunction in the rammer mechanism or because the gun crew was inadequately trained . Soon after , 60 Minutes broadcast an updated story on the Navy 's investigation . The report , written and produced by Thompson and Wallace , included an interview with Kelso . After the Navy closed its investigation , Thompson continued his own research into the explosion and its aftermath . Thompson was assisted by Snyder and other former Navy personnel , including Iowa crewmen and Navy headquarters staff members . Family members of the victims as well as staff members of the House and Senate Armed Services Committees also helped Thompson . In addition , he obtained information via Freedom of Information Act requests to the Navy . Furthermore , Thompson accessed depositions taken from Navy leaders and investigators during a lawsuit against the Navy by Hartwig 's family . Thompson 's book was published on April 19 , 1999 , the tenth anniversary of the explosion . The book 's publisher was W. W. Norton & Company , based in New York City . = = Content = = The book begins by describing conditions aboard Iowa before the explosion . Thompson depicts Moosally , the ship 's captain , as an inept seaman who gained command of the battleship through political connections . Under Moosally 's leadership , or lack thereof , Iowa operated with severe training and safety deficiencies , especially with regard to operations with the ship 's 16 @-@ inch guns . The book details how the ship 's Master Chief Fire Controlman , Stephen Skelley , conducted illegal gunnery experiments with the 16 @-@ inch guns . Moosally apparently did not check to ensure that the experiments were authorized , or in some cases , appears not to have been aware that they were being carried out . The book describes the explosion on April 19 , 1989 , and the heroic efforts by the ship 's crew to contain the fires and avoid a cataclysmic detonation of the turret 's powder magazines . After the fires were contained , Moosally ordered the crew to immediately begin cleaning up the turret . The cleanup involved removing the bodies of the deceased turret crewman and disposing of the damaged turret equipment , all without photographing or otherwise recording the locations of the bodies or equipment which would have presumably assisted with the resulting investigation . According to Thompson , the Navy immediately began efforts to cover up the cause of the explosion . Rear Admiral Richard Milligan , assigned to lead the investigation , soon focused his inquiry into trying to prove that one of the deceased turret 's crewmembers , Clayton Hartwig , had intentionally caused the explosion . After learning that Hartwig had named another sailor and friend , Kendall Truitt , as a beneficiary of a life insurance policy on himself , Milligan enlisted the help of the Naval Investigative Service ( NIS ) ( the predecessor of the Naval Criminal Investigative Service or NCIS ) to investigate Hartwig and Truitt . NIS investigators tried to prove , unsuccessfully , that Hartwig and Truitt had had a homosexual relationship with each other and that Hartwig had initiated the explosion after the relationship had soured . As the NIS investigation continued , information about the Navy 's focus on the two sailors and innuendoes about their relationship were leaked to the media . The leaks were later said to have come from the NIS and from the Navy 's headquarters . Thompson alleges that during its investigation , NIS agents lied or otherwise conducted themselves in an extremely unprofessional manner . Captain Joseph Miceli , assigned by the Navy to lead the technical investigation into the explosion , had supervised the preparation of powder and shells used in Iowa 's 16 @-@ inch guns . Thus , according to Thompson , Miceli had a conflict of interest in ensuring that the powder , ammunition , or guns were not at fault in the explosion . After being briefed on the NIS 's focus on Hartwig , Miceli directed his investigative team to determine how Hartwig had initiated the explosion using an electrical or chemical detonator . Throughout the investigation , according to Thompson , Admiral Leon A. Edney , the Navy 's Vice Chief of Naval Operations , interfered with the investigation by sending suggestions to Milligan on avenues of inquiry and pushing for a finding that Hartwig or Truitt was responsible . Edney interfered with the investigation in order to prevent any findings that the Navy had knowingly operated an unsafe ship in an unsafe manner . Also , Edney feared that if the Iowa class battleships were found to be unsafe , the battleships would be decommissioned and the Navy would lose the associated admiral billets plus the other warships and support ships assigned to the battleship groups . In September 1989 the Navy announced that it had determined that Hartwig intentionally caused the explosion . The victim 's family members , many in the media , and the United States Congress rejected the Navy 's findings . Sandia National Laboratories , acting on a request from the United States Senate Committee on Armed Services , determined that the explosion could have been an accident caused by overramming the powder bags into the gun 's breech during the loading process . Forced by the revelation to reopen its investigation , the Navy inexplicably , according to Thompson , placed Miceli in charge of the new inquiry . Nineteen months later the Navy concluded that it could not determine who or what had caused the explosion , provided a partial apology to Hartwig 's family , and closed its investigation . In contrast , Sandia concluded that the explosion had probably been caused by an overram of the powder bags into the center gun 's breech , possibly because of a malfunction in the rammer mechanism or because the gun crew was inadequately trained . = = Critical reception , Navy reaction , and movie = = Upon its publication , the book received favorable reviews . Dan Blue , reviewing the book for the San Francisco Chronicle , stated that , " In its main outlines , it convinces " and " Beyond accuracy , Thompson 's book provides a gripping read " . Steve Weinberg , in the Denver Post , wrote that , " Measured by its information gathering , this is a great book of investigative journalism . " The book was selected by the Book of the Month Club as its featured selection in March 1999 . Thompson stated that after the book was published a previously scheduled invitation to speak at the US Navy 's National Museum was rescinded , his book was banned from being sold in the museum 's book store , and Navy exchange stores at bases throughout the world were forbidden from selling his book . Emails between Navy officials obtained by Thompson through a Freedom of Information Act request included one from a Navy public affairs officer dated April 15 , 1999 saying with regard to Thompson , " I will call book wholesalers and tell them not to set up book signings with this author . " The Navy denied that it attempted to suppress or censor Thompson 's book , stating that it had simply refused permission for Thompson to hold book signings on any Navy bases . In August 1999 Salon.com checked the bookstores at the United States Naval Academy , Naval Submarine Base New London , and Iowa 's former home base Naval Station Norfolk and did not find the book available for sale at any of the locations . In 2001 the FX TV network broadcast a movie A Glimpse of Hell based on Thompson 's book , starring James Caan and Robert Sean Leonard . The movie received a 3 @.@ 3 household rating and drew 2 @.@ 7 million viewers , according to Nielsen Media Research , enough to make the movie the most @-@ watched program in FX 's seven @-@ year history . W. W. Norton does not appear to have released sales figures for the book . As of January 2009 , Amazon.com lists the book at # 997 @,@ 726 in sales out of all books offered by the bookseller , and at No. 85 in books related to the state of Iowa . = = Lawsuit = = In March 2001 Moosally , Miceli , and two other former Iowa officers filed suit against Thompson , W. W. Norton , and Dan Meyer , who the plaintiffs stated provided much of the information used in the book , for libel , false light privacy , and conspiracy . In April 2001 , another former Iowa crewman filed a separate suit with the same attorney for the same causes of action . In response to the suits , Thompson stated that he stood " foursquare " behind his book 's content . In April 2004 the South Carolina Supreme Court dismissed the suits against Thompson and Meyer , but allowed the suit against W. W. Norton to proceed . The court stated that South Carolina 's long @-@ arm jurisdiction did not apply to Thompson and Meyer , but did to W. W. Norton . In February 2007 the suits were settled out @-@ of @-@ court for undisclosed terms . Stephen F. DeAntonio , attorney for the plaintiffs , said that his clients felt " totally vindicated . " W. W. Norton did not publicly retract or repudiate any of the material in Thompson 's book , however , instead sending a letter to the plaintiffs stating , in part , " To the extent you believe the book implies that any of you were engaged in a cover @-@ up , were incompetent , committed criminal acts , violated Naval regulations or exhibited faulty seamanship or professional ineptitude , Norton regrets the emotional distress experienced by you or your family . "
= Myotis escalerai = Myotis escalerai is a European bat in the genus Myotis , found in Spain ( including the Balearic Islands ) , Portugal , and far southern France . Although the species was first named in 1904 , it was included in Natterer 's bat ( Myotis nattereri ) until molecular studies , first published in 2006 , demonstrated that the two are distinct species . M. escalerai is most closely related to an unnamed species from Morocco . Unlike M. nattereri , which lives in small groups in tree holes , M. escalerai forms large colonies in caves . Females start to aggregate in late spring in maternity colonies , and their young are born in summer . The species spends each winter in hibernation colonies , usually in caves or basements . M. escalerai is a medium @-@ sized , mostly gray bat , with lighter underparts . It has a pointed muzzle , a pink face , and long ears . The wings are broad and the species is an agile flyer . Wingspan is 245 to 300 mm ( 9 @.@ 6 to 11 @.@ 8 in ) and body mass is 5 to 9 @.@ 5 g ( 0 @.@ 18 to 0 @.@ 34 oz ) . Though very similar to M. nattereri , it differs from that species in some features of the tail membrane . The conservation status of M. escalerai is assessed as " Vulnerable " or " Data Deficient " in various parts of its range . = = Taxonomy = = Myotis escalerai was named by Ángel Cabrera in 1904 , on the basis of four specimens from two localities in eastern Spain . He named the new species after one Mr. Martínez de la Escalera , who collected two specimens of the species in Bellver , Catalonia . Cabrera did not designate either of the two localities ( Bellver and Foyos , Valencia ) as the type locality , and later authors have listed both . Currently , Foyos , which was listed first by Cabrera , is accepted as the type locality . Cabrera commented that M. escalerai was close to Natterer 's bat ( Myotis nattereri ) , and in 1912 , Gerrit S. Miller listed escalerai as a synonym of that species . He argued that one of the features Cabrera had listed as distinguishing the two was an artefact of the preservation of the specimens of M. escalerai in alcohol . Miller 's classification was followed for almost a century , and indeed , Cabrera himself accepted in 1914 that M. escalerai was not a valid species . However , a 2006 study by Carlos Ibáñez and colleagues found that M. nattereri in fact included several cryptic species with highly distinguished DNA sequences characteristics , even though morphological differences were small or nonexistent . One , which they recorded in the southern Iberian Peninsula , was identified as M. escalerai . Populations in the mountains of northern Spain represent another species ( " Myotis sp . A " ) , which is now also known from the Alps . A 2009 study using data from the mitochondrial genes cytochrome b and ND1 found that M. escalerai is most closely related to an unnamed species from Morocco previously included in M. nattereri ( " Myotis sp . B " ) , and more distantly to other members of the Myotis nattereri group . M. escalerai and the Moroccan species are estimated to have diverged about 2 million years ago . Later in 2009 , M. escalerai was also recorded for the first time from France . One 2011 study found a fifth putative species in the complex ( " Myotis sp . C " ) , occurring in the Italian peninsula and most closely related to M. sp . A , but another study published in the same year included these populations in M. sp . A. The latter study , by I. Salicini and colleagues , used sequences from six nuclear genes to confirm the distinctiveness of M. escalerai and its close relationship with M. sp . B. The common name " Escalera 's bat " has been used for M. escalerai . = = Description = = A medium @-@ sized gray bat , Myotis escalerai is similar to Myotis nattereri . The fur is long and soft ; with a brown tone on the back , and the brighter underparts approaching white . The feet are dark gray . Much of the face is pink , and the muzzle is pointed , with long hairs on the upper lip resembling a moustache . The long ears are brown to gray . The tragus , a projection on the inner side of the outer ear , is long and reaches to the middle of the ear and colored gray to yellow , becoming darker from the base towards the tip . According to several authors , it differs from M. nattereri in showing a distinct fringe of hairs on the tail membrane , but bat specialist A.M. Hutson writes that this feature does not distinguish the two species . In addition , the presence of an S @-@ shaped spur on the uropatagium ( membrane between the hind legs ) , which approaches the middle of the membrane , is a distinctive feature of this species . With its broad wings , low flight , and rapid wingbeats , the species is capable of precise , agile flight . The head body length is 42 to 50 mm ( 1 @.@ 7 to 2 @.@ 0 in ) , tail length is 38 to 47 mm ( 1 @.@ 5 to 1 @.@ 9 in ) , forearm length is 35 to 43 mm ( 1 @.@ 4 to 1 @.@ 7 in ) , ear length is 14 to 18 mm ( 0 @.@ 55 to 0 @.@ 71 in ) , wingspan is 245 to 300 mm ( 9 @.@ 6 to 11 @.@ 8 in ) , and body mass is 5 to 9 @.@ 5 g ( 0 @.@ 18 to 0 @.@ 34 oz ) . = = Distribution and ecology = = The range of Myotis escalerai remains poorly constrained and may turn out to be larger than currently known . M. escalerai is widespread in Spain and Portugal . For example , it occurs widely , though localized , in Aragón , where Myotis sp . A ( the only other species in the M. nattereri complex to occur there ) is known from a single locality only . Similarly , in Catalonia , M. escalerai is widespread and occurs from sea level up to an altitude of 1 @,@ 500 m ( 4 @,@ 900 ft ) . The species also occurs on the Balearic Islands of Mallorca , Menorca , and Ibiza . The sole French record is from a cave in Valmanya , Pyrénées @-@ Orientales . Relatively little is known of the biology of M. escalerai . Females begin to form reproductive colonies in April and May , either small ones or larger aggregations that may also contain males . However , most males remain solitary in this period , although some also form colonies . The single young is born in June or July and becomes independent after some six weeks . Mating usually takes place in fall , but sometimes in winter . The formation of large reproductive colonies in caves , which may consist of several hundreds of individuals , distinguishes M. escalerai from M. nattereri as well as M. sp . A , which roost in smaller groups in tree holes . In Aragón , colonies contain 50 to 880 individuals , and Catalan colonies are known to contain over a hundred bats . Reproductive colonies may be formed in a variety of structures , including caves , mines , tree holes , and human @-@ made structures such as bridges and houses . However , hibernation colonies need constant temperatures between 0 and 5 ° C ( 32 and 41 ° F ) , and are usually located in caves or basements . M. escalerai is considered a sedentary species , and does not usually migrate over long distances , although it does move between reproduction and hibernation colonies . Rabies has been identified in a Spanish specimen of M. escalerai . = = Conservation status = = The IUCN Red List does not separate Myotis escalerai from Myotis nattereri , which is listed as " least concern " , but the two species are listed separately on the Annex to the Agreement on the Conservation of Populations of European Bats . Portugal lists M. escalerai as " vulnerable " , though noting that populations may be increasing . Because of its restriction to caves , it is considered vulnerable in Aragón . In Catalonia , the species appears tolerant of different habitats and of human disturbance , but it is listed as " data deficient " . In France , where the species was only discovered in 2009 , it is also listed as " data deficient " .
= Sonic the Hedgehog 3 = Sonic the Hedgehog 3 ( Japanese : ソニック・ザ・ヘッジホッグ3 ( スリー ) , Hepburn : Sonikku za Hejjihoggu Surī ) is a platform video game developed by Sonic Team and published by Sega . The third main game in the Sonic the Hedgehog series , it was released for the Sega Genesis worldwide in February 1994 , and in Japan three months later . Following the events of Sonic the Hedgehog 2 , Dr. Robotnik 's spaceship , the Death Egg , crash @-@ lands on a mysterious floating island . There , Sonic and Tails must once more retrieve the Chaos Emeralds to stop Death Egg from relaunching , while making rounds with the island 's guardian , Knuckles the Echidna . Development of Sonic 3 began shortly after the release of Sonic 2 in November 1992 . It was developed simultaneously with Sonic & Knuckles ; as the games were originally developed as a single title until time constraints and cartridge costs later forced the team to split them in two projects . The Sonic & Knuckles cartridge features " lock @-@ on " technology that allows it to be physically attached to the Sonic 3 cartridge , creating a combined game , Sonic 3 & Knuckles . As with its two predecessors , Sonic 3 was a critical and commercial success , with critics seeing it as an improvement over previous installments . It sold 1 @.@ 02 million copies in the United States ; though this makes it one of the best @-@ selling Genesis games , its predecessors , bundled with the Genesis in some regions , had sold a combined 21 million . The game has been re @-@ released in compilations and download releases for various platforms , including Sonic Mega Collection for the GameCube and Sonic 's Ultimate Genesis Collection for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 . = = Plot = = After Sonic the Hedgehog and Miles " Tails " Prower defeat Dr. Robotnik at the end of Sonic the Hedgehog 2 , his space station , the Death Egg , crash @-@ lands on a mystical floating landmass called Angel Island . As Robotnik begins to repair the damaged station , he meets up with Knuckles the Echidna . Knuckles is the last surviving member of an ancient echidna civilization that once inhabited the island , as well as the guardian of the Master Emerald , which grants the island its levitation powers . Knowing Sonic and Tails will try to track him down and realizing he can use the emerald to power the ship , Robotnik dupes Knuckles into believing Sonic is trying to steal the Master Emerald . Meanwhile , Sonic and Tails approach Angel Island in their biplane the Tornado . Sonic , possessing the emeralds from the events of Sonic the Hedgehog 2 , jumps off the plane and turns into Super Sonic , zooming towards the island . When they arrive , Knuckles ambushes Sonic from underground and knocks the Chaos Emeralds from him , returning him to normal ; he then steals the emeralds from them and disappears inland . As Sonic and Tails travel through the levels , they frequently encounter Knuckles , who hinders their progress with various traps . At the Launch Base Zone , Sonic uses a spare Egg @-@ O @-@ Matic to travel to the Death Egg , and ends up encountering Knuckles on a girder . As usual , Knuckles tries to stop Sonic , but is defeated when the Death Egg re @-@ launches and the girder collapses , sending Knuckles plummeting into the water . Sonic continues to a deck on the Death Egg , where he fights and defeats Robotnik 's Big Arm machine . The Death Egg is damaged and falls out of orbit , after which it explodes . = = Gameplay = = Sonic 3 is a 2D side @-@ scrolling platformer . At the game 's start , players can choose to select Sonic , Tails , or both . In the latter choice , players control Sonic while Tails runs along beside him ; a second player can join in at any time and control Tails separately . Sonic 3 adds the ability for Tails to fly for a short time by spinning his twin tails like a propeller ; when he gets too tired , he falls . Unlike Sonic , Tails can also swim underwater . The game takes place over six zones , each divided into two acts . Levels are populated with Robotnik 's robots , called " badniks " ; Sonic and Tails can defeat badniks by jumping on them or using the " spin dash " attack , which also gives the character a speed boost . The levels include obstacles and other features such as vertical loops , corkscrews , breakable walls , spikes , water that the player can drown in , and bottomless pits . There is a miniboss fight with one of Robotnik 's large , powerful robots at the end of the first act of each level and a full boss fight with Robotnik at the end of the second . Reaching a new level saves the player 's game to one of six save slots , which can be loaded later . As with previous Sonic games , Sonic 3 uses rings , scattered throughout the game 's levels , as a health system ; when the player is attacked without rings , is crushed , falls off @-@ screen , or exceeds the act 's ten @-@ minute limit , they lose a life and return to the most recently passed checkpoint . Dying with zero lives gives the player a game over . The levels also include power @-@ ups in television monitors that , when hit , grant the character an extra life , temporary invincibility to most hazards , a number of rings , a shield that allows them to breathe underwater , a shield that allows them to withstand fire from enemy projectiles , or a shield that attracts nearby rings . The game contains two types of " special stages " . When the player collects at least 50 rings and passes a checkpoint , they can warp to the first type , which involves bouncing up a gumball machine @-@ like corridor to earn power @-@ ups by hitting a switch . Both sides of the corridor are lined with flippers , which disappear when the character bounces on them , and the switch drops when both flippers supporting it are removed . The corridor 's floor contains a bounce pad , which also disappears after one use ; falling afterwards causes the player to leave the stage with the most recent power @-@ up collected . The second type , triggered by entering giant rings found in secret passages , involves running around a 3D map and passing through all of a number of blue spheres arranged in patterns . Passing through a blue sphere turns it red , and touching a red sphere causes the player to leave the stage , unless the player has just completed a cycle around an arrangement of blue spheres , in which case all of these spheres turn to harmless rings . Removing all of the blue spheres gives the player a Chaos Emerald ; if Sonic ( not Tails ) collects all seven , he can become Super Sonic at will , which makes him invincible to most obstacles . Sonic 3 includes a competitive mode : two players , controlling Sonic , Tails , or Knuckles the Echidna ( this is the only way to use Knuckles without attaching Sonic & Knuckles to the cartridge ) , race through one or all of five stages that do not appear in the main game . In these same stages , a single player can compete against the clock in time attacks . = = = Sonic 3 & Knuckles = = = Sonic 3 and Sonic & Knuckles were intended to be a single game , but were released separately due to time and financial constraints . The Sonic & Knuckles cartridge features a " lock @-@ on " adapter that allows it to be physically attached to other Genesis cartridges . Connecting the Sonic 3 cartridge creates a combined game , Sonic 3 & Knuckles . The lock @-@ on function is available in some digital releases of the games , such as the Virtual Console service for the Wii . Sonic 3 & Knuckles allows the player to play Sonic 3 levels as Knuckles or Sonic & Knuckles levels as Tails or both Sonic and Tails . Other new features are the ability to collect Super Emeralds , unlocking new " Hyper " forms for Sonic and Knuckles and a " Super " form for Tails , improved save options , which record the player 's lives and continues , and an additional ending that shows Sonic returning the Master Emerald to Angel Island . = = Development = = As with its predecessors , Sonic 3 was developed by Sonic Team and published by Sega . Yuji Naka and Hirokazu Yasuhara were the primary creators of the Sonic 3 design document and project schedule . Sonic 3 began as a top @-@ down , isometric game , similar to what would become Sonic 3D Blast ( 1996 ) , but the concept was abandoned early as the team did not want to change the Sonic formula too radically for a sequel . Sonic 3 and Sonic & Knuckles were originally planned as a single game . However , time was limited and the manufacturing costs of a 34 megabit cartridge with NVRAM would have been prohibitively expensive . Sonic Team split the game in half , giving the developers more time to finish the second part , and splitting the cost between two cartridges . The cartridge has a small amount of non @-@ volatile RAM built into it , which allows the player to save game progress to the game cartridge . Sonic 3 was released on February 2 , 1994 in North America and February 24 in Europe . To help promote the game 's European release , Right Said Fred adapted the song " Wonderman " to include references to many aspects of Sonic . The song was used in the game 's advertisements and released as a single , which charted in the UK at number 55 . In the music video , Fezhead and Skull from the Sega TV advertising campaign appeared along with Sonic . = = = Michael Jackson 's involvement = = = In 2005 , former Sega Technical Institute director Roger Hector stated that Sega brought in Michael Jackson to compose music for Sonic 3 , but following the allegations of sexual abuse against Jackson , his involvement was terminated and the music reworked . The website of musician Cirocco Jones , who contributed music to Sonic 3 and is credited in @-@ game as " Scirocco " , credits himself along with Jackson and Jackson 's tour keyboardist and songwriting collaborator Brad Buxer for musical cues for " levels 2 & 3 " of " Sonic the Hedgehog " . However , senior Sega staff later stated that any involvement of Jackson was arranged without their knowledge , and no contracts nor formal agreements were ever made . In a 2009 interview with French magazine Black & White , Buxer stated that Jackson was involved with some Sonic 3 compositions , but chose to remain uncredited because he was unhappy with the sound capabilities of the Genesis . He also said that the Sonic 3 credits music later became the basis for Jackson 's 1996 single , " Stranger in Moscow " . In November 2013 , it was discovered by the community that the musical theme for " IceCap Zone " closely resembles a previously unreleased track from 1982 by The Jetzons , of which Buxer was the keyboardist and co @-@ songwriter , called " Hard Times " . In October 2013 , GameTrailers dedicated an episode of its Pop Fiction series to examining Jackson 's involvement with the game . Roger Hector , who previously stated that Jackson 's involvement in the game was dropped due to the sexual abuse allegations , stated that any similarities to Jackson 's music in Sonic 3 was not intentional on Sega 's part . However , an anonymous source involved in the game 's development reaffirmed Buxer 's statements and said Jackson 's involvement happened before the scandals came to light in August 1993 , and that his contributions remained in the game with Jackson choosing to remain uncredited . The source specified that the Carnival Night Zone music was one of the pieces Jackson contributed to . = = Alternate versions and ports = = = = = Compilation releases = = = Compilations that include the game are Sonic Jam ( 1997 ) for the Sega Saturn ; Sonic & Knuckles Collection ( 1997 ) and Sonic & Garfield Pack ( 1999 ) for the PC ; Sonic Mega Collection ( 2002 ) for the GameCube ; Sonic Mega Collection Plus ( 2004 ) for the PlayStation 2 , Xbox , and PC ; Sonic 's Ultimate Genesis Collection ( 2009 ) for the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 ; and Sonic Classic Collection ( 2010 ) for the Nintendo DS . Most compilations feature the game largely unchanged . However , Sonic Jam , in addition to featuring the original release , also had a few new " remix " options . " Normal " mode altered the layout of rings and hazards , and " Easy " mode removes certain acts from the game entirely . Sonic & Knuckles Collection features a MIDI rendition of the game 's soundtrack , with certain levels featuring completely different music . = = = Digital releases = = = The game was released for the Wii 's Virtual Console in September 2007 and for the Xbox Live Arcade on June 10 , 2009 . The Xbox version has enhanced graphics for high definition displays as well as online leaderboards and support for multiplayer via split screen and Xbox Live . The original method of saving the game is replaced with a revamped version that allows progress to be saved anywhere during play , except after completing the game . When the PC version was released via the Steam software , the game and its successor were released together as Sonic 3 & Knuckles as originally intended , with the player ( even if playing as Tails ) simply continuing at the beginning of Sonic & Knuckles after finishing Sonic 3 . = = Reception = = The Genesis version of the game sold 1 @.@ 02 million copies in the United States . While Sonic 1 's worldwide sales have been estimated at 15 million and Sonic 2 's at 6 million , Sonic 3 , unlike these two , was not bundled with the Genesis console itself . However , Sonic 3 is still one of the best @-@ selling Genesis games of all time . Like its predecessors , Sonic 3 received positive reviews . It holds a score of 89 % at review aggregator GameRankings based on 5 reviews . Critics generally felt Sonic 3 was the best game in the series so far . Andrew Humphreys of Hyper , who declared himself not a Sonic fan , said it was " undoubtedly " the best of the series , including the acclaimed but obscure Sonic CD , though he admitted having preferred Sonic 2 's special stages by a small margin . Sega Magazine , however , stated that Sonic 3 has better special stages and was not only superior to Sonic 2 as a whole but would be " a serious contender for the Best Platform Game Ever award " . Sega Power wrote that despite their skepticism , they found it " excellent " and easily " the most explorable and playable " in the series . Electronic Gaming Monthly also compared Sonic 3 favorably to Sonic 1 , 2 , and CD and awarded it their " Game of the Month " award . They later ranked it number 1 in The EGM Hot 50 , indicating that it received the highest average score of any game they 'd reviewed in the past year . Thomas of IGN stated that Sonic 3 " completed the trilogy as the best of them all . " Whitehead , however , considered Sonic & Knuckles superior . Some critics felt that Sonic 3 had innovated too little from previous Sonic games . Humphreys of Hyper saw only " a few new features " while Sega Power thought it was " not all that different " and Nintendo Life writer Damien McFerran said that " there 's not a lot of new elements here to be brutally frank " . Provo stated that the game 's most significant addition was its save system . However , he and Electronic Gaming Monthly also both enjoyed the new power @-@ ups . Many aspects of the game 's level design were praised ; Electronic Gaming Monthly and Sega Power enjoyed the game 's expansive stages , secret areas , much less linear level design , and difficulty . Mean Machines agreed , describing the game as " a rollercoater ride from start to finish " and listing Carnival Night as their favorite level , which they described as " probably the most slickly programmed portion of game in Megadrive history " . Humphreys and Mean Machines felt that the game was too short , but they and Sega Magazine felt that its two @-@ player mode and the Emerald collecting would significantly extend the title 's replay value . On the other hand , Whitehead said that the stages ' large sizes would keep players sufficiently engrossed . Sega Magazine also enjoyed having the ability to play as Knuckles in the two @-@ player mode . The visuals were very well received . Humphreys described Sonic 3 as " one of the most beautiful games around " and full of " flashy new visual tricks " , highlighting Sonic 's ascension up pipes and spiraling pathways as particularly inventive . Sega Magazine exclaimed that its graphics were " brilliant " even for a Sonic title , while Provo praised the " elaborate " backgrounds . Mean Machines thought similarly , giving special praise to the camera 's quick scrolling , the diversity of the level themes , and the " chunkier , more detailed " overall aesthetic . Thomas and Provo especially enjoyed the use of wordless cutscenes to create a coherent story and thematically connect the zones . McFerran , however , felt that the visuals had been downgraded , particularly Sonic 's " dumpier " sprite and " the infamous ' dotty ' textures " . The sound effects and music were also well received , though somewhat less so than the visuals . Sega Magazine described them as " brilliant " and " far superior " to Sonic 2 's . Mean Machines stated that every level had " great tunes " and sound effects and particularly praised the game 's ending music . However , Humphreys described the sound as " Sonicky ... with the emphasis on the ' icky ' " ; he also found it strikingly similar to the first two Sonic games ' soundtracks . Thomas thought the music was " impressive " , but not quite on par with Sonic 2 's . Reviews of later ports have been slightly less positive ; its Xbox 360 release has scores of 78 % and 79 % at GameRankings and Metacritic , respectively . Some critics , such as Adam Ghiggino of PALGN , felt the game had been insufficiently upgraded for its re @-@ releases ; Dan Whitehead of Eurogamer wished online co @-@ op had been implemented . Frank Provo of GameSpot and Lucas M. Thomas of IGN wished Sega had re @-@ released the game and its successor together as Sonic 3 & Knuckles instead . Mega ranked it the fifth best Genesis game ever in November 1994 . In 2014 , GamesRadar ranked Sonic 3 & Knuckles as the seventh best Genesis game ; Jeremy Parish of US Gamer ranked the combined title eighth on a similar list in 2013 . = = Legacy = = Issues 33 and 34 of Sonic the Comic and issue 13 of the Archie Comics version of a Sonic the Hedgehog comic consisted of their own comic adaptations of the game . For Sonic 's twentieth anniversary , Sega released Sonic Generations , a game that remade aspects of various past games from the franchise . The Nintendo 3DS version of the game features a remake of the game 's final boss , " Big Arms " . Additionally , a re @-@ arranged version of the " Game Over " theme appeared in the game .
= Paul and Virginia ( 1910 film ) = Paul and Virginia is a 1910 American silent short drama produced by the Thanhouser Company . The film was adapted from Jacques @-@ Henri Bernardin de Saint @-@ Pierre ' novel Paul et Virginie and features Frank H. Crane and Violet Heming as the title characters . The film follows two young lovers who grew up living on an island in the Indies . When Virginia is 16 , her wealthy aunt in Paris offers to make Virginia her heir and educate her . With her mother 's pleading , Virginia accepts and goes to France . Her aunt insists that she marry a rich nobleman , but Virginia refuses , is disowned and sent back home . The ship returns home in a hurricane and she drowns , with Paul nearly dying in an vain attempt to save her . Released on November 15 , 1910 , the film received mixed reviews in trade publications . The film was advertised with Pierre Auguste Cot 's The Storm painting , said to have been inspired by the original novel . The title characters ' costumes also appear to be based on Cot 's painting . The film is presumed lost . = = Plot = = Though the film is presumed lost , a synopsis survives in The Moving Picture World from November 19 , 1910 . It states : " Paul and Virginia are two young lovers who have grown up together from babyhood . Their widowed mothers lived near each other in rude cottages , on an island in the Indies , on which there are few inhabitants . Here the children are reared , knowing no play fellows but each other . When Virginia is 16 years of age , her mother receives a letter from a wealthy aunt in Paris , who offers to make Virginia her heir and give her a good education , providing Virginia will , in the future , make her aunt 's home her own . Virginia 's mother , having lost her own fortune through marrying against the will of her family , feels that she must not let her daughter suffer the poverty that she has been compelled to endure . She accordingly insists upon Virginia 's acceptance of her wealthy relatives offer . Virginia thereupon sets sail for France , leaving Paul broken @-@ hearted at her departure . Virginia tries to be a dutiful niece to her aunt , who is very old and sickly , although she longs to return to her humble home and Paul , whom she dearly loves . When , however , the aunt insists that she marry a rich nobleman , Virginia refuses ; her aunt disowns the girl and sends her back to the island home . Virginia 's ship arrives at the Indies during a hurricane , and although a cable 's length from shore , it sinks before help can reach it , and Virginia is drowned . Paul witnesses her death from the shore , and almost loses his own life in a vain attempt to save her . " = = Cast = = Violet Heming as Virginia Frank H. Crane as Paul = = Production = = The writer of the scenario is unknown , but it was most likely Lloyd Lonergan . He was an experienced newspaperman employed by The New York Evening World while writing scripts for the Thanhouser productions . The scenario was adapted from Jacques @-@ Henri Bernardin de Saint @-@ Pierre 's novel Paul et Virginie and the title is directly derived from the title . It was translated into English in 1795 and it became very popular , but some editions rewrote the tragic ending into a happy one . The film director is unknown , but it may have been Barry O 'Neil or Lucius J. Henderson . Cameramen employed by the company during this era included Blair Smith , Carl Louis Gregory , and Alfred H. Moses , Jr. though none are specifically credited as the role of the cameraman was uncredited in 1910 productions . The role of the cameraman was uncredited in 1910 productions . The only known cast credits are for the title roles . The other credits are unknown , but many 1910 Thanhouser productions are fragmentary . In late 1910 , the Thanhouser company released a list of the important personalities in their films . The list includes G.W. Abbe , Justus D. Barnes , Frank H. Crane , Irene Crane , Marie Eline , Violet Heming , Martin J. Faust , Thomas Fortune , George Middleton , Grace Moore , John W. Noble , Anna Rosemond , Mrs. George Walters . The New York Dramatic Mirror review contained specific details about the costumes and the production of the film , allowing for a view into the lost film . Apparently , Frank H. Crane wore white tights that were bagged at the knees and elbows . Violet Heming wore white gauzy robes , likened to those of fictional fairy princess ' . The French gentleman sported a " Prince Albert " , referring to the double @-@ breasted Frock coat , and a silk hat . This contrast in gown was unusual , and the other characters wore colonial clothing . The scene containing the tempest which shipwrecks Virginia was described as being ineffective , but reviews in the Mirror were known to be strongly slanted towards Edison Trust companies . This included acting as a spoiler for Ten Nights in a Bar Room to bolster another Licensed company . = = Release and reception = = The single reel drama , approximately 1 @,@ 000 feet long , was released on November 15 , 1910 . Thanhouser advertised the film with Pierre Auguste Cot 's The Storm which is believed to have been inspired by Paul et Virginie . The film had a wide national release , with theaters advertising the film in Indiana , Pennsylvania , Kansas , Maryland , and Wisconsin . Reviews were mixed in trade publications , with Paul 's garb being cited as the weakest aspect by two different reviewers . Walton of The Moving Picture News , praised the film as a success , but did not provide any details as to why it was successful . The Moving Picture World provided a detailed review which praised the adaptation of the novel and found the staging and the acting to be clear and strong . The New York Dramatic Mirror review was negative , criticizing the garb , tempest scene , and describing the acting as lacking in feeling . The Nickelodeon , an uncommon source for Thanhouser reviews , was not fooled by Crane 's outfit . The reviewer said , " It is usually good advice to tell a man to ' keep his shirt on , ' but we decidedly advise the actor who played the part of Paul in this piece to take his shirt off the next time he essays the role of a child of nature whose costume consists principally of his own skin plus a few trimmings . Baggy underwear , where his skin ought to be , looks like the arch @-@ fiend . ... The production was adequate up to the point of the tempest and shipwreck , which fell down deplorably . Better to have left it out all together . From here onward the photoplay adapters have departed from the original story , and maybe they were wise . Paul in his nude underwear would have spoiled Virginia 's funeral . " The film is presumed lost .
= Byron Brown = Byron William Brown II ( born September 24 , 1958 ) is the 62nd and current mayor of Buffalo , New York , elected on November 8 , 2005 and is the city 's first African @-@ American mayor . He previously served Western New York as a member of the New York State Senate and Buffalo Common Council . He was the first African @-@ American politician elected to the New York State Senate to represent a district outside New York City and the first member of any minority race to represent a majority white New York State Senate district . Brown was born and raised in Queens , New York . He rose to elective office after serving in a variety of political roles . He began his political career performing as an aide to local representatives in several legislative bodies ( Buffalo Common Council , Erie County Legislature and New York State Assembly ) and later getting involved in a regional political organization . After several roles as a legislative aide , he was appointed to the Erie County cabinet @-@ level Director of Equal Employment Opportunity post . As both a New York State Senator and Buffalo Mayor , he has been closely involved in the development of the three Seneca Nation casinos that have been planned and built in Western New York since 2002 . As someone born and raised downstate who went on to become an upstate political servant , he has been active on the statewide political front . He is a close political ally of New York Governor Andrew Cuomo . He has also been active with the National Mayors Against Illegal Guns Coalition in efforts to prevent gun @-@ related crime . His plan to revitalize Buffalo by demolishing its abundant vacant buildings has drawn opposition from historic preservationists , but he has made the development of the Buffalo waterfront a priority . = = Background = = Brown was born on September 24 , 1958 in Queens , He was raised in Hollis , a southeastern neighborhood in New York City 's Queens borough , in a double that his family shared with his grandparents , who were immigrants from the Caribbean island of Montserrat . He grew up on 200th Street between 100th and 104th Avenues and has several relatives still in the area . As a Queens resident , he was a New York Mets and New York Knicks fan . Brown 's father rose from a job as a stock boy to one as an executive in the garment industry . He was a Boy Scout at Hollis Presbyterian Church in Queens and was also active in the Central Queens YMCA ( now called Jamaica YMCA ) . In high school , Brown played the trumpet in the school band . Brown attended Public School 134 in Hollis , junior high school PS 109 , and August Martin High School . Brown and his sister Andrea were the first generation in his family to go to college . After graduating from August Martin High School Brown attended Buffalo State College , in part due to grudging admiration for Randy Smith . He played a year of Junior Varsity basketball as a 5 @-@ foot @-@ 11 @-@ inch ( 1 @.@ 80 m ) guard . While he had considered a potential medical career , Brown finished , in 1983 , with a dual Bachelor of Arts in political science and journalism . He subsequently completed a certificate program for senior executives in state and local government at Harvard University 's John F. Kennedy School of Government . = = Early career = = After college , Brown worked for Bristol @-@ Myers for a year as a regional sales representative , a job that came with a respectable salary and employee benefits such as an expense account and a company car . Brown was disappointed with his advancement potential in this position . As a result , he quit and took the New York State Troopers exam before becoming Chief of staff for Buffalo Common Council President George Arthur for two years . He then spent two years as an aide to Erie County Legislator Roger Blackwell ( later Erie County Legislature Chairman ) . Then , he worked for two years under Arthur Eve , the Deputy Speaker of the New York State Assembly . Subsequently , he served eight years as director of the Erie County division of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission under Erie County Executive Dennis Gorski . He resigned his directorship in July 1993 to run for public office . Brown became a member of Grassroots , a political organization which was founded in 1986 by a group of block club leaders . Brown eventually served as a vice president of the organization . Brown was recognized in the November 1989 issue of Ebony magazine as one the " 30 Leaders of the Future " with a caption that read " Byron Brown chosen for leadership skills . " The Buffalo Chapter of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference in 1991 honored him with the Martin Luther King , Jr . Award for community service . In 1993 he was selected by Business First for its " 40 Under Forty Honor Roll " . He was awarded the Infinity Broadcasting / WBLK 2001 " Voice of Power Award " and the 2004 " Citizen of the Year " award . He also received the " Political Impact Award " from the Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority in 2001 . In 1992 , Brown was a delegate to the 1992 Democratic National Convention from the New York 's 33rd congressional district . He was originally pledged to Bob Kerrey , but switched to Bill Clinton after Kerrey bowed out of the 1992 Democratic Primary campaign on March 5 , 1992 . In 1993 , Brown was invited to attend Bill Clinton 's Inauguration . = = Early elective experience = = In his first attempt at public office in 1993 , Brown ran for the third district of the Erie County Legislature against incumbent William Robinson and George " Butch " Holt , who had Eve 's endorsement . Robinson earned the Democratic Party endorsement in June 1993 , with the help of Holt who voted for Robinson instead of himself . In June , Brown was notified that he must resign his Erie County cabinet @-@ level post in order to run for public office and he did so in July . Holt won the Democratic nomination with a 267 @-@ vote 40 – 37 % margin over Brown in the September 14 , 1993 primary election . Brown won the September 1995 Democratic primary for the Masten District Buffalo Common Council seat . He then took time out from campaigning to attend the October 16 , 1995 Million Man March . Brown ousted 18 @-@ year veteran councilmember , David Collins , to win his seat on the Buffalo Common Council . He beat Collins by a 5 @,@ 391 – 1 @,@ 670 ( 76 – 24 % ) margin in the November 7 , 1995 general election . In his 1997 re @-@ election campaign , he won the September 9 Democratic primary handily , and he was unopposed in the November 4 general election . In his 1999 re @-@ election campaign , he again won the Democratic primary easily on September 14 , and he won the November 2 general election . Beginning in January 2000 , Brown served as part of the first ever African @-@ American majority in the history of the Buffalo Common Council . In 1996 , The Buffalo News described Brown as " Buffalo 's Julian Bond " . While on the council , the future state senator and mayor was called " bright , creative and hardworking " in a 1999 Buffalo News survey . = = State Senate = = In 2000 , he competed for the Democratic nomination for the New York State Senate 57th District against incumbent Al Coppola and Samuel A. Herbert . Coppola was endorsed by Buffalo Mayor Anthony Masiello . Brown won the September 2000 primary by a wide 18 % margin . However , Coppola remained on the ballot in the general election on the Conservative Party of New York , Working Families Party and Green Party lines . The Republican Party nominee was the politically inexperienced Harrison R. Woolworth . Although Brown began the race without organized political support , he earned endorsements from many veteran non @-@ Western New York politicians such as H. Carl McCall , Andrew Cuomo , and Hillary Rodham Clinton . When he was sworn into the State Senate on January 1 , 2001 , Byron Brown became New York 's first African @-@ American State Senator elected outside of New York City . He also became the first minority member of the New York State Senate to represent a majority white district . During Brown 's tenure in the New York State Senate his Democratic Party was in the minority . He was part of the majority that backed New York Governor George Pataki 's 2001 plan to build up to three Western New York casinos on Seneca Indian land . The legislation was controversial because it granted slot machine rights to casino operators for the first time in New York State . Both of the previous casinos used video gambling machines with debit cards . Brown supported the casinos as a way to support the local economy . When the casino was completed in 2003 , he was on the seven @-@ member commission that was to apportion the state 's agreed 18 % share of the slot machine revenue , amounting to approximately $ 40 million . By spring of 2003 , Brown was a rising star in the declining years of the " Harlem Clubhouse " , a loose political fraternity of David Dinkins , Charles Rangel , Basil Paterson , Percy Sutton and sometimes H. Carl McCall that had dominated state politics while forging the careers of its members for much of the late 20th century . He was envisioned as a front @-@ runner for the 2006 Democratic nomination as Lieutenant Governor of New York or as Buffalo 's first black mayor . By 2004 it seemed clear that he was eyeing the mayor 's office . In the 2004 New York State Senate elections , Republican nominee Al Coppola opposed Brown for the redistricted 60th District and garnered only 23 % of the vote . = = Mayoral election = = In February 2005 , Brown announced his candidacy for Mayor of Buffalo . On April 29 , 2005 three @-@ term Democratic Mayor Anthony Masiello announced he would not seek a fourth four @-@ year term . Masiello had run on both major party lines for his final two terms and had twice endorsed Republican Governor George Pataki . During his tenure , the city population and industrial tax base had decreased . Six candidates , including Brown , entered the race to replace him , with Brown accumulating many endorsements and the backing of organized labor . New York Attorney General Eliot Spitzer described helping Brown win the Mayoral race as his " biggest campaign priority " in the last month and a half before Primary Day . Buffalo , which had an 8 : 1 Democrat to Republican ratio and a 38 % black population , was 75 % contained in Brown 's State Senate district . Brown carried 59 % of the vote in the September 13 , 2005 Democratic primary , and faced Kevin Helfer , a former City Council colleague , in the general election . Brown was the sixth African @-@ American to win the Democratic Mayor Primary since the 1960s , but all before him had failed to win the general election , even though the city had not elected a Republican since 1961 . His Republican opponent , Helfer , beat him in the Conservative Party Primary as a write @-@ in candidate , although Brown had been endorsed by that party . Brown raised more than five times as much money as Helfer , however , and defeated him 64 % to 27 % in the general election . = = Mayoral service = = = = = Economic development = = = Brown was sworn in on December 31 , 2005 at the Buffalo Convention Center . During his first day in office he toured the Buffalo Waterfront to show his commitment to its development . Before the end of the year , restoration on the original point where the Erie Canal met the Great Lakes was underway . Brown presented his plans for the development during subsequent tours by top state leaders , including future New York State Governors Eliot Spitzer and David Paterson . Erie Canal Harbor eventually opened on July 2 , 2008 . In early 2006 , the Seneca Nation filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission to build the third of the three Western New York casinos that had been legislated in 2002 . In 2007 , Brown was not sure he was in favor of the third casino , which seemed to cater to local residents instead of luring tourist revenues . Tom Golisano , founder of Paychex , former owner of the Buffalo Sabres National Hockey League franchise and three @-@ time candidate for New York State Governor , suggested that the Buffalo economy would not benefit from a business designed to transfer money from local citizens to the Seneca Gaming Corporation . Brown withheld support while awaiting clarification of the target consumer for the third casino . In October 2006 , the Seneca Nation and Brown came to terms on the final sale of a two @-@ block stretch of city road that runs amid the 9 @-@ acre ( 36 @,@ 000 m2 ) construction site . As part of the sale the nation agreed to both marketing terms ( regarding marketing beyond the local region ) , and hiring preferences for city residents . However , in January 2007 , a federal judge ruled that the granting of permission to run the third casino by the National Indian Gaming Commission was improper . Seneca Nation received federal approval for their casino on July 2 , 2007 and opened the following day . = = = Crime and poverty = = = Brown was one of the original 15 mayors from United States cities such as Washington , Dallas , Philadelphia , Seattle and Milwaukee who convened at a meeting hosted by Michael Bloomberg and Thomas Menino at Gracie Mansion to confirm their support for more serious attacks on the use of illegal firearms . Bloomberg and Philip A. Amicone , Yonkers Mayor , were the only Republicans . The mayors all signed a six @-@ point " statement of principles " focused on punishing gun possession " to the maximum extent of the law " , prosecuting dealers who knowingly sell guns to criminals through so @-@ called straw purchasers , opposing two United States House of Representatives bills to restrict cities ' access to gun @-@ tracing data , endorsing technologies to detect illegal guns , and coordinating strategies and outreach to other cities in hopes of reconvening with at least 50 mayors by year end . A little over a year later the Mayors Against Illegal Guns Coalition co @-@ chaired by Bloomberg and Menino included 225 bi @-@ partisan municipal leaders in pursuit of legal , political and media strategies to stem gun crime and had a stated goal of " making the public safer by getting illegal guns off the streets " . Brown noted that he learned several techniques that became useful in Buffalo in reducing the homicide rate 21 % from the coalition and talks with specific mayors . Rising homicides had been a disappointment in his first year as mayor . Brown 's first @-@ year review as a mayor was mixed . He was praised for his overhaul of city hall , his follow through on projects and systems , and his influence on statewide redistribution , but he was dogged by crime issues and his efforts for the planned casino . His agenda , hiring and discipline were respected , but rising homicides , continuing decay and evolving bureaucracy were troubling . In addition to public perceptions , Brown had a good working relationship with the Buffalo Common Council . As mayor of Buffalo , he presided over emergency relief from blizzards such as the mid @-@ October 2006 two @-@ foot snow storm . The storm more than doubled the previous record for single @-@ day October snowfall . Despite the fact that about 200 @,@ 000 city residents were without electricity , the city saw no spike in criminal activity , according to Brown . Buffalo is second only to St. Louis among cities nationwide in terms of percentage of vacant properties per capita . Therefore , in fall 2007 , Brown committed to a $ 100 million five @-@ year plan to demolish 5 @,@ 000 houses , which is about half of the city 's total of vacant houses . However , since Buffalo has the second highest residential poverty rate ( to Detroit ) homes continue to be abandoned . The program may benefit the city because abandoned house costs it an approximate average of $ 20 @,@ 060 over five years in lost taxes , debris removal , inspections , and policing . Also , 41 % of all fires in Buffalo are in vacant buildings , and more than 90 % of all arson cases involved abandoned houses . Subsequently , during the first ever " State of Upstate Address " , New York Governor Spitzer suggested committing $ 100 million in state funds to build or rehabilitate 10 @,@ 000 homes and apartments . The mayor 's initial demolition plans met with resistance from preservationists and he had to negotiate with the National Trust for Historic Preservation , which got him attention from coast to coast . In 2008 , Brown convinced Buffalo to use a real @-@ time wireless video surveillance system . The city installed 56 Avrio Rapid Deployment Surveillance Solution PoleCams . The system was the result of a request by Brown that the city evaluate surveillance cameras in other cities . By January 2009 State of the City Address , Brown reported that crime had fallen 12 % and homicide by 50 % since he had taken office . = = = Public relations = = = On June 13 , 2008 , upon the death of NBC News Washington Bureau Chief and Meet the Press moderator Tim Russert , who was a proud Buffalo native , Brown ordered that all flags on city property be lowered to half @-@ staff in order to honor Russert 's memory . Brown called Russert one of Buffalo 's finest ambassadors , and his decision to lower the flags in honor of Russert , a civilian who never held elected office , was an unusual gesture that was described as breathtaking on Hardball with Chris Matthews by Tom Brokaw . He was joined by several other officials in recognizing Russert . Chief among those was United States President George W. Bush who signed a bill that named a stretch of U.S. Route 20A that passes in front of Ralph Wilson Stadium ( home stadium of the Buffalo Bills ) Timothy J. Russert Highway . In a public relations controversy , Brown got caught in a fight against the movement to replace traditional lawns with front yard gardens . His office had issued an edict that a resident remove her landscape renovations . However , an e @-@ mail campaign in defense of the resident caused the mayor to rethink his stance . = = = Reelection = = = On September 15 , 2009 , Brown won the Democratic Primary for a second term by a nearly two to one margin over City councilmember Michael P. Kearns . Brown had amassed an early lead amongst voters until several scandals involving former basketball star Leonard Stokes , including the questionable government support of his failed " One Sunset " restaurant and a perceived undue influence in mitigating Stokes 's arrest for possessing a stolen handicapped parking permit , cut away most of his lead . There were no Republican , third @-@ party or independent candidates , so Brown ran unopposed and won the general election . = = Political dealings = = Brown and Erie County Democratic Party chairman Leonard Lenihan were at odds over various political positions after Lenihan played a major role in Brown 's election to the office of mayor . Brown supported Andrew Cuomo for New York Attorney General in the 2006 general election , David Paterson for Lieutenant Governor of New York in the 2006 general election and Antoine Thompson for 60th District New York Senator in a special election on February 28 , 2006 . Lenihan disagreed with each of these choices . Thompson had run Brown 's last common council campaign , and Brown was upset that he did not get to select his successor in the 60th District . Many supporters considered boycotting the special election due to a perceived racial slight against an African American who seemed to be wrongfully shutout of the process . Lenihan pointed out that neither of the previous state senators turned mayor , Anthony Masiello and James D. Griffin , was granted the right to pick their successor , and he noted that Thompson had not been timely in entering the special election process . The Erie and Niagara County Democratic committees bypassed Thompson as their nominee in favor of Marc Coppola despite Brown 's backing in the February special election . Thompson subsequently decided to run for the New York Senate seat in the November general election . The week before the 2006 New York State Democratic Convention , Brown was described as a political confidant of Democratic New York Attorney General candidate Andrew Cuomo . He seconded Cuomo 's nomination at the convention on May 30 , 2006 . Throughout the campaign Brown was described as a close political advisor to Cuomo . He was noted as ( along with Charles Rangel ) one of the important black political leaders that Cuomo courted on his road to victory . During the 2008 United States presidential election , like most of the New York State Democratic establishment , Brown was a supporter of Hillary Rodham Clinton , the United States Senator from New York . This marked a break from his earlier political organization , Grassroots , which supported Barack Obama from the outset . He even ran to be a delegate for Clinton at the 2008 Democratic National Convention . In July 2008 , Golisano announced that he would attempt to create change in Albany by spending $ 5 million on targeted campaigns . During the New York state September primary elections for state office , The New York Times alleged that Brown was aiding Golisano 's attempt to unseat Sam Hoyt in the New York State Assembly . As Hillary Clinton resigned her United States Senate seat on January 21 , 2009 to assume a position in the United States Cabinet under United States President Barack Obama , New York Governor David Paterson was required to appoint a temporary replacement until a special election in 2010 for the balance of her term . Some thought that the New York State Governor would appoint a minority senator such as Brown , Gregory W. Meeks , H. Carl McCall , William C. Thompson , Jr . , José E. Serrano or Nydia M. Velázquez . However , Andrew Cuomo was the front @-@ runner for the seat and the next most likely candidates were Velázquez , Steve Israel , Nita Lowey and Meeks . Prominent women who were mentioned include Carolyn B. Maloney and Caroline Kennedy . The New York Times 's Danny Hakim noted that Cuomo , Paterson and Brown were the three names most often mentioned prior to Paterson 's ascension to the governor 's office . Although these three were the favorites , Brown was considered an unknown outside of Western New York . Nonetheless , Brown 's name was mentioned before Kennedy 's and Cuomo 's in a New York Times article paragraph about Paterson 's final nomination decision thoughts . In fact , in at least one article in The New York Times on the subject , Brown was mentioned and Cuomo wasn 't . When Paterson announced he had selected Blue Dog Democrat Kirsten Gillibrand , Brown was one of the few contenders to attend the event . With Cuomo likely to be running for governor in the 2010 New York gubernatorial election , Brown was mentioned in early 2010 as a possible Lieutenant Governor of New York candidate by numerous sources , including multiple journalists from The New York Times . Meanwhile , in early 2010 , newly transplanted New Yorker Harold Ford , Jr. considered challenging New York 's Junior United States Senator Kirsten E. Gillibrand in the 2010 United States Senate special election in New York and met with Brown as part of his statewide political travels . = = Allegations of corruption = = The Buffalo News reported that Brown may have interfered with a police investigation in 2007 . The allegations stem from an incident in which it is alleged Brown ordered police to free a possible friend of the mayor , Leonard Stokes , who had been arrested for possessing a stolen handicapped parking tag . The Buffalo News also reported another scandal involving Stokes and Brown , involving a $ 160 @,@ 000 loan given to Stokes from the City of Buffalo , to open a restaurant in Buffalo . Further controversy arose when it was discovered that Michelle Baron , Vice President of the city backed corporation which gave Stokes , who had no previous experience operating a restaurant , the loan , was involved in securing the loan with a faulty business plan . Evidence also points to Brown green lighting the loan . In June 2009 , Commissioner Tanya Perrin @-@ Johnson wrote a series of e @-@ mails that were sent to about 20 employees in her department directing them to work on the mayor 's re @-@ election campaign . The Office of Special Counsel began an investigation to determine whether the e @-@ mails represented a violation of the federal Hatch Act , which , among other things , prohibits employees involved in federally funded programs from using their authority to influence political campaigns . As a result of the probe , in 2010 the Common Council decided to delay her reappointment as commissioner until the investigation concluded . She had been serving in an interim capacity . In April 2011 , Perrin @-@ Johnson resigned her position . A March 2010 Buffalo News article outlined Brown 's political relationship with Reverend Richard Stenhouse . The article details the over $ 5 million Stenhouse received to develop affordable housing on Buffalo 's East Side . The article goes on to suggest much of the money was wasted due to incompetence and inexperience . Stenhouse is the pastor for one of Buffalo 's largest congregations , Bethel AME Church , and an ally of Brown . = = Personal = = Byron Brown is married to the former Michelle Austin and they have a son , Byron III , who is referred to as Byron , Jr. by some accounts . Brown III enjoys basketball and has attended high @-@ level youth basketball camps . He played for City Honors School . On the national level , he was an unheralded point guard in the 2008 high school graduating class , and he went on to attend Queen City Prep in Charlotte , North Carolina . The Brown family attends St. John Baptist Church . While mayor , Brown has performed at least one wedding ceremony at the church . Byron Brown is a chapter president of Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity , a past President of the Buffalo State College Alumni Association Board , and at the time of his mayoral inauguration he sat on the Board of the Boy Scout Council of Western New York and the Community Action Organization of Erie County . Brown collects tropical fish and maintains an aquarium in his Buffalo Mayor 's office . His parents divorced and at the beginning of his mayoral tenure , his mother was living in Buffalo . He also is a member of the Erie County Democratic Committee . He was a delegate to the 1992 , 2000 and 2004 Democratic National Conventions . On Saturday February 24 , 2007 at about 6 : 55 a.m. , Brown 's Chevrolet Equinox was stolen from an on @-@ street parking location by someone with key access and crashed into three parked vehicles before being abandoned a few blocks from the family home . Brown had driven his son to play in a basketball tournament in Jamestown , New York on Friday February 23 . They returned home at approximately 10 : 30 p.m. from the tournament . In interviews at the end of March 2007 , Brown claimed that all members of his family with known key access had alibis . At the time Brown III possessed a learner 's permit . Canisius College security cameras recorded parts of the accident , including the driver leaving the scene of multiple accidents . In April a second video recording with more fluid movement was revealed in contrast to the original recording of 36 frames per minute . In a news conference Brown announced that Byron Brown III took the senior Brown 's car without permission and drove about the area near his house and Canisius College campus . Brown III admitted to the damage and was charged with driving without a driver 's license and leaving the scenes of multiple accidents . Brown III was scheduled to appear on April 16 , 2007 in Buffalo City Court on the charges . He pleaded guilty to unlicensed driving and leaving the scene of an accident . In 2010 , his son was charged with petit larceny for leaving a store with goods that were not paid for . Byron Jr. was spared a criminal conviction when a judge granted him a delayed dismissal on shoplifting charges , as recommended by prosecutors . Buffalo City Judge David M. Manz warned him and Xavier Jemison that they have to complete a four @-@ hour shoplifting class and stay out of trouble for the next six months . He granted each an adjournment in contemplation of dismissal , meaning their petit larceny charges will be dismissed if they comply with his orders . = = Election history = =
= Aashiqui 2 = Aashiqui 2 is a 2013 Indian romantic drama film directed by Mohit Suri . Starring Aditya Roy Kapoor and Shraddha Kapoor in the lead roles , it was produced by Bhushan Kumar and Mukesh Bhatt under the T @-@ Series and Vishesh Films banners . Set in the early 2010s , Aashiqui 2 is a love story centering on the turbulent relationship between musicians Rahul and Arohi , a relationship which is affected by Rahul 's issues with alcohol abuse and temperament . The film is a spiritual successor to the 1990 musical film Aashiqui , and initially caused concern in the Indian media that the film could live up to the high standards and success of the original . Production of Aashiqui 2 began in 2011 , with the principal photography taking place in Cape Town , Goa and Mumbai on a budget of ₹ 90 million ( US $ 1 @.@ 3 million ) . The film which premiered on 26 April 2013 received a positive to mixed critical reception and became a major commercial success at the box @-@ office despite featuring newcomers , earning ₹ 1 @.@ 09 billion ( US $ 16 million ) worldwide within the first four weeks . It was declared as a blockbuster by Box Office India after its three @-@ week box office run , and is the highest grossing film ever produced by Vishesh Films . The soundtrack to the film became very popular after its release ; the songs " Tum Hi Ho " and " Sunn Raha Hai " topped the charts across various platforms in India . It was later remade in Telugu as Nee Jathaga Nenundali = = Plot = = The film opens by showing a large crowd waiting for Rahul Jaykar ( Aditya Roy Kapoor ) – a successful musician whose career is waning because of his alcohol addiction – to perform at a stage show in Goa . After nearly completing a song , he is unexpectedly interrupted by Aryan ( Salil Acharya ) , who was losing his career due to Rahul 's , during his performance . Rahul fights him , stops his performance , and drives to a local bar . He meets Aarohi ( Shraddha Kapoor ) , a bar singer who idolises Rahul . After noticing Aarohi looking at a photograph of Lata Mangeshkar in the bar , he assumes that she wants to become a singer . Impressed by her simplicity and voice , Rahul promises to transform her into a singing sensation , and asks her to never perform again in bars . Aarohi leaves her job and returns to Mumbai with Rahul , who convinces record producer Saigal ( Mahesh Thakur ) to meet her . When Aarohi calls Rahul , he is attacked and injured by some thugs , and is unable to receive her call . His friend and manager Vivek ( Shaad Randhawa ) says that news of Rahul 's accident should not be leaked to the media , and instead publicises a false story that Rahul has left the country to participate in stage shows . When Aarohi attempts to contact Rahul again , Vivek ignores the calls . After two months of futilely attempting to contact Rahul , a broken Aarohi is forced to sing in bars again because of her family problems . After recovering from his injuries , Rahul vows to search for Aarohi . He learns that Aarohi is working in a bar again and that Vivek had ignored her calls without informing him . Rahul apologises to Aarohi and fires Vivek , and they meet with Saigal for the recording agreement . Rahul begins to train Aarohi , who signs a music contract to sing in films and becomes a successful playback singer . Her family and Rahul are happy , but when people begin to gossip that Rahul is using her as a servant , he relapses into alcohol addiction . Aarohi , who loves Rahul more than her career , comforts him and they spend the night together . Despite Aarohi 's mother 's disapproval , Aarohi moves in with Rahul and things go well until Rahul 's addiction worsens , causing him to become aggressive and violent . To help Rahul fight his alcoholism , Aarohi attempts to rehabilitate Rahul , sacrificing her singing career in doing so . After Saigal reminds them about their dream of Aarohi becoming a successful singer , Rahul orders her to focus on her work . During Aarohi 's stage show , Rahul meets a journalist backstage , who accuses him of using Aarohi for pleasure and money . Furious , Rahul beats up the journalist and starts drinking . He ends up in jail , and Aarohi comes to bail him out . Rahul overhears Aarohi telling Saigal that she is going to leave her career for him and is ready to give up her celebrity status because Rahul is more important to her . Rahul understands that he has become a burden in her life , and that leaving her is his only option to save her . The next day , he bids her farewell by assuring her that he will change his lifestyle and commits suicide by jumping from a bridge . Distraught by Rahul 's death , Aarohi decides to leave her career but Vivek persuades her to stay . He reminds her that Rahul wanted her to become a successful singer and killed himself as he did not want to be a burden on her and remain an obstacle in the path of her success . Aarohi agrees , and returns to singing . Later , she signs her name as " Aarohi Rahul Jaykar " in a fan 's handbook as a tribute to Rahul and her unsung desire to marry him . As rain starts falling , she watches the couple who took her autograph sharing a romantic moment under a jacket as she and Rahul had done when he was alive . = = Cast = = Aditya Roy Kapoor as Rahul Jaykar Shraddha Kapoor as Aarohi Keshav Shirke / Aarohi Rahul Jaykar Shaad Randhawa as Vivek , Rahul 's Manager and best friend Mahesh Thakur as Saigal Shubhangi Latkar as Aarohi 's mother Chitrak Bandhopadyay as Salim Bhai Mahesh Bhatt as Rahul 's father ( voice ) Salil Acharya as Aryan Ashish Bhatt as Reporter Ankit Tiwari as the music director of Aasan Nahin Yahan song . = = Production = = = = = Development = = = In September 2011 , the Indian media reported that Mahesh Bhatt and Bhushan Kumar were keen to remake the 1990 musical blockbuster Aashiqui . Kumar approached Bhatt for a possible sequel , although it was Shagufta Rafique 's melodramatic romantic script which persuaded him that the film had potential as a sequel and decided to proceed with the project . Given Aashiqui ' s status in Hindi cinematic history as one of the finest Indian musicals of all time , many expressed concerns towards the decision to remake the film , dubious that the producers could come up with a soundtrack on par with the quality of the 1990 film . Bhatt stated that they completely resisted the temptation to use the soundtrack of the earlier film , and promised that Aashiqui 2 would revive the era of melodious film music , as Aashiqui had done 22 years ago . It was reported that Madhur Bhandarkar had been approached to direct the film , but later turned down the offer because of other working commitments . It was confirmed in November 2011 that Vishal Mahadkar , director of Blood Money , was to direct the picture , but the following month it was announced that Mohit Suri had replaced Mahadkar as director at the last minute . Bhatt confirmed the development , saying " Earlier we had finalised Vishal for the project . But now we have scrapped that idea and found a fresh one . We got Mohit to direct the film " . Several media outlets falsely reported that the film is a remake of the Vishesh films 1990 love triangle Awaargi . However , Mahesh Bhatt denied the rumours and said " Aashiqui 2 is not a remake of any of our films . It 's an original script . A very contemporary love story dealing with mature emotions . " = = = Casting = = = The film 's producers launched a nationwide talent hunt to discover new faces for the film , initially refusing to employ established actors . However , the actors who came to audition were not promising enough for the roles , and the idea was scrapped . Mahesh Bhatt said , " It was a disastrous talent hunt . We discovered that people lacked the courage to audition . Those who are amateurs went for audition ... and people with certain talent were like why should we risk public rejection . " When Suri saw some pictures of Aditya Roy Kapur and met him , he found Kapur perfect for the role and cast him to play the male lead . In June 2012 , Shraddha Kapoor was signed to play the female lead . Bhatt said , " Yes , Shraddha Kapoor is playing the lead with the two boys Aditya Roy Kapur and Shaad Randhawa . We found her to be very talented . All three actors have extremely challenging dramatic roles . " When asked about replacing new actors with known ones , Suri said " People said I couldn 't make a film with new actors and expect an audience to come in . But I was pretty sure I wanted Aditya and Shraddha to play my protagonists . My writer Shagufta Rafique and I saw them as the protagonists . See , Aditya and Shraddha may have had unsuccessful films before . But that never took away from their talent . " = = = Filming = = = Principal photography for the film began in October 2012 with film 's lead cast . The film was shot in Goa , Mumbai and Cape Town . During the filming in South Africa , Shraddha Kapoor needed medical attention after kneeling on broken glass fragments during the scene in which she had to kneel on the floor and talk to her co @-@ star Aditya Roy Kapoor . Aditya Roy Kapoor also received burns to his hand during the filming of the scene in which they light some Chinese lanterns in Cape Town . = = Soundtrack = = = = Marketing and release = = The first teaser was released on 22 March 2013 , and was well received by critics and audiences . Unlike other films whose theatrical trailers are released first , the makers of the film chose to release the songs before the trailer . The first song , " Tum Hi Ho " , was released on 23 March 2013 to unanimous critical reception from critics and became very popular among the audiences . The song became an instant hit with approximately 2 million views on YouTube within 10 days of release , which helped in the marketing of the film . Various versions of the song were uploaded by amateur singers , guitarists and DJs on social networking sites . It has been trending on Twitter and YouTube since its launch . The film 's preview poster showing Aditya and Shraddha under a jacket in a rain @-@ drenched street with the streetlight casting a glow was released along with music on 8 April 2013 . At the music release event , Aditya and Shraddha recreated the scene from Aashiqui from under a jacket ( much like the poster ) on the stage . The theatrical trailer was released in mid @-@ April 2013 , two weeks before the film 's release , and was well received by critics and audiences . Unlike most Bollywood films which indulge in months of promotion before the release , Aashiqui 2 had less than three weeks for promotion before its release . A music concert where singers ( who sang songs in the soundtrack album ) performed to their respective songs was organised to promote the film . The makers of the film launched the Aashiqui 2 jackets , as seen in the film 's poster . Statues resembling the signature image of the couple hiding under the jacket were placed inside various theatres . Due to the romantic theme of the film , it was originally planned for a Valentine 's day release on 14 February 2013 , but this was postponed because of production delays . The film 's new release date was 10 May 2013 , but it was released a fortnight early on 26 April 2013 in over 2800 screens across India . The film was not released in key markets such as UK , US , Canada , Australia and New Zealand . = = Reception = = The film received mixed to positive reviews from critics , who praised the performances , chemistry between the lead pair , and the music . Taran Adarsh of Bollywood Hungama rated the film 4 out of 5 stars , stating that it " brings romance back on the Hindi screen – intense , pure , selfless and heart wrenching . A stirring account with brilliant moments , bravura performances , strong emotional quotient and addictive music , this one 's an absolute must watch for the romantics . " He praised the lead cast 's performances , writing that " ... Aditya Roy Kapur 's depiction of the intense character is outstanding ... [ which ] clearly demonstrates his potency as an artist of caliber and competence . Shraddha also gets to sink her teeth into this challenging character and the attractive youngster is simply amazing , more so towards the demanding moments in the second hour . Furthermore , the chemistry between Aditya and Shraddha is incredible . " Indiatimes gave the film a rating of 3 @.@ 5 out of 5 and said , " Suri pitches the story with old @-@ world romance , high @-@ drama and well @-@ crafted heart @-@ breaking moments . " Indo @-@ Asian News Service rated the film 3 @.@ 5 out of 5 and wrote , " Director Mohit Suri traverses the angst @-@ soaked territory with a sincere and deep understanding of the dynamics that destroy love and trust between couples in the glamorous and competitive profession " , and that , " Aashiqui 2 makes us grateful for the movement of the love story away from the standard Romeo & Juliet format into the dark destructive domain of A Star Is Born . " The film also received some mixed reactions from critics . Writing for Hindustan Times , Anupama Chopra rated the film 2 @.@ 5 out of 5 and believed that the film didn 't fulfill its potential , but said , " It 's an interesting scenario and Suri and his actors set it up well . Aditya gives Rahul 's angst a certain charm . He is earnest and broken . And the real triumph here is Shraddha , whose porcelain face has a haunting vulnerability . She 's very good as the woman in the throes of a grand passion who believes that love will show the way . " Resham Sengar rated the film 2 @.@ 5 and questioned the logic behind the script and believed that several of the scenes either dragged on excessively or were too abrupt , which affected the quality of the entire film . India Today also gave the film a rating of 2 @.@ 5 stars out of four , and argued that the film was only a success because of its soundtrack , saying that the film " merely banks on the power of saleable music and the novelty of a fresh cast to enable brothers Bhatt , Mahesh and Mukesh , [ to ] make maximum moolah within minimum budget as they have done all along . " = = Box office = = On its opening day , Aashiqui 2 collected about ₹ 52 @.@ 5 million ( US $ 780 @,@ 000 ) and collected ₹ 179 @.@ 2 million ( US $ 2 @.@ 7 million ) during its first weekend . The film collected ₹ 346 @.@ 5 million ( US $ 5 @.@ 1 million ) in its first week . In the second week , despite new releases , it collected ₹ 173 @.@ 5 crore ( US $ 26 million ) , which took its two @-@ week box @-@ office collections to ₹ 470 million ( US $ 7 @.@ 0 million ) . The film remained steady on weekdays and collected ₹ 165 million ( US $ 2 @.@ 5 million ) in its third week and total collections rose to ₹ 635 million ( US $ 9 @.@ 4 million ) . The film had the highest third week collections of 2013 to that date . The film 's revenues remained consistent in its fourth weekend and took its total to ₹ 710 million ( US $ 11 million ) . Box Office India declared the film a blockbuster after its three @-@ week box office run . As of 20 May , the film was the second @-@ highest grossing Hindi film of 2013 and the highest @-@ grossing film produced by Vishesh Films . According to Box Office India , Aashiqui 2 is the best trending film at the box office since 3 Idiots as the fourth week 's collections were nearly ₹ 75 million ( US $ 1 @.@ 1 million ) nett , which was more than every film released in the last ten years apart from 3 Idiots . The fourth week collections of the film were the third highest of all time . The film collected ₹ 57 @.@ 5 million ( US $ 850 @,@ 000 ) nett approx in its fifth week . The film went on to gross approximately ₹ 780 million ( US $ 12 million ) in its sixth week at the domestic box @-@ office . Internationally , the film collected around US $ 150 @,@ 000 over the first weekend because its limited release meant the film was only released in UAE and Pakistan . The film collected ₹ 1 billion ( US $ 15 million ) worldwide in its fourth week . During the entire theatrical run , the film earned ₹ 1 @.@ 09 billion ( US $ 16 million ) worldwide . = = Awards and nominations = = Filmfare Awards Winner , Filmfare Award for Best Music Director : Ankit Tiwari , Mithoon and Jeet Ganguly Winner , Best Playback Singer ( Male ) : Arijit Singh ( Tum Hi Ho ) Nominated , Best Actress : Shraddha Kapoor Nominated , Best Playback Singer ( Female ) : Shreya Ghoshal ( Sunn Raha Hai ) IIFA Awards Winner , IIFA Award for Best Music Director : Mithoon , Ankit Tiwari , Jeet Ganguly Winner , IIFA Award for Best Lyricist : Mithoon ( Tum Hi Ho ) Winner , IIFA Award for Best Male Playback : Arijit Singh ( Tum Hi Ho ) Winner , IIFA Award for Best Female Playback : Shreya Ghoshal ( Sunn Raha Hai ) Nominated , IIFA Award for Best Actress : Shraddha Kapoor Nominated , IIFA Award for Best Lyricist : Sandeep Nath ( Sunn Raha Hai ) Nominated , IIFA Award for Best Male Playback : Ankit Tiwari ( Sunn Raha Hai ) Screen Awards Winner , Best Playback Singer ( Male ) : Arijit Singh ( Tum Hi Ho ) Winner , Best Playback Singer ( Female ) : Shreya Ghoshal ( Sunn Raha Hai ) Winner , Screen Award for Jodi No. 1 : Aditya Roy Kapur & Shraddha Kapoor Nominated , Best Music Director : Ankit Tiwari , Mithoon and Jeet Ganguly Nominated , Best Actress Female : Shraddha Kapoor Nominated , Most Popular Actor Male : Aditya Roy Kapur Nominated , Most Popular Actress Female : Shraddha Kapoor
= The Wrong Goodbye ( Gossip Girl ) = " The Wrong Goodbye " is the 87th episode of The CW television series Gossip Girl . It is also the 22nd and final episode of the fourth season . The episode was directed by Patrick Norris and the second finale in the series written by Joshua Safran . This also marks the second time that the show filmed a scene in California . " The Wrong Goodbye " aired on the CW in the United States on May 16 , 2011 , and was viewed live by an audience of 1 @.@ 36 million Americans . Despite the low ratings , the episode garnered positive reviews from reviewers and critics . " The Wrong Goodbye " picks up where the previous episode had left off . Chuck Bass ( Ed Westwick ) looks for a missing Blair Waldorf ( Leighton Meester ) who has been held hostage by an unstable Russell Thorpe ( Michael Boatman ) . An erratic Charlie Rhodes ( Kaylee DeFer ) escapes the humiliation of being rejected by Dan Humphrey ( Penn Badgley ) . Serena van der Woodsen ( Blake Lively ) and Vanessa Abrams ( Jessica Szohr ) reluctantly join forces after discovering the secret behind Charlie 's behavior . Georgina Sparks ( Michelle Trachtenburg ) unexpectedly turns up at the event looking for trouble . Jessica Szohr makes her final appearance as Vanessa Abrams ; her exit was noted as her highlight of season 4 , with many critics praising Szhor 's acting in her phone conversation with Dan . This episode also marks Connor Paolo 's final appearance as Eric van der Woodsen until the series finale . = = Plot = = After discovering that Charlie has not been taking her medication , Serena and Vanessa reluctantly team up to find her . Chuck , Nate , Vanessa , and Serena soon encircle Dan , exclaiming that they need something from him . Chuck asks him where Blair is while Serena and Vanessa ask for Charlie 's whereabouts . One of Blair 's old friends reveals that Blair left the party . While accompanying Chuck to their apartment to look for Blair , Nate confesses that he told Raina ( Tika Sumpter ) everything behind her mother 's death . Chuck reprimands Nate until Raina interrupts them to apologize . Blair is held hostage by Russell in Chuck 's hotel . Pretending to escape , she calls Chuck on her phone , revealing her location . Russell explains his reason for kidnapping Blair : to burn down the hotel with her in it . A drunk Charlie is seen dancing wildly until Dan confronts her , but she escapes . Serena greets Headmistress Queller ( Jan Maxwell ) , who expresses her concern with Serena 's choice of staying in New York , having hoped that Serena would find her place outside of the Upper East Side . Georgina offers her aid in their scheme but Dan , Vanessa , and Serena reject her help , going their separate ways to find Charlie . At Chuck 's hotel , Chuck saves Blair while Raina stops her father . With the police arriving , Chuck offers Blair a limo ride , and a homesick Raina breaks up with Nate , intending to return to Chicago . Chuck proposes avoiding the Constance party by going to a bar mitzvah in a similar fashion to Death Takes a Holiday , which Blair accepts . Chuck and Blair have sex while Prince Louis ( Hugo Becker ) waits for Blair at Constance . While looking for Charlie at the loft , Vanessa spots Dan 's novel and reads it . Dan calls her and is upset that she has been reading the novel , which she suggests that he publish despite the possible backlash . Realizing that he no longer cares about writing , Vanessa steals the novel after Dan angrily dismisses her . Serena stops Charlie from jumping off a window and Charlie expresses her envy towards Serena , aspiring to be like her until Serena admits her personal flaws to Charlie , who comforts her . Dan and Nate find Charlie and Serena and return to the party . Charlie makes a suspicious call to her mother and piques Georgina 's interest , who gives her her number . Blair finds herself in a dilemma as her feelings for Chuck have resurfaced , arriving at the party to inform Louis of her decision but Chuck interrupts her , informing him that he has their blessing . Blair confronts Chuck for making a decision for her , but the two eventually settle their issues , and he lets her go . Three weeks later , Blair travels to Monaco to spend the summer with Louis while Serena goes to Montecito , Charlie departs for Miami , Chuck and Nate decide to travel together , and Lily ( Kelly Rutherford ) tells the family that her house arrest will end by autumn . Dan decides to spend summer in The Hamptons with Eric ( Connor Paolo ) and tells Rufus ( Matthew Settle ) that he has moved on from writing . Vanessa has Dan 's novel published and leaves for Spain . While in California , Serena runs into a man who has been trying to convert one of her favorite novels into a movie , but finds herself being given a job instead . In Miami , Carol ( Sheila Kelley ) pays Charlie , who is actually a con artist named Ivy that was hired to gain access to her daughter 's trust fund . Ivy 's bag shows that she has stolen money from Carol and plans on returning to New York . A later scene shows a positive pregnancy test in a trash can at Blair 's bathroom being thrown out by Dorota ( Zuzanna Szadkowski ) . = = Production = = " The Wrong Goodbye " is the second part of the two @-@ part season finale . Gossip Girl executive producer , Joshua Safran notes that the most important returning character of the show was Georgina Sparks and discussed working on a two @-@ part season finale for the first time on the show . " I think that it 's really fun . It 's always fun to have Georgina around . She justs stirs the pot in a major way . She sort of threads through all the major stories [ ... ] sort of like a witness until she injects herself . And of course , returning to Constance , you can 't return without Georgina . [ ... ] So a lot of things are in play and a lot of things are happening [ ... ] , since we 've never done a two @-@ parter before , we wanted to load the gun with as many bullets as possible . " Following her role in Green Lantern , news surfaced of Blake Lively leaving the show to further her acting career in Hollywood . IOL notes " Despite all talk of career trajectories and fanbase , Blake insists her choices are made through far simpler criteria and when asked about playing in a comic @-@ book film says : ' It ’ s not really a suitable question because the decisions I make on parts come from a more emotional place . It has to be a character I connect with or someone I can have empathy with . ' " New York Magazine and various media periodicals have also noted the possibility of Lively leaving the show . Serena and Georgina 's dresses were designed by Jenny Packham and Marchesa , respectively . Blair wore an Alexis Mabille dress while Chuck wore a Ralph Lauren suit . = = = Casting = = = Oscar @-@ winning director David O. Russell made a cameo appearance in the show . Actor Ethan Peck reportedly landed a role in the show . Both stars were seen filming with Blake Lively in California . Peck made his debut in the season finale together with Russell . Tony Award @-@ winning actress Jan Maxwell reprised her role as Headmistress Queller for the season finale . Hugo Becker remained ambiguous on whether he would be joining the series as a recurring or regular cast member during an interview with Zap2it , stating " the answer is in the finale . " and hinted the possibility of a recurring role . Cecily von Ziegesar makes a cameo appearance during the finale and filmed her scenes with Lively . = = = Music = = = The Airborne Toxic Event made a special appearance as the band for the Constance Billard Alumni party , playing the song " Changing " from their sophomore album , All at Once . The band announced that they would performing in the finale on their website . = = Reception = = The Wrong Goodbye received positive reviews from critics and garnered an audience of 1 @.@ 36 million viewers . New York Magazine drew out the references from past seasons and commented on how the season finale was written . " The Last Episode of the Fourth Season of the Greatest Show of Our Time felt in many ways like it might have been written to end the series , what with the many This Is Your Life moments ( such as the return of Georgina Sparks and Blair 's old minions Izzy and Kati ) , the wry references to episodes past , the wrapping up of story lines ( including the revelation that Dan has been secretly novelizing his observations of the Upper East Side for the entire time we 've thought we 've " known " him ) , and the meaningful departure of its most marketable star to none other than Hollywood . " Critical praise went to the storyline twist behind Charlie 's identity , citing her as " the big “ shocker ” of the Gossip Girl finale " and the cameo appearance of Gossip Girl author , Cecily von Ziegesar . Television Without Pity included the episode in its gallery of " Season Finales 2011 : The Best and Worst " , declaring the finale as one of the best and stating that it " had a lot of storylines pay off " and " was our own little version of a fairy tale . " Television Without Pity and Steve Marsi of TV Fanatic praised the return of Georgina , stating " Michelle had some of the show 's funniest dialogue in a long time . She and Jack Bass have really made the last two weeks for me . It was great to have her back . " When reviewing the final scene , Marsi commended the appearance of the positive pregnancy test to the audience , calling the it " Quite the cliffhanger to leave us with after a finale that was already pretty darn entertaining . The show went out on a high note and next season could be even better . " New York Magazine commented on the pregnancy test , insisting that " we ’ re pretending that positive pregnancy test didn ’ t exist . " The Los Angeles Times ' Judy Berman praised the finale , stating " [ ... ] this year went out with a bang . I had my doubts and reservations , largely concerning Blair and Chuck , but I am surprised and pleased to report that I found the end of " Gossip Girl " Season 4 both exciting and satisfying . " The return of Georgina Sparks was well @-@ received as with Serena 's development , with Berman citing Serena 's confession with Charlie before she could plunge to her death . " This debacle , along with the events of this season in general , seems to have given S some perspective . Friends , she apologizes to Nate and Dan for leading them on and confesses to Charlie that her decision @-@ making skills leave something to be desired ! Even if lazy writing results in Serena falling into old habits next season , it 's a pretty gratifying moment . " Berman also questioned Vanessa 's motive behind publishing Dan 's novel " [ ... ] it 's impossible to know whether she 's trying to do her old friend one last favor or profit from stirring up more drama in his life . Considering that Jessica Szohr won 't be returning to the show in the fall , we may never find out . " Berman also complimented the casting of director David O Russell calling it " one of the show 's most delightfully random cameos ever " . New York Magazine labeled Chuck and Blair 's relationship as the " Longest @-@ Delayed Breakup " of the season , adding that " the big news was that Blair and Prince Louis are somehow still together and engaged , with the wedding scheduled for November sweeps . We feel comfortable assuming that by then , Chuck will have regrouped enough to break things up more definitively . "
= British Library Philatelic Collections = The British Library Philatelic Collections is the national philatelic collection of the United Kingdom with over 8 million items from around the world . It was established in 1891 as part of the British Museum Library , later to become the British Library , with the collection of Thomas Tapling . In addition to bequests and continuing donations , the library received consistent deposits by the Crown Agency and has become a primary research collection for British Empire and international history . The collections contain a wide range of artefacts in addition to postage stamps , from newspaper stamps to a press used to print the first British postage stamps . = = History = = The first notable philatelic donation was in 1890 by Hubert Haes of two albums of postage stamps collected by himself and Walter Van Noorden . It was donated with the request that the British Museum library ( now the British Library ) would create a philatelic collection . The following year the Collections were established with the bequest of the Tapling Collection . The probate value of the Tapling Collection was set at £ 12 @,@ 000 but on arrival Richard Garnett ( Assistant Keeper of Printed Books ) estimated their value at more than £ 50 @,@ 000 and described the bequest as the most valuable gift since the Grenville Library in 1847 . In 1900 the Crown Agents for the Colonies sent three albums of postage stamps made on their order for colonial governments and then sent specimens of all future stamps commissioned . In 1913 , the Crawford Library was received which forms the cornerstone of the British Library 's philatelic literature collection , containing about 4500 works . The Crawford Library was donated by the Earl of Crawford in his Will and was the foremost collection of philatelic books in the world at the time . In 1944 Mrs A. Cunningham donated her father 's collection ( Edward Mosley ) of African stamps and in 1949 Mrs. Clement Williams donated her late brother 's collection ( H. L 'Estrange Ewen ) of railway letter stamps , valued at £ 10 @,@ 000 . After being offered in 1942 but delayed due to the Collections being in secure war storage , in 1951 it was announced that Mrs Augustine Fitzgerald had donated an extensive air mail collection . The Mosley and Fitzgerald collections were valued at the time at £ 30 @,@ 000 . The Department of Printed Books had been in charge of the Philatelic Collections by default rather than design . In 1936 there was an unsuccessful proposal to move the Collections to the Department of Prints and Drawings and in 1946 there was a further proposal for the Department of Coins and Medals to take charge . No decision could be agreed and Printed Books continued to manage the Collections until they were passed to the newly formed British Library in 1973 . = = Curators = = From 1948 , H.R. Holmes had been the curator but in the late 1950s had wished to relinquish the post . A replacement curator was not easily found and the care of the Collections was managed on a part @-@ time basis . A security crisis in 1959 developed after it was discovered that the contents of one of the frames in the Tapling Collection was missing . In 1961 James A. Mackay was recruited as a research assistant to take care of the Collections . In 1971 the police arrested Mackay ( promoted to Assistant Keeper in 1965 ) and charged him with stealing items from the British Museum Philatelic Collections on loan from the Crown Agents . The stolen progressive proofs ( test prints of stamp designs ) should have been returned to the Crown Agents for destruction and were valued at £ 7 @,@ 600 . Mackay had exchanged the proofs for Winston Churchill stamps worth £ 400 . He was fined £ 1 @,@ 000 and dismissed from the Museum . As a result of the thefts , security was improved by recruiting Bob Schoolley @-@ West , one of the investigating police officers . The Crown Agents withdrew their agreement for lending new stamps for display in the King 's Library . David Beech joined the British Library as a philatelic curator in 1983 and was appointed Head of the Philatelic Collections in 1991 . Beech is a former President of The Royal Philatelic Society London and joint founder of the International Philatelic Libraries Association . = = Description = = The material is organized in 50 collections and archives which have been acquired by donation , bequest , or transfer from Government Departments . The Collections include postage and revenue stamps , postal stationery , essays , proofs , covers and entries , " cinderella stamp " material , specimen issues , airmails , some postal history materials and official and private posts for almost all countries and periods . Philately is interpreted in its widest sense and the more unusual artefacts include original unused artwork , horse licences and the pilot 's licence of Captain John Alcock . A permanent exhibit of items from the Collections is on display in the British Library entrance area upper ground floor , which may be the best gallery of diverse classic stamps and philatelic material in the world . Approximately 80 @,@ 000 items on 6 @,@ 000 sheets may be viewed in 1 @,@ 000 display frames ; 2 @,@ 400 sheets are from the Tapling Collection . Other material , which covers the whole world , is available to students and researchers by appointment . The British Library Philatelic Department Photograph Collection is a collection of photographs of philatelic material not in the Library 's collections . Mostly composed of material donated by philatelic auctioneers , the collection is an important resource for researchers . As well as these collections , the library actively acquires literature on the subject . This makes the British Library one of the world 's leading philatelic research centres . = = = Principal collections = = = = = Selected notable items = = The Collections include a unique proof sheet of 26 Revenue 1765 Newspaper and Pamphlet one penny impressions showing the registration certificate . These were issued to apply the Stamp Act of 1765 intended to raise taxes to fund the defence of the American Colonies from the French . The tax applied to legal documents , licences , newspapers , pamphlets and almanacs in the American Colonies , Quebec , Nova Scotia , Newfoundland , Florida , the Bahamas and the West Indian Islands . The taxes resulted in public protest and rioting . The tax was abandoned after a few months due to its unpopularity but the political damage contributed to the War of Independence in 1775 . The largest object in the British Library is the Perkins D cylinder press developed by Jacob Perkins and patented in 1819 . This press was one of several used to print the first postage stamps of Great Britain and Ireland which were issued in 1840 . The press was used for printing many early stamps for British Colonial territories from 1853 including for Cape of Good Hope , Ceylon , Mauritius , St Helena , Trinidad , Western Australia , Ionian Islands , New Brunswick , New South Wales , New Zealand and Victoria . The £ 1 stamp issued in Jamaica ( 1956 – 58 ) in the reign of King George VI shows Tobacco Growing and Cigar Making . The first stamp for Queen Elizabeth II was to be in the same design ( chocolate and violet ) but was abandoned after printing . There are only seven examples in existence . The cover of the British Library pocket guide Treasures in Focus - Stamps features the 1913 King George V seahorse master dye proof , part of the Harrison Collection . The engraver , J.A.C. Harrison , took proofs during the creation of the die of which this image is one . The engraving was used on the high value stamps 2 / 6 , 5 / - , 10 / - and £ 1 . The Collections feature these rarities which demonstrate international scope : Gold Coast : 1883 ( May ) 1d on 4d magenta , unique India : 1854 4 annas blue and pale red , error head inverted , two used on a cover , unique . Mauritius 1847 1d red used on cover and 2d blue , the " Post Office " issue 1d. orange @-@ red , used on cover . The first British Colonial postage stamps were issued in Mauritius in 1847 . New South Wales : 1850 1d and 3d essays of the Sydney View issue . The first stamps of New South Wales , being 1d , 2d and 3d values , were issued in 1850 . Spain : 1851 2 reales , error of colour , one of three known . St Helena : 1961 Tristan Relief Fund 5c . + 6d . , 7 ½ c . + 9d . , and 10c . + 1 / - , used on a postcard . Only the Colonial Office in London could authorize new stamps , a fact clearly unknown to the Governor , and the issue was withdrawn . These are among the rarest of modern stamps as only 434 sets were sold . Switzerland : Zurich : 1843 4 rappen , the unique unsevered horizontal strip of five . Uruguay : 1858 120 centavos blue and 180 centavos green , in tête @-@ bêche pairs , two of five known . Western Australia : 1854 @-@ 55 4d blue , error frame inverted .
= Star Cops = Star Cops is a British science fiction television series first broadcast on BBC2 in 1987 . It was devised by Chris Boucher , a writer who had previously worked on the science fiction television series Doctor Who and Blake 's 7 as well as crime dramas such as Juliet Bravo and Bergerac . Set in the year 2027 , a time where Interplanetary travel has become commonplace , it starred David Calder as Nathan Spring , commander of the International Space Police Force — nicknamed the “ Star Cops " — who provide law enforcement for the newly developing colonies of the Solar System . The series follows Nathan Spring and the rest of his multinational team as they work to establish the Star Cops and solve whatever crimes come their way . Operating in a relatively accurately realised hard SF , near @-@ future , space environment , many of the cases that the Star Cops investigate arise from opportunities for new crimes presented by the technologically advanced future society the series depicts and from the hostile frontier nature of the environment that the Star Cops live in . In total nine episodes of Star Cops were made . A tenth episode , titled " Death on the Moon " , was planned but industrial relations difficulties during production led to it being abandoned shortly before recording was to commence . A combination of factors , including conflict between Boucher and producer Evgeny Gridneff and poor scheduling , meant that the series never found a satisfactory audience and the series was cancelled after one season . In recent years , Star Cops has undergone something of a critical re @-@ appraisal and is generally hailed for being " a pretty good attempt at a moderately realistic " High Frontier " SF series " . = = Concept and setting = = Spacemen are ten @-@ a @-@ penny . What they need out there is a good copper . Star Cops is set in the year 2027 — some 40 years into the future at time of broadcast — a time in which space travel has become common and mankind is in the process of exploiting and colonising the Solar System . There are five permanently manned space stations orbiting the Earth and there are bases on the Moon and Mars . Approximately 3 @,@ 000 people are living and working in space . This near future setting was influenced by the potential for greater access to space promised by the burgeoning Space Shuttle programme and by the militarisation of space through the US Government 's Strategic Defense Initiative programme ( also known as " Star Wars " ) both of which were underway in the early 1980s . Accordingly , space travel and life in space is portrayed in a realistic manner with depictions of weightlessness and low gravity environments and lengthy space journeys ( months or years in cases of interplanetary travel ) as well as hazards such as spacesuit failures , radiation exposure and explosive decompression . This air of realism has led to Star Cops being frequently compared with the 1973 BBC drama series Moonbase 3 . Similarly , the pioneering spirit evoked by the process of colonising the Solar System seen in the series has led to comparisons with the Western genre among many commentators . Law and order is provided by the International Space Police Force ( ISPF ) , twenty part @-@ time volunteers disparagingly nicknamed the " Star Cops " . The decision has been made to put the ISPF on a permanent full @-@ time footing and a new commander , Nathan Spring , has been appointed to accomplish this . Many of the series episodes deal with Spring 's efforts to establish the Star Cops — he sets up a base of operations on the Moonbase , recruits new staff , roots out and dismisses corrupt officers and works to extend the Star Cops ' reach first into the American space stations and then , at the end of the series , the far @-@ flung reaches of the Mars colonies , all the while investigating whatever crimes occur along the way . Many of the crimes that the Star Cops investigate have a science fiction " twist " to them arising from the unconventional ( for a police show ) environment the series is set e.g. a murder in which the two victims are not yet dead , a ransom demand for kidnapped embryos , a hoax discovery of an alien civilisation , etc . It is out of these scenarios that one of the major themes of the series emerges : the conflict between human emotion and morality on the one hand and machine logic and rogue science on the other . Another major theme of the series is the " sins of the father " : Spring ’ s first assignment as a detective was to arrest his father for industrial espionage , the villain in " Intelligent Listening for Beginners " is motivated by his inability to match his father ’ s reputation , Spring ’ s deputy , David Theroux , watched his father die of radiation poisoning , the kidnapper in " A Double Life " is seeking revenge for his father ’ s murder and Star Cop Anna Shoun betrays the multinational company which employs her ( and with whom she has a paternal relationship ) when she discovers their unethical behaviour . = = Principal characters = = Nathan Spring ( David Calder ) Nathan Spring is a 41 @-@ year @-@ old Chief Superintendent in the British police force who reluctantly accepts promotion to Commander of the International Space Police Force with the brief of turning them into a full @-@ time professional police force . Spring is a career policeman who has become disenchanted with the prevailing methods of policing which , he feels , are too dependent on computer logic and not on human instinct . His first job as a young detective was to arrest his own father , a computer salesman , for industrial espionage . Spring is a man who is driven but lonely , a man who doesn 't make friends easily and whose ability to do so is not easy on account of his choice of career and work environment . His constant companion is Box , a prototype handheld computer ( also voiced by Calder ) , bequeathed to him by his father . The conversations between Box and Spring provide insight into Spring 's emotional state and thought processes as Spring engages in " almost Jacobean @-@ style soliloquies " with the device . David Theroux ( Erick Ray Evans ) Spring 's second in command is Chief Superintendent David Theroux , an American . Theroux , an engineer , started out in the US space program but quit and joined the European space effort instead . When he is introduced in the opening episode , " An Instinct for Murder " , he is working as a traffic controller and part @-@ time Star Cop on the European space station Charles de Gaulle . Movie buff Theroux generally tries to maintain an air of wise @-@ cracking , cool detachment which breaks down only when he is forced in " This Case to be Opened in a Million Years " to face his morbid fear of radioactivity . Colin Devis ( Trevor Cooper ) When Spring 's girlfriend , Lee Jones , is killed in " Conversations with the Dead " , the task of investigating the murder is handed to Chief Inspector Colin Devis of the London Metropolitan Police , " one of the Department 's all @-@ time cretins " . Devis ' pursuit of the killer , an agent of the British Secret Service , costs him his job but Spring compensates him by hiring him , at the rank of Inspector , for the ISPF . Although Devis is not the sharpest investigator , his heart is in the right place and he is fiercely loyal to Spring . Overweight , sexist and bigoted , five times married Devis is the series ' main comedy element and frequently gets the best lines . Pal Kenzy ( Linda Newton ) Australian Pal Kenzy is briefly glimpsed in " An Instinct for Murder " and then introduced properly in " Intelligent Listening for Beginners " where she is fired by Spring for corruption . Determined not to go quietly , Spring is forced to reinstate her when she foils an attempted hijacking on the Earth @-@ Moon shuttle . She has a stormy relationship with Spring who mistrusts her but over the course of the series they develop a close bond . By the end of the series it is apparent that Spring has saved her from falling into a pit of corruption whereas she has restored his faith in humanity . Anna Shoun ( Sayo Inaba ) Rounding off the team is Dr Anna Shoun , a 29 @-@ year @-@ old general physician from Japan . Spring takes her on when she is fired for betraying her employers , the multinational Hanimed corporation , to the Star Cops in the episode " In Warm Blood " . The Shoun character has been criticised as a racial stereotype , a charge that has also been levelled at other aspects of the series such as depicting Italians as members of the Mafia , Arabs as Islamists and Americans as jingoistic warmongers . Alexander Krivenko ( Jonathan Adams ) Finally , introduced in Trivial Games and Paranoid Pursuits , is Russian Alexander Krivenko , the commander of the Moonbase where the ISPF have their headquarters . A winner of the Nobel Prize for Medicine , it is Krivenko 's research into bone damage that has contributed to enabling humanity to access space easily . Although the Star Cops are independent , Spring 's relationship with Krivenko is often deferential and he frequently seems to capitulate to Krivenko 's wishes . = = Production history = = = = = Origins = = = Chris Boucher began his television writing career in comedy , working on such programmes as Dave Allen at Large and Romany Jones , before moving on to write for drama series , including Shoestring , Juliet Bravo and Bergerac . He was no stranger to television science fiction , having written three serials for Doctor Who and having acted as script editor on the entire four season run of Blake 's 7 as well as writing nine episodes for it himself . Boucher originally pitched Star Cops to the BBC in 1981 as a radio series but , with James Follet 's epic Earthsearch serial in production that year , it was felt that science fiction was adequately served in the schedules and so Boucher tried to sell it to television instead . He sent the draft script of the first Star Cops story to Jonathan Powell , the Head of Drama at BBC television . Powell responded asking Boucher to write a second script and on the strength of this the series was commissioned . However , Powell insisted that the first story , which Boucher had intended to run over two episodes , be reworked into a single episode . This would be the first of many difficulties Boucher would have with how Star Cops was eventually realised for the screen . Boucher , who at this time was working as script editor on the crime series Bergerac , was also told by Powell he could work on Star Cops or on Bergerac but not on both and so chose to leave Bergerac . = = = Production = = = Assigned to produce Star Cops was Evgeny Gridneff , who had previously worked for the BBC on Tenko , Blott on the Landscape and Hold the Back Page . Gridneff and Boucher clashed over their respective visions for the series from the outset when , on their first meeting , Gridneff told Boucher that all his scripts would have to be rewritten . Boucher later remarked that their " relationship started out at the bottom and worked its way down " . Boucher had intended to write all ten scripts for the series himself but the tight timescale under which the episodes had to be recorded meant he could only contribute five , with the rest written by John Collee ( three scripts ) and Philip Martin ( two scripts ) . Having previously qualified and worked as a doctor , Collee was a journalist who wrote for The Observer newspaper and later moved into films , most notably writing the screenplay for Master and Commander : The Far Side of the World . Martin was an experienced scriptwriter , best known for the controversial BBC drama series Gangsters , with previous experience in television science fiction , having written for Doctor Who . Two directors were assigned to the show : Christopher Baker , who had worked with Gridneff before on Hold the Back Page as well as BBC veterinarian dramas All Creatures Great and Small and One by One , and Graeme Harper who had directed two Doctor Who stories . At the time , most British television drama was shot on a combination of film and videotape . Usually location shooting would be on film and studio work would be recorded on video . The effect of the change in medium from film to video ( or vice versa ) during a scene change in a programme could be jarring for some viewers . Boucher structured his scripts carefully so that all the Earth @-@ based scenes would be shot on film on location and all the space scenes would be recorded on video in the studio hoping that the effect would give the space scenes a unique look . He was disappointed , therefore , to discover that Gridneff had decided to record the entire series on videotape . Cast as Nathan Spring was David Calder , an experienced character actor with a reputation for " tough @-@ guy " roles and best known at the time for his role as Detective Inspector George Resnick in the Lynda La Plante television serial Widows . Naming him Nathan after his youngest son , Boucher had originally written Spring as a much younger character , a high @-@ flyer in his early thirties who had risen rapidly through the ranks of the police . Despite this Boucher was pleased with Calder 's performance describing Calder as " a class act " whose " performance was immaculate " . Trevor Cooper was cast as Colin Devis at the suggestion of Graeme Harper who had worked with him on Doctor Who and in theatre . The rest of the cast , with the exception of Jonathan Adams ( who had a semi @-@ regular role on Bergerac ) , were relatively unknown . Given that the series was set in the relatively near future , Gridneff took great pains to ensure that the space scenes were depicted as accurately as possible , seeking advice from NASA and other space agencies as well as arranging a set visit by astronaut Pete Conrad , the third man to set foot on the Moon . Conrad 's input proved useful in making the scenes set in weightlessness as convincing as the budget would allow . Assistance was also received from an aerospace manufacturer , the McDonnell Douglas Corporation , who provided stock footage of astronauts training in a water tank and received an on @-@ screen credit on the first episode " An Instinct for Murder " . Recording of the series began on 12 August 1986 with the first block of episodes — " An Instinct for Murder " , " Conversations with the Dead " and " Intelligent Listening for Beginners " — directed by Christopher Baker . This was followed by a block directed by Graeme Harper comprising " Trivial Games and Paranoid Pursuits " , " This Case to be Opened in a Million Years " and " In Warm Blood " . Christopher Baker then returned to the director 's chair for " A Double Life " and " Other People 's Secrets " . Both directors had differing visions for the overall look and feel of the series , with the initial block directed by Baker favouring a pristine , brightly lit approach . This contrasted with the look preferred by Graeme Harper who drastically reduced the light levels ( leaving many scenes illuminated only by computer monitor screens ) and whose designer , Malcolm Thornton , dressed the sets in a messier and dingier fashion . When Baker returned for his second block of episodes , he sought to return to the brighter , cleaner look which led to some continuity problems . Meanwhile , Evgeny Gridneff and Chris Boucher 's professional relationship continued to be stormy with Gridneff deciding to introduce a new Star Cop , Anna Shoun , without consulting Boucher . The cast and crew were well aware of the behind the scenes conflicts and David Calder later recalled that there was " uncertainty as to which direction this series should go in " . Chris Boucher has been frequently critical of the way in which the series was realised and has since stated that , in retrospect , he wishes he had volunteered to produce the series himself . In response to Boucher 's criticisms , Gridneff has said , " I respect him as a writer and he 's professional and , you know , it 's his series and if it didn 't quite go the way he thought , you know , that 's unfortunate when you 're dealing , you know , you 're losing your baby " . The final block was to be directed by Graeme Harper and would comprise the final two episodes " Death on the Moon " , written by Philip Martin , and " Information Received " , written by Chris Boucher . However industrial action at the BBC affected Star Cops and many other BBC programmes leaving a backlog of programmes once the strike had ended . Forced to prioritise and despite the fact that the episode had been cast , costumes made and sets constructed , the decision was taken to drop " Death on the Moon " and bring " Information Received " , now titled " Little Green Men and Other Martians " , forward . The three @-@ day recording block for this episode began on 16 February 1987 just two days after recording of episode 8 had finished . Recording was further complicated when Erick Ray Evans fell ill and his lines had to split amongst the rest of the cast at the last minute with most of Theroux 's dialogue going to Pal Kenzy . Production on Star Cops finally wrapped on 18 February 1987 . The theme song for the series , titled " It Won 't be Easy " , was written and performed by Justin Hayward , the lead vocalist with the Moody Blues . The theme was produced by record producer Tony Visconti who also composed , with Hayward , the incidental music for every episode . Gridneff hoped that the theme would act as a gentle method of enticing casual viewers into the series . Reaction to the music and Hayward 's song in particular , has generally been negative . SFX magazine , in particular , has been highly critical of the theme tune : in one issue it was placed twenty @-@ ninth in a list article titled " The 50 Worst Things About SF Ever ! " while in another it was placed sixth in a list article titled " The 10 Worst Things About UK Telefantasy " . Writer and critic Kim Newman has described the theme as the " worst single theme tune of any TV show ever " . Chris Boucher has said that he " hated the music . The incidental music wasn 't appropriate and it didn 't have the style and feeling it should have had " . = = = Transmission and viewer reaction = = = Star Cops was broadcast on Monday nights at around 8 : 30pm starting on 6 July 1987 on BBC2 . Competition was provided on BBC One by sitcom Terry and June and The Nine O 'Clock News . The fifth episode , " This Case to be Opened in a Million Years " , was broadcast at the later time of 9.55pm. The BBC listings magazine Radio Times promoted the series , giving it the front cover of the 4 – 10 July 1987 edition accompanied by a four @-@ page article by Johnny Black inside . Star Cops performed poorly in the ratings with an average audience across the series of only 2 @.@ 2 million viewers . Chris Boucher has blamed the poor ratings on the timeslot the show was given , stating : " There is nothing that has ever gone out on BBC 2 at half @-@ past eight until twenty @-@ past nine ; it 's a grotesque period . It doesn 't synch with anything on BBC 1 ; it just doesn 't work in relation to anything . You had to badly want to see Star Cops in order to watch it because you had to sacrifice at least two hours of viewing to see it . I can see why people didn 't want to have that problem . " . He has also commented that the poor timeslot and the decision to air the series in July and August ( a time when viewing figures are traditionally lower due to the summer ) reflected the fact that Star Cops didn 't have the confidence of the BBC management . This view is echoed by star David Calder who has described the timeslot as " an act of sabotage and absurdity " . Critical reaction to the show was generally negative : writing in The Times following the broadcast of " Conversations with the Dead " , Andrew Hislop wrote that " Star Cops has neither the campiness of Star Trek nor the imagination of Dr. Who to overcome its technological limitations " . Also in The Times , reviewing " Intelligent Listening for Beginners " , Martin Cropper found that " some of the individual plot @-@ lines show invention of a sort , but the script is uniformly feeble " . Meanwhile , in The Sunday Times , Patrick Stoddart was confused by the plot of " This Case to be Opened in a Million Years " asking readers " if you are following any of this , please write to me and explain " . Letter writers to the Radio Times were split on the merits of the show : some such as P. Tricker of Alpheton , Suffolk praising it for having " brilliant special effects , well @-@ written scripts and actors who were convincing " while others like Martin Bower of Allendale , Northumberland slated the " dated designs , poor music [ and ] cheap sets " and P. Curwen of Balloch , Dunbartonshire described it as " boring – too much talk and not enough action " . Science fiction fandom at the time was more positive with Anthony McKay in Time Screen describing the series as " one of the most refreshing telefantasy series for years " while the British Science Fiction Association gave the show their Media Award in 1987 . The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction stated " the low @-@ key realism of the show was efficient enough " but argued , in the end , that Star Cops " failed to imagine the future with any real vividness or depth " . The low ratings doomed the show to a single season and , although admired , it has never developed a significant following among science fiction aficionados . Boucher has stated that , in retrospect , he feels that the series was too outlandish for crime drama fans and not outlandish enough for science fiction fans and that ultimately it appealed to neither . = = = Proposals for a second season = = = When recording was completed , Gridneff asked Boucher if he had any ideas for a further season of Star Cops . Boucher felt that were the series to continue he would like to extend the setting further out into the Solar System , visiting the Mars colonies and the Big Ring space colonies under construction . He intended to achieve this either by transferring one of the existing regular characters to the Mars colony or by introducing a new regular who would be based there . The second season was never developed beyond these few basic notions as it was clear to Boucher from an early stage that there was little prospect of the series being renewed . Following Star Cops , Boucher went on to work as script editor on the long @-@ running ITV police drama The Bill before returning to freelance writing while Gridneff moved on to work on the BBC drama series The House of Eliott . = = Legacy = = The demise of Star Cops after just nine episodes has been seen as indicative of the decline of British television science fiction in the 1980s and , after Doctor Who followed Star Cops into cancellation in 1989 , there would be no British regular science fiction drama series on British television until Bugs began in 1995 . However , Star Cops has undergone something of a reappraisal – in science fiction circles at least – since it went off the air in 1987 . Reviewing the VHS releases for TV Zone in 1991 , Gary Russell stated that " Star Cops represents excellent science fiction " and recanted his original impression of the series upon broadcast that it was " Bergerac in spacesuits , complete with rather cruddy visual effects and boring performances " . A retrospective article penned by Keith Topping for Dreamwatch to mark the series ' 10th anniversary in 1997 described Star Cops as " a series that could ( and should ) have been one of the BBC 's most popular , influential and entertaining products of the era . On at least one of these points the series failed miserably , but , certainly when it came to entertainment , it succeeded magnificently " . In 1999 , when science fiction magazine SFX asked an expert panel from the SF field , including Terry Pratchett and Stephen Baxter , to compile a list of the top 50 SF shows of all time , Star Cops came thirteenth on the list , with SFX describing it as " the SF TV show SF writers love . It wasn 't perfect but it 's as close as TV will ever get to producing proper written SF " . Later , in 2005 , SFX went on to poll its readers for their list of the top 50 British telefantasy shows and Star Cops was voted into twenty @-@ seventh position on the list . The BBC themselves revisited Star Cops in a thirty @-@ minute retrospective documentary about the show , recorded as part of a series titled The Cult of ... , first broadcast on BBC Four on 28 November 2006 as part of that channel 's Science Fiction Britannia season . Reflecting on the show in the programme , the author and critic Kim Newman said that " the strength of Star Cops is the writing . I don 't think any of the episodes are realised as well on screen as they are on the page . [ ... ] If it had come back for another couple of seasons it might well have been the BBC 's best science fiction show " . The documentary concluded that Star Cops was an " overlooked gem " . = = Episode guide = = Star Cops comprised nine episodes and was first broadcast on Monday nights on BBC2 between 6 July 1987 and 31 August 1987 . A tenth episode " Death on the Moon " was planned but abandoned following industrial action at the BBC . = = Merchandising = = A very small amount of merchandising has been produced for Star Cops . To coincide with the broadcast of the series in 1987 , BBC Enterprises released Justin Hayward 's theme song " It Won 't Be Easy " as a 7 @-@ inch and 12 @-@ inch single . The 7 @-@ inch included the track " Outer Space " by Hayward and Tony Visconti , which was one of the incidental music tracks written for " An Instinct for Murder " , on the B @-@ side . The 12 @-@ inch had an extended version of " It Won 't Be Easy " on the A @-@ Side and the 7 @-@ inch version of " It Won 't Be Easy " and " Outer Space " on the B @-@ Side . " It Won 't Be Easy " was later released on compact disc as part of the compilation The Best of BBC TV 's Themes . The entire series was released by BBC Video in three volumes , each containing three episodes , on VHS video tape in 1991 . Some purchasers of the VHS tapes also received embroidered ISPF and Moonbase patches made by Stewart Aviation . Chris Boucher 's five Star Cops scripts have been semi @-@ professionally published in two volumes by Judith Proctor . The first volume An Instinct for Murder was adapted from the first Star Cops episode of the same name . The second volume Little Green Men and Other Stories included the four remaining Boucher scripts . There are some changes from the broadcast episodes – neither the characters of Alexander Krivenko nor Anna Shoun appear in these books . Krivenko is replaced by a Chinese character , Jiang Li Ho , as an attempt to update the Star Cops universe to reflect the ending of the Cold War in 1989 . Shoun is replaced by an Irish character , Dana Cogill – Boucher didn 't own the rights to use the Shoun character who had been created by John Collee . The complete series was released on DVD by Network Video in a single , three @-@ disc volume in 2004 . This release contained a number of extras including commentaries by Chris Boucher on " An Instinct for Murder " and " Little Green Men and Other Martians " and by Philip Martin on " This Case to be Opened in a Million Years " as well as a making of documentary , interviews with Chris Boucher , Philip Martin and Trevor Cooper and behind the scenes footage .
= Poker Face ( Lady Gaga song ) = " Poker Face " is a song by American singer Lady Gaga from her debut studio album , The Fame ( 2008 ) . Produced by RedOne , it was released as the album 's second single in late 2008 for some markets and in early 2009 for the rest of the world . " Poker Face " is an uptempo synthpop song in the key of G ♯ minor , following in the footsteps of her previous single " Just Dance " , but with a darker musical tone . The main idea behind the song is bisexuality and was a tribute by Gaga to her rock and roll boyfriends . Lyrically , the track is about a woman engaged in the practice of cockteasing . " Poker Face " was acclaimed by most critics , who praised the robotic hook and the chorus . The song attained worldwide success , topping the charts in twenty countries including the United States , United Kingdom , Australia , New Zealand , Canada and many European countries . " Poker Face " is the best @-@ selling single of 2009 worldwide , with over 9 @.@ 5 million in sales . It is among the best @-@ selling singles of all time , having sold over 14 million copies . The accompanying music video for the song portrays Gaga singing it in various costumes and playing strip poker in a getaway villa . Gaga performed the song for the eighth season of the television show American Idol as well as the Fame Ball and Monster Ball tours . The live performances included an electronic version and an acoustic version , which she played on the piano . It was nominated for both Song of the Year and Record of the Year at the 52nd Grammy Awards , and won the Award for Best Dance Recording . = = Background = = " Poker Face " was written by Gaga and RedOne , while production was handled also by RedOne . Gaga stated in an interview that " Poker Face " was written by her as a pop song and was a tribute to her " rock ' n ' roll boyfriends " . She also stated that the main idea behind the song was sex and gambling . In an interview with UK 's Daily Star , Gaga noted of the song , " It 's about a lot of different things . I gamble but I 've also dated a lot of guys who are really into sex and booze and gambling , so I wanted to write a record my boyfriends would like too . " In an interview with Rolling Stone magazine , when asked about the meaning of the line " bluffin ' with my muffin " , Gaga explained that it really was a metaphor for her vulva . " Obviously , it 's my pussy 's poker face ! I took that line from another song I wrote but never released , called ' Blueberry Kisses . ' It was about a girl singing to her boyfriend about how she wants him to go down on her , and I used the lyric . [ Gaga sings ] ' Blueberry kisses , the muffin man misses them kisses ' . " During her Fame Ball Tour performance at Palm Springs , California , on April 11 , 2009 , Gaga explained to the crowd the true meaning behind the term " Poker Face " used in the song . She suggested that the song dealt with her personal experience with bisexuality . The idea behind the song was to be with a man but fantasizing about a woman , hence the man in the song needs to read her " Poker Face " to understand what is going through her mind . = = Composition = = " Poker Face " is a synthpop song , and follows the footsteps of Gaga 's previous single " Just Dance " . Whereas " Just Dance " was predominately electropop , " Poker Face " carries a dark sound with clear vocals on the chorus and a pop hook while combining the synths from " Just Dance " and the more dance @-@ oriented beat of the next single " LoveGame " . According to Kerri Mason of Billboard , the composition " carr [ ies ] the pleather @-@ and @-@ sequins vibe of the downtown New York scene out of the underground and onto the FM dial without losing its smut and sass . " According to the sheet music published in Musicnotes.com by Sony / ATV Music Publishing , the song is set in the time signature of common time , with a fast tempo of 120 beats per minute . It is written in the key of G ♯ minor with Gaga 's vocal range spanning from the note G3 to the note C5 . It begins with a medium tempo followed by electronic chord arrangement and the " Mum @-@ mum @-@ mum @-@ mah " hook . The chords follow in this order : G ♯ m – E / G ♯ – F ♯ , and then for the chorus G ♯ m – E – B – F ♯ . This is followed by the sound of dance music , produced by a powerful beat from the instruments , and a stuttering hook following the chorus . Lyrically , " Poker Face " is all about sexual innuendo and teasing . According to Daily Star , the chorus repeats two alternating lyrics . After the hook " Can 't read my Poker Face " the backup singer says " He 's got me like nobody " and then in the next line says " She 's got me like nobody " . Gaga explained in an interview with them that the line carries a bit of an undertone of confusion about love and sex . However , the liner notes from the album booklet indicate both these lines only repeat " she 's got me like nobody " . According to BBC , the " Mum @-@ mum @-@ mum @-@ mah " hook used in the song references Boney M. ' s 1977 hit " Ma Baker " . = = Critical reception = = Upon release , " Poker Face " received critical acclaim . Priya Elan from The Times , in a review for The Fame , said that " Poker Face " was one of the finest moments of the album with its " love @-@ as @-@ card @-@ game cheek " . BBC Music reviewed the " strut @-@ tastic " single as " expressing her overwhelming desire for celebrity and fortune . " Bill Lamb of About.com said , " ' Poker Face ' works well on pop radio , but with slight mixing alterations it would be equally at home in a dark , sweaty , late night party atmosphere . She has refreshed the pop world in the US and UK at one of the slowest times of the year . ' Poker Face ' keeps the motors humming as everyone waits for the next step forward from Lady Gaga . " Chris Williams of Billboard also gave a positive review of the song saying , " Once again , hooks are aplenty , with ' 80s @-@ inspired synthesizers , robotic verses and a warm , sunny hook in the chorus , which is even more addictive than the previous single ( ' Just Dance ' ) ... With a focused artistic vision , a swagger in her interview style and above all , a fantastic collection of diverse pop nuggets , Gaga is playing her cards right — and " Poker " is another obvious ace . " Slant Magazine music reviewer Sal Cinquemani included " Poker Face " among the songs that work in The Fame , namely tracks like " Starstruck , " " Paper Gangsta " and " Summerboy " . Matthew Chisling from Allmusic called the song " infectious " and along with the title track " The Fame " , complimented them for " rejuvenating the vibe on the album for its second half . " Andy Downing from The Chicago Tribune called the song " jaunty " while reviewing Gaga 's Fame Ball tour . Evan Sawdey from PopMatters.com felt that " Poker Face " along with the track " Paparazzi " , duplicate much of the same " glitzy territory that previous single ' Just Dance ' had covered , but never once does it feel like Gaga is deliberately repeating herself . " Rolling Stone in a review for The Fame Ball Tour compared the live acoustic " bluesy " version of " Poker Face " with the music of singer Amy Winehouse . Erika Hobert from the New Times Broward @-@ Palm Beach newspaper called the song " trashtastic Europop . " The song was nominated for Grammy Awards in the categories for Song of The Year , Record of The Year , and Best Dance Recording , ultimately winning the last of these . Rolling Stone ranked it number ninety @-@ six on their list of 100 Best Songs of the 2000s decade . In October 2011 , NME placed it at number 103 on its list " 150 Best Tracks of the Past 15 Years " . = = Commercial performance = = In the United States , the song entered the Billboard Hot 100 at ninety @-@ two and reached number six on the issue dated March 7 , 2009 . The next week the song climbed another three places to reach a peak of three and stayed there for two additional weeks . On the Billboard issue dated April 11 , 2009 , the song topped the chart . " Poker Face " became Gaga 's second consecutive number one song on the Hot 100 , marking the first time a new artist has had their first two charting singles hit number one on the Hot 100 since Christina Aguilera did so with " Genie In a Bottle " and " What a Girl Wants " in 1999 – 2000 . The song stayed on the Hot 100 for 40 weeks . " Poker Face " also peaked on both the Hot Dance Airplay and Hot Dance Club Play charts . It became the first single since Madonna 's 2006 single " Sorry " , to top all the three dance charts in a single week including the Hot Dance Singles Sales chart . The song has been certified ten times platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) , and sold 7 @.@ 3 million paid digital downloads in the United States as of April 2016 , according to Nielsen SoundScan . Gaga is the first artist in digital history to top the six and seven million mark in paid downloads with two songs , the first being " Just Dance " . " Poker Face " is Gaga 's most digitally @-@ sold track in the United States . In Canada , the song debuted at number forty @-@ one on the Canadian Hot 100 . On the chart dated December 13 , 2008 , " Poker Face " ascended to the number one spot and then spent nine non @-@ consecutive weeks at the top . The song was certified eight times platinum by the Canadian Recording Industry Association ( CRIA ) for paid digital downloads of 320 @,@ 000 . " Poker Face " entered the Australian charts at number 26 , and in its seventh week peaked at number one . " Poker Face " has shipped over 420 @,@ 000 copies in Australia , earning six @-@ times Platinum certification by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) . It held the record for the longest @-@ charting song in ARIA Chart history of 106 weeks until this was broken in May 2015 by Vance Joy 's " Riptide " . In New Zealand , the song debuted on the official chart at number twenty @-@ one . In its sixth week , it peaked the chart spending ten consecutive weeks at number one . " Poker Face " was certified two times platinum after twenty @-@ seven weeks on the chart , selling over 30 @,@ 000 copies , according to the Recording Industry Association of New Zealand ( RIANZ ) . In the United Kingdom , " Poker Face " debuted at number thirty on the UK Singles Chart . After three weeks , it climbed to number one , thus giving Gaga her second consecutive British number one single . According to the Official Charts Company , the song has sold over 1 @.@ 12 million copies there . It was the biggest selling digital single in the United Kingdom , before being overtaken by " I Gotta Feeling " by The Black Eyed Peas in June 2010 . However , the song became the country 's biggest @-@ selling single of 2009 , and was awarded The Record of the Year . In Italy the song debuted at number nineteen and peaked at number two . The song has also reached the peak in a number of European countries including Austria , Belgium ( Flanders and Wallonia ) , Denmark , Finland , France , Germany , Ireland , Netherlands , Norway , Poland , Sweden and Switzerland . In Germany " Poker Face " became the most successful download single of all time and the first one to sell more than 500 @,@ 000 downloads . The song also peaked on the Billboard European Hot 100 Singles and was on the top for sixteen weeks making it the longest running single in the chart . Worldwide , the song had sold 9 @.@ 8 million copies by November 2009 according to IFPI . It has since gone on to sell over 13 @.@ 4 million copies as of September 2013 , making it one of the best @-@ selling singles of all time . = = Music video = = The music video for " Poker Face " , directed by Ray Kay and aided by Anthony Mandler , was filmed at the luxury villa on bwin PokerIsland. bwin also provided the poker equipment and obtained product placements in return . The video premiered on October 22 , 2008 . It is set by a pool , as well as in a mansion . It begins with Gaga emerging from the pool wearing a mirror masquerade mask and a black full @-@ body leotard , with two Great Danes beside her . She throws the mask aside and the song begins with a facial shot of Gaga singing it . Gaga wears a metallic sticker on her left cheek in this shot . Featured in the video are scenes of Gaga in a mansion and dancing poolside with her dancers in a turquoise leotard . Gaga attends a wild party where every man and woman tries their luck on a strip poker game . The party gets wilder when all the party 's guests strip down to their underwear , dance around , and share kisses with each other . The video also features several white mannequins on her swimming pool deck . During the musical interlude before the " I won 't tell you that I love you " hook , Gaga is shown in her trademark " Pop Music Will Never Be Low Brow " sunglasses while sitting beside the pool . The video ends with the head shot of Gaga singing the Mum @-@ mum @-@ mum @-@ ma hook . Gaga explained in the nineteenth episode of her " Transmission Gagavision " series , the main idea behind the music video of " Poker Face " . She said that " I knew I wanted it to be sexy , so I thought no pants , because that 's sexy , [ ... ] And I knew I wanted it to be futuristic , so I thought shoulder pads , because that 's my thing . " The music video premiered on MTV UK on February 17 , 2009 . In some versions of the song , the words " muffin " ( being a slang term for the woman 's vagina ) , " Russian Roulette " and " gun " are censored out ( bleeped ) . On June 21 , 2009 , the video won the Best International Artist Video at the 2009 MuchMusic Video Awards . The video received four nominations at the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards , in the categories of Video of the Year , Best New Artist , Best Female Video and Best Pop Video . Along with five other nominations for " Paparazzi " , Gaga was tied with Beyoncé for most nominations each for that year . In June 2010 , Gaga held a reverse auction for one of the necklaces worn in the music video , designed by Brian Lichtenberg . All the proceeds from the auction went to the Lupus Foundation of America . = = Live performances = = " Poker Face " has been performed by Gaga at a number of shows including the AOL Sessions , the Cherrytree House of Interscope Records , and also the MTV sessions . The song was performed by Gaga both in the original version and the acoustic piano version in her headlining The Fame Ball tour . She performed the piano version wearing a dress made of plastic transparent bubbles and playing the glass piano with her stilletoes with a glowing mannequin , like the music video , standing in front of the stage . Gaga claimed that the transparent bubble filled piano was specifically made to match her dress . The actual version was performed by Gaga as the final song of the encore , after " Boys , Boys , Boys " . She started the performance saying " Some say Lady Gaga is a lie , and they ’ re right : I am a lie , and every day I kill to make it true . " Gaga wore a nude corseted leotard embellished with crystals and an admiral 's hat during the performance . The hat as well as the fingerless gloves worn were decorated with the word Gaga on it . On April 1 , 2009 , both the acoustic and normal version of " Poker Face " was performed live on Fox 's American Idol . The performance started with Gaga sitting at a Plexiglass piano filled with bubbles and bathed in pink light . She started singing the second verse of " Poker Face " in a Bette Midler style accompanied by a violin player while wearing a shiny aluminum shoulder pad and platinum bleached blond wig . After the first chorus , the pace increased whence the original intro for the song started . Gaga got up from her seat and proceeded to perform the song in the middle of the stage . She wore a silvery leotard with a giant star on her shoulder and tassels . As the song progressed to the intermediate verse , the violist played a hoe @-@ down version of the music and Gaga danced around frantically over the stage . The performance ended with Gaga staring towards the audience while revealing an open zipper , patched over her left eye . The performance was described an " alien @-@ disco performance art . " Cortney Harding of Billboard wrote , " [ it was ] Gaga 's crowning TV moment ... show [ ing ] middle America that she was a bona fide pop star . " The acoustic version was performed by Gaga at BBC Live & In @-@ Session on April 19 , 2009 . In the same day , she had her first appearance on Italian TV , on the TV program Quelli che ... il Calcio . She also performed " Poker Face " in the United Kingdom on The Paul O 'Grady Show . First she played an acoustic version first before going on to the normal version , and a rock version on Friday Night with Jonathan Ross . On May 12 , 2009 , Gaga performed " Poker Face " on The Ellen DeGeneres Show while wearing a gyroscope on her head , designed by theatrical hat designer Nasir Mazhar and playing the piano while standing on the stool . Gaga referred to the gyroscope as her " Gaga barrier " . It prevented Ellen DeGeneres from greeting her because of the size of the gear . A remixed version of " Poker Face " and " LoveGame " was performed at the 2009 MuchMusic Video Awards , during the indoor @-@ outdoor streetside show . This performance , which included Gaga being trapped in a fake subway car surrounded by fake police officers , was billed as a tribute to New York City . Snippet of the song was performed by Gaga at the thirty @-@ fifth season of American comedy show Saturday Night Live , while wearing a giant contraption ( " The Orbit " ) of several metallic concentric rings that rotated around her . It was also performed on Gaga 's The Monster Ball Tour . The piano version was played by Gaga while balancing on the piano stool and holding one leg up in the air . Rapper Kid Cudi joined her then to perform his song " Make Her Say " which contains a sample of " Poker Face " . The actual version was performed at the last segment of the show . Gaga wore a dress made of guns and during the performance she pumped her hands in the air . It was also performed at the 52nd Grammy Awards , where she opened the show with the song while standing on a pedestal . In the middle , she was then flung into the garbage chute of the Fame Factory set , before emerging seated at a piano , facing Elton John . In May 2011 , Gaga performed the song during Radio 1 's Big Weekend in Carlisle , Cumbria . The song was included on the set list of her 2012 Born This Way Ball Tour in which she sports a modified version of her famous meat dress . At the end of the song Her dancers dump her down a giant meat grinder . = = Cover versions and adaptations = = Rock musician Chris Daughtry performed an acoustic version of the song while at a radio station in Germany . In 2009 , a single by rapper Kid Cudi featuring Kanye West and Common titled " Make Her Say " was released ; it contains a vocal sample of the acoustic version of " Poker Face " from The Cherrytree Sessions EP . The song was originally entitled " I Poke Her Face " but was changed to make it more acceptable for radio . It features Kanye West , who also produced the track , and Common , as well as scratches from DJ A @-@ Trak . Actor Christopher Walken performed a special a capella rendition of " Poker Face " on BBC1 's Friday Night with Jonathan Ross for Halloween 2009 . The song was also covered by British singer Mika during his visit to the BBC Radio 1 Live Lounge . It was later released as a track on his single " Rain " . The song was also featured in the South Park episode titled " Whale Whores " , sung by series character Eric Cartman . On March 16 , 2010 , South Park 's version of " Poker Face " became available as a downloadable song for the video game Rock Band , in the same day a Lady Gaga track pack featuring the original song was released . On a live special Family Guy episode , the song was performed by Alex Borstein who was parodying Marlee Matlin who interrupted the performance in a guest stint . Lea Michele and Idina Menzel , in character as Rachel Berry and Shelby Corcoran respectively , covered an acoustic version of " Poker Face " in the " Theatricality " episode of Glee . Their version debuted at position 100 on the Billboard Hot 100 , and moved up to a peak of 20 on the next week . It went on to become one of the show 's most popular recordings ; having sold 410 @,@ 000 U.S. downloads , it remains the tenth best @-@ selling song in the show 's history . " Weird Al " Yankovic included the chorus in his , ironically titled , polka medley " Polka Face " from his 2011 album Alpocalypse . During the end credits of the 2012 The Simpsons season @-@ finale episode " Lisa Goes Gaga " , Homer Simpson performed a parody version entitled " Homer Face " . = = Formats and track listings = = = = Credits and personnel = = Credits adapted from the liner notes of The Fame . Lady Gaga – lead vocals , backing vocals Gene Grimaldi – mastering Robert Orton – mixing RedOne – backing vocals , engineering , instrumentation , production , programming Dave Russell – engineering = = Charts = = = = Certifications and sales = = = = Release history = =
= 1988 Atlantic hurricane season = The 1988 Atlantic hurricane season was a moderately active season that proved costly and deadly , with 15 tropical cyclones directly affecting land . The season officially began on June 1 , 1988 , and lasted until November 30 , 1988 , although activity began on May 30 when a tropical depression developed in the Caribbean Sea . The June through November dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic basin . The first cyclone to attain tropical storm status was Alberto on August 8 , nearly a month later than usual . The final storm of the year , Tropical Storm Keith , became extratropical on November 24 . The season produced 19 tropical depressions of which 12 attained tropical storm status . One tropical storm was operationally classified as a tropical depression but was reclassified in post @-@ analysis . Five tropical cyclones reached hurricane status of which three became major hurricanes reaching Category 3 on the Saffir @-@ Simpson Hurricane Scale . The most notable cyclone of the season was Hurricane Gilbert , which at the time was the strongest Atlantic hurricane on record . The hurricane tracked through the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico and caused devastation in Mexico and many island nations , particularly Jamaica . Its passage caused US $ 5 billion in damage ( 1988 USD ; $ 10 billion 2016 USD ) and more than 300 deaths , mostly in Mexico . Hurricane Joan , striking Nicaragua as a Category 4 hurricane , caused about US $ 2 billion in damage ( 1988 USD ; $ 4 billion 2016 USD ) and more than 200 deaths . The hurricane crossed into the eastern Pacific Ocean and was reclassified as Tropical Storm Miriam . = = Season summary = = = = = Preseason forecasts = = = Forecasts of hurricane activity are issued before each hurricane season by noted hurricane experts such as Dr. William M. Gray and his associates at Colorado State University . A normal season as defined by NOAA has six to fourteen named storms of which four to eight reach hurricane strength and one to three become major hurricanes . The June 1988 forecast was that eleven storms would form and that seven would reach hurricane status . The forecast did not specify how many hurricanes would reach major hurricane status . = = = Season activity = = = The Atlantic hurricane season officially began on June 1 , but activity in 1988 began two days earlier with the formation of Tropical Depression One on May 30 . It was an above average season in which 19 tropical depressions formed . Twelve depressions attained tropical storm status , and five of these attained hurricane status . For the first time in 27 years three hurricanes reached major hurricane status . Four hurricanes and three tropical storms made landfall during the season and caused 550 deaths and $ 7 billion in damage ( 1988 USD ) . The last storm of the season , Tropical Storm Keith , dissipated on November 24 , only 6 days before the official end of the season on November 30 . The activity in the first two months of the season was limited because of strong wind shear from an upper tropospheric flow . Although vigorous tropical waves moved off the coast of Africa , most of them quickly diminished in intensity as they crossed the tropical Atlantic Ocean . As a result , no tropical depressions formed in June or July . Decreased wind shear in August allowed tropical waves to develop into tropical cyclones . The official storm track forecast errors were 30 to 40 percent lower than the average for the previous 10 years . The 24- , 48- , and 72 @-@ hour forecasts were the most accurate in more than 18 years and were also more accurate than in each subsequent season until 1996 . The season 's activity was reflected with a cumulative accumulated cyclone energy ( ACE ) rating of 103 , which is classified as " near normal " . ACE is , broadly speaking , a measure of the power of the hurricane multiplied by the length of time it existed , so storms that last a long time , as well as particularly strong hurricanes , have high ACEs . ACE is calculated for all named storms at 6 @-@ hourly intervials , when a system exceeds 34 knots ( 39 miles per hour ; 63 kilometres per hour ) . = = Storms = = Timeline of tropical activity in 1988 Atlantic hurricane season = = = Tropical Depression One = = = The first tropical depression of the season formed on May 30 in the northwest Caribbean Sea . The system encountered unfavorable conditions as it moved northward toward Cuba , and a reconnaissance airplane sent to investigate it could not find a well @-@ defined center . The depression remained weak and degenerated on June 2 into an open trough of low pressure in the Florida Straits . Rainfall from the depression and its precursor peaked at 40 @.@ 35 in ( 1025 mm ) , including a daily peak of 34 @.@ 13 in ( 867 mm ) . The rainfall most affected the province of Cienfuegos , though the provinces of Villa Clara , Sancti Spíritus , Ciego de Ávila , and Camagüey were also impacted . A tornado in the city of Camagüey destroyed five Soviet planes and multiple buildings . Flooding prompted officials to use rescue crews , helicopters , and amphibious vehicles to evacuate 65 @,@ 000 residents in low @-@ lying areas to higher grounds . The storm left many without power and communications , severely damaged the country 's transportation infrastructure , and destroyed six bridges . Flooding from the depression damaged 1 @,@ 000 houses and destroyed 200 homes in Camagüey Province alone . Throughout Cuba , the depression affected about 90 @,@ 000 people , injuring dozens and killing a total of 37 people , including three who died from electrocution . In Florida , the depression produced light rain , including 3 @.@ 18 in ( 81 mm ) at Pompano Beach . = = = Tropical Storm Alberto = = = The season 's first named storm originated on August 4 within a weak trough of low pressure that formed off the coast of South Carolina . The next day a low level circulation was detected by satellite , indicating that a tropical depression was forming . By August 6 the storm was designated the second tropical depression of the season . An approaching weak frontal trough pushed the depression northeastward and enhanced its upper level outflow . On August 7 the system was designated Tropical Storm Alberto while located just south of Nantucket , Massachusetts . The storm accelerated northeastward at 29 mph ( 47 km / h ) and struck western Nova Scotia that evening with little impact . On August 8 Alberto became extratropical over the cold waters of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence . Shortly thereafter it dissipated just north of Newfoundland . In Maine , Alberto produced light rainfall , reaching 2 @.@ 4 inches ( 60 mm ) near Millinocket . The storm produced peak wind gusts of 48 mph ( 78 km / h ) at Yarmouth , Nova Scotia . Rainfall reached 1 @.@ 78 inches ( 45 @.@ 1 mm ) in Saint John , New Brunswick , most of which fell in a short amount of time . The rainfall caused localized flooding , which briefly closed some streets . The extratropical remnants of Alberto also produced light rain and some clouds along western Newfoundland . = = = Tropical Storm Beryl = = = The third tropical depression of the season formed on August 7 from a surface low over southeastern Louisiana . The slow moving system organized as it drifted toward the mouth of the Mississippi River . It soon had enough convective organization for the National Hurricane Center ( NHC ) to issue an initial advisory on Tropical Depression Three . By August 8 surface winds increased enough to issue tropical storm warnings for Louisiana to the Florida Panhandle . Over the open Gulf , Beryl produced sustained winds of minimal tropical storm force and tropical storm force gusts over coastal Louisiana , Mississippi , and Alabama . Excessive rain fell along the central Gulf Coast , including local amounts of 16 in ( 410 mm ) at Dauphin Island , Alabama . Maintaining a well @-@ structured outflow , Beryl 's circulation on August 9 moved over warm water , where conditions were favorable for further intensification . However , a front approached from the northwest and reversed the storm 's course into southeastern Louisiana . The next morning Beryl had weakened to a tropical depression as it moved over the Bayou Teche . Heavy downpours from system 's remnants brought more than 12 in ( 300 mm ) of rain to parts of eastern Texas . Overall damage from the storm was light , and only one known death was attributed to the storm . = = = Tropical Depression Four = = = On August 12 a westward @-@ moving tropical wave developed into Tropical Depression Four near the southern Bahamas . The depression tracked north @-@ northwest along Florida 's coast and made landfall near Jacksonville , Florida , the next day . The system spawned gusty winds and thunderstorms along the coasts of Florida and Georgia but caused little damage . The storm moved over south Georgia and the central Gulf Coast while dropping up to 7 in ( 178 mm ) of rain on the Southeast . According to the National Weather Service , winds in some squalls to the north and east of the center reached up to 50 mph ( 80 km / h ) . The system finally dissipated as it reemerged over water near the mouth of the Mississippi . Early predictions from hurricane forecasters said that the depression would strengthen into the season 's third tropical storm . Because of unfavorable upper level conditions and interaction with Bahama islands , the system lost its well defined center as it moved towards Florida 's east coast . = = = Tropical Depression Five = = = A tropical wave in the far eastern Atlantic developed into the fifth tropical depression on August 20 . The storm drifted north @-@ northwest of the Cape Verde islands for the next three days with little change in strength . Forecasters were concerned because the depression formed in the breeding ground where other powerful East Coast hurricanes have started . Though the storm was still very weak , they initially predicted it would strengthen . By August 24 the depression 's forward speed had increased to 15 mph ( 24 km / h ) as its movement turned west . Cool ocean temperatures weakened the system and diminished its prospects for restrengthening , and on August 26 Tropical Depression Five degenerated into a tropical wave . The remnants redeveloped on August 30 about 180 miles ( 290 km ) southeast of North Carolina , and the Washington office of the National Weather Service continued to track the system as a gale center until it merged with a front off the East Coast on September 1 . = = = Tropical Depression Six = = = Tropical Depression Six developed from a tropical wave that moved off the northwest African coast on August 12 . The system crossed the tropical Atlantic as a wave until it began organizing near 55 ° W on August 19 . The next day this system was designated a tropical depression while it approached the Windward Islands . After crossing the islands , the depression continued westward into the central Caribbean and encountered less @-@ favorable conditions . Though poorly organized on August 21 , the depression was expected to strengthen into a tropical storm over the western Caribbean 's warmer waters . Nevertheless , it was downgraded to a tropical wave at 80 ° W near the island of Jamaica on August 23 . The disturbance moved over Central America with minimal convection but redeveloped into Hurricane Kristy once it reached the eastern Pacific . The system 's main effect on land was squally weather on the Windward Islands . = = = Tropical Storm Chris = = = Chris formed from a strong tropical wave that moved off the west coast of Africa on August 15 . By August 21 convection in the northern part of the wave detached and organized into Tropical Depression Seven . The storm tracked westward along the southern periphery of a subtropical high pressure ridge over the mid @-@ Atlantic . For the next seven days , surface and reconnaissance observations found little evidence that the storm was strengthening . As a result , it remained a tropical depression as it moved across portions of the Lesser and Greater Antilles as well as the Bahamas . The depression passed south of Puerto Rico on August 24 and dumped more than 14 in ( 360 mm ) of rain on parts of the island . Three deaths in Puerto Rico were attributed to the weather . On August 28 the storm was upgraded to Tropical Storm Chris as it traveled northward just offshore of Florida . It made landfall near Savannah , Georgia , bringing light wind and rain damage to the area . Weakening to a depression , Chris poured heavy rains on South Carolina , where it merged with a cold front and became extratropical . The low accelerated over the Eastern Seaboard through Nova Scotia and finally dissipated on August 30 . Heavy thunderstorms spawned a tornado in South Carolina that resulted in another death . = = = Hurricane Debby = = = Debby formed from the southern part of a tropical wave that became Tropical Storm Chris . In the mid @-@ tropical Atlantic , the northern area of convection detached and became Tropical Depression Seven . The southern portion continued moving westward as a disorganized area of showers . The system did not develop until the low @-@ level center emerged from the Yucatán into the Bay of Campeche on August 31 . It is estimated that the storm became Tropical Depression Eight just offshore at around 12 p.m. local time . Drifting west @-@ northwest over the Gulf of Mexico , the depression organized and reached tropical storm @-@ strength early on September 2 . Later that day , based on observations from aircraft reconnaissance , Debby was upgraded to a hurricane . At peak intensity , the hurricane 's center was just 30 mi ( 48 km ) from the coast . With little change in intensity , Debby made landfall near Tuxpan , Veracruz , six hours later . The storm brought high winds , inland flooding , and mudslides and caused 10 deaths . Debby weakened considerably over the Sierra Madre Oriental mountains , although the remnants continued moving across Mexico . The tight center tracked towards the Pacific coast and reemerged near Manzanillo on September 5 . Upon entering the Eastern Pacific , the system became Tropical Depression Seventeen @-@ E before dissipating in the Gulf of California on September 8 . = = = Tropical Storm Ernesto = = = On September 2 a cluster of thunderstorms associated with a northwestward @-@ moving tropical wave developed a surface low near Bermuda . Though the surface low remained poorly defined and separate from the convection , the system became a tropical depression on September 3 . Under the influence of southwesterlies , the depression accelerated northeastward at 50 mph ( 80 km / h ) . Late on September 3 it was upgraded to Tropical Storm Ernesto . The storm continued to strengthen as it lost tropical characteristics . A large extratropical storm over the North Atlantic absorbed Ernesto on September 5 . Throughout its life , Ernesto remained at sea and brought strong winds to the open waters of the ocean . The only land area affected by the storm was in the Azores , where it brought near storm @-@ force winds to Flores Island . No damage or casualties were reported . = = = Tropical Depression Ten = = = A broad low pressure area formed in the western Gulf of Mexico on September 2 and quickly developed through the next day . By September 3 convection was organized enough to declare the system a tropical depression about 160 mi ( 260 km ) west @-@ southwest of Morgan City , Louisiana . Forecasters issued tropical storm warnings for the coast from Cameron , Louisiana , to Apalachicola , Florida , while the storm moved rapidly northeastward at 15 to 20 mph ( 32 km / h ) . However , the depression degenerated a few hours later when it merged with the cold front that had caused its acceleration . Oil rigs in the Gulf of Mexico reported winds gusts to 40 mph ( 64 km / h ) , and moderate to heavy rains drenched large portions of southeast Texas and Louisiana . The wave dampened over the next 24 hours and brought heavy rain to the rest of the southeast , including a maximum of 8 @.@ 4 in ( 210 mm ) in Biloxi , Mississippi . No major damage was reported . = = = Unnamed Tropical Storm = = = A well @-@ organized disturbance moved off the African coast on September 6 and rapidly developed into Tropical Depression Eleven . The NHC began issuing advisories on September 8 while it was 350 mi ( 560 km ) northeast of Cape Verde . An after @-@ the @-@ fact review of satellite and ship reports indicated that the depression reached tropical storm @-@ strength on September 7 . However , because of its extreme eastern track , the storm 's observational track did not include this information . For three days a large trough of low pressure northwest of the system steered it north @-@ northwest towards cooler waters . Moderate to heavy rain was reported along the west coast of Africa , but no damage was reported . The system eventually weakened and merged with the low pressure trough . This unnamed storm was later added to the list of tropical storms in the annual summary for the Atlantic hurricane season . = = = Hurricane Florence = = = A cloud band accompanying a cold front exited the coast of Texas into the Gulf of Mexico on September 4 . The band split into two over the central Gulf when the southern portion stalled and the northern portion developed into a frontal wave that tracked northeastward . Convection over the southern portion increased and wrapped around the center of the cloud band . On September 7 the system formed a surface circulation , and tropical depression advisories began that day . The depression drifted eastward under the influence of the dissipating frontal trough and intensified into Tropical Storm Florence , as confirmed by Hurricane Hunters . The storm turned northward on September 9 and accelerated toward the northern Gulf Coast under the influence of a mid- to upper @-@ level trough . Florence became a hurricane just hours before landfall on the western Mississippi Delta . The storm rapidly weakened over southeastern Louisiana and lost all its deep convection as it passed over the New Orleans area . Florence became a depression on September 10 near Baton Rouge and dissipated the next day over northeast Texas . Early in its duration the system dropped moderate amounts of rainfall across the Yucatán Peninsula . Upon striking Louisiana , storm surge water levels rose moderately above normal just east of where the center moved ashore . Gusty winds caused power outages to more than 100 @,@ 000 people . In Alabama one man died while trying to secure his boat . Rainfall from the hurricane caused severe river flooding in portions of the Florida Panhandle in an area already severely affected by heavy rainfall , and the flooding damaged or destroyed dozens of houses in Santa Rosa County . = = = Hurricane Gilbert = = = The 12th tropical depression formed just east of the Lesser Antilles on September 8 . As it moved west @-@ northwest , it became Tropical Storm Gilbert over the islands on September 9 . The tropical storm turned west and rapidly intensified to a major hurricane on September 11 . Gilbert continued to strengthen as it brushed the southern coast of Hispaniola . It passed directly over Jamaica as a Category 3 hurricane and brought torrential rains to the island 's mountainous areas . When the center reemerged over water , Gilbert rapidly intensified again . On September 13 the central pressure dropped 72 millibars ( 2 @.@ 1 inHg ) , the fastest deepening of an Atlantic hurricane on record until 2005 's Hurricane Wilma . Gilbert 's pressure of 888 millibars ( 26 @.@ 2 inHg ) at the time was the lowest sea level pressure ever recorded in the Western Hemisphere . Gilbert weakened slightly before landfall on the Yucatán Peninsula , although it struck at Category 5 strength . As the eye moved over land , the storm rapidly lost strength , reemerging on September 15 in the Gulf of Mexico as a Category 2 hurricane . Hurricane Gilbert continued its northwest track and restrengthened to a minimal Category 4 hurricane . On September 16 , Gilbert made its final landfall in northeast Mexico near the town of La Pesca with maximum sustained winds of 125 mph ( 201 km / h ) . The center passed south of Monterrey , Mexico , on September 17 and brought heavy flooding to the city . Gilbert 's remnants turned north and eventually merged with a developing frontal low pressure system over Missouri . Hurricane Gilbert was the most intense hurricane ever observed in the Atlantic basin until Hurricane Wilma broke this record in 2005 . The storm caused $ 5 billion ( 1988 USD ) in damage across the Caribbean and into Central America . Gilbert was the first hurricane to make landfall in Jamaica since Hurricane Charlie in 1951 . Until 2007 's Hurricane Dean , it was also the most recent storm to make landfall as a Category 5 hurricane in Mexico . The death toll from Gilbert was reported to be 318 people , mostly from Mexico . = = = Hurricane Helene = = = A tropical wave with deeply organized convection crossed the coast of Africa on September 15 . The system was forced west due to a strong ridge in the eastern Atlantic . On September 19 at 1800 UTC , the system was upgraded to Tropical Depression Fourteen . By 0600 UTC on September 20 , the depression was strengthened , and was upgraded to Tropical Storm Helene . Helene began to turn to the northwest on September 21 due to a major trough in the eastern Atlantic . Later on September 21 , Helene intensified into a hurricane . Favorable conditions allowed the storm to continue strengthening , and on September 22 , Helene became a major hurricane . Late on the following day , Helene attained its peak intensity maximum sustained winds were at 145 mph ( 233 km / h ) and the minimum pressure of 938 mbar ( 27 @.@ 7 inHg ) . After reaching peak intensity , Helene weakened as it tracked generally northward through the open Atlantic . By early on September 29 , Helene briefly restrengthened into a Category 2 hurricane and reached a secondary peak of 105 mph ( 169 km / h ) . However , later that day , Helene weakened back to a Category 1 hurricane while accelerating to the northeast . At 1200 UTC on September 30 , Helene transitioned into an extratropical cyclone while centered well south of Iceland . The precursor tropical wave produced thunderstorms and gusty winds ranging between 23 and 34 mph ( 37 and 55 km / h ) in Cape Verde on September 17 . = = = Tropical Depression Fifteen = = = While Hurricane Helene was spinning in the central Atlantic , a tropical wave that moved off the coast of Africa in late September rapidly organized . On September 27 the storm became the fifteenth tropical depression of the season while it was about 265 mi ( 426 km ) south @-@ southeast of Cape Verde . The depression tracked westward at 15 to 20 mph ( 32 km / h ) but weakened rapidly . The next day it was downgraded to a tropical wave while still in the far eastern Atlantic , and never reformed in the Atlantic . Aside from a brief threat to the Cape Verde islands , the system remained far from any landmasses throughout its life . = = = Tropical Storm Isaac = = = Isaac moved off the coast of Africa on September 23 . It traveled westward at a low latitude along the Intertropical Convergence Zone ( or ITCZ ) , and its convection gradually grew more organized . On September 29 it was identified as Tropical Depression Sixteen about 900 mi ( 1 @,@ 400 km ) southeast of Barbados . The westward path of the storm shifted two degrees northward , possibly as a result of the formation of a new center . On September 30 the depression was upgraded when an Air Force reconnaissance plane discovered tropical storm @-@ force winds . Westerly vertical wind shear prevented deep convection at the center of the storm . As Isaac approached the islands , northern parts of the Lesser Antilles were issued tropical storm warnings . Nevertheless , the storm lasted only a short time in the shearing environment . Isaac was downgraded to a depression on October 1 and completely dissipated shortly thereafter . The remnants of Isaac eventually regenerated in the eastern Pacific Ocean basin as Tropical Depression Twenty @-@ E. As a tropical cyclone , Isaac did not significantly affect land . However , the remnants dropped heavy rainfall across Trinidad and Tobago , causing flooding and mudslides that injured 20 people and left at least 30 homeless . Flash flooding in Morvant killed two people . Across the country , the storm damaged roads and bridges . = = = Hurricane Joan = = = On October 10 the 17th tropical depression of the season organized from a disturbance in the ITCZ . For the next two days the system traveled northwest while it strengthened into Tropical Storm Joan . After passing through the southern Lesser Antilles , Joan traveled westward along the South American coast as a minimal tropical storm . It crossed the Guajira Peninsula on October 17 and quickly attained hurricane strength just 30 mi ( 48 km ) from the coast . Hurricane Joan strengthened into a major hurricane on October 19 while drifting westward . The hurricane executed a tight cyclonic loop in which it weakened greatly but rapidly strengthened upon resuming its westward track . Joan reached its peak intensity just before making landfall near Bluefields , Nicaragua , on October 22 as a Category 4 hurricane . Joan at the time was the southernmost Category 4 hurricane ever recorded , but this record has since been broken by Hurricane Ivan . Joan remained well organized as it crossed Nicaragua and emerged in the eastern Pacific Ocean basin as Tropical Storm Miriam . Miriam gradually weakened until dissipating on November 2 . Hurricane Joan killed 148 people in Nicaragua and 68 others in affected nations . The hurricane damage in Nicaragua amounted to half of the $ 2 billion ( 1988 USD ; $ 4 billion 2016 USD ) total . Joan also brought heavy rainfall and mudslides to countries along the extreme southern Caribbean . Its track along the northern coast of South America was very rare ; Joan was one of only a few Atlantic tropical cyclones to move in this way . Joan was also the first tropical cyclone to cross from the Atlantic basin since Hurricane Greta of 1978 . = = = Tropical Depression Eighteen = = = A westward @-@ moving tropical wave that left the coast of Africa in early October tracked closely behind Hurricane Joan through the southern Caribbean . In an unusual occurrence the disturbance developed into the 18th tropical depression about 500 mi ( 800 km ) behind the powerful hurricane . An Air Force reconnaissance check of tropical weather on October 19 spotted the depression near Colombia 's Guajira Peninsula . Hurricane Joan 's small size allowed the depression to remain out @-@ of @-@ reach as it developed . However , the outflow of the hurricane sheared the depression and sapped its energy . The system gradually dissipated on October 21 while Joan was experiencing rapid strengthening just before its arrival on the coast of Nicaragua . The depression brought heavy rain to the Netherlands Antilles . News reports blamed Tropical Depression Eighteen and other tropical systems for bringing swarms of pink locusts from Africa to Trinidad and other Caribbean nations . = = = Tropical Storm Keith = = = The last storm of the season formed from a tropical wave on November 17 to the south of Haiti . It moved westward through the Caribbean Sea and became organized enough to attain tropical storm status on November 20 . Keith rapidly organized and peaked with winds of 70 mph ( 110 km / h ) before making landfall on the northeastern portion of the Yucatán Peninsula on November 21 . An upper level trough forced it to the northeast , where upper @-@ level shear and cooler drier air weakened it to minimal storm strength in a pattern typical for November . Keith restrengthened over the southeastern Gulf of Mexico and struck near Sarasota , Florida , on November 23 . After crossing the state , it became extratropical on November 24 near Bermuda and became an intense extratropical system over the Atlantic with sustained winds of minimal hurricane force . Early in its duration Keith produced moderate to heavy rainfall in Honduras , Jamaica , and Cuba . Minimal damage was reported in Mexico , still recovering from the devastating effects of Hurricane Gilbert two months earlier . Keith , the last of four named tropical cyclones to hit the United States during the season , produced moderate rainfall , a rough storm surge , and gusty winds across central Florida . Overall damage was widespread but fairly minor , totaling about $ 7 @.@ 3 million ( 1988 USD , $ 12 @.@ 7 million 2007 USD ) . Damage near the coast occurred mainly from storm surge and beach erosion , while damage further inland was limited to flooding and downed trees and power lines . No fatalities were reported . = = Storm names = = The following names were used for named storms that formed in the north Atlantic in 1988 . The names not retired from this list were used again in the 1994 season . This is the same list used for the 1982 season . Storms were named Gilbert , Isaac , Joan , and Keith for the first time in 1988 . Florence and Helene were not used in 1982 but had been used in previous lists . Names that were not assigned are marked in gray . = = = Retirement = = = The World Meteorological Organization retired two names in the spring of 1989 : Gilbert and Joan . They were replaced by Gordon and Joyce in the 1994 season . = = Season impact = =
= The Fabian Strategy = " The Fabian Strategy " is the first episode of the fifth season of the American television comedy series 30 Rock , and the 81st overall episode of the series . It was directed by Beth McCarthy @-@ Miller , and written by series creator , executive producer and lead actress Tina Fey . The episode originally aired on the National Broadcasting Company ( NBC ) network in the United States on September 23 , 2010 . Guest stars in this episode include Mario Brassard , Matt Damon , Jan Owen , Paula Pell , and Jeffrey Schara . In the episode , Jack Donaghy ( Alec Baldwin ) interferes in Liz Lemon 's ( Fey ) relationship with Carol ( Damon ) as he is determined to help Liz have a relationship that lasts for once . At the same time , Jack struggles to compromise with his girlfriend Avery Jessup ( Elizabeth Banks ) as she redecorates his apartment . Meanwhile , Tracy Jordan ( Tracy Morgan ) has trouble coming to terms with Kenneth Parcell ( Jack McBrayer ) getting fired as an NBC page and Jenna Maroney ( Jane Krakowski ) becomes a producer of the fictional sketch comedy show The Girlie Show with Tracy Jordan ( TGS ) . This episode also continued a story arc involving Carol as a love interest for Liz , which began in the previous episode , the season finale of the show 's fourth season " I Do Do " . Before the airing , NBC moved the program to a new timeslot at 8 : 30 p.m. , moving it from its 9 : 30 p.m. slot . This episode of 30 Rock received generally positive reviews from television critics . According to Nielsen Media Research , it was watched by 5 @.@ 85 million households during its original broadcast , and received a 2 @.@ 6 rating / 8 share among viewers in the 18 – 49 demographic . = = Plot = = Liz Lemon ( Tina Fey ) , the head writer of the sketch show TGS with Tracy Jordan , goes back to work following the summer break and prepares for the show 's fifth season . At the 30 Rock building , where she works , Liz and TGS producer Pete Hornberger ( Scott Adsit ) meet their boss , Jack Donaghy ( Alec Baldwin ) to discuss cutting the show 's expenses . During the meeting , Pete reveals that star Jenna Maroney ( Jane Krakowski ) now has a producer credit because of changes in her contract that were not set to start until the fifth season of TGS ( nobody thought that the show would last that long ) . Jenna takes this role seriously and takes on the job of firing people . Eventually , on reviewing the budget , she realizes that her producer credit is costly — and unnecessary — and asks Pete to fire her . Later , Jack asks Liz about her relationship with her boyfriend Carol ( Matt Damon ) , an airline pilot . She tells him that during the summer break the two met twice a month in a hotel . Jack does not believe that the relationship is serious since Carol never stays at Liz 's apartment . He decides to force Carol to stay with Liz and reserves all the rooms of the hotel that Liz and Carol stay in when he is in New York . During his stay with Liz , Carol bursts into tears and asks her where their relationship is heading as he believes that she is resisting him , which she denies . The next day , Carol decides to leave New York early , but tells Liz that they need to work on their relationship . The two go their separate ways and agree to meet again on October 14 . During the summer break , Jack 's girlfriend CNBC host Avery Jessup ( Elizabeth Banks ) moved in with him . Avery decides to redecorate Jack 's apartment . He is not keen on the idea , but not wanting to say no or give into Avery 's demands , decides to employ the Fabian strategy — named after Fabius Maximus , a Roman general who employed a strategy of avoiding battles , instead wearing the enemy down by attrition . Jack is successful in avoiding redecorating the apartment ; he agrees to knock down a wall instead . At the end of the episode , however , he realizes that Avery has emulated the military genius of Hannibal , outmaneuvering his Fabian strategy , and he ecstatically realizes they are a perfect match , far beyond the level of mere soul @-@ mates . Elsewhere , Tracy Jordan ( Tracy Morgan ) is missing Kenneth Parcell ( Jack McBrayer ) , a former NBC page who was fired in the previous episode , " I Do Do " . When Tracy returns to work for the new season of TGS , he begins to hallucinate Kenneth everywhere he goes , mistaking the new page ( Jeffrey Schara ) and Liz for him . Later , Tracy roams the city and sees Kenneth , who is now working as a page at CBS . Tracy believes Kenneth is a hallucination . Later , the two run into each other again and Kenneth tries to talk to Tracy , but Tracy refuses to acknowledge him as he believes his mind is playing tricks on him . To prove he is real , Kenneth throws himself in front of a car , thus making Tracy believe him . He pleads with Kenneth to come back to NBC , but Kenneth says he is happy working at CBS . At the end of the credits , Kenneth admits to himself that he lied to Tracy and that he misses everyone at TGS . Kenneth then starts hallucinating Tracy . = = Production = = " The Fabian Strategy " was written by series creator , executive producer and lead actress Tina Fey , and directed by Beth McCarthy @-@ Miller , a long @-@ time television director who worked with Fey on the sketch comedy show Saturday Night Live . This was Fey 's twenty @-@ second writing credit , and McCarthy @-@ Miller 's thirteenth helmed episode . " The Fabian Strategy " originally aired on NBC in the United States on September 23 , 2010 , as the season premiere episode of the show 's fifth season and the 81st overall episode of the series . This episode of 30 Rock was filmed on August 30 , 2010 . In March 2010 , it was announced that actor Matt Damon would guest star on 30 Rock . He made his debut in the fourth season finale episode " I Do Do " as Carol , an airline pilot and love interest for Fey 's character , Liz Lemon , and reprised the role in " The Fabian Strategy " . In December 2009 , prior to the confirmation of his first guest appearance , Entertainment Weekly informed Damon that he was at the top of Fey 's guest star wish list for the show . A fan of the series , Damon replied " I would do [ 30 Rock ] in a heartbeat if they asked me to come on . She should call my people — or even better me . Or I could call her . Let 's make this happen . " A day after the airing of " I Do Do " he was asked if he would reprise his role as Carol in the upcoming season and responded " If they 'll have me , I would love to pop in and see the gang again . I had a great time doing it . " In August 2010 , Fey confirmed Damon 's return saying that he would play her boyfriend once the new season began . Jane Krakowski , who plays Jenna Maroney , revealed to Entertainment Weekly 's Michael Ausiello her character 's plot in which Jenna becomes a television producer as part of her contract as TGS begins its fifth season . " [ Jenna ] has all these wacky things built into her contract [ that kick in at this point ] , because nobody thought we 'd still be on the air . So I get to be a producer . " Series producer Paula Pell reprised her role as Paula Hornberger , the wife of Scott Adsit 's character Pete Hornberger . The episode references the ongoing storyline of Liz 's desire to become a mother when she tells Carol that she is on a waiting list to adopt a child . This story first began in the show 's first season , and continued in the third season . Two months after the airing of the fourth season finale episode , co @-@ showrunner and executive producer Robert Carlock was asked if Jack McBrayer 's character Kenneth Parcell would return in the upcoming season after he was fired as an NBC page in " I Do Do " . Carlock said " We haven 't cracked [ how ] he is getting [ his job ] back , but of course he will get back somehow . We wanted a fun thing to shuffle the deck a little bit and send him off into the world . Of course , he will miss it and he will be missed . Events will bring him back . " In " The Fabian Strategy " , Kenneth is now working at CBS as a page for the Late Show with David Letterman . The scene in which Kenneth throws himself in front of a car to prove to Tracy Jordan that he is real and not Tracy 's imagination was filmed on August 27 , 2010 , in front of the Ed Sullivan Theater . = = Cultural references = = At the start of the episode , Liz says while sleeping , " No , Tom Jones , no ! " before waking up . This is a reference to a future plot in the episode " Reaganing " in which Liz is having intimacy issues because of a traumatic incident from her childhood that involved a poster of singer Tom Jones . Throughout the episode , Jack refers to the Fabian strategy , a strategy named after Roman general Fabius Maximus , which avoids direct battle in favor of attrition warfare . Jack uses the strategy as he does not want to say no to Avery or give in to her demands . In addition , Jack hails Fabius Maximus as his role model . When Carol surprises Liz at the TGS writers ' room , staff writer J.D. Lutz ( John Lutz ) asks Carol if he is on Facebook , the latter being a social networking website . Later , Liz tells Jack not to interfere in her relationship with Carol , as she believes she has the perfect relationship with him . She reveals that she is modeling her life on that of chef Ina Garten of the Food Network show Barefoot Contessa . Jack responds by saying that Liz will never be like Garten , including the " barefoot " part , referring to the fact that Liz has never let anyone see her feet , which is a real life trait of Fey 's . Liz and Carol discover that one of the things they have in common is that they both love to watch The Muppets presenting award shows . Later , Liz reveals that she has a Life Alert Emergency Response necklace ; this necklace helps the elderly contact emergency services in case of an accident . Carol wonders why Geico — an auto insurance company — has multiple mascots , a reference to Geico 's advertising campaigns . Jack plans to seduce the gay interior designer that Avery hired and hopes to get the designer to agree with him to leave the apartment the way it is , explaining to Liz " Do you know what a prize I am in the gay community ? There 's a term for it . I 'm a bear . And I 'm a daddy . I 'm a daddy bear . " Before parting ways , Liz says to Carol " See you October 14 " , a reference to the live episode of 30 Rock entitled " Live Show " that aired on October 14 , 2010 . 30 Rock and Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip — both of which debuted on 2006 – 07 NBC lineup — revolved around the off @-@ camera happenings on a sketch comedy series . Evidence of the overlapping subject matter between the shows , as well as the conflict between them , arose when Aaron Sorkin , the creator of Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip , asked Lorne Michaels to allow him to observe Saturday Night Live for a week , a request Michaels , the creator of Saturday Night Live and executive producer of 30 Rock , denied . Despite this , Sorkin sent Fey flowers after NBC announced it would pick up both programs , and wished her luck with 30 Rock . Fey succeeded where Sorkin did not when Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip was canceled after one season and 30 Rock was renewed for a second . Though 30 Rock 's first season ratings proved lackluster and were lower than those of Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip , the latter was more expensive to produce . In the ending sequence of " The Fabian Strategy " , Kenneth watches the credits for TGS , which include Ricky Tahoe and Ronnie Oswald as writers , the two former head writers on Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip . = = Reception = = Before the airing of this episode , NBC unveiled its 2010 – 11 primetime schedule in May 2010 with the network moving the program from the 9 : 30 p.m. time to the 8 : 30 p.m. timeslot . According to the Nielsen Media Research , this episode of 30 Rock was watched by 5 @.@ 85 million households in its original American broadcast . It earned a 2 @.@ 6 rating / 8 share in the 18 – 49 demographic . This means that it was seen by 2 @.@ 6 percent of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds , and 8 percent of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds watching television at the time of the broadcast . A contributor from Variety reported that Community , an NBC show that airs at 8 : 00 p.m. , and 30 Rock " held up nicely " in their respective timeslots and that the two programs " were up over last year 's opening Thursday hour for NBC in premiere week . " The A.V. Club 's Nathan Rabin reported that past season premieres of 30 Rock had a solid track record as being the worst episodes of the season , nonetheless Rabin found " The Fabian Strategy " hilarious and breaking that barrier . He wrote that Matt Damon has been great on the show as Carol ; however , his only complaint was Carol 's character flaw as being too sensitive . Rabin , who has complained " extensively " about Jenna 's character in the past , said the character was in " fine form " in her role as a TGS producer . Rabin gave the episode an A- grade rating . Bob Sassone of TV Squad deemed this episode a " solid season @-@ opener " that featured " lots of great lines and plot development " . Meredith Blake , a contributor from the Los Angeles Times , was thrilled that the Jack and Avery relationship " not only lasted the summer , but is thriving " , and wrote that she was looking forward to the pregnancy storyline involving Avery . Blake noted that Damon 's character was " darn @-@ near perfect , by which I mean ' a male version of Liz . ' " Television columnist Alan Sepinwall for HitFix said that " The Fabian Strategy " did not " live up to the good old days " of past episodes , nonetheless reported that he " laughed enough " and was pleased with the direction the show took Liz and Carol 's relationship . Sepinwall did not like Tracy and Kenneth 's story , calling it a complete miss , but was appreciative of the other storylines , choosing Pete and Jenna 's as his favorite . Alessandra Stanley from The New York Times was positive about Damon 's role on the show , noting that he has been a " hoot " . Scott Eidler of The Cornell Daily Sun commented that the episode was a " nice start to the [ fifth ] season " of 30 Rock as it was " perhaps more plot @-@ driven than packed with the emotional and uproariously funny episodes that concluded last season . " Eidler commented that " The Fabian Strategy " never did " [ reach ] the utter hilariousness of last season , but I hope that wasn 't the climax ... and it can eventually return to its previous heights of hilarity " . TV Guide 's Bruce Fretts was complimentary towards Damon 's role as Tina Fey 's love interest , writing that Damon " showed a refreshingly silly side in keeping with 30 Rock 's anything @-@ goes spirit . " Matt Wilstein of The Huffington Post called the premiere " a very solid first episode " , enjoying Damon 's part on the show and the Kenneth story of him still being fired by NBC . Time contributor James Poniewozik reported that the Pete / Jenna and Tracy / Kenneth plots were a " hit @-@ and @-@ miss " , however noted it was good to see the show giving the Jack and Liz characters " ongoing direction , not just in their personal lives " . The Atlantic 's Caitlan Smith was skeptical about Liz and Carol 's relationship lasting , saying that Damon " who commands more than $ 20 million per movie , won 't stick around for long , leaving Liz Lemon Carol @-@ less and in for another round of the entertaining self @-@ loathing that we 've all been coming back for four seasons . "
= Vannevar Bush = Vannevar Bush ( / væˈniːvɑːr / van @-@ NEE @-@ var ; March 11 , 1890 – June 28 , 1974 ) was an American engineer , inventor and science administrator , who during World War II headed the U.S. Office of Scientific Research and Development ( OSRD ) , through which almost all wartime military R & D was carried out , including initiation and early administration of the Manhattan Project . He is also known in engineering for his work on analog computers , for founding Raytheon , and for the memex , a hypothetical adjustable microfilm viewer with a structure analogous to that of hypertext . In 1945 , Bush published the essay " As We May Think " in which he predicted that " wholly new forms of encyclopedias will appear , ready made with a mesh of associative trails running through them , ready to be dropped into the memex and there amplified " . The memex influenced generations of computer scientists , who drew inspiration from its vision of the future . He was chiefly responsible for the movement that led to the creation of the National Science Foundation . For his master 's thesis , Bush invented and patented a " profile tracer " , a mapping device for assisting surveyors . It was the first of a string of inventions . He joined the Department of Electrical Engineering at Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( MIT ) in 1919 , and founded the company now known as Raytheon in 1922 . Starting in 1927 , Bush constructed a differential analyzer , an analog computer with some digital components that could solve differential equations with as many as 18 independent variables . An offshoot of the work at MIT by Bush and others was the beginning of digital circuit design theory . Bush became vice president of MIT and dean of the MIT School of Engineering in 1932 , and president of the Carnegie Institution of Washington in 1938 . Bush was appointed to the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics ( NACA ) in 1938 , and soon became its chairman . As chairman of the National Defense Research Committee ( NDRC ) , and later director of OSRD , Bush coordinated the activities of some six thousand leading American scientists in the application of science to warfare . Bush was a well @-@ known policymaker and public intellectual during World War II , when he was in effect the first presidential science advisor . As head of NDRC and OSRD , he initiated the Manhattan Project , and ensured that it received top priority from the highest levels of government . In Science , The Endless Frontier , his 1945 report to the President of the United States , Bush called for an expansion of government support for science , and he pressed for the creation of the National Science Foundation . = = Early life and work = = Vannevar Bush was born in Everett , Massachusetts , on March 11 , 1890 , the third child and only son of Perry Bush , the local Universalist pastor , and his wife Emma Linwood née Paine . He had two older sisters , Edith and Reba . He was named after John Vannevar , an old friend of the family who had attended Tufts College with Perry . The family moved to Chelsea , Massachusetts , in 1892 , and Bush graduated from Chelsea High School in 1909 . He then attended Tufts , like his father before him . A popular student , he was vice president of his sophomore class , and president of his junior class . During his senior year , he managed the football team . He became a member of the Alpha Tau Omega fraternity , and dated Phoebe Clara Davis , who also came from Chelsea . Tufts allowed students to gain a master 's degree in four years simultaneously with a bachelor 's degree , so for his master 's thesis , Bush invented and patented a " profile tracer " . This was a device for assisting surveyors that looked like a lawn mower . It had two bicycle wheels , and a pen that plotted the terrain over which it traveled . It was the first of a string of inventions . On graduation in 1913 he received both bachelor of science and master of science degrees . After graduation , Bush worked at General Electric ( GE ) in Schenectady , New York , for $ 14 a week . As a " test man " , his job was to assess equipment to ensure that it was safe . He transferred to GE 's plant in Pittsfield , Massachusetts , to work on high voltage transformers , but after a fire broke out at the plant , Bush and the other test men were suspended . He returned to Tufts in October 1914 to teach mathematics , and spent the 1915 summer break working at the Brooklyn Navy Yard as an electrical inspector . He was awarded a $ 1 @,@ 500 scholarship to study at Clark University as a doctoral student of Arthur Gordon Webster , but Webster wanted Bush to study acoustics . Bush preferred to quit rather than study a subject that did not interest him , and he subsequently enrolled in the Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( MIT ) electrical engineering program . Spurred by the need for enough financial security to marry , he submitted his thesis , entitled Oscillating @-@ Current Circuits : An Extension of the Theory of Generalized Angular Velocities , with Applications to the Coupled Circuit and the Artificial Transmission Line , in April 1916 . His adviser , Arthur Edwin Kennelly , tried to demand more work from him , but Bush refused , and Kennelly was overruled by the department chairman ; Bush received his doctorate in engineering jointly from MIT and Harvard University . He married Phoebe in August 1916 . Their marriage produced two sons : Richard Davis Bush and John Hathaway Bush . Bush accepted a job with Tufts , where he became involved with the American Radio and Research Corporation ( AMRAD ) , which began broadcasting music from the campus on March 8 , 1916 . The station owner , Harold Power , hired him to run the company 's laboratory , at a salary greater than that which Bush drew from Tufts . In 1917 , following the United States ' entry into World War I , he went to work with the National Research Council . He attempted to develop a means of detecting submarines by measuring the disturbance in the Earth 's magnetic field . His device worked as designed , but only from a wooden ship ; attempts to get it to work on a metal ship such as a destroyer failed . Bush left Tufts in 1919 , although he remained employed by AMRAD , and joined the Department of Electrical Engineering at MIT , where he worked under Dugald C. Jackson . In 1922 , he collaborated with fellow MIT professor William H. Timbie on Principles of Electrical Engineering , an introductory textbook . AMRAD 's lucrative contracts from World War I had been cancelled , and Bush attempted to reverse the company 's fortunes by developing a thermostatic switch invented by Al Spencer , an AMRAD technician , on his own time . AMRAD 's management was not interested in the device , but had no objection to its sale . Bush found backing from Laurence K. Marshall and Richard S. Aldrich to create the Spencer Thermostat Company , which hired Bush as a consultant . The new company soon had revenues in excess of a million dollars . It merged with General Plate Company to form Metals & Controls Corporation in 1931 , and with Texas Instruments in 1959 . Texas Instruments sold it to Bain Capital in 2006 , and it became a separate company again as Sensata Technologies in 2010 . In 1924 , Bush and Marshall teamed up with physicist Charles G. Smith , who had invented a device called the S @-@ tube . This enabled radios , which had previously required two different types of batteries , to operate from mains power . Marshall raised $ 25 @,@ 000 to set up the American Appliance Company on July 7 , 1922 , to market the invention , with Bush and Smith among its five directors . The venture made Bush wealthy , and the company , now known as Raytheon , ultimately became a large electronics company and defense contractor . Starting in 1927 , Bush constructed a differential analyzer , an analog computer that could solve differential equations with as many as 18 independent variables . This invention arose from previous work performed by Herbert R. Stewart , one of Bush 's masters students , who at Bush 's suggestion created the integraph , a device for solving first @-@ order differential equations , in 1925 . Another student , Harold Hazen , proposed extending the device to handle second @-@ order differential equations . Bush immediately realized the potential of such an invention , for these were much more difficult to solve , but also quite common in physics . Under Bush 's supervision , Hazen was able to construct the differential analyzer , a table @-@ like array of shafts and pens that mechanically simulated and plotted the desired equation . Unlike earlier designs that were purely mechanical , the differential analyzer had both electrical and mechanical components . Among the engineers who made use of the differential analyzer was General Electric 's Edith Clarke , who used it to solve problems relating to electric power transmission . For developing the differential analyzer , Bush was awarded the Franklin Institute 's Louis E. Levy Medal in 1928 . An offshoot of the work at MIT was the beginning of digital circuit design theory by one of Bush 's graduate students , Claude Shannon . Working on the analytical engine , Shannon described the application of Boolean algebra to electronic circuits in his landmark master 's thesis , A Symbolic Analysis of Relay and Switching Circuits . In 1935 , Bush was approached by OP @-@ 20 @-@ G , which was searching for an electronic device to aid in codebreaking . Bush was paid a $ 10 @,@ 000 fee to design the Rapid Analytical Machine ( RAM ) . The project went over budget and was not delivered until 1938 , when it was found to be unreliable in service . Nonetheless , it was an important step toward creating such a device . The reform of the administration of MIT began in 1930 with the appointment of Karl T. Compton as president . Bush and Compton soon clashed over the issue of limiting the amount of outside consultancy by professors , a battle Bush quickly lost , but the two men soon built a solid professional relationship . Compton appointed Bush to the newly created post of vice president in 1932 . That year Bush also became the dean of the MIT School of Engineering . The two positions came with a salary of $ 12 @,@ 000 plus $ 6 @,@ 000 for expenses per annum . = = World War II = = = = = Carnegie Institution for Science = = = In May 1938 , Bush accepted a prestigious appointment as president of the Carnegie Institution of Washington ( CIW ) , which had been founded in Washington , D.C. Also known as the Carnegie Institution for Science , it had an endowment of $ 33 million , and annually spent $ 1 @.@ 5 million in research , most of which was carried out at its eight major laboratories . Bush became its president on January 1 , 1939 , with a salary of $ 25 @,@ 000 . He was now able to influence research policy in the United States at the highest level , and could informally advise the government on scientific matters . Bush soon discovered that the CIW had serious financial problems , and he had to ask the Carnegie Corporation for additional funding . Bush clashed over leadership of the institute with Cameron Forbes , CIW 's chairman of the board , and with his predecessor , John Merriam , who continued to offer unwanted advice . A major embarrassment to them all was Harry H. Laughlin , the head of the Eugenics Record Office , whose activities Merriam had attempted to curtail without success . Bush made it a priority to remove him , regarding him as a scientific fraud , and one of his first acts was to ask for a review of Laughlin 's work . In June 1938 , Bush asked Laughlin to retire , offering him an annuity , which Laughlin reluctantly accepted . The Eugenics Record Office was renamed the Genetics Record Office , its funding was drastically cut , and it was closed completely in 1944 . Senator Robert Reynolds attempted to get Laughlin reinstated , but Bush informed the trustees that an inquiry into Laughlin would " show him to be physically incapable of directing an office , and an investigation of his scientific standing would be equally conclusive . " Bush wanted the institute to concentrate on hard science . He gutted Carnegie 's archeology program , setting the field back many years in the United States . He saw little value in the humanities and social sciences , and slashed funding for Isis , a journal dedicated to the history of science and technology and its cultural influence . Bush later explained that " I have a great reservation about these studies where somebody goes out and interviews a bunch of people and reads a lot of stuff and writes a book and puts it on a shelf and nobody ever reads it . " = = = National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics = = = On August 23 , 1938 , Bush was appointed to the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics ( NACA ) , the predecessor of NASA . Its chairman Joseph Sweetman Ames became ill , and Bush , as vice chairman , soon had to act in his place . In December 1938 , NACA asked for $ 11 million to establish a new aeronautical research laboratory in Sunnyvale , California , to supplement the existing Langley Memorial Aeronautical Laboratory . The California location was chosen for its proximity to some of the largest aviation corporations . This decision was supported by the chief of the United States Army Air Corps , Major General Henry H. Arnold , and by the head of the navy 's Bureau of Aeronautics , Rear Admiral Arthur B. Cook , who between them were planning to spend $ 225 million on new aircraft in the year ahead . However , Congress was not convinced of its value , and Bush had to appear before the Senate Appropriations Committee on April 5 , 1939 . It was a frustrating experience for Bush , since he had never appeared before Congress before , and the senators were not swayed by his arguments . Further lobbying was required before funding for the new center , now known as the Ames Research Center , was finally approved . By this time , war had broken out in Europe , and the inferiority of American aircraft engines was apparent , in particular the Allison V @-@ 1710 which performed poorly at high altitudes and had to be removed from the P @-@ 51 Mustang in favor of the British Rolls @-@ Royce Merlin engine . The NACA asked for funding to build a third center in Ohio , which became the Glenn Research Center . Following Ames 's retirement in October 1939 , Bush became chairman of the NACA , with George J. Mead as his deputy . Bush remained a member of the NACA until November 1948 . = = = National Defense Research Committee = = = During World War I , Bush had become aware of poor cooperation between civilian scientists and the military . Concerned about the lack of coordination in scientific research and the requirements of defense mobilization , Bush proposed the creation of a general directive agency in the federal government , which he discussed with his colleagues . He had the secretary of NACA prepare a draft of the proposed National Defense Research Committee ( NDRC ) to be presented to Congress , but after the Germans invaded France in May 1940 , Bush decided speed was important and approached President Franklin D. Roosevelt directly . Through the President 's uncle , Frederic Delano , Bush managed to set up a meeting with Roosevelt on June 12 , 1940 , to which he brought a single sheet of paper describing the agency . Roosevelt approved the proposal in 15 minutes , writing " OK – FDR " on the sheet . With Bush as chairman , the NDRC was functioning even before the agency was officially established by order of the Council of National Defense on June 27 , 1940 . The organization operated financially on a hand @-@ to @-@ mouth basis with monetary support from the president 's emergency fund . Bush appointed four leading scientists to the NDRC : Karl T. Compton ( president of MIT ) , James B. Conant ( president of Harvard University ) , Frank B. Jewett ( president of the National Academy of Sciences and chairman of the Board of Directors of Bell Laboratories ) , and Richard C. Tolman ( dean of the graduate school at Caltech ) ; Rear Admiral Harold G. Bowen , Sr. and Brigadier General George V. Strong represented the military . The civilians already knew each other well , which allowed the organization to begin functioning straight away . The NDRC established itself in the administration building at the Carnegie Institution of Washington . Each member of the committee was assigned an area of responsibility , while Bush handled coordination . A small number of projects reported to him directly , such as the S @-@ 1 Uranium Committee . Compton 's deputy , Alfred Loomis , said that " of the men whose death in the summer of 1940 would have been the greatest calamity for America , the President is first , and Dr. Bush would be second or third . " Bush was fond of saying that " if he made any important contribution to the war effort at all , it would be to get the Army and Navy to tell each other what they were doing . " He established a cordial relationship with Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson , and Stimson 's assistant , Harvey H. Bundy , who found Bush " impatient " and " vain " , but said he was " one of the most important , able men I ever knew " . Bush 's relationship with the navy was more turbulent . Bowen , the director of the Naval Research Laboratory ( NRL ) , saw the NDRC as a bureaucratic rival , and recommended abolishing it . A series of bureaucratic battles ended with the NRL placed under the Bureau of Ships , and Secretary of the Navy Frank Knox placing an unsatisfactory fitness report in Bowen 's personnel file . After the war , Bowen would again try to create a rival to the NDRC inside the navy . On August 31 , 1940 , Bush met with Henry Tizard , and arranged a series of meetings between the NDRC and the Tizard Mission , a British scientific delegation . At a meeting On September 19 , 1940 , the Americans described Loomis and Compton 's microwave research . They had an experimental 10 cm wavelength short wave radar , but admitted that it did not have enough power and that they were at a dead end . Taffy Bowen and John Cockcroft of the Tizard Mission then produced a cavity magnetron , a device far in advance of anything the Americans had ever seen , with an amazing power output of around 10 KW at 10 cm , enough to spot the periscope of a surfaced submarine at night from an aircraft . To exploit the invention , Bush decided to create a special laboratory . The NDRC allocated the new laboratory a budget of $ 455 @,@ 000 for its first year . Loomis suggested that the lab should be run by the Carnegie Institution , but Bush convinced him that it would best be run by MIT . The Radiation Laboratory , as it came to be known , tested its airborne radar from an Army B @-@ 18 on March 27 , 1941 . By mid @-@ 1941 , it had developed SCR @-@ 584 radar , a mobile radar fire control system for antiaircraft guns . In September 1940 , Norbert Wiener approached Bush with a proposal to build a digital computer . Bush declined to provide NDRC funding for it on the grounds that he did not believe that it could be completed before the end of the war . The supporters of digital computers were disappointed at the decision , which they attributed to a preference for outmoded analog technology . In June 1943 , the Army provided $ 500 @,@ 000 to build the computer , which became ENIAC , the first general @-@ purpose electronic computer . Having delayed its funding , Bush 's prediction proved correct as ENIAC was not completed until December 1945 , after the war had ended . His critics saw his attitude as a failure of vision . = = = Office of Scientific Research and Development = = = On June 28 , 1941 , Roosevelt established the Office of Scientific Research and Development ( OSRD ) with the signing of Executive Order 8807 . Bush became director of the OSRD while Conant succeeded him as chairman of the NDRC , which was subsumed into the OSRD . The OSRD was on a firmer financial footing than the NDRC since it received funding from Congress , and had the resources and the authority to develop weapons and technologies with or without the military . Furthermore , the OSRD had a broader mandate than the NDRC , moving into additional areas such as medical research and the mass production of penicillin and sulfa drugs . The organization grew to 850 full @-@ time employees , and produced between 30 @,@ 000 and 35 @,@ 000 reports . The OSRD was involved in some 2 @,@ 500 contracts , worth in excess of $ 536 million . Bush 's method of management at the OSRD was to direct overall policy , while delegating supervision of divisions to qualified colleagues and letting them do their jobs without interference . He attempted to interpret the mandate of the OSRD as narrowly as possible to avoid overtaxing his office and to prevent duplicating the efforts of other agencies . Bush would often ask : " Will it help to win a war ; this war ? " Other challenges involved obtaining adequate funds from the president and Congress and determining apportionment of research among government , academic , and industrial facilities . His most difficult problems , and also greatest successes , were keeping the confidence of the military , which distrusted the ability of civilians to observe security regulations and devise practical solutions , and opposing conscription of young scientists into the armed forces . This became especially difficult as the army 's manpower crisis really began to bite in 1944 . In all , the OSRD requested deferments for some 9 @,@ 725 employees of OSRD contractors , of which all but 63 were granted . In his obituary , The New York Times described Bush as " a master craftsman at steering around obstacles , whether they were technical or political or bull @-@ headed generals and admirals . " = = = = Proximity fuze = = = = In August 1940 , the NDRC began work on a proximity fuze , a fuze inside an artillery shell that would explode when it came close to its target . A radar set , along with the batteries to power it , was miniaturized to fit inside a shell , and its glass vacuum tubes designed to withstand the 20 @,@ 000 g @-@ force of being fired from a gun and 500 rotations per second in flight . Unlike normal radar , the proximity fuze sent out a continuous signal rather than short pulses . The NDRC created a special Section T chaired by Merle Tuve of the CIW , with Commander William S. Parsons as special assistant to Bush and liaison between the NDRC and the Navy 's Bureau of Ordnance ( BuOrd ) . One of CIW staff members that Tuve recruited to Section T in 1940 was James Van Allen . In April 1942 , Bush placed Section T directly under the OSRD , and Parsons in charge . The research effort remained under Tuve but moved to the Johns Hopkins University 's Applied Physics Laboratory ( APL ) , where Parsons was BuOrd 's representative . In August 1942 , a live firing test was conducted with the newly commissioned cruiser USS Cleveland ; three pilotless drones were shot down in succession . To preserve the secret of the proximity fuze , its use was initially permitted only over water , where a dud round could not fall into enemy hands . In late 1943 , the Army obtained permission to use the weapon over land . The proximity fuze proved particularly effective against the V @-@ 1 flying bomb over England , and later Antwerp , in 1944 . A version was also developed for use with howitzers against ground targets . Bush met with the Joint Chiefs of Staff in October 1944 to press for its use , arguing that the Germans would be unable to copy and produce it before the war was over . Eventually , the Joint Chiefs agreed to allow its employment from December 25 . In response to the German Ardennes Offensive on December 16 , 1944 , the immediate use of the proximity fuze was authorized , and it went into action with deadly effect . By the end of 1944 , VT fuzes were coming off the production lines at the rate of 40 @,@ 000 per day . " If one looks at the proximity fuze program as a whole , " historian James Phinney Baxter III wrote , " the magnitude and complexity of the effort rank it among the three or four most extraordinary scientific achievements of the war . " The German V @-@ 1 flying bomb demonstrated a serious omission in OSRD 's portfolio : guided missiles . While the OSRD had some success developing unguided rockets , it had nothing comparable to the V @-@ 1 , the V @-@ 2 or the Henschel Hs 293 air @-@ to @-@ ship gliding guided bomb . Although the United States trailed the Germans and Japanese in several areas , this represented an entire field that had been left to the enemy . Bush did not seek the advice of Dr. Robert H. Goddard . Goddard would come to be regarded as America 's pioneer of rocketry , but many contemporaries regarded him as a crank . Before the war , Bush had gone on the record as saying , " I don 't understand how a serious scientist or engineer can play around with rockets " , but in May 1944 , he was forced to travel to London to warn General Dwight Eisenhower of the danger posed by the V @-@ 1 and V @-@ 2 . Bush could only recommend that the launch sites be bombed , which was done . = = = = Manhattan Project = = = = Bush played a critical role in persuading the United States government to undertake a crash program to create an atomic bomb . When the NDRC was formed , the Committee on Uranium was placed under it , reporting directly to Bush as the Uranium Committee . Bush reorganized the committee , strengthening its scientific component by adding Tuve , George B. Pegram , Jesse W. Beams , Ross Gunn and Harold Urey . When the OSRD was formed in June 1941 , the Uranium Committee was again placed directly under Bush . For security reasons , its name was soon changed to the S @-@ 1 Section . Bush met with Roosevelt and Vice President Henry A. Wallace on October 9 , 1941 , to discuss the project . He briefed Roosevelt on Tube Alloys , the British atomic bomb project and its Maud Committee , which had concluded that an atomic bomb was feasible , and on the German nuclear energy project , about which little was known . Roosevelt approved and expedited the atomic program . To control it , he created a Top Policy Group consisting of himself — although he never attended a meeting — Wallace , Bush , Conant , Stimson and the Chief of Staff of the Army , General George Marshall . On Bush 's advice , Roosevelt chose the army to run the project rather than the navy , although the navy had shown far more interest in the field , and was already conducting research into atomic energy for powering ships . Bush 's negative experiences with the Navy had convinced him that it would not listen to his advice , and could not handle large @-@ scale construction projects . In March 1942 , Bush sent a report to Roosevelt outlining work by Robert Oppenheimer on the nuclear cross section of uranium @-@ 235 . Oppenheimer 's calculations , which Bush had George Kistiakowsky check , estimated that the critical mass of a sphere of uranium @-@ 235 was in the range of 2 @.@ 5 to 5 kilograms , with a destructive power of around 2 @,@ 000 tons of TNT . Moreover , it appeared that plutonium might be even more fissile . After conferring with Brigadier General Lucius D. Clay about the construction requirements , Bush drew up a submission for $ 85 million in fiscal year 1943 for four pilot plants , which he forwarded to Roosevelt on June 17 , 1942 . With the Army on board , Bush moved to streamline oversight of the project by the OSRD , replacing the S @-@ 1 Section with a new S @-@ 1 Executive Committee . Bush soon became dissatisfied with the dilatory way the project was run , with its indecisiveness over the selection of sites for the pilot plants . He was particularly disturbed at the allocation of an AA @-@ 3 priority , which would delay completion of the pilot plants by three months . Bush complained about these problems to Bundy and Under Secretary of War Robert P. Patterson . Major General Brehon B. Somervell , the commander of the army 's Services of Supply , appointed Brigadier General Leslie R. Groves as project director in September . Within days of taking over , Groves approved the proposed site at Oak Ridge , Tennessee , and obtained a AAA priority . At a meeting in Stimson 's office on September 23 attended by Bundy , Bush , Conant , Groves , Marshall Somervell and Stimson , Bush put forward his proposal for steering the project by a small committee answerable to the Top Policy Group . The meeting agreed with Bush , and created a Military Policy Committee chaired by him , with Somervell 's chief of staff , Brigadier General Wilhelm D. Styer , representing the army , and Rear Admiral William R. Purnell representing the navy . At the meeting with Roosevelt on October 9 , 1941 , Bush advocated cooperating with the United Kingdom , and he began corresponding with his British counterpart , Sir John Anderson . But by October 1942 , Conant and Bush agreed that a joint project would pose security risks and be more complicated to manage . Roosevelt approved a Military Policy Committee recommendation stating that information given to the British should be limited to technologies that they were actively working on and should not extend to post @-@ war developments . In July 1943 , on a visit to London to learn about British progress on antisubmarine technology , Bush , Stimson and Bundy met with Anderson , Lord Cherwell and Winston Churchill at 10 Downing Street . At the meeting , Churchill forcefully pressed for a renewal of interchange , while Bush defended current policy . Only when he returned to Washington did he discover that Roosevelt had agreed with the British . The Quebec Agreement merged the two atomic bomb projects , creating the Combined Policy Committee with Stimson , Bush and Conant as United States representatives . Bush appeared on the cover of Time magazine on April 3 , 1944 . He toured the Western Front in October 1944 , and spoke to ordnance officers , but no senior commander would meet with him . He was able to meet with Samuel Goudsmit and other members of the Alsos Mission , who assured him that there was no danger from the German project ; he conveyed this assessment to Lieutenant General Bedell Smith . In May 1945 , Bush became part of the Interim Committee formed to advise the new president , Harry S. Truman , on nuclear weapons . It advised that the atomic bomb should be used against an industrial target in Japan as soon as possible and without warning . Bush was present at the Alamogordo Bombing and Gunnery Range on July 16 , 1945 , for the Trinity nuclear test , the first detonation of an atomic bomb . Afterwards , he took his hat off to Oppenheimer in tribute . In " As We May Think " , an essay published by the Atlantic Monthly in July 1945 , Bush wrote : " This has not been a scientist 's war ; it has been a war in which all have had a part . The scientists , burying their old professional competition in the demand of a common cause , have shared greatly and learned much . It has been exhilarating to work in effective partnership . " = = Post @-@ war years = = = = = Memex concept = = = Bush introduced the concept of the memex during the 1930s , which he imagined as a form of memory augmentation involving a microfilm @-@ based " device in which an individual stores all his books , records , and communications , and which is mechanized so that it may be consulted with exceeding speed and flexibility . It is an enlarged intimate supplement to his memory . " He wanted the memex to emulate the way the brain links data by association rather than by indexes and traditional , hierarchical storage paradigms , and be easily accessed as " a future device for individual use ... a sort of mechanized private file and library " in the shape of a desk . The memex was also intended as a tool to study the brain itself . After thinking about the potential of augmented memory for several years , Bush set out his thoughts at length in " As We May Think " , predicting that " wholly new forms of encyclopedias will appear , ready made with a mesh of associative trails running through them , ready to be dropped into the memex and there amplified " . A few months later , Life magazine published a condensed version of " As We May Think " , accompanied by several illustrations showing the possible appearance of a memex machine and its companion devices . Shortly after " As We May Think " was originally published , Douglas Engelbart read it , and with Bush 's visions in mind , commenced work that would later lead to the invention of the mouse . Ted Nelson , who coined the terms " hypertext " and " hypermedia " , was also greatly influenced by Bush 's essay . " As We May Think " has turned out to be a visionary and influential essay . In their introduction to a paper discussing information literacy as a discipline , Bill Johnston and Sheila Webber wrote in 2005 that Bush 's paper might be regarded as describing a microcosm of the information society , with the boundaries tightly drawn by the interests and experiences of a major scientist of the time , rather than the more open knowledge spaces of the 21st century . Bush provides a core vision of the importance of information to industrial / scientific society , using the image of an " information explosion " arising from the unprecedented demands on scientific production and technological application of World War II . He outlines a version of information science as a key discipline within the practice of scientific and technical knowledge domains . His view encompasses the problems of information overload and the need to devise efficient mechanisms to control and channel information for use . Bush was concerned that information overload might inhibit the research efforts of scientists . Looking to the future , he predicted a time when " there is a growing mountain of research . But there is increased evidence that we are being bogged down today as specialization extends . The investigator is staggered by the findings and conclusions of thousands of other workers . " = = = National Science Foundation = = = The OSRD continued to function actively until some time after the end of hostilities , but by 1946 – 47 it had been reduced to a minimal staff charged with finishing work remaining from the war period ; Bush was calling for its closure even before the war had ended . During the war , the OSRD had issued contracts as it had seen fit , with just eight organizations accounting for half of its spending . MIT was the largest to receive funds , with its obvious ties to Bush and his close associates . Efforts to obtain legislation exempting the OSRD from the usual government conflict of interest regulations failed , leaving Bush and other OSRD principals open to prosecution . Bush therefore pressed for OSRD to be wound up as soon as possible . With its dissolution , Bush and others had hoped that an equivalent peacetime government research and development agency would replace the OSRD . Bush felt that basic research was important to national survival for both military and commercial reasons , requiring continued government support for science and technology ; technical superiority could be a deterrent to future enemy aggression . In Science , The Endless Frontier , a July 1945 report to the president , Bush maintained that basic research was " the pacemaker of technological progress " . " New products and new processes do not appear full @-@ grown , " Bush wrote in the report . " They are founded on new principles and new conceptions , which in turn are painstakingly developed by research in the purest realms of science ! " In Bush 's view , the " purest realms " were the physical and medical sciences ; he did not propose funding the social sciences . In Science , The Endless Frontier , science historian Daniel Kevles later wrote , Bush " insisted upon the principle of Federal patronage for the advancement of knowledge in the United States , a departure that came to govern Federal science policy after World War II . " In July 1945 , the Kilgore bill was introduced in Congress , proposing the appointment and removal of a single science administrator by the president , with emphasis on applied research , and a patent clause favoring a government monopoly . In contrast , the competing Magnuson bill was similar to Bush 's proposal to vest control in a panel of top scientists and civilian administrators with the executive director appointed by them . The Magnuson bill emphasized basic research and protected private patent rights . A compromise Kilgore – Magnuson bill of February 1946 passed the Senate but expired in the House because Bush favored a competing bill that was a virtual duplicate of the original Magnuson bill . A Senate bill was introduced in February 1947 to create the National Science Foundation ( NSF ) to replace the OSRD . This bill favored most of the features advocated by Bush , including the controversial administration by an autonomous scientific board . The bill passed the Senate and the House , but was pocket vetoed by Truman on August 6 , on the grounds that the administrative officers were not properly responsible to either the president or Congress . The OSRD was abolished without a successor organization on December 31 , 1947 . Without a National Science Foundation , the military stepped in , with the Office of Naval Research ( ONR ) filling the gap . The war had accustomed many scientists to working without the budgetary constraints imposed by pre @-@ war universities . Bush helped create the Joint Research and Development Board ( JRDB ) of the Army and Navy , of which he was chairman . With passage of the National Security Act on July 26 , 1947 , the JRDB became the Research and Development Board ( RDB ) . Its role was to promote research through the military until a bill creating the National Science Foundation finally became law . By 1953 , the Department of Defense was spending $ 1 @.@ 6 billion a year on research ; physicists were spending 70 percent of their time on defense related research , and 98 percent of the money spent on physics came from either the Department of Defense or the Atomic Energy Commission ( AEC ) , which took over from the Manhattan Project on January 1 , 1947 . Legislation to create the National Science Foundation finally passed through Congress and was signed into law by Truman in 1950 . The authority that Bush had as chairman of the RDB was much different from the power and influence he enjoyed as director of OSRD and would have enjoyed in the agency he had hoped would be independent of the Executive branch and Congress . He was never happy with the position and resigned as chairman of the RDB after a year , but remained on the oversight committee . He continued to be skeptical about rockets and missiles , writing in his 1949 book , Modern Arms and Free Men , that intercontinental ballistic missiles would not be technically feasible " for a long time to come ... if ever " . = = = Later life = = = With Truman as president , men like John R. Steelman , who was appointed chairman of the President 's Scientific Research Board in October 1946 , came to prominence . Bush 's authority , both among scientists and politicians , suffered a rapid decline , though he remained a revered figure . In September 1949 , he was appointed to head a scientific panel that included Oppenheimer to review the evidence that the Soviet Union had tested its first atomic bomb . The panel concluded that it had , and this finding was relayed to Truman , who made the public announcement . Bush was outraged when a security hearing stripped Oppenheimer of his security clearance in 1954 ; he issued a strident attack on Oppenheimer 's accusers in the The New York Times . Alfred Friendly summed up the feeling of many scientists in declaring that Bush had become " the Grand Old Man of American science " . Bush continued to serve on the NACA through 1948 and expressed annoyance with aircraft companies for delaying development of a turbojet engine because of the huge expense of research and development as well as retooling from older piston engines . He was similarly disappointed with the automobile industry , which showed no interest in his proposals for more fuel @-@ efficient engines . General Motors told him that " even if it were a better engine , [ General Motors ] would not be interested in it . " Bush likewise deplored trends in advertising . " Madison Avenue believes , " he said , " that if you tell the public something absurd , but do it enough times , the public will ultimately register it in its stock of accepted verities . " From 1947 to 1962 , Bush was on the board of directors for American Telephone and Telegraph . He retired as president of the Carnegie Institution and returned to Massachusetts in 1955 , but remained a director of Metals and Controls Corporation from 1952 to 1959 , and of Merck & Co. from 1949 to 1962 . Bush became chairman of the board at Merck following the death of George W. Merck , serving until 1962 . He worked closely with the company 's president , Max Tishler , although Bush was concerned about Tishler 's reluctance to delegate responsibility . Bush distrusted the company 's sales organization , but supported Tishler 's research and development efforts . He was a trustee of Tufts College from 1943 to 1962 , of Johns Hopkins University from 1943 to 1955 , of the Carnegie Corporation of New York from 1939 to 1950 , the Carnegie Institution of Washington from 1958 to 1974 , and the George Putnam Fund of Boston from 1956 to 1972 , and was a regent of the Smithsonian Institution from 1943 to 1955 . Bush received the AIEE 's Edison Medal in 1943 , " for his contribution to the advancement of electrical engineering , particularly through the development of new applications of mathematics to engineering problems , and for his eminent service to the nation in guiding the war research program . " In 1945 , Bush was awarded the Public Welfare Medal from the National Academy of Sciences . In 1949 , he received the IRI Medal from the Industrial Research Institute in recognition of his contributions as a leader of research and development . President Truman awarded Bush the Medal of Merit with bronze oak leaf cluster in 1948 , President Lyndon Johnson awarded him the National Medal of Science in 1963 , and President Richard Nixon presented him with the Atomic Pioneers Award from the Atomic Energy Commission in February 1970 . Bush was also made a Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1948 , and an Officer of the French Legion of Honor in 1955 . After suffering a stroke , Bush died in Belmont , Massachusetts , at the age of 84 from pneumonia on June 28 , 1974 . He was survived by his sons Richard , a surgeon , and John , president of Millipore Corporation , and by six grandchildren and his sister Edith . Bush 's wife had died in 1969 . He was buried at South Dennis Cemetery in South Dennis , Massachusetts , after a private funeral service . At a public memorial subsequently held by MIT , Jerome Wiesner declared " No American has had greater influence in the growth of science and technology than Vannevar Bush " . In 1980 , the National Science Foundation created the Vannevar Bush Award to honor his contributions to public service . The Vannevar Bush papers are located in several places , with the majority of the collection held at the Library of Congress . Additional papers are held by the MIT Institute Archives and Special Collections , the Carnegie Institution , and the National Archives and Records Administration .
= You Are Not Alone = " You Are Not Alone " is the second single from Michael Jackson 's album HIStory . The R & B ballad 's composition has been attributed by R. Kelly in response to difficult times in his personal life . He then forwarded a bare demo tape to Jackson , who liked the song and decided to produce it with Kelly . Jackson 's interest in the song was also linked to recent events in his personal life . The song was later covered by Kelly himself as a hidden track on his tenth solo studio album Love Letter . The vast majority of critical reaction to " You Are Not Alone " was positive , although it did not attain unanimous praise . The song was the recipient of Grammy and American Music Award nominations . The corresponding music video , which featured Jackson and his then @-@ wife Lisa Marie Presley was also notable for its scenes of semi @-@ nudity . Commercially , the song was a significant success . It holds a Guinness World Record as the first song in the 37 @-@ year history of the Billboard Hot 100 to debut at number one ; it was later certified platinum by the RIAA . The song peaked highly in all major markets . " You Are Not Alone " was Michael Jackson 's 13th and last number one hit song in the United States during his lifetime . A clip of the song was remixed and released in 2011 , as a song with " I Just Can 't Stop Loving You " , on the Immortal album . = = Production and music = = " You Are Not Alone " is a R & B ballad about love and isolation . The song was written by R. Kelly and produced by Kelly and Jackson . Kelly wrote the song after the loss of close people in his life . Kelly was delighted to be able to work with his idol , explaining " I was psyched ... I feel I could have done his whole album . Not being selfish . I was just that geeked about it . It was an experience out of this world ... It 's amazing to know that five years ago I was writing songs in a basement in the ghetto and now I 'm writing for Michael Jackson ... I 'd be a fool not to say it 's a dream come true . " Jackson contacted Kelly to see if he had any material available . Kelly forwarded a tape recording of the song and Jackson then agreed to work with Kelly on the piece . On the tape sent to Jackson , Kelly sung " You Are Not Alone " mimicking Jackson 's vocal style , explaining , " I think I am him . I become him . I want him to feel that as well . " Jackson found the interpretation amusing . They spent the last week of November 1994 together in the studio working on the track . Jackson explained that he instantly liked the song , but listened to it twice before making his final decision . Although the song was written by Kelly , Jackson was adamant that the production should be a collaborative effort amongst the two musicians . The tape sent to him had no harmony or modulations , so Jackson added a choir in the final portion and added a sense of climax and structure to the final piece . The song has a tempo of 60 beats per minute , making it one of Jackson 's slowest songs . In 2007 , a Belgian court ruled that R. Kelly had plagiarized the 1993 song " If We Can Start All Over " when composing " You Are Not Alone " . The court transferred rights of Jackson 's hit to the twin composer brothers , Eddy and Danny Van Passel . The judgment is only recognized in Belgium and airplay of the hit has been banned in that nation . = = Critical reaction = = 'You Are Not Alone ' received positive views from music critics . James Hunter of Rolling Stone noted that , " the excellent current single ' Scream ' or the first @-@ rate R & B ballad ' You Are Not Alone ' – manage to link the incidents of Jackson 's infamous recent past to universal concepts like injustice or isolation . When he bases his music in the bluntness of hip @-@ hop , Jackson sketches funky scenarios denouncing greed , blanket unreliability and false accusation " . Jon Pareles of The New York Times said that it was the only conventional love song on the new material on HIStory . He compared it to Mariah Carey 's song " Hero " and said it " sounds like a surefire hit " . In more recent years , Stephen Thomas Erlewine of Allmusic expressed the opinion that " You Are Not Alone " was amongst some the best songs Jackson ever released , calling the song seductive . The R & B critic and journalist Nelson George described the song as lovely and supple . Writer and journalist J. Randy Taraborrelli wrote of the song in 2004 , " [ it ] remains among Michael 's best songs ... On listening to ' You Are Not Alone ' , one wonders how many times Michael tried to tell himself , during his most desperate and anguished times , that he did have support in his life , from a higher power , or even friends and family , whether he actually believed it or not " . Fred Shuster of the Daily News of Los Angeles described it as the best song on the album . Conversely , while Steve Holsey of Michigan Chronicle gave the album a positive review , he described the song as the worst on the album , calling the Kelly penned lyrics " trite " and below the standard set by Jackson 's own lyrical skills . " You Are Not Alone " received an American Music Award nomination and a Grammy nomination both for " Best Pop Vocal Performance " . = = Chart performance = = Commercially , " You Are Not Alone " remains one of Jackson 's best selling singles and it is also his 13th number one hit . It holds the Guinness World Record for the first song ever to debut at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart . First week sales were 120 @,@ 000 copies ; it was certified platinum by the RIAA and sold one million copies domestically . It broke the record set by his previous single " Scream / Childhood , " which was the first song in the 37 @-@ year history of Billboard to debut at number five — where it peaked . It peaked at number one in the UK after a debut at number three in the prior week . The song also reached number one in Wallonia , France , New Zealand , Spain and Switzerland . In Canada it peaked at number 2 . With the exception of Italy , it became a top ten hit in every major market . = = Music video = = The music video was directed by Wayne Isham on July 12 , 1995 and begins with a large number of paparazzi taking photographs of Jackson . The plot then centers around two locations : a temple where Jackson appears in an affectionate semi @-@ nude scene with his then @-@ wife Lisa Marie Presley and a theater where Jackson performs the song to an empty hall . Jackson also appears alone in other locations such as deserts and along tide pools . The slightly extended version that appeared on HIStory on Film , Volume II was notable for a scene where special effects were used to give Jackson white , feathery , almost angelic wings . The other version of the video is included on Number Ones and Michael Jackson 's Vision . The temple scenes were a homage to Maxfield Parrish 's 1922 painting " Daybreak " . The theater scenes was filmed at the Pantages Theatre , in Los Angeles . = = Live performances = = Michael first performed " You Are Not Alone " at the 1995 Soul Train Music Awards , then at the 1995 MTV Video Music Awards . At the latter awards ceremony , the song was performed without the second verse . Jackson then performed the song at the Royal Brunei concert in 1996 where it was performed as a complete song . Jackson also performed it during the HIStory World Tour as a complete song , during which one lucky girl was allowed to dance with him on stage , similar to the Soul Train Music Awards performance . Michael 's next performance of " You Are Not Alone " , which also turned out to be the song 's last performance by Jackson himself occurred in 1999 during the two MJ & Friends concerts in Seoul and Munich , the former performance being ten years to the day of his death . The song was performed without the second verse , similar to the " 1995 MTV Awards " performance . The song was also due to be performed at the This Is It concert series , however the shows were cancelled due to his untimely death . Diana Ross recorded a version of this song on her international @-@ only released album , " Voice of Love " produced by Nick Martinelli . Diana would also close her successful 2010 @-@ 12 " More Today Than Yesterday : The Greatest Hits Tour with this song as a tribute to Jackson . = = Charts = = = = Track listing = = = = The X Factor UK 2009 finalists version = = The final twelve acts from the sixth series of TV talent show The X Factor in the United Kingdom released a cover version of the song on November 15 , 2009 in aid of Great Ormond Street Hospital . The finalists premiered the song live on the November 15 edition of the programme ; the single was available for digital download that day and a physical release followed the day after . The release of the song follows a similar occurrence a year earlier , when the final twelve acts from the fifth series released a cover version of Mariah Carey 's " Hero " in aid of Help for Heroes and raised over £ 1 million . It has been confirmed to have sold over 400 @,@ 000 copies , therefore achieving a Gold single certification . = = = Music video = = = The video is very similar to the video of the cover version of the charity single of the year before . It shows various contestants performing their part in front of a plain black background , then shows the 12 finalists together performing the song in front of a screen of photos . Photos and video footage of the finalists at the Great Ormond Street Hospital are shown throughout the video . = = = Charts = = = = = = End @-@ of @-@ year charts = = = = = R. Kelly version = = R. Kelly recorded his own version of the song and put it on his critically acclaimed 2010 album Love Letter , he recorded it as a tribute to Jackson following his death . The songs was a hidden bonus song on the album , shown as the final song on the album 's track list . The song starts with Kelly paying tribute to Jackson , saying " In loving memories of my hero ... MJ " . = = = Reception = = = The song has received positive reviews from critics and fans alike . = = = Track listing = = = Digital single from Love Letter
= Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency = The Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency ( MIGA ) is an international financial institution which offers political risk insurance and credit enhancement guarantees . Such guarantees help investors protect foreign direct investments against political and non @-@ commercial risks in developing countries . MIGA is a member of the World Bank Group and is headquartered in Washington , D.C. , United States . It was established in 1988 as an investment insurance facility to encourage confident investment in developing countries . MIGA 's stated mission is " to promote foreign direct investment into developing countries to support economic growth , reduce poverty , and improve people 's lives " . It targets projects that endeavor to create new jobs , develop infrastructure , generate new tax revenues , and take advantage of natural resources through sustainable policies and programs . MIGA is owned and governed by its member states , but has its own executive leadership and staff which carry out its daily operations . Its shareholders are member governments which provide paid @-@ in capital and have the right to vote on its matters . It insures long @-@ term debt and equity investments as well as other assets and contracts with long @-@ term periods . The agency is assessed by the World Bank 's Independent Evaluation Group each year . = = History = = In September 1985 , the Board of Governors of the World Bank endorsed the Convention establishing the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency . MIGA was established and became operational on April 12 , 1988 under the leadership of then @-@ Executive Vice President Yoshio Terasawa , becoming the fifth member institution of the World Bank Group . MIGA initially had $ 1 billion ( $ 1 @.@ 94 billion in 2012 dollars ) in capital and 29 member states . All members of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development ( IBRD ) were eligible to become members of the agency . MIGA was established as an effort to complement existing sources of non @-@ commercial risk insurance for investments in developing countries , and thereby improve investor confidence . The agency 's mandate to be apolitical has been said to be an advantage over private and national risk insurance markets . By serving as a multilateral guarantor , the agency reduces the likelihood of confrontations among the investor 's country and the host country . MIGA 's inaugural investment guarantees were issued in 1990 to cover $ 1 @.@ 04 billion ( $ 1 @.@ 83 billion in 2012 dollars ) worth of foreign direct investment ( FDI ) comprising four individual projects . The agency also issued its first reinsurance contracts signed in collaboration with Export Development Canada and the United States ' Overseas Private Investment Corporation ( OPIC ) . That same year , MIGA held a conference in Ghana to promote investment . The agency joined the Berne Union , an international community of export credit and investment insurance providers in 1994 . In 1997 , MIGA issued the inaugural contract under its Cooperative Underwriting Program to support an energy project in Indonesia . In collaboration with the European Union Investment Trust Fund for Bosnia and Herzegovina , the agency set up a fund for investment guarantees amounting to $ 12 million ( $ 17 million in 2012 dollars ) . The agency also established the West Bank and Gaza Investment Guarantee Trust Fund with a capacity of $ 20 million ( $ 29 million in 2012 dollars ) . In 1998 the Council of Governors of MIGA adopted a resolution establishing a general capital increase of $ 850 million ( $ 1 @.@ 2 billion in 2012 dollars ) , and transferring a grant of $ 150 million ( $ 212 million in 2012 dollars ) from the IBRD . MIGA exceeded $ 1 billion ( $ 1 @.@ 4 billion in 2012 dollars ) in investment guarantees within a single year for the first time in 1999 . The agency also approved an Environmental Assessment and Disclosure Policy and began attempting to implement such standards for new projects . In 2000 MIGA paid its first insurance claim since the agency 's founding . In 2001 MIGA 's issuance of new investment guarantees grew to $ 2 billion . The agency launched its Small Investment Program in 2005 in an effort to promote investment among small and medium enterprises . That same year , MIGA set up its Afghanistan Investment Guarantee Facility in an effort to promote FDI into Afghanistan . In 2007 MIGA issued investment guarantees for a Djibouti port , marking its first support in the form of Islamic finance . The agency also launched PRI @-@ Center.com as a portal for information on political risk management and investment insurance , which also contains its FDI information services . In 2009 , the Board of Directors enacted changes to MIGA 's operating procedures and authorized coverage for default of sovereign financial obligations . The agency also launched an annual publication titled World Investment and Political Risk which reports on trends in worldwide investment and corporate perceptions of prospects and risk , as well as shifts in the political risk insurance industry . Although once dominated by large public and multilateral underwriters , private insurance firms accounted for approximately half of the political risk insurance market in 2007 . As a result , MIGA has paid closer attention to exceptionally risky countries that have little appeal to foreign investors , and has insured projects among nations in the global south . MIGA conducted a survey in 2010 which showed that political risk is the most important deterrent of long @-@ term foreign direct investment in developing countries , even more than economic uncertainty and poor public infrastructure . MIGA 's Council of Governors amended the agency 's convention in 2010 in an attempt to improve the organization 's effectiveness by expanding the range of investments eligible for political risk insurance . = = Governance = = MIGA is governed by its Council of Governors which represents its member countries . The Council of Governors holds corporate authority , but primarily delegates such powers to MIGA 's Board of Directors . The Board of Directors consists of 25 directors and votes on matters brought before MIGA . Each director 's vote is weighted in accordance with the total share capital of the member nations that director represents . MIGA 's board is stationed at its Washington , D.C. headquarters where it meets regularly and oversees the agency 's activities . The agency 's Executive Vice President directs its overall strategy and manages its daily operations . As of 15 July 2013 , Keiko Honda serves as Executive Vice President of MIGA . = = Membership = = MIGA is owned by its 181 member governments , consisting of 156 developing and 25 industrialized countries . The members are composed of 180 United Nations member states plus Kosovo . Membership in MIGA is available only to countries who are members of the World Bank , particularly the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development . As of 2015 , the seven World Bank member states that are not MIGA members are Brunei , Kiribati , Marshall Islands , San Marino , Somalia , Tonga , and Tuvalu . ( The UN states that are non @-@ members of the World Bank , and thus MIGA , are Andorra , Cuba , Liechtenstein , Monaco , Nauru , and North Korea . ) The Holy See and Palestine are also non @-@ MIGA members . Bhutan is the most recent country to have joined MIGA , having done so in December 2014 . = = Investment guarantees = = MIGA offers insurance to cover five types of non @-@ commercial risks : currency inconvertibility and transfer restriction ; government expropriation ; war , terrorism , and civil disturbance ; breaches of contract ; and the non @-@ honoring of financial obligations . MIGA will cover investments such as equity , loans , shareholder loans , and shareholder loan guarantees . The agency may also insure investments such as management contracts , asset securitization , bonds , leasing activities , franchise agreements , and license agreements . The agency generally offers insurance coverage lasting up to 15 years with a possible five @-@ year extension depending on a given project 's nature and circumstances . When an event occurs that is protected by the insurance , MIGA can exercise the investor 's rights against the host country through subrogation to recover expenses associated with covering the claim . However , the agency 's convention does not require member governments to treat foreign investments in any special way . As a multilateral institution , MIGA is also in a position to attempt to sort out potential disputes before they ever turn into insurance claims . The agency 's Small Investment Program aims to promote FDI into specifically small and medium enterprises . The program offers standard MIGA coverage types except it does not cover breaches of contract . Under the program , small and medium enterprises may take advantage of discounted insurance premiums and no application fees , which are not available to larger investors . To qualify an investment for the Small Investment Program , MIGA defines small and medium enterprise projects as having 300 or fewer employees , total assets not to exceed $ 15 million and annual revenues not to exceed $ 15 million . MIGA limits the request amount for the investment guarantee to $ 10 million , and will guarantee only up to 10 years with a possible 5 @-@ year extension . MIGA 's annual reports offer an overview of the agency 's business . = = Financial performance = = MIGA prepares consolidated financial statements in accordance with United States GAAP which are audited by KPMG .
= The Office ( U.S. TV series ) = The Office is an American television comedy series that aired on NBC from March 24 , 2005 to May 16 , 2013 . It is an adaptation of the BBC series of the same name . The Office was adapted for American audiences by Greg Daniels , a veteran writer for Saturday Night Live , King of the Hill , and The Simpsons . It is co @-@ produced by Daniels ' Deedle @-@ Dee Productions , and Reveille Productions ( later Shine America ) , in association with Universal Television . The original executive producers were Greg Daniels , Howard Klein , Ben Silverman , Ricky Gervais , and Stephen Merchant , with numerous others being promoted in later seasons . The series depicts the everyday lives of office employees in the Scranton , Pennsylvania , branch of the fictional Dunder Mifflin Paper Company . To simulate the look of an actual documentary , it is filmed in a single @-@ camera setup , without a studio audience or a laugh track . The show debuted on NBC as a mid @-@ season replacement and ran for nine seasons , and 201 episodes . The Office features Steve Carell , Rainn Wilson , John Krasinski , Jenna Fischer , B. J. Novak , Ed Helms , and James Spader on the main cast . The first season of The Office was met with mixed reviews , but the following four seasons received widespread acclaim from television critics , and were included on several critics ' year @-@ end top TV series lists , winning several awards including four Primetime Emmy Awards , including Outstanding Comedy Series in 2006 . While later seasons were criticized for a decline in quality , earlier writers oversaw the final season and ended the show 's run with a positive reception . = = Production = = = = = Crew = = = Greg Daniels served as the senior series showrunner for the first four seasons of the series and developed the British series for American television . He then left the position when he co @-@ created the comedy series Parks and Recreation with fellow Office writer Michael Schur and divided his time between the two series . Paul Lieberstein and Jennifer Celotta were named the series showrunners for the fifth season . Celotta left the series after the sixth season and Lieberstein stayed on as showrunner for the following two seasons . He left the showrunner spot after the eighth season for the potential Dwight Schrute spin @-@ off , The Farm , which was eventually passed up by NBC . Daniels returned to the showrunner position for the ninth and final season . Other executive producers include cast members B. J. Novak and Mindy Kaling . Kaling , Novak , Daniels , Lieberstein and Schur made up the original team of writers . Kaling , Novak and Lieberstein also serve multiple roles on the series , as they play regular characters on the show , as well as write , direct and produce episodes . Credited with twenty @-@ four episodes , Kaling is the most prolific writer on the staff . Ricky Gervais and Stephen Merchant , who created the original British series , are credited as executive producers , and wrote the pilot and the third season episode , " The Convict " . Merchant later directed the episode " Customer Survey " while Gervais appeared in the episodes " The Seminar " and " Search Committee " . Randall Einhorn is the most frequent director of the series , with 15 credited episodes . The series has also had several guest directors , including Lost co @-@ creator J. J. Abrams , Buffy the Vampire Slayer creator Joss Whedon , both of whom are fans of the series , and filmmakers Jon Favreau , Harold Ramis , Jason Reitman , and Marc Webb . Episodes have been directed by several of the actors on the show including Steve Carell , John Krasinski , Rainn Wilson , Ed Helms , and Brian Baumgartner . = = = Development and writing = = = Before the series aired its second episode , the writers spent time researching in offices . This process was used for Daniels ' other series King of the Hill and Parks and Recreation . The pilot is a direct adaptation of the first episode of the British version . Daniels had decided to go this route because " completely starting from scratch would be a very risky thing to do " due to the show being an adaptation . He had briefly considered using the idea for " The Dundies " as the pilot episode . After the writers knew who the cast was , they were allowed to write for the actors , which allowed the show to be more original for the following episode , " Diversity Day " . Following the mixed reaction towards the first season , the writers attempted to make the series more " optimistic " and to make Michael Scott more likable . They also established the supporting characters of the series more , giving them actual personalities , and they made the lights in the office brighter , which allowed the series to differentiate itself from the British version . A common problem with the scripts , according to Novak , is that they tend to run too long for the regular 22 @-@ minute time slot , leading to several cuts . For example , the script for the episode " Search Committee " was initially 75 pages — 10 pages too long . A complete script is written for each episode ; however , actors are given opportunities to improvise during the shooting process . Fischer said , " Our shows are 100 percent scripted . They put everything down on paper . But we get to play around a little bit , too . Steve and Rainn are brilliant improvisers . " This leads to a large number of deleted scenes with almost every episode of The Office , all of which are considered part of the show 's canon and storyline by Daniels . Deleted scenes have sometimes been restored in repeats to make episodes longer or draw back people who have seen the episode before to see the bonus footage . In an experiment , a deleted scene from " The Return " was made available over NBC.com and iTunes , explaining the absence of a character over the next several episodes . Daniels hoped that word of mouth among fans would spread the information , but eventually considered the experiment a failure . = = = Casting = = = According to Jenna Fischer , the series used an unusual casting process which did not involve a script . The producers would ask the actors several questions and they would respond as the characters they were auditioning for . NBC programmer Kevin Reilly originally suggested Paul Giamatti to producer Ben Silverman for the role of Michael Scott , but the actor declined . Martin Short , Hank Azaria , and Bob Odenkirk were reported to be interested in the part . In January 2004 , Variety reported that Steve Carell , of the popular Comedy Central program The Daily Show with Jon Stewart , was in talks to play the role . At the time , he was already committed to another NBC mid @-@ season replacement comedy , Come to Papa , but the series was quickly canceled , allowing his full commitment to The Office . Carell later stated that he had only seen about half of the original pilot episode of the British series before he auditioned . He did not continue watching for fear that he would start copying Gervais ' characterizations . Other people who were considered or auditioned for the role included Ben Falcone , Alan Tudyk , Jim Zulevic , and Paul F. Tompkins . Rainn Wilson was cast as power @-@ hungry sycophant Dwight Schrute , and he watched every episode of the series before he auditioned . Wilson had originally auditioned for Michael , a performance that he described as a " terrible Ricky Gervais impersonation " ; however , the casting directors liked his audition as Dwight much more and hired him . Seth Rogen , Matt Besser , Patton Oswalt , and Judah Friedlander also auditioned for the role . John Krasinski and Jenna Fischer were virtually unknown before being cast in their respective roles as Jim and Pam , the central love interests . Krasinski had attended school with B. J. Novak , and the two were friends . Fischer prepared for her audition by looking as boring as possible , creating the original Pam hairstyle . In an interview on NPR 's Fresh Air , Fischer recalled the last stages of the audition process for Pam and Jim , with the producers partnering the different potential Pams and Jims ( four of each ) together to gauge their chemistry . When Fischer finished her scene with Krasinski , he told her that she was his favorite Pam , to which she reciprocated that he was her favorite Jim . Adam Scott and John Cho both auditioned for the role of Jim , and Kathryn Hahn also auditioned for the role of Pam . The supporting cast includes actors known for their improv work : Angela Kinsey , Kate Flannery , Oscar Nunez , Leslie David Baker , Brian Baumgartner , Melora Hardin , and David Denman . Kinsey had originally auditioned for Pam . The producers thought she was " too feisty " for the character , but they called her back for the part of Angela Martin , which she won . Flannery first auditioned for the part of Jan Levinson @-@ Gould , before landing the role of Meredith Palmer . Baumgartner originally auditioned for Stanley , but was eventually cast as Kevin . Ken Kwapis , the director of the pilot episode , liked the way Phyllis Smith , a casting associate , read with other actors auditioning so much that he cast her as Phyllis . At the beginning of the third season , Ed Helms and Rashida Jones joined the cast as members of Dunder Mifflin Stamford . While Jones would later leave the cast for a role on Parks and Recreation , in February 2007 , NBC announced that Helms was being promoted to a series regular . Four of the show 's writers have also performed in front of the camera . B. J. Novak was cast as reluctant temp Ryan Howard after Daniels saw his stand @-@ up act . Paul Lieberstein was cast as human resources director Toby Flenderson on Novak 's suggestion after his cold readings of scripts . Greg Daniels was originally unsure where to use Mindy Kaling on @-@ screen in the series until the opportunity came in the script for the second episode , " Diversity Day " , where Michael needed to be slapped by a minority . " Since [ that slap ] , I 've been on the show " ( as Kelly Kapoor ) , says Kaling . Michael Schur has also made occasional appearances as Dwight 's cousin Mose , and consulting producer Larry Wilmore has played diversity trainer Mr. Brown . Plans were made for Mackenzie Crook , Martin Freeman , and Lucy Davis , from the British version of The Office , to appear in the third season , but those plans were scrapped due to scheduling conflicts . = = = Filming = = = The Office was filmed with a single @-@ camera setup in a cinéma vérité allowing the look of an actual documentary , with no studio audience or laugh track , allowing its " deadpan " and " absurd " humor to fully come across . The primary vehicle for the show is that a camera crew has decided to film Dunder Mifflin and its employees , seemingly around the clock . The presence of the camera is acknowledged by the characters , especially Michael Scott , who enthusiastically participates in the filming . The characters , especially Jim and Pam , also look towards the camera when Michael creates an awkward situation . The main action of the show is supplemented with talking @-@ head interviews or " confessionals " in which characters speak one on one with the camera crew about the day 's events . In order to get the feel of an actual documentary , the producers hired cinematographer Randall Einhorn , who is known for directing episodes of Survivor , which allowed the show to have the feel of " rough and jumpy " like an actual documentary . According to producer Michael Schur , the producers to the series would follow the documentary format strictly . The producers would have long discussions over whether a scene could work under the documentary format . For example , in the fourth season episode " Did I Stutter ? , " a scene featured Michael going through a long process to go to the bathroom and not pass by Stanley . The producers debated whether that was possible and Einhorn walked through the whole scene in order to see if a camera man could get to all the places in time to shoot the whole scene . Despite the strict nature in the early years of the series , later seasons seem to have loosened the rules on the format , with the camera crew often going into places that actual documentary crews would not , which also changed the writing and comedy @-@ style of the series . This inconsistency has received criticism from critics and fans . = = = Music = = = The theme song for The Office was written by Jay Ferguson and performed by The Scrantones . It is played over the title sequence , which features scenes of Scranton , various tasks around the office and often the main cast members . Some episodes of the series use a shortened version of the theme song . Starting with the fourth season , the theme song is played over the closing credits , which previously rolled in silence . The exteriors of buildings in the title sequence are actual buildings in Scranton , Pennsylvania , and were shot by cast member John Krasinski . The mockumentary format of the show contains no laugh track , and most of the music is diegetic , with songs either sung or played by the characters or heard on radios , computers , or other devices . However , songs have been played during montages or the closing credits , such as " Tiny Dancer " by Elton John ( " The Dundies " ) and " Islands in the Stream " by Kenny Rogers and Dolly Parton ( " E @-@ mail Surveillance " ) . Featured music tends to be well known , and often songs reflect the character , such as Michael 's attempt to seem hip by using " Mambo No. 5 " and later " My Humps " as his cell phone ringtone . Daniels has said that it does not count as film score as long as it already appeared in the episode . = = Characters = = The Office employs an ensemble cast . Many characters portrayed by The Office cast are based on the British version of the show . While these characters normally have the same attitude and perceptions as their British counterparts , the roles have been redesigned to better fit the American show . The show is known for its generally large cast size , with many of its actors and actresses known particularly for their improvisational work . Steve Carell stars as Michael Scott , Regional Manager of the Dunder Mifflin Scranton Branch . Loosely based on David Brent , Gervais ' character in the British version , Scott is a well @-@ intentioned man whose attempts at humor , while seemingly innocent to himself , often offend and annoy his peers and employees , and in some situations lead to reprimanding from his superiors . Rainn Wilson portrays Dwight Schrute , who , based upon Gareth Keenan , is a salesman and the Assistant ( to the ) Regional Manager , a fictional title created by Michael . John Krasinski portrays Jim Halpert , a salesman and , in later seasons , co @-@ manager who is often known for his wittiness and his hijinks on Schrute ( often accompanied by Pam Beesly ) . Halpert is based upon Tim Canterbury , and is known to have feelings for Pam , the receptionist . Pam , played by Jenna Fischer , is based on Dawn Tinsley . She is shy , but in many cases a cohort with Jim in his pranks on Dwight . B. J. Novak portrays Ryan Howard , who for the first two seasons is a temporary worker , but is promoted to sales representative in the third season and later ascends to the position of Vice President , North East Region and Director of New Media until his treachery was exposed for corporate fraud and he was fired , ending up again as the temporary worker at the Scranton branch . The accounting department features Angela Martin , an admitted uptight and often hypocritical Christian who wishes to keep things orderly and make sure situations remain as serious as possible ; Kevin Malone , a lovable , but dim @-@ witted man who revels in juvenile humor and frequently indulges himself with gambling and M & Ms ; and Oscar Martinez is intelligent but often patronising and whose homosexuality and Hispanic heritage made him a favorite target for Michael 's unintentional off @-@ color comments . Rounding out the office are the stern salesman Stanley Hudson , who barely stood for Michael 's constant references to his Black @-@ American heritage ( he also doesn 't like to take part in time wasting meetings and sometimes sleeps in them or works crossword puzzles ) ; eccentric quality assurance representative Creed Bratton ; the kind and caring saleswoman Phyllis Lapin @-@ Vance , who marries Bob Vance from Vance Refrigeration across the hall from the office ; Andy Bernard is a salesman introduced in season three after the closing of the Stamford , Connecticut branch of Dunder Mifflin and the merging of the two ; the bubbly and talkative customer service representative Kelly Kapoor ; the promiscuous alcoholic supply relations representative Meredith Palmer ; human resources representative Toby Flenderson , who is admittedly hated by , and often the target of abuse by Michael Scott ; warehouse foreman Darryl Philbin ; Warehouse dock worker and Pam 's ex @-@ fiancé Roy Anderson , who was fired in the third season ; and Michael 's former love interest and former Vice President for Regional Sales for Dunder Mifflin Jan Levinson ( Jan Levinson @-@ Gould until her divorce in season 2 ) . Toward the end of season five , bubbly and naive new receptionist Erin Hannon is introduced as Pam 's replacement . A story arc at the end of season four has Holly Flax transferred to the office as Toby 's replacement . She acts as a love interest for Michael , as they share very similar personalities . Jo Bennett is the CEO of Sabre and Gabe Lewis , introduced in the middle of season six , is a Sabre employee who is assigned to the Dunder Mifflin Scranton branch as the Regional Director of Sales . In season nine Clark Green and Pete Miller joined as two new customer service representatives to attempt to catch up on the ignored customer services complaints that Kelly had dismissed while she worked at Dunder Mifflin . Initially the actors who portray the other office workers were credited as guest stars before they were named series regulars during the second season . The show 's large ensemble has been mainly praised by critics and led to the series winning two Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series . Carell was reportedly paid $ 175 @,@ 000 per episode starting with the third season . Krasinski and Fischer were paid around $ 20 @,@ 000 for the beginning of the series . Starting with the fourth season , the two started getting paid around $ 100 @,@ 000 per episode . = = Season synopses = = A typical episode for a half @-@ hour time slot runs 20 @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half minutes . The final episode of season two introduces the first of what would be several super @-@ sized episodes that are approximately 28 @-@ minute running time for a 40 @-@ minute time slot . Season three introduces the first of occasional hour @-@ long episodes ( approximately 42 @-@ minute running time ; suitable for being shown as two separate normal episodes ) . = = = Season 1 = = = The first season consists of six episodes . The series begins by mostly introducing the office 's workers via a tour given by branch manager Michael Scott for both the camera crew and a first @-@ day temp ( Ryan Howard ) . The audience learns salesman Jim Halpert has a crush on receptionist Pam Beesly ( who helps him play pranks on co @-@ worker Dwight Schrute ) , even though she is engaged to Roy ( who works in the building 's lower @-@ level warehouse ) . News spreads throughout the office that Dunder Mifflin 's corporate headquarters is planning to downsize an entire branch , leading to general anxiety , but Michael chooses to deny or downplay the realities of the situation in order to maintain employee morale . = = = Season 2 = = = The second season is the series ' first twenty @-@ two episode season , and has its first 40 @-@ minute " super @-@ sized " episode . Many workers seen in the background of the first season are developed into secondary characters , and romantic relationships begin to develop between some of the characters . Michael spends the night with his boss Jan , in the wake of the latter 's divorce , but does not sleep with her . Dwight and Angela become romantically involved , but keep the relationship a secret from everyone else . Kelly develops a crush on Ryan , and they start dating . When Roy sets a date for his wedding to Pam , Jim grows depressed and considers transferring to the Stamford , Connecticut branch , but tells Pam in the season finale that he loves her , even though Pam still insists she will marry Roy . The two kiss , but Jim transfers to the Stamford branch soon after . The general threat of downsizing continues throughout the season as well . = = = Season 3 = = = The third season consists of 25 half @-@ hours of material , divided into 17 half @-@ hour episodes , four 40 @-@ minute " super @-@ sized " episodes , and two one @-@ hour episodes . Jim briefly transfers to Stamford branch after Pam confirms her commitment to Roy . Corporate is later forced to merge the Stamford branch and staff into the Scranton branch . Included in the transfer to Scranton are Karen Filippelli , with whom Jim has developed a relationship , and the anger @-@ prone Andy Bernard . Pam is newly single after calling off her marriage and relationship to Roy prior to the merger , and Jim 's unresolved feelings for her and new relationship with Karen lead to shifting tensions amongst the three . Meanwhile , Michael and Jan 's relationship escalates which causes them both to behave erratically on the job while Dwight and Angela continue their secret relationship . In the season 's finale , Jim , Karen , and Michael interview for a corporate position that turns out to be Jan 's , who is fired that day for poor performance . Jim wins and rejects the offer off @-@ screen , opting instead to return to Scranton without Karen and asks Pam out on a date , which she joyfully accepts . In the final scene , we learn Ryan has been awarded Jan 's job due to his business school credentials . = = = Season 4 = = = NBC ordered a full fourth season of 30 half @-@ hour episodes , but ended with only 19 due to a halt in production caused by the 2007 – 2008 Writers Guild of America strike . The season consists of 9 half @-@ hour episodes , and 5 hour @-@ long episodes to comprise the 19 total episodes of material created . Karen has left the Scranton branch after her breakup with Jim , and becomes regional manager at the Utica branch . Pam and Jim date happily . An unemployed Jan moves in with Michael , until the dissolution of their relationship midway through the season . After Dwight 's crude ( though well @-@ intentioned ) method of euthanasia of Angela 's ailing cat without her permission , she leaves him for Andy , leading Dwight into depression . Ryan , in his new corporate life in New York City , attempts to modernize Dunder Mifflin with a new website for online sales ; he also learns that his boss , David Wallace , favors Jim , and thus Ryan attempts to sabotage Jim 's career . Ryan is soon arrested and fired for committing fraud related to the website 's sales numbers . Toby , embarrassed after accidentally revealing an affection for Pam , announces he is moving to Costa Rica , and is replaced by Holly Flax , who quickly shows fondness towards Michael . Pam decides to follow her artistic interests and attend a three @-@ month graphic design course at the Pratt Institute in New York City . In the season finale Andy proposes to Angela , who reluctantly agrees . Phyllis then catches Dwight and Angela having sex in the office . = = = Season 5 = = = The fifth season consists of 28 half @-@ hours of material , divided into 24 half @-@ hour episodes and two hour @-@ long episodes , one of which aired after Super Bowl XLIII . Jim and Pam become engaged , and she ultimately returns from New York to Scranton , where Jim has bought his parents ' house for the two of them . Having avoided jail and only been sentenced to community service , Ryan returns to Dunder Mifflin as a temp . Michael initiates a romance with Holly until she is transferred to the Nashua , New Hampshire branch and the relationship ends . When Andy is made aware of Dwight and Angela 's continued affair , both men leave her . Newly hired Vice President Charles Miner implements a rigid managerial style over the branch that causes Michael to resign in protest . Michael opens the Michael Scott Paper Company , enticing Pam and Ryan to join as salespeople , and though his business model is ultimately unsustainable , Dunder Mifflin 's profits are immediately threatened . In a buyout of the Michael Scott Paper Company , the three are rehired with Pam promoted to sales and Ryan returning as a temp . During the chaos , new receptionist Erin is hired to fill the vacancy originally left by Pam . The season 's finale ends with a cliffhanger ending hinting that Pam might be pregnant . = = = Season 6 = = = The sixth season consists of 26 half @-@ hours of material , divided into 22 half @-@ hour episodes and two hour @-@ long episodes . Jim and Pam marry and have a baby named Cecelia Marie Halpert . Meanwhile , Andy and Erin develop mutual interest in one another , but find their inherent awkwardness inhibits his attempts to ask her out on a date . Rumors of bankruptcy begin to surround Dunder Mifflin . By Christmas , Wallace announces to the branch that Dunder Mifflin has accepted a buyout from Sabre Corporation , a printer company . While Wallace and other executives are let go , the Scranton office survives due to its relative success within the company . In the season finale , Dwight buys the office park . Michael agrees to make an announcement to the press regarding a case of faulty printers . When Jo Bennet , Sabre CEO , asks how she can repay him , Michael responds that she could bring Holly back to the Scranton branch . = = = Season 7 = = = The seventh season consists of 26 half @-@ hours of material , divided into 21 half @-@ hour episodes , one " super @-@ sized " episode , and two hour @-@ long episodes . This is the final season for Steve Carell , who plays the lead character Michael Scott , as Carell wanted to move on after his contract expired during this season . Beginning with this season , Zach Woods , who portrays Gabe Lewis , was promoted to a series regular . Erin and Gabe have begun a relationship , much to Andy 's chagrin , and he attempts to win her affection back . Michael 's former girlfriend , Holly returns to Scranton to fill in for Toby who is doing jury duty for the " Scranton Strangler " trial . Michael and Holly eventually restart their relationship . After the two get engaged , he then reveals he will be leaving Scranton to go to Colorado with Holly in order to support her elderly parents . Pam and Jim are still adjusting to parenthood as Angela starts dating the Senator . After Michael 's replacement ( Will Ferrell ) is seriously injured , Jo creates a search committee to interview candidates and choose a new manager for the office . = = = Season 8 = = = The eighth season consists of 24 episodes . James Spader reprises his role as Robert California , the new CEO of Dunder Mifflin / Sabre . Andy is then promoted to Regional Manager and works hard to make a good impression on Robert , and asks Dwight to be his number two . Pam and Jim are expecting their second child , Phillip , at the start of the season , to coincide with Fischer 's real life pregnancy . Angela is pregnant with her first son , also named Philip , with State Senator Robert Lipton ( although it is implied that Dwight Schrute is actually the child 's biological father ) . Darryl starts falling for new warehouse foreman Val . Dwight is tasked with traveling to Tallahassee , Florida in order to assist Sabre Special Projects Manager Nellie Bertram ( Catherine Tate ) in launching a chain of retail stores , along with Jim , Ryan , Stanley , Erin , and new office temp Cathy Simms . Cathy is also revealed to have ulterior motives for the trip , as she intends to seduce Jim , but fails . Robert later kills the retail store project , and Erin decides to stay in Florida as an elderly woman 's live @-@ in helper . Andy goes to Florida and wins back Erin , but this allows Nellie to claim the manager position as her own . Robert tells Andy that he has been demoted back to a salesman , but he refuses to accept the news , which causes him to be fired . Andy becomes motivated to begin a Dunder Mifflin comeback and joins with former CFO , David Wallace , to buy Dunder Mifflin back from Sabre putting Sabre completely out of business and giving Andy the manager position once again . = = = Season 9 = = = The final season consists of 25 episodes . Andy , recently returning from Outward Bound manager 's training , reverts to his arrogant earlier season personality , abandoning both Erin and the office to travel around the Caribbean with his brother . In his absence , Erin strikes up a romance with new customer service rep Pete , who along with Clark , another new character , replaces Kelly , who left for Ohio with her new husband ( Ryan also moves to Ohio for " unrelated reasons " ) . Meanwhile , Jim receives an exciting opportunity from an old college friend , who offers him a job at Athlead , a sports marketing company based in Philadelphia . Darryl also jumps on board , but the distance and dedication to Athlead hurts Jim 's relationship with Pam . Angela also must deal with her husband 's infidelity with Oscar . She also deals with her lingering attraction to Dwight , who inherits his family 's beet farm . Dwight receives more good news when David Wallace handpicks him to be the new manager after Andy quits to pursue an acting career , which quickly ends when he embarrasses himself at an a cappella singing competition that turns into a viral web sensation . Dwight later makes Jim his Assistant to the Regional Manager and the two officially end their grudge . After Jim reconciles with Pam , choosing to stay in Scranton over Philadelphia , Dwight professes his love for Angela , and finally marries her . In the series finale , taking place one year after the release of the documentary , the employees reunite for Dwight and Angela 's wedding , for which Michael returns ( with help from Jim who was the person Dwight first asked to be his best man ) to serve as the best man . Kelly and Ryan run away together , Nellie now lives in Poland and " adopts " Ryan 's abandoned baby , Erin meets her birth parents , Andy gets a job at Cornell , Stanley retires to Florida , Kevin and Toby are both fired with the former buying a bar and the latter moving to New York City to become an author , Oscar runs for State Senate , Jim and Pam , at her persuasion , move to Austin to open a new branch of Athleap ( previously Athlead ) with Darryl ( Dwight " fires " them to give them both severance packages ) , and Creed is arrested for his many crimes . = = Product placement = = The Office has had product placement deals with Staples and the Olympic balers , as well as mentioning in dialogue or displaying clear logos for products such as Sandals Resorts , HP , Apple , and Gateway computers , and Activision 's Call of Duty video game series . In " The Merger " , Kevin Malone uses a Staples @-@ branded shredding machine to shred a Staples @-@ branded CD @-@ R and many other non @-@ paper items , including a salad . As with HP , Cisco Systems , a supplier of networking and telephone equipment , pays for product placement , which can be seen on close @-@ up shots of the Cisco IP Telephones . Some products have additional branding labels attached ; this can be clearly seen with the HP photo printer on Toby 's desk in season 6 , and is less noticeable with the Cisco phones . In " The Secret " Michael takes Jim to Hooters to discuss Jim 's feelings for Pam . Many products featured are not part of product placement agreements , but rather inserted by writers as products the characters would use to create realism under the guise of a documentary . Chili 's restaurants were used for filming in " The Dundies " and " The Client " , as the writers believed they were realistic choices for a company party and business lunch . Though not an explicit product placement , the producers of the show had to allow Chili 's to have final approval of the script before filming , causing a scene of " The Dundies " to be hastily rewritten when the chain objected to the original version . Apple Inc. received over four minutes of publicity for the iPod when it was used as a much @-@ desired gift in " Christmas Party " , though the company did not pay for the placement . The travel website TripAdvisor.com was featured during Season 4 when after a visit to Dwight 's " agritourism " bed and breakfast , Schrute Farms , Jim and Pam post an online review about their stay . The show reportedly approached the travel review website about using their name on the show and TripAdvisor set up a review page for the fictional B & B which itself received hundreds of reviews . The appearance of Second Life in the episode " Local Ad " was rated eighth in the top ten most effective product placements of 2007 . = = Reception = = = = = Critical reviews and commentary = = = Before the show aired , Gervais acknowledged that there were feelings of hesitation from certain viewers . The first season of The Office was met with a mixed response from critics with some of them comparing it to the short @-@ lived NBC series Coupling which was based on a British version . The New York Daily News called it " so diluted there 's little left but muddy water , " and USA Today called it a " passable imitation of a miles @-@ better BBC original . " A Guardian Unlimited review panned its lack of originality , stating , " ( Steve Carell ) just seems to be trying too hard ... Maybe in later episodes when it deviates from Gervais and Merchant 's script , he 'll come into his own . But right now he 's a pale imitation . " Tom Shales of the Washington Post said it was " not the mishmash that [ Americanized version of Coupling ] turned out to be , but again the quality of the original show causes the remake to look dim , like when the copying machine is just about to give out . " The second season was better received . James Poniewozik of Time remarked , " Producer Greg Daniels created not a copy but an interpretation that sends up distinctly American work conventions [ ... ] with a tone that 's more satiric and less mordant . [ ... ] The new boss is different from the old boss , and that 's fine by me . " He named it the second best TV show of 2006 after Battlestar Galactica . Entertainment Weekly writer Mark Harris echoed these sentiments a week later , stating , " Thanks to the fearless Steve Carell , an ever @-@ stronger supporting cast , and scripts that spew American corporate absurdist vernacular with perfect pitch , this undervalued remake does the near impossible — it honors Ricky Gervais ' original and works on its own terms . " The A.V. Club reviewer Nathan Rabin expressed its views on the show 's progression : " After a rocky start , The Office improved immeasurably , instantly becoming one of TV 's funniest , sharpest shows . The casting of Steve Carell in the Gervais role proved to be a masterstroke . The American Office is that rarest of anomalies : a remake of a classic show that both does right by its source and carves out its own strong identity . " The series has been included on several top TV series lists . The show placed # 61 on Entertainment Weekly 's " New TV Classics " list . Time 's James Poniewozik named it the second best TV series of 2006 , and the sixth best returning series of 2007 , out of ten TV series . He also included it on his " The 100 Best TV Shows of All @-@ TIME " list . The show was also named the best show of 2006 by BuddyTV. while Paste named it the sixth best sitcom of 2010 . In 2013 , the Writers Guild of America placed it at # 66 on their list of 101 Best Written TV Series . The show has some superficial similarities to the comic @-@ strip Dilbert , which also features employees coping with an inept superior . John Spector , CEO of The Conference Board , says that both show the impact a leader can have , for good or bad . Dilbert creator Scott Adams also touts the similarities : " The lesson from The Office and from Dilbert is that people are often dysfunctional , and no amount of training can fix it . " A labor @-@ affiliated group praised the episode " Boys and Girls " for what it considered an unusually frank depiction of union busting on American television . Metacritic , a review aggregation website , only graded the first , third , sixth , and final seasons . However , it denoted that all four of them received " generally favorable reviews " from critics , awarding a 61 , 85 , 78 , and 64 score — out of 100 — to each of them , respectively . It later named it the thirteenth most mentioned series on " Best of Decade " top @-@ ten lists . The last few seasons were criticized for a dip in quality . The sixth season received criticisms for a lack of stakes for the characters . Other critics and fans have also criticized the dragging out of the Jim and Pam romance . The Office co @-@ creator Ricky Gervais wrote in his blog , referring to " Search Committee , " particularly Warren Buffett 's guest appearance , " If you 're going to jump a shark , jump a big one . " and compared the episode to the Chris Martin episode of Gervais 's other series , Extras . He later said " I fucking didn 't [ diss The Office ] , that 's for sure " . Some critics said the series should have ended after the departure of Steve Carell . Rainn Wilson felt that the eighth season possessed some mistakes " creatively " , such as the chemistry between Spader and Helms , which he called " a bit dark " and argued that the show should have gone for a " brighter and more energized " relationship . Despite this , there are later @-@ series episodes that have received critical acclaim , including " Stress Relief " , " Niagara " , " Garage Sale " , " Goodbye , Michael " , " Dwight Christmas " , " A.A.R.M. " , and " Finale " . = = = Awards = = = The series received 42 Primetime Emmy Awards nominations , with five wins . It won for Outstanding Comedy Series in season two , Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series ( Greg Daniels for " Gay Witch Hunt " ) , Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series ( Jeffrey Blitz for " Stress Relief " ) and Outstanding Single @-@ Camera Picture Editing for a Comedy Series ( David Rogers and Claire Scanlon for " Finale " ) . Many cast and crew members have expressed anger that Carell did not receive an Emmy award for his performance in the series . Despite this , Carell won a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a Television Comedy or Musical in 2006 . The series was also named the best TV series by the American Film Institute in 2006 and 2008 , won two Screen Actors Guild Awards for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series in 2006 and 2007 and won a Peabody Award in 2006 . = = = Ratings = = = Premiering on Thursday , March 24 , 2005 , after an episode of The Apprentice on NBC , The Office brought in 11 @.@ 2 million viewers in the U.S. , winning its time slot . When NBC moved the series to its intended Tuesday night slot , it lost nearly half its audience with only 5 @.@ 9 million viewers . The program averaged 5 @.@ 4 million viewers , ranking it # 102 for the 2004 – 05 U.S. television season . " Hot Girl " , the first season 's finale , rated a 2 @.@ 2 with a 10 audience measurement share . Episodes were also rerun on CNBC . As the second season started , the success of Carell 's hit summer movie The 40 @-@ Year @-@ Old Virgin and online sales of episodes at iTunes helped the show . The increase in viewership led NBC to move the series to the " Must See TV " Thursday night in January 2006 , where ratings continued to grow . By the 2005 – 06 season , it placed # 67 ( tied with 20 / 20 ) . It averaged 8 million viewers with a 4 @.@ 0 / 10 rating / share among viewers ages 18 – 49 , and was up 80 % in viewers from the year before and up 60 % in viewers ages 18 – 49 . The series ranked as NBC 's highest rated scripted series during its run . The highest rated episode of the series was " Stress Relief " , which was watched by 22 @.@ 9 million viewers , because of the episode airing right after Super Bowl XLIII . While later seasons dropped in the ratings , the show was still one of NBC 's highest rated shows and in October 2011 it was reported that it cost $ 178 @,@ 840 per @-@ 30 second commercial , the most for any NBC scripted series . = = = = Nielsen ratings = = = = = = = Cultural impact = = = The city of Scranton , long known mainly for its industrial past as a coal mining and rail center , has eagerly embraced , and ultimately has been redefined by the show . " We 're really hip now , " says the mayor 's assistant . The Dunder Mifflin logo is on a lamppost banner in front of Scranton City Hall , as well as the pedestrian bridge to The Mall at Steamtown . The Pennsylvania Paper & Supply Company , whose tower is shown in the opening credits , plans to add it to the tower as well . Newspapers in other Northeastern cities have published travel guides to Scranton locations for tourists interested in visiting places mentioned in the show . Scranton has become identified with the show outside the United States as well . In a 2008 St. Patrick 's Day speech in its suburb of Dickson City , former Taoiseach ( Irish prime minister ) Bertie Ahern identified the city as the home of Dunder Mifflin . The inaugural The Office convention was held downtown in October 2007 . Notable landmarks , some of which have been settings for the show , that served as venues include the University of Scranton , the Radisson Lackawanna Station Hotel and the Mall at Steamtown . Cast appearances were made by B.J. Novak , Ed Helms , Oscar Nunez , Angela Kinsey , Brian Baumgartner , Leslie David Baker , Mindy Kaling , Craig Robinson , Melora Hardin , Phyllis Smith , Creed Bratton , Kate Flannery , Bobby Ray Shafer , and Andy Buckley . Writer appearances , besides Novak and Kaling , were made by Greg Daniels , Michael Schur , Jennifer Celotta , Lee Eisenberg , Gene Stupnitsky , Justin Spitzer , Anthony Ferrell , Ryan Koh , Lester Lewis , and Jason Kessler . Not present were writer @-@ actor Paul Lieberstein ( who was originally going to make an appearance ) , Steve Carell , John Krasinski , Rainn Wilson , and Jenna Fischer . On an episode of The Daily Show , Republican presidential candidate John McCain , reportedly a devoted fan of the show , jokingly told Jon Stewart he might take Dwight Schrute as his running mate . Rainn Wilson later accepted on Dwight Schrute 's behalf while on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno . After the airing of " Garage Sale " , Colorado governor John Hickenlooper issued a press release appointing Michael Scott to the position of Director of Paper Distribution in the Department of Natural Resources . The show is often paid tribute to by the band Relient K. Band member Matt Thiessen is a fan of The Office , and , during concerts , will often perform a self @-@ described " love song " about the series , titled " The Ballad of Dunder Mifflin " , followed by him and the band playing the show 's opening theme . = = = International broadcasts = = = Aside from NBC , The Office has gone into off @-@ network syndication in the United States . It has reruns on local stations and TBS . In the United Kingdom , the show was named in listings magazines ( but not onscreen ) as The Office : An American Workplace when it was originally aired on ITV2 . = = Other media = = = = = Online releases = = = Episodes from The Office were among the first shows available for download from the iTunes Store beginning in December 2005 . In 2006 , ten internet @-@ exclusive webisodes featuring some of the characters on The Office aired on NBC.com. " Producer 's Cuts " ( containing approximately ten additional minutes of material ) of the episodes " Branch Closing " and " The Return " were also made available on NBC.com. The Office also became available for download from Amazon.com 's Unbox video downloads in 2006 . Sales of new The Office episodes on iTunes ceased in 2007 due to a dispute between NBC and Apple ostensibly over pricing . As of September 9 , 2008 The Office was put back on the iTunes Store , and can be bought in HD and Regular format . Netflix also offers the show for online viewing by subscribers , in addition to traditional DVD rental . The Office is also available on Microsofts Zune Marketplace . Of the 12 @.@ 4 million total viewings of " Fun Run " , the fourth season 's premiere , 2 @.@ 7 million , or 22 % , were on a computer via online streaming . " The Office , " said The New York Times , " is on the leading edge of a sharp shift in entertainment viewing that was thought to be years away : watching television episodes on a computer screen is now a common activity for millions of consumers . " It was particularly popular with online viewers , an NBC researcher said , because as an episode @-@ driven sitcom without special effects it was easy to watch on smaller monitors such as those found on laptops and iPods . Between the online viewings and those who use digital video recorders , 25 – 50 % of the show 's viewers watch it after its scheduled airtime . The show 's Internet success became an issue in the 2007 – 2008 Writers Guild of America strike . Daniels and many of the cast members who double as writers posted a video to YouTube shortly after the strike began , pointing out how little , if any , they received in residuals from online and DVD viewing . " You 're watching this on the Internet , a thing that pays us zero dollars , " Schur said . " We 're supposed to get 11 cents for every two trillion downloads . " The writers were particularly upset that they weren 't compensated for the Daytime Emmy Award winning summer webisodes " The Accountants " , which NBC considered promotional material despite the embedded commercials . = = = Promotional = = = The show 's success has resulted in expansion outside of television . Characters have appeared in promotional materials for NBC , and a licensed video game — The Office — was released in 2007 . In 2008 two games were introduced via Pressman Toy Corp : The Office Trivia Board Game and The Office DVD Board Game . In 2009 , The Office Clue was released , and The Office Monopoly was released in 2010 . Other merchandise , from T @-@ shirts and a bobblehead doll of Dwight Schrute to more office @-@ specific items such as Dunder Mifflin copy paper and parodies of the Successories motivational poster series featuring the cast are available . Dunder Mifflin has two websites , and the cast members maintain blogs both as themselves and in character . = = = Cast blogs = = = Several members of the cast maintained blogs . These include Jenna Fischer , Angela Kinsey , and Brian Baumgartner , who posted regularly during the season . Rainn Wilson wrote in character on " Schrute Space " on NBC.com , which is updated periodically . However , he stopped writing the blog himself . It is unknown whether Creed Bratton authors " Creed Thoughts " , the blog attributed to his character . = = = Home video releases = = = = = Proposed spin @-@ offs = = A spin @-@ off to the series was proposed in 2008 , with a pilot episode expected to debut as the Super Bowl lead @-@ out program in 2009 . However , The Office 's creative team instead decided to develop Parks and Recreation as a separate series . Another spin @-@ off starring Rainn Wilson as Dwight Schrute running a bed @-@ and @-@ breakfast and beet farm , titled The Farm , was proposed in early 2012 . In October 2012 , however , NBC decided not to go forward with the series . The backdoor pilot episode instead aired as part of the ninth and final season of The Office on March 14 , 2013 .
= Emilie Autumn = Emilie Autumn Liddell ( born on September 22 , 1979 ) , better known by her stage name Emilie Autumn , is an American singer @-@ songwriter , poet , violinist , and actress . Autumn 's musical style has been described by her as " Fairy Pop " , " Fantasy Rock " or " Victoriandustrial " . It is influenced by glam rock — from plays , novels , and history , particularly the Victorian era . Performing with her all @-@ female backup dancers The Bloody Crumpets , Autumn incorporates elements of classical music , cabaret , electronica , and glam rock with theatrics , and burlesque . Growing up in Malibu , California , she began learning the violin at the age of four and left regular school five years later with the goal of becoming a world @-@ class violinist ; she practiced eight or nine hours a day and read a wide range of literature . Progressing to writing her own music , she studied under various teachers and went to Indiana University , which she left over issues regarding the relationship between classical music and the appearance of the performer . Through her own independent label Traitor Records , Autumn debuted with her classical album On a Day : Music for Violin & Continuo , followed by the release in 2003 of her album Enchant . She appeared in singer Courtney Love 's backing band on her 2004 America 's Sweetheart tour and returned to Europe . She released the 2006 album Opheliac with the German label Trisol Music Group . In 2007 , she released Laced / Unlaced ; the re @-@ release of On a Day ... appeared as Laced with songs on the electric violin as Unlaced . She later left Trisol to join New @-@ York @-@ based The End Records in 2009 and release Opheliac in the United States , where previously it had only been available as an import . In 2012 , she released the album Fight Like a Girl . She played the role of Painted Doll in Darren Lynn Bousman 's 2012 film The Devil 's Carnival , as well as its 2015 sequel , Alleluia ! The Devil 's Carnival . = = Life and career = = = = = 1979 – 2000 : Beginnings = = = Emilie Autumn was born in Los Angeles , California , on September 22 , 1979 . Autumn grew up in Malibu , California , and according to her , " being surrounded by nature and sea had a lot to do with [ her ] development as a ' free spirit . ' " Her mother worked as a seamstress , and she has said that her father was a German immigrant with whom she did not share a close relationship . While not musicians , her family enjoyed various genres of music . When she was four years old , she started learning the violin , and later commented : " I remember asking for a violin , but I don 't remember knowing what one was . I might have thought it was a kind of pony for all I know , but I don 't remember being disappointed . " Four years later , Autumn made her musical debut as a solo violinist performing with an orchestra , and won a competition . At the age of nine or ten , she left regular school with the goal of becoming a world @-@ class violinist . On her time at the school , she remarked , " I hated it anyway , what with the status as ' weird , ' ' antisocial , ' and the physical threats , there seemed to be no reason to go anymore , so I just didn 't . " She practiced eight or nine hours a day , had lessons , read a wide range of literature , participated in orchestra practice , and was home @-@ schooled . Growing up , she owned a large CD collection of " violin concertos , symphonies , chamber music , opera , and a little jazz " . She began writing her own music and poetry at age thirteen or fourteen , though she never planned to sing any of her songs . She studied under various teachers and attended Indiana University in Bloomington , but left after two years there , because she disagreed with the prevailing views on individuality and classical music . She believed that neither the audience nor the original composer would be insulted by the clothing and appearance of the performer . While convinced that she would only play violin , eighteen @-@ year @-@ old Autumn decided to sing on one of her songs as a way of demonstrating to a major music producer , who wanted to sign her on a label , how it should sound . She became unhappy with the changes done to her songs , and decided to break away from the label and create her own independent record label , Traitor Records . Through it , she debuted with her classical album On a Day : Music for Violin & Continuo , which she recorded in 1997 when she was seventeen years old ; its title refers to the fact that the album took only a day to record . It consists of her performing works for the baroque violin accompanied by Roger Lebow on the baroque cello , Edward Murray on harpsichord , and Michael Egan on lute . She considered it " more of a demo despite its length " , and released it as " a saleable album " after fans who enjoyed her " rock performances starting asking for a classical album so that they could hear more of the violin . " She also debuted with her poetry book Across the Sky & Other Poems in 2000 , later re @-@ released in 2005 as Your Sugar Sits Untouched with a music @-@ accompanied audiobook . = = = 2001 – 04 : Enchant and collaborations = = = As part of a recording project , Autumn traveled to Chicago , Illinois , in 2001 , and decided to stay because she enjoyed the public transportation system and music scene there . She released the 2001 EP Chambermaid while finishing Enchant — she alternatively labeled the musical style on Chambermaid as " fantasy rock " and cabaret — and wrote the 2001 charity single " By the Sword " after the events of September 11 , 2001 . According to her , the song is about strength , not violence ; the act of swearing by the sword represents " an unbreakable promise to right a wrong , to stay true " . On February 26 , 2003 , she released her concept album Enchant , which spanned multiple musical styles : " new @-@ age , pop and trip hop chamber music " . Written during her late teenage years , Enchant revolved around the supernatural realm and its effect on the modern @-@ day world . Autumn labeled it as " fantasy rock " , which dealt with " dreams and stories and ghosts and faeries who 'll bite your head off if you dare to touch them " . The faery @-@ themed " Enchant Puzzle " appeared on the artwork of the album ; her reward for the person who would solve it consisted of faery @-@ related items . Her bandmates consisted of cellist Joey Harvey , drummer Heath Jansen , guitarist Ben Lehl , and bassist Jimmy Vanaria , who also worked on the electronics . At the same time of Enchant 's release , Autumn had several side projects : Convent , a musical group for which she recorded all four voices ; Ravensong , " a classical baroque ensemble " that she formed with friends in California ; and The Jane Brooks Project , which she dedicated to the real @-@ life , 16th @-@ century Jane Brooks — a woman executed for witchcraft . On the night of the Enchant release party , Autumn learned that Courtney Love had invited her to record an album , America 's Sweetheart , and embark on the tour to promote it . Contributing violin and vocals , Autumn appeared in Love 's backing band The Chelsea — Radio Sloan , Dvin Kirakosian , Samantha Maloney , and Lisa Leveridge — on the 2004 tour . Much of Autumn 's violin work did not get released on the album ; she commented : " This had to do entirely with new producers taking over the project after our little vacation in France , and carefully discarding all of our sessions . " She performed live with Love and The Chelsea on Late Show with David Letterman on March 17 , 2004 , and at Bowery Ballroom the next day . In September 2004 , her father died from lung cancer , even though he had quit smoking twenty years earlier . Near the end of 2004 , she was filmed for an appearance on an episode of HGTV 's Crafters Coast to Coast , showing viewers how to create faery wings and sushi @-@ styled soap — both products she sold in her online " web design and couture fashion house " , WillowTech House . On December 23 , 2004 , she appeared on the Chicago @-@ based television station WGN as part of the string quartet backing up Billy Corgan and Dennis DeYoung 's duet of " We Three Kings " . = = = 2005 – 09 : Opheliac , Laced / Unlaced , and A Bit O ' This & That = = = Autumn began work on her concept album Opheliac in August 2004 , and recorded it at Mad Villain Studios in Chicago . In August 2005 , she created the costumes for Corgan 's music video for the track " Walking Shade " ; she also contributed violin and vocals for the track " DIA " from his 2005 album TheFutureEmbrace . In late 2005 , Autumn also recorded vocals and violin for " The Gates of Eternity " from Attrition 's 2008 album All Mine Enemys Whispers : The Story of Mary Ann Cotton , a concept album focusing on the Victorian serial killer Mary Ann Cotton . Autumn later protested the release of the song , claiming that it was unfinished , " altered without her permission " , and had been intended only as a possible collaboration with Martin Bowes . In January 2006 , she performed a song from the album , " Misery Loves Company " , on WGN , before the album 's release by the German label Trisol Music Group in September . She released the limited @-@ edition , preview EP Opheliac through her own label , Traitor Records , in spring 2006 ; while the Opheliac EPs were being shipped , Autumn claimed that her offices had been robbed , causing the delay in the album release and the shipping of the EPs . According to her , Opheliac " was the documentation of a completely life @-@ changing and life @-@ ending experience " . At one time , Autumn did have plans to film a music video for her song " Liar " , which included " bloody bathtubs " . Her song " Opheliac " later appeared on the 2007 albums 13th Street : The Sound of Mystery , Vol . 3 , published by ZYX Music , and Fuck the Mainstream , Vol . 1 , published by Alfa Matrix on June 19 . On October 9 , 2006 , she appeared on the Adult Swim cartoon Metalocalypse as a guest artist and on the subsequent 2007 album The Dethalbum . November 2006 saw the release of the EP Liar / Dead Is the New Alive , which featured remixes of songs from Opheliac and new material . She released her instrumental album , Laced / Unlaced in March 2007 ; it consisted of two discs : Laced , the re @-@ release of On a Day ... , and Unlaced , new songs for the electric violin . She decided to re @-@ release On a Day as Laced because she " felt that it made a nice contrast to the metal shredding fiddle album , " Unlaced " , and [ ... ] loved that it was the perfect representation of " then " versus " now " . She also performed live at the German musical events Wave Gotik Treffen and M 'era Luna Festival in 2007 . She later released A Bit O ' This & That : a rarities album of her covers , including songs from The Beatles and The Smiths , classical pieces , and her own songs . In 2008 , she released the EP 4 o 'Clock , which contained remixes of songs from Opheliac , new songs , and a reading from her autobiographical novel The Asylum for Wayward Victorian Girls . She also released another EP , Girls Just Wanna Have Fun & Bohemian Rhapsody , the same year . A year later , Autumn broke away from Trisol Music Group to join The End Records and re @-@ release Opheliac in the United States on October 27 , 2009 ; previously , it was only available there as an import . The re @-@ release included extras such as pictures , bonus tracks , an excerpt from The Asylum for Wayward Victorian Girls , and a video . In addition to releasing her own material , Autumn collaborated with other musicians . She contributed backing vocals and violin to the track " Dry " by Die Warzau and made an appearance in the band 's music video for " Born Again " . She played violin on the song " UR A WMN NOW " from OTEP 's 2009 album , Smash the Control Machine . Additionally , two of her tracks appeared in film soundtracks : " Organ Grinder " from 4 o 'Clock on the European edition of Saw III and a remixed version of " Dead Is The New Alive " from Opheliac on the international version of Saw IV . = = = 2010 – present : Fight Like a Girl = = = In June 2010 , Autumn released the acronym of her upcoming album , F.L.A.G. , on her Twitter account , before revealing the full title as Fight Like a Girl . In her words , the meaning behind the title is " about taking all these things that make women the underdogs and using them to your advantage " . Based on her fictional novel , The Asylum for Wayward Victorian Girls , the album has been described as " an operatic feminist treatise set inside an insane asylum , wherein the female inmates gradually realize their own strength in numbers " . On August 30 , 2010 , she announced that she would be undergoing jaw surgery , and recovered from it . In September 2011 , she posted the full lyrics to the album 's title track , " Fight Like a Girl " , on her Twitter account . Autumn appeared at the 2011 Harvest Festival in Australia , and had planned to debut two songs from Fight Like a Girl during those performances . On April 11 , 2012 , Autumn released the single " Fight Like a Girl " , with the song " Time for Tea " appearing as a B @-@ side . On April 16 , 2012 , Autumn announced her plans to debut a three @-@ hour musical adaptation of her autobiographical novel on London 's West End theatre in 2014 . According to her interview with Mulatschag , she has plans to play the roles of both protagonists , Emilie and Emily . She also appeared in the twelve @-@ minute teaser for Darren Lynn Bousman and Terrance Zdunich 's project The Devil 's Carnival , and for which she played the role of The Painted Doll . Bloody Crumpets members The Blessed Contessa and Captain Maggot also appear in the film as Woe @-@ Maidens . On June 13 , 2012 , Emilie Autumn announced on her blog the release date of Fight Like a Girl , which was on July 24 of the same year and included a new addition ; a song called " The Key " . Autumn released an instrumental snippet of the song on a forum post , which is hidden in the last line of the lyrics , in which she posted . In 2014 , it was announced that she would be appearing at a handful of dates on the 2014 Vans Warped Tour with an installation called " The Asylum Experience " , which will include music , burlesque , circus sideshow attractions and theater . = = Influences and musical style = = Her music encompasses a wide range of styles . Autumn 's vocal range is contralto , but also has the ability to perform in the dramatic soprano range . Her vocal work has been compared to Tori Amos , Kate Bush , and The Creatures . She has released two instrumental albums ( On a Day ... and Laced / Unlaced ) , and four featuring her vocals : Enchant , Opheliac , A Bit o ' This & That , and " Fight Like A Girl " . The 2003 album Enchant drew on " new age chamber music , trip hop baroque , and experimental space pop " . Autumn layers her voice frequently , and incorporates electronics and electronic effects into her work on Enchant ; she also combines strings and piano for some songs , while others feature mainly the piano or violin . The 2006 release Opheliac featured " cabaret , electronic , symphonic , new age , and good ol ' rock & roll ( and heavy on the theatrical bombast ) " . A classically trained musician , Autumn is influenced by plays , novels , and history , particularly the Victorian era . She enjoys the works of Shakespeare , Elizabeth Barrett Browning and her husband Robert , and Edgar Allan Poe . She incorporates sounds resembling Victorian machinery such as locomotives , which she noted was " sort of a steampunk thing " . While a young Autumn cited Itzhak Perlman as an influence because of the happiness she believed he felt when he played , her main musical influence and inspiration is the English violinist Nigel Kennedy . Her favorite singer is Morrissey from The Smiths . She takes inspiration for her songs from her life experiences and mixes in " layers and layers of references , connections , other stories and metaphors " . Autumn describes her music and style as " Psychotic Vaudeville Burlesque " . She alternatively labels her music and style as " Victoriandustrial ' " , a term she coined , and glam rock because of her use of glitter onstage . According to Autumn , her music " wasn 't meant to be cutesy " and is labeled as " industrial " mainly because of her use of drums and yelling . Her adaption of " O Mistress Mine " was praised by author and theater director Barry Edelstein as " a ravishing , guaranteed tearjerker " . For her live performances , which she calls dinner theatre because of her practice of throwing tea and tea @-@ time snacks offstage , Autumn makes use of burlesque — " a show that was mainly using humour and sexuality to make a mockery of things that were going on socially and politically " — to counterbalance the morbid topics such as abuse and self @-@ mutilation . She incorporates handmade costumes , fire tricks , theatrics , and a female backing band , The Bloody Crumpets : Veronica Varlow , Jill Evyn ( Moth ) , and formerly The Blessed Contessa , Lady Aprella , Little Lucina , Lady Joo Hee , Captain Vecona , Little Miss Sugarless , Mistress Jacinda , and the model Ulorin Vex . Another crumpet , Captain Maggot , has taken a leave . Her wish for the live shows is to be an " anti @-@ repression statement " and empowerment . = = Personal life = = She keeps a ritual of drawing a heart on her cheek as a symbol of protection . Autumn became vegetarian at age eleven after being unable to rationalize why she should eat farm animals but not her pet dog ; in her late @-@ teens , she became vegan . She believes that there is a link between the treatment of women and animals in society . In August 2014 , Autumn said she had developed copper toxicity and was no longer vegan . She cares for two pet rats , Sir Edward and Basil , and a cat named Fish / Fishy , and endorses companies such as Manic Panic and Samson Tech . = = = Fiction novel = = = Autumn wrote a novel entitled The Asylum for Wayward Victorian Girls , which was self @-@ published in 2010 . Because of the book 's nature and possible autobiographical parts , she claimed its release was delayed because some did not want it published . The book incorporated anthropomorphized rats and leeches , and the diary of a fictional Victorian @-@ era asylum inmate named " Emily " . Autumn said one of the main messages was that many of the patients were not insane and that the subject of mental illness remains misunderstood . = = Discography = = Studio albums Enchant ( 2003 ) Opheliac ( 2006 ) Fight Like a Girl ( 2012 ) Instrumental albums On a Day ... ( 2000 ) Laced / Unlaced ( 2007 ) = = Concert tours = = The Asylum Tour The Plague Tour The Gate Tour The Key Tour The Door Tour The Fight Like a Girl Tour = = Filmography = = 11 @-@ 11 @-@ 11 as 11'er in Video ( 2011 ) Uncredited The Devil 's Carnival ( 2012 ) as Painted Doll Alleluia ! The Devil 's Carnival as June / The Painted Doll
= Lara Croft = Lara Croft is a fictional character and the protagonist of the Square Enix ( previously Eidos Interactive ) video game franchise Tomb Raider . She is presented as a beautiful , intelligent , and athletic English archaeologist @-@ adventurer who ventures into ancient , hazardous tombs and ruins around the world . Created by a team at UK developer Core Design that included Toby Gard , the character first appeared in the 1996 video game Tomb Raider . She has also appeared in video game sequels , printed adaptations , a series of animated short films , feature films ( portrayed by Angelina Jolie ) , and merchandise related to the series . Official promotion of the character includes a brand of apparel and accessories , action figures , and model portrayals . Croft has also been licensed for third @-@ party promotion , including television and print advertisements , music @-@ related appearances , and as a spokesmodel . As of June 2016 , Lara Croft has been featured on over 1 @,@ 100 magazine covers surpassing any supermodel . Core Design handled initial development of the character and the series . Inspired by Neneh Cherry and comic book character Tank Girl , Gard designed Lara Croft to counter stereotypical female characters . The company modified the character for subsequent titles , which included graphical improvements and gameplay additions . American developer Crystal Dynamics took over the series after the 2003 sequel Tomb Raider : The Angel of Darkness was received poorly . The new developer rebooted the character along with the video game series . The company altered her physical proportions , and gave her additional ways of interacting with game environments . Croft has been voiced by six actresses in the video game series : Shelley Blond ( 1996 ) , Judith Gibbins ( 1997 – 98 ) , Jonell Elliott ( 1999 – 2003 ) , Keeley Hawes ( 2006 – 14 ) , Camilla Luddington ( 2013 – present ) and Abigail Stahlschmidt ( 2015 ) . Critics consider Lara Croft a significant game character in popular culture . She holds six Guinness World Records , has a strong fan following , and is among the first video game characters to be successfully adapted to film . Lara Croft is also considered a sex symbol , one of the earliest in the industry to achieve widespread attention . The character 's influence in the industry has been a point of contention among critics ; viewpoints range from a positive agent of change in video games to a negative role model for young girls . = = Description = = Lara Croft is depicted as an athletic and fast woman with brown eyes and reddish @-@ brown hair , frequently kept in a plait or ponytail . The character 's classic costume is a turquoise tank top , light brown shorts , calf @-@ high boots , and tall white socks . Accessories include fingerless gloves , a backpack , a utility belt with holsters on either side , and two pistols . The video game sequels introduced new outfits designed for different environments , such as underwater and cold weather . In the later games , Croft wears a crop top , camouflage pants and black or light brown shirts . When exploring , she often carries two pistols , but has used other weaponry throughout the series . She is fluent in several languages . Lara 's backstory has changed dramatically over the course of the series . During the first era , game manuals describe the character as the Wimbledon , London @-@ born daughter of Lord Henshingly Croft ( Lord Richard Croft in Legend and its sequels ) . She was raised as an aristocrat and betrothed to the fictitious Earl of Farringdon . Lara attended the Scottish boarding school Gordonstoun and a Swiss finishing school . At the age of twenty @-@ one , she survived a plane crash , which left her stranded in the Himalayas for two weeks ; the experience spurred her to shun her former life and seek other adventures around the world . Croft published books and other written works based on her exploits as a mercenary , big @-@ game hunter , and master thief . During the second era , Lara 's story was changed to be the daughter of archaeologist Lord Richard Croft , the Earl of Abbingdon , and someone who was quickly identified as a highly talented individual while attending the Abbingdon Girls School . The plane crash was changed to when Lara was nine years old , and with her mother , Amelia Croft . While searching for shelter , Lara and her mother took refuge in an ancient Nepalese temple , where Lara witnesses her mother vanish after tampering with an ancient sword . Her father later disappears in search of his wife . This spurs Lara on to seek the reason for her mother 's disappearance . The third era deviates from the original plot considerably . When Lara was young she traveled with her parents on many of their archeological expeditions which helped to shape the woman she was becoming . It was on one of these expeditions that her mother vanished and was presumed dead and a few years later her father presumably took his own life , she was then left in the care of Conrad Roth . Even though she was left with a vast fortune , giving her the means to attend Cambridge with ease , Lara chose to study at University College London . This decision required her to pay her tuition and rent by working many jobs . Though this was a much tougher choice , it helped her become more grounded and level @-@ headed than she might otherwise have been . It also allowed her to remain with Sam , her friend since boarding school . It was because of Sam 's free spirit and wild streak that Lara was able to experience much more of London than just the universities and museums that she loved so much . After travelling the world both Lara and Sam end up on an expedition to the Dragon 's Triangle off the Japanese coast in search of the lost civilization of Yamatai . It is on this expedition that Lara is stranded on a remote island full of natural , human and supernatural dangers , which enables her to develop from a vulnerable girl to a survivor . And after experiencing the supernatural powers of the ancient world , she comes to realise her father was right about his theories and her hunger for adventure awakens . = = Appearances = = = = = In video games = = = Lara Croft primarily appears in the Tomb Raider video game series published by Square Enix Europe ( previously Eidos Interactive ) . The action @-@ adventure games feature the protagonist travelling the world in search of rare objects and mystical artefacts . Croft first appeared in the 1996 video game Tomb Raider , in which she competes against a rival archaeologist in search of an Atlantean artifact . Tomb Raider II ( 1997 ) centres on the search for the Dagger of Xian , which is sought by thieves . Tomb Raider III ( 1998 ) focuses on meteorite fragments that endow humans with supernatural powers . In Tomb Raider : The Last Revelation ( 1999 ) , the first depiction of a young Croft , she is accompanied by her mentor , Werner Von Croy . Lara searches for artifacts associated with the Egyptian god Horus , and later encounters Von Croy as an antagonist . In Tomb Raider Chronicles ( 2000 ) , most of the game relates adventures told via flashbacks . The first portable game , Tomb Raider ( 2000 ) , was released on the Game Boy Color , and follows the character 's search for the Nightmare Stone . A second Game Boy Color title , Tomb Raider : Curse of the Sword ( 2001 ) , sees Lara Croft facing off against a cult . The next portable game , Tomb Raider : The Prophecy ( 2002 ) , was released on the Game Boy Advance , and focuses on three magical stones . Tomb Raider : The Angel of Darkness ( 2003 ) was released on home platforms , centring on the murder of Professor Von Croy . Eidos rebooted the series with Tomb Raider : Legend ( 2006 ) , which focuses on Lara Croft 's search for Excalibur and her mother , altering the character 's backstory as part of the redesign . Tomb Raider : Anniversary ( 2007 ) , a remake of the first game in the series , carried over design elements from Legend . Tomb Raider : Underworld ( 2008 ) continues the plot introduced in Legend . The story centres on Croft 's search for information about her mother 's disappearance . In the process she learns of the existence of Thor 's hammer , Mjölnir . Lara Croft and the Guardian of Light ( 2010 ) is a downloadable game that is set in a Central American jungle , and features an ancient warrior who works with Lara Croft . In 2013 , the series was rebooted a second time with the game Tomb Raider , which retold the story of Lara 's origins and began a new continuity . Its sequel Rise of the Tomb Raider was released in 2015 . = = = In other adaptations = = = Beginning in 1997 , the character regularly appeared in comics by Top Cow Productions . Lara Croft first appeared in a crossover in Sara Pezzini 's Witchblade , and later starred in her own comic book series in 1999 . The series began with Dan Jurgens as the writer , featuring artwork by Andy Park and Jon Sibal . The stories were unrelated to the video games until issue 32 of the Tomb Raider series , which adapted Angel of Darkness 's plot . The series ran for 50 issues in addition to special issues . Other printed adaptations are Lara Croft Tomb Raider : The Amulet of Power , a 2003 novel written by Mike Resnick ; Lara Croft Tomb Raider : The Lost Cult , a 2004 novel written by E. E. Knight ; and Lara Croft Tomb Raider : The Man of Bronze , a 2005 novel written by James Alan Gardner . Lara Croft has appeared in two motion pictures . The first , Lara Croft : Tomb Raider , was released in 2001 , and follows Croft as she encounters the Illuminati , a group searching for a relic able to control time . The film depicted Croft 's backstory differently from the version in the early games . In the films , Lara Croft 's mother died in a plane crash and her father disappeared in Cambodia ; in the games , both parents are alive . A similar backstory was adopted in 2006 in Legend . The sequel , Lara Croft Tomb Raider : The Cradle of Life , depicts Croft in search of Pandora 's box in competition with a Chinese crime syndicate . Development for a third movie was announced in 2009 . Producer Graham King plans to release the film in 2013 . GameTap released Re \ Visioned : Tomb Raider Animated Series in 2007 via the GameTap TV section of its website . The web series is a collection of ten short animated films that features re @-@ imagined versions of Croft by well @-@ known animators , comic book artists , and writers , including Jim Lee , Warren Ellis , and Peter Chung . Episodes ranged from five to seven and half minutes in length , featuring Minnie Driver as Croft . The creative staff was given considerable freedom to re @-@ interpret the character ; they did not consult the video game designers , but were given a guide listing acceptable and unacceptable practices . = = Development history = = Core Design , a subsidiary of Eidos , created Lara Croft as the lead protagonist of its video game Tomb Raider , which began development in 1993 . Lead graphic artist Toby Gard went through about five designs before arriving at the character 's final appearance . He initially envisioned a male lead character with a whip and a hat . Core Design co @-@ founder Jeremy Smith characterized the design as derivative of Indiana Jones , and asked for more originality . Gard decided that a female character would work better from a design standpoint . He also expressed a desire to counter stereotypical female characters , which he has characterized as " bimbos " or " dominatrix " types . Smith was sceptical of a female lead at first because few contemporary games featured them . He came to regard a female lead as a great hook and put faith in Gard 's idea . Inspired by pop artist Neneh Cherry and comic book character Tank Girl , Gard experimented with different designs , including a muscular woman and a Nazi @-@ like militant . He settled on a tough South American woman with a braid named Laura Cruz . Eidos management preferred a more " UK friendly " name , and selected Lara Croft from similar @-@ sounding British names found in an English telephone directory . Along with the name change , the character 's backstory was altered to incorporate a British origin . Gard was keen to animate the character realistically , an aspect he felt the industry at the time had disregarded . He sacrificed quick animations in favour of more fluid movement , believing that players would empathize with the character more easily . In the first Tomb Raider , Croft 's three @-@ dimensional ( 3D ) character model is made of around 230 polygons . The graphical limits at the time required the removal of the character 's braid from the model ; it was added to the model for subsequent iterations . While adjusting the character model , Gard accidentally increased the breasts ' dimensions by 150 percent . After seeing the increase , the rest of the creative team argued to keep the change . Core Design hired Shelley Blond to voice Croft after the game entered the beta phase of development . Gard left Core Design after completing Tomb Raider , citing a lack of creative freedom and control over marketing decisions related to the ideas he developed ( especially Lara Croft ) . Core Design improved and modified the character with each instalment . Developers for Tomb Raider II increased the number of polygons in the character 's model and added more realistic curves to its design . Other changes included new outfits and manoeuvres . Core Design reportedly planned to implement crawling as a new gameplay option , but the option did not appear until Tomb Raider III . Actress Judith Gibbins took over voice acting responsibilities and stayed on through the third game . For Tomb Raider III , the developers increased the number of polygons in Croft 's 3D model to about 300 , and introduced more abilities to the gameplay . Core Design wanted to reintroduce the character to players in Tomb Raider : The Last Revelation and included a flashback scenario with a younger Lara . The developers expanded the character 's set of moves threefold to allow more interaction with the environment , like swinging on ropes and kicking open doors . The character model was altered to feature more realistic proportions , and Jonell Elliott replaced Gibbins as the voice of Lara Croft . By the time development for The Last Revelation began , Core Design had worked on the series constantly for four years and the staff felt they had exhausted their creativeness . Feeling the series lacked innovation , Core Design decided to kill the character and depicted Croft trapped by a cave @-@ in during the final scenes of the game . The next title , Tomb Raider Chronicles , depicted the late Lara Croft via her friends ' flashbacks . The game introduced stealth attacks , which would carry over to the next game , Tomb Raider : The Angel of Darkness . While the original development team worked on Chronicles , Core Design assigned a new team to develop Angel of Darkness for the PlayStation 2 . Anticipating innovative changes from next generation consoles , Adrian Smith — co @-@ founder of Core Design — wanted to reinvent the character to keep pace with the updated technology . Core Design conducted market research , including fan polls , to aid in Angel of Darkness 's development . The development team felt it could not alter the character and instead opted to place her in a situation different from previous games . The PlayStation 2 hardware allowed for more manoeuvres and a more detailed character model ; the number of polygons in Croft 's model increased to 4 @,@ 400 . The team sought to add more melee manoeuvres to better match Lara Croft 's portrayal as an expert fighter in her backstory . Movement control was switched from the directional pad to the analog control stick to provide more precision . After the original team finished Chronicles , it joined the development of Angel of Darkness . Excess content , missed production deadlines , and Eidos 's desire to time the game 's launch to coincide with the release of the 2003 Tomb Raider film resulted in a poorly designed game ; Croft was brought back to life without explanation and the character controls lacked precision . = = = Developer switch to Crystal Dynamics = = = Angel of Darkness was received poorly , prompting Eidos — fearing financial troubles from another unsuccessful game — to give development duties for future titles to Crystal Dynamics , another Eidos subsidiary . The Legacy of Kain development team began work on a new title ( Tomb Raider : Legend ) , and Toby Gard returned to work as a consultant . The development team reassessed the brand value of the franchise and its protagonist . Chip Blundell , Eidos 's vice @-@ president of brand management , commented that the designers understood that fans saw the character and brand as their own , rather than Eidos 's . With that in mind , the team retooled the franchise and character to emphasize aspects of the original game that made them unique . The storyline intended for a trilogy of games that started with Angel of Darkness was abandoned and a new plot was created for Legend . Crystal Dynamics focused on believability rather than realism to re @-@ develop the character , posing decisions around the question , " What could Lara do ? " , and giving her action more freedom . The designers updated Lara Croft 's move set to make her movements appear more fluid and continuous . The animations were also updated so the character could better interact with environmental objects . The developers introduced a feature that causes the character 's skin and clothing to appear wet after swimming and dirty after rolling on the ground . Responding to criticism directed at the character controls in Angel of Darkness , Crystal Dynamics redesigned the character 's control scheme to provide what it felt was the best third @-@ person action experience . The developers also introduced close @-@ quarter melee manoeuvres . Crystal Dynamics updated the character model to add more realism , but retained past design elements . The polygon count increased to over 9 @,@ 800 . More attention was paid to the character 's lip synching and facial expressions to allow for dynamic emotional responses to in @-@ game events . In redesigning the character 's appearance , Crystal Dynamics updated Croft 's hairstyle , wardrobe , and accessories . Her shirt was changed to a V @-@ neck crop top , her body was given more muscle tone , and her hair braid was switched to a pony tail . The voice actor for Lara Croft was initially rumoured to be Rachel Weisz , but the role was eventually given to Keeley Hawes . Crystal Dynamics retained the design changes for the next game , Tomb Raider : Anniversary , a remake of the first game . The designers aimed to portray Croft with more emotional depth , and focused on the character 's desire to achieve the end goal of the game , culminating in killing one of the antagonists . The developers used the death to evoke guilt in Croft afterward and illustrate that shooting a person should be a difficult choice . Tomb Raider : Underworld continued the plot line established in Legend . Crystal Dynamics used new technology to improve the character for seventh generation consoles , focusing on improving realism . The dirt accumulation and water cleansing mechanic from Legend was altered to be a real @-@ time mechanic that can involve the entire game environment . To achieve a more natural appearance , the developers added spherical harmonics to provide indirect lighting to in @-@ game objects like Lara Croft . Crystal Dynamics made the character model more complex and detailed than previous instalments , featuring more texture layers that determine the appearance of shadows and reflective light on it , and using skeletal animation to portray believable movement . The number of polygons in the model increased to 32 @,@ 000 . The developers enhanced Croft 's facial model by increasing the number of polygons , bones used in the animation skeleton , and graphical shaders in the face to add more detail and expressive capabilities . The hair was created as a real @-@ time cloth simulation to further add realism to its shape and movement . The developers kept Croft 's hair tied back because they felt a real person would not want it flying around while performing dangerous manoeuvres . The character 's body size was increased and breast size reduced to portray more realistic proportions . The developers tried to redefine Lara Croft 's actions by questioning what they felt the character was capable of . While previous games used hand @-@ animated movement for the character , Underworld introduced motion capture @-@ based animation to display more fluid , realistic movement and facial expressions . Stuntwoman and Olympic Gold medalist Heidi Moneymaker was the motion capture actress , and advised the designers on practical movements . Animators adjusted and blended the recorded animation to create seamless transitions between the separate moves and their simultaneous combinations . The blends and additional animations give the character more flexible movement . Actions were overlapped to allow for multitasking , such as aiming at two separate targets and shooting with one hand while the other holds an object collected from the environment . Other additions include more melee attacks , as well as contextual offensive and climbing manoeuvres . Crystal Dynamics sought to make the visual appearance of the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 versions identical , although the systems use different techniques to achieve this . In response to Underworld 's lackluster sales figures , Eidos reportedly considered altering the character 's appearance to appeal more to female fans . = = = Publisher switch to Square Enix = = = Japanese game company Square Enix acquired Eidos in April 2009 , restructuring Eidos into Square Enix Europe . Crystal Dynamics remained the developer of the Tomb Raider games . Lara Croft and the Guardian of Light introduced co @-@ operative gameplay to the series , a move that brand director Karl Stewart said was meant to " show [ Lara ] as a more humanistic character " by placing her in a situation that differed from previous installments . The game uses the same technology featured in the studio 's past Tomb Raider games . Despite the changes implemented in the titles , Crystal Dynamics believed that the series required further reinvention to stay relevant . In late 2010 , Square Enix announced a franchise reboot titled Tomb Raider ; the new Lara Croft would be a darker , grittier reimagining of the character . In examining the character , Crystal Dynamics concluded that Croft 's largest failing was her " Teflon coating " , and that it needed a more human version that players would care about . The studio sought a new voice actress , trialling dozens of relatively unknown performers . The second reboot focuses on the origin of the character , and as a result , changes the previous back story . Staff opted to first work on the character 's biography rather than cosmetic aspects . Crystal Dynamics sought to avoid the embellished physique of past renditions and pushed for realistic proportions . In redesigning the character 's appearance , the designers began with simple concepts and added features that it felt made Lara Croft iconic : a ponytail , " M @-@ shaped " lips , and the spatial relationship between her eyes , mouth , and nose . The company also changed the character 's wardrobe , focusing on what it believed was more functional and practical . In designing the outfits , staff aimed to create a look that was " relevant " and " youthful " , but not too " trendy " or " hip " . To gauge the redesign , Crystal Dynamics conducted eye tracking studies on subjects who viewed the new version and previous ones . Similar to Underworld , the new Tomb Raider features motion capture @-@ based animation . In an effort to present realism and emotion in the character , Crystal Dynamics captured face and voice performances to accompany the body performances . The company plans to revamp Croft 's in @-@ game combat abilities . Crystal Dynamics aims to make the " combat fresh to the franchise , competitive amongst [ similar games ] , and relevant to the story . " Among the changes is the implementation of a free aiming system . The studio reasoned that such a system would cause players to be more invested in the action by fostering a " raw , brutal , and desperate " style . Global brand director Karl Stewart stated that such desperation relates to the updated character 's inexperience with violence . He further commented that Lara Croft is thrust into a situation where she is forced to kill , which will be a traumatic and defining moment for her . = = Promotion and merchandising = = Eidos 's German branch and the KMF agency handled marketing for Lara Croft . Eidos marketing manager David Burton oversaw marketing efforts , which attempted to portray the character as attractive and pleasant . However , interaction with the press , especially those in Europe , resulted in less clothing depicted in promotional images . Concerned with diluting Croft 's personality , Eidos avoided products it felt did not fit the character . Ian Livingstone , Eidos 's product acquisition director , commented that the company declines most merchandising proposals . He stated that Eidos primarily focused on game development and viewed such promotion outside video games as exposure for the character . Following Square Enix 's acquisition , Eidos 's marketing duties were transferred to the Square Enix Europe subsidiary . As part of the second reboot , Crystal Dynamics planned to align all products , promotions , and media ventures with its new version of the character . Lara Croft has appeared on the cover of multiple video game magazines . The character has also been featured on the cover of non @-@ video game publications such as British style magazine The Face , American news magazines Time and Newsweek , German magazine Focus , and the front page of British newspaper the Financial Times . Eidos licensed the character for third party advertisements , including television ads for Visa , Lucozade drinks , G4 TV , Brigitte magazine , and SEAT cars . Retro Gamer staff attributes Croft 's " iconic " status in part to the Lucozade commercials , calling them one of the most memorable advertisements to use video game elements . Picture advertisements appeared on the sides of double @-@ decker buses and walls of subway stations . Irish rock band U2 commissioned custom renders for video footage displayed on stage in its 1997 PopMart tour . German punk band Die Ärzte 's 1998 music video for " Men are pigs " ( German : " Männer sind Schweine " ) also features Croft . Music groups have dedicated songs to the character , culminating in the release of the album A Tribute to Lara Croft . Bands and artists including Depeche Mode , Moby , Faith No More , Jimi Tenor , and Apollo 440 donated their songs for the album . In conjunction with the release of the 2001 film adaptation , Eidos licensed Lara Croft free @-@ of @-@ charge to the Gordonstoun boarding school for a commercial . The school approached Eidos about use of the character . Eidos allowed the one @-@ time licence due to Core Design 's inclusion of Gordonstoun in Croft 's fictional biography without the school 's permission . Near the end of 2006 , Lara Croft became the spokesmodel for the Skin Cancer Awareness Foundation of Minden , Nevada as part of its Sun Smart Teen Program . The foundation felt that the character personified the benefits of a healthy body , and that young teenagers could relate to Croft . Lara Croft 's likeness has been a model for merchandise . The first action figures were produced by Toy Biz , based on the video game version of the character . Playmates Toys released a series of action figures that depict Croft in different outfits and accessories from the video games , later producing figures modelled after Jolie for Lara Croft : Tomb Raider . Graphic designer Marc Klinnert of Studio OXMOX released 1 ⁄ 6 scale model kits of the character , and later built a full @-@ scale version . Arcade : The Videogame Magazine and PlayStation Magazine promoted life @-@ size Croft statues as contest prizes . Spurred by a rumour that Eidos provided Lara Croft autographs , fans wrote to the company to obtain them . The quantity prompted Eidos to quickly produce autographed cards to meet demand . Tomb Raider : Underworld themes and wallpapers featuring the character were released for the PlayStation 3 . Xbox Live Marketplace released Xbox 360 avatars in conjunction with Lara Croft and the Guardian of Light . Eidos released a brand of Lara Croft apparel and accessories , marketed under the label " LARA " . The line included wallets , watches , bathrobes , and Zippo lighters . Other third @-@ party apparel are hiking boots , backpacks , leather jackets , and thermoses . Croft 's likeness has also appeared on French postage stamps , PlayStation memory cards , and trading cards as part of a collectible card game . In October 1997 , Eidos held an art exhibition titled " Lara Goes Art " in Hamburg , Germany to promote Tomb Raider II . The exhibit featured selected artwork of the character submitted by artists and fans . Pieces included oil and airbrushed paintings , photo @-@ stories , and Klinnert 's model ; SZM Studios provided the computer @-@ generated footage it had created for Die Ärzte 's music video and the Brigitte magazine television commercial . = = = Model portrayal = = = Eidos hired several models to portray Lara Croft at publicity events , promotions , trade shows , and photo shoots . Nathalie Cook was the first model , portraying the character from 1996 to 1997 . Cook was followed by British actress Rhona Mitra from 1997 to 1998 . Eidos then updated the Croft costume to match its video game depiction . Core Design reportedly restricted Mitra 's dialogue as the character at trade shows and out of costume . French model Vanessa Demouy succeeded Mitra for a brief time until fashion model Nell McAndrew took over the role at the 1998 Electronic Entertainment Expo . McAndrew portrayed Croft from 1998 until 1999 , when Eidos fired her for posing in Playboy , which used the character and Tomb Raider franchise to promote the McAndrew 's issue without Eidos 's approval . Core Design was granted an injunction against the magazine to protect the character 's image ; Playboy was ordered to place stickers on the cover of the issue to conceal the reference to Tomb Raider . Eidos later donated McAndrew 's Tomb Raider costume to a UNICEF charity auction . Lara Weller followed McAndrew from 1999 to 2000 . Subsequent models were Lucy Clarkson from 2000 to 2002 and Jill de Jong , who wore a new costume based on Lara Croft 's new appearance in Angel of Darkness from 2002 to 2004 . Karima Adebibe became the model from 2006 to 2008 , and wore a costume based on the updated version of Croft in Legend . She was the first model Eidos allowed to portray Lara Croft outside posing for photography . To prepare for the role , Adebibe trained in areas the character was expected to excel in like combat , motorcycling , elocution , and conduct . Gymnast Alison Carroll , succeeded Adebibe in 2008 and featured apparel based on the character 's appearance in Underworld . Similar to Adebibe , Carroll received special training — Special Air Service ( SAS ) survival , weapons , and archaeology — to fill the role . Crystal Dynamics discontinued the use of models as part of the franchise 's second reboot . The number of models prompted Guinness World Records to award the character an official record for the " most official real life stand @-@ ins " in 2008 . = = = Film portrayal = = = Paramount Pictures acquired the film rights for Tomb Raider in 1998 , which was released as Lara Croft : Tomb Raider in 2001 . Producer Lloyd Levin stated that the film makers tried to capture the essence of the video game elements rather than duplicate them . Acknowledging the character 's " huge fan base " and recognizable appearance , director Simon West sought an actress with acting ability as well as physical attributes similar to Croft . Paramount also received input from developer Core Design on casting . Rumoured actresses included Pamela Anderson , Demi Moore , Jeri Ryan and Carla Pivonski . Academy Award @-@ winning actress Angelina Jolie was eventually cast to play Lara Croft . She had not been a fan of the character , but considered the role as a " big responsibility " , citing anxiety about fans ' high expectations . Producer Lawrence Gordon felt she was a perfect fit for the role . Jolie braided her hair and used minimal padding to increase her bust a cup size to 36D for the role . She felt that Croft 's video game proportions were unrealistic , and wanted to avoid showing such proportions to young girls . Jolie trained rigorously for the action scenes required for the role , occasionally sustaining injuries . Her training focused on practicing the physical skills necessary to perform the film 's stunts . The difficulty of the training and injuries discouraged her , but she continued working through production . Jolie also encountered difficulties when working the guns , bungee jumping , and manoeuvring with the braid . West had not anticipated that Jolie would do her own stunts , and was impressed , as was stunt coordinator Simon Crane , by the effort she put into them . Angelina Jolie reprised her role for a sequel , Lara Croft Tomb Raider : The Cradle of Life . Directed by Jan de Bont , the 2003 film focused more on the character 's development . De Bont praised Jolie 's understanding of Lara Croft , as well as the character 's strength , saying he " hates women in distress . " Producer Levin commented that the film staff tried to handle the character properly , and consulted with the video game developers on what would be appropriate . Despite the second film 's poor reception , Paramount remained open to releasing a third . Jolie was still optioned to play the character in a third film as late as 2007 , though she had commented in 2004 that she had no intention of reprising the role again . Development for a third movie was announced in 2009 , with Dan Lin as the producer . However , a new actress is currently being sought to play the title character . Lin intends to reboot the film series with a young Croft in an origin story . In 2011 , Olivia Wilde denied rumors that she would play the role , but still expressed interest . The film , originally meant for a 2013 release , is currently to be produced by Graham King , written by Marti Noxon and produced by Metro @-@ Goldwyn @-@ Meyer in partnership with King 's studio GK Films . On April 28 , 2016 , it was announced that Academy Award winner Alicia Vikander would be playing Croft in the next film adaptation . = = Cultural impact = = Lara Croft 's 1996 debut is often cited as a catalyst for more female leads in video games . Kaiser Hwang of PlayStation Magazine commented that she " brought girl power " to video games . IGN argued that Croft helped redefine gender in video games by providing a different interpretation of what women could do . Several publications have used her as the standard to which later female video game characters have been compared . Video game publications like PlayStation Magazine , IGN , Edge , and PlayStation : The Official Magazine have labelled the character a video game and cultural icon . Jeremy Smith credits Croft with exposing the Tomb Raider games and video games in general to a wider audience . Computer and Video Games commented that Croft 's appearance on the cover of The Face signalled a change in the perception of video games from " geeky " to mainstream . The character is honoured in the British city Derby , previous home to Core Design . In 2007 , Radleigh Homes placed a blue plaque for Croft at the site of Core Design 's former offices , now a block of flats . The Derby City Council opened a public vote in 2009 to name its new ring road . The winning choice , with 89 % of over 27 @,@ 000 votes , was " Lara Croft Way " , and opened in July 2010 . Yahoo ! Movies and IGN credit Jolie 's role in the first Tomb Raider film with significantly raising her profile and propelling her to international super @-@ stardom , respectively . Jolie commented that young children would ask her to sign objects as Lara Croft . After filming for the first movie at the Cambodian temple Ta Prohm , the local inhabitants called it the " Angelina Jolie Temple " and local restaurants served Jolie 's favorite alcoholic beverage advertised as " Tomb Raider cocktails " . IGN 's Jesse Schedeen described Croft as one of few characters to receive a decent videogame @-@ to @-@ movie adaptation . By 2008 , the first Tomb Raider movie was the highest @-@ grossing video game movie and the largest opening ever for a movie headlined by a woman . It became the second highest @-@ grossing video game movie in 2010 , after the release of Prince of Persia : The Sands of Time . = = = Reception and legacy = = = Lara Croft 's introduction was widely regarded as an innovation in the video game market , with Rob Smith of PlayStation : The Official Magazine describing her as a video game icon of that generation of games . IGN credited a rise in PlayStation sales in part to Croft 's debut on the system , and PlayStation Magazine attributed the first title 's success to the character . Official U.S. PlayStation Magazine stated alternatively that Tomb Raider 's PlayStation success propelled the character to prominence , making her a mascot for the system . PlayStation Magazine credits coverage in the Financial Times in 1997 as the starting point of the character 's mainstream attention . As years progressed , Lara Croft 's popularity declined due to a string of poorly received video game sequels . The Angel of Darkness is often cited as the character 's low point . IGN editor Colin Moriarty stated that while she began as an intelligent and strong female character , her games grew bland and Lara Croft became more like a " virtual blow @-@ up doll " . Crystal Dynamics ' rendition of Croft in Legend garnered wide , though not universal , praise ; many publications described the portrayal as a successful reboot . Game Informer named Lara Croft the number six top video game hero of 2006 , citing the character 's successful reprise in popularity . The magazine cited the character 's alterations in Legend as the reason for her resurgent success . Chris Slate of PlayStation Magazine lauded the character changes in Legend , commenting that " Lara is finally back " . He praised Eidos 's decision to switch developers and Crystal Dynamics ' contributions , especially the character 's new gameplay manoeuvres and updated appearance . Others , like Schedeen and GamePro 's Patrick Shaw , felt that the makeover did not improve the character . Fans also disapproved of the changes , especially the switch from the braid . Dr. Mark Griffiths of Nottingham Trent University described Lara Croft as a psychological tabula rasa . Richard Rouse of Midway Games attributed the character 's appeal to a loosely defined personality , which permits players to imprint their own onto her . Jeremy Smith stated that the minimal personality allows players to form a relationship with the character . Burton added that Croft is perceived differently around the world . French demographics focus on her sex appeal , while German and British audiences are drawn to her aggressiveness and aloofness , respectively . Fansites dedicated to Lara Croft appeared on the internet in several languages after the release of Tomb Raider , and contained official and fan @-@ created images of Croft , model photographs , and fan fiction starring the character . More than 100 such sites were present by the end of 1998 . By 2000 , search engine HotBot yielded around 4 @,@ 700 pages for a search of the character 's name . Admirers discussed rumours related to Lara Croft via usenet newsgroups and ICQ chats . Enthusiasts also collected merchandise and paraphernalia , submitted fan art to video game magazines , participated in Croft cosplay , and obtained tattoos depicting the character . One admirer rode a bike over 500 miles ( 800 km ) from Amsterdam to Derby wearing Lara Croft brand clothing to meet the developers , who welcomed him after learning of the trip . Lara Croft holds a Guinness World Record as the " most recognized female video game character " , and received a star on the Walk of Game in San Francisco . Game Informer commented that the character is well liked around the world , particularly in England . Official U.S. PlayStation Magazine described Croft as " one of today 's premier videogame and movie heroes " , and Play magazine described her as " 3D gaming 's first female superstar " . Hartas called Croft one of the most famous game women , praising her independence . Karen Jones of Official U.S. PlayStation Magazine described the character as " one of the biggest stars on the PlayStation " . In 1998 , PlayStation Magazine commented that Lara Croft was one of the most memorable characters on the PlayStation console , and echoed a similar statement in 2004 . Time magazine writer Chris Taylor called her " the foundation of one of the most successful franchises in video @-@ game history . " In June 2010 , Entertainment Weekly named her one of the 100 Greatest Characters of the Last 20 Years . In 2011 , Empire ranked her as the fifth greatest video game character . = = = Sex symbol = = = Lara Croft has become a sex symbol for video games , despite Toby Gard 's intentions for her to be sexy " only because of her power " . Time magazine 's Kristina Dell considered her the first sex symbol of video games . Schedeen stated that Croft is among the first video game icons to be accepted as a mainstream sex symbol . Robert Ashley of Official U.S. PlayStation Magazine described Lara Croft as the first video game character openly thought of as sexy , and attributed the appearance of similar 3D characters to her . Publications like Play , GameTrailers , and PlayStation Magazine listed big breasts as one of the character 's most famous attributes . After interviewing players in 1998 , Griffiths commented that players regularly mention Croft 's breasts when discussing her . In 2008 , the character was first and second on two UGO Networks lists of hottest video game characters . GameDaily placed Lara Croft number one on a similar list that same year , and PlayStation : The Official Magazine awarded her honorable mention for Game Babe of the Year . Croft has appeared in several issues of Play 's Girls of Gaming special and PlayStation Magazine 's Swimsuit special . Layouts portray the character partially nude , in bikinis , and in revealing cocktail dresses , though Tomb Raider : Underworld 's creative director Eric Lindstrom criticized such poses as out of character . He further stated that they conflict with Croft 's popular strengths , and felt that fans respond more strongly to images of the character dressed more conservatively than to ones with provocative poses . PlayStation Magazine 's staff agreed , commenting that better use of the character 's sex appeal would please fans more . Male players have performed in @-@ game actions to make Lara Croft repeatedly say phrases and view closer camera angles of her bust , while pornography featuring the character has been distributed via the internet . After the first game 's release , rumours appeared on the internet about a cheat code to remove the character 's clothes . Despite Core Design 's denial of such a code , the rumour persisted , fueled by manipulated nude images . The rumour lingered by the time Legend was released . PlayStation Magazine featured an April Fool 's parody of Croft and the rumoured code referred to as " Nude Raider " . Fans developed software patches to remove Lara Croft 's clothing in the personal computer game releases . Reaction from groups have been mixed . The journal Leonardo noted some feminists ' negative reaction to her design ; though males were identifying with their feminine side through Croft , she reinforced unrealistic ideals about the female body . Australian feminist scholar Germaine Greer criticized her as an embodiment of male fantasies . PlayStation Magazine staff commented that Croft could be seen as either a role model for young independent girls or the embodiment of a male adolescent fantasy , though later stated that the character does little to attract female demographics and was obviously designed with a male audience in mind . The editors also criticized Core Design 's hypocritical attempts to downplay the character 's sex appeal in public statements while releasing advertisements that prominently featured Lara Croft 's sexuality . Graphic artist Heather Gibson attributed the " sexism " to participation from Eidos 's marketing department . Author Mark Cohen attributed Lara Croft 's eroticism among male fans to the character 's appearance and a male protective instinct . German psychologist Oscar Holzberg described the protective behaviour as the result of the opportunity to act as a hero in virtual worlds and a fear of powerful , emancipated women . Jonathan Smith of Arcade : The Videogame Magazine similarly noted that male players often see themselves as " chivalrous protectors " while playing the game . Holzberg further stated that the lower psychological investment inherent to virtual characters is more comfortable for males . Cohen affirmed that despite blatant male appeal , Croft garnered a serious female audience . Eidos estimated by 2000 , female consumers comprised 20 – 25 percent of Tomb Raider game purchases . Jeremy Smith argued that the series attracted more female players to video gaming , especially in Japan . Smith believed that Croft does not alienate prospective female players , representing an emancipated heroine and not simply an attractive character . According to Adrian Smith , the character was also popular with younger demographics that did not view her sexually . Cohen reasoned that Croft differs from other erotic characters and attractive leads , as the Tomb Raider games also feature rich action , impressive graphics , and intelligent puzzles ; other such characters were unsuccessful because the game content was lacking . Amy Hennig of developer Naughty Dog and Griffiths echoed similar statements . GamesRadar editor Justin Toweel nonetheless commented that he couldn 't imagine a Tomb Raider game without a sexualized female lead . Griffith described Lara Croft as a flawed female influence . He stated that though the character is a step in the right direction , too many women view her as a " crudely realised male fantasy figure " . Women in the video game industry describe the character as both a positive and negative influence . Ismini Roby of WomenGamers.com commented that Croft was not a sexist influence in 1996 , attributed to the lack of prominent female characters in video games at the time . She stated that the over @-@ sexualized appearance was overlooked because the character was a " breath of fresh air " . However , Roby felt that though Lara Croft 's proportions have become more realistic , the character 's personality was diluted by the developer 's actions to appeal to a male audience . LesbianGamers.com 's Tracy Whitelaw called the character a dichotomy , stating that though Croft is viewed as " idealized " with an " unattainable body " , the character was a great stride for the propagation of female characters as video game protagonists .
= Definition of planet = The definition of planet , since the word was coined by the ancient Greeks , has included within its scope a wide range of celestial bodies . Greek astronomers employed the term asteres planetai ( ἀστέρες πλανῆται ) , " wandering stars " , for star @-@ like objects which apparently moved over the sky . Over the millennia , the term has included a variety of different objects , from the Sun and the Moon to satellites and asteroids . By the end of the 19th century the word planet , though it had yet to be defined , had become a working term applied only to a small set of objects in the Solar System . After 1992 , however , astronomers began to discover many additional objects beyond the orbit of Neptune , as well as hundreds of objects orbiting other stars . These discoveries not only increased the number of potential planets , but also expanded their variety and peculiarity . Some were nearly large enough to be stars , while others were smaller than Earth 's moon . These discoveries challenged long @-@ perceived notions of what a planet could be . The issue of a clear definition for planet came to a head in January 2005 with the discovery of the trans @-@ Neptunian object Eris , a body more massive than the smallest then @-@ accepted planet , Pluto . In its August 2006 response , the International Astronomical Union ( IAU ) , recognised by astronomers as the world body responsible for resolving issues of nomenclature , released its decision on the matter during a meeting in Prague in the Czech republic . This definition , which applies only to the Solar System , states that a planet is a body that orbits the Sun , is massive enough for its own gravity to make it round , and has " cleared its neighbourhood " of smaller objects around its orbit . Under this new definition , Pluto and the other trans @-@ Neptunian objects do not qualify as planets . The IAU 's decision has not resolved all controversies , and while many scientists have accepted the definition , some in the astronomical community have rejected it outright . = = History = = = = = Planets in antiquity = = = While knowledge of the planets predates history and is common to most civilizations , the word planet dates back to ancient Greece . Most Greeks believed the Earth to be stationary and at the center of the universe in accordance with the geocentric model and that the objects in the sky , and indeed the sky itself , revolved around it . ( An exception was Aristarchus of Samos who put forward an early version of Heliocentrism . ) Greek astronomers employed the term asteres planetai ( ἀστέρες πλανῆται ) , " wandering stars " , to describe those starlike lights in the heavens that moved over the course of the year , in contrast to the asteres aplaneis ( ἀστέρες ἀπλανεῖς ) , the " fixed stars " , which stayed motionless relative to one another . The five bodies currently called " planets " that were known to the Greeks were those visible to the naked eye : Mercury , Venus , Mars , Jupiter , and Saturn . Graeco @-@ Roman cosmology commonly considered seven planets , with the Sun and the Moon counted among them ( as is the case in modern astrology ) ; however , there is some ambiguity on that point , as many ancient astronomers distinguished the five star @-@ like planets from the Sun and Moon . As the 19th @-@ century German naturalist Alexander von Humboldt noted in his work Cosmos , Of the seven cosmical bodies which , by their continually varying relative positions and distances apart , have ever since the remotest antiquity been distinguished from the " unwandering orbs " of the heaven of the " fixed stars " , which to all sensible appearance preserve their relative positions and distances unchanged , five only — Mercury , Venus , Mars , Jupiter and Saturn — wear the appearance of stars — " cinque stellas errantes " — while the Sun and Moon , from the size of their disks , their importance to man , and the place assigned to them in mythological systems , were classed apart . In his Timaeus , written in roughly 360 BC , Plato mentions , " the Sun and Moon and five other stars , which are called the planets " . His student Aristotle makes a similar distinction in his On the Heavens : " The movements of the sun and moon are fewer than those of some of the planets " . In his Phaenomena , which set to verse an astronomical treatise written by the philosopher Eudoxus in roughly 350 BC , the poet Aratus describes " those five other orbs , that intermingle with [ the constellations ] and wheel wandering on every side of the twelve figures of the Zodiac . " In his Almagest written in the 2nd century , Ptolemy refers to " the Sun , Moon and five planets . " Hyginus explicitly mentions " the five stars which many have called wandering , and which the Greeks call Planeta . " Marcus Manilius , a Latin writer who lived during the time of Caesar Augustus and whose poem Astronomica is considered one of the principal texts for modern astrology , says , " Now the dodecatemory is divided into five parts , for so many are the stars called wanderers which with passing brightness shine in heaven . " The single view of the seven planets is found in Cicero 's Dream of Scipio , written sometime around 53 BC , where the spirit of Scipio Africanus proclaims , " Seven of these spheres contain the planets , one planet in each sphere , which all move contrary to the movement of heaven . " In his Natural History , written in 77 AD , Pliny the Elder refers to " the seven stars , which owing to their motion we call planets , though no stars wander less than they do . " Nonnus , the 5th century Greek poet , says in his Dionysiaca , " I have oracles of history on seven tablets , and the tablets bear the names of the seven planets . " = = = Planets in the Middle Ages = = = Medieval and Renaissance writers generally accepted the idea of seven planets . The standard medieval introduction to astronomy , Sacrobosco 's De Sphaera , includes the Sun and Moon among the planets , the more advanced Theorica planetarum presents the " theory of the seven planets , " while the instructions to the Alfonsine Tables show how " to find by means of tables the mean motuses of the sun , moon , and the rest of the planets . " In his Confessio Amantis , 14th @-@ century poet John Gower , referring to the planets ' connection with the craft of alchemy , writes , " Of the planetes ben begonne / The gold is tilted to the Sonne / The Mone of Selver hath his part ... " , indicating that the Sun and the Moon were planets . Even Nicolaus Copernicus , who rejected the geocentric model , was ambivalent concerning whether the Sun and Moon were planets . In his De Revolutionibus , Copernicus clearly separates " the sun , moon , planets and stars " ; however , in his Dedication of the work to Pope Paul III , Copernicus refers to , " the motion of the sun and the moon ... and of the five other planets . " = = = Earth = = = Eventually , when Copernicus 's heliocentric model was accepted over the geocentric , Earth was placed among the planets and the Sun and Moon were reclassified , necessitating a conceptual revolution in the understanding of planets . As the historian of science Thomas Kuhn noted in his book , The Structure of Scientific Revolutions : The Copernicans who denied its traditional title ' planet ' to the sun ... were changing the meaning of ' planet ' so that it would continue to make useful distinctions in a world where all celestial bodies ... were seen differently from the way they had been seen before ... Looking at the moon , the convert to Copernicanism ... says , ' I once took the moon to be ( or saw the moon as ) a planet , but I was mistaken.' Copernicus obliquely refers to Earth as a planet in De Revolutionibus when he says , " Having thus assumed the motions which I ascribe to the Earth later on in the volume , by long and intense study I finally found that if the motions of the other planets are correlated with the orbiting of the earth ... " Galileo also asserts that Earth is a planet in the Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems : " [ T ] he Earth , no less than the moon or any other planet , is to be numbered among the natural bodies that move circularly . " = = = Modern planets = = = In 1781 , the astronomer William Herschel was searching the sky for elusive stellar parallaxes , when he observed what he termed a comet in the constellation of Taurus . Unlike stars , which remained mere points of light even under high magnification , this object 's size increased in proportion to the power used . That this strange object might have been a planet simply did not occur to Herschel ; the five planets beyond Earth had been part of humanity 's conception of the universe since antiquity . As the asteroids had yet to be discovered , comets were the only moving objects one expected to find in a telescope . However , unlike a comet , this object 's orbit was nearly circular and within the ecliptic plane . Before Herschel announced his discovery of his " comet " , his colleague , British Astronomer Royal Nevil Maskelyne , wrote to him , saying , " I don 't know what to call it . It is as likely to be a regular planet moving in an orbit nearly circular to the sun as a Comet moving in a very eccentric ellipsis . I have not yet seen any coma or tail to it . " The " comet " was also very far away , too far away for a mere comet to resolve itself . Eventually it was recognised as the seventh planet and named Uranus after the father of Saturn . Gravitationally induced irregularities in Uranus 's observed orbit led eventually to the discovery of Neptune in 1846 , and presumed irregularities in Neptune 's orbit subsequently led to a search which did not find the perturbing object ( it was later found to be a mathematical artefact caused by an overestimation of Neptune 's mass ) but did find Pluto in 1930 . Initially believed to be roughly the mass of the Earth , observation gradually shrank Pluto 's estimated mass until it was revealed to be a mere five hundredth as large ; far too small to have influenced Neptune 's orbit at all . In 1989 , Voyager 2 determined the irregularities to be due to an overestimation of Neptune 's mass . = = = Satellites = = = When Copernicus placed Earth among the planets , he also placed the Moon in orbit around Earth , making the Moon the first natural satellite to be identified . When Galileo discovered his four satellites of Jupiter in 1610 , they lent weight to Copernicus 's argument , because if other planets could have satellites , then Earth could too . However , there remained some confusion as to whether these objects were " planets " ; Galileo referred to them as " four planets flying around the star of Jupiter at unequal intervals and periods with wonderful swiftness . " Similarly , Christiaan Huygens , upon discovering Saturn 's largest moon Titan in 1655 , employed many terms to describe it , including " planeta " ( planet ) , " stella " ( star ) , " luna " ( moon ) , and the more modern " satellite " ( attendant ) . Giovanni Cassini , in announcing his discovery of Saturn 's moons Iapetus and Rhea in 1671 and 1672 , described them as Nouvelles Planetes autour de Saturne ( " New planets around Saturn " ) . However , when the " Journal de Scavans " reported Cassini 's discovery of two new Saturnian moons in 1686 , it referred to them strictly as " satellites " , though sometimes Saturn as the " primary planet " . When William Herschel announced his discovery of two objects in orbit around Uranus in 1787 , he referred to them as " satellites " and " secondary planets " . All subsequent reports of natural satellite discoveries used the term " satellite " exclusively , though the 1868 book " Smith 's Illustrated Astronomy " referred to satellites as " secondary planets " . = = = Minor planets = = = One of the unexpected results of William Herschel 's discovery of Uranus was that it appeared to validate Bode 's law , a mathematical function which generates the size of the semimajor axis of planetary orbits . Astronomers had considered the " law " a meaningless coincidence , but Uranus fell at very nearly the exact distance it predicted . Since Bode 's law also predicted a body between Mars and Jupiter that at that point had not been observed , astronomers turned their attention to that region in the hope that it might be vindicated again . Finally , in 1801 , astronomer Giuseppe Piazzi found a miniature new world , Ceres , lying at just the correct point in space . The object was hailed as a new planet . Then in 1802 , Heinrich Olbers discovered Pallas , a second " planet " at roughly the same distance from the Sun as Ceres . That two planets could occupy the same orbit was an affront to centuries of thinking ; even Shakespeare had ridiculed the idea ( " Two stars keep not their motion in one sphere " ) . Even so , in 1804 , another world , Juno , was discovered in a similar orbit . In 1807 , Olbers discovered a fourth object , Vesta , at a similar orbital distance . Herschel suggested that these four worlds be given their own separate classification , asteroids ( meaning " starlike " since they were too small for their disks to resolve and thus resembled stars ) , though most astronomers preferred to refer to them as planets . This conception was entrenched by the fact that , due to the difficulty of distinguishing asteroids from yet @-@ uncharted stars , those four remained the only asteroids known until 1845 . Science textbooks in 1828 , after Herschel 's death , still numbered the asteroids among the planets . With the arrival of more refined star charts , the search for asteroids resumed , and a fifth and sixth were discovered by Karl Ludwig Hencke in 1845 and 1847 . By 1851 the number of asteroids had increased to 15 , and a new method of classifying them , by affixing a number before their names in order of discovery , was adopted , inadvertently placing them in their own distinct category . Ceres became " ( 1 ) Ceres " , Pallas became " ( 2 ) Pallas " , and so on . By the 1860s , the number of known asteroids had increased to over a hundred , and observatories in Europe and the United States began referring to them collectively as " minor planets " , or " small planets " , though it took the first four asteroids longer to be grouped as such . To this day , " minor planet " remains the official designation for all small bodies in orbit around the Sun , and each new discovery is numbered accordingly in the IAU 's Minor Planet Catalogue . = = = Pluto = = = The long road from planethood to reconsideration undergone by Ceres is mirrored in the story of Pluto , which was named a planet soon after its discovery by Clyde Tombaugh in 1930 . Uranus and Neptune had been declared planets based on their circular orbits , large masses and proximity to the ecliptic plane . None of these applied to Pluto , a tiny and icy world in a region of gas giants with an orbit that carried it high above the ecliptic and even inside that of Neptune . In 1978 , astronomers discovered Pluto 's largest moon , Charon , which allowed them to determine its mass . Pluto was found to be much tinier than anyone had expected : only one sixth the mass of Earth 's Moon . However , as far as anyone could yet tell , it was unique . Then , beginning in 1992 , astronomers began to detect large numbers of icy bodies beyond the orbit of Neptune that were similar to Pluto in composition , size , and orbital characteristics . They concluded that they had discovered the long @-@ hypothesised Kuiper belt ( sometimes called the Edgeworth – Kuiper belt ) , a band of icy debris that is the source for " short @-@ period " comets — those with orbital periods of up to 200 years . Pluto 's orbit lay within this band and thus its planetary status was thrown into question . Many scientists concluded that tiny Pluto should be reclassified as a minor planet , just as Ceres had been a century earlier . Mike Brown of the California Institute of Technology suggested that a " planet " should be redefined as " any body in the Solar System that is more massive than the total mass of all of the other bodies in a similar orbit . " Those objects under that mass limit would become minor planets . In 1999 , Brian G. Marsden of Harvard University 's Minor Planet Center suggested that Pluto be given the minor planet number 10000 while still retaining its official position as a planet . The prospect of Pluto 's " demotion " created a public outcry , and in response the International Astronomical Union clarified that it was not at that time proposing to remove Pluto from the planet list . The discovery of several other trans @-@ Neptunian objects approaching the size of Pluto , such as Quaoar and Sedna , continued to erode arguments that Pluto was exceptional from the rest of the trans @-@ Neptunian population . On July 29 , 2005 , Mike Brown and his team announced the discovery of a trans @-@ Neptunian object confirmed to be more massive than Pluto , named Eris . In the immediate aftermath of the object 's discovery , there was much discussion as to whether it could be termed a " tenth planet " . NASA even put out a press release describing it as such . However , acceptance of Eris as the tenth planet implicitly demanded a definition of planet that set Pluto as an arbitrary minimum size . Many astronomers , claiming that the definition of planet was of little scientific importance , preferred to recognise Pluto 's historical identity as a planet by " grandfathering " it into the planet list . = = IAU definition = = The discovery of Eris forced the IAU to act on a definition . In October 2005 , a group of 19 IAU members , which had already been working on a definition since the discovery of Sedna in 2003 , narrowed their choices to a shortlist of three , using approval voting . The definitions were : A planet is any object in orbit around the Sun with a diameter greater than 2000 km . ( eleven votes in favour ) A planet is any object in orbit around the Sun whose shape is stable due to its own gravity . ( eight votes in favour ) A planet is any object in orbit around the Sun that is dominant in its immediate neighbourhood . ( six votes in favour ) Since no consensus could be reached , the committee decided to put these three definitions to a wider vote at the IAU General Assembly meeting in Prague in August 2006 , and on August 24 , the IAU put a final draft to a vote , which combined elements from two of the three proposals . It essentially created a medial classification between planet and rock ( or , in the new parlance , small Solar System body ) , called dwarf planet and placed Pluto in it , along with Ceres and Eris . The vote was passed , with 424 astronomers taking part in the ballot . The IAU also resolved that " planets and dwarf planets are two distinct classes of objects " , meaning that dwarf planets , despite their name , would not be considered planets . On September 13 , 2006 , the IAU placed Eris , its moon Dysnomia , and Pluto into their Minor Planet Catalogue , giving them the official minor planet designations ( 134340 ) Pluto , ( 136199 ) Eris , and ( 136199 ) Eris I Dysnomia . Other possible dwarf planets , such as 2003 EL61 , 2005 FY9 , Sedna and Quaoar , were left in temporary limbo until a formal decision could be reached regarding their status . On June 11 , 2008 , the IAU executive committee announced the establishment of a subclass of dwarf planets comprising the aforementioned " new category of trans @-@ Neptunian objects " to which Pluto is a prototype . This new class of objects , termed plutoids , would include Pluto , Eris and any other future trans @-@ Neptunian dwarf planets , but excluded Ceres . The IAU also determined that , for naming purposes , only those TNOs with an absolute magnitude brighter than H = + 1 would be allowed into the category . To date , only two other TNOs , 2003 EL61 and 2005 FY9 , meet the absolute magnitude requirement , while other potential dwarf planets , such as Sedna , Orcus and Quaoar , do not . On July 11 , 2008 , the Working Group on Planetary Nomenclature included 2005 FY9 in the plutoid class , naming it Makemake . On September 17 , 2008 , 2003 EL61 joined the category with the name Haumea . = = Acceptance of the definition = = Among the most vocal proponents of the IAU 's decided definition are Mike Brown , the discoverer of Eris ; Steven Soter , professor of astrophysics at the American Museum of Natural History ; and Neil deGrasse Tyson , director of the Hayden Planetarium . In the early 2000s , when the Hayden Planetarium was undergoing a $ 100 million renovation , Tyson refused to refer to Pluto as the ninth planet at the planetarium . He explained that he would rather group planets according to their commonalities rather than counting them . This decision resulted in Tyson receiving large amounts of hate mail , primarily from children . In 2009 , Tyson wrote a book detailing the demotion of Pluto . In an article in the January 2007 issue of Scientific American , Soter cited the definition 's incorporation of current theories of the formation and evolution of the Solar System ; that as the earliest protoplanets emerged from the swirling dust of the protoplanetary disc , some bodies " won " the initial competition for limited material and , as they grew , their increased gravity meant that they accumulated more material , and thus grew larger , eventually outstripping the other bodies in the Solar System by a very wide margin . The asteroid belt , disturbed by the gravitational tug of nearby Jupiter , and the Kuiper belt , too widely spaced for its constituent objects to collect together before the end of the initial formation period , both failed to win the accretion competition . When the numbers for the winning objects are compared to those of the losers , the contrast is striking ; if Soter 's concept that each planet occupies an " orbital zone " is accepted , then the least orbitally dominant planet , Mars , is larger than all other collected material in its orbital zone by a factor of 5100 . Ceres , the largest object in the asteroid belt , only accounts for one third of the material in its orbit ; Pluto 's ratio is even lower , at around 7 percent . Mike Brown asserts that this massive difference in orbital dominance leaves " absolutely no room for doubt about which objects do and do not belong . " = = Ongoing controversies = = Despite the IAU 's declaration , a number of critics remain unconvinced . The definition is seen by some as arbitrary and confusing . A number of Pluto @-@ as @-@ planet proponents , in particular Alan Stern , head of NASA 's New Horizons mission to Pluto , have circulated a petition among astronomers to alter the definition . Stern 's claim is that , since less than 5 percent of astronomers voted for it , the decision was not representative of the entire astronomical community . Even with this controversy excluded , however , there remain several ambiguities in the definition . = = = Clearing the neighbourhood = = = One of the main points at issue is the precise meaning of " cleared the neighbourhood around its orbit " . Alan Stern objects that " it is impossible and contrived to put a dividing line between dwarf planets and planets , " and that since neither Earth , Mars , Jupiter , nor Neptune have entirely cleared their regions of debris , none could properly be considered planets under the IAU definition . Mike Brown counters these claims by saying that , far from not having cleared their orbits , the major planets completely control the orbits of the other bodies within their orbital zone . Jupiter may coexist with a large number of small bodies in its orbit ( the Trojan asteroids ) , but these bodies only exist in Jupiter 's orbit because they are in the sway of the planet 's huge gravity . Similarly , Pluto may cross the orbit of Neptune , but Neptune long ago locked Pluto and its attendant Kuiper belt objects , called plutinos , into a 3 : 2 resonance , i.e. , they orbit the Sun twice for every three Neptune orbits . The orbits of these objects are entirely dictated by Neptune 's gravity , and thus , Neptune is gravitationally dominant . In October 2015 , astronomer Jean @-@ Luc Margot of the University of California Los Angeles proposed a metric for orbital zone clearance derived from whether an object can clear an orbital zone of extent 2 √ 3 of its Hill radius in a specific time scale . This metric places a clear dividing line between the dwarf planets and the planets of the solar system . The calculation is based on the mass of the host star , the mass of the body , and the orbital period of the body . An Earth @-@ mass body orbiting a solar @-@ mass star clears its orbit at distances of up to 400 astronomical units from the star . A Mars @-@ mass body at the orbit of Pluto clears its orbit . This metric , which leaves Pluto as a dwarf planet , applies to both the Solar System and to extrasolar systems . Some opponents of the definition have claimed that " clearing the neighbourhood " is an ambiguous concept . Mark Sykes , director of the Planetary Science Institute in Tucson , Arizona , and organiser of the petition , expressed this opinion to National Public Radio . He believes that the definition does not categorise a planet by composition or formation , but , effectively , by its location . He believes that a Mars @-@ sized or larger object beyond the orbit of Pluto would not be considered a dwarf planet , because he believes that it would not have time to clear its orbit . Brown notes , however , that were the " clearing the neighbourhood " criterion to be abandoned , the number of planets in the Solar System could rise from eight to more than 50 , with hundreds more potentially to be discovered . = = = Hydrostatic equilibrium = = = The IAU 's definition mandates that planets be large enough for their own gravity to form them into a state of hydrostatic equilibrium ; this means that they will reach a round , ellipsoidal shape . Up to a certain mass , an object can be irregular in shape , but beyond that point gravity begins to pull an object towards its own centre of mass until the object collapses into an ellipsoid . ( None of the large objects of the Solar System are truly spherical . Many are spheroids , and several , such as the larger moons of Jupiter and Saturn and the dwarf planet Haumea , have been further distorted into ellipsoids by rapid rotation or tidal forces , but still in hydrostatic equilibrium . ) However , there is no precise point at which an object can be said to have reached hydrostatic equilibrium . As Soter noted in his article , " how are we to quantify the degree of roundness that distinguishes a planet ? Does gravity dominate such a body if its shape deviates from a spheroid by 10 percent or by 1 percent ? Nature provides no unoccupied gap between round and nonround shapes , so any boundary would be an arbitrary choice . " Furthermore , the point at which an object 's mass compresses it into an ellipsoid varies depending on the chemical makeup of the object . Objects made of ices , such as Enceladus and Miranda , assume that state more easily than those made of rock , such as Vesta and Pallas . Heat energy , from gravitational collapse , impacts , tidal forces , or radioactive decay , also factors into whether an object will be ellipsoidal or not ; Saturn 's icy moon Mimas is ellipsoidal , but Neptune 's larger moon Proteus , which is similarly composed but colder because of its greater distance from the Sun , is irregular . In addition , the much larger Iapetus is ellipsoidal but does not have the dimensions expected for its current speed of rotation , indicating that it was once in hydrostatic equilibrium but no longer is . = = = Double planets and moons = = = The definition specifically excludes satellites from the category of dwarf planet , though it does not directly define the term " satellite " . In the original draft proposal , an exception was made for Pluto and its largest satellite , Charon , which possess a barycenter outside the volume of either body . The initial proposal classified Pluto – Charon as a double planet , with the two objects orbiting the Sun in tandem . However , the final draft made clear that , even though they are similar in relative size , only Pluto would currently be classified as a dwarf planet . However , some have suggested that the Moon nonetheless deserves to be called a planet . In 1975 , Isaac Asimov noted that the timing of the Moon 's orbit is in tandem with the Earth 's own orbit around the Sun — looking down on the ecliptic , the Moon never actually loops back on itself , and in essence it orbits the Sun in its own right . Also many moons , even those that do not orbit the Sun directly , often exhibit features in common with true planets . There are 19 moons in the Solar System that have achieved hydrostatic equilibrium and would be considered planets if only the physical parameters are considered . Both Jupiter 's moon Ganymede and Saturn 's moon Titan are larger than Mercury , and Titan even has a substantial atmosphere , thicker than the Earth 's . Moons such as Io and Triton demonstrate obvious and ongoing geological activity , and Ganymede has a magnetic field . Just as stars in orbit around other stars are still referred to as stars , some astronomers argue that objects in orbit around planets that share all their characteristics could also be called planets . Indeed , Mike Brown makes just such a claim in his dissection of the issue , saying : It is hard to make a consistent argument that a 400 km iceball should count as a planet because it might have interesting geology , while a 5000 km satellite with a massive atmosphere , methane lakes , and dramatic storms [ Titan ] shouldn 't be put into the same category , whatever you call it . However , he goes on to say that , " For most people , considering round satellites ( including our Moon ) " planets " violates the idea of what a planet is . " Alan Stern has argued that location should not matter and that only geophysical attributes should be taken into account in the definition of a planet , and proposes the term satellite planet for a planet @-@ sized satellite . = = = Extrasolar planets and brown dwarfs = = = The discovery since 1992 of extrasolar planets , or planet @-@ sized objects around other stars ( 3 @,@ 472 such planets in 2 @,@ 597 planetary systems including 589 multiple planetary systems as of 15 July 2016 ) , has widened the debate on the nature of planethood in unexpected ways . Many of these planets are of considerable size , approaching the mass of small stars , while many newly discovered brown dwarfs are , conversely , small enough to be considered planets . The material difference between a low @-@ mass star and a large gas giant is not clearcut ; apart from size and relative temperature , there is little to separate a gas giant like Jupiter from its host star . Both have similar overall compositions : hydrogen and helium , with trace levels of heavier elements in their atmospheres . The generally accepted difference is one of formation ; stars are said to have formed from the " top down , " out of the gases in a nebula as they underwent gravitational collapse , and thus would be composed almost entirely of hydrogen and helium , while planets are said to have formed from the " bottom up , " from the accretion of dust and gas in orbit around the young star , and thus should have cores of silicates or ices . As yet it is uncertain whether gas giants possess such cores , though the Juno mission to Jupiter could resolve the issue . If it is indeed possible that a gas giant could form as a star does , then it raises the question of whether such an object should be considered an orbiting low @-@ mass star rather than a planet . Traditionally , the defining characteristic for starhood has been an object 's ability to fuse hydrogen in its core . However , stars such as brown dwarfs have always challenged that distinction . Too small to commence sustained hydrogen fusion , they have been granted star status on their ability to fuse deuterium . However , due to the relative rarity of that isotope , this process lasts only a tiny fraction of the star 's lifetime , and hence most brown dwarfs would have ceased fusion long before their discovery . Binary stars and other multiple @-@ star formations are common , and many brown dwarfs orbit other stars . Therefore , since they do not produce energy through fusion , they could be described as planets . Indeed , astronomer Adam Burrows of the University of Arizona claims that " from the theoretical perspective , however different their modes of formation , extrasolar giant planets and brown dwarfs are essentially the same . " Burrows also claims that such stellar remnants as white dwarfs should not be considered stars , a stance which would mean that an orbiting white dwarf , such as Sirius B , could be considered a planet . However , the current convention among astronomers is that any object massive enough to have possessed the capability to sustain atomic fusion during its lifetime should be considered a star . The confusion does not end with brown dwarfs . Maria Rosa Zapatario @-@ Osorio et al. have discovered many objects in young star clusters of masses below that required to sustain fusion of any sort ( currently calculated to be roughly 13 Jupiter masses ) . These have been described as " free floating planets " because current theories of Solar System formation suggest that planets may be ejected from their star systems altogether if their orbits become unstable . However , it is also possible that these " free floating planets " could have formed in the same manner as stars . In 2003 , the IAU officially released a statement to define what constitutes an extrasolar planet and what constitutes an orbiting star . To date , it remains the only official decision reached by the IAU on this issue . The 2006 committee did not attempt to challenge it , or to incorporate it into their definition , claiming that the issue of defining a planet was already difficult to resolve without also considering extrasolar planets . Like defining a planet by having cleared its neighbourhood , this definition creates ambiguity by making location , rather than formation or composition , the determining characteristic for planethood . A free @-@ floating object with a mass below 13 Jupiter masses is a " sub @-@ brown dwarf , " whereas such an object in orbit around a fusing star is a planet , even if , in all other respects , the two objects may be identical . Further , in 2010 , a paper published by Burrows , David S. Spiegel and John A. Milsom called into question the 13 @-@ Jupiter @-@ mass criterion , showing that a brown dwarf of three times solar metallicity could fuse deuterium at as low as 11 Jupiter masses . Also , the 13 Jupiter @-@ mass cutoff does not have precise physical significance . Deuterium fusion can occur in some objects with mass below that cutoff . The amount of deuterium fused depends to some extent on the composition of the object . The Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia includes objects up to 25 Jupiter masses , saying , " The fact that there is no special feature around 13 MJup in the observed mass spectrum reinforces the choice to forget this mass limit , " . The Exoplanet Data Explorer includes objects up to 24 Jupiter masses with the advisory : " The 13 Jupiter @-@ mass distinction by the IAU Working Group is physically unmotivated for planets with rocky cores , and observationally problematic due to the sin i ambiguity . " The NASA Exoplanet Archive includes objects with a mass ( or minimum mass ) equal to or less than 30 Jupiter masses . Another criterion for separating planets and brown dwarfs , rather than deuterium burning , formation process or location , is whether the core pressure is dominated by coulomb pressure or electron degeneracy pressure . = = = = Planetary @-@ mass stellar objects = = = = The ambiguity inherent in the IAU 's definition was highlighted in December 2005 , when the Spitzer Space Telescope observed Cha 110913 @-@ 773444 ( above ) , only eight times Jupiter 's mass with what appears to be the beginnings of its own planetary system . Were this object found in orbit around another star , it would have been termed a planet . In September 2006 , the Hubble Space Telescope imaged CHXR 73 b ( left ) , an object orbiting a young companion star at a distance of roughly 200 AU . At 12 Jovian masses , CHXR 73 b is just under the threshold for deuterium fusion , and thus technically a planet ; however , its vast distance from its parent star suggests it could not have formed inside the small star 's protoplanetary disc , and therefore must have formed , as stars do , from gravitational collapse . In 2012 , Philippe Delorme , of the Institute of Planetology and Astrophysics of Grenoble in France announced the discovery of CFBDSIR 2149 @-@ 0403 ; an independently moving 4 @-@ 7 Jupiter @-@ mass object that likely forms part of the AB Doradus moving group , less than 100 light years from Earth . Although it shares its spectrum with a spectral class T brown dwarf , Delorme speculates that it may be a planet . In October 2013 , astronomers led by Dr. Michael Liu of the University of Hawaii discovered PSO J318.5 @-@ 22 , a solitary free @-@ floating L dwarf estimated to possess only 6 @.@ 5 times the mass of Jupiter , making it the least massive sub @-@ brown dwarf yet discovered . = = = Semantics = = = Finally , from a purely linguistic point of view , there is the dichotomy that the IAU created between ' planet ' and ' dwarf planet ' . The term ' dwarf planet ' arguably contains two words , a noun ( planet ) and an adjective ( dwarf ) . Thus , the term could suggest that a dwarf planet is a type of planet , even though the IAU explicitly defines a dwarf planet as not so being . By this formulation therefore , ' dwarf planet ' and ' minor planet ' are best considered compound nouns . Benjamin Zimmer of Language Log summarised the confusion : " The fact that the IAU would like us to think of dwarf planets as distinct from ' real ' planets lumps the lexical item ' dwarf planet ' in with such oddities as ' Welsh rabbit ' ( not really a rabbit ) and ' Rocky Mountain oysters ' ( not really oysters ) . " As Dava Sobel , the historian and popular science writer who participated in the IAU 's initial decision in October 2006 , noted in an interview with National Public Radio , " A dwarf planet is not a planet , and in astronomy , there are dwarf stars , which are stars , and dwarf galaxies , which are galaxies , so it 's a term no one can love , dwarf planet . " Mike Brown noted in an interview with the Smithsonian that , " Most of the people in the dynamical camp really did not want the word " dwarf planet , " but that was forced through by the pro @-@ Pluto camp . So you 're left with this ridiculous baggage of dwarf planets not being planets . " Conversely , astronomer Robert Cumming of the Stockholm Observatory notes that , " The name ' minor planet ' [ has ] been more or less synonymous with ' asteroid ' for a very long time . So it seems to me pretty insane to complain about any ambiguity or risk for confusion with the introduction of ' dwarf planet ' . "
= Sair Tjerita Siti Akbari = Sair Tjerita Siti Akbari ( [ ʃaˈir tʃeˈrita siˈti akˈbari ] ; Perfected spelling : Syair Cerita Siti Akbari , Malay for Poem on the Story of Siti Akbari ; also known as Siti Akbari ) is an 1884 Malay @-@ language syair ( poem ) by Lie Kim Hok . Adapted indirectly from the Sjair Abdoel Moeloek , it tells of a woman who passes as a man to free her husband from the Sultan of Hindustan , who had captured him in an assault on their kingdom . Written over a period of several years and influenced by European literature , Siti Akbari differs from earlier syairs in its use of suspense and emphasis on prose rather than form . It also incorporates European realist views to expand upon the genre , although it maintains several of the hallmarks of traditional syairs . Critical views have emphasised various aspects of its story , finding in the work an increased empathy for women 's thoughts and feelings , a call for a unifying language in the Dutch East Indies ( now Indonesia ) , and a polemic regarding the relation between tradition and modernity . Siti Akbari was a commercial and critical success , seeing two reprints and a film adaptation in 1940 . When Sjair Abdoel Moeloek 's influence became clear in the 1920s , Lie was criticised as unoriginal . However , Siti Akbari remains one of the better known syairs written by an ethnic Chinese author . Lie was later styled as the " father of Chinese Malay literature " . = = Plot = = The Sultan of Hindustan , Bahar Oedin , is infuriated after his uncle Safi , a trader , dies while imprisoned in Barbari . As the Abdul Aidid , the Sultan of Barbari , has greater military power , Bahar Oedin bides his time and plans his revenge . Meanwhile , Abdul Aidid 's son Abdul Moelan marries his cousin , Siti Bida Undara . Two years later , after Abdul Aidid dies , Abdul Moelan goes on an extended sea voyage , leaving his wife behind . In the nearby kingdom of Ban , Abdul Moelan meets and falls in love with Siti Akbari , daughter of the Sultan of Ban . The two soon marry and , after six months in Ban , return to Barbari . Siti Bida Undara , at first upset at the thought of sharing her husband , soon becomes close friends with Siti Akbari . Shortly thereafter Bahar Oedin takes his revenge , capturing Abdul Moelan and Siti Bida Undara . When the sultan tries to capture Siti Akbari , he discovers a body in her room and believes it to be hers . He takes his captives back to Hindustan and imprisons them . Unknown to him , the pregnant Siti Akbari has faked her death and escaped . After several months she finds protection under Syaikh ( Sheikh ) Khidmatullah , under whose protection she gives birth . He trains her in silat ( traditional martial arts ) so she can free her husband . Leaving her son in Khidmatullah 's care , she begins her travels . When seven men accost and attempt to rape her , she kills them . Taking their clothes and cutting her hair , she disguises herself as a man and takes the name Bahara . After arriving in Barbam , she stops a war between two claimants to the region 's throne . She kills the usurper , then takes his head to the rightful heir to the throne , Hamid Lauda . In thanks Hamid Lauda rewards Siti Akbari with rule over Barbam and allows the " Bahara " to take his sister , Siti Abian , in marriage . Siti Akbari , keeping her disguise as Bahara , leaves Barbam to go to Hindustan and recover her husband . With the help of two advisors who have found the Sultan 's disfavour , she is able to reconnoitre the area . She eventually captures Hindustan with her army , conquering the sultanate on her own , killing Bahar Oedin , and freeing Abdul Moelan and Siti Bida Undara . While still disguised , Siti Akbari repudiates Siti Abian and gives her to Abdul Moelan before revealing her true identity . The different kingdoms are then divided amongst the male protagonists , while Siti Akbari returns to her role as a wife . = = Background and writing = = Siti Akbari was written by Lie Kim Hok , a Bogor @-@ born peranakan Chinese who was taught by Dutch missionaries . The missionaries introduced him to European literature , including the works of Dutch writers such as Anna Louisa Geertruida Bosboom @-@ Toussaint and Jacob van Lennep , as well as works by French authors like Jules Verne , Alexandre Dumas , and Pierre Alexis Ponson du Terrail . In his doctoral thesis , J. Francisco B. Benitez suggests that Lie may have also been influenced by Malay and Javanese oral traditions , such as the travelling bangsawan theatrical troupes or wayang puppets . Evidence uncovered after Lie 's death in 1912 suggested that Siti Akbari was heavily influenced by the earlier Sjair Abdoel Moeloek ( 1847 ) , variously credited to Raja Ali Haji or Saleha . This tale was transliterated by Arnold Snackey , then later translated into Sundanese . Sources disagree on the translator . The documentarian Christiaan Hooykaas , writing in a letter to literary critic Nio Joe Lan , suggested that Lie 's inspiration had come from a version of Sjair Abdoel Moeloek held in the Royal Batavian Society of Arts and Sciences Library in Batavia . Biographer Tio Ie Soei , meanwhile , suggested that the version which inspired Lie was translated in 1873 by Lie 's teacher , Sierk Coolsma . According to Tio , Coolsma had based his translation off a stage performance and written it hurriedly , such that it was nearly illegible . As he had better handwriting , Lie purportedly copied the story for Coolsma and kept the original in his own collection . The literary historian Monique Zaini @-@ Lajoubert writes that none of these intermediary versions has been found . Work on Siti Akbari was completed over a period of several years . Lie stated that the story had taken him three years , writing sporadically . Tio , however , reports rumours that the writing took some seven years , with Lie sometimes taking long breaks and sometimes writing in a fervor , writing from dawn until dusk . = = Style = = The literary critic G. Koster writes that , when writing Siti Akbari , Lie Kim Hok was limited by the formulaic Pandji romances and syair poems common in Malay literature at the time . Koster notes basic structural similarities between Siti Akbari and the existing poetic forms . The work followed the archetype of a hero or heroine going from a lawful kingdom into exile then into a chaotic kingdom , one which Koster suggests is representative of the cycle of oral law . Such an archetype and formulas were used in contemporary works such as Syair Siti Zubaidah Perang Cina ( Poem on Siti Zubaidah and the War against China ) . The plot device of a woman passing herself as a man to do war was likewise common in Malay and Javanese literature . Lie deviated greatly from the established traditions , mixing European and native literary influences . The story consists of 1 @,@ 594 monorhymic quatrains divided into two couplets , with each couplet consisting of two lines , and each line consisting of two half @-@ lines separated by a caesura . Most of these lines are complete syntactic units , either clauses or sentences . Koster notes that the form is freer than in more traditional works , and as a result it becomes a sort of prose poem . An unnamed narrator tells the story from a third @-@ person omniscient perspective ; unlike most contemporary works , the narrator " assumes authority on his own account " by putting himself and his ideas forth , rather than acting as an uninvolved party . Siti Akbari differs from contemporary works by introducing a feeling of suspense . Koster gives the identity of the Hindustani trader as an example : the man 's identity as the uncle of the Sultan is not revealed until after it is convenient for the story . Koster describes the period in which a reader believes Siti Akbari to be dead , which spans several pages , as the work 's most remarkable break from tradition . He notes that unlike most contemporary works , the syair begins with a quote , rather than an invocation to Allah . This quote is eventually shown as a fulfilled prophecy : Koster sees effects of realism , especially the idealistic realism held at the time in the Netherlands , in the work . He notes that motives and causality are given more weight in the narrative than in most contemporary works . He observes that this is also reflected in the characters , who – although royalty and holy men – were given the traits of persons one could find in real @-@ life Batavia ( now Jakarta ) . The use of punctuation , another trait uncommon in the local literature of the time , may also have served to give a more realistic reading and reflected the work 's origin as a written manuscript and not from oral literature . Tio Ie Soei described the work 's rhythm as more akin to speech than song . = = Themes = = Benitez writes that the market in Siti Akbari " provides possibilities for exchange and connections " between persons of all cultures and backgrounds , connecting them . He describes this a representation of the heteroglossia offered by bazaar Malay , which had originated in the markets . As Lie also wrote a grammar of bazaar Malay , Benitez suggests that Lie may have hoped for the dialect to become a lingua franca in the Dutch East Indies . Benitez considers the poem to highlight the tensions between the " monadic and autonomous subjectivity " of European culture and the " social subjectivity " of adat , or tradition , with the character of Siti Akbari " a site of instability that makes manifest both the possibilities of social transformation , as well as the anxiety over the possibility of social reproduction gone awry " . As an individual , she is able to fight her enemies and reclaim her husband . Ultimately , however , she chooses to return to her polygamous relationship with Abdul Moelan , an affirmation of tradition over modernism . In opposition to Siti Akbari , the trader Safi Oedin refuses to live in accordance with the local customs while he is in a foreign land and ultimately dies . Benitez writes that this " may be read as a warning to those who refuse to live in accordance with local adat . " Koster notes that – as usual with syairs – Siti Akbari works to increase awareness of adat and traditional value systems . Zaini @-@ Lajoubert opines that the story promotes a treatment of women as persons with feelings and opinions , as opposed to the patriarchial view common during the period that women were unfeeling objects . She finds that the story 's female characters feel grief and joy , quoting several passages , including one where Siti Akbari confesses that she felt she had waited " dozens of years " for Abdul Moelan . Zaini @-@ Lajoubert notes that the female characters are not all of the same opinion : although Siti Akbari was willing to enter a polygamous relationship , Siti Bida Undara had to be coaxed . Ultimately , however , she finds that Siti Akbari conveys the message that women should be faithful and obedient to their husbands . = = Reception and legacy = = Siti Akbari was first published in four volumes in 1884 . It proved to be Lie 's most popular work , and received the most reprints out of any of his publications . The first reprinting was in 1913 by Hoa Siang In Kiok , and the second was in 1922 by Kho Tjeng Bie . Both of these new printings consisted of a single volume , and , according to Tio , contained numerous inaccuracies . The story was well received by readers , and although Lie was not the only ethnic Chinese to write in the traditionally Malay poetry form of syair , he became one of the more accomplished . Lie considered it amongst his best works . Writing in 1923 , Kwee Tek Hoay – himself a proficient author – wrote that he had been fascinated by the story as a child , to the point he had " memorised more than half of its contents by heart " . Kwee considered it " full of good maxims and advice " unavailable elsewhere . Nio Joe Lan described it as the " jewel of Chinese Malay poetry " , of far higher quality than other Chinese @-@ written Malay poems – both contemporary and subsequent . The story was adapted for the stage soon after publication , when it was performed by a group named Siti Akbari under Lie 's leadership . Lie also made a simplified version for a troupe of teenaged actors , whom he led in Bogor . In 1922 the Sukabumi branch of the Shiong Tih Hui published another stage adaptation under the title Pembalesan Siti Akbari ( Revenge of Siti Akbari ) ; by 1926 it was being performed by Miss Riboet 's Orion , a theatrical troupe led by Tio Tek Djien . The story remained popular well into the late 1930s . It likely inspired Joshua and Othniel Wong 's 1940 film Siti Akbari , starring Roekiah and Rd . Mochtar . The extent of this influence is uncertain , and the film is likely lost . Lie continued experimenting with European @-@ style prose . In 1886 he published Tjhit Liap Seng ( Seven Stars ) , which Claudine Salmon of the School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences describes as the first Chinese Malay novel . Lie went on to publish another four novels , as well as several translations . When ethnic Chinese writers became common in the early 1900s , critics named Lie the " father of Chinese Malay literature " for his contributions , including Siti Akbari and Tjhit Liap Seng . After the rise of the nationalist movement and the Dutch colonial government 's efforts to use Balai Pustaka to publish literary works for native consumption , the work began to be marginalised . The Dutch colonial government used Court Malay as a " language of administration " , a language for everyday dealings , while the Indonesian nationalists appropriated the language to help build a national culture . Chinese Malay literature , written in " low " Malay , was steadily marginalised . Benitez writes that , as a result , there has been little scholarly analysis of Siti Akbari . Despite this , sinologist Leo Suryadinata wrote in 1993 that Siti Akbari has remained one of the best @-@ known syairs written by an ethnic Chinese . = = Criticism = = Although both Sjair Abdoel Moeloek and Siti Akbari were often performed on stage , the similarities between the two were not discovered for several years . Zaini @-@ Lajoubert writes that Tio Ie Soei uncovered these similarities while working as a journalist for the Chinese Malay newspaper Lay Po in 1923 . Kwee Tek Hoay followed this article with another discussion of the work 's origins in 1925 . Later writers criticised Lie 's other works as blatant adaptations . Tan Soey Bing and Tan Oen Tjeng , for instance , wrote that none of his works were original . Tio Ie Soei , in response , stated that Lie had changed the stories he had adapted , and thus shown originality . In exploring the similarities between Sjair Abdoel Moeloek and Siti Akbari , Zaini @-@ Lajoubert notes that the names of the individual kingdoms , save Barham ( Barbam in Siti Akbari ) , are taken directly from the earlier work . Names of characters , such as Abdul Muluk ( in Siti Akbari , Abdul Moelan ) and Siti Rapiah ( Siti Akbari ) , are simply replaced , although some minor characters are present in one story and not the other . The main plot elements in both stories are the same ; some elements , such as the birth and childhood of Abdul Muluk and the later adventures of Siti Rapiah 's son , are present in one story and not the other – or given more detail . The two differ greatly in their styles , especially Lie 's emphasis on description and realism .
= Wishin ' and Hopin ' ( Grey 's Anatomy ) = " Wishin ' and Hopin ' " is the fourteenth episode of the third season of the American television medical drama Grey 's Anatomy , and the show 's 50th episode overall . It was written by Tony Phelan and Joan Rater and directed by Julie Anne Robinson . The episode originally aired on the American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) in the United States on February 1 , 2007 . In the episode , Dr. Meredith Grey ( Ellen Pompeo ) struggles with her Alzheimer 's @-@ stricken mother , Ellis Grey ( Kate Burton ) , becoming temporarily lucid . Further storylines include Dr. Izzie Stevens ( Katherine Heigl ) and Dr. Miranda Bailey ( Chandra Wilson ) continuously seeking patients for their new clinic , Dr. Richard Webber ( James Pickens , Jr . ) dealing with the repercussions of his upcoming retirement , and Dr. George O 'Malley ( T.R. Knight ) facing negative response from colleagues on his unexpected marriage to Dr. Callie Torres ( Sara Ramirez ) . Although the episode was fictionally set in Seattle , filming occurred in Los Angeles , California . Burton reprised her role as Dr. Ellis Grey in a guest star capacity , in addition to Sarah Utterback , who portrayed Olivia Harper . The title of the episode refers to the song " Wishin ' and Hopin ' " , by British pop musician Dusty Springfield . The episode received mixed to favorable reviews , with the storyline involving Ellis being particularly praised by television critics . Upon its original airing , the episode was watched by 24 @.@ 18 million viewers in the United States , ranked first in its time @-@ slot and garnered an 8 @.@ 5 Nielsen rating in the 18 – 49 demographic . = = Plot = = " Wishin ' and Hopin ' " opens to a voice @-@ over narration from Dr. Meredith Grey ( Ellen Pompeo ) about extraordinary events . The Denny Duquette Memorial Clinic has been opened , after a US $ 8 million funding from Dr. Izzie Stevens ( Katherine Heigl ) . Four of the hospital 's attending surgeons , Dr. Derek Shepherd ( Patrick Dempsey ) , Dr. Preston Burke ( Isaiah Washington ) , Dr. Addison Montgomery ( Kate Walsh ) , and Dr. Mark Sloan ( Eric Dane ) are all seen competing for the position of chief of surgery , after the current chief Dr. Richard Webber ( James Pickens , Jr . ) announces his plans for retirement . Meredith arrives to the Alzheimer 's support home that her ill mother Dr. Ellis Grey ( Kate Burton ) is living at , and to her surprise , her mother has become lucid , but faints . Ellis is taken to Seattle Grace Hospital , her former source of employment . Residents Dr. Cristina Yang ( Sandra Oh ) , Dr. Miranda Bailey ( Chandra Wilson ) , and Dr. Alex Karev ( Justin Chambers ) are awaiting the arrival of patients at the clinic , and Dr. George O 'Malley ( T.R. Knight ) walks in to announce his unexpected marriage with Dr. Callie Torres ( Sara Ramirez ) . A cancerous patient , Marina Wagner ( Amanda Collins ) , is admitted into the hospital and is revealed to have toxic blood - presumably caused by a chemical reaction between an herbal supplement and chemotherapy - making several physicians fall ill . O 'Malley is exposed to the neurotoxin , and quickly becomes anxious , fearing that his marriage is the cause of the sickness . Ellis is diagnosed with a heart condition , in which surgery or medication are options . Ellis does not want the surgery , but Meredith fears that she will not be compliant with her medication . Shepherd and Burke try to close up Wagner as the OR was evacuated before her surgery was completed , by entering the operating room with sealed , airtight suits . Ellis agrees to the surgery , but opts to speak with Webber , her former lover . A teenage patient is brought into the clinic by her father , hoping that a doctor can teach her how to use tampons . When her father leaves the room , she explains to Bailey that she had sex , but her pregnancy test is negative . Shepherd and Burke run out of air whilst operating on Wagner , so Yang , Stevens , and Meredith enter holding their breath to close the patient 's incision . O 'Malley 's colleagues act in a rude manner to his new marriage , and displeased , he lectures them , standing up for Torres . Sloan is seen to be having sex with Montgomery , and Yang agrees to marry Burke . At the conclusion of the episode , Ellis ' lucidity has vanished , leaving Meredith and Webber distraught . = = Production = = The episode was written by co @-@ executive producer Tony Phelan and Joan Rater , while filmmaker Julie Anne Robinson directed it . Featured music includes Psapp 's " King of You " , The Whitest Boy Alive 's " Fireworks " , Iain Archer 's " Canal Song " , Miho Hatori 's " Barracuda " and Sybarite 's " Runaway " . Rater described that she got the idea after being told that her husband had to undergo a craniotomy . She noted that the plan for the episode was to focus on Ellis ' inner feelings , mainly her fright , frustration and stress . " The concept of someone with this disease having a lucid day is real . The disease varies for everyone , but experts we talked to said that patients have bad days and good days and then sometimes they have great days where it seems like they are their old selves . Maybe it 's a moment , maybe an hour , for some a whole afternoon , but we were fascinated with the idea of getting this time , this gift , and knowing that it 's only temporary . What would you do with that one day ? And what would it mean for Meredith ? " , stated Rater , explaining the premise of the episode . She also stated that " the cool idea " to have Meredith and Ellis connect again had been considered for almost a year before the actual concept of the episode was written , after numerous attempts to include the storyline in other episodes that " didn 't feel quite right " : " If you 're going to give Meredith her mother back and then take her away again , you 'd better have a pretty good reason . " Rater also explained that , in her vision , the episode introduces a new period in the interns ' lives , focusing on their finding an identity as surgeons , becoming more central than in the beginning of the season , which revolved around the aftermath of Denny Duquette ( Jeffrey Dean Morgan ) ' s death and Meredith 's involvement in the love triangle between her , Shepherd and Finn Dandridge ( Chris O 'Donnell ) . Rater noted that the balance Meredith had just found in her life , finally having a chance at happiness with the man she loves , is shaken by her mother 's unexpected lucidity , which was stated to have been written in the series in order to remind Meredith about the troubled years of her growing up : " If Meredith is ever going to be happy , she 's got to deal with the fact that she had a really terrible childhood . " In addition , Rater explained that Ellis ' " awful , raw , ugly and terrible " statements towards her daughter were intended to make everyone realize the reason behind Meredith 's alcoholism in college and her continuous one @-@ night stands with inappropriate men . She also deemed Pompeo 's performance in the episode " exceptional " , describing what she regarded an " exceptional moment " which sees Meredith stand up to her mother . In response to the scene that sees Ellis interacting with Webber , Rater wrote that it is the first time she lets her guard down , exposing the previously hidden vulnerability , which allows her express the desire to be as happy and ordinary as her daughter . She also praised the performances of the cast , by deeming their acting " remarkable " . " That is really what it 's all about . We have to cherish the time that we have here , and love the people who surround and support us , even if they make us crazy , because things happen . Brain surgery , Alzheimer 's and weddings . And the worst thing is to come to the of your life , and realize , like Ellis , that you should have tried harder " , stated Rater , putting the emphasis on the main aspects of the episode , characterizing it as " not ordinary " . = = Reception = = On its original broadcast on February 1 , 2007 at 9 : 00 ET , the episode averaged 24 @.@ 18 million viewers , ranking ninth in weekly viewership with an 8 @.@ 5 rating , according to Nielsen . The episode was the fifth most @-@ watched episode of the season , airing in the fourth week after the winter hiatus . The episode showed a significant increase in ratings , attracting 2 @.@ 68 million more viewers than " Great Expectations " , which received a 7 @.@ 6 rating . " Wishin ' and Hopin ' " was also the leading show in the time slot , with 2 @.@ 69 more million viewers than CBSs ' CSI , which ranked tenth in weekly viewership with a 7 @.@ 6 rating . Kate Burton , who portrayed Ellis Grey , received a nomination at the 59th Primetime Emmy Awards in the Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series category , but ultimately lost to Law & Order : Special Victims Unit 's Leslie Caron . Variety listed the episode in its top 10 most bizarre medical maladies encountered in the series . Staci Krause of IGN had a positive outlook on the episode , mainly due to the heavy development the episode 's plot had in the season 's progressive arc . She described the storylines involving the cancer patient 's intoxication and Ellis ' lucidity as achieving a balance , and moving the show " at a lightning quick pace " . Krause deemed the episode " stellar " , noting how it avoided the possibility of having negative points . Regarding the episode an " epic " one , she praised the scene which depicts O 'Malley realizing the intoxication provoked by the patient 's blood . " This is what we come to expect from medical dramas and it is great to see Grey 's get back to this , while not sacrificing the personal stories " , stated Krause , putting the emphasis on how " this case brought out the hore in just about everyone , pushing their limits for a patient " . Krause noted that O 'Malley has developed into a hero , stating that " pulling all the people in the operating room out , even though he was already sick and could have easily died from the effort " in a comparison to Sloan , described as being a man with no appealing traits and " unlikable ways " , which attracted criticism from Krause . On the topic , Krause elaborated : " The only one who didn 't do anything particularly heroic was Sloan . That made him being with Addison at the end even better , because she was using him to sate a desire and that was very clear . " Krause positively reviewed the idea of Ellis Grey 's becoming temporarily lucid , deeming it " amazing " : " She was not very endearing when she was lucid , that 's for certain . She was unbelievably cruel to Meredith , telling her how disappointed she was that Meredith was merely ordinary . Ouch . But she did a great thing this episode too , during her short time as a sane person . She gave Cristina the answer she was looking for . " The arc involving Callie and George 's sudden marriage , named by Krause " a roller coaster " , was described as being a way to emphasize the contrast between the two . Krause also noted the contrast between Stevens ' kindhearted personality in the past , and the cruelty she proves to have in the episode , which was noted to have been " a highlight in perfect fashion " , as well as a reminder for the multi @-@ dimensional personalities of the characters . Also noted was Cristina 's way of accepting Burke 's proposal , following Ellis ' answer , which gave her the hope she had been previously looking for . Kelly West of Cinema Blend also expressed a good perspective on the episode , considering it to have been the best episode of the season . Deeming the episode an " eye @-@ opening experience " , West described Ellis ' surprising personality as having worse repercussions on her daughter than the control issues and the intense disapproval that had previously been noted on the character : " You would think after Ellis had a few hours to digest the news that she has essentially lost her mind , she would take advantage of the gift that is her brief lucidity to patch things up with Meredith . Meredith was hesitant to sit and talk with her mother about the last five years but finally she decides this could be her only chance . " Comparing Ellis ' previous appearances in the series with the version presented in the episode , West stated she is " far worse " as a lucid person , noting how frustration and confusion are her main characteristics . Also noted was the " completely erratic and borderline insane " behavior of Ellis at the realization that her daughter is focusing more on her love life than on her career , learning that the specialty , which she considers to be defining for a surgeon , is not a concern of Meredith 's : " If this is how she was treating Meredith during her childhood and adolescence , it completely explains why Meredith is so dark and twisty . " In addition , West noted the realism in Ellis ' troubled personality , when she considers refusing the heart surgery , due to not being sure of wanting to continue her life in a state of forgetfulness and confusion . The scene which depicts Ellis interacting with Webber was negatively received by West , which regarded the whole conversation to have been based on his convincing lies , determined to give her peace . In response to Miranda Bailey 's storyline in the episode , involving the sexually active teenager , West noted how the character was " direct , somewhat stern , but not unkind about the subject as she educates and consoles the girl " .
= Myst ( series ) = Myst is a franchise centered on a series of adventure video games . The first game in the series , Myst , was released in 1993 by brothers Rand and Robyn Miller and their video game company Cyan , Inc . Riven , the sequel to Myst , was released in 1997 , and was followed by three more direct sequels : Myst III : Exile in 2001 , Myst IV : Revelation in 2004 , and Myst V : End of Ages in 2005 . A spinoff featuring a multiplayer component , Uru : Ages Beyond Myst , was released in 2003 and followed by two expansion packs . Myst 's story concerns an explorer named Atrus who has the ability to write books which serve as links to other worlds , known as Ages . This practice of creating linking books was developed by an ancient civilization known as the D 'ni , whose society crumbled after being ravaged by disease . The player takes the role of an unnamed person referred to as the Stranger and assists Atrus by traveling to other Ages and solving puzzles . Over the course of the series Atrus writes a new Age for the D 'ni survivors to live on , and players of the games set the course the civilization will follow . The brothers developed Myst after producing award @-@ winning games for children . Drawing on childhood stories , the brothers spent months designing the Ages players would investigate . The name Myst came from Jules Verne 's novel The Mysterious Island . After Riven was released , Robyn left Cyan to pursue other projects and Cyan began developing Uru ; developers Presto Studios and Ubisoft created Exile and Revelation before Cyan returned to complete the series with End of Ages . Myst and its sequels were critical and commercial successes , selling more than twelve million copies ; the games drove sales of personal computers and CD @-@ ROM drives , as well as attracting casual gamers with its nonviolent gameplay . The video games ' success has led to three published novels in addition to soundtracks , a comic series , television and movie pitches . = = Story = = Myst 's story begins with the arrival of a people known as the D 'ni on Earth , more than 10 @,@ 000 years ago . The D 'ni / dəˈniː / are an ancient race who used a special skill to create books which serve as portals to the worlds they describe , known as Ages . The D 'ni build a great city and thriving civilization in underground caverns . A young geologist from the surface , Anna , stumbled upon the D 'ni civilization . Learning the D 'ni language , Anna becomes known as Ti 'ana and marries a D 'ni named Aitrus ; the couple have a son named Gehn . Soon after , D 'ni is ravaged by a plague created by a man named A 'Gaeris . Aitrus sacrifices himself to save his wife and child , killing A 'Gaeris while Ti 'ana and Gehn escape to the surface as the D 'ni civilization falls . Ti 'ana raises Gehn until he runs away as a teenager , learning the D 'ni Art of writing linking books . Ti 'ana also cares for Gehn 's son , Atrus , until Gehn arrives to teach Atrus the Art . Atrus realizes that his father is reckless and power @-@ hungry , and with the help of Ti 'ana and a young woman , Catherine , Atrus traps Gehn on his Age of Riven with no linking books . Atrus and Catherine marry and have two children , Sirrus and Achenar . The brothers grow greedy and after plundering their father 's Ages they trap Catherine on Riven . When Atrus returns to investigate , the brothers strand him in a D 'ni cavern before they themselves are trapped by special " prison " books . Through the help of a Stranger , Atrus is freed and sends his benefactor to Riven to retrieve Catherine from the clutches of Gehn . Sirrus and Achenar are punished for their crimes by being imprisoned in separate Ages until they reform . Atrus writes a new Age called Releeshahn for the D 'ni survivors to rebuild their civilization as he and Catherine settle back on Earth , raising a daughter named Yeesha . As Atrus prepares to take the Stranger to Releeshahn , a mysterious man named Saavedro appears and steals the Releeshahn Descriptive Book . The Stranger follows Saavedro through several Ages ( which were used to train Sirrus and Achenar in the art of writing Ages ) , before finally recovering the book . Ten years later , Atrus asks for the Stranger 's help in determining if his sons have repented after their lengthy imprisonment ; the Stranger saves Yeesha from Sirrus ' machinations , but Sirrus and a repentant Achenar are killed . D 'ni is not fully restored until the creatures the D 'ni enslaved , known as the Bahro , are freed . = = Games = = = = Development = = Myst was originally conceptualized by brothers Rand and Robyn Miller . The Millers had created fictional worlds and stories as young children , influenced by the works of authors such as J. R. R. Tolkien , Robert A. Heinlein , and Isaac Asimov . They formed a video game company together called Cyan , Inc . ; their first game , called The Manhole , won the Software Publishers Association award in 1988 for best use of the digital medium . Cyan produced other games , aimed at children ; the Millers eventually decided their next project would be made for adults . The brothers spent months designing the Ages comprising the game , which were influenced by earlier whimsical " worlds " Cyan had made for children 's games . The game 's name , as well as the overall solitary and mysterious atmosphere of the island , was inspired by the book The Mysterious Island by Jules Verne . Robyn 's unfinished novel , Dunnyhut , influenced aspects of Myst 's story , which was developed bit by bit as the brothers conceptualized the various worlds . As development progressed , the Millers realized that they would need to have even more story and history than would be revealed in the game itself . Realizing that fans would enjoy getting a deeper look at the story not in the games , the Millers produced a rough draft of what would become a novel , Myst : The Book of Atrus . After the enormous response to Myst , work quickly began on the next Myst game . Cyan moved from their cramped garage to a new office and hired additional programmers , designers , and artists . The game was to ship in late 1996 , but the release was pushed back a year . Development costs were between $ 5 and $ 10 million , many times Myst 's budget . After the release of Riven , Robyn Miller left the company to pursue other projects , while Rand stayed behind to work on a Myst franchise . While Rand Miller stated Cyan would not make another sequel to Myst , Mattel ( then the owner of the Myst franchise ) offered the task of developing a sequel to several video game companies who created detailed story proposals and technology demonstrations . Presto Studios , makers of the Journeyman Project adventure games , was hired to develop Myst III . Presto spent millions developing the game and used the studio 's entire staff to complete the project , which took two and a half years to develop . Soon after Myst III : Exile was released , Presto was shut down , and Exile publisher Ubisoft developed the sequel , Myst IV : Revelation , internally . Meanwhile , Cyan produced the spinoff title Uru : Ages Beyond Myst , which included an aborted multiplayer component allowing players to cooperatively solve puzzles . Cyan returned to produce what was billed as the final game in the series , discarding live action sequences embedded in prerendered graphics for a world rendered in realtime . The actors ' faces were turned into textures and mapped onto digital characters , with the actor 's actions synchronized by motion capture . Shortly before release , Cyan closed down development , although this did not impact the release of the game ; the company was able to rehire its employees a few weeks later , and continued to work on non @-@ Myst projects and an attempted resurrection of Uru 's multiplayer component , Myst Online . Servers paid for by donation were set up in 2010 , and the game went open @-@ source in 2011 . Among the detailed elements of the Myst universe Cyan created was the language and culture of the D 'ni . The civilization 's numbers and writing first appeared in Riven , and were important to solving some of the game 's puzzles . The D 'ni language was the language presented in various games and novels of the Myst franchise , created by Richard A. Watson . Several online D 'ni dictionaries have been developed as part of the ongoing fan @-@ based culture associated with the game . = = Music = = The music for each game in the Myst series has fallen to various composers . Originally , the Millers believed that any music or sound besides ambient noise would distract the player from the game and ruin the sense of reality ; Myst , therefore , was to have no music at all . A sound test eventually persuaded the developers that music heightened the sense of immersion rather than lessening it , and as such Robyn Miller composed 40 minutes of synthesized music for the game . He would also produce the music for Riven , which featured leitmotifs for each of the main characters . Virgin Records bought the rights to the music and produced the soundtracks , which were released in 1998 . For Myst III : Exile and Myst IV : Revelation , composer Jack Wall created the music , developing a more active musical style different from Miller 's ambient themes . Wall looked at the increasing complexity of games as an opportunity to give players a soundtrack with as much force as a movie score , and tried to create a distinctive sound that was still recognizable as Myst music . In Revelation , Wall adapted the themes for the recurring characters of Myst , and collaborated with Peter Gabriel , who provided a song to the game as well as voicework . The music for Uru : Ages Beyond Myst and Myst V : End of Ages was composed by Tim Larkin , who had gotten involved in the series doing sound design for Riven . Larkin stepped away from his background as a jazz composer and musician to create music with less structure and without a definite beginning and end . Larkin created different music depending on the location , giving each setting and Age a distinctive tone . For End of Ages , Larkin was unable to afford a full orchestra to perform his score , so he combined individual instrumentation with an array of synthesizers . = = Adaptations = = Rand and Robyn Miller both wanted to develop Myst 's back story into novels . After the success of Myst , publisher Hyperion signed a three @-@ book , US $ 1 million deal with the brothers . David Wingrove worked from the Miller brothers ' story outlines . The three books , entitled Myst : The Book of Atrus , Myst : The Book of Ti 'ana , and Myst : The Book of D 'ni , were released in 1995 , 1996 , and 1997 , respectively . The books were later packaged together as The Myst Reader . A fourth novel , entitled Myst : The Book of Marrim , is planned . Cyan partnered with Dark Horse Comics in 1993 to release a limited four @-@ part comic series called Myst : The Book of Black Ships . The series would have focused on Atrus and his young sons , taking place before the events of Myst . The first issue was released on September 3 , 1997 , but further books were canceled after Cyan decided the first issue did not live up to expectations . Another comic , Myst # 0 : Passages , was later released online . After the Myst series ' success , various proposals for films and television series based on the franchise were planned or rumored . The Sci Fi Channel announced in 2002 that a TV miniseries would be produced based on Myst , to be produced by Mandalay Television Pictures in association with Columbia TriStar Domestic Television and Cyan , but never materialized . According to Rand Miller , none of the various proposals met Cyan 's approval , or were too formulaic or silly . Independent filmmakers Patrick McIntire and Adrian Vanderbosch , themselves Myst fans , took it upon themselves to produce a motion picture based on the story revealed in the Myst novels . In 2006 , the filmmakers sent a DVD proposal to Cyan . The developers gave the filmmakers permission to begin production . The film was set to be based on the novel Myst : The Book of Ti 'ana , but no longer appears to be in production . In October 2014 , Legendary Entertainment announced that it was developing a television series based on Myst , with the involvement of the Miller brothers and Cyan . Legendary stated that they plan to use transmedia companion pieces for the show , such as new video games . = = Reception and impact = = Overall , the Myst series has been commercially and critically successful . Rand and Robyn Miller were expecting Myst to perform as well as previous Cyan titles , making enough money to fund the next project . Instead , Myst sold more than six million units , becoming the top @-@ selling PC game of all time until The Sims surpassed its sales in 2002 . The first three games in the series have sold more than twelve million copies . 1UP.com writer Jeremy Parish noted that there have been two main opinions of Myst 's slow , puzzle @-@ based gameplay ; " Fans consider Myst an elegant , intelligent game for grown @-@ ups , while detractors call it a soulless stroll through a digital museum , more art than game . " Game industry executives were confused by Myst 's success , not understanding how an " interactive slide show " turned out to be a huge hit . Online magazine writer Russell Pitts of The Escapist called Myst " unlike anything that had come before , weaving video almost seamlessly into a beautifully rendered world , presenting a captivating landscape filled with puzzles and mystery . In a game market dominated by Doom clones and simulators , Myst took us by the hand and showed us the future of gaming . It took almost a decade for anyone to follow its lead . " Critics from Wired and Salon considered the games approaching the level of art , while authors Henry Jenkins and Lev Manovich pointed out the series as exemplifying the promise of new media to create unseen art forms . The series caused a major trend shift in the adventure game genre . Unlike previous games , Myst attempted to keep players immersed in the world by removing all information not associated with the fictional world itself — no explanatory text , inventory , or score counters . Myst has also been cited as the reason for the decline of the adventure game genre ; eager to capitalize on Myst 's success , publishers churned out mediocre Myst clones , which flooded the market . By Exile 's release , games like Myst were considered to be an " antiquated " form of gaming by some critics . Myst 's effects extended to those who played the games and technology . The title was widely credited as one of the first games to appeal not just to hardcore gamers but to casual players and demographics that generally did not play games , such as women . Myst 's lack of conventional game elements — violence , dying , and failure — appealed to nongamers and those contemplating buying a computer . The Millers ' decision to develop Myst for the nascent CD @-@ ROM format helped boost interest and adoption of disc drives . The game inspired a CD parody game entitled Pyst , written by comedian Peter Bergman and featured John Goodman in video scenes . Players traveled across the spoiled island of Myst after millions of players walked over it , with the parody game poking fun at elements of the prototype . = = Fan conventions = = The game has spawned annual fan conventions around the world . Mysterium has been held since 2000 , which grew out of the plans of a small group of fans who wanted to meet face to face . Word spread , and eventually approximately 200 people attended the meeting in Spokane , Washington , which was held at the headquarters of Cyan Worlds , developers of the game . Subsequent conventions have been more formally planned , involving presentations and live music . Similar to Mysterium , Mystralia is a gathering for Australia and New Zealand and has been held since 2005 .
= It Takes a Church = It Takes a Church is an American dating game show hosted by Natalie Grant and broadcast by Game Show Network . The show travels to multiple churches across the country looking for single members of congregations looking for a partner . The congregation of the church is primarily in charge of looking at potential daters and judging which one would be the best match . The first season , sponsored by Christian Mingle , began airing on June 5 , 2014 . The series was later renewed for a second season , which began airing March 26 , 2015 . The series received mixed reviews ; one critic gave the series an " Amen ! " while another argued the viewers should " pass " on watching it . Ratings for the first season provided 6 million total viewers for the eight episodes , while the second season saw a decline in the ratings . = = Gameplay = = The series travels to various churches and congregations to have a single , unsuspecting member of the church presented with potential suitors . Each episode begins at the setting of a church service , with host Natalie Grant appearing to introduce the show . A single member of the congregation is introduced to his or her surprise , while members of the congregation then nominate other single members of the congregation as suitors . The number of suitors is immediately narrowed down to four ; they are the top three as voted by the congregation and a fourth chosen by the pastor or minister . In the first round , the single member spends time in the community ( usually at a charitable event ) with two suitors at a time . During this time , a group of matchmakers watches the events as they are recorded on camera . Once all four suitors have interacted with the single member , the matchmakers provide their input before the single member eliminates a suitor of his or her choice . The church 's pastor moderates the second round , setting up the suitors on their own dates with the single member before spending time one @-@ on @-@ one with each of the suitors . The pastor then makes recommendations to the single member , who in turn eliminates another suitor . The final round consists of actual one @-@ on @-@ one dates between the single member and each of the suitors . After the dates , the congregation gathers to see who the single member has deemed the " winner , " while the matchmaker who originally suggested the winner at the start of the episode earns the church a $ 10 @,@ 000 donation in his or her name . Additionally , the suitors who are not selected receive a free , one @-@ year membership to the online dating website Christian Mingle . = = Production = = GSN first announced the show in their upfront presentation on April 9 , 2013 . The network then ordered eight episodes on December 17 , the first of which premiered on June 5 , 2014 . During the first season , the series was sponsored by Christian Mingle . On August 21 , 2014 , the series was renewed for a second season , which premiered March 26 , 2015 . = = Reception = = It Takes a Church has received mixed reviews from critics . Tom Conroy of Media Life Magazine enjoyed the premiere episode , arguing that it may even attract a secular audience : " Even secular viewers will be curious to see which one Angela picks , and they ’ ll get a glimpse into a subculture that is largely invisible on TV . Members of that subculture , on the other hand , will watch It Takes a Church and say , ' Amen ! ' " . Contrastly , Neil Genzlinger of The New York Times called the series " utterly frivolous , " and called into question the " state of America 's spiritual health " after watching an episode . Genzlinger also argued that the show was a not much more than a " desperate " effort to find something the conservative Christian audience will watch . Carrie Grosvenor of About Entertainment added that viewers should " pass " on the series , calling GSN 's The American Bible Challenge a better " solid game format . " = = = Ratings = = = The series garnered over six million total viewers for its first season , posting significant gains in multiple demographics ( including women ages 18 − 49 and 25 − 54 ) versus the time period the previous year . Ratings during the second season dropped significantly ; the April 23 , 2015 airing earned only 207 @,@ 000 viewers and a 0 @.@ 03 rating among adults 18 − 49 .
= Lieutenant Governor of Indiana = The Lieutenant Governor of Indiana is a constitutional office in the US State of Indiana . Republican Eric Holcomb , who assumed office in March 2016 , is the incumbent . The office holder 's constitutional roles are to serve as President of the Indiana Senate , become acting governor during the incapacity of the governor , and became governor should the incumbent governor resign , die in office , or be impeached and removed from office . Lieutenant governors have succeeded ten governors following their deaths or resignations . The lieutenant governor holds statutory positions , serving as the head of the state agricultural and rural affairs bureaus , and as the chairman of several state committees . The annual salary of the lieutenant governor of Indiana is $ 88 @,@ 000 . The lieutenant governor is elected on the same election ticket as the Governor in a statewide election held every four years , concurrent with United States presidential elections . Should a lieutenant governor die while in office , resign , or succeed to the governorship , the constitution specifies no mechanism by which to fill vacancies in the lieutenant governor 's office . Historically , the position has generally remained vacant during such events . The last attempt to fill such a vacancy in 1887 led to the outbreak of violence in the state legislature known as the Black Day of the General Assembly . = = Requirements = = The position of lieutenant governor was created with the adoption of the first Constitution of Indiana in August 1816 . The position was filled by an October election . The position was retained and the current requirements established in the state 's second and current constitution adopted in 1851 . To become lieutenant governor of Indiana , a candidate must have been a United States citizen and lived within Indiana for the period of five consecutive years before the election . The candidate must also be at least thirty years old when sworn into office . The lieutenant governor may not hold any federal office during his term , and must resign from any such position before being eligible to be sworn in as lieutenant governor . Before taking the office , the candidate must swear an oath of office administered by the Chief Justice of the Indiana Supreme Court , promising to uphold the constitution and laws of Indiana . = = Succession = = The lieutenant governor of Indiana serves as acting governor when the governor becomes incapacitated . In the state 's early history , lieutenant governors would serve as acting governor while the governor was away from the capital . Christopher Harrison was the first lieutenant governor to serve as acting governor while Jonathan Jennings negotiated treaties far from the capital . If the governor dies in office , becomes permanently incapacitated , resigns , or is impeached , the lieutenant governor becomes governor . In total , ten lieutenant governors become governor by succession . The first occurrence was when Jonathan Jennings resigned to become a congressman and was succeeded by Ratliff Boon . In the event that both the governorship and lieutenant @-@ governorship are vacant , the constitution stipulates that the Senate President pro tempore becomes governor . Historically , governors appointed the pro tempore to serve as acting lieutenant governor as a formality . This practice ended in the early twentieth century . Although the constitution did not specify a method to fill a vacancy in the lieutenant governorship , an attempt to fill a vacancy occurred in 1887 . When the winner of the election attempted to be seated , the Senate erupted into violence known as the Black Day of the General Assembly ; the lieutenant governor @-@ elect was sworn in but never seated . Should the lieutenant governorship become vacant for any reason , including death , resignation , or succession , the governor may nominate a replacement who must be approved by both houses of the General Assembly . = = Authority = = = = = Constitutional = = = The lieutenant governor has two constitutional functions . The primary function is to serve as the President of the Indiana Senate . In the Senate the lieutenant governor is permitted to debate on legislation , introduce legislation , and vote on matters to break ties . As presiding officer in the Senate , lieutenant governors also have partial control over what legislation will be considered , and influence on the legislative calendar . Unless a special session is called by the governor , the Senate meets for no more than 91 days in any two years period , leaving the lieutenant governor free from his or her senatorial duties in the remainder of the year . The secondary function is to serve as a successor to the governorship should it become vacant , or act as governor if necessary . If a lieutenant governor should succeed to the governorship , the office of lieutenant governor and President of the Senate become vacant ; the duties are taken over by the Senate President pro tempore . = = = Statutory = = = The majority of the powers exercised by the lieutenant governor are statutory and have been assigned by the Indiana General Assembly . The first additional powers granted to the lieutenant governor were added in 1932 when the office holder was made the head of the state 's agricultural commission . The office 's powers have since expanded to include the chairmanship of the Office of Community and Rural Affairs , the Indiana Housing and Community Development Authority , Office of Energy and Defense Development , and the Office of Tourism Development . As head of the various office and committees , the lieutenant governor controls many patronage positions and is permitted to fill them by appointment . Important positions filled by the lieutenant governor include the members of the Corn Marketing Council , the Main Street Council , Steel Advisory Commission , and the Indiana Film Commission . In addition to the chairmanship of the committees , the lieutenant governor is also a participating member of the Natural Resources Committee , State Office Building Commission , Air Pollution Control Board , Water Pollution Control Board , and Solid Waste Management Board . The annual salary of the lieutenant governor of Indiana is set by the Indiana General Assembly and was $ 76 @,@ 000 in 2007 . = = List of Lieutenant Governors of Indiana = = There have been forty @-@ nine Lieutenant Governors of Indiana since Indiana became a state in 1816 . Democratic @-@ Republican Democratic Whig Republican Independent = = Living former U.S. Lieutenant Governors of Indiana = = As of August 2014 , there are five former U.S. lieutenant governors of Indiana who are currently living at this time , the oldest U.S. lieutenant governor of Indiana being John Mutz ( served 1981 – 1989 , born 1935 ) . The most recent death of a former U.S. lieutenant governor of Indiana was that of Robert L. Rock ( served 1965 – 1969 , born 1927 ) , on January 9 , 2013 . The most recently serving lieutenant governor to die was Frank O 'Bannon ( 1989 @-@ 1997 ) on September 13 , 2003 .
= Final Fantasy IV = Final Fantasy IV ( ファイナルファンタジーIV , Fainaru Fantajī Fō , also known as Final Fantasy II for its initial North American release ) is a role @-@ playing video game developed and published by Square ( now Square Enix ) for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System . Released in 1991 , it is the fourth main installment of the Final Fantasy series . The game 's story follows Cecil , a dark knight , as he tries to prevent the sorcerer Golbez from seizing powerful crystals and destroying the world . He is joined on this quest by a frequently changing group of allies . Final Fantasy IV introduced innovations that became staples of the Final Fantasy series and role @-@ playing games in general . Its " Active Time Battle " system was used in five subsequent Final Fantasy games , and unlike prior games in the series , IV gave each character their own unchangeable character class . Final Fantasy IV has been ported to several other platforms with varying differences . An enhanced remake , also called Final Fantasy IV , with 3D graphics was released for the Nintendo DS in 2007 and 2008 . The game was re @-@ titled Final Fantasy II during its initial release outside Japan as the original Final Fantasy II and Final Fantasy III had not been released outside Japan at the time . However , later localizations used the original title . With its character @-@ driven plot , use of new technologies and critically acclaimed score by Nobuo Uematsu , Final Fantasy IV is regarded as a landmark of the series and the role @-@ playing genre . The various incarnations of the game have sold more than four million copies worldwide . A sequel , Final Fantasy IV : The After Years , was released for Japanese mobile phones in 2008 , and worldwide via the Wii Shop Channel on June 1 , 2009 . In 2011 , both Final Fantasy IV and The After Years were released for the PlayStation Portable as part of the compilation Final Fantasy IV : The Complete Collection , which also included a new game , set between the two ; Final Fantasy IV : Interlude . Ports of the Nintendo DS remake were released for iOS in 2012 , for Android in 2013 and for Windows in 2014 . = = Gameplay = = In Final Fantasy IV , the player controls a large cast of characters and completes quests to advance the story . Characters move and interact with people and enemies on a field map , which may represent a variety of settings , such as towers , caves , and forests . Travel between areas occurs on a world map . The player can use towns to replenish strength , buy equipment , and discover clues about their next destination . Conversely , the player fights monsters at random intervals on the world map and in dungeons . In battle , the player has the option to fight , use magic or an item , retreat , change character positions , parry , or pause . Certain characters have special abilities . The game was the first in the series to allow the player to control up to five characters in their party ; previous games had limited the party to four . Player characters and monsters have hit points ( HP ) , with the characters ' HP captioned below the main battle screen . Attacks reduce remaining HP until none are left , at which point the character faints or the monster dies . If all characters are defeated , the game must be restored from a saved game file . The player can restore the characters ' hit points by having them sleep in an inn or use items in the party 's inventory , such as potions , as well as using healing magic spells . Equipment ( such as swords and armor ) bought in towns or found in dungeons can be used to increase damage inflicted on monsters or minimize damage received . The player can choose whether characters appear on the front line of a battle or in the back . A character 's placement impacts damage received and inflicted depending on the type of attack . Final Fantasy IV introduced Square 's Active Time Battle ( ATB ) system , which differed from the turn @-@ based designs of previous RPGs . The ATB system centers on the player inputting orders for the characters in real time during battles . The system was used in many subsequent Square games . Each character has certain strengths and weaknesses ; for instance , a strong magic user may have low defense , while a physical fighter may have low agility . Like other Final Fantasy games , characters gain new , more powerful abilities with battle experience . Magic is classified as either " White " for healing and support ; " Black " for offense ; or " Summon " ( or " call " ) for summoning monsters to attack or carry out specialized tasks . A fourth type , " Ninjutsu , " consists of support and offensive magic and is available to only one character . Magic users , who account for eight of the twelve playable characters , gain magic spells at preprogrammed experience levels or fixed story events . The game includes balanced point gains , items , and rewards to eliminate long sessions of grinding . Due to the Super NES ' greater processing power , Final Fantasy IV contains improved graphics when compared to previous Final Fantasy titles , all of which were released on the NES . The game employs the Super NES ' Mode 7 technology to give enhanced magic spell visuals and to make airship travel more dramatic by scaling and tilting the ground for a bird 's eye view . = = Plot = = = = = Setting = = = Most of Final Fantasy IV takes place on Earth , also known as the Blue Planet , which consists of a surface world ( or Overworld ) , inhabited by humans , and an underground world ( or Underworld ) , inhabited by the Dwarves . An artificial moon orbits the planet , upon which the Lunarians live . The Lunarians are a race of beings originally from a world which was destroyed , becoming the asteroid belt surrounding the Blue Planet , and are identified by a moon @-@ shape crest on their foreheads . They created the artificial moon , resting until a time when they believe their kind can co @-@ exist with humans . A second , natural moon orbits the Blue Planet as well , although it is never visited in the game . = = = Characters = = = Final Fantasy IV offers twelve playable characters , each with a unique , unchangeable character class . During the game , the player can have a total of five , or fewer , characters in the party at any given time . The main character , Cecil Harvey , is a dark knight and the captain of the Red Wings , an elite air force unit of the kingdom of Baron . He serves the king alongside his childhood friend Kain Highwind , the commander of the Dragoons . Rosa Farrell is a white mage and archer , as well as Cecil 's love interest . The Red Wings ' airships were constructed by Cecil 's friend , the engineer Cid Pollendina . During his quest , Cecil is joined by others , including Rydia , a young summoner from the village of Mist ; Tellah , a legendary sage ; Edward Chris von Muir , the prince of Damcyan and a bard ; Yang Fang Leiden , the head of the monks of Fabul ; Palom and Porom , a white mage and a black mage , twin apprentices from the magical village of Mysidia ; Edward " Edge " Geraldine , the ninja prince of Eblan ; and Fusoya , the guardian of the Lunarians during their long sleep . Zemus is the main antagonist of the game . He wishes to destroy the human race so that his people can populate the earth . He uses Golbez to do this by controlling him and Kain with his psychic powers to activate the Giant of Babil , a huge machine created to carry out the genocide . = = = Story = = = Final Fantasy IV begins as the Red Wings are returning to Baron after attacking the city of Mysidia to steal their Water Crystal . When Cecil , Captain of the Red Wings , afterwards questions the king 's motives , he is stripped of his rank and sent with Kain , his friend and Captain of the Dragoons , to deliver a ring to the Village of Mist . There , Kain and Cecil watch in horror as monsters burst forth from inside the ring and lay waste to the village . A young girl , Rydia , is the only survivor and summons a monster named Titan in anger . This monster causes an earthquake , separating Cecil and Kain . Cecil awakens afterward and takes the wounded Rydia to a nearby inn . Baron soldiers come for Rydia but Cecil defends her , and she joins him on his journey . It is revealed that Rosa , Cecil 's love interest , had followed him and is extremely ill with a fever . Soon after this , Cecil and Rydia meet Tellah , who is going to Damcyan Castle to retrieve his eloping daughter , Anna . However , Anna is killed when the Red Wings bomb the castle . Edward , Anna 's lover and the prince of Damcyan , explains that the Red Wings ' new commander , Golbez , did this to steal the Fire Crystal for Baron as they had stolen the Water Crystal from Mysidia . Tellah leaves the party to exact revenge on Golbez for Anna 's death . After finding a cure for Rosa , the party decides to go to Fabul to protect the Wind Crystal . Here they meet Master Yang , a warrior monk serviced to the kingdom and the protection of the crystal . The Red Wings attack , and Kain reappears as one of Golbez 's servants . He attacks and defeats Cecil ; when Rosa intervenes , Golbez kidnaps her and Kain takes the crystal . On the way back to Baron , the party is attacked by Leviathan and separated . Cecil awakes alone near Mysidia . When he enters the town , he finds that its residents hold him in utter contempt for the prior attack on their town . Through the Elder of Mysidia , he learns that to defeat Golbez , he must climb Mt . Ordeals and become a Paladin . Before embarking on his journey , he is joined by the twin mages , Palom and Porom . On the mountain he encounters Tellah , who is searching for the forbidden spell Meteor to defeat Golbez . Casting aside the darkness within himself , Cecil becomes a Paladin , while Tellah learns the secret of Meteor . Upon reaching Baron , the party discovers an amnesiac Yang and restores his memory . The party then confronts the King , only to discover that he had been replaced by one of Golbez 's minions , Cagnazzo . After defeating him , Cid arrives and takes them to one of his airships , the Enterprise . On the way , the party enters a room booby @-@ trapped by Cagnazzo , where Palom and Porom sacrifice themselves to save Cecil , Tellah , Cid , and Yang . On the airship , Kain appears and demands Cecil retrieve the final crystal in exchange for Rosa 's life , which the party obtains with assistance from a bedridden Edward . Kain then leads the party to the Tower of Zot , where Rosa is imprisoned . At the tower 's summit , Golbez takes the crystal and attempts to flee . Tellah casts Meteor to stop Golbez , sacrificing his own life in the process . However , the spell only weakens Golbez , ending his mind control of Kain . Kain helps Cecil rescue Rosa , who teleports the party out of the collapsing tower to Baron . In Baron , Kain reveals that Golbez must also obtain four subterranean " Dark Crystals " to achieve his goal of reaching the moon . The party travels to the underworld and encounter the Dwarves , who are currently fighting the Red Wings . They defeat Golbez thanks to a sudden appearance by Rydia , now a young woman due to her time spent in the Feymarch , the home of the Eidolons . However , the party ultimately fails to prevent Golbez from stealing the Dwarves ' crystal . With the help of the Dwarves , they enter the Tower of Babil in order to obtain the crystals Golbez has stored there , only to find that they have been moved to a surface portion of the tower . Yang later sacrifices himself in order to stop the tower 's cannons from firing on the Dwarves ( though he 's later revealed to have survived ) . After escaping a trap set by Golbez , the party flees the underworld aboard the Enterprise , with Cid sacrificing himself to reseal the passage between the two worlds and to prevent the Red Wings from continuing their pursuit . The party , now joined by Edge , the prince of Eblan , travels back to the Tower of Babil in order to take back the stolen crystals . Upon reaching the crystal room , however , the party falls through a trap door to the underworld . Meeting with the Dwarves once again and finding Cid to be alive , the party sets out to retrieve the eighth crystal before Golbez can . When the crystal is obtained , Golbez appears and reveals he still has control over Kain , while taking the crystal for himself . After learning of the Lunar Whale , a ship designed to take travelers to and from the moon , the party is rejoined by Cid . They travel to the surface and board the Lunar Whale . On the moon , the party meets the sage Fusoya , who explains that Cecil 's father was a Lunarian . Fusoya also explains that a Lunarian named Zemus plans to destroy life on the Blue Planet so that the Lunarians can take over , using Golbez to summon the Giant of Babil , a colossal robot . The party returns to Earth and the forces of the two worlds attack the Giant , including Palom and Porom , who have been revived . After the party breaks the robot , Golbez and Kain confront them , only to have Fusoya break Zemus ' control over Golbez , in turn releasing Kain . Cecil learns that Golbez is his older brother . Golbez and Fusoya head to the core of the moon to defeat Zemus , and Cecil 's party follows . In the moon 's core , the party witnesses Golbez and Fusoya kill Zemus , but then quickly fall to his resurrected form , the spirit Zeromus , the embodiment of all of Zemus ' hatred and rage . Back on Earth , the Elder of Mysidia commands all of Cecil 's allies and friends to pray for the party , which gives Cecil and his allies the strength to fight and slay Zeromus . Following the battle , Fusoya and Golbez opt to leave Earth with the moon . Cecil , at last accepting the truth , acknowledges Golbez as his brother , and bids him farewell . During the epilogue , most of the cast reunites to celebrate Cecil and Rosa 's wedding and their coronation as Baron 's new king and queen , while Kain is seen atop Mt . Ordeals , having vowed to atone for his misdeeds . = = Development = = After completing Final Fantasy III in 1990 , Square planned to develop two Final Fantasy games — one for the Nintendo Entertainment System and the other for the forthcoming Super NES , to be known as Final Fantasy IV and Final Fantasy V respectively . Due to financial and scheduling constraints , Square dropped plans for the NES game and continued development of the SNES version , retitled Final Fantasy IV . A mock @-@ up screenshot of the cancelled title was produced for a Japanese magazine , but little other information exists about it . Series creator and director Hironobu Sakaguchi has stated that the NES version was approximately 80 % complete and certain ideas were reused for the SNES version . Final Fantasy IV was lead designer Takashi Tokita 's first project at Square as a full @-@ time employee . Before this , Tokita wanted a career as a theater actor , but working on the game made him decide to become a " great creator " of video games . Initially Hiromichi Tanaka , the main designer of Final Fantasy III , was also involved in the development of the game . However , Tanaka wanted to create a seamless battle system that had no separate battle screen and was not menu @-@ driven , and since Final Fantasy IV was not going in that direction , he changed development teams to work on the action RPG Secret of Mana instead . The development team of Final Fantasy IV contained 14 people in total , and the game was completed in roughly one year . Initial ideas were contributed by Sakaguchi , including the entire story and the name of Baron 's royal air force , the " Red Wings " . The Active Time Battle ( ATB ) system was conceived and designed by Hiroyuki Ito when he was inspired while watching a Formula One race and seeing racers pass each other at different speeds . This gave him the idea of different speed values for the individual characters . The system was developed by Kazuhiko Aoki , Ito and Akihiko Matsui . As the game 's lead designer , Tokita wrote the scenario and contributed pixel art . He stated that there was a lot of pressure and that the project would not have been completed if he did not work diligently on it . According to Tokita , Final Fantasy IV was designed with the best parts of the previous three installments in mind : the job system of Final Fantasy III , the focus on story of Final Fantasy II , and the four elemental bosses acting as " symbols for the game " as in the first installment . Other influences include Dragon Quest II . The themes of Final Fantasy IV were to go " from darkness to light " with Cecil , a focus on family and friendship among the large and diverse cast , and the idea that " brute strength alone isn 't power . " Tokita feels that Final Fantasy IV is the first game in the series to really pick up on drama , and the first Japanese RPG to feature " such deep characters and plot . " The game 's script had to be reduced to one fourth of its original length due to cartridge storage limits , but Tokita made sure only " unnecessary dialogue " was cut , rather than actual story elements . As the graphical capacities of the Super Famicom allowed regular series character designer Yoshitaka Amano to make more elaborate character designs than in the previous installments , with the characters ' personalities already evident from the images , Tokita felt the reduced script length improved the pacing of the game . Still , he acknowledges that some parts of the story were " unclear " or were not " looked at in depth " until later ports and remakes . One of the ideas not included , due to time and space constraints , was a dungeon near the end of the game where each character would have to progress on their own — this dungeon would only be included in the Game Boy Advance version of the game , as the Lunar Ruins . = = = Music = = = The score of Final Fantasy IV was written by longtime series composer Nobuo Uematsu . Uematsu has noted that the process of composing was excruciating , involving trial and error and requiring the sound staff to spend several nights in sleeping bags at Square 's headquarters . His liner notes were humorously signed as being written at 1 : 30 AM " in the office , naturally . " The score was well received ; reviewers have praised the quality of the composition despite the limited medium . The track " Theme of Love " has even been taught to Japanese school children as part of the music curriculum . Uematsu continues to perform certain pieces in his Final Fantasy concert series . Three albums of music from Final Fantasy IV have been released in Japan . The first album , Final Fantasy IV : Original Sound Version , was released on June 14 , 1991 and contains 44 tracks from the game . The second album , Final Fantasy IV : Celtic Moon , was released on October 24 , 1991 , and contains a selection of tracks from the game , arranged and performed by Celtic musician Máire Breatnach . Lastly , Final Fantasy IV Piano Collections , an arrangement of tracks for solo piano performed by Toshiyuki Mori , was released on April 21 , 1992 and began the Piano Collections trend for each successive Final Fantasy game . Several tracks have appeared on Final Fantasy compilation albums produced by Square , including The Black Mages and Final Fantasy : Pray . Independent but officially licensed releases of Final Fantasy IV music have been orchestrated by such groups as Project Majestic Mix , which focuses on arranging video game music . Selections also appear on Japanese remix albums , called dōjin music , and on English remixing websites such as OverClocked ReMix . = = = North American localization = = = Because the previous two installments of the Final Fantasy series had not been localized and released in North America at the time , Final Fantasy IV was distributed as Final Fantasy II to maintain naming continuity . This remained the norm until the release of Final Fantasy VII in North America ( after the release of Final Fantasy VI under the title of Final Fantasy III ) and subsequent releases of the original Final Fantasy II and III on various platforms . Final Fantasy II has since gone under the title Final Fantasy IV . The English localization of Final Fantasy IV retains the storyline , graphics , and sound of the original , but the developers significantly reduced the difficulty for beginning gamers . Square were worried that western fans would find it difficult to adjust to the game 's complexity due to not having played the previous two entries , so decreased the overall depth considerably . Other changes include the removal of overt Judeo @-@ Christian religious references and certain potentially objectionable graphics . For example , the magic spell " Holy " was renamed " White " , and all references to prayer were eliminated ; the Tower of Prayers in Mysidia was renamed the Tower of Wishes . Direct references to death were also omitted , although several characters clearly die during the course of the game . The translation was changed in accordance with Nintendo of America 's censorship policies ( at a time before the formation of the ESRB and its rating system ) . = = Re @-@ releases = = In addition to its original release , Final Fantasy IV has been remade into many different versions . The first of these was Final Fantasy IV Easytype , a modified version of the game which was released for the Super Famicom in Japan . The Easytype was designed to be even easier than its North American counterpart . In this version , the attack powers of weapons have been enhanced , while the protective abilities of certain accessories and armor are amplified . A PlayStation port debuted in Japan on March 21 , 1997 . Ported by Tose and published by Square , it was designed and directed by Kazuhiko Aoki , supervised by Fumiaki Fukaya , and produced by Akihiro Imai . This version is identical to the original game , although minor tweaks introduced in the Easytype are present . The most notable changes in the PlayStation release are the inclusion of a full motion video opening and ending sequence , the ability to move quickly in dungeons and towns by holding the Cancel button , and the option of performing a " memo " save anywhere on the world map . On March 11 , 1999 , this version was released a second time in Japan as part of the Final Fantasy Collection package , which also included the PlayStation versions of Final Fantasy V and Final Fantasy VI . Fifty @-@ thousand limited edition copies of the collection were also released and included a Final Fantasy @-@ themed alarm clock . The PlayStation port was later released with Chrono Trigger in North America as part of Final Fantasy Chronicles in 2001 and with Final Fantasy V in Europe and Australia as part of Final Fantasy Anthology in 2002 . The English localizations feature a new translation , although certain translated lines from the previous localization by Kaoru Moriyama , such as " You spoony bard ! " , were kept , as they had become fan favorites . A remake for the WonderSwan Color , with few changes from the PlayStation version , was released in Japan on March 28 , 2002 . Character sprites and backgrounds were graphically enhanced through heightened details and color shading . Final Fantasy IV was ported again by Tose for the Game Boy Advance and published as Final Fantasy IV Advance ( ファイナルファンタジーIVアドバンス , Fainaru Fantajī Fō Adobansu ) . It was released in North America by Nintendo of America on December 12 , 2005 ; in Japan by Square Enix on December 15 , 2005 ; in Australia on February 23 , 2006 ; and in Europe on June 2 , 2006 . In Japan , a special version was available which included a limited edition Game Boy Micro with a themed face plate featuring artwork of Cecil and Kain . The enhanced graphics from the WonderSwan Color port were further improved , and minor changes were made to the music . The localization team revised the English translation , improving the flow of the story , and restoring plot details absent from the original . The abilities that were removed from the original North American release were re @-@ added , while spells were renamed to follow the naming conventions of the Japanese version , changing " Bolt2 " to " Thundara " for example . A new cave at Mt . Ordeals was added featuring powerful armor and stronger weapons for five additional characters , as was the Lunar Ruins , a dungeon accessible only at the end of the game . The game was remade with 3D graphics for the Nintendo DS as part of the Final Fantasy series ' 20th anniversary , and was released as Final Fantasy IV in Japan on December 20 , 2007 , in North America on July 22 , 2008 , and in Europe on September 5 , 2008 . The remake adds a number of features not present in the original , such as voice acting , minigames , and some changes to the basic gameplay . The game was developed by Matrix Software , the same team responsible for the Final Fantasy III DS remake , and was supervised by members of the original development team : Takashi Tokita served as executive producer and director , Tomoya Asano as producer and Hiroyuki Ito as battle designer . Animator Yoshinori Kanada storyboarded the new cutscenes . The original version of the game was released on the Wii Virtual Console in Japan on August 4 , 2009 , in North America on March 8 , 2010 and in PAL regions on June 11 , 2010 . An enhanced port for i @-@ mode compatible phones was released in Japan on October 5 , 2009 . It retains features introduced in the Wonderswan Color and Game Boy Advance ports , while incorporating enhanced character graphics on par with those found in The After Years , as well as an exclusive " extra dungeon " available after completing the game . Along with Final Fantasy IV : The After Years , the game was released for the PlayStation Portable as part of the compilation Final Fantasy IV : The Complete Collection . This version used updated 2D graphics , as opposed to the 3D graphics seen in the DS remake . The collection also includes a new episode called Final Fantasy IV : Interlude , which takes place between the original game and The After Years . Masashi Hamauzu arranged the main theme for the game . It was released in Japan on March 24 , 2011 , in North America on April 19 , 2011 , in Europe on April 21 , 2011 , and in Australia on April 28 , 2011 . On December 18 , 2012 the PlayStation port was re @-@ released as part of the Final Fantasy 25th Anniversary Ultimate Box Japanese package . In December 2012 , the Nintendo DS version of Final Fantasy IV was released for the iOS and Android ( June 2013 ) mobile platforms , introducing an optional easier difficulty level . On September 17 , 2014 , with no prior advertisement , Final Fantasy IV was also released for Microsoft Windows . = = Reception = = The game was critically acclaimed upon release . Famitsu 's panel of four reviewers gave it ratings of 9 , 9 , 10 , and 8 , adding up to an overall score of 36 out of 40 , one of the highest scores it awarded to any game in 1991 , second only The Legend of Zelda : A Link to the Past . In its November 1991 issue , Nintendo Power proclaimed it set a " new standard of excellence " for role @-@ playing games . They praised the battles as being " more interesting than in previous RPGs " because the player " must make snap decisions " and the " enemies don 't wait for you to make up your mind , " and concluded that the " story , graphics , play and sound will keep fans riveted . " Electronic Gaming Monthly ' panel of four reviewers gave it ratings of 8 , 9 , 7 , and 8 , out of 10 , adding up to 32 out of 40 overall . In its December 1991 issue , Ed Semrad , who gave it a 9 , stated that " Square has just redefined what the ultimate RPG should be like , " noting the " spectacular Mode 7 effects , outstanding graphics and a quest unequalled in a video game , " concluding that it " makes use of all the Super NES has to offer " and is " the best made to date ! " Ken Williams ( as Sushi @-@ X ) , who gave it an 8 , stated that it is " a totally awesome RPG , " the " storyline is actually coherent and the plot moves along with a combination of speaking sequences and battles . " On the other hand , Martin Alessi , who disliked role @-@ playing games , gave it a 7 . They gave the game an award for 1991 's Best RPG Video Game , stating that the " Mode 7 is great here and Square does a spectacular job in using it to zoom in and away from the planet " and that the " quest is huge and also one of the most difficult ever attempted in a video game . " GamePro rated it a perfect 5 out of 5 score in its March 1992 issue . The reviewer Monty Haul stated that it " truly redefines the standards for fantasy adventure games , " proclaiming that " one @-@ dimensional characters , needless hack ' em combat , and linear gameplay will be things of the past if other RPGs learn a lesson or two from this cart , " concluding that it " is one small step for Square Soft , and one giant leap for SNES role @-@ playing games . " In the November 1993 issue of Dragon , Sandy Petersen gave it an " Excellent " rating . He criticized the " stylized " combat system and the graphics as " inferior " to Zelda , but praised how every " spell has a different on @-@ screen effect " and the difficulty for being " just about right " where bosses " nearly beat you every time " unlike other RPG 's such as Ultima where enough " adventuring " makes it possible to " trash " enemies " with ease . " He praised the " great " music , preferring it over Zelda , stating what it " lacks in graphics , it more than makes up for in sound . " He praised the story in particular , noting that , in a departure from other RPGs where the party always " sticks together through thick and thin , " the characters have their own motives for joining and leaving the group , with one that " even betrays " them . He stated that it is like " following the storyline of a fantasy novel , " comparing it to The Lord of the Rings and Man in the Iron Mask , concluding that , because " the characters often spoke up for themselves , " he " got much more attached " to the party " than in any other computer game . " Retrospectively , major reviewers have called Final Fantasy IV one of the greatest video games of all time , noting that it pioneered many now common console role @-@ playing game features , including " the whole concept of dramatic storytelling in an RPG . " Reviewers have praised the game for its graphics , gameplay and score , and have noted that Final Fantasy IV was one of the first role @-@ playing games to feature a complex , involving plot . However , retrospective reviews have heavily criticized the game 's original SNES release for the poor quality of its English @-@ language translation . It has been included in various lists of the best games of all time . Nintendo Power included it in the " 100 Greatest Nintendo Games " lists , placing it ninth in 1997 's issue 100 , and twenty @-@ eighth in 2005 's issue 200 . IGN included it in its top 100 lists of the greatest games of all time , ranking it # 9 in 2003 , as the highest @-@ ranking RPG , and at # 26 in 2005 , as the highest rated Final Fantasy title on the list . In 2007 , it was ranked at # 55 , behind Final Fantasy VI and Final Fantasy Tactics . Famitsu released a reader poll in 2006 ranking it as the sixth best game ever made . It was also list among the best games of all time by Electronic Gaming Monthly in 2001 and 2006 , Game Informer in 2001 and 2009 , GameSpot in 2005 , and GameFAQs in 2005 , 2009 and 2014 . Final Fantasy Collection sold over 400 @,@ 000 copies in 1999 , making it the 31st best selling release of that year in Japan . Weekly Famitsu gave it a 54 out of 60 points , scored by a panel of six reviewers . The Game Boy Advance version , Final Fantasy IV Advance , was met with praise from reviewers , although a few noted the game 's graphics do not hold up well to current games , especially when compared to Final Fantasy VI . Reviewers noted that some fans may still nitpick certain errors in the new translation . The Nintendo DS version of the game was praised for its visuals , gameplay changes and new cutscenes . It was a nominee for Best RPG on the Nintendo DS in IGN 's 2008 video game awards . = = Legacy = = In Japan , 1 @.@ 44 million copies of Final Fantasy IV 's Super Famicom version were sold . The PlayStation version sold an additional 261 @,@ 000 copies in Japan in 1997 . By March 31 , 2003 , the game , including the PlayStation and WonderSwan Color remakes , had shipped 2 @.@ 16 million copies worldwide , with 1 @.@ 82 million of those copies being shipped in Japan and 340 @,@ 000 abroad . As of 2007 just before the release of the Nintendo DS version , nearly 3 million copies of the game had been sold around the world . The Game Boy Advance version of the game sold over 219 @,@ 000 copies in Japan by the end of 2006 . By May 2009 , the DS version of the game had sold 1 @.@ 1 million copies worldwide . Final Fantasy IV : The After Years , the sequel to Final Fantasy IV , is set seventeen years after the events of the original . The first two chapters of the game were released in Japan in February 2008 for NTT DoCoMo FOMA 903i series phones , with a release for au WIN BREW series phones slated for Spring 2008 . The game revolves around Ceodore , the son of Cecil and Rosa , with most of the original cast members returning , some of whom are featured in more prominent roles than before , among other new characters . After the mobile release , it was hinted that The After Years would be released outside Japan . On March 25 , 2009 , an announcement was made by Satoru Iwata during Nintendo 's GDC 2009 Keynote speech that the U.S. would see The After Years released later that year on the Wii 's WiiWare service . The first two chapters were released on June 1 , 2009 in North America and June 5 , 2009 in PAL territories , with the additional chapters being released in the following months . A two @-@ volume novelization of Final Fantasy IV was released in Japan on December 25 , 2008 .
= Elaine Paige = Elaine Paige OBE ( born Elaine Jill Bickerstaff , 5 March 1948 ) is an English singer and actress best known for her work in musical theatre . Raised in Barnet , Hertfordshire , Paige attended the Aida Foster Theatre School , making her first professional appearance on stage in 1964 , at the age of 16 . Her appearance in the 1968 production of Hair marked her West End debut . Following a number of roles over the next decade , Paige was selected to play Eva Perón in the first production of Evita in 1978 , which brought her to the attention of the broader public . For this role , she won the Laurence Olivier Award for Performance of the Year in a musical . She went on to originate the role of Grizabella in Cats and had a Top 10 hit with " Memory " , a song from the show . In 1985 , Paige released " I Know Him So Well " with Barbara Dickson from the musical Chess , which remains the biggest @-@ selling record by a female duo . She then appeared in the original stage production of Chess , followed by a starring role in Anything Goes which she also co @-@ produced . Paige made her Broadway debut in Sunset Boulevard in 1996 , playing the lead role of Norma Desmond , to critical acclaim . She appeared in The King and I from 2000 to 2001 , and six years later she returned to the West End stage in The Drowsy Chaperone . She has also worked sporadically in television . In addition to being nominated for five Laurence Olivier Awards , Paige has won many other awards for her theatre roles and has been called the First Lady of British Musical Theatre due to her skill and longevity . She has released 22 solo albums , of which eight were consecutively certified gold and another four multi @-@ platinum . Paige is also featured on seven cast albums and has sung in concerts across the world . Since 2004 she has hosted her own show on BBC Radio 2 called Elaine Paige on Sunday . In 2014 , Paige celebrated her 50 years in show business . Paige announced on her official website a " Farewell " concert tour and a new career @-@ spanning album ' The Ultimate Collection ' to mark this milestone in her career . = = Life and career = = = = = Background = = = Elaine Jill Bickerstaff was born and raised in Barnet , Hertfordshire , where her father worked as an estate agent and her mother was a milliner . Her mother had been a singer in her youth , and her father was an amateur drummer . Paige stands at just under 5 feet ( 1 @.@ 5 m ) tall , which she says has caused her to lose out on leading roles . Her original ambition was to become a professional tennis player , at which point her headmistress pointed out to her " they 'd never see you over the net " , but Paige continued to play tennis and has referred to the sport as one of her passions . At 14 , Paige listened to the film soundtrack of West Side Story , which evoked the desire for a career in musical theatre . Paige 's musical ability was encouraged by her school music teacher , Ann Hill , who was also the head of the music department . Paige was a member of Hill 's choir , and her first role on stage was playing Susanna in a school production of Mozart 's The Marriage of Figaro , which was followed by parts in The Boy Mozart and solos in Handel 's Messiah — " a difficult work for little children " . Paige also recalls singing the mezzo role of Bastienne in Mozart 's Bastien and Bastienne . After singing the aria , she chose to break down in character and to release a sob much to the audience 's shock who , having been convinced by her acting , thought she was in real pain . Her father later suggested that she should go to drama school , so she attended the Aida Foster Theatre School . Lacking confidence , she initially disliked stage school ; her father encouraged her to persevere and she grew to enjoy her time there . After graduating , her first job was modelling children 's clothing at the Ideal Home Exhibition . Prior to stage school she attended Southaw Girls ' School – a secondary modern in Oakleigh Park in Hertfordshire where she had achieved just two CSE qualifications . = = = Early career – 1968 – 1980 : West End debut and Evita = = = Paige 's first professional appearance on stage was during the UK tour of the Anthony Newley / Leslie Bricusse musical The Roar of the Greasepaint – The Smell of the Crowd in 1964 , playing the role of a Chinese urchin . To audition for the role she sang " I 'm Just a Girl Who Cain 't Say No " but was rejected the first time . She was successful the second time around after being convinced to re @-@ audition under a new name . Browsing through a phone book for inspiration , she became aware of the " page " she was observing and decided upon that name with the addition of an " i " . At the age of 20 , she made her West End debut in Hair on 27 September 1968 , remaining in the cast until March 1970 . While also being an understudy for the character of Sheila , she played a member of the tribe in the chorus , for which role she was required to be naked on stage in one scene . She also appeared as an urchin in the West End 's Oliver ! . Over the next decade , she played roles in various musicals , including Jesus Christ Superstar ; Nuts ; Grease , in which she played the lead role of Sandy from 1973 to 1974 ; Billy , from 1974 to 1975 playing Rita ; and The Boyfriend , as Maisie ( 1975 – 1976 ) . Paige had a minor role in the 1978 sex comedy film Adventures of a Plumber 's Mate . After months of acting and singing auditions , Hal Prince offered the still relatively unknown Paige the title role of Eva Perón in the first stage production of the Tim Rice and Andrew Lloyd Webber musical , Evita . Her performance won her critical acclaim and brought her into public prominence at the age of 30 . Julie Covington , who played the role on the original concept album , had turned down the opportunity of playing the role on stage leading to a long search for a new star . Paige eventually competed against Bonnie Schoen , an American initially favoured by Prince for the role . She later said , " Bonnie was already a big name on Broadway . In a way , she didn 't have anything to prove . She was smoothly , silkily professional . But I saw this as my big chance and , like Eva when she clapped eyes on Peron , I grabbed with both hands . I wanted the role more than anything else in the whole world . " For her performance in Evita , she won the Laurence Olivier Award for Best Performance in a Musical , which at that time was called the Society of West End Theatre Award . She also won the Variety Club Award for Showbusiness Personality of the Year . She played the role for 20 months in total , from 1978 to 1980 . She also released her first studio album in 1978 , titled Sitting Pretty . Just prior to her success in Evita , Paige had strongly considered becoming a nursery nurse , but after she sang for Dustin Hoffman , he made her promise that she would continue in theatre work . She admitted that she was " fed up with the whole thing " and that she could not even afford new clothing or to eat out ; " Evita saved me " she stated . = = = 1981 – 1993 : Cats and Chess era = = = Paige went on to portray some of Lloyd Webber 's most notable female characters , creating the role of Grizabella in the original production of Cats from 11 May 1981 to 13 February 1982 . She took on the role late in the rehearsal process when the actress Judi Dench had to withdraw due to a torn Achilles tendon . Paige 's performance of the song " Memory " from Cats , with which she had a Top 10 hit , is her signature piece . The single reached number 5 in the UK charts and has since been recorded by a further 160 artists . She reprised the role of Grizabella for the video release of Cats in 1998 , one of only two performers in the film from the original London cast ; the other was Susan Jane Tanner as Jellylorum . Paige 's website claims that the video soon became the bestselling music video in the UK and America . The 1983 production of Abbacadabra , written by former ABBA members , Björn Ulvaeus and Benny Andersson , saw Paige star in the role of Carabosse . She then originated the role of Florence for the 1984 concept album of Chess , with lyrics by Tim Rice and music by Ulvaeus and Andersson . Her albums , Stages ( 1983 ) , and Cinema ( 1984 ) , rejoined the cast recording of Chess in the UK top 40 chart , giving her three consecutive successful albums . In 1985 , Paige released " I Know Him So Well " , a duet from Chess , singing with Barbara Dickson . The single held the number 1 position in the British singles charts for four weeks , and still remains the biggest @-@ selling record by a female duo , according to the Guinness Book of Records . From 1986 to 1987 , Paige appeared as Florence in the stage production of Chess , a role that earned her a second Olivier Award nomination , this time in the category , Best Actress in a Musical . She next sang at the White House in 1988 . Paige then took on the part of Reno Sweeney in the musical production of Anything Goes , which she co @-@ produced and starred in from 1989 to 1990 . Patti LuPone was appearing in Anything Goes on Broadway around that time , so Paige sought to become the co @-@ producer of the West End production as a way to secure the role there before LuPone could take it . Playing Reno Sweeney was Paige 's first experience using an American accent on stage , and the role earned her a third Olivier Award nomination . Beyond her theatre roles , she appeared in the television programme Unexplained Laughter in 1989 alongside Diana Rigg . In 1993 , Paige signed up for a year as French chanteuse Édith Piaf in Pam Gems ' musical play , Piaf , to critical acclaim . The Guardian wrote that Paige was " a magnificent , perfect Piaf " . The demanding production required her to sing 15 songs , some in French , and to be on stage for 2 hours 40 minutes in total , and forced her to leave early due to exhaustion . Her portrayal of Piaf earned her an Olivier Award nomination for Best Actress in a Musical , her fourth nomination . She subsequently released an album , titled Piaf , containing Édith Piaf songs . = = = 1994 – 2001 : Sunset Boulevard and Broadway debut = = = In 1995 , Paige was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire ( OBE ) by Queen Elizabeth for her contributions to musical theatre . Paige stepped briefly into the role of Norma Desmond in Lloyd Webber 's West End production of Sunset Boulevard in 1994 , when Betty Buckley was taken ill and had to undergo an emergency appendectomy . The nature of the situation meant that Paige only had two @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half weeks in the rehearsal process before her first performance . She admitted feeling daunted by the prospect , having seen Glenn Close in the role on Broadway just prior to entering rehearsals . London critics were largely won over by Paige in a performance that " not only wrings out every ounce of dramatic action but delivers some unexpected humor as well " and she took over the part full @-@ time the following year . She then won the Variety Club Award for Best Actress of the Year , and received her fifth Olivier Award nomination in 1996 . During the run of Sunset Boulevard at the West End 's Adelphi Theatre in 1995 , Paige discovered a lump in her breast , prompting her to consult her doctor , who at first reassured her there was nothing to be concerned about . She returned twice , and her doctor subsequently sent her for tests that confirmed the lump was cancerous , nine months after she discovered it . Continuing her role in the production Paige did not miss a show , and stated , " When I did the show I became very emotional . Some of the lyrics suddenly took on an entirely different meaning . Words like , ' as if we never said goodbye ' became more real " . Paige went in for day surgery on a Sunday due to her theatre commitments , had five years of medical treatment and completed a radiation programme . She spoke for the first time of her encounter with breast cancer in a 2004 interview , and has since described the period as " the most awful thing that 's happened to me in my life " . Paige transferred to the New York production of Sunset Boulevard to make her Broadway debut at the Minskoff Theatre on 12 September 1996 , staying with the show until it closed on 22 March 1997 . On the Sunset Boulevard set in Broadway , the staircase steps had to be raised six inches ( 15 cm ) in order to accommodate Paige 's short stature , or it would have been hard to see her behind the banister . Paige was welcomed to the Broadway stage with a long standing ovation from the audience , and received largely positive reviews for her New York performance as Norma Desmond : " The lush sound and the sheer power of her voice are , to put it simply , incredible " , wrote one critic , whilst another said " Her voice has great range , remarkable clarity and emotional force " . Paige was the first Norma Desmond in Sunset Boulevard to sing one of the show 's key songs , " With One Look " , which she did first at Lloyd Webber 's wedding to Madeleine Gurdon , although at the time the song was called " Just One Glance " . Lloyd Webber noted , regarding Paige 's performance of one of the show 's other prominent songs , " As If We Never Said Goodbye " , that it was " as good , if not the best , of anything I 've ever heard of mine " . Regarding the key lyric in the song , " This world 's waited long enough . I 've come home at last " , Paige had sought to change the way the melody was sung , despite being fully aware of Lloyd @-@ Webber 's fastidious tendencies . To her , the moment was not exploited to its fullest potential , so she approached the show 's musical director , David Caddick , and expressed her wish to hold the word " home " , to which he agreed . Although she had been disappointed when she hoped to perform on Broadway in Evita , Cats and Chess , Paige stated of her debut there , " It was just the most perfect time to go with that particular show " . After Sunset Boulevard finished , she suffered from depression , commenting that the show 's closing " was the most terrible feeling . ... I 'd felt I 'd lost something so very important to me . I thought it had died and gone away . " Arts commentator Melvyn Bragg hosted a special edition of The South Bank Show about Paige 's career in 1996 , titled The Faces of Elaine Paige . The episode saw her visiting parts of the world where plays she had starred in had been set : the Casa Rosada in Buenos Aires , Argentina where Eva Perón had given speeches ; the Parisian haunts of Edith Piaf including a meeting with her collaborator Charles Aznavour ; and Sunset Boulevard , Los Angeles . In 1997 , Paige made her United States concert debut when she opened the Boston Pops season , which was aired on WGBH in America . The following year , she made a guest appearance at Andrew Lloyd Webber 's 50th birthday celebration at the Royal Albert Hall , performing " Don 't Cry for Me Argentina " and " Memory " She then played Célimène in the non @-@ musical play The Misanthrope in 1998 , but she admitted that she missed the musical element and that the silence was slightly unsettling to her . A Lifetime Achievement Award from The National Operatic and Dramatic Association soon followed . She later performed alongside Bette Midler in a 1999 New York concert to raise money for the Breast Cancer Research Foundation . From 2000 to 2001 , she starred as Anna Leonowens in a revival of Rodgers and Hammerstein 's The King and I at the London Palladium . Paige had turned down an offer for the role the first time she was approached , but later accepted , admitting that she had " forgotten what a fantastic score it was " , although she did question her own suitability for the role . Before the opening , the box office had already taken in excess of £ 7 million in ticket sales . The critic for The Independent commented , " It may well be impossible to be a success as Evita and a success as Anna " complaining that Paige was not refined enough for the role , whereas The Spectator asserted that the role further strengthened her title as the " First Lady of British Musical Theatre " . During her time in The King and I , her mother was diagnosed with cancer . Despite Paige wanting to pull out of the show , her mother insisted that she should continue until her contract had finished , and Paige 's sister , Marion Billings , admitted , " That was very hard for Elaine , having to go on stage night after night knowing she wanted to be with Mum " . = = = 2002 – 2013 : Radio and return to West End and Broadway = = = Paige sang at the opening of the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City , and then made her Los Angeles concert debut at the Pasadena Civic Auditorium . In 2003 , she played Angèle in Where There 's a Will , directed by Peter Hall . She next sang the role of Mrs Lovett in the New York City Opera production of Stephen Sondheim 's Sweeney Todd in March 2004 , earning positive reviews from critics , and a nomination for a Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Actress in a Musical . Paige then embarked upon a UK tour which was titled " No Strings Attached " . In September 2004 , Paige began a weekly Sunday afternoon radio show , Elaine Paige on Sunday , between 1 and 3 PM on BBC Radio 2 , featuring music from musical theatre and film . The 400th edition was broadcast on Sunday 29 July 2012 . In an unfavourable review , the show was described by Elisabeth Mahoney of The Guardian as " a chilly , alienating listening experience " and a " rare wrong move " on the part of Radio 2 . Lisa Martland of The Stage agreed that " it is by far the music that brings me back to the programme ... and not her lightweight presenting style " . However , the show regularly attracts 3 million listeners , and interviews are also featured each week . Paige also focused on television appearances , playing Dora Bunner in the 2005 ITV adaptation of Agatha Christie 's A Murder Is Announced in the Marple series , before performing a guest role as a post mistress in Where the Heart Is . The episode of Marple was watched by 7 @.@ 78 million viewers . The release of Paige 's first full studio album of new recordings in 12 years was marked in 2006 , titled Essential Musicals . The album included popular songs from musicals identified by a poll on her radio show , in which 400 @,@ 000 listeners voted . At this point , Paige had recorded 20 solo albums in total , of which eight were consecutively certified gold and another four multi @-@ platinum , and she had been featured on seven cast albums . Paige also appeared in concert in Scandinavia , Hong Kong , Europe , the Middle East , New Zealand , Australia and Singapore . On 20 and 21 December 2006 , she performed in concert in Shanghai , extending her concert tour to two dates to satisfy demand . With a noticeable absence from musical theatre , having not taken a role for many years , she explained in 2006 that " there 's been nothing that I 've wanted to do , and if you 're going to commit to a year at the theatre , six days a week , and have no life , then it 's got to be something that you want to do with all your heart " . She also affirmed that she believes for older actors it becomes harder to obtain theatre roles . In 2007 , Paige made a return to the West End stage for the first time in six years , as the Chaperone / Beatrice Stockwell in The Drowsy Chaperone at the Novello Theatre . The production ran for a disappointing 96 performances , although it had opened to a standing ovation from the audience and a generally optimistic reaction from critics . The Daily Telegraph wrote , " Elaine Paige is a good sport ... enduring jokes about her reputation for being ' difficult ' with a grin that doesn 't seem all that forced . ... Only the self @-@ importantly serious and the chronically depressed will fail to enjoy this preposterously entertaining evening " . Paul Taylor from The Independent was less impressed and wrote " a miscast Elaine Paige manages to be unfunny to an almost ingenious degree as the heroine 's bibulous minder " . For her performance , Paige was nominated for a What 's On Stage Award in the category of Best Supporting Actress in a Musical . She next collaborated with the duo Secret Garden in recording the song " The Things You Are to Me " for their 2007 album , Inside I 'm Singing . To raise money for Sport Relief Paige danced the tango on Sport Relief does Strictly Come Dancing with Matt Dawson in March 2008 , where they were voted second overall . In 2008 , she opened the Llangollen International Musical Eisteddfod and performed concerts in China , America and Australia featuring songs from her 40 @-@ year career . To further celebrate 40 years since her first performance on a West End Stage , in October 2008 Paige released a picture @-@ based autobiography titled Memories . The book took around eight months to compile ; " Since Evita I suppose , I had kept a yearbook . My parents always kept cuttings and things like that for me . I did have quite a lot of reference material to work out , " Paige commented . An album titled Elaine Paige and Friends was produced by Phil Ramone in 2010 . The album features duets with Paige and artists such as Johnny Mathis , Barry Manilow and Olivia Newton @-@ John as well as a duet with Sinéad O 'Connor of a new song " It 's Only Life " penned by Tim Rice and Gary Barlow . Having entered the top 20 of UK Album Charts , it went on to achieve gold status . Paige played the role of Carlotta Campion in the Kennedy Center production of Follies in May and June 2011 at the Eisenhower Theatre in Washington , DC , receiving favourable reviews for her performance of the showstopper , " I 'm Still Here . " The principal cast also comprised Bernadette Peters , Jan Maxwell , Ron Raines and Danny Burstein . She reprised this role in the Broadway transfer of the musical at the Marquis Theatre from August 2011 until the following January , before performing at the Ahmanson Theatre , Los Angeles , California in May and June 2012 . = = = 2014 – present : 50th Anniversary , farewell tour = = = At the end of 2013 Paige announced a concert tour , Page by Page by Paige , which focused on her 50th anniversary in show business and was advertised as a farewell tour . The 40th anniversary tour in 2008 marked 40 years since her debut on the West End stage , and the 50th anniversary tour in 2014 marked 50 years since her first stage performance . The tour featured Gardar Thor Cortes performing a number of songs , both solo and duets with Paige , and was sold out at all venues . The tour ran from 9 to 20 October 2014 , concluding at the Royal Albert Hall , London . Other stops included Cardiff , Bristol , Manchester , Newcastle ( Gateshead ) , Glasgow , Birmingham and Bournemouth . Due to a throat infection , one concert in Brighton had to be cancelled . Dates in Ireland were postponed before being rescheduled , with Paige giving four sold @-@ out concerts in Dublin ( two evenings ) , Limerick and Cork between 10 and 16 February 2015 . In 2014 , Paige presented and performed in a six episode television show for Sky Arts television called The Elaine Paige Show . The show featured songs performed by Paige , masterclasses with drama college students and interviews and performances by West End and Broadway performers and writers . The show was recorded in March and April at Riverside Studios , London . In June 2014 , Paige made her debut at G @-@ A @-@ Y ’ s Heaven nightclub in London and in November , she joined the inaugural Australian cruise of the performing arts on the MS Radiance of the Seas . In May 2015 Paige was part of VE Day 70 : A Party to Remember , a special concert which took place at the Horse Guards Parade , and was broadcast live on BBC1 and BBC Radio 2 . Later in 2015 she performed in concert at Scarborough Open Air Theatre , supported by Collabro and Rhydian , and then headlined the Glamis Prom 2015 at Glamis Castle , Scotland , with Susan Boyle as her guest . The Royal Philharmonic Orchestra accompanied at both concerts . In April 2016 , it was announced that Paige would perform a number of concerts - on successive weekends rather than intensive schedule of a regular tour - entitled " Stripped Back " . The tour will initially run from October until December 2016 and feature music by Harry Nilsson , Randy Newman , Jimmy Webb , Burt Bacharach , Leonard Cohen , Sting , Elton John and Lennon @-@ McCartney . = = Legacy = = Having had so many starring roles in famous musicals , many to critical acclaim , Paige is often referred to as the First Lady of British Musical Theatre . In 2008 , she celebrated the 40th anniversary of her professional debut on the West End stage debut . Paige has never married nor had children , although she had an 11 @-@ year affair with the lyricist Tim Rice throughout the 1980s . She has said that she wanted to have children , but " it 's a wonderful life I have , so I 'm very fulfilled in other ways " . Paige has been dating Justin Mallinson since spring 2010 . Paige 's singing abilities have won her worldwide praise , as have her acting skills with Andrew Gans of Playbill magazine writing that " Paige 's gift is to dissect a role and determine what phrasing , gesture or emotion can bring a scene to its fullest dramatic potential " . Mark Shenton also highlighted her voice in 2008 as " one of the most distinctive and impressive voices in the business " . Lloyd @-@ Webber insists that her rendition of " As If We Never Said Goodbye " is one of the best interpretations of a song by him . She is a Vice @-@ President of The Children 's Trust , a UK charity for children with brain injury . Paige has gained herself a reputation as someone who can be " difficult " . The Times ' Brian Logan wrote , " Paige is not exactly known for her humility . In newspaper profiles , that dread word ' difficult ' is often applied " . On one occasion , she told a male interviewer that she was going to stop giving interviews to female reporters because , in her own words , " I don 't trust other women in these situations . They establish a sisterhood with you and then betray it every time " . What has been seen as a cold side to her personality was also noted by Logan , but Paige has said that a common misconception of her is that she is confident and very serious . Another editor found her " refreshingly down @-@ to @-@ earth " and " very friendly " . = = Views on theatre = = Though Paige has enjoyed a long career in musical theatre , she rarely goes to watch musicals , much preferring to watch films or plays . She considers herself primarily an actress , rather than a singer , stating , " I really prefer to be in character " . Comparing the work of Rodgers and Hammerstein to that of Lloyd Webber , Paige has said that she finds Rodgers and Hammerstein songs more difficult to sing , and described them as challenging . She concluded , " it 's a quieter kind of singing , more controlled , not belting it out " . In the light of the physical demands of performing in theatre Paige has said " Musical theatre is the hardest thing any actor will ever do . You become obsessive about sleeping , eating the right food , not speaking and giving yourself vocal rest and keeping exercised " . Regarding the pressure of having to be in a fit condition to perform in theatre each night , she remarked " you wouldn 't want to read the letters people write when you 're off and they 're disappointed – it 's so awful , the guilt one feels for not being there " . As part of a rigorous routine before musical roles to look after her voice , Paige stops eating dairy products and drinking alcohol and works hard on her fitness . After about three months into the production when her voice is tiring from performing , she withdraws from her normal social life , sometimes only communicating by notepad and fax . She never reads her reviews , finding that it is not helpful to hear too many opinions of her work . Paige has named reality television series such as Any Dream Will Do , which aim to find an unknown actor to play the lead role in a musical , as the greatest threat to theatre today , believing that " actors already striving in the theatre wouldn 't dream of putting themselves on these shows " . In a later interview , she questioned the seriousness of the actors auditioning for this type of show : " you wouldn 't put yourself up for one of those shows in case you got bumped off the first week and all your colleagues saw it " . She has also expressed a wish for more new musicals to be put into production , instead of frequent revivals . = = Stage roles = = = = TV roles = = In the 1980 ITV drama series Lady Killers , Paige played convicted murderer Kate Webster . In 1981 in Tales of the Unexpected , " The Way to Do it " , Paige plays Suzie , a girl working in a small casino trying to keep guests happy and finally eloping with the main character . Paige has also played roles in Agatha Christie 's Marple and Where the Heart Is . In 1989 , Paige appeared alongside Diana Rigg and Jon Finch in Alice Thomas Ellis ' " Unexplained Laughter " , as part of the BBC 's The Play on One . Paige will appear in a new BBC adaptation of William Shakepeare 's A Midsummer 's Night Dream adapted by Russell T Davies as part of the Shakespeare 400 celebrations . = = Discography = = = = = Solo albums = = = = = = Compilations = = = = = = Cast recordings = = = = = = Singles = = = = = = Other albums and guest appearances = = = = = = Videos and DVDs = = =
= The French Lieutenant 's Woman = The French Lieutenant 's Woman is a 1969 postmodern historical fiction novel by John Fowles . It was his third published novel , after The Collector ( 1963 ) and The Magus ( 1965 ) . The novel explores the fraught relationship of gentleman and amateur naturalist Charles Smithson and Sarah Woodruff , the former governess and independent woman with whom he falls in love . The novel builds on Fowles ' authority in Victorian literature , both following and critiquing many of the conventions of period novels . Following publication , the library magazine American Libraries , described the novel as one of the " Notable Books of 1969 " . Subsequent to its initial popularity , publishers produced numerous editions and translated the novel into many languages ; soon after the initial publication , the novel was also treated extensively by scholars . The novel remains popular , figuring in both public and academic conversations . In 2005 , Time magazine chose the novel as one of the 100 best English @-@ language novels published between 1923 and 2005 . Part of the novel 's reputation is based on its expression of postmodern literary concerns through thematic focus on metafiction , historiography , metahistory , Marxist criticism and feminism . Stylistically and thematically , Linda Hutcheon describes the novel as an exemplar of a particular postmodern genre : " historiographic metafiction . " Because of the contrast between the independent Sarah Woodruff and the more stereotypical male characters , the novel often receives attention for its treatment of gender issues . However , despite claims by Fowles that it is a feminist novel , critics have debated whether it offers a sufficiently transformative perspective on women . Following popular success , the novel created a larger legacy : the novel has had numerous responses by academics and other writers , such as A.S. Byatt , and through adaptation as film and dramatic play . In 1981 , the novel was adapted as a film of the same name with script by the playwright Harold Pinter , directed by Karel Reisz and starring Meryl Streep and Jeremy Irons . The film received considerable critical acclaim and awards , including several BAFTAs and Golden Globes . The novel was also adapted and produced as a British play in 2006 . = = Background = = Before Fowles published The French Lieutenant 's Woman in 1969 , he had already established his literary reputation with his novels The Collector ( 1963 ) and The Magus ( 1965 ) . While writing The French Lieutenant 's Woman , he was working on the screenplay for the film adaptation of The Magus . Moreover , The Collector had already been adapted in a 1965 film that gained Fowles further popular attention . Fowles described his main inspiration for The French Lieutenant 's Woman to be a persistent image of a ' Victorian Woman , ' who later developed into the novel 's titular character Sarah Woodruff . In a 1969 essay titled " Notes on an Unfinished Novel , " Fowles reflects on his writing process . He said he had an image during the autumn of 1966 of " A woman [ who ] stands at the end of a deserted quay and stares out to sea . " He determined that she belonged to a " Victorian Age " and had " mysterious " and " vaguely romantic " qualities . He made a note at the time about the function of the novel , saying You are not trying to write something one of the Victorian novelists forgot to write ; but perhaps something one of them failed to write . And : Remember the etymology of the word . A novel is something new . It must have relevance to the writer 's now - so don 't ever pretend you live in 1867 ; or make sure the reader knows it 's a pretence . " In an appended comment , dated " October 27 , 1967 " , he writes that he finished the first draft of the novel at about 140 @,@ 000 words . Throughout the essay , Fowles describes multiple influences and issues important to the novel 's development , including his debt to other authors such as Thomas Hardy . In the essay , he describes surprise that the female character Sarah had taken the primary role in the novel . Later Fowles described other influences shaping the characters development , noting that the characters and story of The French Lieutenant 's Woman were loosely derived from Claire de Duras 's 1823 novel Ourika , which features a tragic affair between an African woman and French military man . Fowles later published a 1977 translation of Ourika into English . = = Plot summary = = Set in the mid @-@ nineteenth century , the narrator identifies the novel 's protagonist as Sarah Woodruff , the Woman of the title , also known as " Tragedy " and as " The French Lieutenant 's Whore " . She lives in the coastal town of Lyme Regis as a disgraced woman , supposedly abandoned by a French ship 's officer named Varguennes who had returned to France and married . She spends some of her limited free time on The Cobb , a stone jetty where she stares out the sea . One day , Charles Smithson , an orphaned gentleman , and Ernestina Freeman , his fiancée and a daughter of a wealthy tradesman , see Sarah walking along the cliffside . Ernestina tells Charles something of Sarah 's story , and he becomes curious about her . Though continuing to court Ernestina , Charles has several more encounters with Sarah , meeting her clandestinely three times . During these meetings , Sarah tells Charles of her history , and asks for his emotional and social support . During the same period , he learns of the possible loss of place as heir to his elderly uncle , who has become engaged to a woman young enough to bear a child . Meanwhile , Charles 's servant Sam falls in love with Mary , the maid of Ernestina 's aunt . In fact , Charles has fallen in love with Sarah and advises her to leave Lyme for Exeter . Returning from a journey to warn Ernestina 's father about his uncertain inheritance , Charles stops in Exeter as if to visit Sarah . From there , the narrator , who intervenes throughout the novel and later becomes a character in it , offers three different ways in which the novel could end : First ending : Charles does not visit Sarah , but immediately returns to Lyme to reaffirm his love for Ernestina . They marry , though the marriage never becomes particularly happy , and Charles enters trade under Ernestina 's father , Mr. Freeman . The narrator pointedly notes the lack of knowledge about Sarah 's fate . Charles tells Ernestina about an encounter which he implies is with the " French Lieutenant 's Whore " , but elides the sordid details , and the matter is ended . The narrator dismisses this ending as a daydream by Charles , before the alternative events of the subsequent meeting with Ernestina are described . Critic Michelle Phillips Buchberger describes this first ending as " a semblance of verisimilitude in the traditional ' happy ending ' " found in actual Victorian novels . Before the second and third endings , the narrator appears as a character sharing a railway compartment with Charles . He tosses a coin to determine the order in which he will portray the other two possible endings , emphasising their equal plausibility . They are as follows : Second ending : Charles and Sarah have a rash sexual encounter in which Charles realises that Sarah was a virgin . Reflecting on his emotions during this , Charles ends his engagement to Ernestina , and proposes to Sarah through a letter . Charles 's servant Sam fails to deliver the letter and , after Charles breaks his engagement , Ernestina 's father disgraces him . His uncle marries and his wife bears an heir , ensuring the loss of the expected inheritance . To escape the social suicide and depression caused by his broken engagement , Charles goes abroad to Europe and America . Ignorant of Charles ' proposal , Sarah flees to London without telling her lover . During Charles ' trips abroad , his lawyer searches for Sarah , finding her two years later living in the Chelsea house of the painter and poet Dante Gabriel Rossetti , where she enjoys an artistic , creative life . Sarah shows Charles the child of their affair , leaving him in hope that the three may be reunited . Third ending : The narrator re @-@ appears outside the house at 16 Cheyne Walk and turns back his pocket watch by fifteen minutes . Events are the same as in the second @-@ ending version until Charles meets Sarah , when their reunion is sour . The new ending does not make clear the parentage of the child and Sarah expresses no interest in reviving the relationship . Charles leaves the house , intending to return to the United States , wondering whether Sarah is a manipulative , lying woman who exploited him . = = Characters = = The Narrator – as in other works of metafiction , the narrator 's voice frequently intervenes in the story with a personality of its own . Though the voice appears to be that of Fowles , Magali Cornier Michael notes that chapter 13 , which discusses the role of author and narrator within fiction , distinguishes between the author 's role in the text and the narrator 's . Alice Ferrebe describes the narrator as both a lens for critiquing traditional gender roles and a perpetuation of the perspectives on gendered identity perpetuated by the male gaze . Sarah Woodruff – the main protagonist according to the narrator . Formerly a governess , she becomes disgraced after an illicit , but unconsummated , liaison with an injured French naval merchant . The feminist critic Magali Cornier Michael argues that she is more a plot device , not interpretable as a main character because her thoughts and motivations are only interpreted from the perspective of outside male characters . Sarah offers a representation of myth or symbol within a male perspective on women . Charles Smithson – the main male character . Though born into a family with close ties to nobility , Smithson does not possess a title but has a sizable income and considerable education . Early in the novel he is described both as a casual naturalist and a Darwinist . Though trying to become an enlightened and forward @-@ thinking individual , the narrator often emphasises , through commentary on Smithson 's actions and situation , that his identity is strongly rooted in the traditional social system . Moreover , conflicting identification with social forces , such as science and religion , lead Smithson to an existential crisis . Ernestina Freeman – Smithson 's fiance and daughter to a London @-@ based owner of department stores . Unlike Sarah , Ernestina 's temperament is much less complex , and much more simple @-@ minded . Sam Farrow – Charles 's Hackney servant with aspirations to become a haberdasher . Throughout the novel , Sam becomes the narrator 's model for the working class peoples of Victorian Britain , comparing Sam 's identity with Charles 's ignorance of that culture . According to critic David Landrum , the tension between Sam and Charles Smithson importantly demonstrates Marxist class struggle , though this aspect of the novel is often overlooked by criticism emphasizing Charles 's relationship to Sarah . Dr Grogan – an Irish doctor in the town of Lyme Regis who both advises the various upper @-@ class families in the town , and becomes an adviser to Charles . His education and interest in Darwin and other education make him a good companion for Charles . Mr Freeman – the father of Ernestina , he earned his wealth as an owner of a drapery and clothes sales chain of stores . He " represents the rising entrepreneurial class in England " which stands in stark contrast to the old money which Smithson comes from . Aunt Tranter – a prominent member of Lyme Regis society who is friends with Grogan and , as her maternal aunt , hosts Ernestina during her stay . Mrs Poulteney – a wealthy widow and , at the beginning of the novel , the employer of Sarah Woodruff . Hypocritical , and hypersensitive , her character fulfills the archetype of high @-@ society villainess . Mary – stereotypical lower class servant to Ernestina Freeman and future wife to Sam Farrow . Montague - Charles Smithson 's family lawyer of a firm which has been around since the eighteenth century . 2 @-@ 3 years older than Charles , he helps his client in search of Sarah towards the end of the novel . = = Style and structure = = Like many other postmodern novels , Fowles uses multiple different stylistic and structural techniques to highlight his thematic interests in The French Lieutenant 's Woman . When discussing these stylistic concerns , many literary critics comment on the importance of the narrator and the narration , the intertextual references to other literary works , and the multiple endings . = = = Narration = = = Throughout the novel , the omniscient narrative voice , alongside a series of footnotes , reflect with an objective tone on a number of plot devices : the author 's difficulty controlling the characters ; the conventions that are expected of a " Victorian novel " ; and , analyses of differences in 19th @-@ century customs and class . The narrator often returns to topics of interest to literature and scholarship from the period , like the theories of Charles Darwin and Charles Lyell , the radical politics of Karl Marx , and the works of Matthew Arnold , Alfred , Lord Tennyson , and Thomas Hardy . Through a metafictional and metahistorical voice , the contemporary , postmodern narrator questions the role of the author and the historian in thinking about the past . In her article discussing the use of paratext , or the contextualizing text printed in the book such as the footnotes and epigraphs , Deborah Bowen argues that the novel 's paratext forces the reader , like in other postmodern works , to rethink the importance of such peripheral material that in other contexts will get overlooked in light of preference for the main text . Instead of nicely complementing the main plot and adding meaning , these paratextual elements can distract from the effectiveness of the novel and challenging the authority of the narrative voice . = = = Intertextuality = = = Beyond the narrator intervening and emphasizing particular interpretations of the text , the book 's metafictional approach often relies on intertextual references to provide further commentary . In the epigraphs for each chapter , the book gestures towards a number of important 19th @-@ century texts and ideas . Partially , references to other texts act in " ironic play " , parodied by how the novel emulates other Victorian conventions throughout the text . Linda Hutcheons describes the works of William Thackery , George Eliot , Charles Dickens , Froude and Thomas Hardy as direct inspirations for this parody . In his discussion of science and religion in the novel , John Glendening notes that both character commentary on Darwin 's publications along with the epigraphs mentioning those works as direct contributor 's to the novels emphasis on science superseding religion . Similarly , by quoting Marx with the first epigraph , along with multiple subsequent epigraphs , the novel directs thematic attention towards the socio @-@ economics issues within the novel . Deborah Bowen describes literary critics struggling to find readings of the epigraphs that explore the themes of the novel , and argues that the poor relationship between the epigraphs and the text " disperses the authority of the narrative voice , thus destroying his power to speak as a moralist . " For Bowen , the epigraphs support the satire of Victorian fiction conventions in the novel . = = = Multiple endings = = = Often critics will comment on the novel 's multiple endings . Each offers a possible ending for Charles 's pursuit of Sarah : the first ends with Charles married to Ernestina , the second with a successful reestablishment of a relationship with Sarah , and the third with Charles cast back into the world without a partner . Michelle Phillips Buchberger discusses these endings as a demonstration of " Fowles 's rejection of a narrow mimesis " of reality ; rather Fowles presents this multiplicity of endings to highlight the role of the author in plot choices . = = Themes = = Though a bestseller , the novel has also received significant scrutiny by literary critics . Especially during the 1960s and 70s , a novel with great popularity and significant academic scrutiny is unusual ; in literary study , the canon and its academic defenders often focused on " high literary " works that didn 't have large popular followings . In her study of postmodernism , Linda Hutcheon described The French Lieutenant Woman 's binary of popular and academic interest as a paradox similar to the postmodern thematic binaries produced within the novel 's content . Because of its prominence since publication , the novel has received a variety of different academic re @-@ examinations in light of numerous critical and thematic approaches . Some of the most popular concerns for the novel are its discussion of gender , especially questioning " Is the novel a feminist novel ? " , its engagement with metafictional and metahistorical concepts and its treatment of science and religion . = = = Gender = = = The novel creates a number of binaries between men and women . Michelle Phillips Buchberger argues that The French Lieutenant 's Woman , along with Fowles two earlier novels The Collector ( 1963 ) and The Magus ( 1965 ) , portrays a fundamental binary between the male and female characters : the female characters act as an elite set of " creators " or " educated , visionary , and predominantly female " characters who provide the facilitation for evolution " in existential terms " of the male " ' collectors ' , whose traits are present in all of Fowles 's flawed male protagonists . " Though acknowledging such binaries in the role of the characters , critic Alice Ferrebe does not treat these binaries as necessary thematic elements . Rather , the binaries demonstrate what she calls a gendered " scopic politics " , or a politics created by a gaze ( not dissimilar from the " male gaze " noticed in cinema studies ) , that constructs an artificial gender binary within Fowle 's early novels ( as opposed to a multiplicity of socially constructed genders ) . For Ferrebe , this binary creates a tension , especially with Sarah , who becomes a violently fetishised and objectified " other " , differentiated from the male characters like Charles . = = = = Feminist novel = = = = A number of critics have treated the novel as a feminist novel . The novel 's narrator demonstrates and proclaims a feminist approach to women : Sarah is presented as a more liberated and independently willed woman as compared to the other model female characters , such as Ernestina and her aunt . In a 1985 interview by Jan Relf , Fowles declared himself a " feminist " . Magali Cornier Michael criticises this reading of the text , saying that the novel 's overwhelming reliance on male perspectives on women and feminism prevents the novel from meeting feminist objectives . Similarly , Michelle Phillips Buchberger argues that The French Lieutenant 's Woman , along with Fowles ' two earlier novels The Collector ( 1963 ) and The Magus ( 1965 ) , proclaimed a " pseudo @-@ feminism " while advocating some feminist ideas ; but , she says , they are permeated by a " fetishism [ of women that ] perpetuates the idea of woman as ' other ' " . Alice Ferrebe also notes that , despite Fowles ' attempts to critique masculine values , his novels remain male fantasies demonstrative of the " compromises and contradictions " created by the gendered situation in which he was writing . Other literary critics , such as William Palmer , Peter Conradi , Bruce Woodcock and Pamela Cooper , have also critiqued Fowles ' claims to a feminist perspective and representation . = = = Metafiction , historiography and metahistory = = = In her important study of postmodernity and its poetics in literature , Linda Hucheon describes this novel as definitive of a genre she calls " historiographic metafiction " . She defines this postmodern genre as " well @-@ known and popular novels which are both intensely self @-@ reflexive yet paradoxically also lay claim to historical events and personages . " Typically postmodern , this genre of fiction blends the creation of imagined narratives with critique on the various modes in which we create knowledge , such as history and literature . Important to her discussion of the genre 's post @-@ modern style , The French Lieutenant 's Woman 's self @-@ reflexive narration bridges different discourses that usually remain separated , such as academic history , literary criticism , philosophy and literature . The text 's representations of the past introduce anachronistic perspectives on the time and the characters . For example , in her queer studies @-@ based article , " Historical Romance , Gender and Heterosexuality " , Lisa Fletcher argues that The French Lieutenant 's Woman , by relying on a " good love story " as the central means of representing the past , projects a contemporary hetero @-@ normative sexuality on the history of Victorian England . For Fletcher , Fowles ' paradoxical treatment of Sarah as both a Victorian character and as a desirable " modern woman , " through feminist gestures and sexual tension between Charles and Sarah , confines the historical set characters and their experience to stereotypical heterosexual romance . Fletcher believes that overall the text creates a stereotypical and limited perspective on the past , essentially " heterosexualising the passage of ( and relationship to ) history " . = = = Science and religion = = = Emphasis on a conflicted relationship between science and religion frequently occurs in both historical studies of Victorian history and Neo @-@ Victorian novels . In his chapter on The French Lieutenant 's Woman in his book , Evolution and the Uncrucified Jesus , John Glendening argues that Fowles ' novel is one of the first neo @-@ Victorian novels to handle the dynamic created between science and religion in Victorian identity . Glendening notes that more generally " Christian ideas and conventions become appropriated in the service of a secularist and extensional version of truth . " Glendening says that Fowles uses commentary on Darwinism " to comment on characters and their experience and to forward a view of natural and human reality opposed to Christian doctrine , and , within limits amenable to existentialist philosophy . " In general , Glendening sees ideas of science and religion as central to the personal and social identities that develop within the novel , but creating symbolically conflictual binaries . He suggests that Fowles manoeuvres these conflictual forces to favour an existential self @-@ revelation exhibited through the main character of Smithson , leading to a conclusion that " the freedom implicit in accepting alienation should be exercised in overcoming it . " = = Contemporary reception = = The novel received mixed critical attention at its initial publication . Critics focused both praise and critique on its style , plot and approach to metafiction and metahistory . The following samples those responses : The November 1969 New York Times review by Christopher Lehmann @-@ Haupt warned readers to " be certain there 's only one log on the fire . If , unhappily , you lack the fireplace by which this book should be read , set an alarm clock . " Lehmann @-@ Haupt found the book to begin as " irresistibly novelistic that he has disguised it as a Victorian romance , " yet the metafictional construction by the end positively " explodes all the assumptions of our Victorian sensibilities . " Time magazine 's November 1969 review described the novel as " resourceful and penetrating talent at work on that archaic form . " In March 1970 , the magazine American Libraries named the novel as one of the " Notable Books of 1969 , " calling it " A successful blending of two worlds as the author writes in modern terminology of the Victorian era . " Not all of the reviews were positive ; for example , Roger Sale in The Hudson Review largely criticized the novel , saying , " At times it seems that the commentary is not so bad and the novel awful , but at others Fowles makes the novel almost work and the comments are embarrassingly vulgar . " Ultimately , the reviewer concluded that the novel was " stumbling and gauche and much much too long , but curiously attractive too . " = = Publication history = = The novel has been reprinted in numerous editions and translated into many languages : Taiwanese , Danish , Dutch , Finnish , Hungarian , Italian , Norwegian , Portuguese , Chinese , German , Russian , Polish , and Spanish . The novel was originally published in 1969 by Little Brown and Company in both Boston and Toronto . The novel has also been published in a number of English editions from different publishers , represented in the following list ( with publication date in parenthesis ) : = = Legacy = = The general popularity of The French Lieutenant 's Woman has inspired several responses to the novel , most notably other authors ' work and adaptation into film and theatre . = = = Literary response = = = The most prominent response to the novel is A.S. Byatt 's 1990 Booker Prize @-@ winning novel , Possession . She describes her novel as deliberately responding to the model of postmodern metafiction that critics highlight in The French Lieutenant 's Woman . Byatt described her motivation for responding in her essays in On Histories and Stories , saying : Fowles has said that the nineteenth @-@ century narrator was assuming the omniscience of a god . I think rather the opposite is the case — this kind of fictive narrator can creep closer to the feelings and inner life of characters — as well as providing a Greek chorus — than any first @-@ person mimicry . In ' Possession ' I used this kind of narrator deliberately three times in the historical narrative — always to tell what the historians and biographers of my fiction never discovered , always to heighten the reader 's imaginative entry into the world of the text . = = = Adaptation = = = The novel was adapted as a 1981 film , written by playwright Harold Pinter and directed by Karel Reisz . The production staff included composer Carl Davis and the cinematographer Freddie Francis . The film starred Meryl Streep and Jeremy Irons with Hilton McRae , Jean Faulds , Peter Vaughan , Colin Jeavons , Liz Smith , Patience Collier , Richard Griffiths , David Warner , Alun Armstrong , Penelope Wilton and Leo McKern . The film was nominated for five Academy Awards : Streep was nominated for Academy Award for Best Actress and the film was nominated for Academy Award for Best Writing , but both lost to On Golden Pond . Streep won a BAFTA and a Golden Globe for best actress . The film 's music and sound both won BAFTAs , despite not winning the Oscar . Pinter was nominated for a Golden Globe for best script and the work as a whole in the category Best Motion Picture – Drama . During 2006 , the novel was adapted for the stage by Mark Healy , in a version which toured the UK that year .
= Robert Ridgway = Robert Ridgway ( July 2 , 1850 – March 25 , 1929 ) was an American ornithologist specializing in systematics . He was appointed in 1880 by Spencer Fullerton Baird , secretary of the Smithsonian Institution , to be the first full @-@ time curator of birds at the United States National Museum , a title he held until his death . In 1883 , he helped found the American Ornithologists ' Union , where he served as officer and journal editor . Ridgway was an outstanding descriptive taxonomist , capping his life work with The Birds of North and Middle America ( eight volumes , 1901 – 1919 ) . In his lifetime , he was unmatched in the number of North American bird species that he described for science . As technical illustrator , Ridgway used his own paintings and outline drawings to complement his writing . He also published two books that systematized color names for describing birds , A Nomenclature of Colors for Naturalists ( 1886 ) and Color Standards and Color Nomenclature ( 1912 ) . Ornithologists all over the world continue to cite Ridgway 's color studies and books . = = Biography = = = = = Early life and family = = = Ridgway was born in Mount Carmel , Illinois to David and Henrietta ( née Reed ) Ridgway . He was the oldest of ten children . He was educated at common schools in his native town , where he showed a special fondness for natural history . This interest to explore nature , both shooting with a gun given to him by his father , as well as drawing from life , was encouraged by his parents , his uncle William , and his aunt Fannie Gunn . In 1871 he met Julia Evelyn Perkins , the daughter of one of the engravers for The History of North American Birds . Ridgway 's courtship of the girl who became known as " Evvie " lasted until she reached the age of eighteen , and they were married on October 12 , 1875 . = = = Ornithological training and the King expedition = = = In 1864 , at the age of thirteen , the young Ridgway wrote to the Commissioner of Patents , seeking advice on the identification of a bird he had seen . He enclosed a full @-@ sized color drawing of what turned out to be a pair of purple finches . His letter eventually was referred to Spencer Fullerton Baird of the Smithsonian Institution . Baird replied , identifying the bird and praising the boy 's artistic abilities , yet cautioning him to learn and use the scientific names of birds in further correspondence . The mentor and protégé continued their exchange of letters , which led to Ridgway 's appointment , in the spring of 1867 , as the naturalist on Clarence King 's Survey of the 40th Parallel . After a brief , intensive stint of training in Washington , where he learned to prepare study skins , Ridgway joined the expedition in May . Starting from Sacramento , California , the team explored parts of Nevada , Utah Territory , and Idaho Territory . A highlight of the trip was a stop at Nevada 's Pyramid Lake . In the fall of 1868 , the members of the team were reduced for funding reasons , but Ridgway returned in 1869 for more work in Utah . In an undertaking that lasted nearly two years , Ridgway collected 1 @,@ 522 bird @-@ related specimens ( 753 nests and eggs and 769 skins ) and served as a key member on one of the four great surveys of the American West . He observed 262 species , most of these on the western slope of the Sierra Nevada . He had written most of his portion of King 's report by 1872 , but the " Ornithology " section was not published until 1877 . = = = The Washington years = = = Upon his return to Washington , Ridgway illustrated and wrote for Baird and Thomas M. Brewer 's History of North American Birds project . He formally joined the Smithsonian in 1874 , under the supervision of curator George Brown Goode . In 1880 he received the job title of curator ( variously , of ornithology or of the department of birds ) ; he was titled Curator of Birds from 1886 until his death . Working with the institution 's collection of approximately fifty thousand bird skins , Ridgway devoted himself to unraveling the taxonomic relationships among North American bird species . As well , he continued his field work to collect new specimens , making several trips to his home state of Illinois , Florida , other states of the U.S. , and Costa Rica . The Smithsonian exchanged study skins with other museums , either by donation or loan , and provided material and publications to collectors such as José Castulo Zeledón of the Costa Rican National Museum in exchange for specimens . Ridgway was articulate and literate , and served as the Smithsonian 's mouthpiece and representative for many years in the study of birds . He welcomed visits to the museum from colleagues and the general public alike , and would give tours . One of his responsibilities involved assembling public exhibits . In the interest of accessibility , he made books available for browsing and displayed examples of birds described in popular natural histories . As well , he showed birds from well @-@ known poetry , species like the nightingale that are not found in North America . Returning the favor that Baird had paid him , he responded to letters from the public to identify birds and provided artist 's materials to a painter in California . Nevertheless , friends and colleagues described him as almost painfully shy , and he generally shirked publicity and the limelight . Among Ridgway 's colleagues at the Smithsonian were Pierre Louis Jouy , who provided an important collection of Asian birds in 1883 . Charles Wallace Richmond joined the institution in 1893 ( at first , as a night watchman ) and was soon tasked by Ridgway with writing reviews and other short pieces . During Samuel Pierpont Langley 's tenure as Secretary , Ridgway assisted Langley 's aviation research . He provided calculations of the wing loading and other aerodynamic characteristics of species like the wandering albatross , turkey vulture , and other soaring birds . In 1883 , Robert Ridgway was a founding member of the American Ornithologists ' Union ( AOU ) and he became an associate editor of the organization 's journal The Auk . He was prevailed upon to serve as an officer of the organization , but on the condition that he not be required to preside at public meetings . He served as a vice president of the AOU ( September 1883 – November 1891 ) and as its president ( November 1898 – November 1900 ) . As scientific knowledge expanded quickly in the second half of the nineteenth century , the need for reorganizing the system of names used to describe North American birds grew commensurately . For example , certain names assigned by William Bartram in his catalog of 1791 were now deemed unusable . Robert Ridgway addressed this need with two publications in 1880 and 1881 , while Elliott Coues published a competing checklist in 1882 . Ridgway and Coues , along with Joel Asaph Allen , William Brewster , and Henry W. Henshaw , came together as a committee on nomenclature and classification , serving the newly founded AOU , to reconcile the various systems and catalogs . In 1886 , the committee released The Code of Nomenclature and Check @-@ List of North American Birds , both a consistent checklist and a set of rules for the naming of birds to be described in the future . The Code settled the disagreement about capitalization of species names and established today 's order of presentation , with waterbirds first and passerines last . Several of the handbook 's innovations were adopted by other branches of zoology , and were incorporated into the 1905 version of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature . The committee 's work served to standardize the way that birds are described , identifying them at the subspecies level and using a three @-@ part trinomial name . While American ornithologists embraced the descriptive detail , European researchers of the time were reluctant to adopt it . Ridgway was an enthusiastic supporter of trinomial nomenclature , although his thinking in later life became more moderate . = = = Other affiliations = = = Robert Ridgway was corresponding member of the Zoological Society of London ; was associated with the Davenport ( Iowa ) Academy of Natural Sciences , the New York Academy of Sciences , the Brookville , Indiana , Society of Natural History , and the Chicago Academy of Sciences ; and was a foreign member of the British Ornithologists ' Union . He was a member of the permanent ornithological committee of the first international congress at Vienna in 1884 . Ridgway was also honorary member of the Nuttall Ornithological Club of Cambridge , Massachusetts , for which he contributed illustrations and 48 articles to its Bulletin . The short @-@ lived Ridgway Ornithological Club of Chicago , Illinois ( active from 1883 to about 1890 ) was named in Ridgway 's honor , and he was an honorary member . Although he lacked formal post @-@ secondary education , Ridgway received an honorary master 's degree in science from Indiana University in 1884 , as a sign of gratitude for his supplying them with bird specimens after their museum burned down . He was listed with the title of Professor in Smithsonian annual reports and staff directories , despite his lack of a teaching appointment . He is sometimes referred to as " Dr. Ridgway , " particularly by writers from his home state of Illinois . Ella Dean 's profile is an example . = = = The Harriman expedition = = = In 1899 , Robert Ridgway joined E. H. Harriman on his famous Harriman Alaska Expedition . John Muir , Louis Agassiz Fuertes , John Burroughs , Edward S. Curtis , and a number of other scientists and artists made a four @-@ month expedition to study the flora and fauna of Alaska 's coastline . However , the trip did not yield significant publications by Ridgway . = = = Other family members = = = Robert and Julia Ridgway had one son , Audubon Whelock Ridgway ( May 15 , 1877 – February 22 , 1901 ) . " Audie " had begun a promising career in ornithology at the Field Museum of Natural History when his life was cut short by a fatal bout of pneumonia . Robert Ridgway 's second @-@ born brother , John Livzey Ridgway ( February 28 , 1859 – December 27 , 1947 ) , was an nationally @-@ prominent bird illustrator who worked for many years at the United States Geological Survey , as well as the Smithsonian , the California Institute of Technology , and the Los Angeles County Museum of History , Science , and Art . The two brothers often collaborated on illustrations , sometimes with Robert doing the drawing and John the coloring . = = = Later life and death = = = In early June , 1913 , Robert Ridgway and his wife Julia ( " Evvie " ) moved to Olney , Illinois , to reduce physical and mental stress so that he might complete The Birds of North and Middle America , of which five of eight parts had already appeared . They built a new house on 8 acres ( 3 @.@ 2 hectares ) that they had purchased in 1906 , and named the place Larchmound for two large larch trees growing on the property . Ridgway also acquired a tract of 18 acres ( 7 @.@ 3 hectares ) located in the country , to be called Bird Haven , which he developed as a private nature reserve for birds and as a nursery for cultivation of non @-@ native plants . His skill in landscaping and tending to the grounds was such that his expertise in that area was in some demand . Bird Haven , in part , is now an Olney city park . Evvie 's death on May 24 , 1927 was a severe blow to Robert . Robert continued to live at Larchmound , tending to his beloved trees and shrubs , until his death on March 25 , 1929 , at the age of 78 . Robert was buried at Bird Haven where Julia 's ashes had been scattered . = = Works = = Robert Ridgway 's first publication , at the age of 18 , was an article about the belted kingfisher . In the course of the next 60 years , he would go on to publish more than 500 titles and 13 @,@ 000 printed pages , most of it concerning North American birds . Ridgway collaborated with Brewer and Baird on the five @-@ volume History of North American Birds ( three volumes on the land birds published in 1874 , and two volumes published as The Water Birds of North America in 1884 ) . In its time , the work was considered the standard work on North American ornithology . While Ridgway primarily contributed illustrations to the land bird volumes , he wrote the bulk of the water bird volumes . Ridgway provided full @-@ color illustrations for his own books and those of others . He was at the peak of his artistic proficiency in the late 1870s . Even though certain of his contemporaries ( for instance , Daniel Giraud Elliot ) may have produced more artistically pleasing renderings , Ridgway 's were the most accurate . In the words of his biographer Daniel Lewis , Ridgway " may have had the best grasp of bird coloration in the country . " With the publication of A Manual of North American Birds in 1887 , Robert Ridgway condensed what was known about the continent 's birds into a relatively compact 642 pages and 464 outline drawings . A prototype of today 's field guides , it was quite successful , going into a second edition in 1896 , and was described by Montague Chamberlain as " far away the best thing we have for the working naturalist . " Nevertheless , its bulk was unwieldy for use in the field , and its identification keys depended on characteristics of the bird in the hand , not field marks . Harry Oberholser characterized the quality of the illustrations as " rarely equaled , never excelled " in beauty and accuracy . With Stephen Alfred Forbes , he wrote a two @-@ volume work , The Ornithology of Illinois . Ridgway 's contributions were published in two parts , in 1889 and 1895 . Ridgway also published a number of papers dealing with the woody plants of his region . He contributed twenty short pieces to Forest and Stream , a magazine edited by George Bird Grinnell . = = = The color books = = = Robert Ridgway published two books whose goal was to standardize the names of colors used by ornithologists to describe birds . The first , A Nomenclature of Colors for Naturalists , appeared in 1886 , and was relatively small in scope , illustrating 186 colors . It proposed a simple classification system , doing away with many subjective and evocative names that were currently popular . Ridgway sought to improve and expand upon this work . By 1898 , he was in discussions with Secretary Langley about a new , expanded dictionary of color , to be published by ( or at least supported by ) the Smithsonian . An advisory committee was formed , with scientific illustrator William Henry Holmes as chairman and Richard Rathbun ( newly appointed assistant secretary ) as one of its five members . Children 's game inventor Milton Bradley , who had devised a color wheel for instructional use , was consulted by the project . Langley thought it important that the work include spectral information about the colors to be cataloged , and he proposed physicist and color theorist Ogden Rood as a co @-@ editor of the work . In 1901 , however , the tension between the committee 's broad vision of commercial applications for the project and Ridgway 's narrow objective of a naturalist 's reference book ended the Ridgway @-@ Smithsonian collaboration in the endeavor . Ridgway published Color Standards and Color Nomenclature himself in 1912 , financed in part by a loan from his friend and colleague Zeledón . The work became a standard reference used by ornithologists for decades after Ridgway 's death , as well as specialists in such wide @-@ ranging fields as mycology , philately , and food coloring . The book named 1 @,@ 115 colors , illustrated with painted samples reproduced on 53 plates . Special care was taken to ensure consistency of color reproduction across the edition , as well as the prevention of fading . The color samples were printed as large sheets by A. Hoen & Co . , cut into swatches one inch by one @-@ and @-@ one @-@ half inches , and pasted into each bound book . In the book 's foreword , Ridgway acknowledged the assistance of many , among them his brother John , Zeledón , and ornithologist John Thayer . With more than a thousand colors to be named , Ridgway devised some of his own imaginative identifiers ( such as Dragons @-@ blood Red and Pleroma Blue ) . He also paid tribute to colleagues , including Rood ( with colors like Rood 's Lavender ) , Bradley ( Bradley 's Blue ) , field guide pioneer Frank Chapman , watercolorist Samuel Prout , and others . = = = Descriptions of new forms = = = A significant proportion of Ridgway 's output consisted of formal scientific descriptions of new forms of birds ( new genera , species , and subspecies ) , many of them native to Central and South America . Many of these papers were short reports dealing with a single taxon , but he also would describe tens of new forms in a single publication , as in a paper describing 22 species from the Galápagos Islands or his Manual of North American Birds ( four new genera , 39 new species and subspecies ) . As subsequent research has revised the taxonomy of birds , not all of the forms that Ridgway described remain recognized as distinct , but his contributions are still substantial . During his lifetime , no other ornithologist described more new taxa of American birds than Ridgway . While most of the forms described and named by Ridgway came from outside the United States , in one instance he identified a new taxon first collected no earlier than 1881 , in the Catskill Mountains of New York , an area already well @-@ explored by ornithologists . From two specimens collected by Eugene Bicknell , Ridgway wrote the description of Bicknell 's thrush as a subspecies of gray @-@ cheeked thrush , naming it for Bicknell . The bird , a breeder of New England and southern Canada , has since been recognized as a distinct species . From specimens collected in 1888 , Ridgway was the first to describe hood mockingbird , large cactus finch , and medium tree finch , all endemic to the Galápagos . The latter two are members of the so @-@ called Darwin 's finch group of tanagers , significant for their impact on Charles Darwin 's reasoning about evolution and the emergence of new species . = = = The Birds of North and Middle America = = = Robert Ridgway 's career @-@ crowning work , on bird systematics , was the monumental 6 @,@ 000 @-@ page The Birds of North and Middle America , published by the Smithsonian in eleven volumes between 1901 and 1950 . He began the work in 1894 at the direction of Goode . A major objective of the work was to resolve problems of naming and classification in the scientific literature of the time and to identify synonyms . Dry , rigorous , and technically detailed in its language , the book was not considered to be accessible by the general reading public . Continuing the pattern of the Manual ( and Baird 's earlier Review of American Birds ) , each volume featured an appendix of engraved outline drawings of generic characteristics . Ridgway published the eighth installment of the work , commonly known as Bulletin 50 , in 1919 . Although he continued to work on the project , outlining a projected two more volumes , it was incomplete at the time of his death in 1929 . Following Ridgway 's plan but doing his own writing , Herbert Friedmann of the Smithsonian completed the final three volumes . The Birds of North and Middle America and Color Standards and Color Nomenclature are complementary works , and indeed Ridgway divided his time between the two projects in the first decade of the century . He used his own color terms extensively throughout Bulletin 50 . = = Legacy and recognition = = Spencer Fullerton Baird and his followers emphasized precision of description , traceability through the literature , the accumulation of empirical evidence ( that is , numerous specimens ) , and deductions drawn from facts — in opposition to the so @-@ called " European school " of the time , which depended on personal authority . Harris calls Robert Ridgway and his Birds of North and Middle America the culmination of the " Bairdian school " of bird study . However , as ornithology around the turn of the twentieth century began to focus on bird behavior , reproduction strategies , and other aspects of the living organism , Ridgway fell behind the advances made by his colleagues of the succeeding generations . Paradoxically , because the overwhelming Bulletin 50 was so authoritative , no new publication could replace it for many years . Accordingly , systematics declined in importance as a means to study birds . Birds named for Ridgway include the buff @-@ collared nightjar , Caprimulgus ridgwayi ( once known as Ridgway 's whip @-@ poor @-@ will ) ; the turquoise cotinga , Cotinga ridgwayi ; the Caribbean subspecies of the osprey , Pandion haliaetus ridgwayi ; a Big Island subspecies of the ʻelepaio , Chasiempis sandwichensis ridgwayi ; Ridgway 's hawk , Buteo ridgwayi ; and many other species and subspecies . The monotypic genus Ridgwayia is named for him ; it consists of Aztec thrush , R. pinicola . In 1919 , Ridgway was awarded the Daniel Giraud Elliot Medal from the National Academy of Sciences for his Birds of North and Middle America . The Academy elected him to membership in 1926 . In 1921 , he was the first to receive the AOU 's William Brewster Memorial Award , which recognizes " an exceptional body of work on birds of the Western Hemisphere . " In 2002 , the American Birding Association established the Robert Ridgway Award for Publications in Field Ornithology . = = Selected publications = = Ridgway , Robert . 1869 ( March ) . " The Belted Kingfisher Again , " American Naturalist 3 ( 1 ) : 53 – 54 . Retrieved 28 January 2013 . Ridgway , Robert . 1870 . " A New Classification of the North American Falconidae , with Descriptions of Three New Species . " Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 22 : 138 – 150 . Retrieved 15 January 2013 . Ridgway , Robert . 1872 ( December ) . " On the Relation between Color and Geographical Distribution in Birds , as Exhibited in Melanism and Hyperchromism . " ( part 1 of 2 ) American Journal of Science , 3rd ser . , 4 ( 24 ) : 454 – 460 . Retrieved 21 January 2013 . Ridgway , Robert . 1873 ( September ) . " On the Relation between Color and Geographical Distribution in Birds , as Exhibited in Melanism and Hyperchromism . " ( part 2 of 2 ) American Journal of Science , 3rd ser . , 5 ( 25 ) : 39 – 43 . Retrieved 21 January 2013 . Baird , S.F. , T.M. Brewer , and R. Ridgway . 1874 . A History of North American Birds : Land Birds . Little , Brown , Boston . Volume I , 596 pp . ; Volume II , 590 pp . ; Volume III , 560 pp . Retrieved 14 January 2013 . A special edition , published in the same year , of 50 copies contained 36 plates hand @-@ colored by Ridgway . Ridgway , Robert . 1877 . " Ornithology . " Volume IV , part III , pp. 303 – 669 , of King , Clarence , Report of the Geological Exploration of the Fortieth Parallel . U.S. Government Printing Office , Washington , D.C. Retrieved 3 January 2013 . Ridgway , Robert . 1880 ( September ) . " A Catalogue of the Birds of North America , " Proceedings of the United States National Museum . 3 : 163 – 246 . Retrieved 19 November 2013 . Ridgway , Robert . 1881 . " Nomenclature of North American Birds Chiefly Contained in the United States National Museum , " Bulletin of the U.S. National Museum 21 : 1 – 94 . Ridgway , Robert . 1882 . " Description of Two New Thrushes from the United States . " Proceedings of the United States National Museum 4 : 374 – 379 . Retrieved 15 January 2013 . Description of Bicknell 's thrush , as Hylocichla aliciæ bicknelli . Baird , S.F. , T.M. Brewer , and R. Ridgway . 1884 . The Water Birds of North America . Little , Brown , Boston . Volume I , 537 pp . ; Volume II , 552 pp . Retrieved 14 January 2013 . American Ornithologists ' Union . 1886 . The Code of Nomenclature and Check @-@ List of North American Birds . New York . Retrieved 28 January 2013 . Members of the Committee : Elliott Coues , J.A. Allen , Robert Ridgway , William Brewster , and H.W. Henshaw . Ridgway , Robert . 1886 . A Nomenclature of Colors for Naturalists , and Compendium of Useful Knowledge for Ornithologists . Little , Brown , Boston . 129 pp. 10 colored plates and 7 plates of outline illustrations . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Ridgway , Robert . 1887 . A Manual of North American Birds , Illustrated by 464 Outline Drawings of the Generic Characters . J.B. Lippincott , Philadelphia . 631 pp . Retrieved 14 January 2013 . Ridgway , Robert . 1889 . " A Descriptive Catalog of the Birds of Illinois , " part I of Ridgway , Robert , and Forbes , S.A. , The Ornithology of Illinois . State Laboratory of Natural History , Springfield , Ill . Volume I of part I. Retrieved 22 January 2013 . Ridgway , Robert . 1890 ( February ) . " Scientific Results of Explorations by the U. S. Fish Commission Steamer Albatross , No . I : Birds Collected on the Galapagos Islands in 1888 . " Proceedings of the United States National Museum 12 ( 767 ) : 101 – 128 . Retrieved 11 March 2013 . Ridgway , Robert . 1891 . " Directions for Collecting Birds . " Bulletin of the United States National Museum 39A : 1 – 27 . Retrieved 19 March 2013 . Ridgway , Robert . 1892 . " The Humming Birds . " Report of the National Museum for 1890 : 253 – 383 . Retrieved 21 January 2013 . Ridgway , Robert . 1894 ( November ) . " Descriptions of Twenty @-@ Two New Species from the Galapagos Islands . " Proceedings of the United States National Museum 17 ( 1007 ) : 357 – 370 . Retrieved 22 January 2013 . Ridgway , Robert . 1895 . " A Descriptive Catalog of the Birds of Illinois , " part I of Ridgway , Robert , and Forbes , S.A. , The Ornithology of Illinois . State Laboratory of Natural History , Springfield , Ill . Volume II of part I. Retrieved 22 January 2013 . Ridgway , Robert . 1897 ( March ) . " Birds of the Galapagos Archipelago . " Proceedings of the United States National Museum 19 ( 1119 ) : 459 – 670 . Retrieved 21 January 2013 . Ridgway , Robert . 1901 ( October ) . The Birds of North and Middle America . A Descriptive Catalogue of the Higher Groups , Genera , Species , and Subspecies of Birds Known to Occur in North America , from the Arctic Islands to the Isthmus of Panama , the West Indies and Other Islands of the Caribbean Sea , and the Galapagos Archipelago . No. 50 , Part I. U.S. National Museum , Washington , D.C. 745 pp . Retrieved 12 January 2013 . Ridgway , Robert . 1902 ( October ) . The Birds of North and Middle America . No. 50 , Part II . U.S. National Museum , Washington , D.C. 854 pp . Retrieved 12 January 2013 . Ridgway , Robert . 1904 ( December ) . The Birds of North and Middle America . No. 50 , Part III . U.S. National Museum , Washington , D.C. 840 pp . Retrieved 12 January 2013 . Ridgway , Robert . 1907 ( July ) . The Birds of North and Middle America . No. 50 , Part IV . U.S. National Museum , Washington , D.C. 1029 pp . Ridgway , Robert . 1911 ( November ) . The Birds of North and Middle America . No. 50 , Part V. U.S. National Museum , Washington , D.C. 892 pp . Retrieved 12 January 2013 . Ridgway , Robert . 1912 . Color Standards and Color Nomenclature . Washington , D.C. 44 pp. 53 colored plates . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Ridgway , Robert . 1914 ( April ) . The Birds of North and Middle America . No. 50 , Part VI . U.S. National Museum , Washington , D.C. 902 pp . Retrieved 12 January 2013 . Ridgway , Robert . 1916 ( May ) . The Birds of North and Middle America . No. 50 , Part VII . U.S. National Museum , Washington , D.C. 556 pp . Retrieved 12 January 2013 . Ridgway , Robert . 1919 ( June ) . The Birds of North and Middle America . No. 50 , Part VIII . U.S. National Museum , Washington , D.C. 868 pp . Retrieved 12 January 2013 . Ridgway , Robert . 1923 ( April ) . " A Plea for Caution in the Use of Trinomials . " The Auk 40 ( 2 ) : 375 – 376 . Retrieved 28 January 2013 .
= Banton , Romblon = Banton ( formerly known as Jones ) is a fifth @-@ class municipality in the province of Romblon , Philippines . Its territory encompasses the entire island of Banton located on the northern portion of the province and lies on the northern portion of the Sibuyan Sea near the southern tip of Marinduque . It is a town of about 5 @,@ 000 people majority of which speak the Bantoanon language , one of the five primary branches of the Visayan languages . Banton is thought to be already inhabited by Filipinos since the pre @-@ colonial period , based on analysis of discovered human remains , coffins , an ancient burial cloth and other archaeological finds by the National Museum in the 1930s . The present settlement was founded in 1622 by the Spanish and is the oldest settlement in the province . During the American colonial period , the municipality changed its name to Jones in honor of American congressman William Jones , who authored the Philippine Autonomy Act of 1916 . Today , Banton is one of Romblon 's thriving municipalities , with an economy dependent on copra farming , fishing , raffia palm weaving , and tourism . = = Etymology = = The name " Banton " was derived from the Asi word batoon , meaning " rocky " , referring to the mountainous and rocky topography of the island due to its volcanic origin . Another possible origin is the word bantoy , which is the Asi word for the venomous stonefish . = = History = = = = = Early history = = = Banton was already inhabited during pre @-@ colonial times as proven by ancient artefacts such as wooden coffins and skeletal remains found in the island 's caves in 1936 by a team of researchers from the National Museum . Among the artefacts was the Banton Cloth , a piece of a traditional burial cloth found in one of the wooden coffins . It is estimated to be 400 years old , making it the earliest known warp ikat ( tie @-@ resist dyeing ) textile in the Philippines and Southeast Asia . These artifacts are now preserved at the National Museum of the Philippines in Manila . The municipality of Banton was established by Spanish colonial authorities in 1622 , the first town established in the entire province of Romblon . It was initially founded in a site in Bacoco Hill ( now part of Barangay Hambian ) , south @-@ west of its present site . The administration of the other islands of Romblon were put under the jurisdiction of Banton until 1631 , when Pueblo de Romblon was founded . In 1640 , due to frequent raids by Moros , who looted and pillaged the settlement , the limestone fort called Fuerza de San Jose and the San Nicolas de Tolentino Parish Church was constructed under the leadership of Father Agustin de San Pedro , also known as El Padre Capitan , who was the parish priest of Banton at that time . The construction was completed in 1644 , and in 1648 , San Nicolas de Tolentino was installed as the town 's patron saint . The fort effectively protected the town against further Moro raids . = = = Modern history = = = When civilian government was introduced in Romblon by the Americans on 16 March 1901 , Banton was one of the 11 new municipalities reinstated or created . In 1918 , the municipality was renamed Jones in honor of American congressman William Jones , who authored the Philippine Autonomy Act of 1916 that provided for greater autonomy for the Philippines under American colonial rule . In 1959 , Republic Act No. 2158 restored the island to its former name . In 2013 , Banton was one of the sites of a detailed resource assessment by the Department of Energy ( DOE ) , along with Maricaban Island in Batangas and Balut Island in Saranggani . The study aimed to determine whether the island can be a site for low enthalpy geothermal power generation . However , no exploitable geothermal resource has been delineated on the island . On 19 March 2013 , the National Museum declared as Important Cultural Property the island 's Guyangan Cave System , where precolonial wooden coffins , remains , and the Banton Cloth were found . On 15 December 2015 , Typhoon Melor made its fourth landfall over the island as it crossed central Philippines , causing severe devastation . = = Geography = = Banton lies on the northern portion of the Sibuyan Sea , and is equidistant between Marinduque Island to the north and Tablas Island to the south . It is composed of the main island of Banton and the uninhabited islands of Bantoncillo , Carlota and Isabel , the last two of which are collectively known as the Dos Hermanas Islands . There is also an islet near Tabonan Beach on the north @-@ west of the island . Banton has a total land area of 3 @,@ 248 hectares ( 32 @.@ 48 km2 ) . Based on rock petrology , the island is a dormant volcano which lies at the southernmost portion of the Pleistocene @-@ Quaternary West Luzon volcanic arc and may have been active during the Pliocene period . Because of its volcanic origin , the island has a mountainous , rocky topography , with very few patches of flat land suitable for farming . The island 's highest elevation , Mount Ampongo , rises at 596 metres ( 1 @,@ 955 ft ) . = = = Barangays = = = Banton is politically subdivided into 17 barangays . In 1954 , the sitios of Mahaba , Angomon , Solocan , Kapanranan , and Yabawon were consolidated into the barangay known as Yabawon . = = = Climate = = = As part of Romblon , Banton is classified under Type III of the Corona climatic classification system . This type of climate is described as having no prominent wet or dry seasons . The wet season , which usually occurs from June to November can extend up to December during the onset of the southwest monsoon . The dry season from January to May may sometimes have periods of rainfall or even inclement weather . = = Demographics = = According to the 2015 census , Banton has a population of 5 @,@ 536 people . The island municipality is sparsely populated with a population density of 170 / km2 ( 441 / sq mi ) . According to the Department of Interior and Local Government ( DILG ) and the Commission on Elections ( COMELEC ) , in 2013 , there were 3 @,@ 694 registered voters in Banton , spread over 31 electoral precincts . Of this figure , 1 @,@ 794 are male registered voters , while 1 @,@ 900 are female . = = = Language = = = The island 's inhabitants speak the Asi language \| Bantoanon language , one of three major languages spoken in Romblon and one of five primary branches of the Visayan language family . The island 's inhabitants were the first speakers of the language throughout the province , having spoken it since precolonial times . From Banton , the language spread to other island like Maestro de Campo , Simara , and in the towns of Calatrava , and Odiongan in Tablas Island . David Paul Zorc , a linguist from the Australian National University whose expertise is on Philippine languages , notes that Asi speakers may have been the first Visayan speakers in the Romblon region . He also suggests that Asi may have a Cebuano substratum and that many of its words may have been influenced by the later influx of other languages such as Romblomanon . = = Economy = = Banton has a primarily agricultural economy , with copra farming and fishing as the main sources of livelihood . There is also an indigenous raffia palm handicraft industry . Other crops grown in the island are root crops ( such as cassava , sweet potatoes ) , fruits and vegetables . The locals also engage in livestock raising for local consumption , and small @-@ scale shipbuilding of wooden boats and launches . Due to the island 's rocky topography and lack of a stable supply of freshwater , rice production is difficult in the island . Rice from Mindoro , Marinduque or Quezon is supplied to the island by local traders . In recent years , the island has also become a small tourist hub for Asi expatriates and foreign tourists from the United States and other countries . = = Tourism = = Banton is an eco @-@ tourism and heritage destination due to its beaches , diving sites , caves , churches and Spanish @-@ era fortifications . = = = Heritage sites = = = Being the oldest settlement in Romblon , Banton has several Spanish @-@ era fortifications and churches , as well as American @-@ era houses . These include Fuerza de San Jose , Banton Church , the old campanile made of limestone at Everlast in Barangay Poblacion , and a limestone watchtower at Onte in Barangay Toctoc . There is an American @-@ era house at Pinagkaisahan in Barangay Poblacion which used to be the Ugat Faigao Museum but now serves as a sari @-@ sari store . The Asi Studies Center for Culture and the Arts ( also in Everlast ) serves as an information center for the Asi language and Banton history , as well as depository of Banton 's archaeological and cultural artifacts . The Church of San Nicolas de Tolentino also has a small museum of pre @-@ colonial and Spanish @-@ era artifacts . = = = Natural formations = = = Caves are Banton 's well @-@ known natural formations . The Guyangan Cave System , situated at the boundary of Barangay Toctoc and Togbongan , has seven caves , some of which were inhabited during pre @-@ colonial times , and is now an Important Cultural Treasure as declared by the National Museum . Guyangan Hill , where the caves are situated , also has a natural view deck called Manamyaw overlooking Barangay Poblacion and the Sibuyan Sea . On a clear day , the islands of Sibuyan , Romblon , and Tablas , as well as Burias Island , can be easily seen from Manamyaw . The island has several rock formations as well . Punta Matagar in Barangay Poblacion is a pointed rock formation in the shape of a spear or arrow head . In Barangay Banice , on the southern portion of the island , lies a rock arch said to be the anchorage of " Lolo Amang " , a mythological figure in Romblon 's nautical folklore similar to the Flying Dutchman . = = = Beaches = = = Several beaches dot Banton 's coast including Macat @-@ ang , Tabonan , Mahaba , Recodo , Togbongan , Mainit , and Tambak beaches . Some like Macat @-@ ang , Tabonan , and Tambak are white sand beaches , while others , like Togbongan , are pebbled and rocky . The island 's waters are also well @-@ known dive sites , with corals that serve as breeding ground for groupers , snappers , sharks , and stingrays . = = = Festivals = = = Banton has annual religious and cultural festivals . The Sanrokan festival showcases the local tradition of sharing food , especially viand , among neighbors and starts from Holy Saturday up to Easter Sunday . The festival has two phases : the Sanrokan sa Barangay ( sharing of food in the villages ) and the Sanrokan sa Poblacion ( sharing of food at the town proper ) . Parlor games such as chasing the pig and palosebo ( climbing a greased bamboo pole to claim a prize ) are held during the celebration . This is followed by the Hanrumanan ( meaning " souvenir / legacy " ) street dancing and parade . Meanwhile , every year , on 10 September , the entire island pays tribute and homage to the town 's patron saint , San Nicolas de Tolentino through the Biniray festival . Holy mass is held during feast day , followed by the parading of the saint 's image around town . This leads to a fluvial parade around the island , with each village giving homage to the saint . Bantoanons also hold an annual Via Crucis during the Holy Week and Flores de Mayo in May . = = Local Government = = Pursuant to the Local Government Code of 1991 , the Banton municipal government is composed of a mayor ( alkalde ) , a vice @-@ mayor ( bise alkalde ) and eight members ( kagawad ) of the Sangguniang Bayan or town council , alongside a secretary to the said council , all of which are elected to a three @-@ year term and are eligible to run for three consecutive terms . Banton 's incumbent and long @-@ time mayor is Jory Faderanga of the Nacionalista Party while the incumbent vice @-@ mayor is Rolo Fainsan , who ran as an independent candidate . The barangays or villages , meanwhile , are headed by elected officials , the topmost being the Punong Barangay or the Barangay Chairperson ( addressed as Kapitan ; also known as the Barangay Captain ) . The Kapitan is aided by the Sangguniang Barangay ( Barangay Council ) whose members , called Barangay Kagawad ( Councilors ) , are also elected . In 2011 and 2013 , Banton was a recipient of the Seal of Good Housekeeping from the Department of Interior and Local Government ( DILG ) . As recipient of the award , the local government was rewarded with one million pesos from the Performance Challenge Fund of the DILG for use in local projects . The Seal of Good Housekeeping is a mechanism which tracks the performance of local government units , " specifically in the areas of local legislation , development planning , resource generation , and resource allocation " . = = Infrastructure = = = = = Utilities = = = Electricity in the island is supplied by a 0 @.@ 326 MW diesel power plant of the Romblon Electric Cooperative ( ROMELCO ) . However , electricity service is only available in early morning , from 4 : 00 to 6 : 00 a.m. and at night , from 5 : 00 to 11 : 00 p.m. , due to limited fuel supplies . As for water supply , potable water for drinking and washing comes from water pumps , artesian wells , springs , and rainwater collection tanks in individual homes . The island has access to cellular phone and Internet service through Smart and Globe . Terrestrial and cable television service are also available . = = = Transportation = = = As seas surrounding Banton can be rough during the wet season , the best time to visit the island is from March to May during the dry ( summer ) season . This is also the typical time for Asi families living in Metro Manila or abroad to visit the island since it coincides with the Lenten season and barangay fiestas . Within the island , the main forms of transportation are passenger motorcycles ( known elsewhere as habal @-@ habal ) and motorized boats . A circumferential road connects the 17 barangays of Banton to each other . By sea : Banton is accessible via wooden launches and motorized boats that regularly travel from Lucena City , Quezon . Tourists and visitors can also take RORO vessels that ply the Manila @-@ Odiongan , Batangas City @-@ Odiongan , or the Roxas @-@ Odiongan route . From Odiongan , Banton can be reached by jeepney and motorized boat via Calatrava , Romblon . Another RORO route is from Lucena City to Boac or Mogpog in Marinduque . From these towns , travelers can take jeepneys to Buenavista , which is only three hours away from Banton . Another alternative route is through Pinamalayan , Oriental Mindoro by motorized boats . By air : The closest airport with active airline service is Tugdan Airport in Alcantara , Romblon . Philippine Airlines operates three weekly flights to Romblon from Manila . From Alcantara , Banton can be reached in five to six hours by jeepney and motorized outrigger boats from Calatrava . = = Education = = Banton has a high literacy rate owing to the establishment of several public elementary and secondary schools . All schools in the island are administered by the Department of Education ( DepEd ) . The main public elementary school , Banton Central School , and the main secondary school , Banton National High School , are both located in the main village of Poblacion . There are public elementary schools as well in the villages of Balogo , Banice , Libtong , Nasunogan , Tan @-@ ag , Tungonan , and Tumalum ( shared with the village of Lagang ) . Another secondary school , Tungonan National High School , is located in Tungonan . = = Gallery = =
= Park Lane = Park Lane is a major road in the City of Westminster , in Central London . It is part of the London Inner Ring Road and runs from Hyde Park Corner in the south to Marble Arch in the north . It separates Hyde Park to the west from Mayfair to the east . The road has a number of historically important properties and hotels and has been one of the most sought after streets in London , despite being a major traffic thoroughfare . The road , 0 @.@ 7 miles ( 1 @.@ 1 km ) in length , was originally a simple country lane on the boundary of Hyde Park , separated by a brick wall . Aristocratic properties appeared during the late 18th century , including Breadalbene House , Somerset House and Londonderry House . The road grew in popularity during the 19th century after improvements to Hyde Park Corner and more affordable views of the park , which attracted the nouveau riche to the street and led to it becoming one of the most fashionable roads to live on in London . Notable residents included the 1st Duke of Westminster 's residence at Grosvenor House , the Dukes of Somerset at Somerset House and the British Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli at No. 93 . Other historic properties include Dorchester House , Brook House and Dudley House . In the 20th century , Park Lane became well known for its luxury hotels , particularly The Dorchester , completed in 1931 , which became closely associated with eminent writers and international film stars . Flats and shops began appearing on the road , including penthouse flats . Several buildings suffered damage during World War II , yet the road still attracted significant development , including the Park Lane Hotel and the London Hilton on Park Lane , and several sports car garages . A number of properties on the road today are owned by some of the wealthiest businessmen from the Middle East and Asia . Current residents include business mogul Mohamed Al @-@ Fayed and former council leader Dame Shirley Porter . The road has suffered from traffic congestion since the mid 19th century . Various road improvement schemes have taken place since then , including a major reconstruction programme in the early 1960s that transformed the road into a three @-@ lane dual carriageway by removing a 20 @-@ acre ( 8 @.@ 1 ha ) section of Hyde Park . Improved crossings for cyclists appeared in the early 21st century . Despite the changes , property prices along the road are still among the highest in London . Its prestigious status has been commemorated by being the second @-@ most expensive property square on the London Monopoly board . = = Location = = Park Lane is about 0 @.@ 7 miles ( 1 @.@ 1 km ) long , and runs north from Hyde Park Corner to Marble Arch , along the length of the eastern flank of Hyde Park . To the east of the road is Mayfair . The road is a primary route , classified A4202 . The street is one of the key bus corridors in Central London . It is used by London bus routes 2 , 10 , 16 , 36 , 73 , 74 , 82 , 137 , 148 , 414 and 436 . In addition , night bus routes N16 , N73 , N74 and N137 are in service . The nearest tube stations to Park Lane are Hyde Park Corner on the Piccadilly line , which is near the street 's southern end , and Marble Arch on the Central line , which is located near the northern end of the street . At Brook Gate , partway along the road , there is a traffic signal controlled pedestrian and cycle crossing connecting Hyde Park to London Cycle Route 39 , which is the recommended cycling route from the park to the West End . = = History = = = = = 18th century = = = What is now Park Lane was originally a simple track that ran along farm boundaries . When Hyde Park was opened in the sixteenth century , the lane ran north @-@ south along what is now the east boundary of Hyde Park , from Piccadilly to Marble Arch . In the 18th century , it was known as Tyburn Lane and was separated from the park by a high dividing wall , with few properties along it aside from a short terrace of houses approximately where now are Nos. 93 – 99 . Tyburn Lane took its name from Tyburn village which was once in the vicinity , which had declined in the fourteenth century . The Tyburn gallows , also known as Tyburn Tree , situated at the end of what is now Park Lane , was London 's primary public execution spot until 1783 . Author Charles Knight wrote in 1843 , by 1738 " nearly the whole space between Piccadilly and Oxford Street was covered with buildings as far as Tyburn Lane , except in the south @-@ western corner about Berkeley Square and Mayfair " . In 1741 , the lane was bought by the Kensington Turnpike Trust to provide regular maintenance , as coach traffic caused frequent wear on the road surface . Breadalbene House was built on the street in 1776 . On the corner with Oxford Street , Somerset House ( No. 40 ) , built in 1769 – 70 , was successively the town house of Warren Hastings , a former Governor @-@ General of India , the third Earl of Rosebery , and the Dukes of Somerset . The politician and entrepreneur Richard Sharp , also known as " Conversation Sharp " , lived at No. 28 . In the 1760s , Londonderry House , on the corner of Park Lane and Hertford Street , was bought by the Sixth Earl of Holdernesse . He purchased the adjacent property and converted the buildings into one mansion , which was known for a period as Holdernesse House . In 1819 , Londonderry House was bought by The Rt. Hon. The 1st Baron Stewart , a British aristocrat , and later , during World War I , the house was used as a military hospital . After the war , Charles Vane @-@ Tempest @-@ Stewart , Viscount Castlereagh , and his wife , Edith Helen Chaplin , continued to use the house and entertained there extensively . After World War II , the house remained in the possession of the Londonderry family , until it was sold to make way for the 29 @-@ storey London Hilton , which opened on Park Lane in 1963 . = = = 19th century = = = The street was not particularly significant until 1820 , when Decimus Burton constructed Hyde Park Corner at the lane 's southern edge , coinciding with Benjamin Dean Wyatt 's reconstruction of Londonderry House and Apsley House . At the same time , the entrances to Hyde Park at Stanhope , Grosvenor and Cumberland Gates were refurbished , and the wall at the park 's boundary was replaced with iron railings . It subsequently became an in @-@ demand residential address , offering both views across Hyde Park and a position at the most fashionable western edge of London . No. 93 , at the junction of Park Lane and Upper Grosvenor Street , was built between 1823 and 1825 by Samuel Baxter . The British Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli lived at the house from 1839 to 1872 . In 1845 , a house on Park Lane was advertised as " one of the most recherché in London " . Much of the land to the east of Park Lane was owned by the Grosvenor Estate , whose policy was to construct large family homes attracting the nouveau riche to the area . The road became lined with some of the largest privately owned mansions in London , including the Duke of Westminster 's Grosvenor House ( replaced by the Grosvenor House Hotel ) and the Holford family 's Dorchester House ( demolished in 1929 and replaced in 1931 with The Dorchester ) , aside from the Marquess of Londonderry 's Londonderry House . The philanthropist Moses Montefiore lived at No. 90 for over 60 years , and a blue plaque now marks this location . Brook House , at No. 113 Park Lane , was built in 1870 by T. H. Wyatt . It subsequently became the residence of Lord Louis Mountbatten and his wife Edwina . Aldford House was constructed in 1897 for the South African diamond millionaire Sir Alfred Beit . Another diamond mining magnate , Sir Joseph Robinson owned and lived at Dudley House at No. 100 . = = = 20th century = = = The character of Park Lane moved away from prestigious houses in the early 20th century , as residents began to complain about motor traffic and the noises from buses . The first flats were built on Nos. 139 – 140 in 1915 despite local opposition , with shops following soon after . However , buildings were redeveloped to allow penthouse flats , which became popular . The politician and art collector Philip Sassoon lived at No. 25 in the 1920s and 30s and held an extensive collection of objects at his house . Dancing partners Fred and Adele Astaire moved into a penthouse flat at No. 41 in 1923 , and stayed there during their theatrical appearances at London 's West End . The couple were courted by the social scene in London and enjoyed dancing at Grosvenor House . The black market fraudster Sidney Stanley lived on Park Lane in the 1940s , and became known as " the Pole of Park Lane " . The Marriott London Park Lane , at No. 140 Park Lane , opened in 1919 . The site was once occupied by Somerset House and Camelford House . The site also occupies No. 138 Park Lane which was featured as a Home Guard Headquarters in the film The Life and Death of Colonel Blimp . The Park Lane Hotel was built in 1927 , designed by the architects Adie , Button and Partners . Despite its name , its official address is on Piccadilly and overlooks Green Park rather than Hyde Park . The Dorchester , designed by Sir Owen Williams , opened on Park Lane in 1931 . With the development of the hotel , concerns were raised at the time that Park Lane would soon become New York City 's Fifth Avenue . The Dorchester quickly gained reputation as a luxury hotel and one of the most prestigious buildings on the road . During the 1930s it became known as a haunt of numerous writers and artists such as poet Cecil Day @-@ Lewis , novelist Somerset Maugham , and the painter Sir Alfred Munnings , and it became known for its distinguished literary gatherings , including " Foyles Literary Luncheons " , an event the hotel still hosts . From World War II onwards , the hotel and Park Lane become renowned for accommodating numerous international film stars , and it was closely associated with Elizabeth Taylor and Richard Burton in the 1960s and 1970s . During World War II , several properties on Park Lane were hit by bombs . Dudley House , at No. 100 , suffered major structural damage , including the destruction of the ballroom and gallery , though the building was partially restored . However , the strength of construction of the Dorchester Hotel gave it the reputation of being one of London 's safest buildings , and it was a safe haven for numerous luminaries . General Dwight D. Eisenhower took a suite on the first floor in 1942 , and later made it his headquarters . The British Iron and Steel Research Association was originally established at No. 11 Park Lane in June 1944 , an institution responsible for much of the automation of modern steelmaking . It has since moved to No. 24 Buckingham Gate . The contact lens pioneer , Keith Clifford Hall held a practice at No. 139 , later expanding to No 140 , from 1945 to 1964 . The site of his practice is now commemorated by a green heritage plaque . The film and stage actress Anna Neagle lived at Alford House on Park Lane between 1950 and 1964 with her husband Herbert Wilcox ; the location of which is now marked with a green heritage plaque . The hotel trade continued to prosper ; construction of the London Hilton on Park Lane at 22 Park Lane began in 1960 and opened in 1963 at a construction cost of £ 8m ( now £ 151 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 ) . On 5 September 1975 , a Provisional IRA bomb exploded at the hotel , killing two people and injuring over 60 . The blast also damaged neighbouring properties . At the south end of Park Lane , on the west side , gates in honour of Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother ( widow of George VI ) were erected in 1993 . The gates were designed by Giuseppe Lund and David Wynne and bear motifs in an interpretation from her coat of arms . = = = 21st century = = = The Animals in War Memorial was opened at the northeast edge of Park Lane in 2004 by Anne , Princess Royal . It commemorates animals that served in wars , and alongside servicemen . In June 2007 , a car bomb was successfully defused in an underground car park on Park Lane . The road was closed for most of the day for police investigation . The road still attracts notable residents . In 2002 , Robert B. Sherman , composer of the musicals Chitty Chitty Bang Bang and Mary Poppins moved to an apartment on Park Lane following the death of his wife . He enjoyed the views of Hyde Park and in 2003 painted an eponymous portrait , Park Lane . The business mogul Mohamed Al @-@ Fayed has offices in 55 and 60 Park Lane . Trevor Rees @-@ Jones , the only survivor of the car crash that killed al @-@ Fayed 's son Dodi Fayed and Diana , Princess of Wales in 1997 , briefly recuperated in a flat on Park Lane following the accident . Property prices on Park Lane remain some of the highest in London . In 2006 , former Conservative leader of Westminster City Council , Dame Shirley Porter moved into a new £ 1.5m development on Curzon Square after 12 years of exile in Israel . In 2015 , a report showed the average monthly rent for a 2 @-@ bedroom apartment on the road was £ 5 @,@ 200 . Testament to the forces of globalisation , and growing investment and influence in the UK by Asians , many of the hotels and establishments on Park Lane are today owned by some of the wealthiest Middle Eastern and Asian businessmen , sheikhs and sultans . The Dorchester was purchased by the Sultan of Brunei in 1985 , and since 1996 has been part of the Dorchester Collection , owned by the Brunei Investment Agency ( BIA ) , an arm of the Ministry of Finance of Brunei . The Dorchester Collection connects The Dorchester on Park Lane to other luxury hotels internationally , including the The Beverly Hills Hotel and Hotel Bel @-@ Air of Los Angeles , and the Hôtel Meurice of Paris . In 1978 , a new branch of the Allied Arab Bank opened at 131 – 2 Park Lane , facilitating the interests of both Arab world and western clients . Mamasino restaurant at 102 Park Lane serves African cuisine and is African @-@ owned . Wolfgang Puck 's restaurant at No. 45 has been described by GQ Magazine as serving one of the best breakfasts in London , with a mixture of American , European and Asian food . = = Traffic = = Owing to property on the road becoming more desirable , traffic began to increase on Park Lane during the 19th century . A short section of the lane was widened in 1851 as part of the redevelopment work on Marble Arch . In July 1866 , following the destruction of the boundary railings after a demonstration supporting the Second Reform Bill , the road was widened as far as Stanhope Gate . In 1871 , Hamilton Place was widened to allow an alternative traffic flow to Piccadilly . By the 1950s , motor traffic levels along Park Lane had reached saturation point . A 1956 survey by the Metropolitan Police reported " at peak hours it is overloaded " , with traffic surveys showing 91 @,@ 000 and 65 @,@ 000 vehicles travelling around Hyde Park Corner and Marble Arch respectively in a twelve @-@ hour period , making Park Lane the link between the busiest and third busiest road junctions in London . Between 1960 and 1963 , the road was widened to three lanes each way either side of a central reservation . This required the demolition of Nos. 145 – 148 Piccadilly , near Hyde Park Corner , which had previously formed a line east of Apsley House . The work also re @-@ appropriated East Carriage Drive inside Hyde Park as the northbound carriageway , moving the park 's boundary westwards . Additionally , a car park was installed under the road , which became the largest underground parking area in London . Care was taken to preserve as much of the park as possible during the widening works ; in all , 20 acres ( 8 @.@ 1 ha ) of park was removed and around 95 trees were felled . At the time of opening , the project was the largest road improvement scheme in Central London since the construction of Kingsway in 1905 . The total estimated cost was £ 1 @,@ 152 @,@ 000 ( now £ 21 @,@ 750 @,@ 000 ) . Further traffic signals were installed at the junction of Park Lane and Hyde Park corner in 1983 . The road forms part of the London Inner Ring Road and is part of the London congestion charge zone 's boundary . When the zone was extended westward in February 2007 , Park Lane was designated as one of the " free through routes " , on which vehicles could cross the zone during its hours of operation without paying the charge . The western extension was removed in January 2011 . In November 2008 , the mayor of London , Boris Johnson announced plans to build a tunnel beneath the street , allowing land to be released for development and green spaces . The traffic improvements and remodelling have diminished the appeal of Park Lane as a residential address , since it became one of the busiest and noisiest roads in central London . In 2011 , Johnson introduced spot fines for coaches idling on Park Lane . The widening of the road distanced the houses on the east side of Park Lane from Hyde Park itself , access to which is now by underpass . Despite the traffic noise the road is still upmarket , featuring five @-@ star hotels ( such as The Dorchester , the Grosvenor House Hotel and the InterContinental London Park Lane Hotel ) and showrooms for several sports car models , including BMW , Aston Martin and Mercedes @-@ Benz . = = Cultural references = = Park Lane is the second most valuable property in the London edition of the board game Monopoly . The street had a prestigious social status when the British version of the Monopoly board was first produced , in 1936 . On the board , Park Lane forms a pair with Mayfair , the most expensive property in the game . The squares were designed to be equivalents of Park Place and Boardwalk , respectively , on the original board , which used streets in Atlantic City , New Jersey . In 1988 , the World Monopoly Championships were held at the Park Lane Hotel , sponsored by Waddingtons , manufacturers of the British version . Since the game 's original production , prices on the real Park Lane have held their value , though average rent costs have been overtaken by Bond Street . In Arthur Conan Doyle 's short story The Adventure of the Empty House ( 1903 ) , the character Ronald Adair , a gentleman who is murdered in 1894 , lives at No. 421 Park Lane ( the old numbering ) . The writer Jasper Fforde refers to the street and its Monopoly square in his novel The Eyre Affair ( 2001 ) , via the character Landen Parke @-@ Laine . The street has several mentions in John Galsworthy 's 1922 trilogy , The Forsyte Saga . The 1967 BBC television adaptation used Croxteth Hall in Liverpool for footage of James and Emily 's house on Park Lane . The road is mentioned in the second stanza of Noël Coward 's patriotic song " London Pride " . The Mini Countryman Park Lane is a high @-@ end four wheel drive sport utility vehicle named after the road , where the company has a showroom . In Walter Lord 's book A Night to Remember , which documents the fate of the RMS Titanic , a broad , lower @-@ deck working corridor on E Deck , which ran the length of the ship , was referred to by officers as " Park Lane " ( and by crew as " Scotland Road " ) .
= New York State Route 250 = New York State Route 250 ( NY 250 ) is a north – south state highway in the eastern portion of Monroe County , New York , in the United States . It extends for just over 16 miles ( 26 km ) from an intersection with NY 96 in the town of Perinton to a junction with Lake Road ( former NY 18 ) near the Lake Ontario shoreline in the town of Webster . NY 250 passes through the villages of Fairport and Webster , where it meets NY 31F and NY 104 , respectively . The highway is the easternmost north – south state route in Monroe County . Most of the highway was taken over by the state of New York in the 1910s and 1920s . In 1908 , the section of modern NY 250 in Fairport between Church and High Streets became part of Route 20 , an unsigned legislative route assigned by the New York State Legislature . The definition of the route was altered in 1921 , taking the route on a more southerly course that used the portion of what is now NY 250 between NY 31 and NY 31F instead through eastern Monroe County . NY 250 was assigned to its current alignment as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York . = = Route description = = NY 250 , the easternmost north – south state route in Monroe County , begins at an intersection with NY 96 a short distance northwest of Eastview Mall in the town of Perinton . The two @-@ lane route heads to the northeast as Moseley Road , a name it retains for the next 4 miles ( 6 km ) . It initially heads uphill through a forested area ; however , at Garnsey Road , it turns northward and begins to slowly descend into a part of town dominated by housing tracts . The residential surroundings end 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) north of Garnsey Road , where NY 250 meets NY 31 in a large commercial district that plays home to Perinton Square Mall , a shopping mall located just northeast of the junction . Past the junction , the route reenters a residential area and temporarily curves to the east to bypass a hill overlooking Ayrault Road . NY 250 returns to its due north routing at Ayrault Road and continues into the village of Fairport , where it changes names from Moseley Road to South Main Street at Hulburt Road . In Fairport , NY 250 follows South Main Street down a large hill that levels off at the southern edge of the village 's business district . Here , NY 250 intersects Church Street ( NY 31F ) and passes by the First Baptist Church of Fairport , located on the northwestern corner of the junction . The route continues north into the center of the village , passing by several small businesses and Fairport Village Landing — the largest shopping plaza in the village — before crossing over the Erie Canal by way of a lift bridge and becoming North Main Street . Once on the north side of the canal , NY 250 crosses the CSX Transportation @-@ owned Rochester and West Shore Subdivisions at a single grade crossing ahead of High Street . At this point , the businesses give way to homes as the highway ascends a hill at the north end of the village and meets Whitney Road at the northern village line . North of Whitney Road , NY 250 becomes Fairport – Nine Mile Point Road as it descends and ascends a series of small hills populated by homes on its way into Penfield . About 0 @.@ 5 miles ( 0 @.@ 8 km ) north of the town line and 1 @.@ 5 miles ( 2 @.@ 4 km ) north of Fairport , the route enters Lloyd 's Corners , a commercial district surrounding NY 250 's junction with NY 441 . The residential surroundings return north of the intersection , however , as the route approaches a junction with Whalen Road . Past this point , the homes begin to get further spaced apart as NY 250 heads northeastward into a rural area of eastern Monroe County . It remains on a northeastward course for just over 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) before curving back to the north at a junction with NY 286 ( Atlantic Avenue ) , its last major intersection before entering the town of Webster as Webster Road . About 0 @.@ 3 miles ( 0 @.@ 5 km ) later , the highway reenters a more populated area that delimits the southern edge of the village of Webster . Now South Avenue , NY 250 heads north through the densely populated southern half of the community , passing by Spry Middle School on its way into the village center . Once again , the homes are supplanted by businesses as NY 250 and NY 404 ( Main Street ) meet at the heart of the business district . North of the junction , the route changes names to North Avenue and connects to the Irondequoit – Wayne County Expressway ( NY 104 ) at an interchange just two blocks from NY 404 . It continues on , crossing the Ontario Midland Railroad before leaving the village and becoming Webster Road once more . The highway heads onward through mostly residential areas of northeastern Webster to Lake Road ( formerly part of NY 18 ) , where NY 250 ends 250 yards ( 230 m ) from the Lake Ontario shoreline at Nine Mile Point . = = History = = = = = State ownership = = = Most of what is now NY 250 was originally taken over by the state of New York during the 1910s and 1920s . Work to improve the highway to state highway standards was performed in stages , beginning in the town of Webster and gradually heading south through Fairport to Perinton . The segment north of the Penfield – Webster town line was improved at a cost of just over $ 103 @,@ 807 ( equivalent to $ 2 @.@ 49 million in 2016 ) and added to the state highway system on October 24 , 1913 . Construction on the next section between Liftbridge Lane in Fairport and the Penfield – Webster town line cost roughly $ 94 @,@ 140 ( equivalent to $ 2 @.@ 2 million in 2016 ) . It was accepted into the system on January 4 , 1915 . South of Fairport , the section from modern NY 31 north to the Fairport village line was added on January 19 , 1916 , following a nearly $ 17 @,@ 127 ( equivalent to $ 372 @,@ 447 in 2016 ) project to improve the road . Lastly , the portion south of modern NY 31 was added in the late 1920s . The four state @-@ maintained segments were legislatively designated , but not signed , as State Highways 574 , 574A , 1290 , and 1836 , respectively , for inventory purposes . The section of current NY 250 in Fairport between the southern village line and Liftbridge Lane was never taken over by the state and is village @-@ maintained . = = = Designation = = = In 1908 , the New York State Legislature created Route 20 , an unsigned legislative route extending from Elbridge to Rochester via Fairport . Initially , Route 20 entered the village on High Street and followed Main Street south across the Erie Canal to Church Street , where it turned west toward Rochester . On March 1 , 1921 , Route 20 was realigned to enter Monroe County on modern NY 31 . At the junction of Palmyra and Moseley Roads , Route 20 turned north , following SH 1290 into Fairport . It rejoined its original alignment at the junction of Church and Main Streets . None of SH 1290 received a signed designation when the first set of posted routes in New York were assigned in 1924 . SH 1290 was not assigned a signed designation until the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York when it became part of NY 250 , a new route that extended south over SH 1836 to NY 15 ( now NY 96 ) in Perinton and north over SH 574A and SH 574 to Lake Road in Webster . When NY 33B — the predecessor to NY 31F — was assigned c . 1931 , it entered Fairport on Church Street and turned north at NY 250 , following the route across the Erie Canal to High Street , where NY 33B turned to the east . The overlap with NY 33B was replaced with a concurrency with NY 31F after the latter route largely replaced the former in the late 1940s . The overlap was eliminated on April 1 , 1984 , when NY 31F was rerouted out of the village along East Church Street and Turk Hill Road as the result of a highway maintenance swap between the state of New York and the village of Fairport . = = Major intersections = = The entire route is in Monroe County .
= Joe Warbrick = Joseph Astbury " Joe " Warbrick ( 1 January 1862 – 30 August 1903 ) was a Māori rugby union player who represented New Zealand on their 1884 tour to Australia , and later captained and selected the 1888 – 89 New Zealand Native football team that embarked on a 107 @-@ match tour of New Zealand , Australia and the British Isles . He was born in Rotorua , and played club rugby for Ponsonby while boarding at St Stephen 's Native School . In 1877 he was selected to play fullback for Auckland as a 15 @-@ year @-@ old , making him the youngest person to play first @-@ class rugby in New Zealand . He played for Auckland against the first ever overseas team to tour the country – New South Wales – in 1882 . In 1884 he was picked for the first ever New Zealand representative team , and appeared in seven of the side 's eight matches on their tour of New South Wales . In 1888 Warbrick conceived of , selected , and captained the privately funded New Zealand Native team . The squad , which included four of Warbrick 's brothers , was originally envisaged to contain only Māori players , but eventually included several New Zealand @-@ born , and foreign @-@ born , Europeans . Although the team played 107 matches , including 74 in the British Isles , due to injury Warbrick played only 21 matches . The tour was the first from the Southern Hemisphere to visit Britain , and remains the longest in rugby 's history . In 2008 Warbrick and the Natives were inducted into the International Rugby Board Hall of Fame . Warbrick virtually retired from rugby after returning from the tour , and went on to work as a farmer and tourist guide in the Bay of Plenty . He was killed by an eruption of the Waimangu Geyser in 1903 . = = Background and early career = = Joseph Warbrick was born in Rotorua , New Zealand on 1 January 1862 . His father , Abraham Warbrick , was originally from England , while his mother , Nga Karauna Paerau , was Māori and the daughter of a Ngāti Rangitihi chief . Joe Warbrick was their third child , and was one of at least five brothers – the others were Alfred , Arthur , Fredrick , and William . All five of the brothers went on to tour together as part of the 1888 – 89 New Zealand Native football team . With his family still based in the Bay of Plenty , Joe Warbrick was sent to board at St Stephen 's Native School in Bombay , and it was there that he started playing rugby union . In 1877 , and even though it was well north of Bombay , he started playing club rugby with Ponsonby in Auckland . Warbrick played well enough for Ponsonby to earn selection for Auckland Provincial Clubs ( now Auckland ) that year despite the fact he was only 15 years old . He played at fullback for them against Otago , and in doing so became the youngest person to play first @-@ class rugby in New Zealand – a record he still holds . By 1878 Warbrick had left both St Stephen 's and Ponsonby and was employed as a public servant . The work required him to relocate regularly , and he moved throughout throughout the North Island for the remainder of his rugby career . By 1879 he was living in Wellington , and represented the province three times that season . He again played three matches for Wellington in 1880 , including one against his old province of Auckland . The 1880 match was the first ever visit by Wellington to Auckland , and was won by the visitors 4 – 0 . Warbrick was renowned for his drop @-@ kicking , and his goal in the match was the only score ; it was claimed by many Aucklanders that his performance was the difference between the two sides . The first overseas team to tour New Zealand arrived in 1882 . New South Wales ( NSW ) played seven matches throughout New Zealand , including two against Auckland . By this time Warbrick was back in Auckland , but this time playing for the North Shore club , again won selection to the provincial side . He appeared in both matches against the touring NSW team . Auckland won both , the first 7 – 0 , and the second 18 – 4 . Warwick remained in Auckland the following year , and toured with province again , playing away matches against Wellington , Canterbury and Otago . = = 1884 New Zealand team = = In 1884 a team of New Zealand players , organised by the Canterbury player and administrator William Millton , and Dunedin businessman Samuel Sleigh , was selected to tour New South Wales . This is now regarded as the first official representative New Zealand side . Warbrick was included in a squad of players that were selected from throughout the country ; this was all performed without the oversight of a national body – several provincial Rugby Unions did exist , but the New Zealand Rugby Football Union was not formed until 1892 . The squad 's 19 players were expected to assemble in Wellington before disembarking for Sydney on 21 May , however Warbrick missed his ship from Auckland and so travelled to Sydney alone . Millton was elected captain , and Sleigh managed the team . The side won all eight of their matches on tour , including the three games against New South Wales . Warbrick appeared in seven matches and scored three drop goals ; one of the goals was reportedly kicked from well inside his own half . He played at both fullback and three @-@ quarter , and was noted for his good ball handling and speed , as well as his ability to drop kick . = = Later provincial career = = After returning from tour , Warbrick moved to Napier , and in 1885 represented Hawke 's Bay provincially , including captaining them against Poverty Bay . By 1886 he was back playing for Auckland , and that year captained them in their win against Wellington , and also against New South Wales – who were again touring the country . He returned to Hawke 's Bay for the 1887 season , and played for them against Wellington , Poverty Bay , and Canterbury . Warbrick had returned to Wellington by the 1888 season when he again played for the province . The very first British Isles side toured New Zealand in 1888 . The side was privately organised and toured the country playing provincial sides in April and May of that year . Warbrick was in the Wellington team that faced the tourists on 13 May . The match was very ill tempered , with each side accusing the other of rough play , and eventually finished a 3 – 3 draw . = = 1888 – 89 New Zealand Native football team = = = = = Preparations = = = In early 1888 Warbrick announced plans to assemble a Māori side to face the visiting British during their tour . He later revealed a plan to take a team of Māori or part @-@ Māori to tour the British Isles . His ambition was for " Māori football " to be as famous as Australian cricket , whose national side had already developed a strong rivalry with the English . It is not known exactly when Warbrick had conceived of the idea for this tour , but it was well before the arrival of the British Isles team in April 1888 . The touring British did help demonstrate the feasibility of Warbrick 's proposal , which was daunting – no New Zealand side had ever toured the Northern Hemisphere . Hearing of Warbrick 's plans , civil servant Thomas Eyton contacted him to offer help managing the tour , which Warbrick accepted . By May 1888 , James Scott , a publican , had joined the partnership . The three men decided that Warbrick would be the team 's captain , coach and selector , Scott its manager , and Eyton its promoter . Although Warbrick had chiefly sporting reasons for conducting the tour , for Eyton and Scott profit was the major motivation . A New Zealand Māori side had never been selected – the first official side did not play until 1910 – but Warbrick 's experience in provincial rugby ensured he was well qualified to select the team . He travelled the country trying to find players who were both talented and willing to spend a year on tour . The make @-@ up of the team changed significantly between March 1888 and when the team departed New Zealand in August . Warbrick encountered challenges assembling the side ; there was opposition from some players in including part @-@ Māori in the squad which prompted several early recruits to withdraw . Initially twenty players were selected for the side – which was named the New Zealand Māori team . Some of these players had strong family and playing links to Warbrick ( such as his four brothers ) . Warbrick was eventually compelled to add five Pākehā ( European non @-@ Māori ) players to the squad which resulted in the side being renamed the New Zealand Native football team . Warbrick may have wanted a team of exclusively Māori or part @-@ Māori players , but according to historian Greg Ryan , including the Pākehā players was " necessary to strengthen the Native team and create a more effective combination " . A further player , Pie Wynyard , was added to the side after they arrived in Britain in November 1888 . = = = Domestic tour and British Isles = = = The side 's first match was against Hawke 's Bay on 23 June 1888 , and included Joe Warbrick in the backs . The match was won 5 – 0 , and was followed by a second match a week later in which Joe Warbrick contributed ten points in an 11 – 0 victory . The next match was against a strong Auckland side , who defeated the Natives 9 – 0 . The heavy defeat was costly for the Native team , with Joe Warbrick breaking several bones in his foot . It was his last game until November that year , and prompted the addition of Patrick Keogh – one of the five Pākehā in the side – to the squad before its departure from New Zealand . The team departed New Zealand on 1 August 1888 , and sailed to England via Melbourne . After their six @-@ week voyage from Australia , the Native team arrived in England on 27 September 1888 . Their first match was against Surrey , on 3 October , but Joe Warbrick was still injured and so did not play . The side continued to play regularly – they averaged one game every 2 @.@ 3 days while in Britain – but Joe Warbrick did not appear until 7 November when the team faced Tynemouth . The match was won 7 – 1 , but Warbrick – who played at fullback – exasperated his foot injury . He did manage to play six matches between mid @-@ December and early January before he was again injured . He appeared against Stockport , a match drawn 3 – 3 , on 12 January , but his form was still poor . Warbrick only played twice more in the following month , and was not fit enough to be selected for the team that faced England on 16 February . The match resulted in a controversial 7 – 0 loss for the Natives , and included two controversial English tries awarded by referee George Rowland Hill – who was also Secretary of the English Rugby Football Union ( RFU ) . The loss and aftermath soured the relationship between Warbrick 's team and the RFU – who accused the Natives of poor sportsmanship after they protested at the awarding of the controversial tries . By the time the team departed for Australia in late March they had played 74 matches in Britain , but due to injury Warbrick only appeared in 14 ; in contrast David Gage featured in 68 matches , and eight other members played more than 50 . Joe Warbrick was not the only player to experience injury , the taxing schedule of matches took a toll , and he had frequently struggled to find a full complement of 15 fit players . On top of playing relatively few matches in Britain , Warbrick scored only once there – a conversion against Devon . The high injury toll and congested schedule contributed to complaints about Joe Warbrick 's behaviour . His comments to the English press – who directed much of their focus towards him – were viewed negatively by some members of the squad ; he was accused of neglecting to acknowledge the contributions of players such as Thomas Ellison , Gage , Keogh , and Edward McCausland , but extol the efforts of himself and his brothers . Warbrick said of his time in the British Isles : " My impression of England and its people during the tour was a very favourable one , more especially does this apply to private individuals . I found them everywhere very kind and attentive and apparently anxious to make one 's visit as pleasant as possible " . The term " private individuals " may have been used to exclude from praise both the RFU and London press . Following the tour he also criticised the impartiality of the English referees , and believed that the English administrators displayed a double standard in their treatment of the Natives – the RFU had continued to select Andrew Stoddart for the England team , despite him touring with the unsanctioned 1888 British team . = = = Australia and return to New Zealand = = = Warbrick sailed to Australia for a leg of their tour described by historian Greg Ryan as " little more than a testimony to the motives of Scott and Eyton as speculators . " Their time in Australia started in Victoria , where the side mostly played Victorian Rules Football against Melbourne clubs . These matches were played for financial rather than sporting reasons , and the team had little success at Victorian Rules . While the side only played a single rugby match in Victoria , they played rugby almost exclusively in New South Wales and Queensland . Warbrick made very few appearances in Australia – two in total – but continued as team captain . The Natives had not lost a rugby match in Australia when they played their second match against Queensland . The first match was won 22 – 0 , and the second – held on 20 July – was expected to be another comfortable victory for the Natives . However at half @-@ time the scores were level , and with the exception of Billy Warbrick , the Natives had played poorly . There were rumours that four of the Natives had been paid by local bookmakers to throw the match . When Joe Warbrick spoke to the team at half @-@ time , he threatened to expose the accused players ; this was enough to prompt an improvement in the Natives ' play , and the side recovered to win 11 – 7 . The team returned to New Zealand in August 1889 , but the Queensland controversy still hung over the side . The Northern Rugby Union ( later renamed the Queensland Rugby Union ) did not take any action over the accusations , but the Otago Rugby Union ( ORU ) decided to conduct an inquiry . The matter was not resolved until after the team arrived in Dunedin when the ORU announced there was no evidence " justifying the accusations " , and dismissed taking any further action . The team continued to travel north , and played fixtures throughout the country . Joe Warbrick had played an early match in Gore – against Mataura District XVI – where he again suffered injury . The team 's final match was against Auckland on 24 August . The fixture was lost 7 – 2 , but by this point several Native 's players had departed the team , including Keogh , Ellison and Gage . Despite the gruelling schedule and high number of injuries , the loss to Auckland ended a remarkable streak that had started with their victory over Widnes on 9 March ; the Natives had not lost a rugby game in 31 matches – the side had won 30 , and drawn one match over that time . The Natives played a total of 107 rugby matches , including 74 in the British Isles , and the tour remains the longest tour in rugby history . = = Retirement from playing and later life = = Warbrick retired from rugby at the conclusion of the Native 's tour . He moved to the Bay of Plenty to farm , and occasionally turned out for the Tauranga representative team . Aside from that he did make a one @-@ match first @-@ class comeback five years later , when he played for Auckland against Taranaki in 1894 . Following this match , an Auckland paper wrote : Considering that Joe won his cap in 1877 , it must be very pleasing to him to be able to record 1894 on it . As I said before , Joe 's career as a footballer is , I believe , unparalleled in the colonies . It is certainly a feat Joe may well feel proud of , that after battling the storms for a period of 17 years , he has again been called to render assistance to his province ... Warbrick later worked as a tourist guide in the Rotorua area , where his brother Alfred was the Chief Government Guide . It was on 30 August 1903 , while working with his brother in the geothermal region of the area that Joe Warbrick was killed . The Waimangu Geyser – then the largest geyser in the world – unexpectedly erupted with Joe and several tourists in the vicinity ; four of them , including Joe , were killed instantly before being swept towards Lake Rotomahana . = = Impact and legacy = = As the captain and instigator of the 1888 – 89 Natives – the first New Zealand team to tour the British Isles – Warbrick had a lasting impact on the development of rugby in his homeland . When the Natives returned from tour they introduced a style of rugby as good as any ever seen in the country . According to Ryan , " their brand of sensational running style and combined forward play had never been seen in New Zealand . " The speculative nature of the tour also contributed to the majority of New Zealand 's provincial unions forming a national body ; the New Zealand Rugby Football Union was formed in 1892 . As well , many of the Native 's went on to play provincial rugby , and Ellison and Gage eventually captained New Zealand . In 2008 Warbrick was inducted into the International Rugby Board Hall of Fame , and is a member of the Māori Sports Awards Hall of Fame . A short film , Warbrick , was released in 2009 and depicts Joe Warbrick preparing an injury @-@ depleted Native 's squad for a match . The film was played for New Zealand 's national team – the All Blacks – during their preparations for a match against Australia in 2009 .
= Hotel Mario = Hotel Mario is a computer puzzle game developed by Fantasy Factory and published by Philips Interactive Media and Nintendo for the Philips CD @-@ i in 1994 . The primary character of the game is Mario , who must find Princess Toadstool by going through seven Koopa hotels in the Mushroom Kingdom . Every hotel is divided into multiple stages , and the objective is to close all doors on each stage . Defeating a Koopaling on the hotel 's final stage takes the player to the following building . After Nintendo decided not to have Sony create an add @-@ on for the Super Famicom / Super NES , they gave Philips permission to use their characters in games for Philips ' CD @-@ i . The games resulting from the license were widely criticized , with Hotel Mario being regarded as one of the worst Mario @-@ centered games , due to the animation of the shutting doors , the unresponsive controls and especially known for the cutscenes that used full motion video . = = Gameplay = = Controlling Mario , or his brother Luigi in two @-@ player mode , the player has to complete all stages of the seven hotels in the game . The first six hotels contain 10 stages , and the last contains 15 stages . Progressing from one stage to the next requires the player to shut every door shown in stage , without exceeding a given time limit . The purpose of closing the doors to progress is not explained . Elevators , which operate differently depending on the hotel , enable the player to go between the five floors of the stage . The faster a stage is cleared , the more points will be given to the player . Every stage has its own title screen via which the game can be saved . The screens are also used to enter previously played hotel stages and the map of the Mushroom Kingdom , which allows the player to access any visited hotel . While trying to close the doors , the player must avoid certain hazards . Mario will lose a life if he touches an enemy , runs out of time , runs off the edge of the floor he is on , or if all the doors are open . Enemies in the game are mostly regular Mario series creatures , such as Goombas , Koopas , Boos and their variations . The opponent on the last stage of each hotel is one of the Koopalings , who each use different methods to attack Mario . In his normal state , Mario can tolerate one hit from an enemy and defeat most of the foes with a stomp . By opening doors the player can find power @-@ ups which grant different abilities . A Super Mushroom transforms Mario into Super Mario , with glowing overalls and the strength to withstand two enemy hits . If the player finds another mushroom while Mario is in the Super Mario form , the item turns into a Fire Flower . When grabbing it , Mario becomes Fire Mario and can throw fireballs to eliminate enemies . A 1 @-@ up mushroom known as " Extra Mario Mushroom " or " Toad " can only be found by Fire Mario . Another way to earn an extra life is collecting 30 coins . The player can also obtain a Star Man , which makes Mario temporarily able to knock any enemy off the screen by simply touching them . = = Plot and setting = = The game takes place in the Mushroom Kingdom , which Bowser has turned into a hotel resort for the use of himself and his children , renaming the land " Klub Koopa Resort " . Each hotel in the area is guarded by one of the Koopalings and their henchmen . The hotels represent different building types with various locations , including a tree , a mine and a cloud . Having been invited for a picnic by Princess Toadstool , Mario and Luigi enter the Mushroom Kingdom . At the entrance , however , they find a message from Bowser . He reveals that he has taken control over the kingdom and established seven hotels there , at one of which Princess Toadstool is being held as a " permanent guest " . As they visit the first six hotels , Mario and Luigi find the Princess several times , but on every occasion she disappears out of their sight , ending up in another hotel . They eventually enter a palace where Bowser himself resides . With the hotel 's owner defeated , the brothers flee the building with Princess Toadstool before it collapses . The Princess , now able to rule her kingdom in peace , thanks the Mario brothers , giving them both a kiss . = = Development = = In May 1991 , following an unsuccessful attempt with Sony to develop a CD @-@ ROM @-@ based add @-@ on for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System , Nintendo signed a deal with Philips to develop the aforementioned add @-@ on . However , witnessing the poor reception of the Sega Mega @-@ CD , Nintendo no longer considered the add @-@ on profitable , and the project was scrapped entirely . As part of dissolving the deal , Nintendo gave Philips the license to use five of their characters , including Mario , Luigi and Princess Toadstool , to be featured in their games for the CD @-@ i . The games were given little time to be developed and little funding , and Nintendo only gave cursory input . Philips used the characters to create games for the CD @-@ i , with Nintendo taking no part in their development except to give input on the look of the characters . Apart from Hotel Mario , the Mario characters were intended to be used in Super Mario 's Wacky Worlds , but the game was cancelled with only some prototype versions being programmed . While Wacky Worlds was planned as a CD @-@ i adaptation of the side @-@ scrolling platformer Super Mario World , Hotel Mario was made into a puzzle game in which stage areas were restricted to a single screen . Unlike the Legend of Zelda @-@ related games , the game was not developed by a third @-@ party company , but by Philips ' development team Fantasy Factory . Several full @-@ motion video cutscenes were animated for Hotel Mario . The CD @-@ i was considered a commercial failure and the games became valuable due to their rarity . The cinematics depict Mario and Luigi as they advance to the next hotel , discussing with each other and giving hints to the player such as : " If you need instructions on how to get through the hotels , check out the enclosed instruction book ! " . The voices of the Mario Brothers were provided by Marc Graue , with Jocelyn Benford doing the voice @-@ over for Princess Toadstool . On top of the full motion video capabilities of the CD @-@ i , Hotel Mario made use of the system ’ s internal clock by displaying messages that vary by date . The backgrounds of the hotel stages were designed by freelance artist Trici Venola . Having seen Hotel Mario 's initial version — which Venola called " mechanical " and " visually no fun " — , she and art director Jeff Zoern decided to use elements from Disney and J. R. R. Tolkien to enhance the game 's visual style . Illustrations of the stages were composed of several blocks , each of which featured one detail . The first item Venola created for all hotels was the door . Every building took one week to complete and was designed in accordance with a specific theme . For instance , a gothic design was used for Bowser 's hotel . = = = Staff = = = = = Reception = = Upon its release , Hotel Mario was given mixed reviews by video game magazines Electronic Gaming Monthly and GamePro . The former commented that Hotel Mario 's gameplay was simple yet addictive . GamePro , while calling the game fun , believed that it would soon bore players , and gave it a fun factor of 2 @.@ 5 out of 5 . Years after the game was released , it has gained the reputation of one of the lesser well @-@ received Mario games . When Electronic Gaming Monthly named Mario the greatest video game character in 2005 , they considered Hotel Mario his most embarrassing moment . IGN said that Hotel Mario was better than the respective The Legend of Zelda titles , but noted that closing doors was not " a strong enough hook for an entire game . " Chris Kohler of Wired magazine regarded Hotel Mario as " a puzzle game with no puzzles , " assuming it was one of the reasons why Nintendo was not impressed by the CD @-@ ROM medium . The game was referred to as " craptastic " by GamesRadar and " little more than a really rubbish version of Elevator Action " by Eurogamer . In its 1994 review , GamePro rated Hotel Mario 's graphics at 3 @.@ 5 and sound at 4 out of 5 , citing that " the only intriguing aspects of this game are the well @-@ fashioned animated sequences . " Years after the game was released , the cut scenes have become a subject of criticism among video game websites , and were called " outright terrifying " by 1UP.com. IGN described them as " abysmal " and " a bad flip @-@ book of images printed out of Microsoft Paint . From 1987 . " The quality of the voice acting was also questioned . Both 1UP.com and IGN thought the voices were unfitting for the characters and did not achieve the same playfulness as those of Mario and Luigi 's current voice artist Charles Martinet . Hotel Mario was listed in the Top 20 Worst Mario Games of all time , and as the # 1 worst Mario game by ScrewAttack 's Top Ten Worst Mario Games .
= IX Corps ( United States ) = IX Corps was a corps of the United States Army . For most of its operational history , IX Corps was headquartered in or around Japan and subordinate to US Army commands in the Far East . Created following World War I , the corps was not activated for use until just before World War II almost 20 years later . The corps spent most of World War II in charge of defenses on the West Coast of the United States , before moving to Hawaii and Leyte to plan and organize operations for US forces advancing across the Pacific . Following the end of the war , IX Corps participated in the occupation of mainland Japan . The corps ' only combat came in the Korean War . It is best known for its exploits as a senior command of the Eighth United States Army , commanding front line UN forces in numerous offensives and counteroffensives throughout the war . The corps served on the front lines for most of the conflict and took command of several combat divisions at a time . Following the end of the Korean War , IX Corps remained in Korea for several years until it was moved to Japan . The corps spent almost 40 years as an administrative command of the US Army forces there , overseeing administrative functions but no combat . It was finally inactivated and consolidated in 1994 . = = History = = The IX Corps headquarters was first constituted on 29 July 1921 in the organized reserves , a new corps formation intended to compliment the existing corps commands in the active duty component of the force by providing command to reserve units . It was assigned a shoulder sleeve insignia shortly thereafter . Though the corps was not activated , it remained on the organizational rolls of the Army , to be called on when needed . On 1 October 1933 , the corps was moved to the active duty roster , though it remained deactivated . = = = World War II = = = The corps headquarters was finally activated on 24 October 1940 at Fort Lewis , Washington as part of a large buildup of the US Army in response to conflicts around the world . It immediately began training of combat units in preparation for deployment . One year later , IX Corps took command of the Camp Murray staging area in Washington , responsible for training Army National Guard forces in addition to its responsibilities training active duty and reserve units . Following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in late 1941 , IX Corps was assigned to defensive duties on the West Coast of the United States , specifically the central and northern regions of the coast . The corps oversaw defenses on the West Coast for the majority of the war , but in 1944 it was moved to Fort McPherson , Georgia in preparation for deployment overseas . = = = = Planning = = = = The corps trained at Fort McPherson in preparation for deployment to the Pacific Theater of Operations . On 25 September 1944 , the corps closed headquarters at Fort McPherson and moved to Hawaii . When it arrived in Hawaii , IX Corps was put under the command of the Tenth United States Army . Under the Tenth Army , IX Corps was assigned two missions . In 1944 , it was primarily concerned with formulating plans for an invasion of the coastal regions of Japanese @-@ held China . Later in 1944 and early 1945 , it was placed in charge of preparing the rest of the Tenth Army for movement to Okinawa in preparation for an invasion of the island , which was launched in April 1945 . When General of the Army Douglas MacArthur took overall command of Pacific Forces , IX Corps was moved to Leyte in the Philippine Islands and was assigned to the Sixth United States Army in July 1945 . In Leyte , the corps was tasked with the planning of Operation Downfall , the invasion of mainland Japan , specifically the island of Kyushu . It was also tasked with planning occupation once Japan surrendered . IX Corps was assigned as one of four Corps under the command of the Sixth Army , with a strength of 14 divisions . With the 77th Infantry Division , the 81st Infantry Division and 98th Infantry Division , a force of 79 @,@ 000 men , IX Corps would serve as the Sixth Army 's reserve force during the initial invasion . Before the assault could be launched , Japan surrendered in August 1945 , following the use of nuclear weapons on Hiroshima and Nagasaki . = = = = Occupation = = = = Following the surrender , IX Corps was assigned command of occupation forces on the northern island of Hokkaidō . IX Corps transferred its headquarters in October 1945 to Sapporo for occupation duties . The next few years were a period during which the terms of the surrender were supervised and enforced ; Japanese military installations and material were seized , troops were disarmed and discharged , and weapons of warfare disposed of . The duties of the occupation force included conversion of industry , repatriation of foreign nationals , and supervision of the complex features of all phases of Japanese government , economics , education , and industry . As the occupation duties were accomplished , the occupation force continued to downsize as more troops returned home and their units were inactivated . By 1950 , the Sixth Army had left Japan , and the occupation force was reduced to the Eighth United States Army commanding two corps and four under @-@ strength divisions ; the I Corps , commanding the 24th Infantry Division and 25th Infantry Division , and the IX Corps , commanding the 1st Cavalry Division and the 7th Infantry Division . IX Corps had been moved to Sendai as the occupation forces shifted as a result of the downsizing . As part of further downsizing , IX Corps was inactivated on 28 March 1950 , and its command responsibilities were consolidated with other units . = = = Korean War = = = Only a few months later , the Korean War began , and units from Japan began streaming into South Korea . The Eighth Army , taking charge of the conflict , requested the activation of three corps headquarters for its growing command of UN forces . IX Corps was activated on 10 August 1950 at Fort Sheridan , Illinois . Most of its personnel were transferred from the headquarters of the Fifth United States Army . = = = = Pusan Perimeter = = = = IX Corps arrived at the Pusan Perimeter in Korea on 22 September 1950 , and became operational the next day when it took command of the 2nd Infantry Division and 25th Infantry Division . It took charge of the western flank of the perimeter , defending the Naktong River area against attacking North Korean units . Amphibious landings at Inchon by X Corps hit North Korean forces from behind , allowing I Corps and IX Corps to break out of Pusan , I Corps to the north and IX Corps to the south . Four days later I Corps troops pushed northward against crumbling enemy opposition to establish contact with forces of the 7th Infantry Division driving southward from the beachhead . Major elements of the North Korean Army were destroyed and cut off in this aggressive penetration ; the link @-@ up was effected south of Suwon on 26 September . The offensive was continued northwards , past Seoul , and across the 38th Parallel on 1 October . The momentum of the attack was maintained , and the race to the North Korean capitol , Pyongyang , ended on 19 October when elements of the South Korean 1st Infantry Division and US 1st Cavalry Division both entered the city . The advance continued , but against unexpectedly stiffening enemy resistance . On 25 October the first Chinese prisoners on the Eighth Army front were taken by I Corps troops . By the end of October the city of Chongju , forty miles from the Yalu River border of North Korea , had been captured . IX Corps advanced in the center of the Army , with I Corps along the west coast and X Corps operating independently further east . Commanders hoped the offensive would end the war " by Christmas . " = = = = Chinese intervention = = = = On 27 November , China entered the war on the side of North Korea against the UN . Massed Chinese attacks were immediately launched against troops of the corps , with Chinese forces penetrating the corps ' rear from its exposed east flank . The 2nd Infantry Division , at the front of IX Corp 's advance in Kunuri , was overwhelmed from all sides by Chinese forces of the 40th CPV Army Corps , and elements from the 38th CPV Army Corps on 29 November in the Battle of Kunuri . By 1 December , the division was almost completely destroyed ; it lost virtually all of its heavy equipment and vehicles , as well as suffering 4 @,@ 940 men killed or missing . The 25th Infantry Division , on its western flank , was also hit by overwhelming Chinese forces of the 39th CPV Army Corps , facing strong attacks and suffering heavy casualties and losses in equipment in the Battle of Ch 'ongch 'on River . However , it was spared the same losses as the 2nd Infantry Division by escaping across the Ch 'ongch 'on River . The Eighth Army suffered heavy casualties , ordering a complete withdraw to the Imjin River , south of the 38th parallel , having been devastated by the overwhelming Chinese force . IX Corps retreated along the western coast to safety via Anju . In the wake of the retreat , the disorganized Eighth Army regrouped and re @-@ formed . The 2nd and 25th Infantry Divisions had suffered so many losses that both divisions were designated combat ineffective , and were relegated to the Eighth Army 's reserve to rebuild . IX Corps was then assigned the 1st Cavalry Division , 24th Infantry Division , 1st Marine Division and South Korean 6th Infantry Division , as well as the 187th Airborne Regimental Combat Team . The corps ' American forces were also reinforced at this point with battalions from Greece and the Philippines , as well as the 27th Commonwealth Brigade . On 1 January 1951 , 500 @,@ 000 Chinese troops attacked the Eighth Army 's line at the Imjin River , forcing them back 50 miles and allowing the Chinese to capture Seoul . The Chinese eventually advanced too far for their supply lines to adequately support them , and their attack stalled . The Eighth Army , battered by the Chinese assault , began to prepare spring offensives to retake lost ground and keep the retreating Chinese forces from being able to rest . Following the establishment of defenses south of the capital city , General Matthew B. Ridgway ordered I , IX , and X Corps to conduct a general counteroffensive against the Chinese forces on 25 January , Operation Thunderbolt . The three corps advanced north with IX Corps at the center of the line , on both sides of the Han River . The corps were to advance steadily northward , protected by heavy artillery and close air support , until they captured Seoul . IX Corps was tasked with capturing Chipyong @-@ ni , southeast of Seoul while providing support to the other two corps . However , it encountered stiff resistance from Chinese forces dug into the hilly country around Chipyong @-@ ni and was still bogged down in combat by 2 February . Chinese forces had established machine gun nests in the hillside and mined roads to slow the corps ' advance . In response , X Corps launched Operation Roundup , hoping to take pressure off of IX Corps and to force the Chinese to abandon Seoul . Between February and March , the corps participated in Operation Killer , pushing Chinese forces north of the Han River . This operation was quickly followed up with Operation Ripper , which retook Seoul in March . After this , Operations Rugged and Dauntless in April saw Eighth Army forces advance north of the 38th parallel and reestablish themselves along the Kansas Line and Utah Line , respectively . In March , the 187th Airborne Regimental Combat Team and the 1st Marine Division were reassigned , and the corps was given command of the 7th Infantry Division and the South Korean 2nd Infantry Division in their place . In late April , the Chinese launched a major counterattack . 486 @,@ 000 Chinese troops assaulted I Corps and IX Corps ' sector of the lines . Most of the UN forces were able to hold their ground , but the Chinese broke through at Kapyong , where the South Korean 6th Division was destroyed by the 13th CPV Army Corps , which penetrated the line and threatened to encircle the American divisions to the west . The 1st Marine Division and 27th British Commonwealth Brigade were able to drive the 13th Army Corps back while the 24th and 25th Divisions withdrew on 25 April . The line was pushed back to Seoul but managed to hold . A second offensive the next month was similarly unsuccessful , as Chinese and North Korean forces suffered heavy casualties but were unable to push back the Eighth Army forces . The I and IX Corps had blunted the offensive at the No Name Line , just north of Seoul . = = = = Stalemate = = = = In September , the UN Forces launched another counteroffensive with the 24th Infantry Division at the center of the line , west of the Hwachon Reservoir . Three of I Corps divisions advanced behind the 24th Infantry Division in Operation Commando . Flanked by the South Korean 2nd and 6th Divisions , the 24th advanced past Kumwha , engaging the 20th and 27th CPV Armies . These attacks were fierce , though enemy resistance was not as strong as it had been in previous offensives . In November , the Chinese attempted to counter this attack , but were unsuccessful . It was at this point , after several successive counteroffensives that saw both sides fighting intensely over the same ground , that the two sides started serious peace negotiations . In January 1952 , IX Corps was again reorganized , now containing the 7th Infantry Division and the newly arrived 45th Infantry Division . Two months later , it was reorganized with the 2nd Infantry Division , the 40th Infantry Division , and the South Korean 2nd , 3rd , and Capital Divisions . In October 1952 , Chinese forces conducted a large offensive against IX Corps ' sector , against the hilly countryside around the Iron Triangle region of Chorwon , Kumhwa , and Pyongyang . The 38th CPV Field Army sent heavy assaults against the South Korean forces guarding Hill 395 in the Battle of White Horse . At the same time , Chinese forces attacked Arrowhead Hill , which was held by the 2nd Infantry Division two miles away . Both hills changed hands several times , but after two weeks and almost 10 @,@ 000 casualties , the Chinese were unsuccessful in capturing either objective and withdrew . On 14 October 1952 , IX Corps launched an offensive , Operation Showdown , intended to improve its defensive lines by capturing a complex of hills and force Chinese lines back . This complex included Pike 's Peak , Jane Russell Hill , Sandy Hill , and Triangle Hill , northeast of Kumhwa . The 7th Infantry Division advanced , encountering resistance from the 15th Chinese Field Army . In the ensuing Battle of Triangle Hill , the four hills were captured and recaptured by both sides several times in the heaviest fighting that year . Eventually , the UN forces withdrew having been unsuccessful in capturing their objectives . UN forces suffered 9 @,@ 000 killed and the Chinese suffered 19 @,@ 000 killed or wounded during the fighting . The result of the battle had only been a slight improvement in IX Corps ' positions , as Chinese positions had been too well fortified for the UN forces to take and hold the ground . For the remainder of the year , US and Chinese forces both conducted a series of smaller raids on each other 's lines , avoiding major conflicts , as armistice negotiations continued unsuccessfully . In November , the Chinese launched another offensive to retake ground lost during these operations , which was again repulsed by UN forces . In January 1953 , IX Corps was reorganized for the last time and now consisted entirely of South Korean forces . It retained command of the South Korean 3rd Infantry Division and Capital Division , and gained command of the South Korean 9th Infantry Division . The corps maintained a position around Chorwon , flanked to the west by I Corps and to the east by the South Korean II Corps . Though the South Korean II Corps saw a major attack against its lines in July 1953 , IX Corps and its divisions only fought in limited engagements , usually with company @-@ sized formations attacking or defending fortified positions against the Chinese until the end of the war . No major attacks against the corps were conducted through 1953 , until the armistice was signed in July , ending the war . = = = After Korea = = = Following the armistice , IX Corps remained on the front lines in Korea in case hostilities erupted again . On 1 January 1954 , it was reassigned from the Eighth Army to the Far East United States Army Forces . Camp Sendai was Headquarters XVI and then IX Corps during the 1950s . In November 1956 , over three years after the signing of the armistice , IX Corps headquarters left the front lines , moving to Fort Buckner , Okinawa , and the divisions under its command were shifted to the command of other headquarters . There , as a part of consolidation of US forces in the region , IX Corps merged with the US Army 's Ryukyus command to form a joint command element on 1 January 1957 . The command oversaw administrative duties of US forces in the Ryukyu Islands area . On 2 February 1956 , IX Corps moved from mainland Japan to Fort Buckner , Okinawa , where it merged with Headquarters Ryukyus Command , to form HQ RYCOM / IX Corps on 1 January 1957 . ( Globalsecurity.org ) The Army had previously in the late 1940s formed Ryukyu Command from the previous Okinawa Base Command . In 1961 , part of the IX Corps was split into the 9th Regional Support Command , subordinate to the US Army Pacific command . Though the 9th Regional Support Command was an independent unit , it continued to operate closely with IX Corps . It received a distinctive unit insignia in 1969 . In 1972 , following further consolidation of US forces in the area , the US Army command on the Ryukyus was disbanded , and IX Corps merged with United States Army Japan to form a consolidated command of all US forces in the western Pacific region . There , its responsibilities included administrative oversight of US forces as well as conducting training and exercises with US and other units in the region . A major change in the Army 's command and organizational structure in the Pacific occurred on 15 May 1972 , in conjunction with the return of Okinawa to Japanese control after twenty @-@ seven years of administration by the United States . Under the complex reorganization that accompanied reversion , Headquarters , IX U.S. Army Corps , was transferred from Okinawa and collocated with Headquarters , U.S. Army Japan , to form Headquarters , U.S. Army , Japan / IX Corps , at Camp Zama , Japan . On Okinawa , Headquarters , U.S. Army , Ryukyu Islands , and Headquarters , 2d Logistical Command , were inactivated and a U.S. Army Base Command , Okinawa , was established to command and support all Army units there and perform the theater logistic functions for United States and allied forces in the Pacific . For the next 20 years , IX Corps remained in the region conducting training and oversight to US Army forces in the area , and as such it was never deployed to support any other US Army contingencies . IX Corps remained a command component of United States Army Japan until 1994 , when it was inactivated . At this point , the lineage of the corps was assumed by the 9th Theater Army Area Command , which was activated in its place . Lieutenant General James E. Moore was : Commanding General , IX Corps / Ryukyu Command / Deputy Governor , Ryukyu Islands , 1956 – 1957 . Commanding General , IX Corps / U.S. Army Ryukyu Islands / Deputy Governor , Ryukyu Islands , 1957 . Commanding General , IX Corps / U.S. Army Ryukyu Islands / U.S. High Commissioner , Ryukyu Islands , 1957 – 1958 . Lieutenant General Donald P. Booth was : Commanding General , IX Corps / U.S. Army Ryukyu Islands / U.S. High Commissioner , Ryukyu Islands , 1958 – 1961 . Lt. Gen. Albert Watson , II was : Commanding General , U.S. Army , Ryukyu Islands , Aug 1964 – Oct 1966 Lt. Gen. Ferdinand T. Unger was : Commanding General , U.S. Army , Ryukyu Islands , O c t . 1966 – still in post Apr 1967 during GAO study on computers U.S. Army Ryukyu Islands ( USARYIS ) was active at lest until from 22 April 1969 – 21 October 1970 . = = Honors = = The IX Corps was awarded one campaign streamer for service in World War II , and nine campaign streamers and two unit decorations during its service in the Korean War for a total of ten streamers and two unit decorations in its operational history . = = = Unit decorations = = = = = = Campaign streamers = = =
= Percy Fender = Percy George Herbert Fender ( 22 August 1892 – 15 June 1985 ) was an English cricketer who played 13 Tests and was captain of Surrey between 1921 and 1931 . An all @-@ rounder , he was a middle @-@ order batsman who bowled mainly leg spin , and completed the cricketer 's double seven times . Noted as a belligerent batsman , in 1920 he hit the fastest recorded first @-@ class century , reaching three figures in 35 minutes which remains a record in 2013 . On the basis of his Surrey captaincy , contemporaries judged him the best captain in England . As early as 1914 Fender was named one of Wisden 's Cricketers of the Year . After war service in the Royal Flying Corps he re @-@ established himself in the Surrey team and became captain in 1921 . His captaincy inspired the team to challenge strongly for the County Championship over the course of several seasons , despite a shortage of effective bowlers . Alongside his forceful though sometimes controversial leadership , Fender was an effective performer with bat and ball , although he lacked support as a bowler . From 1921 , he played occasionally in Tests for England but was never particularly successful . Despite press promptings , he was never appointed Test captain , and following a clash with the highly influential Lord Harris in 1924 , his England career was effectively ended . Further disagreements between Fender and the Surrey committee over his approach and tactics led the county to replace him as captain in 1932 and to end his career in 1935 . A very recognisable figure , Fender was popular with his team and with supporters . Cartoonists enjoyed caricaturing his distinctive appearance , but he was also well known outside cricket for his presence in society . In addition to his cricket career , Fender worked in the wine trade , had a successful career in journalism , and wrote several well @-@ received books on cricket tours . He worked well into the 1970s , even after going blind . He died in 1985 . = = Early life = = Fender was the elder son of Percy Robert Fender , the director of a firm of stationers , and Lily , née Herbert . Born in Balham , Surrey , in 1892 , he was encouraged to play cricket by his mother 's family who were involved in Brighton club cricket , and from the age of eight he attended cricket matches to watch Sussex when visiting them . First educated at St George 's College , Weybridge , then at St Paul 's School , London , Fender did not excel academically , but was proficient in many sports . At St Paul 's , Fender began to attract attention as a cricketer . Awarded his school colours in 1908 , he remained in the school team for three years . In 1909 , he topped the school 's batting averages , scoring a century in one match against Bedford School . In the same game , he was criticised by his schoolmaster for bowling lobs . Fender 's success led to his selection for a representing Public Schools XI against the Marylebone Cricket Club ( MCC ) at Lord 's . His success for St Paul 's continued in 1910 , but his school career came to an abrupt end following an argument between his father and the High Master of the school . The dispute concerned a cricket match which Fender had played without parental permission , and his father was unhappy that cricket was taking precedence over academic studies . Fender was removed from the school immediately ; he still came top of the batting averages for 1910 but although selected , he was not allowed to play at Lord 's that summer as he was no longer a schoolboy . Despite his successes , St Paul 's cricket masters did not consider him a reliable cricketer ; he was criticised for taking too many risks when batting and for experimenting with too many different styles while bowling . Fender 's biographer , Richard Streeton , observes that " Fender 's experiments were frowned upon from his earliest days but ... already there was never any shortage of ideas in his cricket thinking . " = = County cricketer before the First World War = = = = = Sussex career = = = While at school , Fender spent his summers with his grandparents in Brighton , which qualified him to play County Cricket for Sussex . When he left school in 1910 , he attracted the interest of the club and , after success in both local cricket and second @-@ team matches , he made his first @-@ class debut on 21 July as an amateur in Sussex 's County Championship match against Nottinghamshire . He played one other game that season , against Worcestershire , where he was shaken by the pace of two opposing bowlers . In the two games , Fender scored 19 runs and took one wicket . After the 1910 cricket season , Fender worked in a paper mill in Horwich , Lancashire , to experience paper manufacturing — his father 's line of business — at first hand . While feeding paper into a machine , his left hand was trapped in the mechanism and injured . Three of his fingers were crushed at the tips ; upon healing , they remained stiff and numb for the rest of his life . Fender remained in Horwich at the start of the 1911 cricket season and played several times for Manchester Cricket Club . He was on the verge of selection for Lancashire when he had to return to Brighton . That season he played twice for Sussex ; the following year , in his second match for the county , he scored his maiden first @-@ class century , against Oxford University . He followed this by taking five for 42 ( five wickets taken and 42 runs conceded ) against Surrey . After these successes , Fender played regularly for the remainder of the 1912 season . In total , he scored 606 runs at an average of 24 @.@ 24 , and , bowling medium pace , took 16 wickets at an average of 25 @.@ 50 . In 1913 , Fender was a regular member of the Sussex county side . In the first two months of the season , he made a considerable impact ; in 21 innings with the bat , he scored six fifties and one century . His reputation as an exciting , big @-@ hitting batsman grew quickly , and he was chosen in the representative Gentlemen v Players matches at Lord 's and The Oval . His performances for the Gentlemen , a team of amateurs , were unsuccessful , and the failure affected his form for the rest of the season . Wisden Cricketers ' Almanack commented that he was not worth his place in the team in these latter months . Even so , he reached 1 @,@ 000 first @-@ class runs in a season for the first time : 1 @,@ 163 runs at an average of 23 @.@ 73 . He also took 34 wickets at 35 @.@ 08 . = = = Move to Surrey = = = Fender initially wanted to be a barrister , but his family could not afford the costs . By 1914 , he was working for the firm of paper manufacturers and stationers of which his father was managing director . Although he permitted Fender to play cricket , his father believed that sport and a business career were incompatible . Fender disagreed , suggesting that the contacts made in county cricket offset the lost working time . To aid his business career , Fender moved to London during the winter of 1913 – 14 . Fender was qualified by his birthplace to play for Surrey , and the county was happy to register him for the County Championship . Fender attended to business matters before and after each day 's play , and often combined Surrey 's trips to away matches with business meetings . Socially , Fender became a familiar figure in clubs and the theatre . He became friends with the actor Jack Hulbert and developed an interest in musical theatre , for which he provided financial support ; he also wrote lyrics for some songs . By the end of the 1914 season , Fender had convinced his father that he could successfully combine cricket and business . His improvement as a cricketer was recognised when was chosen as one of Wisden 's Cricketers of the Year for 1914 . As a player , Fender quickly made an impact for Surrey . He took a hat @-@ trick in his second game , and scored a century in his fifth , to establish his popularity with the Surrey crowds . During the season Fender scored 820 runs , often very quickly , and took 83 wickets including some through experimenting with leg spin bowling . According to Wisden his worth was measured by more than figures : " As a match winning factor he is a far greater force on a side than his records would suggest . " In a powerful Surrey side he batted aggressively , bowled more frequently than at Sussex — mainly as a support bowler to the main attack — and established a reputation as a slip fielder . A team @-@ mate judged that Fender was the " making " of the team , and Wisden commented that " he always seemed the right man in the right place " . A late replacement in the Gentlemen v Players game at Lord 's , Fender was not particularly successful but made a good impression on critics . The season ended prematurely because of the outbreak of war in August 1914 . Surrey had established a commanding lead in the County Championship table ; as their nearest challengers had no objection , the MCC declared them as county champions . = = = Career in wartime = = = Immediately following the cancellation of county cricket in 1914 , Fender enlisted in the army , joining the Inns of Court Regiment . Commissioned as a lieutenant in the Royal Fusiliers , Fender disliked the routine of army life . With the help of the cricketer Pelham Warner , who worked in the War Office , he was transferred to the Royal Flying Corps in 1915 . Fender was initially stationed in London , where he was involved in work repelling Zeppelin attacks , before being sent to India in 1916 . Soon after his arrival , he became ill with dysentery , possibly cholera and several other diseases . He returned to England to recover but was left weak for much of the following two years . Army doctors were unsure what exactly was wrong with Fender and he remained in their care until 1918 . He played some charity cricket in 1917 and 1918 , but did not return to light duties with the Royal Flying Corps until the latter year . Just as he seemed to have recovered fully , he fractured his left leg in five places playing football at the end of 1918 . He remained on crutches throughout the remainder of 1918 and 1919 , missing the resumption of county cricket in 1919 . While incapacitated , Fender attempted to gain a place at Caius College , Cambridge , but was turned down owing to the restriction his injury placed upon his cricket , and his desire to concentrate on academic interests to further his business career — the interviewing panel only wanted him as a cricketer . Although he recovered in time to play in the 1920 season , his leg troubled him for the remainder of his career ; he was left with a minor limp , and long spells of fielding left him in pain . = = Captain and leading cricketer = = = = = Appointment as Surrey captain = = = Surrey 's official captain for 1920 , Cyril Wilkinson , missed much of the 1920 season and was unavailable for the opening matches . As the only amateur in the team who was expected to play regularly , Fender was appointed as captain in Wilkinson 's absence . He led the team to victory in his first two matches in charge , and ten of his first twelve games . Wilkinson resumed the leadership at several points during the season , but his return in the final weeks coincided with a poor run of results . He consequently withdrew for two crucial games , and allowed Fender to captain the side . That year Surrey had few effective bowlers ; Fender was the leading wicket @-@ taker with 109 wickets in County Championship games . In all first @-@ class matches he took 124 wickets at an average of 21 @.@ 40 to reach 100 wickets in a season for the first time . Inconsistent with the bat , particularly in the latter half of the season , he scored 841 runs at 20 @.@ 51 . In almost every match Fender contributed , either with bat , ball or in the field . His captaincy was very effective ; his flair and willingness to use unconventional tactics were unusual at the time . This was quickly noticed by the public , who appreciated Surrey 's entertaining brand of cricket . Several games were won by Surrey after Fender used unorthodox methods to force the pace . In addition , Fender 's batting and bowling swayed several games in Surrey 's favour . Surrey finished third in the County Championship , but lost their final match , against Middlesex , when victory would have made them champions . Surrey needed 244 to win but Fender 's instruction to his batsmen to attempt to score faster had an adverse effect , and he later blamed himself for the defeat . Nevertheless , he was appointed permanent captain for the following season . Against Northamptonshire in one of the last games of the 1920 season , Surrey had passed Northamptonshire 's score and were in a dominant position when Fender batted . He was dropped early on but batting in a carefree , aggressive style , reached 100 runs in 35 minutes , as of 2013 still the fastest individual century on record in first @-@ class cricket . In total , he scored 113 not out and shared a partnership of 171 runs in 42 minutes with Alan Peach . Although acknowledged to be a fast innings , Fender 's century was not recognised as a record at the time ; cricket records were not widely kept or studied , and other innings were believed to have been quicker . Surrey went on to win the match . Chosen for the Gentlemen v Players , Fender had his first success in the fixture , hitting 50 in 40 minutes , the highest score for the Gentlemen in the match ; it may have influenced his selection for the MCC team to tour Australia . Some sections of the press suggested Fender should captain that team , but Reginald Spooner was initially appointed by the MCC ; when he was unavailable , J. W. H. T. Douglas became captain . Fender was included in the team , and the press regarded his selection as a formality . = = = Test match cricketer = = = During the MCC tour of Australia , England lost every game of the five @-@ match Test series . Fender played infrequently and with little success during the early part of the tour . Douglas rarely used him as a bowler , and for the first Test , he was omitted from the team at the last minute and was twelfth man . He was eventually selected for the third Test ; Jack Hearne was unavailable owing to illness , and Fender had recently been successful in a tour game . The tour manager Frederick Toone had suggested that Fender should replace Douglas as captain , an idea which had the support of two of the team 's leading professionals , but Douglas refused . Fender made his Test debut on 14 January 1921 but achieved little with bat or ball , partly owing to his lack of match practice in the preceding weeks . He dropped a catch from Charles Kelleway , who went on to score 147 runs . Nevertheless , Fender retained his place in the team for the remainder of the series . In the fourth Test , he took five for 122 , and achieved five for 90 in the fifth and final game . He led the English Test bowling averages with 12 wickets at an average of 34 @.@ 16 , and was the only England spin bowler to make the ball turn on the hard Australian pitches , though he was not particularly accurate . With the bat , he scored 59 in the fourth Test and passed 40 in two other innings . In the last game of the tour , against South Australia , Fender took 12 wickets , including seven for 75 in the first innings . In general , he withstood the hot weather better than his team @-@ mates , but his weak leg made fielding painful on the hard ground . In all first @-@ class games on the tour , he scored 325 runs at 27 @.@ 08 and took 32 wickets at 32 @.@ 71 . As an amateur , Fender was not paid for the tour , but some of his expenses were paid by the MCC . However , tours at the time often left many amateurs out of pocket . To offset their costs , Fender and his team @-@ mate Rockley Wilson wrote for several newspapers and magazines during the tour . Their comments were criticised in Australia , particularly in the final Test when Wilson criticised the behaviour of the Australian spectators . Fender was barracked several times by the crowds when reports reached Australia of his newspaper columns ; occasionally , the crowds chanted " Please Go Home Fender " , making a play on his initials ; Fender made light of this , joining in by conducting the barrackers . In subsequent tours , the MCC forbade cricketers from writing about matches in which they were playing . On his way home , Fender wrote an account of the tour which was published as Defending the Ashes . However , he did not elaborate on his own opinions , and left out any controversy . The Australian team joined the MCC cricketers on the journey to England , to play a further five Tests in 1921 . Once again , some newspapers suggested Fender should captain the England team , but Douglas was initially retained ; as the series progressed , several writers lamented the fact that Fender was overlooked . Fender began the season poorly and was not picked for the first three Tests , all of which were won by Australia . The England selectors tried 30 players in the course of the summer , many of whom critics did not consider to be of suitable quality . Fender began to take wickets consistently in the middle of the season , and scored a century in the Gentlemen v Players match , so he was chosen for the fourth Test . The game was drawn , affected by rain . Fender scored 44 not out and took two for 30 in the game . The final match was also a rain @-@ ruined draw ; Fender retained his place but had little success . He later said that he learned a great deal from Warwick Armstrong 's captaincy of the Australians . Fender had greater success for Surrey in 1921 . For the second year in succession Surrey played Middlesex in the final game of the season , to decide the County Championship , and again they lost . They finished second in the table , but were hampered by a lack of quality bowling . Wisden praised Fender 's handling of his modest bowling resources , and stated that much of Surrey 's success came from his captaincy . Several of Surrey 's wins were very close , and came after Fender declared . Fender included a lob bowler , Trevor Molony , in three games ; lob bowling had practically died out from first @-@ class cricket , and Molony was the last specialist underarm bowler selected in county cricket . But Molony met with limited success and faded out of cricket . Owing to the lack of alternatives , Fender had to use his own bowling frequently , and often conceded many runs . Wisden said he was generally effective with the ball and described his fielding as " dazzling " , but suggested that his best batting came for teams other than Surrey . In all first @-@ class matches Fender completed the double of 1 @,@ 000 runs and 100 wickets for the first time ; he scored 1 @,@ 152 runs at 21 @.@ 33 and took 134 wickets at 26 @.@ 58 . He also took 53 catches to become the first cricketer to pass 50 catches while completing the double ; as of 2013 , only Peter Walker has also done so . = = = Peak in county cricket = = = Fender completed the double in 1922 with 1 @,@ 169 runs and 157 wickets , Surrey finished third in the Championship , and once again the lack of effective bowling hindered the team . Wisden described the team 's success as " nothing less than a triumph for Mr Fender " . Despite damp weather which did not suit his style , he bowled more than his share of overs , often because there were few alternative bowlers . Wisden said : " Essentially a change bowler [ one who bowls while the main bowlers are rested ] — the best in England , as he has been aptly described — he became by force of circumstances the chief attacking force " . He bowled mainly leg spin , but often bowled successfully at medium pace . Wisden praised his inspirational captaincy , and concluded : " Over and above all this he was , by general consent , by far the best of the county captains , never losing his grip of the game and managing his side with a judgement that was seldom at fault . " During the season , Fender began to wear glasses in an attempt to cure headaches ; the remedy worked , although he later discovered there was nothing wrong with his eyesight , and the lenses he wore were little more than plain glass . The first time he wore glasses , Fender scored 185 in 130 minutes against Hampshire . Other rapid scoring feats included 91 in 50 minutes against Leicestershire and 137 in 90 minutes against Kent . There were no Tests in 1922 , but Sydney Pardon wrote that Fender was the only amateur who could be guaranteed a place on ability alone in an England team . Late in the season , Fender was involved in a public dispute with Lord Harris over the qualification of Alfred Jeacocke to play for Surrey . Harris , the influential treasurer of the MCC and chairman of Kent , had noticed that Jeacocke 's qualification had lapsed when he moved across the border from Surrey to Kent , albeit living on the same road . Fender , privately furious with Harris , publicly defended Jeacocke , and the press supported him ; the rules were altered the following season to allow Jeacocke to continue to play for Surrey . Fender was chosen in the MCC team to tour South Africa in 1922 – 23 , but despite support from journalists , he was not chosen as captain . Frank Mann led the team ; his appointment was criticised in the press , which judged him to lack playing ability and suggested that the selectors favoured those associated with Lord 's — Mann was Middlesex captain . Mann appointed Fender his vice @-@ captain on the journey to South Africa , but played every match on the tour to leave Fender with no opportunity to lead the side . England won the Test series 2 – 1 , but Fender had some difficulties playing on the matting pitches used in South Africa , on which the ball bounced and turned in a different fashion from the turf on which cricket was played in England . He began in good batting form , scoring 96 in the first match , and he passed fifty on two other occasions , including an uncharacteristically defensive innings of 60 in the third Test , but his batting faded as the tour progressed . He was generally successful as a bowler , but proved expensive in the Tests . However , his best bowling performance according to his team @-@ mates came in the second Test , when he took four for 29 on the first day ; all the South Africans found it difficult to bat against him , and he later described it as one of the best bowling spells of his career . He played in all five Tests , scoring 128 runs at an average of 14 @.@ 22 and taking 10 wickets at 41 @.@ 80 , while in all first @-@ class games , he scored 459 runs at 22 @.@ 95 and took 58 wickets at 19 @.@ 58 . In 1923 Fender enjoyed his best all @-@ round season , scoring 1 @,@ 427 runs and taking 178 wickets . The former was the second best aggregate of his career , the latter his highest total of wickets . Again , there were no Test matches , but Fender played in two Test trials . He was successful in the first match , taking six for 44 and scoring 49 runs , but his performance was overshadowed by continued controversy over the captaincy ; Fender was not asked to captain a side in either match . The press questioned why the selectors ignored Fender 's captaincy claims even though , in the view of journalists , he was the most deserving candidate . One writer suggested that Lord 's " resented " Fender 's success , and that politics prevented his appointment . At that time it was usual for amateurs and professionals to enter the field of play from different gates ; Fender 's habit was to use the same gate as his professionals . This brought a rebuke for Fender from Lord Harris , who said : " We do not want that sort of thing at Lord 's , Fender " . Surrey finished fourth in the Championship , hampered once again by their lack of bowlers ; their batsmen frequently made large scores but the team could not bowl out the opposition and many games were drawn . Fender 's batting continued to be effective , but he demonstrated a more restrained approach and improved his defence . Again , he had a heavy bowling workload given the lack of support , and Wisden said that he bowled with " pronounced spin and variety of device " . = = = Controversy and loss of England place = = = Fender 's form dipped in 1924 after a good start with bat and ball ; thereafter , despite occasional successes , he lacked consistency . Surrey finished third in the Championship , and Fender contributed 1 @,@ 004 runs and 84 wickets in all first @-@ class matches . Once again , Fender was a candidate for the England captaincy — South Africa played a Test series that season , and the MCC were to tour Australia in 1924 – 25 . The eventual appointment of Arthur Gilligan was criticised in the press , which again speculated why Fender was not chosen . Fender 's prospects of leading England receded further when he clashed once more with Lord Harris . The MCC had rebuked two county committees for covering their pitches prior to matches against the South Africans during a spell of wet weather . Fender pointed out in a letter published by the press that Lord Harris and the MCC were aware that this was common practice at the Scarborough Festival , despite their claims to the contrary . When Fender next played at Lord 's , the furious Lord Harris summoned Fender to admonish him . Fender always regretted his indiscretion and believed it finished any chance he had of the England captaincy . Fender played in the first two Tests , without much success , and was dropped ; he played only one more Test in his career . Gilligan was injured during the series , but the selectors recalled Douglas as captain rather than select Fender . When the team to tour Australia that winter was chosen , Fender was not selected , a decision which upset him deeply . Fender was married at the end of the 1924 cricket season , and in the off @-@ season wrote about the MCC tour of Australia for the Daily Express . In 1925 , Fender returned to his best form , completing the double with 1 @,@ 042 runs and 137 wickets . Surrey finished second in the table and by the end of the season had not lost a Championship match at the Oval for five years . However , they never challenged the champions , Yorkshire , and this proved to be the last time under Fender 's leadership that the team finished near the top of the Championship table . In the view of the press , Fender remained a potential England captain for the Ashes series in 1926 , but Arthur Carr was chosen . In his survey of England cricket captains , Alan Gibson suggests that Fender and Carr were the only two realistic candidates by that time — other county captains either lacked the skill to play Tests or had already been tried and discarded . When Carr was dropped before the final Test , the journalist Home Gordon reported that a " certain amateur " — Gibson suggests this must have been Fender — was waiting by the phone for news that he was to captain England . In the event , Percy Chapman took over for the final match and England regained the Ashes . However , Streeton believes that by this stage , Fender was never likely to be chosen ; he played in a Test trial match and for the Gentlemen against the Players , but Greville Stevens was preferred in the England team . In all first @-@ class matches , Fender completed the double again with 1 @,@ 043 runs and 112 wickets . After the season , he joined a short tour of Jamaica led by Lord Tennyson , playing three first @-@ class matches . = = Final years = = = = = Late 1920s = = = In the following seasons , Surrey dropped steadily down the Championship table . Fender failed to reach 1 @,@ 000 runs in 1927 , although his average of 31 @.@ 96 was his best for five seasons ; he also took 89 wickets at 25 @.@ 75 . That season , he achieved one of the best bowling performances of his career when he took six wickets in 11 balls against Middlesex , to become the first player in first @-@ class cricket to take six wickets in so few deliveries . This remained a record until 1972 when Pat Pocock took seven wickets in 11 balls . Fender went on to take seven wickets in 19 balls ; his final analysis was seven for 10 . The following two seasons were his best with the bat ; in 1928 , he scored 1 @,@ 376 runs at 37 @.@ 18 , his highest average in a season , and in 1929 he scored 1 @,@ 625 runs , his highest run aggregate . He was less successful with the ball : in 1928 he took 110 wickets but his bowling average rose to 28 , and took 88 wickets at an average of over 30 in 1929 . His good form at the start of 1929 led to his recall to the England team , and he played one Test against South Africa . This was his final Test ; overall , in 13 Tests , he scored 380 runs at an average of 19 @.@ 00 and took 29 wickets at 40 @.@ 86 . By that season , Surrey had fallen to tenth in the table . = = = Involvement with Bradman and Bodyline = = = During the MCC tour to Australia in 1928 – 29 , the Australian batsman Donald Bradman made his Test debut . Covering the tour as a journalist , Fender judged that Bradman " was one of the most curious mixtures of good and bad batting I have ever seen " , but was not convinced by his ability at the time . Bradman came to England with the Australian touring team in 1930 , and was extremely successful ; during the course of the season , Fender completely changed his mind — not least when Bradman , particularly determined to succeed against Fender following his criticism , scored 252 against Surrey . Fender played fewer matches than in previous seasons , as he was writing on the Tests for a newspaper ; in the 1930 season , he scored 700 runs and took 65 wickets . Meanwhile , the Australian victory in the Test series owed much to Bradman , who scored 974 runs in seven innings , breaking several records in the process . His success , and the manner of it , concerned the English authorities , and Fender among others believed that success against Bradman was to be found in adopting new tactics . In his newspaper reports that summer , Fender was critical of Bradman 's batting during one spell in the final Test when he batted unconvincingly against fast bowler Harold Larwood on a pitch affected by rain . Fender passed this information on to his Surrey colleague Douglas Jardine , who was later named England captain for the MCC tour of 1932 – 33 . Over the following months , Australian journalists kept Fender informed of developments in batting in that country , information which he passed on to Jardine . Jardine later conceived the strategy of Bodyline , where fast bowlers bowled at the batsmen 's leg stump , frequently pitching the ball short and hitting him . The tactic was contentious , and created much ill @-@ feeling between the players . Fender did not cover the tour as a journalist , as his newspaper sent Jack Hobbs instead . However , during the tour Jardine wrote to inform Fender that much of his information had been correct and that he was adapting his tactics accordingly . Fender later insisted that his role was minor in creating the strategy , but he was close to both Jardine and Arthur Carr , who discussed the plans before the tour began ; some writers suggested that the original idea was Fender 's . = = = Resignation and retirement = = = Early in 1931 Fender offered to resign as Surrey 's captain , to give Jardine more experience of leadership before he assumed the England captaincy , but Surrey declined . Fender scored 916 runs and took 84 wickets that season . However , the Surrey committee were becoming disillusioned with Fender as captain after he had missed matches in 1930 to work as a journalist . Another point of contention was that Fender , against the wishes of the committee , preferred to keep in @-@ form professional players in the team instead of playing amateurs when they were available . There were disagreements over expenses , and the committee disapproved when Fender declared Surrey 's innings closed after one ball , to make up time in a rain @-@ affected match . A series of other controversial incidents further antagonised the committee . As a result , Fender was dismissed in January 1932 , a move rumoured in the press for some time and which was quickly leaked . The club released a statement which said Fender would only stand down if a suitable replacement could be found , before Jardine was officially appointed in March . It is likely that the uncertainty arose because Jardine took his time in accepting the position . Fender supported Jardine 's appointment , and pledged to continue playing under his captaincy . Fender played less frequently in the following seasons , as his appearances were restricted by journalistic and business requirements . He scored over 400 runs in each season between 1932 and 1935 and scored two centuries in that time , both in 1933 . With the ball , he took over 60 wickets in each season , although with higher bowling averages than earlier in his career . Having played regularly for the Gentlemen against the Players throughout his career , he made his last appearance in the match in 1934 . He continued to be an effective member of the county team , which he occasionally led when the regular captain — initially Jardine , later , Errol Holmes — was absent . Prior to the 1936 season Holmes suggested to Fender that he should play fewer games for Surrey that year . Rather than do so , Fender preferred not to play at all , and he informed the committee that he would no longer represent the county . The committee publicly thanked Fender , but the reasons for the sudden termination of his county career are unclear ; rumours suggested that some factions at Surrey wanted Fender out of the club . In the event , Fender played two first @-@ class matches in 1936 , captaining MCC teams against Oxford and Cambridge universities ; these were his final appearances in first @-@ class cricket . In all first @-@ class matches , he scored 19 @,@ 034 runs at an average of 26 @.@ 65 , and took 1 @,@ 894 wickets at 25 @.@ 05 . He continued to play minor cricket for some time , and maintained his association with the sport for many years . His most notable appearance came after the war , when he captained an " Old England XI " , featuring many former England players , against Surrey in 1946 in a match to celebrate Surrey 's centenary . During the Second World War , Fender joined the Royal Air Force . He worked in southern England with a responsibility for moving men and equipment , and was mentioned in dispatches for his role in preparations for the Allied invasion of Europe . Later , he was posted to various parts of the world in his role in movements . In the 1920s , Fender was approached four times to stand for Parliament as a Conservative Party candidate and declined each time . Between 1952 and 1958 , he served as a Conservative member on the London County Council and later was appointed Deputy Lieutenant of London . In the late 1970s , Fender became blind , and moved in with his daughter , although continuing to run his business . He travelled to Australia in 1977 to attend celebrations that marked 100 years of Test cricket and was the oldest man there . In his final years , he moved into a nursing home and died there on 15 June 1985 . = = Style and technique = = = = = Batting , bowling and fielding = = = As a batsman , Fender 's approach was aggressive ; whatever the circumstances he hit the ball very hard , and his ability to play a variety of strokes made it difficult for captains to place fielders effectively . He batted with his weight mainly on his front foot and used powerful wrist @-@ work to send the ball in different directions while playing the same stroke . Among his favoured shots were the drive , pull and cut . Other than his 35 @-@ minute century , he played many innings in which he scored quickly , and the cricket historian Gerald Brodribb has calculated that Fender was among first @-@ class cricket 's fastest scorers , with an average rate of 62 runs an hour . He also recorded several notably powerful hits , including one which sent the ball 132 yards . Fender 's aggressive approach made him an inconsistent scorer , but Surrey had a strong batting side and his hitting power was more valuable to the team than if he had played in more orthodox fashion . The side 's batting strength meant that Fender rarely had to play defensively , although he could do so if the situation demanded . Originally a fast @-@ medium bowler — a style to which he sometimes reverted when Surrey were short of bowlers — Fender 's main bowling style was wrist spin , and he could spin the ball effectively . He gripped the ball differently from most wrist spinners , using his thumb and first two fingers , and would attempt any kind of unorthodox delivery if he thought it might be effective . To deceive the batsman he varied the position from which he bowled and the height of his arm , and occasionally bowled deliberate full tosses or long hops to surprise them . Fender hoped that , in his eagerness to score from an apparently innocuous ball , the batsman would mis @-@ hit , a tactic he would often try when the batsman was playing defensively . Fender 's love of experimentation and his surprise variations made him difficult for batsmen to face , but produced inconsistent results and he sometimes conceded many runs . His Wisden obituary suggests that Fender would have been better employed as a " fourth or fifth bowler in a strong bowling side " , but Surrey 's weakness in bowling meant that he had to do far more work than was ideal for his style and approach . Despite his experimentation , critics regarded him as a reliable bowler using his primary method , and The Times described him as " subtle in flight and with artful variations " . Fender fielded mainly at slip . He possessed quick reactions and could move quickly to catch balls hit some distance from him . His technique was unorthodox ; he crouched low when waiting for the ball with one leg stretched behind him , like a sprinter ready to begin a race . Good catching was vital in a Surrey side which possessed weak bowling , making his contributions even more important , and critics regarded him as one of the best slip fielders in England . The journalist and cricket writer John Arlott wrote of Fender : " Unmistakable on the field , lanky , bespectacled , curly @-@ haired , slouching along , hands deep in pockets and wearing a grotesquely long sweater , he was immortalised by cartoonist Tom Webster " . This appearance made him a favourite of cartoonists generally , and Fender enjoyed this fame , particularly the cartoons of Webster who drew Fender in a long sweater before he ever wore one ; Fender then adopted them to match his image . Similarly , he continued to wear glasses on the field after discovering that he did not need them . = = = Captaincy = = = Contemporary critics believed that Fender 's handling of a limited bowling side while Surrey captain in the 1920s , and his achievements in taking the county to high positions in the County Championship , made him the best captain in England . Team @-@ mates and opponents praised his captaincy skills , and described him as the best they had known . His Times obituary stated : " [ Fender ] was a sharp captain , quick to observe the slightest opportunity of advantage and ready to gamble on his ability to exploit it . His keen eye for weakness in an opponent and ability to extract and employ the best powers of his own players caused him often , and with reason , to be described as the best county captain who never captained England . No more flexible thinker on cricket ever lived . " Always willing to take risks in order to win , Fender 's main objective was to surprise the opposition ; legends grew of his successful ploys . Prior to Fender , few county captains displayed tactical imagination ; Fender inspired his teams to play forceful , entertaining cricket which made him and his Surrey team very popular . His leadership was often specifically commented on by the press , an unusual occurrence in county cricket reports . In particular , his declarations often were the subject of attention and controversy — he often declared , contrary to orthodox tactics at the time , before his side had built up a big lead or even before they reached the opposition 's first innings total . One of his favoured approaches was for the batsmen in the lower middle @-@ order to hit out at the bowling , no matter the state of the match ; if successful , the team either quickly consolidated a position of strength or regained the initiative if earlier batsmen had failed . Fender also used non @-@ regular bowlers in an attempt to unsettle batsmen . His innovative approach included the introduction of caps with larger peaks to shade his players ' eyes from the sun , and he recruited a baseball coach to improve their throwing . Although often a candidate in the press to captain England , Fender was never chosen to do so . Rumours circulated at the time about the reasons . One suggestion was that he was overlooked because he was Jewish , but Fender said he was not Jewish and in any case did not believe this would have been a problem . Other purported reasons included that he had not been to Oxford or Cambridge , and that he was in the wine trade , which was considered an unsuitable career for a gentleman , but in later life Fender dismissed these as potential factors . In fact , not everyone approved of Fender 's captaincy . He was sometimes accused of gamesmanship , for example by persuading umpires that conditions were unfit for play until they favoured his team . He occasionally used negative tactics when he was unhappy with the approach of the opposition — in one game where the opposition had not declared , he slowed down play to the extent that one over took 12 minutes to bowl . Opponents recalled other uses of time @-@ wasting tactics , deliberate damaging of the pitch by Surrey players to assist their bowlers , and intimidation of both the opposition and umpires . The cricket writer Martin Williamson suggests that " in an era where gentlemen played by the rules , Fender was adroit at stretching the Laws to snapping point . " Fender 's attitude towards amateurs also brought him into opposition with others . His disinclination to play amateurs in the Surrey team unless they were talented enough was opposed by the Surrey committee — the Surrey president , H. D. G. Leveson Gower , wished Fender to include friends and contacts whom Fender did not consider worth a place in the team . According to E. W. Swanton : " While always highly popular with the teams he led , his relations with the Surrey authorities were also apt to be difficult . " Fender attempted to unite the amateurs and professionals in the team through using one gate to enter the field , and stopped the practice of separate lunches and teas . He planned to end the tradition of using separate changing rooms , until stopped by the professional Hobbs . Fender 's proposals shocked senior cricket figures , and caused another clash with the influential Lord Harris ; allied to other disagreements between the pair , it may have ended his England career . The deeply conservative cricket establishment may also have resented Fender 's unorthodoxy on the cricket pitch . Fender made himself more unacceptable by mocking establishment figures such as Leveson Gower ; a team @-@ mate later remarked that Fender " was often his own worst enemy " . Fender also believed that the controversy over his journalism in 1921 counted against him with the MCC committee . According to Wisden , Fender 's limited success at Test level " may have saved the selectors , who were thought never to favour him as a captain of England , an embarrassing problem " . His Wisden obituary concluded : " He was one of the most colourful figures in the cricket world for many years ... and was widely regarded as the shrewdest county captain of his generation " . = = Cricket journalism = = While still a cricketer , Fender wrote for several London newspapers and magazines , and also broadcast on the radio . Although remaining in England , he commented on the 1924 – 25 Ashes series for the Sunday Express and became involved in an argument which arose during the tour over the merits of professional captaincy ; Fender believed professionals would make good captains . He also wrote about the 1926 series , and drew criticism from Australians when he called their sportsmanship into question . He later wrote regularly for the Evening News and The Star ; to the irritation of other journalists , he became the first man to use a typewriter in the press box . Fender wrote four books on cricket tours : his 1920 – 21 account Defending the Ashes , an account of the 1928 – 29 tour which he covered as a journalist , and books about the 1930 and 1934 Australian tours of England . A fifth book , more autobiographical in nature , followed later . The Times described Fender as " an astute critic of the game " whose accounts were " well @-@ observed and analytical " . Wisden found his writing outspoken at times , but rated his four tour books as among the best available . In 2012 , the cricket journalist Steven Lynch wrote that Fender " can probably be credited with revolutionising the [ cricket ] tour book . Previously they were often travelogues , but Fender included serious in @-@ depth analysis of the play , backed up with copious statistics " . = = Personal life = = Fender worked for his father , including periods spent in France and Belgium , up until the outbreak of war in 1914 , but when he returned from active service found the business frustrating . With his father 's approval , he left the firm to start his own wine business with his brother Robert . The business thrived , in part owing to Fender 's wide range of connections , and he remained chairman and managing director until 1976 . For a time , Fender produced his own whiskey brand , which he tried to sell when touring South Africa with the MCC in 1922 – 23 , but competition from the larger distilling companies meant that it was a short @-@ lived success . After the Second World War , he had to rebuild his wine firm , which had suffered from wartime restrictions and hardships , this time assisted by his son . He and Robert also established a paper merchants called Fender Brothers , although he later relinquished his shares in the company . Meanwhile , he maintained his connections with Crescens Robinson and followed his father as chairman of the company from 1943 to 1968 . The press closely followed Fender 's activities in his personal life , reporting his activities at dances , races and shooting . As such , he had a high profile , and was easily recognisable to the general public . In September 1924 , he married Ruth Clapham , a well @-@ known figure in society and the daughter of a Manchester jeweller , whom he met in Monte Carlo in 1923 . The couple had two children ; Ruth died suddenly in 1937 from Bright 's disease . Fender remarried in 1962 , but his second wife , Susan Gordon , died in 1968 .
= Bull Run River ( Oregon ) = The Bull Run River is a 21 @.@ 9 @-@ mile ( 35 @.@ 2 km ) tributary of the Sandy River in the U.S. state of Oregon . Beginning at the lower end of Bull Run Lake in the Cascade Range , it flows generally west through the Bull Run Watershed Management Unit ( BRWMU ) , a restricted area meant to protect the river and its tributaries from contamination . The river , impounded by two artificial storage reservoirs as well as the lake , is the primary source of drinking water for the city of Portland , Oregon . It is likely that Native Americans living along the Columbia River as early as 10 @,@ 000 years ago visited the Bull Run watershed in search of food . Within the past few thousand years they created trails over the Cascade Range and around Mount Hood , near the upper part of the Bull Run watershed . By the mid @-@ 19th century , pioneers used these trails to cross the mountains from east to west to reach the fertile Willamette Valley . In the 1890s , the City of Portland , searching for sources of clean drinking water , chose the Bull Run River . Dam @-@ building , road construction , and legal action to protect the watershed began shortly thereafter , and Bull Run water began to flow through a large pipe to the city in 1895 . Erosion @-@ resistant basalt underlies much of the watershed , and streams passing over it are relatively free of sediments . However , turbidity increases when unstable soils sandwiched between layers of basalt and other volcanic rocks are disturbed and wash into the river during rainstorms . Despite legal protections , about 22 percent of the protected zone was logged during the second half of the 20th century , and erosion increased . For a time in 1996 , Portland had to shut down the Bull Run supply because of turbidity and switch to water from wells . A law passed later that year prohibited most logging in or near the watershed , and since then the Portland Water Bureau and the United States Forest Service have closed many of the logging roads and removed culverts and other infrastructure contributing to erosion . Mature trees , most of them more than 500 years old and more than 21 inches ( 53 cm ) in diameter , cover about half of the watershed , and the rest of the watershed is also heavily forested . Annual precipitation ranges from 80 inches ( 2 @,@ 000 mm ) near the water supply intake to as much as 170 inches ( 4 @,@ 300 mm ) near the headwaters . More than 250 wildlife species , including the protected northern spotted owl , inhabit this forest . Downstream of the BRWMU , the watershed is far less restricted . In the late 19th century , an unincorporated community , Bull Run , became established near the river in conjunction with a hydroelectric project and a related railroad line . About 6 miles ( 10 km ) of the lower river is open to fishing and boating , and the land at the confluence of the Bull Run and Sandy rivers has been a public park since the early 20th century . = = Course = = The Bull Run River begins at Bull Run Lake , a natural body of water modified slightly by the Portland Water Bureau , near Hiyo Mountain in the Mount Hood Wilderness . Originating in Clackamas County north of Forest Road 18 ( Lolo Pass Road ) , its unnamed headwater tributaries enter the lake . Flowing northwest from the lake , the river immediately enters Multnomah County and continues generally northwest for about 5 miles ( 8 km ) . Along this stretch , the river flows by a United States Geological Survey ( USGS ) stream gauge at river mile ( RM ) 20 @.@ 9 or river kilometer ( RK ) 30 @.@ 6 , passes under Forest Road 1025 and Forest Road 10 and receives Blazed Alder Creek from the left and Log Creek and Falls Creek , both from the right . Then the river turns southwest and passes another stream gauge just before entering Bull Run River Reservoir 1 at RM 15 ( RK 24 ) . Also entering the reservoir are Fir Creek from the left , North Fork Bull Run River from the right , then Deer , Cougar , and Bear creeks , all from the right . The Bull Run River exits the reservoir via a spillway 11 miles ( 18 km ) from the river mouth . Forest Road 10 runs roughly parallel to the right bank of the river from near the headwaters to Southwest Bull Run Road , near the mouth . Entering Bull Run River Reservoir 2 , the river receives Camp Creek from the left , re @-@ enters Clackamas County , and receives South Fork Bull Run River from the left . The river exits the reservoir via a spillway at about RM 6 ( RK 10 ) . Below Reservoir 2 , Forest Road 10 ( Waterworks Road ) is on the river 's right bank , and Forest Road 14 is on the left . The river flows by a stream gauge at RM 4 @.@ 7 ( RK 7 @.@ 6 ) and passes under Forest Road 14 before receiving the Little Sandy River from the left at about RM 2 ( RK 3 ) . The river then turns northwest , passes under an unnamed road and then under Southeast Bull Run Road near the unincorporated community of Bull Run , which is on the river 's right , and the defunct powerhouse of the Bull Run Hydroelectric Project , which is on the left . Southeast Camp Namanu Road runs roughly parallel to the river along its right bank from here to the mouth . Along this stretch , the river receives Laughing Water Creek from the right and enters the Sandy River at Dodge Park , about 18 @.@ 5 miles ( 29 @.@ 8 km ) miles from the larger river 's confluence with the Columbia River . = = = Discharge = = = The USGS and the water bureau operate a stream gauge at RM 4 @.@ 7 ( RK 7 @.@ 6 ) , which is 1 @.@ 8 miles ( 2 @.@ 9 km ) downstream from Bull Run Reservoir 2 and the water system intake . Measurements are for the river only and do not include water diverted upstream of the gauge to the city water supply or to a former power plant . The maximum flow at this station was 24 @,@ 800 cubic feet per second ( 700 m3 / s ) on December 22 , 1964 , and the minimum flow was 1 @.@ 1 cubic feet per second ( 0 @.@ 031 m3 / s ) on October 4 , 1974 . The drainage area above this gauge is 107 square miles ( 280 km2 ) , about 77 percent of the whole watershed . The maximum flow occurred during the floods of December 1964 and January 1965 , rated by the National Weather Service as one of Oregon 's top 10 weather events of the 20th century . Since 1966 , the USGS has monitored the flow of the Bull Run River at a stream gauge 14 @.@ 8 miles ( 23 @.@ 8 km ) from the mouth . The average flow between then and 2008 was 404 cubic feet per second ( 11 @.@ 4 m3 / s ) . This is from a drainage area of 47 @.@ 90 square miles ( 124 @.@ 06 km2 ) , about 34 percent of the entire watershed . The maximum flow recorded during this period was 15 @,@ 800 cubic feet per second ( 450 m3 / s ) on November 5 , 1999 . The minimum was 30 cubic feet per second ( 0 @.@ 85 m3 / s ) on October 28 – 31 , 1987 . The uppermost stream gauge on the main stem is at RM 20 @.@ 9 ( RK 30 @.@ 6 ) , 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) downstream from the outlet structure at Bull Run Lake . In operation since 1992 , the gauge recorded an average flow of 26 @.@ 1 cubic feet per second ( 0 @.@ 74 m3 / s ) between then and 2009 . This was from a drainage area of 5 @.@ 08 square miles ( 13 @.@ 2 km2 ) , about 4 percent of the total watershed . The maximum flow recorded during this period was 148 cubic feet per second ( 4 @.@ 2 m3 / s ) on February 7 , 1996 . The minimum was 8 @.@ 2 cubic feet per second ( 0 @.@ 23 m3 / s ) on October 28 , 1992 . In addition to the three main @-@ stem gauges , the USGS operates five other stream gauges in the Bull Run watershed . Each of the following tributaries has one gauge : Fir Creek , Blazed Alder Creek , the North Fork , the South Fork , and the Little Sandy . Near the outlet structure of Bull Run Lake , a USGS water @-@ stage recorder at RM 21 @.@ 9 ( RK 46 @.@ 8 ) has collected data on lake levels since 1992 . The maximum lake content between then and 2009 was 48 @,@ 340 acre feet ( 59 @,@ 630 @,@ 000 m3 ) on February 9 , 1996 , and the minimum was 31 @,@ 080 acre feet ( 38 @,@ 340 @,@ 000 m3 ) on October 29 , 1992 . The two Bull Run reservoirs are also equipped with water @-@ stage recorders . = = Geology = = Columbia River basalts , 10 to 20 million years old , that underlie much of the Bull Run watershed are exposed near the bottoms of steep canyons along the river and its tributaries . In the western half of the watershed , the Rhododendron formation , rich in sediments , overlies the basalt , and later volcanic flows of basalt and andesite overlie both older formations . Areas of thick talus occur in the eastern part of the watershed at elevations higher than 2 @,@ 500 feet ( 760 m ) above sea level , and north @-@ facing slopes above 2 @,@ 600 feet ( 790 m ) show evidence of glaciation . Over many centuries , streams in the watershed have carved canyons through the Rhododendron formation to the level of the basalt . Since basalt resists erosion , water traveling over it remains relatively free of sediments . Less than 2 percent of the watershed is at high risk for landslides . The Bull Run River 's three reservoirs — Bull Run Lake , Bull Run Reservoir 1 , and Bull Run Reservoir 2 — are oligotrophic and do not sustain many life forms . Bull Run Lake is in a steep @-@ sided cirque blocked at its lower end by a series of lava flows topped by debris from a glacial moraine . Small streams flow into the lake from ridges above it , and water exits the lake mainly by seeping through porous rock to enter the Bull Run River about 0 @.@ 5 miles ( 0 @.@ 80 km ) downstream . Evidence suggests that over the past several thousand years , although forest fires in the area and volcanic activity on Mount Hood or Mount St. Helens have caused temporary changes in the lake 's limnological condition , it " has always returned to conditions similar to those seen at present . " Turbidity is sometimes a problem in Reservoirs 1 and 2 when unstable soils sandwiched between layers of lava erode into tributaries , especially the North and South forks . = = History = = = = = First peoples = = = Archeological evidence suggests that Native Americans lived along the lower Columbia River as early as 10 @,@ 000 years ago . The area near what later became The Dalles , on the Columbia east of the mouth of the Sandy River , eventually became an important trading center . The Indians established villages on floodplains and traveled seasonally to gather huckleberries and other food on upland meadows , to fish for salmon , and to hunt elk and deer . Although no direct evidence exists that these lower @-@ Columbia Indians traveled up the Sandy , it is likely that they did . Traces of these people include petroglyphs carved into the rocks of the Columbia River Gorge . Within the past few thousand years , Indians created trails across the Cascade Range around Mount Hood . In the 19th century , this trail network linked the Wascopam Mission near The Dalles to settlements in the Willamette Valley . One popular trail crossed over Lolo Pass , near the headwaters of the Bull Run River , and another , which later became the Barlow Road , met the Lolo Pass trail roughly where the Zigzag and Salmon rivers enter the Sandy . Indians from villages along the Columbia , Clackamas , and other rivers also traveled by water to the lower Sandy River area to fish for salmon and to gather berries , nuts and roots . The Klickitat tribe referred to Bull Run Lake as Gohabedikt , meaning " Loon Lake " . = = = Explorers , settlers , and waterworks = = = Before the Lewis and Clark Expedition of 1805 , few Europeans or European @-@ Americans had visited the Sandy River basin . One of the first documented visits to the upper Sandy occurred in 1838 , when Daniel Lee drove cattle from the Willamette Valley to Wascopam via the Indian trail over Lolo Pass . By 1840 , pioneers were using the trail to cross the Cascades , and the Barlow Road , following another old trail , opened in 1846 . One of its branches ran along the Devil 's Backbone , a ridge separating the Sandy and Little Sandy basins . A few of these newcomers settled along the Sandy River . In 1886 , the Portland Water Committee , predecessor of the Portland Water Bureau , began a search for a superior drinking water source . The committee , led by Henry Failing , commissioned Isaac W. Smith , an engineer and surveyor , to inspect any viable water supply in the region . Smith chose the Bull Run River , and a five @-@ month survey trip led him to conclude that a gravity @-@ flow system could deliver clean water from Bull Run to Portland . In 1892 , U.S. President Benjamin Harrison signed a proclamation creating a protected area , the Bull Run Reserve , in the watershed . By 1895 Portland had built a diversion dam on the Bull Run River , and completed its first conduit ( Conduit 1 ) to carry Bull Run water to the city . At about the same time as the Smith survey , a small farming community , at first named Unavilla but renamed Bull Run in 1895 , grew up near the confluence of the Bull Run and Sandy rivers . Meanwhile , improvements to the Barlow Road encouraged population growth along the lower Sandy and the establishment of cities like Gresham and Sandy . Even so , by 1900 much of the upper Sandy basin was still remote , wild , and accessible mainly by trails . Expanding the system 's storage and delivery capacities in stages , the city built Conduit 2 from Bull Run to Portland in 1911 , and in 1917 constructed a small dam at the high water outlet of Bull Run Lake . In 1921 , the city replaced the headworks diversion dam with a new one , about 40 feet ( 12 m ) high , and added Conduit 3 . In 1929 , Portland built Dam 1 ( the Ben Morrow Dam ) , which is about 200 feet ( 61 m ) high . To keep pace with population growth and increasing water demands , the city created Reservoir 2 behind Dam 2 . The new dam , completed in 1962 at the site of the headworks dam , is a rockfill structure , 110 feet ( 34 m ) high . By that time , the city had already replaced the aging Conduit 1 with Conduit 4 . = = = Hydroelectric projects = = = The lower Bull Run River changed dramatically in 1906 , when the Mount Hood Railway and Power Company ( MHR & P ) began work on the Bull Run Hydroelectric Project . The project included a powerhouse on the Bull Run River at RM 1 @.@ 5 ( RK 2 @.@ 4 ) , and a diversion dam on one of its largest tributaries , the Little Sandy River , 1 @.@ 7 miles ( 2 @.@ 7 km ) from its confluence with the Bull Run River . Water from the Little Sandy Dam diverted much of the Little Sandy 's flow through a wooden flume about 3 @.@ 2 miles ( 5 @.@ 1 km ) long to a 140 @-@ acre ( 0 @.@ 57 km2 ) reservoir called Roslyn Lake and from there to the powerhouse . To begin the project , the MHR & P needed access to the powerhouse site . At the time , it took three hours by stagecoach to reach Bull Run from an electric railway depot in Boring . Roads in the area had to be planked to be usable during heavy rains . Access improved in mid @-@ 1911 , when the company finished construction on a 22 @-@ mile ( 35 km ) railway line between the Montavilla neighborhood in east Portland and Bull Run . In 1912 , the year the powerhouse began generating electricity , the MHR & P merged with the Portland Railway , Light and Power Company , ( PRL & P ) , which later modified the line for use by electric trolleys . In 1913 , the PRL & P , the predecessor of the electric utility company known as Portland General Electric ( PGE ) , expanded the hydroelectric project by building Marmot Dam at RM 30 ( RK 48 ) on the Sandy River , from which it diverted water through canals and tunnels , the longest of which was 4 @,@ 690 feet ( 1 @,@ 430 m ) , to the Little Sandy River upstream of the Little Sandy Dam . This increased the maximum flow along the flume to Roslyn Lake from about 200 cubic feet per second ( 5 @.@ 7 m3 / s ) to about 800 cubic feet per second ( 23 m3 / s ) . Since the combined flow entered the lower Bull Run River after leaving the powerhouse , the system altered the flows of three rivers . In 1999 , close to a century after the start of the project , PGE announced that it would remove the Marmot and Little Sandy dams and related equipment and close the 22 @-@ megawatt powerhouse because of costs associated with maintenance and fish protection . Marmot Dam was demolished in 2007 and the Little Sandy Dam in 2008 , restoring natural flows to the Sandy and Little Sandy . In 1982 , work on the Portland Hydroelectric Project , unrelated to the Bull Run Hydroelectric Project , began generating electricity at powerhouses below the dams at Reservoirs 1 and 2 on the Bull Run River . Portland sells the electricity from a 24 @-@ megawatt plant at Dam 1 and a 12 @-@ megawatt plant at Dam 2 to PGE , which operates and maintains the equipment . PGE , a corporation with home offices in Portland , has many other sources of electricity , which it sells to customers in a 4 @,@ 000 @-@ square @-@ mile ( 10 @,@ 000 km2 ) service area in the northern Willamette Valley . = = = Logging = = = Extensive timber cutting in the Sandy River basin began in the mid @-@ 19th century in response to a demand for wood from the Portland metropolitan area . Logging intensified in the lower basin through the 20th century as sawmills became established in Sandy , Boring , Brightwood and other settlements in the region , and railroad spurs extended into the forests . In 1904 , President Theodore Roosevelt signed into law the Bull Run Trespass Act to forbid activities such as camping and livestock grazing in the Bull Run Reserve . Except for activity related to the waterworks , the protected area changed little until the 1950s , when the United States Forest Service began to advocate logging in the Reserve . After the U.S. Congress passed the Multiple Use – Sustained Yield Act of 1960 stressing timber production in the national forests , the Forest Service in the 1960s and 1970s built about 170 miles ( 270 km ) of forest roads in the watershed . Before the road @-@ building and heavy logging , " The watershed [ had ] remained almost inviolable for nearly 60 years , its runoff protected by a largely unbroken expanse of centuries @-@ old trees , " according to a member of the Bull Run Advisory Committee , a scientific panel commissioned by the City of Portland in 1977 to review issues related to Bull Run . In 1973 , Joseph Miller , Jr . , a retired Portland physician , sued the Forest Service , claiming that its logging violated the Bull Run Trespass Act . In 1976 , U.S. District Judge James M. Burns agreed , and logging was halted . Shortly thereafter , Congress rescinded the Bull Run Trespass Act and replaced it with the Bull Run Watershed Management Act of 1977 , which created the Bull Run Watershed Management Unit ( BRWMU ) ( replacing the Bull Run Reserve ) and legalized further Bull Run logging unless it could be shown to reduce water quality . Logging and the debate about logging continued . In 1994 about 75 percent of the BRWMU was made into a reserve for protecting the northern spotted owl and other species dependent on old @-@ growth forests . In February 1996 , runoff from unusually heavy rains in the watershed washed so much eroded soil into the Bull Run storage reservoirs that the City had to shut down the Bull Run supply and switch during the crisis to its emergency supply from a well field along the Columbia River . Later in 1996 , Congress passed the Oregon Resources Conservation Act , which prohibited logging on all Forest Service lands within the Bull Run water supply drainage and another 3 @,@ 500 acres ( 14 km2 ) of land that drained to the lower Bull Run River . In 2001 , the Little Sandy Act extended the prohibitions to the entire BRWMU and public lands along the Little Sandy River . Between 1958 and 1993 , when the last timber @-@ cutting took place in the BRWMU , about 14 @,@ 500 acres ( 59 km2 ) , roughly 22 percent of the water supply drainage , were logged . Since then , to reduce erosion from the outmoded logging infrastructure , the Forest Service and the water bureau have been decommissioning parts of the Bull Run forest road network , which had grown to 346 miles ( 557 km ) . By autumn 2008 , they had closed 78 miles ( 126 km ) of roads , were dismantling another 63 miles ( 101 km ) , and were removing 245 culverts . = = Watershed = = The Bull Run watershed drains 139 square miles ( 360 km2 ) , most of which is in the Mount Hood National Forest in Multnomah and Clackamas counties in northwest Oregon . The confluence of the Bull Run and Sandy rivers at Dodge Park , about 20 miles ( 32 km ) east of downtown Portland , marks the watershed 's western ( downstream ) end , while on the east it borders Hood River County , and at Hiyo Mountain it is about 6 miles ( 9 @.@ 7 km ) northwest of Mount Hood in the Cascade Range . It is a sub @-@ watershed of the Lower Columbia – Sandy Watershed . Elevations within the watershed range from 4 @,@ 750 feet ( 1 @,@ 450 m ) at Buck Peak on the watershed 's northeastern boundary to 243 feet ( 74 m ) at the mouth of the Bull Run River . As the main source of Portland 's drinking water , the watershed is largely restricted to uses related to water collection , storage , and treatment , and to forest management . The city 's drinking water protection area consists of the 102 square miles ( 260 km2 ) of the basin upstream of the water supply intake at RM 6 @.@ 2 ( RK 10 ) . The protection area is part of a larger restricted zone , the BRWMU , which covers 143 square miles ( 370 km2 ) . It lies mostly within Multnomah and Clackamas counties but extends in places along its eastern edge into Hood River County . As of 2010 , the Forest Service manages 95 percent of the BRWMU on land owned by the federal government ; the Portland Water Bureau manages the 4 percent that is owned by the City of Portland , and the Bureau of Land Management manages the remaining 1 percent , which is on federal land . Small portions of the watershed that are along the lower main stem or along tributaries are partly outside the BRWMU and fall under other jurisdictions . Watersheds bordering the Bull Run River drainage basin are those of the West Fork Hood River to the east and northeast , the Sandy River to the south and west , and the Columbia River to the north . Small Columbia River tributaries , each with a subwatershed bordering the Bull Run watershed , flow north from a ridge between the Bull Run and Columbia rivers . These include Eagle , Tanner , Moffett , McCord , Horsetail , Oneonta , Multnomah , and Bridle Veil creeks , which plunge over one or more waterfalls as they enter the Columbia Gorge . = = = Climate = = = The climate along the Bull Run River is typical of the western Oregon Cascades foothills . Annual precipitation ranges from 80 inches ( 2 @,@ 000 mm ) near the intake for the Portland water supply to as much as 170 inches ( 4 @,@ 300 mm ) near the headwaters . Summers are dry , and winters , especially November through January , are wet . At low elevations , most of the precipitation arrives in the form of rain , but at higher elevations 25 to 30 percent of the moisture arrives as snow . Fog drip may add significantly to total precipitation in the vicinity of Bull Run Lake . A study published in 1982 suggested that standard rain gauges placed in open areas might be underestimating the contribution of fog drip to heavily forested parts of the watershed by up to 30 percent . Accumulated snow is rare at elevations up to 2 @,@ 000 feet ( 610 m ) above sea level but sometimes reaches 6 to 10 feet ( 1 @.@ 8 to 3 @.@ 0 m ) above 4 @,@ 000 feet ( 1 @,@ 200 m ) . Melting snow adds to streamflow in April and May , and dry soil inhibits streamflow in August . Generally , temperatures are mild . Lows in January range from just below freezing to about 25 ° F ( − 4 ° C ) , while July highs are usually about 80 ° F ( 27 ° C ) . The Natural Resources Conservation Service ( NRCS ) of the United States Department of Agriculture operates snow telemetry ( SNOTEL ) stations at three places in the Bull Run watershed to help predict how much water will be available from melting snow . Snow depths and density vary with time and location . At the Blazed Alder Creek station , the highest of the three at 3 @,@ 650 feet ( 1 @,@ 110 m ) above sea level , the mean snow @-@ water equivalent ( SWE ) ( the amount of water in the accumulated snow ) ranged in 2009 from 0 in July – October to about 50 inches ( 1 @,@ 300 mm ) in April . A station on the North Fork at an elevation of 3 @,@ 060 feet ( 930 m ) reported a minimum mean SWE of 0 in July – October 2009 and a maximum of about 37 inches ( 940 mm ) in April . In the same year at the South Fork station , elevation 2 @,@ 690 feet ( 820 m ) , the mean SWE varied from 0 in June – September to about 10 inches ( 250 mm ) in March . = = = Infrastructure = = = Although most of the watershed is generally closed to the public , the protected area includes forest roads , buildings , three dams and reservoirs , two hydroelectric power stations , and other infrastructure used by government employees who manage the forest and the water supply system . The system includes a concrete dam and spillway , added to the natural outlet of Bull Run Lake . The dam , completed in about 1960 , was preceded in 1915 by a timber @-@ and @-@ rockfill structure and later by other measures to increase the lake 's storage capacity and to prevent seepage . These measures raised the lake 's usable storage from about 2 @.@ 8 billion US gallons ( 11 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 m3 ) to about 4 @.@ 3 billion US gallons ( 16 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 m3 ) , an increase of about 55 percent . Dam 1 , which impounds Reservoir 1 , is a concrete arch @-@ gravity dam about 200 feet ( 61 m ) high , and Dam 2 , a rockfill structure about 110 feet ( 34 m ) high , impounds Reservoir 2 . Although the two reservoirs combined can hold up to about 17 billion US gallons ( 64 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 m3 ) , their total usable storage is only about 10 billion US gallons ( 38 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 m3 ) . The raw water intake ( headworks ) at Bull Run is just below Dam 2 . This is where water is diverted from the river for chlorination and then routed into three distribution conduits for delivery to Portland . About 23 percent of the watershed 's annual runoff is diverted to the city 's water supply . The main roads within the BRWMU include Forest Road 10 , which runs for much of its length along the north side of the river . It links the community of Bull Run near the mouth of the river and Forest Road 18 ( Lolo Pass Road ) east of Bull Run Lake . Branching off Forest Road 10 downstream of Reservoir 2 , Forest Roads 12 and 14 form a loop south of the river . The loop extends as far east as Goodfellow Lakes , near the source of the Little Sandy River . Below the BRWMU , Bull Run Road , open to the public , crosses the river between the community of Bull Run and Dodge Park . The Bull Run River Bridge , a 240 @-@ foot ( 73 m ) Pennsylvania @-@ petit truss span that carries Bull Run Road , was originally the west truss of the Burnside Bridge over the Willamette River in downtown Portland . It includes parts made of wrought iron as well as steel , and its truss portals incorporate nautical design elements meant for Portland , an inland seaport . Built in 1894 , the bridge was moved to Bull Run in 1926 , when a new Burnside Bridge replaced the old one . The Sandy River Bridge over the Sandy River at Dodge Park , just upriver from the mouth of the Bull Run River , was the 300 @-@ foot ( 91 m ) east truss of the Burnside Bridge . = = = Flora and fauna = = = Thick forests cover about 95 percent of the watershed . Douglas @-@ fir is the dominant tree species in the basin below 3 @,@ 400 feet ( 1 @,@ 000 m ) above sea level , where western redcedar thrives in moist areas and western hemlock also grows . Douglas @-@ fir and noble fir are the dominant species at higher elevations , and Pacific silver fir is the climax species . Mature trees , which cover about 54 percent of the watershed , are mostly more than 500 years old and have diameters exceeding 21 inches ( 53 cm ) . Trees between 9 inches ( 23 cm ) and 21 inches ( 53 cm ) in diameter cover about 34 percent of the basin , while younger , smaller trees dominate the remaining 12 percent . The forest floors support many smaller plants such as salal and sword fern . About 5 percent of the watershed consists of unvegetated water bodies or bare rock and a tiny fraction of meadow . More than 250 wildlife species , including peregrine falcon , bald eagle and northern spotted owl are thought to frequent the watershed . Migratory birds such as loons use the basin for feeding and nesting as they travel along the Pacific Flyway . Native fish species include chinook and coho salmon , steelhead , coastal cutthroat trout , Pacific lamprey , and rainbow trout , but since 1922 the headworks dam or its successor , Dam 2 , have blocked anadromous fish passage to the upper river and its tributaries . Many amphibian and reptile species thrive near streams and ponds . Roosevelt elk , American black bear , coyote , cougar , black @-@ tailed deer , North American river otter , American mink , and North American beaver are among the mammals found in the watershed . = = Recreation = = Adjacent to the confluence of the Bull Run and Sandy rivers , 14 @-@ acre ( 5 @.@ 7 ha ) Dodge Park offers tree @-@ shaded picnic areas , a swimming hole , a sandy beach , and a boat ramp for launching rafts , kayaks , and drift boats on the Sandy River . The Portland Water Bureau owns and maintains the park , established in the early 20th century . Originally called Bull Run Park , it was renamed for Frank Dodge , superintendent of the water bureau from 1897 to 1914 . Until supplanted by automobile highways , the electric trolley to Bull Run carried passengers to and from the park until 1930 . The water bureau estimates that at least 30 @,@ 000 people visited the park in 1926 . As of 2015 , the bureau has plans to restore and improve the park as time and money allow . Although most of the Bull Run River watershed is closed to the public , whitewater enthusiasts sometimes run the lower 2 @.@ 5 @-@ mile ( 4 @.@ 0 km ) stretch from the Bull Run Road bridge to the Sandy River . The put @-@ in place for the run is just below the powerhouse , and the take @-@ out is at Dodge Park . The run features a permanent slalom course near the put @-@ in , six class 3 rapids in the first 2 miles ( 3 km ) , and a short stretch of class 2 water at the end of the run . Fishing is limited to the lower reaches of the river . Hatchery Chinook salmon and summer and winter steelhead are sometimes caught near the confluence with the Sandy River , and catch and release fishing for wild trout is allowed from the mouth of the river to the edge of the Bull Run watershed reserve . Access to the Bull Run Watershed Management Unit is generally limited to government employees and guests on official business , and security guards keep watch on its three gated entrances . However , the water bureau offers public tours in the summer and fall , and hikers may use the Pacific Crest Trail , which runs along the eastern edge of the watershed near Mount Hood . The bureau has been averaging about 85 group tours a year .

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