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= Boys ' Ranch = Boys ' Ranch was a six @-@ issue American comic book series created by the veteran writer @-@ artist team of Joe Simon and Jack Kirby for Harvey Comics in 1950 . A Western in the then @-@ prevalent " kid gang " vein popularized by such film series as " Our Gang " and " The Dead End Kids " , the series starred three adolescents — Dandy , Wabash , and Angel — who operate a ranch that was bequeathed to them , under the adult supervision of frontiersman Clay Duncan . Supporting characters included Palomino Sue , Wee Willie Weehawken , citizens of the town Four Massacres , and various Native Americans , including a fictional version of the real @-@ life Geronimo . Noted for its use of single and double @-@ page illustrations , the series has been lauded as one of Simon and Kirby 's most significant creations . It was briefly revived through reprints in 1955 , and all six issues were reprinted in a hardcover edition by Marvel Comics in 1991 with an introduction by Jim Simon . = = Publication history = = Western @-@ style adventures involving boys in ranch settings were already present in American popular culture with the juvenile fiction of authors such as Frank V. Webster and Dale Wilkins as well as the 1946 MGM film , Boys ' Ranch . By the late 1940s , the writer @-@ artist team of Joe Simon and Jack Kirby was enjoying the commercial success of the duo 's Young Romance and Young Love romance comics titles , and had formed a studio that employed artists such as Mort Meskin , Steve Ditko , John Prentice , Marvin Stein , Bruno Premiani , George Roussos , Bill Draut , and others . In 1950 , Simon & Kirby launched two new titles : Black Magic , for the Crestwood Publications imprint Prize Comics , and Boys ' Ranch for Harvey Comics ( which had previously published two short @-@ lived Simon – Kirby titles , Stuntman and the Boy Explorers , in 1946 ) . According to a biographical page in one of the issues , Simon and Kirby claimed they had spent ten years researching what became Boys Ranch , traveling to Texas , Wyoming , and Arkansas . They were influenced by the films of early western actor and director William S. Hart . They had previously created the successful kid @-@ gang features the Newsboy Legion and Boy Commandos for DC Comics . Simon in his autobiography recounted a casual meeting in September 1950 with Superman co @-@ creator Jerry Siegel , who had dropped by Harvey Comics ' offices , and showing Siegel art from various upcoming series : I reasoned it would do no harm to show him our products , since they were already in production . ... He lingered on the Boys ' Ranch art . ' This is really a coincidence , ' he said ... ' I 'm working on the same title.' 'Really ? ' I said . ' I 'd like to see what you 've done on it.' 'We 'll be in touch , ' Jerry said . We shook hands and he departed . Almost immediately after our Boys ' Ranch went on sale , Harvey received a letter from Ziff @-@ Davis Publications [ for whom Siegel was working ] accusing us of lifting the idea of Boys ' Ranch from Jerry Siegel . [ Harvey Comics head ] Alfred Harvey requested to see their version . They had nothing to show . The matter ended there . Launched in the wave of a western trend in American comic books , the series debuted with an October 1950 cover date as a 52 @-@ page , bimonthly series . It lasted six issues ( Oct. 1950 – Aug. 1951 ) . The original cover title was The Kid Cowboys of Boys ' Ranch , shortened to Boys ' Ranch after two issues ; the subhead " Featuring Clay Duncan " remained throughout . Each issue featured a single page pinup at the beginning of the book along with a two @-@ page centerspread . Each issue rounded off with various text and Western and Native American information pages such as " Boys ' Ranch Club News " , " How Cowboys Say It " , " How To Ride a Horse " , and " Now You Can Make Your Pair of Western Moccasins " . According to Harry Mendryk , Boys ' Ranch comprises two distinct groups . " The first three issues featured work by Kirby ( with one exception ) , had three stories per issue , and the stories were longer . For the final issues there is much less use of Kirby , only two stories per issue , and shorter stories . Actually each final issue had a single story , but broken into two chapters . " The first three issues average around thirty story pages ; the last three issues average about twenty . The last three feature special " theme " stories , the US Cavalry Army , the Pony Express , the Great Train Robbery . At least one of the themes was inspired by John Ford films ; issue # 4 was thought to show an influence from Ford 's ' Cavalry Trilogy ' . Besides Simon and Kirby , Mort Meskin , Marvin Stein , and Charles Nicholas are credited as contributors in the latter issues , with Meskin given pencil and inks credits on " I 'll fight you for Lucy ! " and inks over Kirby pencils on " The Bugle Blows at Bloody Knife . " = = = Reprints = = = The title was briefly revived through reprints in 1955 . Penrod Shoes issued a giveaway coeval edition of Boys ' Ranch # 5 and # 6 , and the same issues were reprinted by Harvey Thriller in Witches Western Tales ( 1955 ) # 29 – 30 , with further reprints in Western Tales # 31 – 32 . Marvel Comics published Kid Cowboys of Boys Ranch , a hardcover reprint edition of all six issues in 1991 ( ISBN 087135859X ) . A Boys ' Ranch portfolio of illustrations from the original series ' artwork appeared in Joe Simon 's The Comic Book Makers in 2003 . Some Boys ' Ranch selections appeared in 2009 Titan Books anthology , The Best of Simon & Kirby ( ISBN 1845769317 ) . = = Characters and story = = Clay Duncan is an Indian scout who serves as foreman at the Boys ' Ranch . Modelled on frontiersman such as Kit Carson , Buffalo Bill Cody , and Davy Crockett , he serves as role model to the boy characters . While a young child , Duncan 's parents were killed by bandits . He was rescued by a passing band of Apache Indians , and adopted by the Apache Running Bear , alongside his son , Geronimo . On reaching manhood , he left the Apache under the tutelage of Miles Freeman , a frontier scout . Running Bear 's parting words were ' The war clouds darken once more over the white man and the Indian nations ... there is much need for warriors who talk peace to both sides ! Freeman 's words are that the great spirit has given you to us for such a mission ' . He occasionally takes on other jobs such as army scout , mail delivery driver , and US Marshal . His horse 's name is Ghost . Dandy is a ' well @-@ liked kid with a ready smile and a confident air ' who served in the American Civil War . Usually depicted wearing a Union Army uniform , he left his adoptive parents from a small Ohio farm to explore the west . He has a noticeably greater active interest in the opposite sex , as exemplified in " I 'll fight you for Lucy " . Wabash is an easy @-@ going lad who " springs from the hill @-@ folk " His dubious banjo @-@ accompanied singing skills are a source of comedy relief . His family history is explicated in the Johnny Appleseed / Paul Bunyan @-@ style tale " The Legend of Alby Fleezer . " Angel is a long @-@ haired blond youth inspired by Billy the Kid . He is a skilled gunfighter , and possesses a fiery temper . Nicknamed ' the fire @-@ eatin ' , lead @-@ throwin ' angel ' , when first meeting Clay Duncan , he presents himself thus : " Got not peeve ! I live alone ... and I want to be left alone ! I ain 't like other kids ! They got mothers and fathers to fuss over ' em ! Well , I don 't need nobody ! Nobody ! I kin handle myself against any man ! " His horse 's name is Paint . Wee Willie Weehawken is the first arrival at Boys ' Ranch . Styled the " oldest boy at Boys ' Ranch " due to his advanced years , he cooks the meals at the ranch . " A very dangerous dude ! " , Boys ' Ranch # 1 reveals he had been a lawyer in his youth . Happy Boy is a young Native American boy who appeared at the ranch one day . Never appearing on the cover , he does appear in one of the pin @-@ up illustrations . He begins to communicate using sign language in Boys ' Ranch # 6 and plays a more prominent role in the story " Happy Boy carries the ball " . Palomino Sue hails from Abilene , Texas . Her father was a wagon master . She arrived at Boys ' Ranch after a trip on the wagon her father was driving was intercepted by Indians . She was the only survivor . When expressing a desire to get involved in fighting , Clay Duncan insists that , because it 's too dangerous for a woman , she must remain at the ranch . She agrees , but her acquiescence was a pretence , as she later joins the fray , offering opportune assistance . Similar scenes recur in her two subsequent appearances in issues # 5 and 6 . Geronimo is portrayed as a fierce Apache military leader . As the son of Running Bear , he was a boyhood companion to Clay Duncan . Resentful of Duncan 's position in the tribe , they become bitter rivals " The Clay Duncan Story " . Various Native American tribes appear as protagonists throughout . The conflict between Caucasians and American Indians is often the result of manipulation and exploitation by dishonest Caucasians . For example , in issue # 2 , Comanche and Blackfoot tribes are falsely told by white traffickers that their land will be seized so they can sell them rifles . In issue # 5 , the Apache Indians are blamed for robbing mail wagons , but in reality the perpetrators were white robbers using subterfuge to place blame on the Apaches . The début issue opens with the chance meeting of Dandy and Wabash , who had been on opposite sides of the then recent Civil War , but became friends and decided to head out West together . Meanwhile , Clay Duncan meets up with Angel and the four come together in the defence of a ranch belonging to Jason Harper against an attack by Apache warriors . The story reveals Geronimo is the leader of that band when he joins the fray to order the band 's retreat . As his dying act , he bequeathed the ranch to the youngsters for use as a shelter for homeless boys . They are later joined by Wee Willie Weehawken , because he was a middle @-@ aged man , cited the technicality that the will didn 't specify the maximum age to qualify as a " boy " . Happy Boy joins the ranch shortly after . The ranch is near a town called Four Massacres . = = Critical analysis = = = = = Series commentary = = = Boys ' Ranch has become one of Simon and Kirby 's most critically acclaimed creations and is held in high esteem by both creators . R. J. Vitone qualifies the series as having " much more depth than previous S & K kid @-@ gang strips – the basic elements that had made the romance and crime books so thematically strong were applied here as well . " Mendryk points out a certain drop of quality in later issues : " It was part of the Simon and Kirby modus operandi to make heavy use of Kirby ’ s talents in the early issues of a new title and afterwards make more frequent use of other artists . For Boys ' Ranch the change seems much more dramatic then in other titles . The last three issues are good , but they are not the masterpieces that the earlier issues were . " According to Richard Morrissey , Simon and Kirby 's final effort in the " kid gang " genre showed signs of evolving in new directions : " In Boys ' Ranch , Kirby seemed to be attempting to be going beyond his previous limitations ... More and more , the team was abandoning adolescent adventure for more adult concerns ... more than one observer has noted the similarities between the kid gangs of the ' 40s and early ' 50s with the adult teams of the late ' 50s and early ' 60s . " = = = Mother Delilah = = = The first story from issue # 3 , " Mother Delilah " , has been singled out as one of Simon and Kirby 's finest . Kirby has cited it as a personal favorite , and it has received accolades by critics , comic book professionals and fans alike . A 20 @-@ page tale of betrayal , revenge , and redemption referencing the similarly themed biblical story of Samson and Delilah , the story features Clay Duncan , Angel , and Delilah Barker , a character influenced by Marlene Dietrich 's character from Destry Rides Again . A character named Virgil Underwood provides a Greek chorus @-@ like background commentary : " Those who find love are indeed fortunate , but woe betide them who demand it " ; the story 's final panel reads : " And thus it ends . But ever to repeat Again and again in reality and rhyme – Love 's ever new as morning 's dew , And hate is as old as time . " Analyzing the story , R. C. Harvey concludes with : " From hate springs the desire for vengeance , and that desire , as Angel discovers , is debilitating . And even love can turn to hate unless love 's motive is a giving spirit . But a giving love is the ultimate redemption . "
= Wilhelm Steinitz = Wilhelm ( later William ) Steinitz ( May 17 , 1836 – August 12 , 1900 ) was an Austrian and later American chess Master player , and the first undisputed world chess champion from 1886 to 1894 . He was also a highly influential writer and chess theoretician . When discussing chess history from the 1850s onwards , commentators have debated whether Steinitz could be effectively considered the champion from an earlier time , perhaps as early as 1866 . Steinitz lost his title to Emanuel Lasker in 1894 , and also lost a rematch in 1896 – 97 . Statistical rating systems give Steinitz a rather low ranking among world champions , mainly because he took several long breaks from competitive play . However , an analysis based on one of these rating systems shows that he was one of the most dominant players in the history of the game . Steinitz was unbeaten in match play for 32 years , from 1862 to 1894 . Although Steinitz became " world number one " by winning in the all @-@ out attacking style that was common in the 1860s , he unveiled in 1873 a new positional style of play , and demonstrated that it was superior to the previous style . His new style was controversial and some even branded it as " cowardly " , but many of Steinitz 's games showed that it could also set up attacks as ferocious as those of the old school . Steinitz was also a prolific writer on chess , and defended his new ideas vigorously . The debate was so bitter and sometimes abusive that it became known as the " Ink War " . Steinitz was the target of anti @-@ Semitic abuse , and moved to the United States to escape this . By the early 1890s , Steinitz 's approach was widely accepted , and the next generation of top players acknowledged their debt to him , most notably his successor as world champion , Emanuel Lasker . As a result of the " Ink War " , traditional accounts of Steinitz 's character depict him as ill @-@ tempered and aggressive ; but more recent research shows that he had long and friendly relationships with some players and chess organizations . Most notably from 1888 to 1889 he co @-@ operated with the American Chess Congress in a project to define rules governing the conduct of future world championships . Steinitz was unskilled at managing money , and lived in poverty all his life . = = Early stages of chess career = = Steinitz was born on May 17 , 1836 , in the Jewish ghetto of Prague ( now capital of the Czech Republic ; then in Bohemia , a part of the Austrian Empire ) . The last of a hardware retailer 's thirteen sons , he learned to play chess at age 12 . He began playing serious chess in his twenties , after leaving Prague in 1857 to study mathematics in Vienna , at the Vienna Polytechnic . Steinitz spent two years at the university . He improved rapidly in chess during the late 1850s , progressing from third place in the 1859 Vienna City championship to first in 1861 , with a score of 30 / 31 . During this period he was nicknamed " the Austrian Morphy " . This achievement meant that he had become the strongest player in Austria . = = International debut = = Steinitz was then sent to represent Austria in the London 1862 chess tournament . He placed sixth , but his win over Augustus Mongredien was awarded the tournament 's brilliancy prize . He immediately challenged the fifth @-@ placed contestant , the strong veteran Italian Master Serafino Dubois , to a match , which Steinitz won ( five wins , one draw , three losses ) . This encouraged him to turn professional , and he took up residence in London . In 1862 – 63 Steinitz scored a crushing win in a match with Joseph Henry Blackburne , who went on to be one of the world 's top ten for 20 years , but who had only started playing chess two years earlier . Steinitz then beat some leading UK players in matches : Frederic Deacon and Augustus Mongredien in 1863 , and Valentine Green in 1864 . This charge up the rankings had a price : in March 1863 Steinitz apologized in a letter to Ignác Kolisch for not repaying a loan , because while Steinitz had been beating Blackburne , Daniel Harrwitz had " taken over " all of Steinitz 's clients at the London Chess Club , who had provided Steinitz 's main source of income . = = Match against Anderssen = = These successes established Steinitz as one of the world 's top players , and he was able to arrange a match in 1866 in London against Adolf Anderssen , who was regarded as the world 's strongest active player because he had won the 1851 and 1862 London International Tournaments and his one superior , Paul Morphy , had retired from competitive chess . Steinitz won with eight wins and six losses ( there were no draws ) , but it was a hard fight ; after 12 games the scores were level at 6 – 6 , then Steinitz won the last two games . As a result of this match victory , Steinitz was generally regarded as the world 's best player . The prize money for this match was £ 100 to the winner ( Steinitz ) and £ 20 for the loser ( Anderssen ) . The winner 's prize was a large sum by the standards of the times , equivalent to about £ 57 @,@ 500 in 2007 's money . = = Continued match play success = = Steinitz won every serious match he played from 1862 until 1892 inclusive , sometimes by wide margins . In the years following his victory over Anderssen , he beat Henry Bird in 1866 ( seven wins , five losses , five draws ) . He comfortably beat Johannes Zukertort in 1872 ( seven wins , four draws , one loss ; Zukertort had proved himself one of the elite by beating Anderssen by a large margin in 1871 ) . = = Gradually improves tournament results = = It took longer for Steinitz to reach the top in tournament play . In the next few years he took : third place at Paris 1867 behind Ignatz Kolisch and Simon Winawer ; and second place at Dundee ( 1867 ; Gustav Neumann won ) , and Baden @-@ Baden 1870 chess tournament ; behind Anderssen but ahead of Blackburne , Louis Paulsen and other strong players . His first victory in a strong tournament was London 1872 , ahead of Blackburne and Zukertort ; and the first tournament in which Steinitz finished ahead of Anderssen was Vienna 1873 , when Anderssen was 55 years old . = = Changes style , introduces positional school = = All of Steinitz 's successes up to 1872 inclusive were achieved in the attack @-@ at @-@ all @-@ costs " Romantic " style exemplified by Anderssen . But in the Vienna 1873 chess tournament , Steinitz unveiled a new " positional " style of play which was to become the basis of modern chess . He tied for first place with Blackburne , ahead of Anderssen , Samuel Rosenthal , Paulsen and Henry Bird , and won the play @-@ off against Blackburne . Steinitz made a shaky start , but won his last 14 games in the main tournament ( including 2 – 0 results over Paulsen , Anderssen , and Blackburne ) plus the two play @-@ off games – this was the start of a 25 @-@ game winning streak in serious competition . = = Hiatus from competitive chess = = Between 1873 and 1882 Steinitz played no tournaments and only one match ( a 7 – 0 win against Blackburne in 1876 ) . His other games during this period were in simultaneous and blindfold exhibitions , which contributed an important part of a professional chess @-@ player 's income in those days ( for example in 1887 Blackburne was paid 9 guineas for two simultaneous exhibitions and a blindfold exhibition hosted by the Teesside Chess Association ; this was equivalent to about £ 4 @,@ 800 at 2007 values ) . = = Chess journalist = = Instead , Steinitz concentrated on his work as a chess journalist , notably for The Field , which was Britain 's leading sports magazine . Some of Steinitz 's commentaries aroused heated debates , notably from Zukertort and Leopold Hoffer in The Chess Monthly ( which they founded in 1879 ) . This " Ink War " escalated sharply in 1881 , when Steinitz mercilessly criticized Hoffer 's annotations of games in the 1881 Berlin Congress ( won by Blackburne ahead of Zukertort ) . Steinitz was eager to settle the analytical debates by a second match against Zukertort , whose unwillingness to play provoked scornful comments from Steinitz . In mid @-@ 1882 James Mason , a consistently strong player , challenged Steinitz to a match , and accused Steinitz of cowardice when Steinitz insisted the issue with Zukertort should be settled first . Steinitz responded by inviting Mason to name a sufficiently high stake for a match , at least £ 150 per player ( equivalent to about £ 73 @,@ 000 in 2007 's money ) , but Mason was unwilling to stake more than £ 100 . Mason later agreed to play a match with Zukertort for a stake of £ 100 per player , but soon " postponed " that match , " circumstances having arisen that make it highly inconvenient for me to proceed ... " = = = Rivalry with Zukertort = = = Steinitz 's long lay @-@ off caused some commentators to suggest that Zukertort , who had scored some notable tournament victories , should be regarded as the world chess champion . = = Comeback success = = Steinitz returned to serious competitive chess in the Vienna 1882 chess tournament , which has been described as the strongest chess tournament of all time at that point . Despite a shaky start he took equal first place with Szymon Winawer , ahead of James Mason , Zukertort , George Henry Mackenzie , Blackburne , Berthold Englisch , Paulsen and Mikhail Chigorin , and drew the play @-@ off match . = = = Victim of anti @-@ Semitic attacks = = = In 1882 , while Steinitz was playing in Vienna and sending weekly reports on the tournament to The Field , there was a plot against him back in England . Just after the end of the tournament The Field published an anti @-@ Semitic article by Hoffer that praised the efforts of the English players and those of English origin in Vienna , but disparaged the victory of Steinitz and Winawer , both Jews . Steinitz stopped working for The Field and was replaced by Hoffer , a close friend of Zukertort and a bitter enemy of Steinitz . Sources differ about exactly when the Hoffer @-@ Zukertort faction took over the chess columns at The Field ; some say it was after the 1883 London tournament , so there was a gap between Steinitz 's tenure and Hoffer 's . = = = Visits USA = = = Steinitz visited the USA , mainly the Philadelphia area , from December 1882 to May 1883 . He was given an enthusiastic reception . Steinitz played several exhibitions , many casual games , and a match for stakes of £ 50 with a wealthy amateur . He also won three more serious matches with two New World professionals , Alexander Sellman ( Steinitz won both ) and the Cuban champion Celso Golmayo Zúpide . The match with Golmayo was abandoned when Steinitz was leading ( eight wins , one draw , one loss ) . His hosts even arranged a visit to New Orleans , where Paul Morphy lived . = = = Return to London = = = Later in 1883 , Steinitz took second place in the extremely strong London 1883 chess tournament behind Zukertort , who made a brilliant start , faded at the end but finished 3 points ahead . Steinitz finished 2 ½ points ahead of the third @-@ placed competitor , Blackburne . Zukertort 's victory again led some commentators to suggest that Zukertort should be regarded as the world chess champion , while others said the issue could only be resolved by a match between Steinitz and Zukertort . = = Settles in USA = = In 1883 , shortly after the London tournament , Steinitz decided to leave England and moved to New York , where he lived for the rest of his life . This did not end the " Ink War " : his enemies persuaded some of the American press to publish anti @-@ Steinitz articles , and in 1885 Steinitz founded the International Chess Magazine , which he edited until 1895 . In his magazine he chronicled the lengthy negotiations for a match with Zukertort . He also managed to find supporters in other sections of the American press including Turf , Field and Farm and the St. Louis Globe @-@ Democrat , both of which reported Steinitz 's offer to forgo all fees , expenses or share in the stake and make the match " a benefit performance , solely for Mr Zukertort 's pecuniary profit " . = = World Championship match = = Eventually it was agreed that in 1886 Steinitz and Zukertort would play a match in New York , St. Louis and New Orleans , and that the victor would be the player who first won 10 games . At Steinitz 's insistence the contract said it would be " for the Championship of the World " . After the five games played in New York , Zukertort led by 4 – 1 , but in the end Steinitz won decisively by 12 ½ – 7 ½ ( ten wins , five draws , five losses ) . The collapse by Zukertort , who won only one of the last 15 games , has been described as " perhaps the most thoroughgoing reversal of fortune in the history of world championship play . " Though not yet officially an American citizen , Steinitz wanted the United States flag to be placed next to him during the match . He became a U.S. citizen on November 23 , 1888 , having resided for five years in New York , and changed his first name from Wilhelm to William . In 1887 the American Chess Congress started work on drawing up regulations for the future conduct of world championship contests . Steinitz actively supported this endeavor , as he thought he was becoming too old to remain world champion – he wrote in his own magazine " I know I am not fit to be the champion , and I am not likely to bear that title for ever " . = = Defeats Chigorin = = In 1888 the Havana Chess Club offered to sponsor a match between Steinitz and whomever he would select as a worthy opponent . Steinitz nominated the Russian Mikhail Chigorin , on the condition that the invitation should not be presented as a challenge from him . There is some doubt about whether this was intended to be a match for the world championship : both Steinitz 's letters and the publicity material just before the match conspicuously avoided the phrase . The proposed match was to have a maximum of 20 games , and Steinitz had said that fixed @-@ length matches were unsuitable for world championship contests because the first player to take the lead could then play for draws ; and Steinitz was at the same time supporting the American Chess Congress ' world championship project . Whatever the status of the match , it was played in Havana in January to February 1889 , and won by Steinitz ( ten wins , one draw , six losses ) . = = = New York 1889 tournament = = = The American Chess Congress ' final proposal was that the winner of a tournament to be held in New York in 1889 should be regarded as world champion for the time being , but must be prepared to face a challenge from the second or third placed competitor within a month . Steinitz wrote that he would not play in the tournament and would not challenge the winner unless the second and third placed competitors failed to do so . The tournament was duly played , but the outcome was not quite as planned : Mikhail Chigorin and Max Weiss tied for first place ; their play @-@ off resulted in four draws , and Weiss then wanted to get back to his work for the Rothschild Bank , conceding the title to Chigorin . However , the third prize @-@ winner Isidore Gunsberg was prepared to play Chigorin for the title . The match was played in Havana in 1890 and ended in a 9 @-@ 9 tie ; this match is not considered as a World Championship encounter . The American Chess Congress 's experiment was not repeated , and Steinitz 's last three matches were private arrangements between the players . = = Wins rematch against Chigorin = = In 1891 the Saint Petersburg Chess Society and the Havana Chess Club offered to organize another Steinitz – Chigorin match for the world championship . Steinitz played against Chigorin in Havana in 1892 , and won narrowly ( ten wins , five draws , eight losses ) . German Dr. Siegbert Tarrasch turned down an opportunity in 1892 to challenge Steinitz in a world championship match , because of the demands of his medical practice . = = Loses title to Lasker = = Around this time Steinitz publicly spoke of retiring , but changed his mind when Emanuel Lasker , 32 years younger and comparatively untested at the top level , challenged him . Lasker had been earlier that year refused a non @-@ title challenge by fellow German , Dr. Siegbert Tarrasch , who was at the time the world 's most dominant tournament player . Initially , Lasker wanted to play for $ 5 @,@ 000 a side , and a match was agreed at stakes of $ 3 @,@ 000 a side , but Steinitz agreed to a series of reductions when Lasker found it difficult to raise the money , and the final figure was $ 2 @,@ 000 each , which was less than for some of Steinitz 's earlier matches ( the final combined stake of $ 4 @,@ 000 would be worth about $ 495 @,@ 500 at 2007 values ) . Although this was publicly praised as an act of sportsmanship on Steinitz 's part , Steinitz may have desperately needed the money . The match was played in 1894 , at venues in New York , Philadelphia and Montreal . The 32 @-@ year age difference between the combatants was the largest in the history of world championship play , and remains so today . Steinitz had previously declared he would win without doubt , so it came as a shock when Lasker won the first game . Steinitz responded by winning the second , and was able to maintain the balance until the sixth . However , Lasker won all the games from the seventh to the 11th , and Steinitz asked for a one @-@ week rest . When the match resumed , Steinitz looked in better shape and won the 13th and 14th games . Lasker struck back in the 15th and 16th , and Steinitz was unable to compensate for his losses in the middle of the match . Hence Lasker won with ten wins , five losses and four draws . Some commentators thought Steinitz 's habit of playing " experimental " moves in serious competition was a major factor in his downfall . = = = Increased tournament activity = = = After losing the title , Steinitz played in tournaments more frequently than he had previously . He won at New York 1894 , and was fifth at Hastings 1895 ( winning the first brilliancy prize for his game with Curt von Bardeleben ) . At Saint Petersburg 1895 , a super @-@ strong four player , multi @-@ round @-@ robin event , with Lasker , Chigorin and Pillsbury , he took second place . Later his results began to decline : 6th in Nuremberg 1896 , 5th in Cologne 1898 , 10th in London 1899 . In early 1896 , Steinitz defeated the Russian Emanuel Schiffers in a match ( winning 6 games , drawing 1 , losing 4 ) . = = = Outclassed in rematch with Lasker = = = In November , 1896 to January , 1897 Steinitz played a return match with Lasker in Moscow , but won only 2 games , drawing 5 , and losing 10 . This was the last world chess championship match for eleven years . Shortly after the match , Steinitz had a mental breakdown and was confined for 40 days in a Moscow sanatorium , where he played chess with the inmates . = = Questions : The beginning of Steinitz 's reign = = There is a long @-@ running debate among chess writers about whether Steinitz 's reign as World Chess Champion began in 1866 , when he beat Anderssen , or in 1886 , when he beat Zukertort . Based on In April 1894 the British Chess Magazine described Steinitz as holding " the chess championship of the world for 28 years " . However , there is no evidence that he claimed the title for himself in 1866 , although in the 1880s he claimed to have been the champion since his win over Anderssen . It has been suggested that Steinitz could not make such a claim while Paul Morphy was alive . Morphy had defeated Anderssen by a far wider margin , 8 – 3 , in 1858 , but retired from chess competition soon after he returned to the USA in 1859 , and died in 1884 . The 1886 Steinitz vs. Zukertort match was the first that was explicitly described as being for the World Championship , but Howard Staunton and Paul Morphy had been unofficially described as " World Chess Champion " around the middle of the 19th century . In fact one of the organizers of the 1851 London International tournament had said the contest was for " the baton of the World 's Chess Champion " , and in mid @-@ 1840s Ludwig Bledow wrote a letter to Tassilo von Heydebrand und der Lasa suggesting they should organize a world championship tournament in Germany . Some commentators described Steinitz as " the champion " in the years following his 1872 match victory against Zukertort . In the late 1870s and early 1880s some regarded Steinitz as the champion and others supported Johannes Zukertort , and the 1886 match was not regarded as creating the title of World Champion , but as resolving conflicting claims to the title . On the other hand George Alcock MacDonnell hailed Joseph Blackburne as " World Champion " for his win in the 1881 Berlin Tournament , George Henry Mackenzie as having " won the Chess Championship of the World " in 1887 , and Isidore Gunsberg as " among the champions of the world " following his win at " Bradford Place " in 1888 . However , Steinitz regarded G.A. MacDonnell as " one of my bitterest and most untruthful persecutors " . = = Personal life = = Steinitz lived with a lady named Caroline Golder ( born 1846 ) in the 1860s , and their only daughter Flora was born in 1866 . Flora died in 1888 at the age of 21 , and Caroline died in 1892 . He married his second wife a few years later , and had two children by her . In 1897 he dedicated a pamphlet to the memory of his first wife and their daughter . In February 1897 , the New York Times prematurely reported his death in a New York mental asylum . Some authors claim that he contracted syphilis , which may have been a cause of the mental breakdowns he suffered in his last years . In the months prior to his death , he spent some time in institutions as a result of his failing mental health . His chess activities had not yielded any great financial rewards , and he died a pauper in the Manhattan State Hospital ( Ward Island ) of a heart attack on August 12 , 1900 . Steinitz is buried in the Cemetery of the Evergreens in Brooklyn , New York . His second wife and their two young children were still alive at his death . = = Writings = = Steinitz was the main chess correspondent of the The Field ( in London ) from 1873 to 1882 , and used this to present his ideas about chess strategy . In 1885 he founded the International Chess Magazine in New York and edited it until 1891 . In addition to game commentaries and blow @-@ by @-@ blow accounts of the negotiations leading to his 1886 match with Johann Zukertort and of the American Chess Congress ' world championship project , he wrote a long series of articles about Paul Morphy , who had died in 1884 . He wrote the book of the 1889 New York tournament , in which he commented on all of the games 432 of them , and in 1889 he published a textbook , The Modern Chess Instructor . Steinitz also allegedly wrote a pamphlet entitled Capital , Labor , and Charity while confined at River Crest Sanitarium in New York during the final months of his life . = = Assessment = = The book of the Hastings 1895 chess tournament , written collectively by the players , described Steinitz as follows : Mr. Steinitz stands high as a theoretician and as a writer ; he has a powerful pen , and when he chooses can use expressive English . He evidently strives to be fair to friends and foes alike , but appears sometimes to fail to see that after all he is much like many others in this respect . Possessed of a fine intellect , and extremely fond of the game , he is apt to lose sight of all other considerations , people and business alike . Chess is his very life and soul , the one thing for which he lives . = = = Influence on the game = = = Steinitz 's play up to and including 1872 was similar to that of his contemporaries : sharp , aggressive , and full of sacrificial play . This was the style in which he became " world number one " by beating Adolf Anderssen in 1866 and confirmed his position by beating Zukertort in 1872 and winning the 1872 London International tournament ( Zukertort had claimed the rank of number two by beating Anderssen in 1871 ) . In 1873 , however , Steinitz 's play suddenly changed , giving priority to what is now called the positional elements in chess : pawn structure , space , outposts for knights , the advantage of the two bishops , etc . Although Steinitz often accepted unnecessarily difficult defensive positions in order to demonstrate the superiority of his theories , he also showed that his methods could provide a platform for crushing attacks . Steinitz 's successor as world champion , Emanuel Lasker , summed up the new style as : " In the beginning of the game ignore the search for combinations , abstain from violent moves , aim for small advantages , accumulate them , and only after having attained these ends search for the combination – and then with all the power of will and intellect , because then the combination must exist , however deeply hidden . " Although Steinitz 's play changed abruptly , he said had been thinking along such lines for some years : Some of the games which I saw Paulsen play during the London Congress of 1862 gave a still stronger start to the modification of my own opinions , which has since developed , and I began to recognize that Chess genius is not confined to the more or less deep and brilliant finishing strokes after the original balance of power and position has been overthrown , but that it also requires the exercise of still more extraordinary powers , though perhaps of a different kind to maintain that balance or respectively to disturb it at the proper time in one 's own favor . During his nine @-@ year layoff from tournament play ( 1873 – 82 ) and later in his career , Steinitz used his chess writings to present his theories – while in the UK he wrote for The Field ; in 1885 after moving to New York he founded the " International Chess Magazine " , of which he was the chief editor ; and in 1889 he edited the book of the great New York 1889 tournament ( won by Mikhail Chigorin and Max Weiss ) , in which he did not compete as the tournament was designed to produce his successor as World Champion . Many other writers found his new approach incomprehensible , boring or even cowardly ; for example Adolf Anderssen said , " Kolisch is a highwayman and points the pistol at your breast . Steinitz is a pick @-@ pocket , he steals a pawn and wins a game with it . " But when he contested the first World Championship match in 1886 against Johannes Zukertort , it became evident that Steinitz was playing on another level . Although Zukertort was at least Steinitz 's equal in spectacular attacking play , Steinitz often outmaneuvered him fairly simply by the use of positional principles . By the time of his match in 1890 – 91 against Gunsberg , some commentators showed an understanding of and appreciation for Steinitz 's theories . Shortly before the 1894 match with Emanuel Lasker , even the New York Times , which had earlier published attacks on his play and character , paid tribute to his playing record , the importance of his theories , and his sportsmanship in agreeing to the most difficult match of his career despite his previous intention of retiring . By the end of his career , Steinitz was more highly esteemed as a theoretician than as a player . The comments about him in the book of the Hastings 1895 chess tournament focus on his theories and writings , and Emanuel Lasker was more explicit : " He was a thinker worthy of a seat in the halls of a University . A player , as the world believed he was , he was not ; his studious temperament made that impossible ; and thus he was conquered by a player ... " As a result of his play and writings Steinitz , along with Paul Morphy , is considered by many chess commentators to be the founder of modern chess . Lasker , who took the championship from Steinitz , wrote , " I who vanquished him must see to it that his great achievement , his theories should find justice , and I must avenge the wrongs he suffered . " Vladimir Kramnik emphasizes Steinitz 's importance as a pioneer in the field of chess theory : " Steinitz was the first to realise that chess , despite being a complicated game , obeys some common principles . ... But as often happens the first time is just a try . ... I can 't say he was the founder of a chess theory . He was an experimenter and pointed out that chess obeys laws that should be considered . " = = Playing strength and style = = Statistical rating systems are unkind to Steinitz . " Warriors of the Mind " gives him a ranking of 47th , below several obscure Soviet grandmasters ; Chessmetrics places him only 15th on its all @-@ time list . Chessmetrics penalizes players who play infrequently ; opportunities for competitive chess were infrequent in Steinitz 's best years , and Steinitz had a few long absences from competitive play ( 1873 – 76 , 1876 – 82 , 1883 – 86 , 1886 – 89 ) . However , in 2005 Chessmetrics ' author , Jeff Sonas , wrote an article which examined various ways of comparing the strength of " world number one " players , using data provided by Chessmetrics , and found that : Steinitz was further ahead of his contemporaries in the 1870s than Bobby Fischer was in his peak period ( 1970 – 72 ) ; that Steinitz had the third @-@ highest total number of years as the world 's top player , behind Emanuel Lasker and Garry Kasparov ; and that Steinitz placed 7th in a comparison of how long players were ranked in the world 's top three . Between his victory over Anderssen ( 1866 ) and his loss to Emanuel Lasker ( 1894 ) , Steinitz won all his " normal " matches , sometimes by wide margins ; and his worst tournament performance in that 28 @-@ year period was third place in Paris ( 1867 ) . { } ( He also lost two handicap matches and a match by telegraph in 1890 against Mikhail Chigorin , where Chigorin was allowed to choose the openings in both games and won both . ) Initially Steinitz played in the all @-@ out attacking style of contemporaries like Anderssen , and then changed to the positional style with which he dominated competitive chess in the 1870s and 1880s . Max Euwe wrote , " Steinitz aimed at positions with clear @-@ cut features , to which his theory was best applicable . " However , he retained his capacity for brilliant attacks right to the end of his career ; for example in the 1895 Hastings tournament ( when he was 59 ) he beat von Bardeleben in a spectacular game in which in the closing stages Steinitz deliberately exposed all his pieces to attack simultaneously ( except his king , of course ) . His most significant weaknesses were his habits of playing " experimental " moves and getting into unnecessarily difficult defensive positions in top @-@ class competitive games . = = = Personality = = = " Traditional " accounts of Steinitz describe him as having a sharp tongue and violent temper , perhaps partly because of his short stature ( barely five feet ) and congenital lameness . He admitted that " Like the Duke of Parma , I always hold the sword in one hand and the olive branch in the other " , and under severe provocation he could become abusive in published articles . He was aware of his own tendencies and said early in his career , " Nothing would induce me to take charge of a chess column ... Because I should be so fair in dispensing blame as well as praise that I should be sure to give offence and make enemies . " When he embarked on chess journalism , his brutally frank review of Wormald 's The Chess Openings in 1875 proved him right on both counts . However , his personal correspondence , his own articles and some third @-@ party articles show that he had long and friendly relationships with many people and groups in the chess world , including Ignác Kolisch ( one of his earliest sponsors ) , Mikhail Chigorin , Harry Nelson Pillsbury , Bernhard Horwitz , Amos Burn and the Cuban and Russian chess communities . He even co @-@ operated with the American Chess Congress in its project to regulate future contests for the world title that he had earned . Steinitz strove to be objective in his writings about chess competitions and games , for example he attributed to sheer bad luck a poor tournament score by Henry Edward Bird , whom he considered no friend of his , and was generous in his praise of great play by even his bitter enemies . He could poke fun at some of his own rhetoric , for example " I remarked that I would rather die in America than live in England . ... I added that I would rather lose a match in America than win one in England . But after having carefully considered the subject in all its bearings , I have come to the conclusion that I neither mean to die yet nor to lose the match . " At a joint simultaneous display in Russia around the time of the 1895 – 96 Saint Petersburg tournament , Emanuel Lasker and Steinitz formed an impromptu comedy double act . Although he had a strong sense of honour about repaying debts , Steinitz was poor at managing his finances : he let a competitor " poach " many of his clients in 1862 – 63 , offered to play the 1886 world title match against Johannes Zukertort for free , and died in poverty in 1900 , leaving his widow to survive by running a small shop . = = Notable games = = Wilhelm Steinitz vs Augustus Mongredien , London 1862 Awarded the brilliancy prize at the 1862 London International Tournament . Adolf Anderssen vs Wilhelm Steinitz ; 13th match game , London 1866 Emanuel Lasker regarded this well @-@ prepared attack as a precursor of the positional approach that Steinitz later advocated . Johannes Zukertort vs Wilhelm Steinitz , WCH ( 9th game of the match ) 1886 , Queen 's Gambit Declined : Vienna . Quiet Variation ( D37 ) , 0 – 1 Steinitz exchanges his powerful centre to create two weak hanging pawns on White 's queenside and creates strong pressure against them . Zukertort eventually tries to slug his way out of trouble , but Steinitz wins with a sharp counter @-@ attack . Wilhelm Steinitz vs Mikhail Chigorin , Havana WCH 1892 ( 2nd game of the match ) , Ruy Lopez , 1 – 0 Steinitz weakens Chigorin 's pawns , gains superior mobility then forces a pawn promotion with the aid of a little combination . Wilhelm Steinitz vs Mikhail Chigorin , Havana WCH 1892 ( 4th game of the match ) , Spanish Game : General ( C65 ) , 1 – 0 Positional preparation creates the opportunity for a swift attack leading to mate on the 29th move . Wilhelm Steinitz vs Curt von Bardeleben , Hastings 1895 , Italian Game : Classical Variation . Greco Gambit Traditional Line ( C54 ) , 1 – 0 A great attacking combination in the old 1860s style . After White 's 22nd move , all the White pieces are en prise but Black is lost . The game won the first brilliancy prize of the tournament . = = Tournament results = = Sources : = = Match results = = Sources :
= Guepinia = Guepinia is a genus of fungus in the Auriculariales order . It is a monotypic genus , containing the single species Guepinia helvelloides , commonly known as the apricot jelly . The fungus produces salmon @-@ pink , ear @-@ shaped , gelatinous fruit bodies that grow solitarily or in small tufted groups on soil , usually associated with buried rotting wood . The fruit bodies are 4 – 10 cm ( 1 @.@ 6 – 3 @.@ 9 in ) tall and up to 17 cm ( 6 @.@ 7 in ) wide ; the stalks are not well @-@ differentiated from the cap . The fungus , although rubbery , is edible , and may be eaten raw with salads , pickled , or candied . It has a white spore deposit , and the oblong to ellipsoid spores measure 9 – 11 by 5 – 6 micrometers . The fungus is widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere , and has also been collected from South America . = = Taxonomy = = The species was first described and illustrated as Tremella rufa by Nicolaus Joseph von Jacquin in 1778 . Elias Magnus Fries later ( 1828 ) called it Guepinia helvelloides in his Elenchus Fungorum , based on Augustin Pyramus de Candolle 's Tremella helvelloides , both being names he sanctioned . This has made Tremella rufa and all names based on it unavailable for use , as they are conserved . Later , Lucien Quélet erected a separate monotypic genus Phlogiotis for Jacquin 's species , whereas Julius Oscar Brefeld placed it ( as Gyrocephalus rufa ) in Persoon 's small genus Gyrocephalus ( rejected name for Gyromitra ) . The proper name for the fungus was debated for some time , as the name Guepinia is a homonym ( pointed out by Fries in 1828 ) , because it had been used by Toussaint Bastard in 1812 for a genus of flowering plants in the Cruciferae family . To further complicate matters , the generic name Teesdalia , originally considered to have priority over the name Guepinia for the plant genus , was later determined to have been validly published after Guepinia , rendering Teesdalia an illegitimate name . In 1982 , changes in the International Code for Botanical Nomenclature gave protected status to all names adopted by Fries in the Elenchus Fungorum , and established Guepinia as the correct genus name . Guepinia is variously classified in the Auriculariales order , with uncertain familial position ( incertae sedis ) , or as part of the Exidiaceae family . The genus is named after French mycologist Jean @-@ Pierre Guépin ( 1779 – 1858 ) . The mushroom is commonly known as the " red jelly fungus " , or " apricot jelly " . = = Description = = The fruit bodies of Guepinia helvelloides grow singly or in small clumps . Although they can appear to be growing in the soil , their mycelium lives in buried wood . They are 4 – 10 cm ( 1 @.@ 6 – 3 @.@ 9 in ) tall and 3 – 17 cm ( 1 @.@ 2 – 6 @.@ 7 in ) wide , spoon- or tongue @-@ shaped , and twisted like a cornet or horn so that they look like a slender funnel , cut out on one side and often with a wavy margin . The fruit bodies are flexible , 2 – 3 @.@ 5 mm ( 0 @.@ 08 – 0 @.@ 14 in ) thick , and smooth on the outer side which they are usually attenuated on the underside into a cylindrical or depressed stem that is up to 5 cm ( 2 @.@ 0 in ) high and about 1 @.@ 5 cm ( 0 @.@ 6 in ) thick . The stem is normally covered with a white tomentum at the base . The upper side ( inside ) of the fruit body is usually quite sterile or with a few isolated basidia and is slightly verrucose as a result of the densely crowded protruding ends of the hyphae . The sterile and fertile surfaces of the fruit body are almost the same color , transparent reddish @-@ orange to flesh pink or flesh orange , at other times more purplish @-@ red . The fruit bodies usually develop a slightly brownish tinge when they are old . The underside is usually slightly more vividly colored than the upper side . The flesh is gelatinous , softly so in the upper part of the fruit body and with a more cartilage @-@ like consistency in the stem . It has a nondescript odor , and a watery , insignificant taste . The hymenium is developed on the under ( outer ) side of the fruit body . The basidia ( spore @-@ bearing cells ) consist of a globular part ( the hypobasidia ) to which inflated or elongated epibasidia are attached . In Guepinia , the hypobasidia are egg @-@ shaped to ellipsoid , measuring 12 – 16 by 9 – 12 μm , and attached to fibril @-@ like epibasidia that are 20 – 45 by 3 – 4 μm . The spore deposit is white , while the spores are 9 – 11 by 5 – 6 μm , hyaline ( translucent ) , cylindrical to elongated ellipsoid in shape , and have a large oil drop . = = = Edibility = = = Guepinia helvelloides is an edible , but bland , fungus . Older specimens are usually tough and indigestible . It can be used raw in salads , for pickling in vinegar and also for preserving in sugar like candied fruit . One source reports using it to prepare a wine by fermenting with wine yeast . = = = Similar species = = = Guepinia helvelloides has a rather unusual appearance , and is not likely to be mistaken for other fungi . However , the red chanterelle species Cantharellus cinnabarinus is superficially similar ; unlike G. helvelloides , however , it does not have a rubbery and gelatinous texture , and its undersurface is wrinkled , not smooth . = = Habitat and distribution = = Guepinia helvelloides is saprobic , deriving nutrients by breaking down organic matter . The fruit bodies of G. helveloides typically grow solitarily or in small tufts on soil , usually in association with buried rotting wood . Although the fruit bodies sometimes appear in the spring , they are more commonly found in the summer and autumn months . In North America , it is associated with coniferous forests . It is also found throughout temperate North America , from Canada to Mexico . Europe , Iran , and Turkey . It is also known from Brazil and Puerto Rico . The fungus has also been collected from the Qinling region of China .
= German aircraft carrier I ( 1915 ) = The aircraft carrier I was the first planned aircraft carrier conversion project of the German Imperial Navy ( Kaiserliche Marine ) during World War I. The Imperial Navy had experimented previously with seaplane carriers , though these earlier conversions were too slow to operate with the High Seas Fleet and carried an insufficient number of aircraft . I was intended to carry between 23 and 30 aircraft , including fighters , bombers , and torpedo @-@ bombers . The ship was based on the incomplete hull of the Italian passenger ship Ausonia , which was being built in Hamburg . The conversion was proposed by the Air Department of the Reichs Navy Office , but it was abandoned after negotiations within the German Navy over a proposed moratorium on new ships at the end of the war . After World War I ended , high inflation in Germany added to the cost of the ship , and as a result , the Italian shipping company for whom the ship was originally built , declined to purchase her . The vessel was therefore sold to shipbreakers and dismantled in 1922 . = = Design = = Ausonia began her existence as a turbine @-@ powered passenger steamer , ordered by Italian Sitmar in 1914 . The ship was built in the Blohm & Voss shipyard in Hamburg , under construction number 236 . At the time , the only German seaplane carrier was the armored cruiser Friedrich Carl , which carried two planes . The leadership of the German Navy believed that zeppelins were much more effective than seaplanes , both for reconnaissance and attack . Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz , the architect of the German Navy , was particularly unimpressed by the performance of fixed @-@ wing aircraft . Nevertheless , the Navy developed several naval aircraft before and during the war , including a pair of seaplane fighters , the W.12 and the W.29 , both built by Hansa @-@ Brandenburg . Twin @-@ engined torpedo @-@ floatplanes were also designed . Regardless of the preference toward airships , several small merchant vessels were converted into seaplane carriers during World War I. They carried only two to four aircraft each , however , and were too slow to operate with the High Seas Fleet . The light cruiser Stuttgart , which was fast enough to steam with the Fleet , was converted into a seaplane carrier in 1918 . She too , though , only carried two seaplanes . It was decided to convert the liner Ausonia into a flight @-@ deck carrier for wheeled aircraft as well as floatplanes . The plan for the conversion was drawn up by Leutnant zur See Jürgen Reimpell in 1918 , an officer of the 1st Aviation Detachment . = = = General characteristics = = = Once converted , I was to have been 158 meters long overall and 149 @.@ 6 m long between perpendiculars . The ship had a beam of 18 @.@ 8 m and a draft of 7 @.@ 43 m , and displaced 12 @,@ 585 metric tons . The ship was powered by two sets of Blohm & Voss geared turbines that drove a pair of screws , the diameter of which is not known . The details of the boiler system and electrical power plant are unknown . The ship was to have been equipped with two 82 m @-@ long hangar decks for wheeled aircraft and a third 128 m @-@ long hangar deck for seaplanes ; all of the hangars were 18 @.@ 5 m wide . The flight deck would have been 128 @.@ 5 m long and 18 @.@ 7 m wide . All three of the hangars and flight deck were intended to have been mounted above the main structural deck . The ship 's designers intended to mount a take off deck on the bow , which would have been 30 m long and 10 @.@ 5 m wide . According to naval historian Erich Gröner , the ship was designed to carry either 13 fixed @-@ wing or 19 folding @-@ wing seaplanes , along with around 10 wheeled aircraft . Rene Greger estimated the ship to carry eight to ten fighter aircraft and a combination of fifteen to twenty bombers and torpedo @-@ floatplanes . = = Conversion = = She was launched as the passenger ship Ausonia on 15 April 1915 . While the ship was still being fitted out , the German navy decided to convert her into an aircraft carrier . The proposed design was completed by 1918 , but by then , the majority of naval construction efforts were diverted to building new U @-@ boats . The demands on labor and resources the war imposed on the German economy reduced the shipbuilding industry to barely being able to cover the maintenance and repair needs of the High Seas Fleet . What resources were left over were by 1918 funneled into U @-@ boat production . As a result of the growing importance of U @-@ boat construction and a moratorium on new surface ships imposed by the Reichsmarineamt ( RMA — the Imperial Navy Office ) , the conversion project was abandoned . The design influenced the planned conversion of the armored cruiser SMS Roon into a seaplane carrier . This plan too , however , was scrapped . In 1920 , the Italian shipping company canceled its order for Ausonia because the post @-@ war inflation in Germany substantially increased the price of the ship . As a result , she was sold to ship breakers in 1922 and broken up for scrap .
= Kit ( association football ) = In association football , kit ( also referred to as strip or soccer uniform ) is the standard equipment and attire worn by players . The sport 's Laws of the Game specify the minimum kit which a player must use , and also prohibit the use of anything that is dangerous to either the player or another participant . Individual competitions may stipulate further restrictions , such as regulating the size of logos displayed on shirts and stating that , in the event of a match between teams with identical or similar colours , the away team must change to different coloured attire . Footballers generally wear identifying numbers on the backs of their shirts . Originally a team of players wore numbers from 1 to 11 , corresponding roughly to their playing positions , but at the professional level this has generally been superseded by squad numbering , whereby each player in a squad is allocated a fixed number for the duration of a season . Professional clubs also usually display players ' surnames or nicknames on their shirts , above ( or , infrequently , below ) their squad numbers . Football kit has evolved significantly since the early days of the sport when players typically wore thick cotton shirts , knickerbockers and heavy rigid leather boots . In the twentieth century , boots became lighter and softer , shorts were worn at a shorter length , and advances in clothing manufacture and printing allowed shirts to be made in lighter synthetic fibres with increasingly colourful and complex designs . With the rise of advertising in the 20th century , sponsors ' logos began to appear on shirts , and replica strips were made available for fans to purchase , generating significant amounts of revenue for clubs . = = Equipment = = = = = Basic equipment = = = The Laws of the Game set out the basic equipment which must be worn by all players in Law 4 : The Players ' Equipment . Five separate items are specified : shirt ( also known as a jersey ) , shorts , socks ( also known as stockings ) , footwear and shin pads . Goalkeepers are allowed to wear tracksuit bottoms instead of shorts . While most players wear studded football boots ( " soccer shoes " or " cleats " in U.S. English ) , the Laws do not specify that these are required . Shirts must have sleeves ( both short and long sleeves are accepted ) , and goalkeepers must wear shirts which are easily distinguishable from all other players and the match officials . Thermal undershorts may be worn , but must be the same colour as the shorts themselves . Shin pads must be covered entirely by the stockings , be made of rubber , plastic or a similar material , and " provide a reasonable degree of protection " . The only other restriction on equipment defined in the Laws of the Game is the requirement that a player " must not use equipment or wear anything that is dangerous to himself or another player " . It is normal for individual competitions to specify that all outfield players on a team must wear the same colours , though the Law states only " The two teams must wear colours that distinguish them from each other and also the referee and the assistant referees " . In the event of a match between teams who would normally wear identical or similar colours the away team must change to a different colour . Because of this requirement a team 's second @-@ choice is often referred to as its " away kit " or " away colours " , although it is not unknown , especially at international level , for teams to opt to wear their away colours even when not required to by a clash of colours , or to wear them at home . The England national team sometimes plays in red shirts even when it is not required , as this was the strip worn when the team won the 1966 FIFA World Cup . Many professional clubs also have a " third kit " , ostensibly to be used if both their first @-@ choice and away colours are deemed too similar to those of an opponent . Most professional clubs have retained the same basic colour scheme for several decades , and the colours themselves form an integral part of a club 's culture . Teams representing countries in international competition generally wear national colours in common with other sporting teams of the same nation . These are usually based on the colours of the country 's national flag , although there are exceptions — the Italian national team , for example , wear blue as it was the colour of the House of Savoy , the Australian team like most Australian sporting teams wear the Australian National Colours of green and gold , neither of which appear on the flag , and the Dutch national team wear orange , the colour of the Dutch Royal House . Shirts are normally made of a polyester mesh , which does not trap the sweat and body heat in the same way as a shirt made of a natural fibre . Most professional clubs have sponsors ' logos on the front of their shirts , which can generate significant levels of income , and some also offer sponsors the chance to place their logos on the back of their shirts . Depending on local rules , there may be restrictions on how large these logos may be or on what logos may be displayed . Competitions such as the Premier League may also require players to wear patches on their sleeves depicting the logo of the competition . A player 's number is usually printed on the back of the shirt , although international teams often also place numbers on the front , and professional teams generally print a player 's surname above his number . The captain of each team is usually required to wear an elasticated armband around the left sleeve to identify him as the captain to the referee and supporters . Most current players wear specialist football boots , which can be made either of leather or a synthetic material . Modern boots are cut slightly below the ankles , as opposed to the high @-@ ankled boots used in former times , and have studs attached to the soles . Studs may be either moulded directly to the sole or be detachable , normally by means of a screw thread . Modern boots such as the Adidas Predator , originally designed by former Liverpool player Craig Johnston , feature increasingly intricate , scientifically aided designs and features such as air pockets in the soles and rubber " blades " on the sole rather than studs . The blades have been the subject of controversy as several top managers have blamed them for injuries both to opposition players and to the wearers themselves . The Laws of the Game specify that all players , regardless of gender , must wear the same kit , however in September 2008 the Dutch women 's team FC de Rakt made international headlines by swapping its old strip for a new one featuring short skirts and tight @-@ fitting shirts . This innovation , which had been requested by the team itself , was initially vetoed by the KNVB , Dutch football 's governing body , but this decision was reversed when it was revealed that the FC de Rakt team were wearing hot pants under their skirts , and were therefore technically in compliance . = = = Other equipment = = = All players are permitted to wear gloves , and goalkeepers usually wear specialist goalkeeping gloves . Prior to the 1970s , gloves were rarely worn , but it is now extremely unusual to see a goalkeeper without gloves . In Portugal 's match against England in the Euro 2004 tournament , Ricardo drew much comment for deciding to remove his gloves during the penalty shoot @-@ out . Since the 1980s significant advancements have been made in the design of gloves , which now feature protectors to prevent the fingers bending backwards , segmentation to allow greater flexibility , and palms made of materials designed to protect the hand and to enhance a player 's grip . Gloves are available in a variety of different cuts , including " flat palm " , " roll finger " and " negative " , with variations in the stitching and fit . Goalkeepers sometimes also wear caps to prevent glare from the sun or floodlights affecting their performance . Players with sight problems may wear glasses as long as there is no risk of them falling off or breaking and thereby becoming dangerous . Most players affected choose to wear contact lenses , although Dutch player Edgar Davids , who is unable to wear contact lenses due to his glaucoma , is known for his distinctive wraparound goggles . Other items that may be dangerous to other players , such as jewellery , however , are not allowed . Players may also choose to wear headgear to protect themselves from head injury as long as it presents no risk to the safety of the wearer or any other player . = = = Match officials ' kit = = = Referees , assistant referees and fourth officials wear kits of a similar style to that worn by players ; until the 1950s it was more common for a referee to wear a blazer than a jersey . Although not specified in the Laws of the Game , it is considered a principle of football that officials wear shirts of a different colour to those worn by the two teams and their goalkeepers . Black is the traditional colour worn by officials , and " the man in black " is widely used as an informal term for a referee , although increasingly other colours are being used in the modern era to minimise colour clashes . The 1994 World Cup was the first in which FIFA allowed officials to wear colours other than black . In 1998 Premier League referee David Elleray was forced to change his black shirt for a white one midway through a match between Aston Villa and Wimbledon as it was deemed too similar to the navy blue worn by the Wimbledon players . Referees also sometimes have sponsors ' logos on their shirts , although these are normally confined to the sleeves . = = History = = = = = Victorian era = = = The first written evidence of a clothing item specifically dedicated to football comes in 1526 from the Great Wardrobe of King Henry VIII of England , which included a reference to a pair of football boots . The earliest evidence of coloured shirts used to identify football teams comes from early English public school football games , for example an image of Winchester College football from before 1840 is entitled " The commoners have red and the college boys blue jerseys " and such colours are mentioned again in a Bell 's Life in London article of 1858 . House sporting colours are mentioned in Rugby football ( rule XXI ) as early as 1845 : " No player may wear cap or jersey without leave from the head of his house " . In 1848 it was noted at Rugby that " considerable improvement has taken place in the last few years , in the appearance of a match ... in the use of peculiar dress consisting of velvet caps and jerseys " Organised association football was first played in England in the 1860s , and many teams would probably play in whatever clothing they had available , with players of the same team distinguishing themselves by wearing coloured caps or sashes . This came to be problematic though , and an 1867 handbook of the game suggested that teams should attempt " if it can be previously so arranged , to have one side with striped jerseys of one colour , say red , and the other with another , say blue . This prevents confusion and wild attempts to wrest the ball from your neighbour . " The first standard strips began to emerge in the 1870s , with many clubs opting for colours associated with the schools or other sporting organisations from which the clubs had emerged . Blackburn Rovers , for example , adopted shirts of a halved design based on those of the team for former pupils of Malvern College , one of the schools where the sport had developed . Their original colours of light blue and white were chosen to reflect an association with Cambridge University , where a number of the club 's founders had been educated . Colours and designs often changed dramatically between matches , with Bolton Wanderers turning out in both pink shirts and white shirts with red spots within the same year . Rather than the modern shorts , players wore long knickerbockers or full @-@ length trousers , often with a belt or even braces . Lord Kinnaird , an early star of the game , was noted for always being resplendent in long white trousers . There were no numbers printed on shirts to identify individual players , and the programme for an 1875 match between Queen 's Park and Wanderers in Glasgow identifies the players by the colours of their caps or stockings . The first shin pads were worn in 1874 by the Nottingham Forest player Sam Weller Widdowson , who cut down a pair of cricket pads and wore them outside his stockings . Initially the concept was ridiculed but it soon caught on with other players . By the turn of the century pads had become smaller and were being worn inside the stockings . As the game gradually moved away from being a pursuit for wealthy amateurs to one dominated by working @-@ class professionals , kits changed accordingly . The clubs themselves , rather than individual players , were now responsible for purchasing kit and financial concerns , along with the need for the growing numbers of spectators to easily identify the players , led to the lurid colours of earlier years being abandoned in favour of simple combinations of primary colours . In 1890 the Football League , which had been formed two years earlier , ruled that no two member teams could register similar colours , so as to avoid clashes . This rule was later abandoned in favour of one stipulating that all teams must have a second set of shirts in a different colour available . Initially the home team was required to change colours in the event of a clash , but in 1921 the rule was amended to require the away team to change . Specialised football boots began to emerge in the professional era , taking the place of everyday shoes or work boots . Players initially simply nailed strips of leather to their boots to enhance their grip , leading the Football Association to rule in 1863 that no nails could project from boots . By the 1880s these crude attachments had become studs . Boots of this era were made of heavy leather , had hard toecaps , and came high above a player 's ankles . = = = Early 20th century = = = As the game began to spread to Europe and beyond , clubs adopted kits similar to those worn in the United Kingdom , and in some cases chose colours directly inspired by British clubs . In 1903 , Juventus of Italy adopted a black and white strip inspired by Notts County . Two years later , Argentina 's Club Atlético Independiente adopted red shirts after watching Nottingham Forest play . In 1904 the Football Association dropped its rule that players ' knickerbockers must cover their knees and teams began wearing them much shorter . They became known as " knickers " , and were referred to by this term until the 1960s when " shorts " became the preferred term . Initially , almost all teams wore knickers of a contrasting colour to their shirts . In 1909 , in a bid to assist referees in identifying the goalkeeper amongst a ruck of players , the Laws of the Game were amended to state that the goalkeeper must wear a shirt of a different colour to his team @-@ mates . Initially it was specified that goalkeepers ' shirts must be either scarlet or royal blue , but when green was added as a third option in 1912 it caught on the extent that soon almost every goalkeeper was playing in green . In this period goalkeepers generally wore a heavy woollen garment more akin to a jumper than the shirts worn by outfield players . Sporadic experiments with numbered shirts took place in the 1920s but the idea did not initially catch on . The first major match in which numbers were worn was the 1933 FA Cup Final between Everton and Manchester City . Rather than the numbers being added to the clubs ' existing strips , two special sets , one white and one red , were made for the final and allocated to the two teams by the toss of a coin . The Everton players wore numbers 1 – 11 , while the City players wore 12 – 22 . It was not until around the time of the Second World War that numbering became standard , with teams wearing numbers 1 – 11 . Although there were no regulations on which player should wear which number , specific numbers came to be associated with specific positions on the field of play , a prime example being the number 9 shirt which was usually reserved for the team 's main striker . In contrast to the usual practice , Scottish club Celtic wore numbers on their shorts rather than their shirts until 1975 for international matches , and until 1994 for domestic matches . The 1930s also saw great advancements in boot manufacture , with new synthetic materials and softer leathers becoming available . By 1936 players in Europe were wearing boots which weighed only a third of the weight of the rigid boots of a decade earlier , although British clubs did not adopt the new @-@ style boots , with players such as Billy Wright openly pronouncing their disdain for the new footwear and claiming that it was more suited to ballet than football . In the period immediately after the war , many teams in Europe were forced to wear unusual kits due to clothing restrictions . England 's Oldham Athletic , who had traditionally worn blue and white , spent two seasons playing in red and white shirts borrowed from a local rugby league club , and Scotland 's Clyde wore khaki . In the 1950s kits worn by players in southern Europe and South America became much more lightweight , with V @-@ necks replacing collars on shirts and synthetic fabrics replacing heavy natural fibres . The first boots to be cut below the ankle rather than high @-@ topped were introduced by Adidas in 1954 . Although they cost twice as much as existing styles the boots were a huge success and cemented the German company 's place in the football market . Around the same time Adidas also developed the first boots with screw @-@ in studs which could be changed according to pitch conditions . Other areas were slower to adopt the new styles – British clubs again resisted change and stuck resolutely to kits little different from those worn before the war , and Eastern European teams continued to wear kits that were deemed old @-@ fashioned elsewhere . The FC Dynamo Moscow team that toured Western Europe in 1945 drew almost as much comment for the players ' long baggy shorts as for the quality of their football . With the advent of international competitions such as the European Cup , the southern European style spread to the rest of the continent and by the end of the decade the heavy shirts and boots of the pre @-@ war years had fallen entirely out of use . The 1960s saw little innovation in kit design , with clubs generally opting for simple colour schemes which looked good under the newly adopted floodlights . Designs from the late 1960s and early 1970s are highly regarded by football fans . = = = Modern era = = = In the 1970s clubs began to create strongly individual strips , and in 1975 Leeds United , who had changed their traditional blue and gold colours to all white in the 1960s to mimic Real Madrid , became the first club to design shirts which could be sold to fans in the form of replicas . Driven by commercial concerns , other clubs soon followed suit , adding manufacturers ' logos and a higher level of trim . In 1973 , German team Eintracht Braunschweig signed a deal with local alcohol producer Jägermeister to display its logo on the front of their shirts . Soon almost all major clubs had signed such deals , and the cost to companies who sponsor large teams has increased dramatically . In 2008 German club FC Bayern Munich received € 25 million in sponsorship money from Deutsche Telekom . However Spanish clubs FC Barcelona and Athletic Bilbao refused to allow sponsors ' logos to appear on their shirts as recently as 2005 . Until 2011 Barcelona refused paying sponsors in favour of wearing the UNICEF logo on their shirts while donating € 1 @.@ 5 million to the charity per year . Players also began to sign sponsorship deals with individual companies . In 1974 Johan Cruijff refused to wear the Dutch national team 's strip as its Adidas branding conflicted with his own individual contract with Puma , and was permitted to wear a version without the Adidas branding . Puma had also paid Pelé $ 120 @,@ 000 to wear their boots and specifically requested that he bend down and tie his laces at the start of the 1970 FIFA World Cup final , ensuring a close @-@ up of the boots for a worldwide television audience . In the 1980s manufacturers such as Hummel and Adidas began to design shirts with increasingly intricate designs , as new technology led to the introduction of such design elements as shadow prints and pinstripes . Hummel 's distinctive halved strip designed for the Danish national team for the 1986 FIFA World Cup caused a stir in the media but FIFA worried about moiré artefacts in television pictures . Shorts became shorter than ever during the 1970s and 1980s , and often included the player 's number on the front . In the 1991 FA Cup Final Tottenham Hotspur 's players lined up in long baggy shorts . Although , the new look was derided , clubs in Britain and elsewhere had within a short time adopted the longer shorts . In the 1990s shirt designs became increasingly complex , with many teams sporting extremely gaudy colour schemes . Design decisions were increasingly driven by the need for the shirt to look good when worn by fans as a fashion item , but many designs from this era have since come to be regarded as amongst the worst of all time . In 1996 , Manchester United notoriously introduced a grey strip which had been specifically designed to look good when worn with jeans , but abandoned it halfway through a match after manager Alex Ferguson claimed that the reason why his team was losing 3 – 0 was that the players could not see each other on the pitch . United switched to different colours for the second half and scored one goal without reply . The leading leagues also introduced squad numbers , whereby each player is allocated a specific number for the duration of a season . A brief fad arose for players celebrating goals by lifting or completely removing their shirts to reveal political , religious or personal slogans printed on undershirts . This led to a ruling from the International Football Association Board in 2002 that undershirts must not contain slogans or logos ; since 2004 it has been a bookable offence for players to remove their shirts . The market for replica shirts has grown enormously , with the revenue generated for leading clubs and the frequency with which they change designs coming under increased scrutiny , especially in the United Kingdom , where the market for replicas is worth in excess of £ 200m . Several clubs have been accused of price fixing , and in 2003 Manchester United were fined £ 1.65m by the Office of Fair Trading . The high prices charged for replicas have also led to many fans buying fake shirts which are imported from countries such as Thailand and Malaysia . Nonetheless , the chance for fans to purchase a shirt bearing the name and number of a star player can lead to significant revenue for a club . In the first six months after David Beckham 's transfer to Real Madrid the club sold more than one million shirts bearing his name . A market has also developed for shirts worn by players during significant matches , which are sold as collector 's items . The shirt worn by Pelé in the 1970 FIFA World Cup Final sold at auction for over £ 150 @,@ 000 in 2002 . A number of advances in kit design have taken place since 2000 , with varying degrees of success . In 2002 the Cameroon national team competed in the African Cup of Nations in Mali wearing shirts with no sleeves , but FIFA later ruled that such garments were not considered to be shirts and therefore were not permitted under the Laws of the Game . Manufacturers Puma AG initially added " invisible " black sleeves to comply with the ruling , but later supplied the team with new one @-@ piece singlet @-@ style tops . FIFA ordered the team not to wear the tops but the ruling was disregarded , with the result that the Cameroon team was docked six points in its qualifying campaign for the 2006 FIFA World Cup , a decision later reversed after an appeal . More successful were the skin @-@ tight shirts designed for the Italian national team by manufacturers Kappa , a style subsequently emulated by other national teams and club sides . A brief fashion for men wearing snood @-@ scarf neckwarmers ended in 2011 when the IFAB banned them as potentially dangerous . A ban on women wearing the hijab was introduced by the IFAB in 2007 , but lifted in 2012 after pressure from Prince Ali of Jordan . In keeping with French views , the French Football Federation said it would maintain its ban .
= USS West Avenal ( ID @-@ 3871 ) = USS West Avenal ( ID @-@ 3871 ) was a cargo ship in the United States Navy during World War I. She had been built as SS West Avenal for the United States Shipping Board ( USSB ) as part of the West boats , a series of steel @-@ hulled cargo ships built on the West Coast of the United States . West Avenal was launched in October 1918 by the Western Pipe and Steel Company of San Francisco , California , and delivered to the US Navy when she was completed in February 1919 . After she was commissioned and had taken on a load of flour , West Avenal sailed to Norfolk , Virginia , where she was decommissioned in early April . Though little is available regarding West Avenal 's civilian career , she is known from contemporary news account to have visited ports in Spain , Italy , France , Brazil and Uruguay in the early 1920s . In January 1920 , West Avenal was rammed by a British cargo ship in New York Harbor and was grounded to prevent her sinking . By late 1928 , West Avenal had been abandoned by the USSB , and was scrapped in August 1929 . = = Design and construction = = The West ships were cargo ships of similar size and design built by several shipyards on the West Coast of the United States for the United States Shipping Board ( USSB ) for emergency use during World War I. All were given names that began with the word West , like West Avenal , one of some 15 West ships built by the Western Pipe and Steel Company of San Francisco , California . West Avenal ( Western Pipe and Steel No. 3 ) was launched on 13 October 1918 , and delivered to the Navy upon completion on 1 February 1919 . The ship was 5 @,@ 692 gross register tons ( GRT ) , and was 410 feet 5 inches ( 125 @.@ 10 m ) long ( between perpendiculars ) and 54 feet ( 16 @.@ 5 m ) abeam . West Avenal had a steel hull and a 29 @-@ foot @-@ 9 @-@ inch ( 9 @.@ 07 m ) deep hold . She displaced 12 @,@ 200 t , and had a deadweight tonnage of 8 @,@ 735 DWT . In common with the first eight ships built by Western Pipe & Steel , West Avenal was powered by a single General Electric steam turbine rated at 2 @,@ 500 shaft horsepower , that drove a single screw propeller , and moved the ship at a 10 @.@ 5 kn ( 19 @.@ 4 km / h ; 12 @.@ 1 mph ) pace . These General Electric turbines proved unreliable and most of the ships powered by them were either lost or scrapped by the end of the 1920s . Later vessels of the same type built by WPS for the USSB were powered by much more reliable Joshua Hendy triple expansion steam engines , and had considerably longer service lives . = = Career = = USS West Avenal ( ID @-@ 3871 ) was commissioned into the Navy on 1 February with Lieutenant Commander Franz Patterson , USNRF , in command . West Avenal took on an initial load of flour and departed San Francisco on 17 April for New York . She soon developed a steering gear problem and put in at San Diego for repairs . After getting underway again , she transited the Panama Canal and , cutting short her journey , arrived at Norfolk , Virginia , on 4 April . There she was decommissioned the next day and returned to the USSB . West Avenal departed Norfolk on a voyage to Leith , Scotland on 9 April 1919 , but was forced to return to port after suffering an engine breakdown . Following repairs , she made several voyages between the East Coast of the United States and various destinations in South America , Spain , France and England . A few mentions of the ship crop up in contemporary news accounts . In August 1919 , for example , The New York Times shows West Avenal slated for departure to Buenos Aires , Argentina , on 12 August . The following January , the newspaper reported that West Avenal was rammed by the British Leyland Line cargo ship Lacastrian . Departing New York in a dense fog on the morning of 9 January 1920 for Antwerp , Lacastrian rammed into the port side of West Avenal , which was inbound with a load of onions from Valencia , Spain . The damage was severe enough that West Avenal 's captain ordered her grounded to avoid sinking in New York Harbor . More than two weeks later , The Washington Post printed a photograph of West Avenal , still grounded off the Red Hook flats . Another report in the Times a year later showed her arrival in Saint @-@ Nazaire , France , on 13 August 1920 . In January 1921 , The Atlanta Constitution ran a travelogue of a local man who had sailed on West Avenal to South America in August 1919 . During his travels , West Avenal had departed the US on 27 August and called at Saint Thomas , U.S. Virgin Islands ; Rio de Janeiro ( where the ship arrived on 24 September ) Santos in Brazil ; and Montevideo , Uruguay . Another report in The New York Times the following year listed West Avenal 's arrival in Genoa , Italy , on 19 January 1921 . West Avenal underwent further repairs in 1921 , after which she was laid up by the USSB in the Staten Island Reserve Fleet 3 Section 1 . The vessel was delivered at New York to the Union Shipbuilding Company of Baltimore , Maryland for scrapping on 29 August 1929 .
= A Ballads = A Ballads ( stylized as BALLADS ) is the second greatest hits compilation by Japanese recording artist Ayumi Hamasaki . It was released physically on March 12 , 2003 through Avex Trax , and digitally distributed worldwide on September 14 , 2006 by Avex Entertainment Inc . It is her first compilation release in two years since A Best ; it premiered three months after her sixth studio album Rainbow . The compilation compiles ballad @-@ inspired singles released by Hamasaki between 1998 and 2003 , whilst the material is divided into new @-@ arrangement remixes and the original versions . With all the tracks written by Hamasaki , it includes two new songs — " Rainbow " , which served as the album 's promotional single , and a cover version of Japanese singer Yumi Matsutoya 's 1975 track " Sotsugyō Shashin " . Released in six formats featuring a photograph by JFKK , A Ballads received favorable reviews from music critics . Many praised the collection for including some of Hamasaki 's best vocal work , and commended the songwriting . Minor criticism was aimed on the newer renditions of the original songs . Commercially , the album was a success in Japan , reaching number one on the Oricon Albums Chart , making it Hamasaki 's second compilation and eighth album to reach the top spot . It was certified Million by the Recording Industry Association of Japan ( RIAJ ) for shipments of one million units . The album experienced limited promotion during its release , with some of the tracks appearing during Japanese commercial endorsements . = = Background and material = = In December 2002 , Hamasaki released her sixth studio album Rainbow . Early issues of the album included a code number and URL address that allowed customers to visit an exclusive website that promoted the album and listen to a 40 @-@ second demo of her unfinished song " Rainbow " . During its promotion , Avex Trax and Hamasaki received over 100 @,@ 000 messages from fans , telling them their opinions about the unfinished demo . Due to the mixed response of her fanbase , Hamasaki decided to develop the song further and release it as part of an upcoming compilation album , which was later named A Ballads . During the process , Hamasaki confessed that " [ she ] had never before written lyrics that were based on messages received directly from [ her ] fans . It was with " Rainbow " that [ she ] decided to give this approach a try " . A Ballads is Hamasaki 's first compilation to compile songs that were inspired by ballad music , with it portraying her second greatest hits album after A Best ( 2001 ) . Each track from the album was released either as a single or as a promotional recording , recorded between the years 1998 and 2003 . Six of the tracks on the album were composed and co @-@ produced by Hamasaki , who used the alias Crea . The album consists of fifteen tracks , including two new recordings — " Rainbow " and a cover version of Japanese singer Yumi Matsutoya 's 1975 track " Sotsugyō Shashin " . Seven of the album 's tracks — " Appears " , " You " , " To Be " , " M " , " Seasons " , " A Song for × × " and " Who ... " — feature new arrangements and compositions , whilst the songs " Key " , " Hanabi " , " Dearest " and " Voyage " are included with their original versions . = = Songs = = To explain Hamasaki 's the background and development , Hamasaki hosted a commentary on her website . The first song , " Rainbow " , was originally composed by CMJK , but Hamasaki felt the finishing product was " missing something " , and re @-@ worked the demo version with Japanese musician Dai Nagao . According to Hamasaki , she wanted to reflect the emotion and words used in each 100 @,@ 000 messages she received from her fans to create the song , but because there were numerous emails , she decided to write it as a summary and her feelings as an " aftermath " from reading the messages . The song was described by a staff member at CD Journal as an " organic midtempo pop ballad " song . " Appears " was remixed by Japanese group HΛL . According to Hamasaki , she had asked the group to re @-@ compose their original version of the track in order to reflect " current [ musical ] themes of 2003 . " The album included the original version of " Key ( Eternal Tie ) " as Hamasaki felt that the original was " more important and unknown " than the proposed @-@ reworked version she had planned . " You ( Northern Breeze ) " was one of the last reworked tracks , and was described by Hamasaki as being influenced by Western music . " To Be ( 2003 ReBirth Mix ) " was not re @-@ worked or re @-@ arranged by any of the album 's collaborators , with it being purely remastered and mixed again by music engineer Koji Morimoto . " Hanabi " was one of the album 's only tracks to appear in its original version , and has been described by a CD Journal staff member to have been inspired by Europop , trip hop , and dub music . " Dolls " , a J @-@ pop influenced pop ballad , remained the sophomore original track to make part of the record . Like " To Be " , the next track " Seasons " was remastered and mixed by Morimoto . The final original track , " Voyage " , was described by CD Journal as a midtempo ballad influenced by gospel music , layered with several string arrangements and other instrumentation . " A Song for × × " was re @-@ worked as a live demo , recorded at the Avex Trax studios in Japan . For the promotional track " Who ... " , Hamasaki asked CMJK to create a more " warmer " version than the original . The closing track for A Ballads was " Sotsugyō Shashin " . According to Hamasaki , she had imagined recording a cover for a studio album , but was unsuccessful at doing so . To compose the track , she and the songs co @-@ composer Tasuku composed it by using a Fender Rhodes Suitcase Mk I electric piano in order to reflect the songs original 1960s – 1970s pop influence . = = Release = = A Ballads was released physically on March 12 , 2003 through Avex Trax in five formats , and digitally distributed worldwide on September 14 , 2006 by Avex Entertainment Inc . The first five formats were compact discs ; each one of the four early editions included a slipcase sleeve that had two clones of Hamasaki asleep next to each other , with the inner booklet portraying four different photographs of the clones . The four alternative covers were different variations of the two Hamasaki figures in a pink @-@ coloured room . The fifth format came without a slipcase , and had the slipcase image as the inner booklet cover . The digital release featured the slipcase cover and the entire photo shoot was photographed by JFKK . = = Reception = = Upon its release , A Ballads received favorable reviews from most music critics . Tetsuo Hiraga from Hot Express believed that the album 's material was able to connect with both younger and older audiences . He also pointed out the " Royal @-@ esque " tracks " Seasons " and " Dearests " as some of her best recordings . An editorial review on HMV singled out A Ballads as one of the best ballad albums in recent history ; the review labelled it a " classic " , and commended Hamasaki 's vocal abilities , her songwriting and her vulnerability . In a similar review , a staff member of CD Journal enjoyed the album and complimented it 's new additions to the album . Commercially , the album was successful in Japan , with it debuting at number one on the Oricon Albums Chart and replacing 200 Km / h in the Wrong Lane ( 2002 ) by Russian female duo t.A.T.u. at the top spot . Hamasaki 's entry sold 561 @,@ 127 units in comparison to t.A.T.u. ' s 167 @,@ 627 unit sales . By the end of 2003 , A Ballads was ranked at number eight as the best selling album in Japan of that year . It sold 917 @,@ 555 units , and was also her second album to enter the top ten , just behind Rainbow which sold 1 @,@ 856 @,@ 919 units . As of July 2016 , it has sold over 924 @,@ 242 units , her first greatest hits album to not sell over the one million mark . Nevertheless , it was certified Million by the Recording Industry Association of Japan ( RIAJ ) for shipments of one million units . It is Hamasaki 's ninth best selling album based on Oricon 's sale database . = = Promotion = = The album experienced limited promotion during its release , with some of the tracks appearing during Japanese commercial endorsements . The compilation 's only release was promotional song " Rainbow " , which was used as the theme song for Hamasaki 's Japanese talk show Ayuready ? , and to promote products by Lumix . An accompanying music video for the song was directed by Wataru Takeishi , featuring two clones of Hamasaki chasing each other , and eventually meeting at a dinner in Japan . Near the end of the video , it is revealed that the second clone is in fact her imagination or conscious . = = Track listing = = All lyrics written by Ayumi Hamasaki with the exception of Yumi Matsutoya 's contribution on track 14 .. = = Charts = = = = Release history = =
= Russell Howarth = Russell Michael Howarth ( born 27 March 1982 ) is an English former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper . Howarth started his career in the youth system of hometown club York City in 1996 while a schoolboy , before becoming a trainee in 1998 . He made his first team debut at the age of 17 , playing in the first six games of the 1999 – 2000 season . During this run in the team he signed a professional contract with the club . However , he was unable to play regularly for York because of the form of Bobby Mimms and Alan Fettis . After having trials with Premier League and First Division clubs , Howarth left York in November 2002 to sign for Tranmere Rovers for a five @-@ figure fee . Here , he again played sporadically , only having runs in the team when first @-@ choice goalkeeper John Achterberg was unavailable . After being released by Tranmere in 2005 , Howarth signed for Bradford City . However , he was unable to dislodge Donovan Ricketts in goal and was released in 2007 . He immediately retired from football and started working as a paramedic . While at York , Howarth played for England at a number of youth levels . He was capped twice at under @-@ 16 level in 1999 , while still a trainee at York . He tussled with Chelsea 's Rhys Evans for a starting place in the under @-@ 18 side , playing for them in 2001 UEFA European Under @-@ 19 Football Championship qualifying . After making four under @-@ 18 appearances from 2000 to 2001 , he progressed to the under @-@ 20 side , competing with Evans , Stephen Bywater and Boaz Myhill for a place in the side . He was capped four times for the side from 2001 to 2002 before being given a late call @-@ up to the under @-@ 21 squad for the 2002 UEFA European Under @-@ 21 Football Championship . Following his move to Tranmere he was still included in under @-@ 21 squads , but failed to be capped at that level . = = Early life = = Howarth was born in York , North Yorkshire to Michael and Lyn Howarth ( née Hammond ) . He was baptised in Riccall , North Yorkshire . He attended Barlby High School . As a youth he played as a goalkeeper for Olympia Station FC , before representing York and District Schools at the age of 12 . In one season however he played as a left @-@ sided midfielder and scored 29 goals . He soon returned to playing in goal and impressed Huntington School teacher Alan Whitehead , a former York City player , who was running the York and District team . = = Club career = = = = = York City = = = Howarth started his career with hometown club York City in their youth system , joining in 1996 on schoolboy terms . In the summer of 1998 he signed a three @-@ year academy scholarship at York and became a first @-@ year trainee . During May 1999 he played for York in the Candia @-@ 66 International Under @-@ 20s Tournament , a youth tournament hosted in Europe . York won the tournament after defeating Trenkvin Slowakigie in the final ; Howarth saved two penalty kicks in the 4 – 2 penalty shoot @-@ out victory . At the age of 17 he made his first team debut for Third Division York in a 1 – 0 victory at home to Swansea City in the opening game of the 1999 – 2000 season on 7 August . He started the season as York 's first @-@ choice first team goalkeeper ahead of the experienced Bobby Mimms , keeping clean sheets in the first three games of the campaign . On 26 August , two days after making his fifth successive appearance , Howarth signed a three @-@ year professional contract with York . However , after conceding 11 goals in three games , and having played in York 's first six games of the season , manager Neil Thompson dropped him in favour of the more experienced Mimms . York 's management team insisted Howarth 's exclusion was intended to safeguard the player , and was not based on merit . His next appearance came as a 72nd @-@ minute substitute in York 's 2 – 0 defeat away at Plymouth Argyle on 19 February 2000 following an injury to Mimms . Howarth was favoured over Mimms for the following game , a 0 – 0 draw at home to Exeter City on 26 February , in which he gave a " solid showing " . However , following the signing of Northern Ireland international Alan Fettis , Howarth was once again restricted to the York bench . His first season in senior football finished with eight appearances . In May Howarth played for Premier League club Leeds United in a seven @-@ a @-@ side tournament in Singapore , because their own goalkeepers were unavailable . He also represented York in the Candia @-@ 66 International Under @-@ 20s Tournament for a second successive summer , although he only played one game as he was being rested after playing for Leeds . His first appearance of the 2000 – 01 season came in York 's 5 – 1 defeat at home to Stoke City in the League Cup first round first leg . During the match he fumbled a Graham Fenton cross , and Stoke were able to open the scoring from the error . He garnered praise from York 's part @-@ time goalkeeping coach and former Everton player Neville Southall , who Howarth held as a boyhood hero , by saying " Russ can be as good as he wants to be . He works hard and has a great attitude when a lot of youngsters today at big clubs don 't have such a good attitude . He will succeed . Even if it is in three , five or even ten years , he will succeed . " With Fettis being rested Howarth made his second appearance of the season on 9 January 2001 , starting in a 4 – 0 defeat at home to Darlington in the Football League Trophy Northern Section first round . Despite conceding four goals he was the only player to escape criticism from manager Terry Dolan , who said " He was let down by everyone else around him . He had no protection whatsoever . His kicking was excellent and he did everything else he had to do without a problem . " Due to the good form of Fettis , Howarth finished the season with only two appearances . Howarth made his first appearance of the 2001 – 02 season in the 2 – 0 defeat away at Notts County on 16 October in the Football League Trophy Northern Section first round . Having made a number of fine saves he was named man of the match and Dolan remarked that " he is playing as well as I have seen him and he is putting real pressure on Alan Fettis . " Despite not featuring regularly for York he spent four days on trial with Premier League outfit Sunderland , training with the side for three days and playing 45 minutes of a practice match against Huddersfield Town . Howarth then spent a brief period on trial with Wolverhampton Wanderers of the First Division in January 2002 . He played in a reserve team game against Huddersfield and reportedly impressed manager Dave Jones . Howarth made his first league appearance for York in over two years as a substitute for an injured Fettis in the 65th minute of a 3 – 0 home win over Bristol Rovers on 17 April . Two days later he was offered a new contract by York . With Fettis still injured for the following game , Howarth was selected to start for the first time since February 2000 in the 1 – 0 defeat away at Scunthorpe United , York 's final game of the season . He finished the season with three appearances . Larger clubs became interested in buying him during the summer and he decided to consider his options before deciding on his future . He trialled with Everton in May 2002 , and played in a friendly against Falkirk in the Alex Scott Memorial Trophy , in which he kept a clean sheet . He later revealed he was interested in a move to Everton and due to Fettis ' good form for York he decided to pursue a move from the club . After his York contract expired on 30 June Howarth joined Wolves for a second trial in July for a two @-@ week period . After playing in Wolves ' opening pre @-@ season friendly against Morecambe he was invited to join them for their pre @-@ season tour of Portugal . Despite being out of contract at York the club was entitled a fee as he was under 24 years of age , but a bid of £ 60 @,@ 000 from Wolves was rejected . He was recalled by York to take part in a pre @-@ season friendly against Sunderland , although he refused to participate . Howarth told Dolan he did not want to play for the club as any potential injury could have ended his proposed transfer to Wolves . His proposed move to Wolves continued until August and late that month he trained with Premier League side Tottenham Hotspur . He played in a practice match for Tottenham , but after they failed to follow up their interest in him Wolves made a bid to sign him on loan , which York again rejected . After Marlon Beresford left York and Howarth 's proposed moves elsewhere fell through he re @-@ signed for the club on a week @-@ to @-@ week contract . Despite this , he spent two days on trial with Premier League side Newcastle United in late September . Howarth 's first appearance of the 2002 – 03 season came in a 4 – 3 defeat to Lincoln City on 22 October in the Football League Trophy Northern Section first round after Fettis was rested due to injury . = = = Tranmere Rovers = = = Howarth eventually completed a move away from York , signing for Second Division club Tranmere Rovers for an undisclosed five @-@ figure fee on 5 November . York chairman John Batchelor later revealed the transfer fee was an initial figure of £ 25 @,@ 000 . After signing Howarth said , " I felt I had gone a little bit stale at York and the time was right to move on " . He made his debut for Tranmere three weeks later in the 2 – 1 defeat away at Cardiff City in an FA Cup first round replay on 26 November , entering play as a 72nd @-@ minute substitute after John Achterberg was sent off . Tranmere did not concede a goal during Howarth 's 18 minutes on the pitch and his performance was positive , as he looked " cool and composed between the sticks " . However , with Achterberg established in the Tranmere goal Howarth had to wait until 4 February 2003 to make his league debut against Cheltenham Town , coming on as a substitute in the 57th minute after Achterberg sustained an injury . He conceded two goals in 33 minutes on the pitch on as Tranmere went on to lose the game 3 – 1 . Howarth returned to the substitutes ' bench for the following game against Swindon Town on 8 February as Achterberg had recovered from his injury . His first start in a Tranmere shirt came over two months later in a 0 – 0 draw away at Luton Town on 5 April after Achterberg picked up an injury in training the previous day . He kept his starting place for the following match , a 1 – 0 victory at home to Wycombe Wanderers on 12 April . Despite keeping clean sheets in both of these games , he was dropped for the next game against Notts County on 19 April . Howarth continued to be kept out of the side in the 2003 – 04 season and only made his first appearance after Achterberg was injured during the warm @-@ up against Swindon on 3 March 2004 . Tranmere lost the game 2 – 0 although his performance was positive , making a number of good saves . However , Achterberg was declared fit for the following game against Millwall on 7 April and Howarth returned to the bench . He did not play another game for Tranmere that season . Howarth 's first appearance of the 2004 – 05 season came as a 20th @-@ minute substitute after Achterberg was injured away at Hull City on 18 December . After conceding a goal scored by Ian Ashbee in the 34th minute , Howarth was then also injured in a challenge with Stuart Elliott , and was substituted at half @-@ time . He was available for Tranmere 's next game against Barnsley on 26 December , and with Achterberg ruled out for the Christmas period with a knee injury he started in a 1 – 1 draw . This meant Howarth had a run of nine consecutive games in goal for Tranmere , with an appearance against Oldham Athletic in the Football League Trophy Northern semi @-@ final on 25 January 2005 being his last before Achterberg made a return against Luton on 29 January . He failed to play for the side again that season , and was released by Tranmere on 24 May . = = = Bradford City = = = On 8 June 2005 , Howarth signed a two @-@ year contract with League One club Bradford City . He was signed to provide competition for Donovan Ricketts ; manager Colin Todd said " It was a position we needed filling badly . I am delighted to have got a keeper of Russell 's calibre " . Despite being given a chance to affirm himself in pre @-@ season with Ricketts away on international duty , it was Ricketts who started the 2005 – 06 season as first @-@ choice goalkeeper . Howarth made his debut in Bradford 's fourth game of the season away at Rotherham United on 20 August , coming on as a 27th @-@ minute substitute after Ricketts was injured . The match finished in a 1 – 1 draw . He made his first start in the subsequent 5 – 0 victory over League Two side Rochdale in the League Cup first round on 23 August . These were the first two appearances of a 12 @-@ game run in the team , before being dropped after nearly two months when Ricketts returned from injury against Port Vale on 15 October . His last two appearances for Bradford that season , which came when Ricketts was suspended , were a 5 – 3 defeat at home to Barnsley in an FA Cup second round replay and a 2 – 1 defeat at home to Rotherham on 17 December . Howarth finished his first campaign at Bradford with a career @-@ record 15 appearances . After starting the 2006 – 07 season again as second @-@ choice to Ricketts , he revealed his desire for a loan away from Bradford for first team football , saying " It is approaching make or break in terms of my career . I need to start playing regularly again as soon as possible " . Former club York , by this time playing in the Conference National , made a failed bid to sign him on loan in September 2006 . Howarth 's first and only appearance of the season , a 2 – 1 defeat at home to Scunthorpe in the Football League Trophy Northern Section first round on 17 October , proved to be the last game of his career . He was released by Bradford on 9 May 2007 and subsequently retired from professional football at the age of 25 . = = International career = = = = = England under @-@ 16 = = = Howarth received his first international call @-@ up when he was included in the England national under @-@ 16 team to play Turkey on 12 January 1999 . He was the only player with a club from below the top two divisions to have been selected . He made his debut in the match as a 70th minute substitute for Chelsea 's Rhys Evans , with England winning 2 – 0 . His second cap and first start for the side came two months later in a 1 – 0 victory at home to Turkey on 30 March . Following the game , Sky Sports commentator Brian Marwood described his performance as " outstanding " . = = = England under @-@ 18 = = = Howarth 's next international call @-@ up came over a year later when selected for the under @-@ 18s for a game against Luxembourg on 27 April 2000 , this time being one of two players with clubs below the top two divisions . He debuted for the side after coming on as a 60th @-@ minute substitute for Evans in this game , in a 2 – 0 victory for England . Howarth was then called up for a friendly with Israel on 1 September , although he did not feature in the game as Evans was chosen to start . In September he was named in the team that would participate in a 2001 UEFA European Under @-@ 18 Football Championship qualifying mini @-@ tournament hosted in Ancona , Italy . He failed to appear in the first game against Andorra on 7 October , but made his first start for the under @-@ 18s in the next game , a 5 – 0 victory over the Faroe Islands on 9 October . Howarth was excluded from the line @-@ up for the final game against Italy , which England won to progress to the intermediate qualifying round . Howarth was called up for a friendly against Belgium at Bradford City 's Valley Parade on 16 November , in which he started as England won 3 – 2 , despite Evans having seemingly established himself as the number one goalkeeper for the under @-@ 18s . He was then included in the squad for another friendly against the Netherlands on 1 March 2001 , although Evans was eventually chosen to play ahead of Howarth . He was called into the squads to play Poland in the intermediate qualifying round , although he failed to play a part in either leg of the tie , as Evans started in both the 1 – 0 loss at White Hart Lane on 22 March and the 0 – 0 away draw on 26 April . With Evans omitted from the squad to play Switzerland at FC Grenchen 's Stadion Brühl in a friendly on 30 May , Howarth started in a 1 – 0 defeat . The match , in which he was substituted for Boaz Myhill of Aston Villa , proved to be his final appearance for the under @-@ 18s . = = = England under @-@ 20 = = = Howarth was ineligible to play for the under @-@ 19 team due to an alteration to the England set @-@ up , and was subsequently called up for the under @-@ 20 game against Portugal at St Mary 's Stadium on 21 November . The game was England 's first at under @-@ 20 level since the 1999 FIFA World Youth Championship . He started the game and was substituted for Myhill after half @-@ time , with the side winning the game 1 – 0 . Howarth came on for England as a half @-@ time substitute for Evans in a 3 – 0 victory over Finland in their penultimate friendly ahead of the 2002 Toulon Tournament . A call @-@ up came for the final friendly away at Portugal on 10 April , and he again entered as a half @-@ time substitute , this time for Myhill . After originally being left out the squad , he was given a last minute call @-@ up to play at the Toulon Tournament in May , after Stephen Bywater was called up for the under @-@ 21 team . Howarth did not play in the first group game against Poland on 10 May as Bywater started , but in the second game against Portugal he was chosen ahead of Evans in a 1 – 0 victory over Portugal on 12 May . However , he was dropped for the final group game against Brazil on 14 May to make way for Evans , who also played in England 's final game in the tournament against Japan on 17 May . = = = England under @-@ 21 = = = Shortly after the under @-@ 20s ' exit from the Toulon Tournament , Howarth was called up for the under @-@ 21 side playing in the 2002 UEFA European Under @-@ 21 Football Championship after Bywater and Evans picked up injuries . He was on the bench for England 's final two group games against Italy and Portugal , and after losing both of these games the team was eliminated . Following the tournament he was re @-@ called by the under @-@ 21s for a game against Yugoslavia on 6 September , although Liverpool 's Chris Kirkland started . He was then included in the squad for the under @-@ 21s ' next game against Slovakia on 11 October in qualification Group 7 of the 2004 UEFA European Under @-@ 21 Football Championship and , despite Kirkland being injured , he failed to play as Wolves ' Matt Murray was selected . For the following qualifier against Macedonia on 15 October Howarth failed to make the bench . Following his move to Tranmere his international call @-@ ups continued , and he was selected for a get @-@ together of the under @-@ 21s in November , ahead of their 2004 UEFA European Under @-@ 21 Football Championship qualifiers against Portugal and Turkey in March and April 2003 . However , he did not play in either game , with Bywater and Murray starting . He was given a late call @-@ up to the squad for qualifiers against Macedonia and Portugal in September , but did not eventually meet up with the team as an agreement was reached that he would only be on standby for the games . = = Post @-@ football = = Following his retirement from football , Howarth became a paramedic . He became a coach for City Football Development in August 2009 , which was set up to offer coaching to youngsters in York . = = Personal life = = Howarth has been an Everton supporter since the early 1990s . His girlfriend Victoria worked as a deputy head teacher and while Howarth was a Tranmere player the couple lived on the Wirral . Their daughter , Georgia May , was born in late 2004 . After signing for Bradford in 2005 , Howarth briefly lived with his parents in Riccall before purchasing a second home in Halifax , West Yorkshire to live in with his partner . = = Career statistics = =
= A Man Will Rise = A Man Will Rise ( originally known as Local Hero ) is an uncompleted comedy western film directed by Tony Jaa and Vitidnan Rojanapanich , and starring Jaa , Dolph Lundgren , Conan Stevens , and Byron Gibson . Set in 1950s Thailand , the film follows a local gangster who terrorizes a town . When a young man opposes him , the gangster hires a group of foreign hit men to kill the rebel and silence the town . In January 2013 , Jean @-@ Claude Van Damme was rumored to be co @-@ starring alongside Jaa ; in reality , he was never available due to scheduling issues , and as a result , Lundgren was cast as an alternative . The film entered production in April 2013 , but came to an abrupt halt after three months of filming . Sahamongkol Film International filed a $ 49 – 50 million lawsuit against Jaa , Universal Pictures , and United International Pictures , claiming Jaa was in breach of his contract by accepting a role in Fast and Furious 7 . After two years of legal proceedings , Sahamongkol dropped the lawsuit in July 2015 . Despite this , production of A Man Will Rise has not continued , and the film remains uncompleted . = = Background = = News of the film first emerged under the working title of Local Hero in January 2013 . Jean @-@ Claude Van Damme was rumored to be co @-@ starring alongside Jaa , but he could not commit due to scheduling issues ; he was filming Swelter at the time . Dolph Lundgren was cast as an alternative . Filming began in April 2013 ; Jaa was announced as co @-@ director the same month . After three months of filming , production came to an abrupt halt with only 20 % of the film complete . Sahamongkol Film International filed a $ 49 – 50 million lawsuit against Jaa , Universal Pictures , and United International Pictures in September 2013 , claiming that Jaa was in breach of his contract by accepting the role of Kiet in Fast and Furious 7 . Sahamongkol based their sum on the cost of launching Jaa 's career and loss of future earnings , plus an additional 7 @.@ 5 % interest . They attempted to halt the release of Fast and Furious 7 in Thailand , and on March 27 , 2015 , a civil court approved , blocking release the film until a settlement had been reached by both parties . The court came to its decision after interviewing two employees of Sahamongkol : Akarapol Karasaranee , the son of the company 's president , Somsak Techaratanaprasert ; and Suwat Apaipak , a member of Sahamongkol 's legal team . In response to the allegations , Jaa stated that his contract with Sahamongkol had ended . He claimed that it was terminated through his lawyer in 2013 , describing it as " business slavery " due to its allegedly overrestrictive terms and conditions . Sahamongkol claimed that the contract had been renewed for another ten years , through 2023 . In the suit , Sahamangkol also requested that Jaa pay back his salary for A Man Will Rise , reportedly ฿ 26 million ( $ 722 @,@ 000 ) . The legal matters surrounding the lawsuit have prevented the completion of the film , and although the lawsuit was dropped in July 2015 , the film remains unfinished . There are currently no plans to complete the film . = = Cast ( preliminary ) = = Tony Jaa as Unknown Dolph Lundgren as Cowboy Hitman Conan Stevens as Cowboy Hitman David Islamone as Cowboy Hitman Byron Gibson as Diego Damian Mavis as Cowboy Gangster Russell Geoffrey Banks as Cowboy Gangster Manel Soler as Cowboy Gangster Jakkrit Kanokpodjananon as Unknown Leigh Barwell as Mexican Prostitute Alexandra Merle as Mexican Prostitute
= California State Route 57 = State Route 57 ( SR 57 ) , also known as the Orange Freeway for most of its length , is a north – south state highway in the Greater Los Angeles Area of California . It connects the interchange of Interstate 5 ( I @-@ 5 ) and SR 22 near downtown Orange , locally known as the Orange Crush , to the Glendora Curve interchange with I @-@ 210 and SR 210 in Glendora . The highway provides a route across several spurs of the Peninsular Ranges , linking the Los Angeles Basin with the Pomona Valley and San Gabriel Valley . A predecessor to this road ran through Brea Canyon by the early 20th century and was added to the state highway system . The freeway was built in stages during the 1950s , one of which included the Brea Canyon Freeway ; SR 57 was designated as part of the 1964 state highway renumbering . The final portion of the present @-@ day Orange Freeway was not completed until the mid 1970s . The latest piece of SR 57 to be added was formerly part of I @-@ 210 , after SR 210 was legislatively extended to San Bernardino in 1998 . An unconstructed extension from Santa Ana south to Huntington Beach remains in the legal definition of SR 57 , and has been studied as a toll road above the Santa Ana River . = = Route description = = SR 57 begins at the Orange Crush interchange near downtown Orange , where it meets the northwest – southeast Santa Ana Freeway ( I @-@ 5 ) and the east – west Garden Grove Freeway ( SR 22 ) . The Orange Crush interchange , which had long been considered a major bottleneck , was rebuilt in the 1990s and 2000s . The freeway heads north from the junction and soon crosses to the west side of the Santa Ana River , continuing north through suburban portions of Anaheim and passing next to Anaheim Regional Transportation Intermodal Center , Angel Stadium and Honda Center . In northern Anaheim , SR 57 meets the Riverside Freeway ( SR 91 ) . SR 57 briefly passes through Placentia and Fullerton , providing access to California State University , Fullerton . As it crosses Imperial Highway ( SR 90 ) near the Brea Mall and enters Brea , SR 57 enters more rugged terrain before climbing through Brea Canyon , the gap between the Chino Hills and Puente Hills . Near the rim of the canyon , the highway curves north out of the Brea Canyon , and descends slightly to a junction with the Pomona Freeway ( SR 60 ) in Diamond Bar , right on the edge of the San Gabriel Valley . A short overlap carries SR 57 traffic on the same roadway as SR 60 . The two routes head northeast through an arm of the San Gabriel Valley ; after they split , SR 57 ascends slightly and then slopes through the edge of the Puente Hills and into the west end of the Pomona Valley . Here it meets the San Bernardino Freeway ( I @-@ 10 ) and Chino Valley Freeway ( SR 71 ) at the four @-@ level Kellogg Hill Interchange . In the north half of that interchange , SR 57 enters the San Jose Hills , climbing to its highest elevation before descending back into the connected San Gabriel and Pomona Valleys and ending at the Glendora Curve interchange with the Foothill Freeway ( I @-@ 210 ) in Glendora . High @-@ occupancy vehicle lanes ( HOV ) exist in the median of SR 57 south of SR 60 in Diamond Bar . Elevated ramps allow HOV traffic bound to or from Brea Canyon to connect with I @-@ 5 towards the southeast , SR 91 towards the west , or SR 60 towards the east without entering the main lanes . SR 57 is legally eligible for the State Scenic Highway System through Brea Canyon , between SR 90 and SR 60 , though it has not officially been designated by Caltrans as such because it has not successfully been through the nomination process . The entire route is in the California Freeway and Expressway System , and is a freeway for its entire constructed length . SR 57 is also part of the National Highway System ( NHS ) , a network of highways that are essential to the country 's economy , defense , and mobility . The highway from SR 1 to SR 60 in Diamond Bar is officially designated as the Orange Freeway . In 2013 , SR 57 had an annual average daily traffic ( AADT ) of 129 @,@ 000 between SR 60 and Sunset Crossing Road in Diamond Bar , and 278 @,@ 500 between SR 91 in Anaheim and Orangethorpe Avenue in Placentia , the latter of which was the highest AADT for the highway . = = History = = The road through Brea Canyon was oiled dirt by the late 1910s , providing a good connection across an outbranching of the Peninsular Ranges between the Los Angeles Basin and Pomona Valley . This road left the main coast highway ( Harbor Boulevard ) at Fullerton and followed the present Brea Boulevard and Brea Canyon Road , merging with the Valley Boulevard from Los Angeles near Walnut and continuing east to Pomona via Valley and Pomona Boulevards . Los Angeles County paved the road in concrete in early 1923 , and in 1931 it was added to the state highway system as a branch of Route 19 . Until then , Route 19 had connected Route 9 near Claremont with Riverside , following Garey Avenue and Mission Boulevard through Pomona . The state built a bypass of the Valley Boulevard portion of the route in the early @-@ to @-@ mid @-@ 1930s , leaving the old road near Diamond Bar and heading northeast through the foothills , along the present freeway alignment and Mission Boulevard . To the south , the legislature added then @-@ unrelated Route 180 along State College Boulevard in 1933 , connecting Route 2 ( I @-@ 5 ) near the Santa Ana River with Route 175 ( Orangethorpe Avenue , later replaced by SR 91 ) near Placentia . By 1955 , the Brea Canyon Freeway was proposed to begin at the Santa Ana Freeway ( I @-@ 5 ) near La Veta Avenue in Santa Ana and head north , paralleling Routes 180 and 19 to Pomona . The portion northeast of Diamond Bar into Pomona soon became part of the planned Pomona Freeway , and the name of the remainder was changed to Orange Freeway . The state legislature altered the definition of Route 19 to reflect this in 1957 by moving its south end to Santa Ana . Then , in 1957 , the northernmost part of present SR 57 was added to the state highway system as part of Route 240 , which the legislature designated along the route planned for I @-@ 210 . This became part of the proposed Temescal Freeway , later the Corona Freeway ; a southerly extension of the Orange Freeway to Legislative Route 60 ( SR 1 ) near Huntington Beach was added in 1959 as Route 273 . Also in 1959 , the legislature created Route 272 , extending the line of the Orange Freeway north from the Pomona Freeway to the Temescal Freeway , completing the proposed freeway corridor that is now SR 57 . When the entire route , except Route 240 which was still part of I @-@ 210 , was redesignated SR 57 in the 1964 renumbering , none of these proposed freeways had been built ; the only constructed segment was the old surface road from Fullerton towards Pomona . The part of old Route 19 east of Route 272 became part of SR 60 . As part of the same renumbering , Route 180 on State College Boulevard became Route 250 , which was amended the next year to provide for its deletion once that portion of the SR 57 freeway was completed ( between I @-@ 5 and SR 91 ) . A groundbreaking ceremony was held in Placentia on January 30 , 1967 , to begin construction of the Orange Freeway . The first portion was dedicated on May 16 , 1969 , and opened soon after , extending north from the Riverside Freeway ( SR 91 ) to Nutwood Avenue in Fullerton . Over the next few years , the freeway was completed from SR 91 north to I @-@ 10 , and I @-@ 210 was built north to the present end of SR 57 ; the Pomona Freeway ( SR 60 ) , which overlaps it through Diamond Bar , was constructed at the same time . The last pieces of that portion were the freeway through Brea Canyon , which opened March 13 , 1972 , and the four @-@ level Kellogg Hill Interchange at I @-@ 10 , which was dedicated May 1 , 1972 , and opened soon thereafter . Finally , the Orange Freeway was extended south from SR 91 to I @-@ 5 in the mid @-@ 1970s , allowing Route 250 to be turned back to local governments , though the subsequent deletion from the Streets and Highways Code did not take place until 1981 . With the extension of SR 210 around San Bernardino in 1998 , the former easternmost piece of I @-@ 210 to the Kellogg Hill Interchange instead became a northerly extension of SR 57 , though it remains officially part of the Interstate Highway System . = = Future = = The southerly extension to Huntington Beach remains unconstructed . In 1986 , Orange County 's plans were for a toll road elevated above the Santa Ana River rather than through existing neighborhoods , only extending south to the San Diego Freeway ( I @-@ 405 ) in Costa Mesa with connections to the Corona del Mar Freeway ( SR 73 ) ; this was largely inspired by congestion on SR 55 through the Santa Ana area . The extension was considered by Caltrans as two 11 @.@ 2 @-@ mile @-@ long ( 18 @.@ 0 km ) , two @-@ lane viaducts that would cost $ 950 million . The toll road franchise that American Transportation Development ( ATD ) held for this portion of SR 57 expired in January 2001 , after a request to delay the expiration until January 2007 . Following this , ATD sued to restore the franchise , and this case lasted until November 2003 . The termination was due to ATD not beginning the construction during the first ten years of the franchise , after it had been enacted by the state legislature . In April 2009 , the Orange County Transportation Authority continued to study the extension of SR 57 , where the freeway would travel along the Santa Ana River and terminate at I @-@ 405 in Fountain Valley . = = Exit list = = Except where prefixed with a letter , postmiles were measured on the road as it was in 1964 , based on the alignment that existed at the time , and do not necessarily reflect current mileage . R reflects a realignment in the route since then , M indicates a second realignment , L refers an overlap due to a correction or change , and T indicates postmiles classified as temporary ( for a full list of prefixes , see the list of postmile definitions ) . Segments that remain unconstructed or have been relinquished to local control may be omitted . The numbers reset at county lines ; the start and end postmiles in each county are given in the county column .
= Interstate 375 ( Michigan ) = Interstate 375 ( I @-@ 375 ) in Detroit , at only 1 @.@ 062 miles ( 1 @.@ 71 km ) in length , once had the distinction of being the shortest signed Interstate Highway in the country . It is the southernmost leg of the Walter P. Chrysler Freeway and a spur of I @-@ 75 into downtown Detroit , ending at the unsigned Business Spur Interstate 375 ( BS I @-@ 375 ) , better known as Jefferson Avenue . The freeway opened on June 12 , 1964 . The Michigan Department of Transportation ( MDOT ) announced in 2013 that it may remove I @-@ 375 in the future . = = Route description = = I @-@ 375 and the Chrysler Freeway begin at Jefferson Avenue and St. Antoine Street in downtown Detroit near the Renaissance Center . They run east before turning north . Just about a mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) after the southern terminus , I @-@ 375 meets the Fisher Freeway which carries I @-@ 75 north of downtown . At this interchange , I @-@ 75 takes ramps to leave the Fisher Freeway and use the Chrysler Freeway , replacing I @-@ 375 . I @-@ 375 is a four @-@ lane freeway the entire length . The entire length of I @-@ 375 is included on the National Highway System , a network of roadways that are important to the country 's economy , defense , and mobility . According to the Michigan Department of Transportation ( MDOT ) , I @-@ 375 is 1 @.@ 062 miles ( 1 @.@ 709 km ) . At the time it opened until at least 2007 , I @-@ 375 was the shortest signed Interstate in the country . Based on FHWA data , there are three Interstates that are shorter : I @-@ 110 in Texas ( 0 @.@ 92 mi or 1 @.@ 48 km ) , I @-@ 878 in New York ( 0 @.@ 70 mi or 1 @.@ 13 km ) and I @-@ 315 in Montana ( 0 @.@ 83 mi or 1 @.@ 34 km ) . The latter two designations are not signed on their respective roadways , and I @-@ 110 in Texas has since been signed . Every year , MDOT conducts a series of surveys on its highways in the state to measure traffic volume . In 2009 , MDOT calculated that 14 @,@ 112 vehicles per day used the southernmost section of I @-@ 375 , on average , and 53 @,@ 900 vehicles used the northernmost section near I @-@ 75 . These vehicles included 798 trucks . = = History = = Construction on the first segments of the Chrysler Freeway started on January 30 , 1959 . The area where the freeway was built was called Black Bottom , a historic district that received its name from the soil found there by French explorers . In the 1940s and 1950s , the area was the home to a community of African @-@ American entrepreneurs and businesses that rivaled Harlem in New York City . Black Bottom was one of the oldest neighborhoods in the city , and at the time of freeway construction , it had wooden sewers and dilapidated buildings . The area , like Corktown to the west of downtown , was targeted for urban renewal and infrastructure improvements in the 1950s and 1960s , which included the Chrysler Freeway and public housing projects . On June 12 , 1964 , a surface street highway / freeway in Detroit was opened running north from Jefferson Avenue and Randolph Street to the Fisher / Chrysler freeway interchange . The southern most segment , built through the Black Bottom neighborhood , was designated I @-@ 375 at this time . The freeway cost $ 50 million to build ( equivalent to $ 780 million in 2015 ) . In April 2013 , MDOT announced that it was studying whether to repair the freeway at a cost of $ 80 million , or convert the freeway south of Gratiot Avenue into a boulevard to reduce maintenance cost , making the area around it more pedestrian @-@ friendly , and thus attract development . Converting this segment to a boulevard would free up 12 acres ( 4 @.@ 9 ha ) of land for development which is currently used for the freeway and its right @-@ of @-@ way . The department invited businesses and other groups affected by the potential project to participate in the study in November 2013 . Advocates of the conversion cite increased pedestrian access and an improved connection between Eastern Market and downtown as reasons to remove the freeway . Some people who live or work along the freeway and in the downtown area note the improved access I @-@ 375 provides to the area as reasons to retain the freeway . Six alternative proposals for rebuilding I @-@ 375 were unveiled by MDOT in June 2014 . They ranged in price from $ 40 million to $ 80 million . These options include rebuilding the freeway as is , reducing it to a boulevard or one @-@ way streets , or upgrading the existing freeway right @-@ of @-@ way to include bike lanes and other pedestrian @-@ friendly features . In January 2016 , the department announced that any decision on a course of action would be delayed indefinitely . = = Exit list = = The entire highway is in Detroit , Wayne County . All exits are unnumbered . = = Business spur = = The unsigned Business Spur Interstate 375 ( BS I @-@ 375 ) , which is 0 @.@ 167 miles ( 0 @.@ 269 km ) long , continues west on Jefferson Avenue from the southern end of I @-@ 375 , ending at the entrance to the Detroit – Windsor Tunnel at Randolph Street ( M @-@ 3 ) . Jefferson Avenue past that intersection is M @-@ 10 . BS I @-@ 375 runs next to the Renaissance Center and under a segment of the People Mover . This designation was created in 1964 . The 2009 traffic surveys by MDOT reported that 33 @,@ 376 vehicles , including 922 trucks , had used BS I @-@ 375 .
= 2000 Hungarian Grand Prix = The 2000 Hungarian Grand Prix ( formally the XVI Marlboro Magyar Nagydíj ) was a Formula One motor race held on 13 August 2000 at Hungaroring , near Budapest , Hungary . It was the twelfth race of the 2000 Formula One season and the 18th Hungarian Grand Prix . The 77 @-@ lap race was won by McLaren driver Mika Häkkinen after starting from third position . Michael Schumacher finished second in a Ferrari with Häkkinen 's teammate David Coulthard third . Michael Schumacher started alongside Coulthard on the front row of the grid . Going into the first corner , Häkkinen accelerated faster than Michael Schumacher and Coulthard off the line and overtook both drivers for the lead . He managed to maintain his lead until his first pit stop on lap 31 . As his teammate Coulthard made his pit stop one lap later , Häkkinen regained the lead which he held to win his third win of the season . Michael Schumacher fended off Coulthard , who challenged him in the later stages despite losing time lapping backmarkers , to take second . Häkkinen 's victory promoted him into the lead of the Drivers ' Championship for the first time in the 2000 season , two points ahead of Michael Schumacher and six ahead of Coulthard . Häkkinen and Coulthard 's strong finishes promoted McLaren into the lead of the Constructors ' Championship , one point ahead of Ferrari and 88 ahead of Williams with five races of the season remaining . = = Report = = = = = Background = = = The Grand Prix was contested by eleven teams , each of two drivers . The teams , also known as constructors , were McLaren , Ferrari , Jordan , Jaguar , Williams , Benetton , Prost , Sauber , Arrows , Minardi and BAR . Tyre supplier Bridgestone brought two different tyre compounds to the race ; the Soft and the Extra Soft dry compound tyres . Going into the race , Ferrari driver Michael Schumacher led the Drivers ' Championship with 56 points , ahead of McLaren teammates Mika Häkkinen and David Coulthard , who were tied for second on 54 points . Rubens Barrichello was fourth with 46 points while Giancarlo Fisichella was fifth on 18 points . In the Constructors ' Championship , Ferrari were leading with 102 points , four points ahead of their rivals McLaren in second . Williams on 22 points and Benetton with 18 points contended for third place , while BAR were fifth on 12 points . McLaren and Ferrari had so far dominated the championship , winning the previous eleven races . Championship participants Fisichella and Barrichello had each gained second place podium finishes while Ralf Schumacher and Heinz @-@ Harald Frentzen had each achieved third place podium finishes . Following the German Grand Prix on 30 July , six teams conducted mid @-@ season testing at the Circuit Ricardo Tormo from August 3 – 5 . McLaren test driver Olivier Panis was fastest on the first day , ahead of Häkkinen . Pedro Diniz 's Sauber car was afflicted with an oil leak , limiting his team 's testing time as the leak was repaired . Coulthard was fastest on the second day . Fisichella set the fastest times on the final day of testing . His teammate Alexander Wurz spun off and collided with the tyre barrier . His car 's wishbone struck his right leg and was taken to the circuit 's medical center before a transfer to a local hospital . Wurz was passed fit to compete in the race the day after his accident . Ferrari opted to spend five days testing at the Fiorano Circuit and concentrated on car development , practice starts , aerodynamic testing and race distance simulations with their test driver Luca Badoer . He was joined by Barrichello on the second day and Michael Schumacher from the fourth day onwards . Badoer and Michael Schumacher spent two further days at the circuit performing shakedowns of the Ferrari F1 @-@ 2000 car . After consecutive retirements in the previous three races which included first lap collisions in Austria and Germany , Michael Schumacher said that his aim in Hungary was to avoid any incidents on the first lap and to finish in a points @-@ scoring position . He was also confident that Ferrari would perform well at the circuit . Barrichello revealed that he received backing from Ferrari president Luca di Montezemolo to challenge for more victories and the championship despite the latter 's comments to the press about Barrichello assisting Michael Schumacher 's title aspirations . Prost 's Jean Alesi was passed fit in the days leading up to the race . At the previous race , Alesi had suffered a serious crash which involved a collision with Sauber driver Pedro Diniz , although he escaped uninjured apart from abdominal pains and suffered from dizziness and vomiting . Prost had their test driver Stéphane Sarrazin ready to replace Alesi should the latter had suffered a relapse . Alesi said he felt ready to race again : " It took a few days before I really started to recover , but now I sleep and feel much better " . Some teams made technical changes to their cars for the Grand Prix . McLaren introduced a revised aerodynamic for their MP4 / 15 chassis , aimed at increasing the amount of downforce , and therefore grip , produced by the bodywork . They also brought revised nose wings . BAR fitted their cars with one @-@ off components that were produced to help optimise the performance of the monocoque 's cooling systems . Ferrari introduced an aerodynamic set @-@ up similar to that used at the Monaco Grand Prix , and the team debuted a modified version of the F1 @-@ 2000 's chimneys . Minardi arrived with new radiator intakes and exits to rectify temperature issues with their Fondmetal V10 engines . = = = Practice and qualifying = = = Four practice sessions were held before the Sunday race — two on Friday , and two on Saturday . The Friday morning and afternoon sessions each lasted an hour . The third and final practice sessions were held on Saturday morning and lasted 45 minutes . The Friday practice sessions took place in dry conditions . Michael Schumacher set the first session 's fastest time , a 1 : 20 @.@ 198 , almost six @-@ tenths of a second faster than teammate Barrichello . Jaguar 's Eddie Irvine was third fastest , ahead of Ralf Schumacher , Fisichella and BAR driver Jacques Villeneuve . Jarno Trulli , Diniz , Mika Salo and Jenson Button completed the top ten . In the second practice session , Coulthard set the quickest lap of the day , a 1 : 18 @.@ 792 ; Häkkinen finished with the second fastest time . The two Ferrari drivers were third and fourth — Michael Schumacher ahead of Barrichello . Trulli was running quicker finishing fifth fastest , ahead of Fisichella and Williams drivers Ralf Schumacher and Button . Frentzen and Irvine followed in the top ten . The weather remained dry for the Saturday practice sessions . Barrichello was fastest in the third practice session , with a time of 1 : 18 @.@ 268 . Coulthard was second fastest and was one thousands of a second off Barrichello 's pace . Frentzen continued his strong practice form , setting the third fastest time , ahead of Michael Schumacher , Häkkinen and Ralf Schumacher . Sauber driver Mika Salo , Button , Trulli and Fisichella took the final top ten places . In the final practice session , Michael Schumacher was fastest setting a time of 1 : 17 @.@ 395 , ahead of Coulthard and Barrichello . Frentzen set the fourth fastest time , narrowly faster than Ralf Schumacher and Häkkinen . Trulli , Fisichella , Salo and Diniz completed the top ten ahead of qualifying . Saturday 's afternoon qualifying session lasted for an hour . Each driver was limited to twelve laps , with the grid order decided by the drivers ' fastest laps . During this session , the 107 % rule was in effect , which necessitated each driver set a time within 107 % of the quickest lap to qualify for the race . The session was held in dry weather ; the air temperature ranged from 30 – 31 ° C ( 86 – 88 ° F ) and the track temperature was between 42 – 43 ° C ( 108 – 109 ° F ) . Michael Schumacher clinched his 28th pole position of his career , and his fourth at the circuit , with a time of 1 : 17 @.@ 514 . He was joined on the front row of the grid by Coulthard , who was three @-@ tenths of a second off Michael Schumacher 's pace . Häkkinen qualified third , and stated that his team made changes to his car 's set @-@ up having been unhappy with his car in previous sessions . Ralf Schumacher qualifed fourth , and said he was pleased with revisions to his car 's aerodynamics . Barrichello struggled with the handling of his car taking fifth position and stated that Coulthard prevented him from setting a faster lap time . Frentzen , Fisichella , Button , Salo and Irvine rounded out the top ten positions . Wurz missed out on qualifying in the top ten by two @-@ tenths of a second . Trulli qualified 12th having struggled with oversteer , ahead of Diniz , Alesi , Arrows driver Pedro de la Rosa and Villeneuve . Johnny Herbert for Jaguar qualified 17th despite spinning late in the session , and was followed by Zonta , Nick Heidfeld and Jos Verstappen . The Minardi drivers qualified last ; Marc Gené outqualified his teammate Gastón Mazzacane by two @-@ tenths of a second . = = = Race = = = The drivers took to the track at 09 : 30 CEST ( UTC + 2 ) for a 30 @-@ minute warm @-@ up session . Coulthard maintained his good performance from qualifying and set the fastest time , a 1 : 19 @.@ 261 . The Ferrari cars were second and third — Michael Schumacher faster than Barrichello . Häkkinen completed the top four , 1 @.@ 2 seconds behind teammate Coulthard . The race started at 14 : 00 local time . The conditions on the grid were dry before the race ; the air temperature was 32 ° C ( 90 ° F ) and the track temperature ranged between 34 – 44 ° C ( 93 – 111 ° F ) ; conditions were expected to remain consistent throughout the race . Whilst the grid was forming up , Mazzacane 's car was afflicted with a gearbox problem and he was forced to start the race with his spare car . Herbert also planned to use his spare car as his regular car developed a leak which was fixed before the start . Häkkinen accelerated faster than Michael Schumacher and Coulthard off the line , getting ahead of both drivers going into the first corner . Coulthard then withstood Ralf Schumacher 's attempts to pass him for third position . Heading into the chicane , Villeneuve and de la Rosa collided . Villeneuve pitted for a new front wing followed by Verstappen who pitted for a new left rear tyre . At the end of the first lap , Häkkinen led from Michael Schumacher , Coulthard , Ralf Schumacher , Barrichello , Frentzen , Fisichella , Irvine , Wurz , Salo , Diniz , Trulli , Alesi , Herbert , Zonta , Heidfeld , Verstappen , Gené , Mazzacane , Villeneuve and de la Rosa . Häkkinen began to gradually pull away from Michael Schumacher as the McLaren driver set consecutive fastest laps . Fisichella spun off from 7th place on lap 8 losing eight positions and Irvine moved into Fisichella 's former position . Alesi pitted on lap 9 and re @-@ emerged at the rear of the field after repairs to his car 's steering . Villeneuve passed de la Rosa for 21st position . Two laps later , Alesi drove to his garage and became the first retirement of the race . Fisichella ran wide on lap 12 and was passed by Herbert for 13th . Three laps later , Fisichella made his first pit stop for repairs to his car 's brakes and came out in 19th position . Häkkinen 's lead over Michael Schumacher was 7 seconds by lap 19 . Coulthard was a further 3 seconds behind the Ferrari driver and was drawing ahead from Ralf Schumacher . Villeneuve moved into 18th position after passing Fisichella and Zonta by lap 20 . Heidfeld became the race 's second retirement when he stalled after making the first scheduled pit stop on lap 22 . Two laps later , Irvine , who had been running seventh , made his first pit stop and dropped to 11th . Ralf Schumacher took his first pit stop on lap 28 , emerging in 7th position . Barrichello pitted one lap later . Race leader Häkkinen took his pit stop on lap 31 and came out behind teammate Coulthard . Häkkinen regained the lead after Coulthard made his pit stop on lap 32 , who came out in 3rd position . Fisichella retired with further brake problems on lap 32 . Häkkinen set the fastest lap of the race , a 1 : 20 @.@ 028 on lap 33 , as he continued to stretch his lead over Michael Schumacher . Coulthard , who was on fresh tyres , gradually began to close the gap to Michael Schumacher by lap 39 . Michael Schumacher increased the gap when Coulthard lost two seconds ; the result of being held up by Genè who was later issued a 10 @-@ second stop @-@ go penalty . Barrichello pitted for the second time on lap 47 . Michael Schumacher and Ralf Schumacher made their pit stops on lap 50 , one lap ahead of Coulthard . Häkkinen pitted on lap 53 and remained in the lead , having built a 20 @-@ second lead over Michael Schumacher . Frentzen became the last driver to make a scheduled pit stop on lap 56 . At the end of lap 57 , with the scheduled pit stops completed , the running order was Häkkinen , Michael Schumacher , Coulthard , Barrichello , Ralf Schumacher , Frentzen , Button , Trulli , Diniz , Irvine , Salo , Wurz , Herbert , Villeneuve , Verstappen , Zonta , Gené , Mazzacane and de la Rosa . Herbert spun while battling for 13th position with Villeneuve . Diniz retired from the race when his engine failed on lap 63 . Herbert came under pressure from Verstappen on lap 67 and suffered his second spin , losing the position to the Arrows driver . Herbert retired on lap 69 as the result of gearbox problems . Mazzacane pulled off the track on lap 70 and retired because of an engine failure . Trulli managed to close the gap to Button and passed him for seventh on lap 74 , while Button lost another position to Irvine one lap later . Häkkinen crossed the finish line on lap 77 to win his third victory of the season in a time of 1 ' 45 : 33 @.@ 869 , at an average speed of 108 @.@ 097 miles per hour ( 173 @.@ 965 km / h ) . Michael Schumacher finished second 7 @.@ 9 seconds behind , ahead of Coulthard in third , Barrichello in fourth , Ralf Schumacher in fifth with Frentzen rounding out the points scoring positions in sixth . Trulli , Irvine , Button , Salo and Wurz filled the next five positions abeit one lap behind the race winner . Villeneuve , Verstappen , Zonta , Gené and de la Rosa were the last of the classified finishers . = = = Post @-@ race = = = The top three drivers appeared on the podium to collect their trophies and in the subsequent press conference . Häkkinen stated that his good start was instigated by modifications made to his car 's engine . His win was praised by the Vice President of Mercedes @-@ Benz Motorsport Norbert Haug . " Mika had a great race , " he said . " His victory may have looked easy , but it was tough to achieve and in my view this was one of his best drives ever . " Michael Schumacher said that although he was unable to catch Häkkinen , he was happy to finish in second position . Coulthard said that he believed that his car 's suffered from balance issues before taking his first pit stop which accounted for his lack of pace . He also added that spending time behind back @-@ markers during the second stint hindered his attempts to overtake Michael Schumacher but admitted that third position was his best possible result . After Ferrari 's victory at the previous race , their team 's technical director Ross Brawn said that " Our pitstops and our race strategy went well , but we just weren 't quick enough . " , while di Montezemolo urged the mechanics and engineers of Ferrari to concentrate on rectifying the issue of wheel @-@ spin and also praised Häkkinen for his recent trend of good starts . Barrichello said that he blamed his poor qualifying performance for his fourth @-@ place finish . Ralf Schumacher and Frentzen were pleased to finish in fifth and sixth places respectively . Fisichella , who retired from the race from an brake problem , said that the reoccurring problem caused damage to his car and forced his later retirement . Gené placed blame upon faulty radio communication to his team as the reason for his stop @-@ go penalty and said that he did not receive the blue flag until the last moment . Jaguar 's technical director Gary Anderson was angry with Gené after the race as he believed the Spaniard 's driving cost Irvine the chance to take a points @-@ scoring position . " I don ’ t understand why the blue flags weren ’ t waved because it was plain for all to see . " said Anderson . As a consequence of the race , Häkkinen moved into the lead of the Drivers ' Championship , on 64 points , taking the championship lead for the first time in the 2000 season . Michael Schumacher lost the lead of the Drivers ' Championship , falling two points behind Häkkinen . Coulthard maintained third place with 58 points , nine points ahead of Barrichello and forty @-@ one in front of Fisichella . In the Constructors ' Championship , McLaren took over the lead of the Constructors ' Championship with 112 points , pushing Ferrari on 111 points to second place . Williams increased the gap to Benetton to 6 points , with Jordan jumping ahead of BAR for fifth on 12 points . Despite McLaren taking the lead of both championships , their team principal Ron Dennis acknowledged that he expected both his drivers would have the advantage in the most of the five remaining races although he believed that being complacent would reduce McLaren 's chances of success . = = Classification = = = = = Qualifying = = = = = = Race = = = = = Championship standings after the race = = Bold text indicates who still has a theoretical chance of becoming World Champion . Note : Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings .
= Darlington 's Bridge at Delaware Station = The Darlington 's Bridge at Delaware Station was a highway bridge over the Delaware River in the community of Delaware , New Jersey ( known locally as Delaware Station ) . Formerly a railroad bridge constructed by the Delaware , Lackawanna and Western Railroad in 1871 to replace an earlier 1855 timber span , the bridge was sold off when the new one upstream was constructed . Henry V. Darlington , an Episcopal minister in Delaware and nearby Belvidere offered to buy the second @-@ hand bridge for $ 5 @,@ 000 ( 1914 USD , equal to $ 118 @,@ 123 today ) . Darlington converted it into a highway bridge , using two fired members of the nearby Meyer 's Ferry to be toll collectors . The bridge prospered , becoming a part of State Highway Route 6 in 1927 and U.S. Route 46 in 1936 . In 1932 , during the massive state takeover of bridges by the Delaware River Joint Toll Bridge Commission , Darlington refused offers , bargaining his way up to $ 275 @,@ 000 ( 1932 USD , equal to $ 4 @,@ 769 @,@ 573 today ) before accepting the sale . This amount was a far cry from the nearby Belvidere @-@ Riverton and Portland @-@ Columbia Covered Bridge , which were accepted for $ 60 @,@ 000 ( equal to $ 1 @,@ 040 @,@ 634 today ) and $ 50 @,@ 000 ( equal to $ 867 @,@ 195 today ) respectively . On that moment , tolls along the bridge and Route 6 were eliminated . The bridge prospered toll @-@ free for another 21 years , until the construction of the Portland @-@ Columbia Toll Bridge upstream at Columbia . Although Reverend Darlington was still alive to see all this transpire , the Commission ceased operations on the Darlington Bridge on April 3 , 1954 , and the bridge was immediately demolished . = = History = = = = = Railroad bridge = = = As expansion of the Delaware , Lackawanna and Western Railroad ( DL & W ) continued westward from Hoboken , the railroad company saw the need to build a new bridge over the Delaware River . Reaching the community of Delaware ( named after the river nearby ) , DL & W built a train station previously in the community , denoted as Delaware Station . The new wood bridge was constructed on the railroad mainline during 1855 . The structure lasted a short time , until DL & W replaced the wooden crossing for a new 740 feet ( 230 m ) long iron bridge . The new bridge had two tracks to cross the river , serving the local area with coal cars and boxcars crossing . The new bridge survived the floods in 1903 that destroyed many bridges ( including the nearby Riverton @-@ Belvidere Bridge ) along the Delaware and continued to prosper . However , as trains , cars and locomotives began to get heavier and larger , the DL & W needed to build a new bridge across the river to support the heavier weights . In 1914 , they built the new bridge just upstream for the reason that it would not have to move much track for better service . As soon as the new bridge was finished , DL & W put the former one up for sale . Demand for second @-@ hand bridges were not high at the time , and when Henry V.B. Darlington , a local Episcopal minister , put up an offer of $ 5 @,@ 000 ( 1914 USD ) for the bridge , DL & W immediately took the money . The railroad did not check on the background of Reverend Darlington or asked what he wanted to do with the iron structure . His money was " as good as anybody 's " , according to DL & W. = = = Henry Darlington 's ownership = = = After Darlington bought the railroad bridge from the Delaware , Lackawanna and Western Railroad , he made his intentions with the five decade @-@ old bridge clear . He took out the tracks , replacing them with a paved roadway . Darlington knew the automobile was becoming a big entity in the 1910s and 1920s , turning the bridge into a vehicular bridge was an important decision to make the most out of the crossing . He also figured that the bridge would make a good approach for drivers coming to visit the local natural attractions , such as the Delaware Water Gap and the Pocono Mountains . Darlington created new roadway approaches ( Lackawanna Road and Ferry Lane ) to the bridge and even two buildings on the New Jersey side of the span . One building was for toll collecting while the other was for living quarters . These quarters were soon occupied by Edward McCracken and his wife . McCracken and his wife had come from the Meyer 's Ferry , a local ferry service running at that point on the Delaware since the early 18th century . McCracken had been the local ferry operator , but when a large accident occurred during a dinner break killed four passengers , the owner put the ferry under his control and later fired McCracken . Klein later sold the ferry , which Darlington bought and shut down . He immediately hired the McCrackens to work as the toll collectors . In the meantime , the only other bridge across the Delaware River easily accessible for vehicular use was the covered bridge in Columbia , New Jersey and Portland , Pennsylvania . Drivers heading along the local roads ( later designated as State Highway Route 5 ) , often came to Darlington 's Bridge first . The McCrackens collected tolls in large bushel baskets , which were often filled to the brim of quarters and half @-@ dollars . Locals said that the McCrackens were sometimes spotted dropping these coins off the bridge and into the river below , although swimmers were never able to find anything of value to support the myth . Even though the bridge made a large sum of a money and the tollhouse was often filled with money , the place was never robbed for the money . This was because the McCrackens kept two Airedales in the tollhouse , named Duke and Totsey . They kept the place clear from thieves and to add insult to injury , kept people away from visiting the McCrackens at all . Duke and Totsey often kept people from getting money they may have dropped on the ground for people exiting their cars . In the time of the bridge prospering , Reverend Darlington was wed to Dorothy Stone Smith at the Trinity Chapel in Newark . The wedding , which occurred in November 1920 , made the local news and the ceremony was performed by Darlington 's father , a big @-@ name bishop . Two years later , Darlington made the news again , this time with the birth of he and his wife 's first child ( a son ) in Orange , New Jersey at Orange Memorial Hospital . = = = Buyout and dismantling = = = The bridge continued to prosper through the 1920s and 1930s with a toll of one quarter to cross the bridge , with drivers of State Highway Route 6 coming along the bridge from the junction with State Highway Route 8 coming across the bridge since 1927 . During the 1920s and 1930s , the states of New Jersey and Pennsylvania began to buy out bridges along the Delaware River under the Joint Commission for the Elimination of Toll Bridges . The reconstructed bridge at Belvidere was bought by the commission for $ 60 @,@ 000 ( 1920s USD ) and the covered bridge at Columbia for only $ 50 @,@ 000 . Although the commission tried to buy the second @-@ hand railroad bridge for a lower , unspecified amount , Darlington used his strong bargaining skills to raise the amount to $ 275 @,@ 000 , a far cry from the other local bridges . Residents of Knowlton Township , New Jersey rejoiced at the fact of when the bridge was bought , tolls were eliminated from the crossing . The new generation of people prospered at the thought that the crossing the Delaware would be forever free . Although the bridge remained in service for another 21 years as a free crossing , the Delaware River Joint Toll Bridge Commission constructed a brand new bridge at the Portland @-@ Columbia . The new toll bridge was constructed in 1953 for $ 4 million ( 1953 USD , equal to $ 35 @,@ 378 @,@ 109 today ) , but the toll was only one quarter ( equal to $ 2 @.@ 21 today ) , like the former price of the Darlington 's Bridge . Darlington , who had retired from his job in Orange in 1950 , was alive and was in disbelief . The next April , the Toll Bridge Commission went ahead and dismantled the bridge made useful by Darlington , which was fought by several legal actions . The bridge ceased operations on April 3 , 1954 , being demolished soon after . The covered bridge at Columbia was destroyed during Hurricane Diane the next August . Just before the demolishing of the Darlington 's Bridge , the approach on the New Jersey side had been renumbered to State Highway Route 163 , which remains in condition from when the bridge was in use .
= SMS Nymphe = SMS Nymphe was the third member of the ten @-@ ship Gazelle class , built by the Imperial German Navy . She was built by the Germaniawerft shipyard in Kiel , laid down in 1898 , launched in November 1899 , and commissioned into the High Seas Fleet in September 1900 . Armed with a main battery of ten 10 @.@ 5 cm ( 4 @.@ 1 in ) guns and two 45 cm ( 18 in ) torpedo tubes , Nymphe was capable of a top speed of 21 @.@ 5 knots ( 39 @.@ 8 km / h ; 24 @.@ 7 mph ) . The ship had a long , if uneventful , career that spanned over thirty years and saw service in both the Imperial Navy and the Reichsmarine . She served as a coastal defense ship during the first two years of World War I before being reduced to a barracks ship . She returned to active duty with the Reichsmarine in 1924 and served until 1929 . She was stricken in August 1931 and broken up for scrap the following year . = = Construction = = Nymphe was ordered under the contract name " A " and was laid down at the Germaniawerft shipyard in Kiel in 1898 and launched on 21 November 1899 , after which fitting @-@ out work commenced . She was commissioned into the High Seas Fleet on 20 September 1900 . The ship was 105 @.@ 1 meters ( 345 ft ) long overall and had a beam of 12 @.@ 2 m ( 40 ft ) and a draft of 4 @.@ 11 m ( 13 @.@ 5 ft ) forward . She displaced 3 @,@ 017 t ( 2 @,@ 969 long tons ; 3 @,@ 326 short tons ) at full combat load . Her propulsion system consisted of two triple @-@ expansion engines manufactured by AG @-@ Germania . They were designed to give 8 @,@ 000 shaft horsepower ( 6 @,@ 000 kW ) , for a top speed of 21 @.@ 5 knots ( 39 @.@ 8 km / h ; 24 @.@ 7 mph ) . The engines were powered by ten coal @-@ fired Marine @-@ type water @-@ tube boilers . Nymphe carried 500 tonnes ( 490 long tons ) of coal , which gave her a range of 3 @,@ 570 nautical miles ( 6 @,@ 610 km ; 4 @,@ 110 mi ) at 10 knots ( 19 km / h ; 12 mph ) . She had a crew of 14 officers and 243 enlisted men . The ship was armed with ten 10 @.@ 5 cm SK L / 40 guns in single mounts . Two were placed side by side forward on the forecastle , six were located amidships , three on either side , and two were placed side by side aft . The guns could engage targets out to 12 @,@ 200 m ( 40 @,@ 000 ft ) . They were supplied with 1 @,@ 000 rounds of ammunition , for 100 shells per gun . She was also equipped with two 45 cm ( 17 @.@ 7 in ) torpedo tubes with five torpedoes . They were submerged in the hull on the broadside . The ship was protected by an armored deck that was 20 to 25 mm ( 0 @.@ 79 to 0 @.@ 98 in ) thick . The conning tower had 80 mm ( 3 @.@ 1 in ) thick sides , and the guns were protected by 50 mm ( 2 @.@ 0 in ) thick shields . = = Service history = = After her commissioning in 1900 , Nymphe served with the High Seas Fleet in home waters . She also served as a training ship for naval cadets . At the outbreak of World War I in August 1914 , she was reduced to a coastal defense ship , a role she served in up to 1916 . She was then withdrawn from active service and used as a barracks ship and training vessel , based in Kiel . She was among the six cruisers permitted to the newly reorganized Reichsmarine by the Treaty of Versailles . In 1924 , the ship was significantly modernized at the Deutsche Werke in Wilhelmshaven . Her ram bow was rebuilt into a clipper bow , which increased her overall length to 108 @.@ 7 m ( 357 ft ) . Her old 10 @.@ 5 cm SK L / 40 guns were replaced with newer SK L / 45 guns in U @-@ boat mountings and two 50 cm ( 20 in ) torpedo tubes in deck @-@ mounted launchers were installed.Nymphe served on active duty with the Reichsmarine from 1925 to 1929 , when she was withdrawn from service a second time . She was formally stricken from the naval register on 31 March 1931 , and she was sold for scrapping on 29 August , for 61 @,@ 500 Reichsmarks . She was broken up the following year in Hamburg .
= Court of Chancery = The Court of Chancery was a court of equity in England and Wales that followed a set of loose rules to avoid the slow pace of change and possible harshness ( or " inequity " ) of the common law . The Chancery had jurisdiction over all matters of equity , including trusts , land law , the administration of the estates of lunatics and the guardianship of infants . Its initial role was somewhat different , however ; as an extension of the Lord Chancellor 's role as Keeper of the King 's Conscience , the Court was an administrative body primarily concerned with conscientious law . Thus the Court of Chancery had a far greater remit than the common law courts , whose decisions it had the jurisdiction to overrule for much of its existence , and was far more flexible . Until the 19th century , the Court of Chancery could apply a far wider range of remedies than the common law courts , such as specific performance and injunctions , and also had some power to grant damages in special circumstances . With the shift of the Exchequer of Pleas towards a common law court and loss of its equitable jurisdiction by the Administration of Justice Act 1841 , the Chancery became the only national equitable body in the English legal system . Academics estimate that the Court of Chancery formally split from and became independent of the curia regis in the mid @-@ 14th century , at which time it consisted of the Lord Chancellor and his personal staff , the Chancery . Initially an administrative body with some judicial duties , the Chancery experienced an explosive growth in its work during the 15th century , particularly under the House of York , which academics attribute to its becoming an almost entirely judicial body . From the time of Elizabeth I onwards the Court was severely criticized for its slow pace , large backlogs , and high costs . Those problems persisted until its dissolution , despite being mitigated somewhat by reforms , particularly during the 19th century . Attempts at fusing the Chancery with the common law courts began in the 1850s , and finally succeeded with the 1873 and 1875 Supreme Court of Judicature Acts , which dissolved the Chancery and created a new unified High Court of Justice , with the Chancery Division – one of three divisions of the High Court – succeeding the Court of Chancery as an equitable body . For much of its existence the Court was formally led by the Lord Chancellor , assisted by the judges of the common law courts . The staff of the court included a large number of clerks , led by the Master of the Rolls , who regularly heard cases on his own . In 1813 a Vice @-@ Chancellor was appointed to deal with the Chancery 's increasing backlogs , and two more were appointed in 1841 . Offices of the Chancery were sold by the Lord Chancellor for much of its history , raising large amounts of money . Many of the clerks and other officials were sinecures who , in lieu of wages , charged increasingly exorbitant fees to process cases , one of the main reasons why the cost of bringing a case to the Chancery was so high . The 19th century saw the abolition of many sinecure offices and the institution of a wage and pension for the Lord Chancellor to curb the sale of offices , and later the right to appoint officials was transferred from the Chancellor to the Crown . = = History = = = = = Origins = = = The Court of Chancery originated , as did the other High Courts before 1875 , in the Norman curia regis or King 's Council , maintained by most early rulers of England after 1066 . Under the feudal system , the Council was made up of the Monarch , the Great Officers of the Crown and anyone else the Monarch allowed to attend . Its jurisdiction was virtually unlimited , with executive , judicial and legislative functions . This large body contained lawyers , peers , and members of the Church , many of whom lived far from London . It soon became apparent that it was too unwieldy to deal with the nation 's day @-@ to @-@ day business . As a result , a smaller curia was formed to deal with the regular business of the country , and this soon split into various courts : first the exchequer of pleas , to deal with finance , and then the Court of Common Pleas , to deal with " common " cases . The Chancery started as the personal staff of the Lord Chancellor , described as " a great secretarial bureau , a home office , a foreign office , and a ministry of justice " . The earliest reference to legal issues being sent to him is from 1280 , when Edward I of England , annoyed with the number of cases coming to him which could have been dealt with by other elements of his administration , passed a statute saying that : all petitions that touch the Seal shall go first to the Chancellor , and those that touch the Exchequer to the Exchequer , and those that touch the justices or the law of the land to the justices , and those that touch the Jurie to the justices of the Jurie . And if the matters are so great , or so much of grace , that the Chancellor and the others cannot do what is asked without the King , then they shall take them to the King to know his will , and that no petition come before the King and his Council except by the hands of the said Chancellor and the other chief ministers ; so that the King and his Council may be able , without the embarrassment of other business , to attend to the important business of his kingdom and his foreign lands . Records show dozens of early cases being sent to the Lord Chancellor and Master of the Rolls , but at the time the Chancellor had no specific jurisdiction to deal with them ; the cases were referred to him only as a matter of convenience . Under Edward II the Chancellor dedicated set days to hearing pleas , as documented in the records of the Parliament of Lincoln in 1315 , which also show that some cases were heard by his personal staff , the Chancery , and not by the Chancellor . By 1320 requests were regularly sent there , and heard by the judges of the common law courts , with the rules used to settle cases being those of " law or reason " , sometimes simply " reason " , a far more liberal and adjustable approach than the common law . = = = Rise and early years = = = The Chancery came to prominence after the decline of the Exchequer , dealing with the law of equity , something more fluid and adaptable than the common law . The early Court of Chancery dealt with verbal contracts , matters of land law and matters of trusts , and had a very liberal view when setting aside complaints ; poverty , for example , was an acceptable reason to cancel a contract or obligation . Complaints were normally brought via a bill or petition , which had to show that the common law did not provide a remedy for the problem . The Chancery writs were in French , and later English , rather than the Latin used for common law bills . In the reign of Edward III , the Court found a fixed home at Westminster Hall , where it sat almost continually until its dissolution . Prior to this , the disposing of justice had been made difficult by the fact that the Lord Chancellor was required to travel with the King wherever he went . By 1345 the Lord Chancellor began to be seen as the leader of the Court of Chancery , rather than as a representative of the King , and writs and bills were addressed directly to him . Under Richard II it became practice to consider the Chancery separate from the curia ; academic William Carne considers this a key moment in confirming the independence of the Court of Chancery . The Chancellor and his clerks often heard the cases directly , rather than having them referred to the council itself ; occasionally a committee of lay and church members disposed of them , assisted by the judges of the common law courts . John Baker argues that it was the late 14th century that saw Chancery procedure become fixed , citing the work done by John Waltham as Master of the Rolls between 1381 and 1386 , and notes that this period also saw the first complaints about the Chancery . The Chancery and its growing powers soon came to be resented by Parliament and the nobility ; Carne says that it is possible to trace a general " trend of opposition " during the Plantagenet period , particularly from members of the clergy , who were more used to Roman law than equity . From the reign of Richard II , the House of Commons regularly complained about the work of the Court , and in 1390 it petitioned the King to pronounce that the Court could not act contrary to the common law , nor annul a judgement without due process . At the same time , it asked that no writ could be issued that would compel a man to appear before the Court ; if it was , the clerk who issued it would lose his job and the Lord Chancellor would be fined £ 100 . The King gave evasive answers to the requests , and made no decision . The Commons did succeed in making some changes to the Court 's procedure , however ; in 1394 the King assented to their request that victorious defendants in the Court have their costs recompensed from the other side , and in 1341 the King , on their application , allowed the Lord Chancellor to send cases directly to the common law courts , to avoid the common law judges having to waste time travelling . Kerly suggests that many complaints from the Commons came from lawyers of the common law , aggrieved at the Chancery 's extended jurisdiction that overlapped with that of the common law . These complaints from the Commons did not prevent the Court from successfully functioning ; in 1393 , for example , it was considered prominent enough that the House of Lords sent two cases there to be dealt with . According to many academics , the Court of Chancery really began to expand its caseload during the 15th century ; Margaret Avery reports a massive increase in cases during the 1440s , while Nicholas Pronay suggests that the real expansion came during Yorkist rule ( 1461 – 85 ) , when the number of cases submitted each year quadrupled . He gives complaints about the perversion of justice in the common law courts , along with growing mercantile and commercial interests , as the main reason for the growth , arguing that this was the period when the Chancery changed from being an administrative body with some judicial functions to " one of the four central courts of the realm ... the growth in the number of [ cases ] is a primary indicator of the changing position of Chancery " . This increasing role was assisted by the changing function of the court : until the late 14th century , private parties could not bring cases to the Chancery as they could to the other courts , while by the 15th century the number of private cases had increased to the point where there were many complaints in Parliament . Marsh writes that another reason for the Chancery 's growing influence was the remedies available ; through orders of specific performance and injunctions , the Court could not only rectify previous wrongs but prevent future wrongs from occurring , while the common law courts were limited to awarding damages . = = = = Chancery 's role in development of Standard English = = = = Chancery English , used in official documents , can be seen as the beginnings of Standard English – a national standard of spelling and grammar . By the 15th century , the City of Westminster had been the seat of government administration for about three centuries . After about 1430 , the use of English in administrative documents replaced French which had been used since the Norman conquest . Consequently , the written English that developed at the Court of Chancery eventually became a standard , both in its style of handwriting ( ' Chancery hand ' ) and in its grammar and vocabulary . By the 1440s and 1450s comparative regularisation of spelling had begun to emerge . = = = Competition with the common law = = = The early Elizabethan period featured a dispute between the Court of Chancery and common @-@ law courts over who held pre @-@ eminence . It had been the practice under Henry VI that plaintiffs in the common @-@ law courts could not execute judgments given by the common @-@ law judges if the Lord Chancellor felt their claim was " against conscience " . This had been vehemently opposed by the common @-@ law judges , who felt that if the Lord Chancellor had the power to override their decisions , parties to a case would flock to the Court of Chancery . The dispute over the pre @-@ eminence of the Lord Chancellor continued into Elizabeth I 's reign , with the judges increasing in strength ; the Lord Chancellor was no longer a clergyman whom it was risky to offend , while the judges had grown in stature . Sir Edward Coke cites in his Reports a case at the end of Elizabeth 's reign which seems to indicate that the Chancellor 's prerogative had been overturned , when the judges ( without opposition from the Monarch ) allowed a claim to proceed despite the Lord Chancellor 's implied jurisdiction . At the same time , the common @-@ law judges ruled that the Chancery had no jurisdiction over matters of freehold . The Lord Chancellor of the time , Lord Ellesmere , was not dissuaded , and maintained that he had the jurisdiction to oversee decisions of the common @-@ law courts and matters of freehold . In 1614 , he heard the case of Courtney v. Glanvil , dictating that Glanvil should be imprisoned for deceit ; this was overruled by Sir Edward Coke in the Court of King 's Bench , who demanded that Glanvil be released and issued a writ of habeas corpus . Two years later , the Earl of Oxford 's Case came before Ellesmere , who issued a judgment that directly contradicted English law based on the " Law of God " . Coke and the other judges overruled this judgment while Ellesmere was ill , taking the case as an opportunity to completely overthrow the Lord Chancellor 's jurisdiction . Ellesmere appealed to the Monarch , who referred the matter to the Attorney General for the Prince of Wales and Francis Bacon , the Attorney General for England and Wales . Both recommended a judgment in Ellesmere 's favour , which the Monarch made , saying : as mercy and justice be the true supports of our Royal Throne ; and it properly belongeth to our princely office to take care and provide that our subjects have equal and indifferent justice ministered to them ; and that when their case deserveth to be relieved in course of equity by suit in our Court of Chancery , they should not be abandoned and exposed to perish under the rigor and extremity of our laws , we ... do approve , ratifie and confirm , as well the practice of our Court of Chancery . Coke 's challenge to the Chancery is seen by academic Duncan Kerly as helping him lose his position as a judge , and until its dissolution the Court of Chancery could overrule judgments issued in the common @-@ law courts . This was not the end of the dispute , however ; in his Institutes of the Lawes of England , Coke suggested that the Monarch 's decree was unlawful , and his contemporary David Jenkins wrote in Eight Centuries of Reports that " the excess of Jurisdiction in Chancery , in examining Judgments at Common Law " was one of the largest abuses of the law . In the 17th century Robert Atkyns attempted to renew this controversy in his book An Enquiry into the Jurisdiction of the Chancery in Causes of Equity , but without any tangible result . Even so , future Lord Chancellors were more cautious ; when Francis Bacon succeeded Ellesmere , he made sure to prevent the misuse of injunctions . Horwitz writes that this was not just limited to Bacon , and that " after the dramatic confrontations between Lord Chief Justice Coke and Lord Chancellor Ellesmere , chancellors took care to circumscribe the Court 's corrective jurisdiction and to focus more narrowly on territories they had staked out as peculiarly their own " . = = = Attempted reform under the Commonwealth of England = = = By the time of the English Civil War , the Court of Chancery was being criticised extensively for its procedure and practice . During the 16th century the Court was vastly overworked ; Francis Bacon wrote of 2 @,@ 000 orders being made a year , while Sir Edward Coke estimated the backlog to be around 16 @,@ 000 cases . This was partly due to the incompetence of the judges , and partially due to the procedure used ; evidence was re @-@ heard up to three times and orders were issued and then overruled , only to be issued again : " what was ordered one day was contradicted the next , so as in some cases there had been five hundred orders and faire more as some affirmed " . The Court spent a long time on each case , which , combined with the backlog , made the pursuit of a case extremely expensive . This was exacerbated by the appointment to the Court of useless , highly paid officials by the Lord Chancellor or Master of the Rolls , many of whom were their friends . The Chancellor and Master both openly sold these roles , whose exorbitant pay is more surprising considering that their duties were normally such that could be easily performed by solicitor 's clerks , and that they were usually performed by underclerks , not by the officials . In 1649 , during the English Civil War , Parliament published a series of orders to reform the Court . Most were from the doctrines set out by Francis Bacon as Lord Chancellor , but there were some more modern reforms : counsels to the defendants could deliver pleas , rather than defendants in person , thus saving the cost of a Commissioner of Oaths , and cases were to be heard in the order they were accepted by the court . Parliament also fixed the fees that officers could charge , in an attempt to reduce the expense of a case . The following year , Parliament appointed a commission to look at court reform ; this made many recommendations , but none that directly affected the Chancery . In August 1653 another debate took place in Parliament , lasting two days , in which a paper titled " Observations concerning the Court of Chancery " was circulated ; this concerned the costs , workings , and officers of the Court . A second paper was given out , " for the regulation or taking away of the Court of Chancery , and settling the business of Equity according to the original and primitive constitution of it ; and for taking away all unnecessary fees , offices and officers and formalities now used , and for the speedy dispatch of business " . Parliament eventually proposed dissolving the court as it then stood and replacing it with " some of the most able and honest men " , who would be tasked with hearing equity cases . Rather than the mass of clerks on the staff , a sufficient number of godly , able , honest and experienced clerks , which be working attorneys and clerks and not overseeing officers " would be appointed , and the Bar would elect two supervising Chief Clerks to advise on points of practice . A far @-@ reaching and heavily criticised draft , this was eventually replaced by an even more thorough @-@ going bill . The judges would be six Masters , who would sit in groups of three and be appointed by Parliament , assisted by a Chief Clerk . All Justices of the Peace would be allowed to submit cases to the court , with cases to be heard within 60 days . The party that lost the case was to pay full fees to the other side ; the fees would be set ludicrously low . This bill was never put into effect , as Parliament was dissolved . Oliver Cromwell did appoint a Commission to institute similar provisions in 1654 , but the Commission refused to perform its duties . = = = Restoration = = = After the English Restoration , those judges and officials sacked under Cromwell were reinstated , with little modern progression ; as Kerly puts it , " unjust judges presided again , and rank maladministration invaded the offices " . The situation was much improved , nonetheless , because many of the faults were down to the machinery of the court rather than the spirit , which Lord Clarendon soon rectified . Upon appointment as Lord Chancellor he immediately published a new issue of the Orders for the Regulation of the Practice of the Court of Chancery . This was based on the code set by the Cromwellian Commissioners , and limited the fees charged by the court and the amount of time they could take on a case . An effect of the Civil War and resulting Commonwealth of England , particularly the " liberal " values and feelings it stirred up , was the continuous modernisation and improvement of the common law courts , something that reduced the interference of the Lord Chancellor in common law matters , except in areas where they had wildly divergent principles and law . Under Charles II , for the first time , there was a type of common law appeal where the nature of the evidence in the initial trial was taken into account , which reduced the need to go to the Court of Chancery . As a result , the nature of the Court of Chancery changed ; rather than being a major corrective system for the common law , it became primarily concerned with the administration and protection of rights , as opposed to the common law courts , which were mainly concerned with the remedy and retribution of problems . This was further enforced by the Statute of Frauds , which confirmed Chancery principles across the board , allowing people to receive the same treatment in the common law courts as they did in the Chancery . A major reform to the Court happened soon after the restoration , with the introduction of a right of appeal to the House of Lords from the Chancery . Prior to this there had been no records of appeals to the Lords , and a committee had concluded that there was no precedent to give the Lords jurisdiction over equity matters , except when problems and cases were sent directly to Parliament ( as occasionally had been the case ) . In 1660 the Convention Parliament claimed for itself the right of appellate jurisdiction over equity matters , and also the right of original jurisdiction to hear equity cases at first instance . After disputes which lasted into the next Parliament , this second measure was dropped , but the right to hear equity appeals was confirmed . Horowitz writes that despite these changes , one of the academic certainties is that the problems which had dogged the court for the last two centuries persisted ; Observations on the Dilatory and Expensive Proceedings in the Court of Chancery , written in 1701 , listed 25 different procedures , areas and situations which contributed to the problems of high fees and slow processes . = = = Further reform = = = Lord Somers , following his dismissal as Lord Chancellor , introduced an Act in 1706 which " became the most important act of law reform which the 18th century produced " . The Act significantly amended the existing law and court procedure , and while most of it was aimed at the common @-@ law courts , it did affect the Chancery . For equity , the Act provided that a party trying to have his case dismissed could not do so until he had paid the full costs , rather than the nominal costs that were previously required ; at the same time , the reforms the Act made to common @-@ law procedure ( such as allowing claims to be brought against executors of wills ) reduced the need for parties to go to equity for a remedy . Legal historian Wilfrid Prest writes that despite these legislative enactments , the tally of which " begins to look quite impressive " , the old problems continued , albeit less frequently ; one barrister of the time claimed that going to the Court with a case worth anything less than £ 500 was a waste of time . Under Lord Hardwicke , Chancery procedure was further reformed with a pair of orders published in 1741 and 1747 , which mandated that a claimant who brought his case to court and had it dismissed immediately should pay full costs to the other side , rather than the 40 shillings previously paid , and that parties filing bills of review should pay £ 50 for the privilege . At the same time , a review of the Court 's costs and fees was undertaken by a Parliamentary Committee . The Committee reported that fees and costs had increased significantly since the last review under Charles I , a number of expensive honorary positions had been created , and on many occasions court officers had not known what the correct fees were . At the same time , proceedings had grown to several thousand pages in length , necessitating additional expense . The Committee concluded " that the interest which a great number of officers and clerks have in the proceedings of the Court of Chancery , has been a principal cause of extending bills , answers , pleadings , examinations and other forms and copies of them , to an unnecessary length , to the great delay of justice and the oppression of the subject " . They recommended that a list of permissible fees be published and circulated to the court officials . The recommendations were not immediately acted on , but in 1743 a list of permissible fees was published , and to cut down on paperwork , no party was required to obtain office copies of proceedings . The permissible fees list contained over 1 @,@ 000 items , which Kerly describes as " an appalling example of the abuses which the unrestrained farming of the Offices of the Court , and the payment of all officials by fees had developed " . = = = Victorian era = = = Despite these small reforms , the 18th century ended with continuous and unrestrained attacks on the Court . Although complaints had been common since the time of Elizabeth I , the problems had become more unrestrained , at the same time as politically neutral law reformers first arose in any great number . Many critics were barristers of the common law , ignorant of the court 's workings , but some , such as Sir Samuel Romilly , had trained as a Chancery advocate and were well aware of the Chancery 's procedure . The success of the Code Napoleon and the writings of Jeremy Bentham are seen by academic Duncan Kerly to have had much to do with the criticism , and the growing wealth of the country and increasing international trade meant it was crucial that there be a functioning court system for matters of equity . While the upper classes had been struggling with the Court for centuries , and regarded it as a necessary evil , the growing middle and merchant classes were more demanding . With increasing court backlogs , it was clear to many law reformers and politicians that serious reform was needed . The first major reforms were the appointment of a Vice @-@ Chancellor in 1813 to hear cases , and the extension of the Master of the Rolls ' jurisdiction in 1833 to hear any and all cases . In 1824 a Chancery Commission was appointed to oversee the Court , which the political opposition maintained was simply to protect it ; the membership included the Lord Chancellor , the Master of the Rolls and all senior Chancery judges . Some significant reforms were proposed ; in 1829 , for example , Lord Lyndhurst proposed unsuccessfully that the equity jurisdiction of the Court of Exchequer be merged with the Chancery , and that a fourth judge be appointed to hear the additional cases . A year later , when the common law courts were each gaining a judge , he repeated his proposal , but the bill was strongly opposed by judges who maintained that the court backlog did not justify the additional expense of a fourth judge . Eventually , two more Vice @-@ Chancellors were appointed in 1841 , and a decade later two Lord Justices were tasked with hearing appeals from the Court through the Court of Appeal in Chancery . These are described by Lobban as " hasty reactions to mounting arrears " rather than the result of long @-@ term planning . As a result of the new appointments , the court backlog was significantly reduced – the court processed 1 @,@ 700 cases in 1846 – 49 compared to 959 in 1819 – 24 – but it rose again after the death of Shadwell VC and retirement of Wigram VC . Shadwell , appointed under the 1831 Act of Parliament , could be replaced , but a principal in the 1841 Act ( under which Wigram had been appointed ) meant that it provided for two life appointments to the court , not two open positions ; after the retirement or death of the judges , no more could be appointed . Again , the backlog became a problem , particularly since the Lord Chancellor was distracted with the appellate cases through the Court of Appeal in Chancery and the House of Lords , leaving a maximum of three Chancery judges who were available to hear cases . Further structural reforms were proposed ; Richard Bethell suggested three more Vice @-@ Chancellors and " an Appellate Tribunal in Chancery formed of two of the Vice Chancellors taken in rotation " , but this came to nothing . The 1830s saw a reduction in the " old corruption " that had long plagued the court , first through the Chancery Sinecures Act 1832 ( which abolished a number of sinecure offices within the court and provided a pension and pay rise for the Lord Chancellor , in the hope that it would reduce the need for the Chancellor to make money by selling court offices ) and then through the Chancery Regulation Act 1833 . ( which changed the appointments system so that Masters in Chancery would henceforth be appointed by The Crown , not by the Lord Chancellor , and that they would be paid wages . ) Through the abolition of sinecures , taking into account the wages and pension , this saved the Court £ 21 @,@ 670 a year . The government had initially intended the 1832 bill to go further and abolish the Six Clerks , but the Clerks successfully lobbied to prevent this . This did not save them , however ; in 1842 the " nettle " of the Six Clerks Office was grasped by Thomas Pemberton , who attacked them in the House of Commons for doing effectively sinecure work for high fees that massively increased the expense involved in cases . As a result , the Court of Chancery Act 1842 was passed in the same year that abolished the office of the Six Clerks completely . Some further procedural reforms were undertaken in the 1850s . In 1850 , a new set of Chancery orders were produced by the Lord Chancellor , allowing Masters to speed up cases in whatever way they chose and allowing plaintiffs to file a claim , rather than the more expensive and long @-@ winded bill of complaint . The Suitors in Chancery Relief Act 1852 gave all court officials salaries , abolished the need to pay them fees and made it illegal for them to receive gratuities ; it also removed more sinecure positions . The Master in Chancery Abolition Act 1852 abolished the Masters in Chancery , allowing all cases to be heard directly by judges instead of bounced back @-@ and @-@ forth between judges and Masters . As a result of these reforms the court became far more efficient , and the backlog decreased ; in the 1860s an average of 3 @,@ 207 cases were submitted each year , while the Court heard and dismissed 3 @,@ 833 , many of them from the previous backlog . Much of this work was carried out by the growing number of clerks , however , and members of the legal profession became concerned about the " famine " of equity judges .. Despite these reforms , it was still possible for Charles Dickens , writing in 1852 in the preface to his novel Bleak House , to bemoan the inefficiencies of the Court of Chancery . His novel revolves around a fictional long @-@ running Chancery case , Jarndyce and Jarndyce . He observed that at the time he was writing there was a case before the Chancery court " which was commenced nearly twenty years ago ... and which is ( I am assured ) no nearer to its termination now than when it was begun " . He concluded that " If I wanted other authorities for Jarndyce and Jarndyce , I could rain them on these pages , to the shame of a parsimonious public " . = = = Dissolution = = = The idea of fusing the common @-@ law and equity courts first came to prominence in the 1850s ; although the Law Times dismissed it as " suicide " in 1852 , the idea gained mainstream credibility , and by the end of the year the Times was writing that there was " almost unanimity " of opinion that the existence of two separate systems was " the parent of most of the defects in the administration of our law " . Much of the impetus for fusion came from pressure groups and lawyers ' associations . They partially succeeded with the Common Law Procedure Act 1854 and Chancery Amendment Act 1858 , which gave both courts access to the full range of remedies . Until then , the common @-@ law courts were limited to granting damages , and the Chancery was limited to granting specific performance or injunctions . The County Courts ( Equity Jurisdiction ) Act 1865 gave the county courts the authority to use equitable remedies , although it was rarely used . The Lord Chancellors during this period were more cautious , and despite a request by the lawyers ' associations to establish a Royal Commission to look at fusion , they refused to do so . After the Chancery Regulation Act 1862 had gone some way toward procedural reform , in February 1867 , Roundell Palmer again brought the problem of having two separate court systems to Parliament 's attention , and in March 1870 Lord Hatherley introduced a bill to create a single , unified High Court of Justice . The bill was a weak one , not containing any provision addressing which court would deal with the common law and which with equity , and was also silent on the structure of the court , as Hatherley believed the difference between the common law and equity was one of procedure , not substance . As a result , the bill was heavily opposed from two sides : those who opposed fusion , and those who supported fusion but felt the provisions were too weak and vague to be of any use . As a result , the bill was eventually withdrawn . In 1873 the idea was resurrected – again by Palmer , who was now Lord Selborne and the new Lord Chancellor – as the Supreme Court of Judicature bill . While still cautious , Selborne 's bill was far more structured than Hatherley 's , and contained more detail on what was to be done . Rather than fusing the common law and equity , which he saw as impracticable since it would destroy the idea of trusts , he decided to fuse the courts and the procedure . The final draft provided that all of the existing superior courts would be fused into one court consisting of two levels ; one of first instance , one appellate . The court of first instance , to be known as the High Court of Justice , would be subdivided into several divisions based on the old superior courts , one of which , the Chancery Division , would deal with equity cases . All jurisdiction of the Court of Chancery was to be transferred to the Chancery Division ; Section 25 of the Act provided that , where there was conflict between the common law and equity , the latter would prevail . An appeal from each division went to the appellate level , the Court of Appeal of England and Wales . These provisions were brought into effect after amendment with the Supreme Court of Judicature Act 1875 , and the Court of Chancery ceased to exist . The Master of the Rolls was transferred to the new Court of Appeal , the Lord Chancellor retained his other judicial and political roles , and the position of Vice @-@ Chancellor ceased to exist , replaced by ordinary judges . The Chancery Division remains to this day part of the High Court of Justice of England and Wales . = = Jurisdiction = = = = = Trusts and the administration of estates = = = The idea of a trust originated during the Crusades of the 12th century , when noblemen travelled abroad to fight in the Holy Land . As they would be away for years at a time it was vital that somebody could look after their land with the authority of the original owner . As a result , the idea of joint ownership of land arose . The common law courts did not recognise such trusts , and so it fell to equity and to the Court of Chancery to deal with them , as befitting the common principle that the Chancery 's jurisdiction was for matters where the common law courts could neither enforce a right nor administer it . The use of trusts and uses became common during the 16th century , although the Statute of Uses " [ dealt ] a severe blow to these forms of conveyancing " and made the law in this area far more complex . The court 's sole jurisdiction over trusts lasted until its dissolution . From its foundation , the Court of Chancery could administer estates , due to its jurisdiction over trusts . While the main burden in the 16th century fell on the ecclesiastical courts , their powers over administrators and executors was limited , regularly necessitating the Court of Chancery 's involvement . Prior to the Statute of Wills , many people used feoffees to dispose of their land , something that fell under the jurisdiction of the Lord Chancellor anyway . In addition , in relation to the discovery and accounting of assets , the process used by the Court of Chancery was far superior to the ecclesiastical one ; as a result , the Court of Chancery was regularly used by beneficiaries . The common law courts also had jurisdiction over some estates matters , but their remedies for problems were far more limited . Initially , the Court of Chancery would not entertain a request to administer an estate as soon as a flaw in the will was discovered , rather leaving it to the ecclesiastical courts , but from 1588 onwards the Court did deal with such requests , in four situations : where it was alleged that there were insufficient assets ; where it was appropriate to force a legatee to give a bond to creditors ( which could not be done in the ecclesiastical courts ) ; to secure femme covert assets from a husband ; and where the deceased 's debts had to be paid before the legacies were valid . = = = Insanity and guardianship = = = The Chancery 's jurisdiction over " lunatics " came from two sources : first , the King 's prerogative to look after them , which was exercised regularly by the Lord Chancellor , and second , the Lands of Lunatics Act , which gave the King ( and therefore the Chancellor ) custodianship of lunatics and their land ; the Lord Chancellor exercised the first right directly and the second in his role as head of the Court of Chancery . This jurisdiction applied to any " idiots " or " lunatics " , regardless of whether or not they were British , or whether their land was within England and Wales . They were divided into two categories – idiots , " who have no glimmering of reason from their birth and are , therefore , by law , presumed never likely to attain any " , and lunatics , " who have had understanding but have lost the use of it " . Lunatics and idiots were administered separately by the Lord Chancellor under his two prerogatives ; the appeal under the King 's prerogative went directly to the King , and under the Lands of Lunatics Act to the House of Lords . Idiots and lunatics had their land looked after by a court @-@ appointed administrator , and any profits went into a trust fund to support the insane person . Due to the vested interest of the King ( who would hold the lands ) the actual lunacy or idiocy was determined by a jury , not by an individual judge . Under the Lunacy Act 1845 the Lord Chancellor had a right to appoint a commission to investigate the insanity of an individual ; as part of his role as Keeper of the King 's conscience , however , he would only do this when it was beneficial to the lunatic , not simply because somebody had been found insane . The law courts ' jurisdiction over the guardianship of children is said to have come from the King 's prerogative of parens patriae . The Chancery had administered this area of law from an early period , since it primarily concerned the holding of land – a form of trust . Since these were mainly dealt with orally there are few early records ; the first reference comes from 1582 , when a curator was appointed to deal with the property of an infant . While the common law courts regularly appointed guardians , the Chancery had the right to remove them , replace them or create them in the first place . Similarly , while there were actions against guardians which the child could undertake in the common law courts , these were regularly undertaken in the Court of Chancery . This jurisdiction was first regularly recognised from 1696 onwards , and its main focus was the welfare of the child . As such , wards of the court had certain principles : their estates had to be administered under the supervision of the Court , they had to be educated under the same supervision , and any marriage had to be sanctioned by the Court . = = = Charities = = = The Lord Chancellor had , since the 15th century , been tasked with administering estates where the estate was to be used for charitable purposes . In Bailiff of Burford v Lenthall , Lord Hardwicke suggested that the jurisdiction of the Court over charity matters came from its jurisdiction over trusts , as well as from the Charitable Uses Act 1601 . Carne suggests that , as the Court had long been able to deal with such situations , the 1601 act was actually just the declaration of pre @-@ existing custom . This is illustrated by the Chancellor 's original jurisdiction over feoffments to uses , which came from his original status as a clergyman , as charity had been originally enforced by the Church and the ecclesiastical courts . Essentially , an owner of land could dispose of it by granting the right to use it and collect fees to another , not just by selling it . This was not valid at the common law courts but was in the Court of Chancery ; the Lord Chancellor is reported as having said , in 1492 , " where there is no remedy at common law there may be good remedy in conscience , as , for example , by a feoffment upon confidence , the feoffor has no remedy by common law , and yet by conscience he has ; and so , if the feoffee transfers to another who knows of this confidence , the feoffor , by means of a subpoena , will have his rights in this Court " . After the reign of Edward IV , if the charitable land were to be sold ( or land were to be sold to create the charity ) the Court of Chancery was the only place this could be done , as ecclesiastical and probate courts did not have a valid jurisdiction . = = Remedies = = The Court of Chancery could grant three possible remedies – specific performance , injunctions and damages . The remedy of specific performance is , in contractual matters , an order by the court which requires the party in breach of contract to perform his obligations . The validity of the contract as a whole was not normally considered , only whether there was adequate consideration and if expecting the party that breached the contract to carry out his obligations was viable . Injunctions , on the other hand , are remedies which prevent a party from doing something ( unlike specific performance , which requires them to do something ) . Until the Common Law Procedure Act 1854 , the Court of Chancery was the only body qualified to grant injunctions and specific performance . Damages is money claimed in compensation for some failure by the other party to a case . It is commonly believed that the Court of Chancery could not grant damages until the Chancery Amendment Act 1858 , which gave it that right , but in some special cases it had been able to provide damages for over 600 years . The idea of damages was first conceived in English law during the 13th century , when the Statutes of Merton and Gloucester provided for damages in certain circumstances . Despite what is normally assumed by academics , it was not just the common law courts that could grant damages under these statutes ; the Exchequer of Pleas and Court of Chancery both had the right to do so . In Cardinal Beaufort 's case in 1453 , for example , it is stated that " I shall have a subpoena against my feoffee and recover damages for the value of the land " . A statute passed during the reign of Richard II specifically gave the Chancery the right to award damages , stating : For as much as People be compelled to come before the King 's Council , or in the Chancery by Writs grounded upon untrue Suggestions ; that the Chancellor for the Time being , presently after that such Suggestions be duly found and proved untrue , shall have Power to ordain and award Damages according to his Discretion , to him which is so troubled unduly , as afore is said . This did not extend to every case , but merely to those which had been dismissed because one party 's " suggestions [ are ] proved untrue " , and was normally awarded to pay for the innocent party 's costs in responding to the party that had lied . Lord Hardwicke , however , claimed that the Chancery 's jurisdiction to award damages was not derived " from any authority , but from conscience " , and rather than being statutory was instead due to the Lord Chancellor 's inherent authority . As a result , General Orders were regularly issued awarding the innocent party additional costs , such as the cost of a solicitor on top of the costs of responding to the other party 's false statements . The Court became more cautious about awarding damages during the 16th and 17th centuries ; Lord Chancellors and legal writers considered it a common law remedy , and judges would normally only award damages where no other remedy was appropriate . Damages were sometimes given as an ancillary remedy , such as in Browne v Dom Bridges in 1588 , where the defendant had disposed of waste inside the plaintiffs woods . As well as an injunction to prevent the defendant dumping waste in the woods , damages were also awarded to pay for the harm to the woods . " This convention ( that damages could only be awarded as an ancillary remedy , or where no others were available ) remained the cause until the 18th and early 19th centuries , when the attitude of the Court towards awarding damages became more liberal ; in Lannoy v Werry , for example , it was held that where there was sufficient evidence of harm , the Court could award damages in addition to specific performance and other remedies . This changed with Todd v Gee in 1810 , where Lord Eldon held that " except in very special cases , it was not the course of proceeding in Equity to file a Bill for specific performance of an agreement ; praying in the alternative , if it cannot be performed , an issue , or an inquiry before the Master , with a view to damages . The plaintiff must take that remedy , if he chooses it , at Law . " This was followed by Hatch v Cobb , in which Chancellor Kent held that " though equity , in very special cases , may possibly sustain a bill for damages , on a breach of contract , it is clearly not the ordinary jurisdiction of the court " . The Court 's right to give damages was reiterated in Phelps v Prothero in 1855 , where the Court of Appeal in Chancery held that if a plaintiff starts an action in a court of equity for specific performance and damages are also appropriate , the court of equity may choose to award damages . This authorisation was limited to certain circumstances , and was again not regularly used . Eventually , the Chancery Amendment Act 1858 gave the Court full jurisdiction to award damages ; the situation before that was so limited that lawyers at the time commented as if the Court had not previously been able to do so . = = Officers of the Court = = = = = Lord Chancellor = = = The Lord Chancellor was the official head of the Court of Chancery . For much of its early existence he was closely linked with the curia regis ; even after the Court became independent around 1345 , petitions were addressed to " the King and others " . By the time of Edward IV , however , petitions were issued in the name of the Lord Chancellor and the Court of Chancery . In the early years , the Lord Chancellor made most of the decisions himself ; he summoned the parties , set a date for hearings , addressed questions from the parties to the case and announced the verdict . He regularly called for assistance from the common law judges , who complained that this prevented them from doing the work of the common law courts , and early records frequently say that the decision was made " with the advice and consent of the justices and servants of our Lord the King in the Chancery " . In one period , particularly under Edward III , the Lord Chancellor also possessed some common law jurisdiction , able to hear cases for petitions of right and the repeal of letters patent , as well as other cases in which the King was a party . He heard cases on recognizances , the execution of Acts of Parliament and any case in which an officer of the Court of Chancery was involved . Records show that he enrolled recognizances and contracts , and also issued writs commanding a sheriff to enforce them . Carne considers that this common law jurisdiction was likely down to a failure to separate the common law jurisdiction and the equity jurisdiction possessed by the Lord Chancellor , a failure that continued into the 16th century ; Sir Edward Coke wrote that in the Chancery there was both an ordinary court and an " extraordinary " one . Most of the early Lord Chancellors were members of the clergy ; the first legally trained Lord Chancellor was Robert Parning SL , who was appointed in 1341 and held the office for two years . His successors were again clerics until the appointment of Robert Thorpe in 1371 , probably due to pressure from Parliament . The precedent of appointing legally trained Lord Chancellors was not followed strongly , although others such as Nicholas Bacon did hold the office ; one Lord Chancellor is said to have been appointed because the Queen was impressed with his skill at dancing . According to William Carne , Thomas Egerton was the first " proper " Lord Chancellor from the Court of Chancery 's point of view , having recorded his decisions and followed the legal doctrine of precedent . Marsh writes that the use of clergymen as Lord Chancellors had a tremendous influence on the Court 's actions , tracing the idea of following natural law in the Court back to the Chancellors ' Christian roots . Following the dissolution of the Court of Chancery in 1873 , the Lord Chancellor failed to have any role in equity , although his membership of other judicial bodies allowed him some indirect control . = = = Other officers of the Court = = = When the Court was a part of the curia regis , the Officers were fluid ; they could include Doctors of Civil Law , members of the curia and " those who ought to be summoned " . As the members of the curia ceased to sit as Officers , however , the composition of the court became more solid . From an early period , the Lord Chancellor was assisted by twelve Clerks in Chancery , known as the Masters in Chancery . It was said that these positions had existed since before the Norman Conquest , sitting as part of the Witenagemot . After the conquest they gradually lost their authority , and became advisers and assistants to the Lord Chancellor . It was the Masters who started court cases , issuing the initial writs without which parties could not begin cases in the common law courts . In addition , they took depositions and acted as secretaries to the Lord Chancellor , maintaining the plea rolls . In the early years they were almost always members of the clergy , called the " clericos de prima forma " ; it was not until the reign of Edward III that they were referred to as Masters in Chancery . The twelve Masters in Chancery were led by one of their number , known as the Master of the Rolls . He was almost as powerful as the Lord Chancellor , and had wielded judicial power since the time of Edward I. He was sometimes known as the " Vice @-@ Chancellor " , and was given the title " The Right Worshipful " . The Master of the Rolls assisted the Court 's judges in forming judgments , and regularly sat in place of the Lord Chancellor . The first reference to the Master of the Rolls comes from 1286 , although it is believed that the position probably existed before that ; the first reference to his having independent judicial authority is from 1520 . The Master of the Rolls had six clerks , simply known as the Six Clerks , who helped keep the records ; they were independently accountable for any mistakes . These were initially solicitors for the people suing in the Court , and no other counsel was allowed , but by the time of Francis Bacon claimants were allowed their own counsel . The Master of the Rolls and his clerks were housed in the Rolls Office , along with the Six Clerks ' clerks , who numbered sixty . The Six Clerks were abolished in 1843 , the Masters in Chancery in 1852 , and when the Court of Chancery was abolished , the Master of the Rolls moved to the newly established Court of Appeal of England and Wales . From an early period , the Court was also assisted by two Registrars , who enrolled decrees of the court and orders ; their books documented the legal precedent set by the court . At the same time , two Examiners were appointed to assist the Master of the Rolls in examining witnesses . The positions were regularly and openly sold by the Master of the Rolls and Lord Chancellor – Masters in Chancery went for £ 6 @,@ 000 in 1625 . To avoid the sale of offices , and due to the corruption of many court officials , an Act was passed that year requiring that fees be paid directly into the Bank of England , and creating an Accountant @-@ General to oversee the financial aspects of the court . In 1813 the first Vice @-@ Chancellor was appointed to deal with the increasing number of cases submitted to the Court . With the backlog growing larger , two more were appointed in 1841 under a second Act of Parliament , although this provided for two life appointments , not two new positions ; when the new Vice @-@ Chancellors died , there could be no replacements . With the dissolution of the Court in 1873 , the position of Vice @-@ Chancellor ceased to exist .
= A Hunka Hunka Burns in Love = " A Hunka Hunka Burns in Love " is the fourth episode of The Simpsons ’ thirteenth season . The episode first aired on the Fox network on December 2 , 2001 . In the episode , Mr. Burns falls in love with Gloria , a woman who is much younger than he is and who turns out to be Snake Jailbird 's ex @-@ girlfriend . The episode was written by John Swartzwelder , directed by Lance Kramer and dedicated to the memory of George Harrison . The episode featured , along with George Takei as a waiter and Karl Wiedergott as a delivery boy , Julia Louis @-@ Dreyfus , who appeared as Mr Burns ' love interest Gloria . The episode received positive reviews from critics following the thirteenth season 's release on DVD and Blu @-@ Ray . = = Plot = = The Simpsons visit a Chinese restaurant , where Homer is hired to write Chinese fortune cookies after complaining that the current fortunes are unimaginative . One of his fortunes says " You will find true love on Flag Day " . This cookie makes its way to Mr. Burns on , coincidentally , Flag Day . Eager for true love at last , Burns and a reluctant Smithers spend the evening womanising at a wealthy social gathering and a strip club . With mere minutes left in the day , Burns finds a cop ticketing his car , which he had parked in the middle of the road . After discovering the cop is a beautiful woman named Gloria ( voiced by Julia Louis @-@ Dreyfus ) , Burns asks her out on a date . Gloria warily accepts , much to Burns ' delight and Smithers ' chagrin . After a pleasant first date at the carnival , Burns asks about another date but Gloria is about to turn him down when Homer runs by . Burns asks Homer to vouch for him to Gloria , so Homer regales her by listing Burns ' many exploits . After Gloria agrees to a second date , Burns enlists Homer to be his " youthful advisor " , accompanying the couple on their next date at the disco hall , and even carrying Burns and Gloria up the stairs when they go to have sex . In these cases , Burns overcomes his weakness and extreme age by means of a powerful aphrodisiac ( made from an extract of the " pocket fox " , a species which only existed for three weeks in the 16th century ) . Eventually , during a date at the bowling alley , Burns decides to ask Gloria to marry him . She says yes . As Burns goes off to get some champagne to celebrate , Snake comes to rob the bowling alley , and is surprised to see Gloria , who turns out to be his ex @-@ girlfriend . Despite Gloria 's protests , Snake kidnaps her and Homer . When Burns finds Gloria 's ring , dropped in the commotion , he assumes she ran off with Homer . Snake takes Gloria and Homer to his hideout . Though Gloria says she loves Burns , Snake vows he can change . The police arrive and confront Snake . Homer tries to escape but instead sets Snake 's house on fire . Snake and Homer get out and Burns runs in to save Gloria , however he is soon overcome by the smoke and Gloria is then seen carrying him to safety . Although initially grateful , Gloria begins to reminisce about Snake , causing her to break up with Burns and become Snake 's girl again . = = Production = = " A Hunka Hunka Burns in Love " was written by John Swartzwelder while Lance Kramer served as director . It first aired in the United States on December 2 , 2001 on the Fox network . = = = Writing = = = Mike Scully , who worked as an executive producer and show runner for the episode , stated in the episode 's DVD audio commentary that the first thing the writers tried to think of while writing the episode was how the Simpson family would fit into the story . In the episode 's first draft , Gloria worked as a food truck driver , however this was later changed so that she instead worked as a police lady . Scully also stated that , in the scene after Homer carries Burns and Gloria up the stairs , there were originally a lot of jokes about Homer " taking care of business " for Burns , however the staff decided to leave it out since it would make Homer " unlikable . " In the episode , Snake Jailbird 's mailbox reads " Snake ( Jailbird ) " which is a reference to a debate that the writers had over whether Snake 's mailbox would read " Snake " or " Jailbird " . Originally , the episode would end with Burns taking the " pocket fox " extract , however when seeing the animatic , the writers felt that that ending would be " too slow " , so they changed it into Gloria falling in love with Snake again . = = = Animation = = = On the DVD audio commentary for the episode , Kramer stated that there was an issue over which color to paint the fortunes with . Kramer wanted the fortunes to be white while one of his co @-@ workers suggested they should be pink . Kramer stated that the co @-@ worker had been to a Chinese restaurant close to the studio that had pink fortunes , and that " that 's why she [ colored the fortunes pink ] . " The animators also found it difficult to draw Mr Burns happy . Kramer stated that Burns was " designed to look like a vulture " and look " evil all the time " , so in order to make Burns look happy and more sympathetic , the animators had to change some things in Burns ' regular model . For example , Burns ' eyebrows are not visible through the majority of the episode . The scene with Mr Burns and Gloria on the Ferris wheel was difficult to animate as well , since the animators had to " keep everything moving to sell it . " In the scene in which Snake 's house is burning down , the animators chose to color the sky red , in order to reflect the fire as well as make the scene " a little more exciting . " = = = Casting = = = Julia Louis @-@ Dreyfus guest @-@ starred as Gloria in the episode . In the DVD audio commentary for the episode , current show runner Al Jean stated that working with Louis @-@ Dreyfus was " an absolute pleasure " , stating that " not only was she funny but you 'd give her , like , one suggestion , and she 'd do three great things with it . " The waiter in the Chinese restaurant was portrayed by actor George Takei . Dan Castellaneta , who plays Homer among several characters on the show , supplied the voice for Woody Allen . The delivery boy was portrayed by Karl Wiedergott , a voice actor who usually fill in for the male actors on The Simpsons when they are not available for the table read . Jean described him as " versatile " and " very talented " . = = Release = = Following the release of thirteenth season of The Simpsons on DVD and Blu @-@ Ray on August 24 , 2010 , " A Hunka Hunka Burns in Love " received positive reviews from critics . Writing for Project : Blu , Nate Boss was favorable , describing it as " A hilarious episode , with some fantastic one liners " , and went on to say that the episode was " so far the best in the season . " Ron Martin of 411Mania was also positive towards the episode , writing " The antics of Mr. Burns and Homer trying to woo a young police officer are at worst amusing , at most hilarious . " He wrote that Snake Jailbird was " a welcome side character " , and went on to write that the episode was the best of the first disc of The Simpsons ´ thirteenth season on DVD . Jennifer Malkowski of DVD Verdict gave the episode a B + rating , and wrote that the episodes highlights were " Burns ' reaction walking into a strip club " [ sic ] and " a fortune cookie Homer writes , ' You will be aroused by a shampoo commercial ' . " Colin Jacobsson , writing for DVD Movie Guide , stated that , while it was not as good as the previous episode , " Homer the Moe " , " A Hunka Hunka Burns in Love " still " offers a reasonably solid episode " . He liked the parts related to the fortune cookies , and stated that “ Burns ’ attempts to woo a much younger woman fare pretty well ” . He concluded his review by saying that “ enough smiles and snickers emerge to make this an enjoyable show ” . Obsessed With Film 's Adam Rayner , in his review of The Simpsons thirteenth season , wrote that Julia Louis Dreyfus ' appearance in the episode was " arguably the best [ cameo ] of the season " . = = Cultural references = = The episode title makes reference to a line from " Burning Love " , a song made popular by Elvis Presley in 1972 .
= Florian Znaniecki = Florian Witold Znaniecki ( 15 January 1882 – 23 March 1958 ) was a Polish philosopher and sociologist who taught and wrote in Poland and in the United States . Over the course of his work he shifted his focus from philosophy to sociology . He remains a major figure in the history of Polish and American sociology ; the founder of Polish academic sociology , and of an entire school of thought in sociology . He won international renown as co @-@ author , with William I. Thomas , of the study , The Polish Peasant in Europe and America ( 1918 – 20 ) , which is considered the foundation of modern empirical sociology . He also made major contributions to sociological theory , introducing terms such as humanistic coefficient and culturalism . In Poland , he established the first Polish department of sociology at Adam Mickiewicz University where he worked from 1920 to 1939 . His career in the US begun at the University of Chicago ( 1917 to 1919 ) and continued at Columbia University ( 1932 to 1934 and 1939 to 1940 ) and at the University of Illinois at Urbana @-@ Champaign ( 1942 to 1950 ) . He was the 44th President of the American Sociological Association ( for the year 1954 ) . = = Life = = = = = Childhood and education = = = Florian Znaniecki was born on 15 January 1882 at Świątniki , Congress Poland , a state controlled by the Russian Empire to Leon Znaniecki and Amelia , née Holtz He received early schooling from tutors , then attended secondary schools at Warsaw and Częstochowa . While in secondary school , he was a member of an underground study group , specializing in history , literature and philosophy . His secondary @-@ school grades were average at best , and he had to repeat a year of school ; this was largely due to his extracurricular interest in Polish @-@ language study , which was banned under the Russified school program . As a youth , he wrote some poetry , including a drama , Cheops ( 1903 ) . A poem of his , " Do Prometeusza " ( " To Prometheus " ) , was included in a 1900 anthology ; however , neither he in later life , nor literary critics , judged his poetry outstanding . He entered the Imperial University of Warsaw in 1902 , but was soon expelled after taking part in protests against the Russian administration 's curtailment of student rights . Threatened with conscription into the Imperial Russian Army , he chose to emigrate and in early 1904 left Warsaw for Switzerland . During that period , he was briefly an editor at a French @-@ language literary magazine , Nice Illustrée ( late 1904 – early 1905 ) ; faked his own death ; briefly served in the French Foreign Legion in Algeria ; and worked at a flea market , on a farm , in a traveling circus , and as a librarian at the Polish Museum in Rapperswil , Switzerland . In Switzerland he soon resumed his university studies , first at the University of Geneva ( 1905 – 07 ) , then at the University of Zurich ( 1907 – 08 ) , eventually transferring to the Sorbonne in Paris , France ( 1908 – 09 ) , where he attended lectures by sociologist Émile Durkheim . In 1909 , after the death of his supervisor Frédéric Rauh , he returned to Poland , where in 1910 he obtained his Ph.D. degree at Jagiellonian University , in Kraków , under a new supervisor , Maurycy Straszewski . = = = Early Polish career = = = That year he also joined the Polish Psychological Society ( Polskie Towarzystwo Psychologiczne ) , in which he would be highly active over the next few years , becoming its vice president in 1913 – 14 . Much of his early academic work at that time could be classified as philosophy . In 1909 , aged 27 , he published his first academic paper , Etyka filozoficzna i nauka o wartościach moralnych ( " Philosophical Ethics and the Science of Moral Values " ) ; a year later he published Zagadnienie wartości w filozofii ( The Question of Values in Philosophy ) , based on his doctoral dissertation , and a paper , Myśl i rzeczywistosc ( " Mind and Reality " ) . In 1912 he published a new book , Humanizm i Poznanie ( Humanism and Knowledge ) , and a paper , Elementy rzeczywistości praktycznej ( " Elements of Practical Reality " ) . A year later , he published an annotated translation of Henri Bergson 's Creative Evolution and a paper , Znaczenie rozwoju świata i człowieka ( " The Meaning of World and Human Development " ) . The year 1914 saw the publication of his papers , Formy i zasady twórczości moralnej ( " Forms and Principles of Moral Creativity " ) and Zasada względności jako podstawa filizofii ( " The Principle of Relativity as a Foundation of Philosophy " ) . His works , published in Polish , were well received by the Polish scholarly community and intelligentsia . Due to his past political activism , he was unable to secure a post at a major university . From 1912 to 1914 he lectured at a novel women 's institution of higher education , the Advanced Pedagogical Courses for Women ( Wyższe Kursy Pedagogiczne dla Kobiet ) . During his studies , he had worked at several European institutions dealing with Polish immigrants ; he would build on his experiences by becoming involved with the Warsaw @-@ based Society for the Welfare of Émigrés ( Towarzystwo Opieki nad Wychodźcami ) , where he worked in 1910 – 14 . By 1911 he was the Society 's director and ( 1911 – 12 ) editor of its journal , Wychodźca Polski ( The Polish Émigré ) . Znaniecki became an expert on Polish migration , in 1914 authoring for the government a 500 @-@ page report , Wychodźtwo Sezonowe ( Seasonal Migration ) . = = = Work with Thomas = = = A year earlier , in 1913 , Znaniecki had met William I. Thomas , an American sociologist who had come to Poland in connection with his research on Polish immigrants in the United States . Thomas and Znaniecki had begun to collaborate , and soon Thomas invited Znaniecki to come to Chicago to continue work with him in the United States . In July 1914 , just on the eve of World War I , Znaniecki left Poland to work with Thomas as a research assistant . From 1917 to 1919 Znaniecki also lectured in sociology at the University of Chicago . Their work culminated in co @-@ authoring of The Polish Peasant in Europe and America ( 1918 – 20 ) , considered a sociology classic . It was his collaboration with Thomas that marked the transition in Znaniecki 's career from philosopher to sociologist . Znaniecki stayed with Thomas in Chicago until mid @-@ 1919 , when he moved to New York , following Thomas , who had lost his job at Chicago due to a spurious scandal . That year Znaniecki published a new book , still mostly philosophical rather than sociological , Cultural Reality . Published in English , it was a synthesis of his philosophical thought . In New York , Thomas and Znaniecki carried on research for the Carnegie Corporation on the process of immigrant Americanization . Znaniecki contributed to Thomas ' book , Old World Traits Transplanted , and published an anonymous solicited article on that topic to the February 1920 Atlantic Monthly . = = = Founding Polish sociology = = = Poland had regained independence following World War I , in 1918 . In 1919 Znaniecki contacted the newly founded Ministry of Religion and Education , offering to return to Poland if the Ministry could help him secure a chair at a Polish university . He proposed creating a novel Institute of Sociology , but bureaucracy and communication delays resulted in that idea being shelved , and he was offered a philosophy professorship at the newly organized Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań . In 1920 Znaniecki returned to the newly established Second Polish Republic , where at Poznań University he soon became Poland 's first chair in sociology . He accomplished this by renaming the department , originally " Third Philosophical Department " , to " Department of Sociology and Cultural Philosophy " , doing the same for his chair , and establishing a Sociological Seminary . That same year he also founded the Polish Institute of Sociology ( Polski Instutut Socjologiczny ) , the fifth @-@ oldest sociological institute in Europe . In 1927 his department was officially renamed to " department of sociology " , and in 1930 the department gained authorization to issue degrees in sociology . In 1930 the Polish Institute of Sociology began publishing the first Polish sociological journal , Przegląd Socjologiczny ( The Sociological Review ) , with Znaniecki its chief editor from 1930 to 1939 . That year the Institute organized Poland 's first academic sociologists ' conference . Due to his role as founder of so many of its building blocks , Znaniecki is considered the father of sociology in Poland . = = = Late U.S. career = = = Keeping in touch with American sociologists , Znaniecki lectured as a visiting professor at Columbia University in New York in 1932 – 34 and during the summer of 1939 . That summer ended the Polish stage of his career , as the German invasion on Poland and the start of World War II prevented his return to Poland . He was already aboard a ship bound for Poland when his travel was cut short in the United Kingdom . He still briefly considered returning to Poland , where his wife and daughter remained ; however , faced with the occupation of Poland , he returned to the United States , where his family eventually joined him in 1940 . With help from American colleagues , Znaniecki obtained an extension of his appointment at Columbia University through mid @-@ 1940 . He then moved to the University of Illinois at Urbana @-@ Champaign and in 1942 obtained American citizenship , allowing him to transition from a visiting to a regular professorship . He taught at the University of Illinois until his retirement , deciding not to return to the communist People 's Republic of Poland , established in the aftermath of World War II ( despite the offer of a chair at Poznań University ) . In 1950 he retired , becoming a professor emeritus . He was 44th President of the American Sociological Association ( for 1954 ) . His presidential address , " Basic Problems of Contemporary Sociology , " was delivered on 8 September 1954 at the Association 's annual meeting and was later published in the American Sociological Review . He died on 23 March 1958 in Champaign , Illinois . The cause of death was arteriosclerosis . His funeral took place on 26 March , and he was buried at Roselawn Champaign Cemetery . = = Family = = In 1906 Znaniecki married a fellow Polish student at the University of Geneva , Emilia Szwejkowska . They had a son , poet and writer Juliusz Znaniecki , born 1908 . Znaniecki 's wife Emilia died in 1915 . Next year Znaniecki married Eileen Markley ( 1886 – 1976 ) . They had one daughter , sociologist Helena Znaniecki Lopata , born 1925 . = = Importance = = Polish sociologist and historian of ideas Jerzy Szacki writes that Znaniecki 's major contributions include : the founding of sociology in Poland ; his work in empirical sociology ; and his work in sociological theory . Szacki notes that Znaniecki sought to bridge a number of gaps : between empirical sociology and more theoretical approaches ; between objectivity and subjectivity ; between humanistic and naturalistic methodologies and viewpoints ; and between American and European intellectual traditions . Szacki writes that , while Znaniecki 's theoretical contributions were subsequently pushed into the background by Talcott Parsons ' " functionalism " , Znaniecki offered the most ambitious sociological theory known to America before Parsons . Znaniecki 's most famous work remains The Polish Peasant in Europe and America ( 1918 – 20 ) , co @-@ authored with William I. Thomas . His other major works include Wstęp do socjologii ( An Introduction to Sociology , 1922 ) , The Method of Sociology ( 1934 ) , Social Actions ( 1936 ) , The Social Role of the Man of Knowledge ( 1940 ) and Cultural Sciences ( 1952 ) . = = Themes = = = = = Empirical sociology = = = Znaniecki 's contributions to empirical sociology began after , and were influenced by , his collaboration with William I. Thomas . The Polish Peasant in Europe and America ( 1918 – 20 ) , a five @-@ volume work which he wrote with Thomas , is considered a classic of empirical sociology . It is a study of Polish immigrants to America , based on personal documents . The work became a landmark study of Americanization — of how new immigrants to the United States " become Americans " . This work represents Znaniecki 's most valued contribution to empirical sociology . Most of his other works focused on theory , the only other notable exception being Miasto w świadomości jego obywateli ( The City in the Consciousness of its Citizens , 1931 ) . = = = Sociology : theory and definition = = = A key element of Znaniecki 's sociological theory is his view of sociology in particular , and of the social sciences in general , as a scientific field uniquely different from the natural sciences . Znaniecki defines sociology as a study of social actions . His recommended methodology was analytic induction : analysis of typical case studies , and generalization from them . Znaniecki 's theories form a major part of sociology 's action theory , and his work is a major part of the foundation of humanistic sociology . Another term connected with Znaniecki 's theories is " systematic sociology " ( " socjologia systematyczna " ) . He sought to create a grand sociological theory , one that would bridge the gap between empirical sociology and more theoretical approaches . Znaniecki criticized the widespread definition of sociology as the study of society . In Znaniecki 's culturalist perspective , sociology is a study of culture ( though it is not the study of culture , as Znaniecki recognized that other social sciences also study culture ) . His definition of sociology has been described as that of " a cultural science whose function is to study systems of social interaction based upon patterns of values and norms of behaviour , through the use of the humanistic coefficient " , or more simply , " the investigation of organized , interdependent interaction among human beings . " The part of the culture that sociology focused on was that of social relation or interaction . Znaniecki saw culture as a field separate from nature , but also from individuals ' perceptions . The essence of culture is socially constructed objects . He was one of the first sociologists to begin analyzing personal documents such as letters , autobiographies , diaries , and the like . He considered the analysis of such documents an important part of the humanistic @-@ coefficient method . Znaniecki saw sociology as an objective , inductive and generalizing science . According to Szacki , Znaniecki viewed sociology as a nomothetic science that should be able to use a methodology similar to that of the natural sciences ( however , Znaniecki 's daughter Helena Znaniecki Lopata , in her introduction to Social Relations and Social Roles , contradicts Szacki , writing that , for Znaniecki , sociology was a science " whose subject matter calls for a method different from that of the natural sciences . " ) . In 1934 he formulated the principle of analytic induction , designed to identify universal propositions and causal laws . He contrasted it with enumerative research , which provided mere correlations and could not account for exceptions in statistical relationships . He was also critical of the statistical method , which he did not see as very useful . In addition to the science of sociology , Znaniecki was also deeply interested in the larger field of the sociology of science . He analyzed the social roles of scientists , and the concept of a school of thought . = = = Four social systems = = = According to Znaniecki , sociology can be divided into the study of four dynamic social systems : social action theory , social relation theory , social actors theory , and social groups theory . Znaniecki saw social actions as the foundation of a society , as they give rise to more complex social relations , and he saw this theory as the foundation of all the others . Unlike Max Weber , he did not believe that everything can be reduced to social actions ; he was also quite skeptical of any insights coming from the science of psychology , which he held in low esteem . The four major forms of cooperative interaction , or four social systems , in growing complexity , were : social actions ( in Polish , " czyny społeczne " or " czynności społeczne " ) : the most basic type of social fact ; social relations ( in Polish , " stosunki społeczne " ) : these require at least two persons and a mutual obligation ; the study of social relations is the study of norms regulating social actions ; social personalities ( in Polish , " osoby społeczne " or " osobowości społeczne " ) : the combined picture that emerges from a number of different social roles that an individual has ; social group ( in Polish , " grupa społeczna " ) : any group which is recognized by some as a separate entity ; Znaniecki saw a society as a group of groups , but denied it primacy as an area that the sociologist should focus on ( while at the same time recognizing that most sociologists differed on this ) . The four @-@ category division described above appeared in his 1934 book , The Method of Sociology . By 1958 he had reformulated the division , and was speaking instead of social relations , social roles , social groups , and societies . = = = Sociology of culture = = = Znaniecki coined the term " humanistic coefficient " for a method of social research by way of data analysis that emphasizes participants ' perceptions of the experience being analyzed . The humanistic coefficient sees all social facts as being created by social actors and as being understandable only from their perspective . Thus the sociologist ought to study reality by trying to understand how others see the world , not ( objectively ) as an independent observer ; in other words , the scientist needs to understand the subject 's world . While some have criticized this approach as being too close to subjectivism , Znaniecki himself saw it as anti @-@ subjectivist ; he observed that social facts such as cultural systems can exist even if no one perceives their existence . He was also skeptical of any value coming from personal , subjective observations , arguing that such observations have value only if they can be objectively described . He argued that the difference between the natural and social sciences lies not in the difference between objective and subjective experiences , but in the subject being studied : for Znaniecki , the natural sciences studied things , and the social sciences studied cultural values . Znaniecki characterized the world as being caught within two contrary modes of reflection ; idealism and realism . He proposed a third way , which he called " culturalism " . His culturalism was one of the founding ideas of modern antipositivist and antinaturalist sociology . The term " culturalism " was introduced into English in his book , Cultural Reality ( 1919 ) , and was translated into Polish as " kulturalizm " ; previously Znaniecki had discussed the concept in Polish as " humanism " ( " humanizm " ) . = = = Other themes = = = Znaniecki 's work also touched on many other areas of sociology , such as intergroup conflict , urban sociology , and rural sociology . = = Works = = Znaniecki 's first academic works , of the 1910s , were more philosophical than sociological in nature ; beginning in the 1920s , his works were primarily sociological . His Cultural Reality ( 1919 ) was a synthesis of his philosophical thought , but the simultaneous publication of his much more popular The Polish Peasant in Europe and America ( 1918 – 20 ) associated his name in academic circles primarily with sociology rather than with philosophy . His early works focused on analysis of culture and strongly criticized the principles of sociological naturalism . Szacki notes a puzzling gap in Znaniecki 's research : while he was well @-@ read in , and engaged with , most previous and current theories , he largely ignored the works of some notable sociologists of his time such as Max Weber , Vilfredo Pareto and Talcott Parsons . On the other hand , his works engaged closely with those of William I. Thomas , Georg Simmel , Robert E. Park , and Émile Durkheim . His The Method of Sociology first introduced his concept of divisions within subfields of sociology . His most notable works included two books published in the same year ( 1952 ) : Modern Nationalities , and Cultural Sciences . The former is an analysis of the evolution of national @-@ culture societies , and the latter presents a theoretical study of the relation between sociology and other sciences . Znaniecki never finished his magnum opus , Systematic Sociology , which would eventually be collected and published posthumously in its unfinished but final form as Social Relations and Social Roles : The Unfinished Systematic Sociology ( 1965 ) . = = = List of works = = = Roughly half of Znaniecki 's published works are in English ; the rest , in Polish . In English : The Polish Peasant in Europe and America ( with William I. Thomas , 5 vols . , 19l8 @-@ 20 ) . " The Principle of Relativity and Philosophical Absolutism " , The Philosophical Review , vol . 24 , no . 2 ( March 1915 ) , pp. 150 – 64 . Cultural Reality , Chicago , 1919 . " The Subject Matter and Tasks of the Science of Knowledge " , translated by Christopher Kasparek ( first published in Polish as " Przedmiot i zadania nauki o wiedzy " , 1923 ) , Polish Contributions to the Science of Science , edited by Bohdan Walentynowicz , Dordrecht , D. Reidel Publishing Company , 1982 , ISBN 83 @-@ 01 @-@ 03607 @-@ 9 , pp. 1 – 81 . ( Znaniecki proposes the founding of a new empirically based science which would study science itself , and which he terms " the science of knowledge " ; Znaniecki 's proposed meta @-@ science has since been called by various other names , including " the science of science " , " the sociology of science " , and " logology " . ) The Laws of Social Psychology , Warsaw , 1926 . The Method of Sociology , New York , 1934 . Social Actions , New York 1936 . The Social Role of the Man of Knowledge , New York , 1940 . Cultural Sciences : Their Origin and Development , Urbana , 1952 . Modern Nationalities , Urbana , 1952 . Social Relations and Social Roles : The Unfinished Systematic Sociology , San Francisco , 1965 On Humanistic Sociology ( a selection of works edited by R. Bierstedt ) , Chicago , 1969 . The Social Role of the University Student , Poznań , 1994 . In Polish : Zagadnienie wartości w filozofii ( The Question of Value in Philosophy ) , Warsaw , 1910 . Humanizm i poznanie ( Humanism and Knowledge ) , Warsaw , 1912 . Upadek cywilizacji zachodniej : Szkic z pogranicza filozofii kultury i socjologii ( The Decline of Western Civilization : A Sketch from the Interface of Cultural Philosophy and Sociology ) , Poznań , 1921 . Wstęp do socjologii ( An Introduction to Sociology ) , Poznań , 1922 . " Przedmiot i zadania nauki o wiedzy " ( " The Subject Matter and Tasks of the Science of Knowledge " ) , Nauka Polska ( Polish Science ) , vol . IV ( 1923 ) , no . 1 . ( English translation : " The Subject Matter and Tasks of the Science of Knowledge " , translated by Christopher Kasparek , Polish Contributions to the Science of Science , edited by Bohdan Walentynowicz , Dordrecht , D. Reidel Publishing Company , 1982 , ISBN 83 @-@ 01 @-@ 03607 @-@ 9 , pp. 1 – 81 . ) Socjologia wychowania ( The Sociology of Education ) , Warsaw ( vol . I : 1928 ; vol . II : 1930 ) . Miasto w świadomości jego obywateli ( The City in the Consciousness of Its Citizens ) , Poznań , 1931 . Ludzie teraźniejsi a cywilizacja przyszłości ( Contemporary People and the Civilization of the Future ) , Lwów , 1934 .
= Wooden Leg : A Warrior Who Fought Custer = Wooden Leg : A Warrior Who Fought Custer is a book by Thomas Bailey Marquis about the life of a Northern Cheyenne Indian , Wooden Leg , who fought in several historic battles between United States forces and the Plains Indians , including the Battle of the Little Bighorn , where he faced the troops of George Armstrong Custer . The book is of great value to historians , not only for its eye @-@ witness accounts of battles , but also for its detailed description of the way of life of 19th @-@ century Plains Indians . The book was dictated to Marquis by Wooden Leg in Indian Sign Language , their only common language . Marquis gathered the stories for the book from Wooden Leg and others while he was physician at the agency in Montana from 1922 . They were reluctant to open up to him at first , but eventually Marquis gained their trust . Wooden Leg lived through some of the most turbulent times in Cheyenne history , but the book begins with his childhood and descriptions of Cheyenne customs . These include tribal organisation , the warrior societies , sport , religion and mythology , their friendship and cooperation with the Sioux , arrow recognition , warbonnet entitlement , and much more . Wooden Leg was introduced to warfare at a very young age via conflict with the Crow and joined the Elk warrior society at age 14 . The book describes Wooden Leg 's participation in the important battles of the war of 1876 – 1877 , when the Cheyenne , Sioux , and other plains tribes fought the United States . These included not only the Little Big Horn , but the preceding Battle of the Rosebud and the succeeding Dull Knife Fight . Following the Cheyenne surrender , the tribe was deported to Oklahoma , but eventually Wooden Leg was allowed to return . At Fort Keogh he worked as a scout for the army and was later appointed a judge at the Tongue River Indian Reservation . Wooden Leg describes in detail how he befriended the old chief Little Wolf towards the end of the latter 's life . Little Wolf had been a great war leader but was now ostracised for having killed another Cheyenne while drunk . Wooden Leg 's description of the Battle of the Little Bighorn caused controversy when the book was first published , particularly his claim that many of the US soldiers committed suicide . This claim is still discussed by scholars and has been investigated by archeologists , but no firm conclusions have been reached . = = Publishing history = = First published in 1931 under the title A Warrior Who Fought Custer , the book was later reprinted under its current title by the University of Nebraska Press . The book was written in the first person in the style of an autobiography by Thomas Bailey Marquis , who translated and edited Wooden Leg 's stories , placing them in chronological order . The 2003 edition bills Marquis as interpreter ; however , he describes himself as author in the book 's original preface . Marquis went on to write several other books on the participants and events of the era . = = Research = = Marquis wrote the book in 1930 at the age of 61 , but had begun researching it in 1922 . In this year Marquis , a doctor , came into contact with the Northern Cheyenne when appointed agency physician on their reservation in Montana . His initial aim was to collect first @-@ hand accounts of the Battle of the Little Bighorn . Since there had been no white survivors , obtaining the Indian accounts was all the more important for obtaining a complete historical record . However , it took him many years to fully gain the trust of the Indians and he did not complete the task until 1930 . In the meantime the project grew as Marquis added details of Wooden Leg 's life before and after the events at the Little Bighorn . It eventually metamorphosed from a historical account of the battle into a biography of Wooden Leg , Marquis ' principal informant . The issue of trust was difficult to overcome . Wooden Leg himself relates the attitudes of the Cheyenne at a peace feast organised to commemorate the 30th anniversary ( 1906 ) of the Battle of the Little Bighorn . In the presence of many United States soldiers , the Cheyenne were questioned about the battle . They answered with extreme caution ; many facts , particularly regarding the deaths of US soldiers , were avoided . Despite the long passage of time since the battle , they feared that they were being trapped into incriminating admissions . They also chose not to reveal that they believed that many soldiers had died through suicide or at the hands of their comrades , as they knew this issue had made soldiers angry in the past . They left most of the talking to one boastful Indian , Two Moons , who gave a colourful — but entirely inaccurate — account . The others elected not to contradict him since this allowed them to remain silent . Marquis slowly broke down the barriers and eventually persuaded all the Cheyenne survivors he was in contact with , not just Wooden Leg , to open up to him . Some sixteen hundred Northern Cheyenne were at the battle of the Little Big Horn . For all of the intervening period of more than fifty years between the battle and Marquis ' interviews , the Cheyenne had lived in Montana at sites overlooking the battlegrounds . In Marquis ' view , this made them the most reliable of witnesses because their continual retelling of the stories was always anchored in the visible reality of the locations before them . Wooden Leg spoke little English and Marquis spoke no Cheyenne . They communicated mainly through Plains Indian Sign Language and only occasionally used an interpreter . Wooden Leg provided maps and sketches as well as narrative . The book is an amalgam of material from Wooden Leg along with support and corroboration from many contributors , including most of the seventeen Northern Cheyenne participants of the Battle of the Little Big Horn still alive at the time of the interviews . From these , Marquis gives specific credits to Limpy , Pine , Bobtail Horse , Sun Bear , Black Horse , Two Feathers , Wolf Chief , Little Sun , Blackbird , Big Beaver , White Moon , White Wolf , Big Crow , Medicine Bull , and the younger Little Wolf . The last is a different person from the more well known Chief Little Wolf who led the Northern Cheyenne Exodus from Oklahoma in 1877 – 79 . = = Synopsis = = = = = Early years = = = Wooden Leg was born in 1858 in the Black Hills . His father was previously known as Many Bullet Wounds . Wooden Leg took his own name from an admired uncle of the same name who was a tireless walker , an ability which Wooden Leg shared . The meaning is that his legs must be made of wood since they feel no pain no matter what the exertion . Warfare was common , and the narrative is soon describing a conflict with the Crow . Wooden Leg took part in fighting from a very young age . The Cheyenne were involved in many conflicts with other Indian tribes , especially the neighbouring Crows , but also the Shoshone . They also fought US soldiers ; his elder brother was killed in the fight at Fort Phil Kearny during Red Cloud 's attempt to clear the Bozeman Trail of US forts . The hardships of hunting in the snow with minimal clothing as a boy are described , as are the unique Indian methods of transport during camp moves . In his early life Wooden Leg travelled all around the Black Hills region and along the Tongue and Powder Rivers . = = = Cheyenne ways of life = = = According to Wooden Leg , at the top of the tribal organisation were four " old men " tribal chiefs , and under these were forty " big chiefs " . The Northern Cheyenne , along with other Plains Indian tribes , had a number of warrior societies ; each of these was led by a warrior chief helped by nine little warrior chiefs . In Wooden Leg 's time , there were three Northern Cheyenne warrior societies : the Elk , the Crazy Dog and the Fox . The tribal chiefs delegated executive authority to one or the other of the warrior societies . These would put into action the requirements for war , hunting expeditions , and camp moves as decided by the tribal chiefs . The currently designated warrior society also acted as police . At age 14 Wooden Leg joined the Elk society , a big event in the young boy 's life . By the rules of Cheyenne society , the currently " on duty " warrior society had sole prerogative in the task at hand . Members of other societies were not allowed to get in front of their scouts in a camp move , nor to approach the buffalo in a hunt . Of course , teenage boys are wont to push the boundaries and Wooden Leg was no exception . Several episodes are related where he and his friends are reprimanded and narrowly avoid serious punishment . Sport events and betting were usual between the warrior societies , and a great many contests of all kinds took place . If the Cheyenne happened to be travelling with the Sioux , their warrior societies also took part . Chief Little Wolf , who had been a great distance runner in his youth , was once jokingly challenged by an Ogallala Sioux when he was in his fifties . Little Wolf accepted this challenge and won , despite being behind for most of the race , by intelligently pacing himself . Many mythological or magical stories are found in the book . One tale recounts a Cheyenne version of the story of the great bear which is supposed to have put its claw marks on the side of Devils Tower , a feature later seen in the film Close Encounters of the Third Kind . Much else of Cheyenne life is documented , as the book includes a guide to arrow recognition and information on marriage customs and the entitlement to wear warbonnets , amongst many other subjects . As Wooden Leg puts all this in perspective by comparison with other Plains tribes , the reader also learns much about other tribes , especially the Sioux . The Cheyenne deity is called by Wooden Leg the Great Medicine . A sacred tepee in the camp holds the tribal medicine object , which in the case of the Northern Cheyenne is a Buffalo Head . Because of this , buffalo heads often appear in Cheyenne myths and ceremonies . Wooden Leg first " made medicine " , an important event for him , at age 17 under the supervision of an experienced old medicine man . Making medicine is a form of contemplative worship that involves fasting , prayer , and sometimes the infliction of pain ( as in the Sun Dance ) . Making medicine takes place in a specially constructed medicine lodge . = = = War of 1876 – 1877 = = = After the Indians were driven out of the Black Hills , Wooden Leg 's family chose not to live on the reservation , but instead took advantage of a provision in the Fort Laramie treaty for Indian hunting grounds between the Black Hills and the Bighorn River . They decided to live permanently in the hunting grounds , staying out of contact with the white man as far as possible . Other Cheyenne and Sioux also chose to do this , but most spent at least the winter on their reservations . When reservation Indians arrived in camp with rare goods such as tobacco and sugar , it was a cause for celebration . In February 1876 they received news that the US intended to make war on all Indians who did not return to their reservations . The report was initially not believed ; they were not fighting the white man and were acting within the provisions of the treaty . However , after similar information was brought by respected chiefs , the Cheyenne started posting good lookouts . Soon Wooden Leg and his friends were in a skirmish with a party of soldiers . In the subsequent ongoing fighting of the Great Sioux War of 1876 – 77 , Wooden Leg took part in nearly every major engagement . Towards the end of winter , the Cheyenne camp on Powder River was attacked and destroyed ; however , most of the Indians escaped . Because they now had no possessions during winter , the Cheyenne moved to join their allies , the Ogallala Sioux , led by Crazy Horse . Together they moved north @-@ east to Chalk Butte to join the Uncpapa Sioux , led by Sitting Bull . At some point the Minneconjoux Sioux under Lame Deer also joined the group . The Indians had to continually move their camp to find enough game and grazing for the large numbers of people and horses . The Arrows all Gone Sioux then joined , and then the Blackfeet Sioux . Small groups of other tribes , such as the Waist and Skirt Indians , the Assiniboines , and Burned Thigh Sioux also joined . Even Chief Lame White Man was there with a small group of Southern Cheyenne . Wooden Leg believed that the chiefs had gathered the tribes in one place for defence , not to prepare to make war on the whites , though many of the young men were keen to do just that . On the other hand , they made no attempt to hide . Wooden Leg says " our trail ... could have been followed by a blind person " since it was between a quarter and half a mile wide . While on a scouting mission , Wooden Leg and his group spotted soldiers coming from the south towards their camp on the Rosebud River . Wooden Leg took part in the ensuing Battle of the Rosebud , in which the soldiers were driven off . = = = = Little Bighorn = = = = The Indians placed their camp circles with the openings facing east in the valley of the Little Bighorn river . The camps occupied a considerable area and its total size was difficult to assess . The river was to the north @-@ east of the camp and beyond that was a high ridge of hills . The Indians were not expecting further trouble from the soldiers ; they were relaxing and recuperating . Wooden Leg attended an organised social dance the night before the battle . On the day of the battle , Wooden Leg had bathed and was awoken from a nap to find the camp in a panic . The commotion was caused by US soldiers under Major Marcus Reno attacking from the south @-@ east on the orders of Lieutenant Colonel George Custer . Wooden Leg was torn between his desire to quickly join the battle and the need to first put on his best clothes and paint his face ( it was the Indian custom to always look one 's best if there was any possibility of ending up in the afterlife ) . He was only stopped from oiling and braiding his hair as well when his father urged him to hurry . The Indians drove back and pinned down Reno 's soldiers , but then spotted additional troops making their way along the hills to the east of the encampment . This force was led by Custer himself , though that name would have meant nothing to Wooden Leg and the other Cheyenne at the time . Most of the Indians broke off their fight with Reno to engage Custer and his soldiers . Wooden Leg went back through the camp in the river valley rather than directly uphill towards the soldiers . While he was there , his father tried to dissuade him from further fighting on the grounds that he had already done enough , but Wooden Leg would not hear of it , and even persuaded others to rejoin the fight and take part in the total annihilation of Custer 's command . After the Custer fight , Wooden Leg helped save Little Wolf 's life . A group of Sioux were angry that Little Wolf had arrived after the fight , accused him of aiding the soldiers , and threatened to kill him . Wooden Leg , who had accompanied the Sioux and knew Little Wolf , was fluent in the Sioux language , so he presented Little Wolf 's case for him , as he could not speak Sioux himself . It was not realised by the Indians at the time , but it had been the actions of Little Wolf 's small band that had provoked Custer into a premature attack when he wrongly believed his presence had become known to the main body of Indians . Custer 's command had been wiped out , but Reno and his soldiers were still present . Wooden Leg returned to fight them that night and again the next morning with a handful of comrades . Initially firing without success from the high ground , Wooden Leg descended into the gulch to lie in wait for soldiers coming to fetch water . He succeeded in killing a man ( Private J. J. Tanner . ) Wooden Leg describes the recovery of many objects from the dead soldiers , some of which the Indians did not understand , such as a compass and a pocketwatch . He threw away paper money he found , not realising its value . He gave away coins even though he knew their value , because he had no wish to trade with white men . When a new column of soldiers was observed approaching ( the main force of infantry under Brigadier General Alfred Terry ) , the council of Chiefs decided not to continue the fight . At this point the Indians disengaged and the entire camp packed up and relocated . = = = = Parting of the tribes = = = = The tribes travelled together for some weeks , camping at various locations in the Bighorn Valley and along the Rosebud and Tongue Rivers . After arriving back at the Cheyennes ' starting point on Powder River , the tribes decided to split up . It was becoming too difficult to hunt enough food to provide for everyone , and the danger seemed to be over . As winter approached , Wooden Leg joined a small war party on a raid into Crow territory . On the return journey they visited the site of the Little Bighorn battle , looking for rifle cartridges and whatever else they could scavenge . Wooden Leg remarks that there were a large number of soldier boot bottoms ; the Indians had no use for complete boots , so they cut the tops off to use the leather to make other items . As they came down the Tongue River valley , the group was surprised by the sight of the entire Northern Cheyenne tribe on the move . They had been attacked at the Powder River camp by soldiers and Pawnee Indians . The camp had been destroyed and they had lost all their possessions . They searched for the Ogallala Sioux under Crazy Horse , who they eventually found at Beaver Creek . The Ogallala welcomed them and together they journeyed to Tongue River . As they had now sufficiently replenished their supplies , the Cheyenne decided to separate at Hanging Woman Creek in early 1877 . While they were in the process of doing so , they were attacked by soldiers . Wooden Leg 's sister was captured in this engagement . Wooden Leg rode to attempt a rescue , but was driven back by gunfire from the soldiers . Most of the Indians escaped down Tongue River ; the soldiers did not follow and the Cheyenne hunted peacefully for several months . = = = = Surrender = = = = As spring approached , the Cheyenne received envoys from Bear Coat , the Cheyenne name for Colonel Nelson Miles , future Commanding General of the United States Army , inviting them to surrender . They received encouraging reports from released prisoners , who said that they were being well treated . The chiefs decide to move the tribe closer to Fort Keogh , at the mouth of Tongue River , without yet committing to a surrender . They stopped at Powder River and sent a delegation of chiefs to the fort to negotiate . While negotiations were proceeding , Wooden Leg heard of the suicide of his sister , Crooked Nose , who was still a prisoner in the fort . After discussion , the tribal chiefs decided they would go to their agency , which was the same agency as their friends the Ogallalas , and surrender there instead . Most of the tribe followed the chiefs , but everyone was allowed to make their own decision . Most of Wooden Leg 's family decided to surrender at the agency , but he and his brother Yellow Hair joined one of several groups who chose not to surrender at either place . This group was led by the Fox warrior society chief Last Bull . The small band , however , was unable to hunt sufficient food and slowly became weaker . Eventually they too travelled to the agency and surrendered . At first they were satisfied with their situation , but then came word that they were to be moved south to Oklahoma . Along with many others , Wooden Leg was shocked and angered by this news . They had expected to be able to continue to live in their homeland . However , there was nothing that could be done , as they had all given up their guns and horses on entering the agency . = = = Oklahoma = = = The journey to Oklahoma began in May 1877 and took 70 days . A few Indians fled the agency when the news was announced , amongst them Wooden Leg 's brother Yellow Hair . While in Oklahoma Wooden Leg received news that Yellow Hair had been killed by white men while out hunting . Wooden Leg hunted on the reservation , but there was no large game to be had and the Indians were not allowed to leave . Nor were they being fed as promised , and there was much sickness . Little Wolf campaigned for action , and eventually he and Dull Knife led much of the tribe off the reservation to fight their way back North . Wooden Leg and his father stayed on the reservation hoping that food would eventually be provided . He was in frequent contact with the Southern Cheyenne during this period . He learnt from them who Custer was ; the Southern Cheyenne were very familiar with him from the Battle of Washita River ( 1868 ) . Wooden Leg learned that the Southern Cheyenne had tried to come north to fight with them in the summer of 1876 , but had met too much opposition from US soldiers . Finally , Wooden Leg took a wife from amongst the Southern Cheyenne . After six years in the south , the Northern Cheyenne were given permission to leave , either to join Little Wolf or to go to the Pine Ridge agency ( formerly White River agency ) . Wooden Leg 's father had died in the south , but he and the rest of his family departed for Pine Ridge and later relocated to the Tongue River country , where most of the tribe were living . = = = Changed times = = = Many changes had taken place in the north . Cheyennes were now acting as scouts for the US Army , as had previously been done by the hated Pawnees , Crows , and Shoshones . Little Wolf had had his chiefship revoked after he killed a man while drunk . In 1889 , at age 31 , Wooden Leg himself joined the army scouts at Fort Keogh . There was not much to do ; he spent most of his time learning to drink whisky . The following year the Cheyenne scouts were involved in a campaign against rebellious Sioux , and Wooden Leg was present at the Wounded Knee Massacre . The Cheyenne scouts had prepared themselves to fight ( on the US side ) but were not called upon to do so . Wooden Leg befriended the exiled Little Wolf towards the end of that great chief 's life . Wooden Leg said that no one had " bad hearts " against Little Wolf for the murder ; even the dead man 's brother , Bald Eagle , said " Little Wolf did not kill my brother , it was the white man whisky that did it " . Little Wolf was interred standing upright in a pile of stones overlooking the Rosebud valley . Wooden Leg attended a " peace feast " at the Little Bighorn to commemorate the 30th anniversary of the battle . Some Cheyenne veterans would not go , fearful of retribution from the soldiers present . As late as 1926 there were still Cheyennes who would not go to the 50th anniversary . Wooden Leg himself did not attend the 50th anniversary , not out of fear , but because the site was now on Crow land , to whom he still felt much animosity . He had resolved " never again to go to any place where I might be called upon to shake hands with a Crow " . This was very different to his attitude to other former enemies such as the Shoshones , to whom he travelled on a friendly visit . In 1913 Wooden Leg was part of a Cheyenne delegation to Washington . He also visited New York and Philadelphia during this trip . Around 1908 he was baptised a Christian . However , he still privately prayed to the Great Medicine , feeling more comfortable praying this way . From 1927 , the Cheyenne were again allowed to hold their annual Great Medicine dance ( the Sun Dance ) . Other customs were still forbidden : anyone practising Indian medicine could end up in jail . Wooden Leg was appointed by the US government as a judge on the agency . In this capacity he was obliged to enforce a ruling forbidding multiple wives . He found this difficult , not least because he had two wives himself . He felt obliged to set an example by being the first to send away a wife . After ten years , clearly struggling with his conscience , Wooden Leg resigned the post , but was later persuaded to take it on again by a new Indian agent . Wooden Leg hoped that his two daughters would have a more comfortable life than his . The younger , however , died unexpectedly of an illness . Later the other daughter died . Wooden Leg then adopted his grandnephew , Joseph White Wolf , and brought him up as his own . The story ends with Wooden Leg an old man who is increasingly unable to farm his land . But he is well off compared to most Cheyennes , as he had a pension from his scouting days and his pay as a judge . He appreciates the comfortable life he now has but thinks much about the old days when " every man had to be brave " . = = Academic importance = = Wooden Leg is an important original source of information on the Cheyenne and Plains Indians in general and on the Battle of the Little Big Horn in particular . Many hundreds of books have been written about the Great Sioux War , its battles , and its characters . A large number of these books have looked to Marquis to provide source material . This is especially true of the Custer fight , where there is a shortage of eyewitness accounts from the United States side . Books on social issues and archaeology also find usable material in Wooden Leg on the topic of Plains Indians . A small selection of the hundreds of books that use Wooden Leg as a reference are listed at the end of this article . Wooden Leg is also regularly cited in papers in academic journals . Those addressing social and educational issues are found just as often as those in historical journals . Again , a selection of such papers is given at the foot of this article . As well as source information for Cheyenne military and social history , the book is a rich source of anecdotes . One tale describes how Wooden Leg and Little Bird chase a fleeing Reno soldier . Neither Indian was willing to shoot a fleeing man , as it " seemed not brave " to do so . This did not prevent the soldier from shooting Little Bird , after which Wooden Leg clubbed the soldier off his horse . Wooden Leg describes the screams of his mother when she is presented with a scalp as a present . In another story , Wooden Leg is sitting in the lodge with his friend , Noisy Walking , who is dying of his battle wounds . He wants to support his friend but doesn 't know what to say . There are many other examples . = = Reviews = = = = = New York Times , 1931 = = = The review in the New York Times after the book 's first publication finds Marquis ' writing praiseworthy . The reviewer notes that the details of the Cheyenne lifestyle are " deeply interesting " . However , most of the review is taken up with challenges to the factual accuracy of the Indian account of the Battle of the Little Bighorn . Despite the only surviving eyewitnesses to these events being from the Indian side and the passage of time since the battle , many of the details given by the Indian participants were still controversial and not believed ( Custer 's widow Libbie , who had dedicated her life to enshrining the memory of her husband as a hero and who attacked anyone offering a different point of view , was still alive ) . Special exception is taken to the claim that many of Custer 's men committed suicide when defeat seemed inevitable . The claim that Tom Custer 's body was decapitated by the Indians is also disputed for reasons that are not made clear . The identification of the headless body as Tom Custer is not from Wooden Leg , who at the time of the battle knew nothing of either Custer or his brother Tom , but is information provided by Marquis . Wooden Leg had merely described the markings he saw on the body . Tom Custer 's biography describes the decapitation as indisputable fact , as the body was identified from tattoos . = = = Richard Littlebear = = = Dr. Richard Littlebear , a Northern Cheyenne himself , provides an introduction to the 2003 edition of the book . He is president of Chief Dull Knife College and an educator who writes about Indian culture and language . He describes how his career choice was inspired by his reading an earlier edition of the book while an undergraduate . Littlebear is most struck by the rapid transition of a free and independent people to a society restricted to reservations and dependent on the federal government . He expresses bitterness against the US government and shows some expression of shame at the part played by Cheyenne scouts for actions such as their role in locating Chief Joseph during his epic but ultimately futile attempt to escape US government control . He notes that Wooden Leg himself describes a sense of shame when talking about the latter part of his life . Littlebear believes the book helps explain the historical origins of the modern attitudes of the Northern Cheyenne towards other tribes . For instance , the Crow are traditionally enemies of the Cheyenne and the Sioux are traditionally allies . Littlebear says that although he knew of these prejudices , he did not understand the underlying reasons until he read this book . Ted Rising Sun 's humorous claim that the alliance with the Sioux was only because the Cheyenne " needed someone to hold the horses " only emphasises their friendship . This claim , repeated by others , possibly originated because after the Sioux 's migration into the Black Hills region , they obtained their first horses from the Cheyenne . Ted Rising Sun is a descendant of Chief Dull Knife , a major figure in Cheyenne history and a contemporary of Wooden Leg . = = Suicide controversy = = The theory that Custer 's soldiers committed suicide en masse toward the end of the Battle of the Little Bighorn has been controversial right from the very start , and the discussion still continues today . Marquis was a keen advocate of this theory and developed it most fully in a later book , Keep the Last Bullet for Yourself . The notion was so controversial that he could not find a publisher , and the book did not appear in print until long after his death . Marquis has many critics who say he either exaggerated the role played by suicide or is entirely mistaken ; Hardorff says the theory is discounted by most academics . Hardorff suggests that Marquis may have made errors due to the use of sign language which , he claims , cannot convey the nuances of language . Despite this criticism , Hardorff still maintains that Marquis ' work is of great importance . There can be no doubt that Wooden Leg is indeed relating a tale of mass suicide . In the book he discusses at length what may have been the cause . The effects of whisky was a common theory amongst the Indians , but Wooden Leg believed the prayers of medicine men to have been the cause . Wooden Leg 's only taste of whisky up to the time of the battle had been a mouthful — which he immediately spat out — that he took from a captured bottle . In later life Wooden Leg changed his mind and subscribed to the whisky theory after experiencing the effects of alcohol first @-@ hand . R. A. Fox and others note that while Wooden Leg 's version is corroborated by the oral tradition of other Cheyenne witnesses , notably that of Kate Bighead , a young woman who witnessed the battle , there is no corroboration in the oral tradition of the Sioux . Fox concludes that " quite simply , the contention is nonsense . A few troopers undoubtedly took their own lives , but it is hard to know what factors fostered the idea of wholesale suicide " . Fox in his turn has been criticised for selectively using Indian oral tradition when it suits him , but discarding it as nonsense when he finds it disagreeable . Another suggestion is that the Cheyenne warriors , pressed to recount details of the Custer battle , were still reluctant to admit to killing soldiers for fear of punishment . A simple way out of this dilemma was to say when questioned by non @-@ Indians that most of the soldiers died at their own hands . Researchers R. A. Fox and Thom Hatch say that Wooden Leg retracted the claim in later life ; this would have been in extreme old age , as he had still not recanted at the age of 73 when the book was written , other than to say it was whisky that was the cause rather than prayer . In his book Cheyenne Memories , John Stands In Timber , tribal historian for the Northern Cheyenne , agrees : " Wooden Leg said some other things ( in his book ) he took back later . One was that the soldiers were drunk , and many killed themselves . I went with two army men to see him one time . They wanted to find out about it . I interpreted ... and we asked him if it were true that the Indians said the soldiers did that . He laughed and said there were just too many Indians . The soldiers did their best . He said if they had been drunk they would not have killed as many as they did . But it was in the book . " Archaeologists have attempted to test the suicide theory , particularly by the examination of the remains of skulls , but have been unable to reach a conclusion . The suicide theory cannot be ruled out by the archaeological evidence , but there is no evidence to support it either . = = Works citing this book = = = = = Books = = = Kingsley M. Bray , Crazy Horse : A Lakota Life , University of Oklahoma Press , 2008 ISBN 0 @-@ 8061 @-@ 3986 @-@ 2 . Dee Brown , Hampton Sides , Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee : An Indian History of the American West , Sterling Publishing Company , Inc . , 2009 ISBN 1 @-@ 4027 @-@ 6066 @-@ 3 . H. David Brumble , An Annotated Bibliography of American Indian and Eskimo Autobiographies , University of Nebraska Press , 1981 ISBN 0 @-@ 8032 @-@ 1175 @-@ 9 . Colin Gordon Calloway , Our Hearts Fell to the Ground : Plains Indian Views of How the West was Lost , Bedford Books of St. Martin 's Press , 1996 ISBN 0 @-@ 312 @-@ 13354 @-@ 5 . Thomas W. Dunlay , Wolves for the Blue Soldiers : Indian Scouts and Auxiliaries with the United States Army , 1860 – 90 , University of Nebraska Press , 1987ISBN 0803265735 . William Alexander Graham , The Custer Myth , Stackpole Books , 2000 ISBN 0 @-@ 8117 @-@ 2726 @-@ 2 . Jerome A. Greene , Lakota and Cheyenne : Indian Views of the Great Sioux War , 1876 – 1877 , University of Oklahoma Press , 2000 ISBN 0 @-@ 8061 @-@ 3245 @-@ 0 . Thom Hatch , The Custer Companion : A Comprehensive Guide to the Life of George Armstrong Custer and the Plains Indian Wars , Stackpole Books , 2002 ISBN 0 @-@ 8117 @-@ 0477 @-@ 7 . Gary R. Lock , Brian Leigh Molyneaux , Confronting Scale in Archaeology : Issues of Theory and Practice , Springer , 2007 ISBN 0 @-@ 387 @-@ 75701 @-@ 5 . Gregory Michno , Lakota Noon : The Indian Narrative of Custer 's Defeat , Mountain Press Pub . , 1997 ISBN 0 @-@ 87842 @-@ 356 @-@ 7 . John H. Monnett , Tell Them We Are Going Home : The Odyssey of the Northern Cheyennes , University of Oklahoma Press , 2004 ISBN 0 @-@ 8061 @-@ 3645 @-@ 6 . Wayne Moquin , Charles Lincoln Van Doren , Great Documents in American Indian History , Da Capo Press , 1995 ISBN 0 @-@ 306 @-@ 80659 @-@ 2 . Peter J. Powell , Sweet Medicine : The Continuing Role of the Sacred Arrows , the Sun Dance , and the Sacred Buffalo Hat in Northern Cheyenne History , Volume 1 , University of Oklahoma Press , 1998 ISBN 0 @-@ 8061 @-@ 3028 @-@ 8 . Charles M. Robinson , A Good Year to Die : The Story of the Great Sioux War , Random House , 1995 ISBN 0 @-@ 679 @-@ 43025 @-@ 3 . Charles M. Robinson , The Plains Wars , 1757 – 1900 , Taylor & Francis , 2003 ISBN 0 @-@ 415 @-@ 96912 @-@ 3 . Douglas D. Scott , Archaeological Perspectives on the Battle of the Little Bighorn , University of Oklahoma Press , 2000 ISBN 0 @-@ 8061 @-@ 3292 @-@ 2 . Richard Scott , Eyewitness to the Old West : First @-@ Hand Accounts of Exploration , Adventure , and Peril , Roberts Rinehart Publishers , 2004 ISBN 1 @-@ 57098 @-@ 426 @-@ 3 . Sherry L. Smith , Sagebrush Soldier : Private William Earl Smith 's View of the Sioux War of 1876 , University of Oklahoma Press , 2001 ISBN 0 @-@ 8061 @-@ 3335 @-@ X. John Stands In Timber , Margot Liberty , Cheyenne Memories , Yale University Press , 1998 ISBN 0300073003 Robert Marshall Utley , The Lance and the Shield : The Life and Times of Sitting Bull , Ballantine Books , 1994 ISBN 0 @-@ 345 @-@ 38938 @-@ 7 . Robert M. Utley , Sitting Bull : The Life and Times of an American Patriot , Henry Holt and Co . , 2008 ISBN 0 @-@ 8050 @-@ 8830 @-@ X. Paul Robert Walker , Remember Little Bighorn : Indians , Soldiers , and Scouts Tell Their Stories , National Geographic Society , 2006 ISBN 0 @-@ 7922 @-@ 5521 @-@ 6 . James Welch , Paul Stekler , Killing Custer : The Battle of Little Bighorn and the Fate of the Plains Indians , W.W. Norton , 2007 ISBN 0 @-@ 393 @-@ 32939 @-@ 9 . James Willert , Little Big Horn Diary : A Chronicle of the 1876 Indian War , Upton , 1997 ISBN 0 @-@ 912783 @-@ 27 @-@ 3 . = = = Journal articles = = = Rosemary Agonito and Joseph Agonito , " Resurrecting History 's Forgotten Women : A Case Study from the Cheyenne Indians " , Frontiers : A Journal of Women Studies , vol.6 , no.3 ( Autumn , 1981 ) , pp. 8 – 16 , University of Nebraska Press . ( subscription required ) Michael Allen and Lawrence Lashbrook , " Enhancing Middle Grades Social Studies through Biography " , The Clearing House , vol.54 , no.2 ( October , 1980 ) , pp. 71 – 74 , Heldref Publications . ( subscription required ) Robert Anderson , " The Buffalo Men , a Cheyenne Ceremony of Petition Deriving from the Sutaio " , Southwestern Journal of Anthropology , vol.12 , no.1 ( Spring , 1956 ) , pp. 92 – 104 , University of New Mexico . ( subscription required ) Beth Ladow , " Sanctuary : Native Border Crossings and the North American West " , American Review of Canadian Studies , vol.31 , nos.1 & 2 June 2001 , pp. 25 – 42 , doi : 10 @.@ 1080 / 02722010109481580 . ( subscription required ) John H. Moore , " The Developmental Cycle of Cheyenne Polygyny " , American Indian Quarterly , vol.15 , 1991 , pp. 311 – 325 . ( subscription required ) John H. Moore , " Cheyenne Political History , 1820 – 1894 " , Ethnohistory , vol.21 , no.4 ( Autumn , 1974 ) , pp. 329 – 359 , Duke University Press . ( subscription required ) David D. Smits , " " Fighting Fire with Fire " : The Frontier Army 's Use of Indian Scouts and Allies in the Trans @-@ Mississippi Campaigns , 1860 – 1890 " , American Indian Culture and Research Journal , vol.22 , no.1 ( 1998 ) , pp. 73 – 116 , UCLA American Indian Studies Center , ISSN 0161 @-@ 6463 . ( subscription required ) Anna Lee Stensland , " American Indian Culture : Promises , Problems , and Possibilities " , The English Journal , vol.60 , no.9 ( December , 1971 ) , pp. 1195 – 1200 , National Council of Teachers of English . ( subscription required ) Bill Tallbull , Sherri Deaver , Halcyon La Point , " A new way to study cultural landscapes : the Blue Earth Hills assessment " , Landscape and Urban Planning , vol.36 , no.2 ( November , 1996 ) , pp. 125 – 133 , ISSN 0169 @-@ 2046 , doi : 10 @.@ 1016 / S0169 @-@ 2046 ( 96 ) 00335 @-@ 0 . ( subscription required )
= Acoustic Hearts of Winter = Acoustic Hearts of Winter is a Christmas album and the second studio album by American pop duo Aly & AJ . The album was released on September 26 , 2006 in the United States , via Hollywood Records . The album was conceived as a project after completing the deluxe edition of their debut album , Into the Rush ( 2005 ) . All production of the album was done by Antonia Armato and Tim James . The majority of songs are cover versions of religious Christmas carols or contemporary classics . Two originals appear on the set , which were written by Aly & AJ with Armato and James . Musically , the album has an instrument @-@ driven acoustic feel , primarily by guitar . It utilizes pop music influences on Christmas music . The album sold 110 @,@ 000 copies in the United States . The album received generally positive reviews , with critics complimenting the lyrical content of the original songs and the overall sound . Acoustic Hearts of Winter debuted on the US Billboard 200 at 78 , and peaked on the Top Holiday Albums chart at 14 . It was the second best @-@ selling holiday album of 2006 . The sole single from the album , " Greatest Time of Year " , used to promote The Santa Clause 3 : The Escape Clause , peaked at 96 on the Billboard Hot 100 . Aly & AJ promoted the album mainly on CD USA and at the 2006 Walt Disney World Christmas Day Parade . In 2007 , the album was re @-@ released with three new traditional cover songs . = = Background = = During the summer of 2006 , after wrapping up the production and recording of their debut album , Into the Rush , Aly & AJ began recording their first Christmas album . Antonina Armato and Tim James who worked on the duo 's debut album and several other Disney @-@ related acts , were recruited to executive produce the effort . They anticipated finishing the album by the end of the summer , in order for it to be released for the holiday season . Aly & AJ thought it ironic that they were prepping a Christmas album during the hottest days of the year . Alyson Michalka told the Saginaw News that producers Armato and James filled the studio with Christmas decorations , Christmas cookies , and a tree with gifts to open after they were done , in order for them to get in the Christmas spirit . = = Composition = = Acoustic Hearts of Winter is musically based on Christmas music with pop , pop rock and teen pop inclinations . All songs were produced by Antonina Armato and Tim James . Aly & AJ , along with executive producers Armato and James , adapted and arranged most of the cover songs on the album . Many of the songs incorporate heavy instrumentation , such as guitar , cello , percussion , bass , and piano . The album is mainly composed of cover versions of Christmas carols and contemporary holiday classics , while two original numbers are included . " Joy to the World " , " We Three Kings " , " The First Noel " , " God Rest Ye Merry Gentlemen " , and " Silent Night " are religious traditional carols . Also included are the traditional " Deck the Halls " , as well as " I 'll Be Home for Christmas " , " The Little Drummer Boy " , originally performed by Harry Simeone and " Let It Snow " , notably performed by Vaughan Monroe . The album 's opening number " Greatest Time of Year " , the first of the album 's two originals , was written by Aly & AJ , Armato , and James . The second original and closing track , " Not This Year " is a reflection about past Christmases , and how the current is different . According to the duo , the song is dedicated to their grandmother Carmen , who died on Christmas Eve a few years previous . On the 2007 edition of the album exclusively available at retailer Target , the traditionals " We Wish You a Merry Christmas " and " Winter Wonderland " were bonus tracks , as well as " Rockin ' Around the Christmas Tree " , originally performed by Brenda Lee . = = Reception = = = = = Critical reception = = = Matt Collar of Allmusic complimented the classic Christmas songs composed in a " light , contemporary pop fashion , " noting Aly & AJ 's original songs as standouts on the album . Logan Leasure of Jesus Freak Hideout commended Aly & AJ 's " powerhouse " vocals on the tracks , but said carols such as " The First Noel " and " Deck the Halls " were a bit boring , due to the acoustic feel of the set . Overall , Leasure said " This album has its good share of standout tracks that are sure to satisfy any fan of modern Christmas music . " He specifically pointed out " Little Drummer Boy " and the impressive lyrical content of " Not This Year . Tampa Bay Times critic Sean Daly praised the duo 's original songs , on which they " ditch the wispy routine " . On the other hand , he viewed the rest of the album as " flat and forgettable " . = = = Chart performance = = = On the chart dated December 2 , 2006 , nearly two months after initial release , Acoustic Hearts of Winter debuted at number 78 on the Billboard 200 , where it peaked . It remained inside the top half of the chart for three weeks , and maintained a position inside the top 200 albums for seven weeks . On the Billboard Top Holiday Albums chart , on the chart issued November 25 , 2006 , the album debuted at number 20 . A week later , it moved up to number 14 , where it peaked , and spent 14 weeks on the chart . Acoustic Hearts of Winter was the second best @-@ selling Holiday album of the 2006 holiday season . During the 2007 and 2008 holiday seasons , the album re @-@ entered the Holiday Albums chart at 45 and 28 , respectively . The album had sold 110 @,@ 000 copies in the United States to date . = = Promotion = = " Greatest Time of Year " was used to promote the Disney @-@ affiliated film , The Santa Clause 3 : The Escape Clause . On November 21 , 2006 , it was released as a single on the iTunes Store in conjunction with Radio Disney , as the song was packaged with an interview with the duo on the station . The song first appeared on the Billboard Bubbling Under Hot 100 chart on the December 2 , 2006 issue . Propelled by its debut at number 67 on the Hot Digital Songs chart , " Greatest Time of Year " debuted at number 96 on the Billboard Hot 100 . Additionally , it peaked at number 72 on the Pop 100 . Two music videos were developed for the song , one that is intercut with scenes from the film , and a second , which solely features the sisters . The duo performed the " Greatest Time of Year " live on CD USA . Additionally they performed it at the 2006 Walt Disney World Christmas Day Parade , and in 2007 on tour as an opening act for Miley Cyrus on The Best of Both Worlds Tour . Also in 2007 , the album was re @-@ released as a deluxe edition by Target , and included covers of the traditional Christmas song " We Wish You a Merry Christmas " as well as " Winter Wonderland " and " Rockin ' Around the Christmas Tree . " Variations of " Greatest Time of Year " are also included on the Walt Disney Records compilation albums Disney Channel Holiday ( 2007 ) , and All Wrapped Up ( 2008 ) . = = Track listing = = = = Personnel = = As listed in liner notes . = = Charts = =
= Sig Mejdal = Sig Mejdal ( born December 31 , 1965 ) is an American sabermetrics analyst for the Houston Astros and a former NASA engineer . He previously helped the St. Louis Cardinals make draft picks . Mejdal turned his personal interest in baseball into a career after being inspired by Moneyball in 2003 . = = Biography = = Sig Mejdal grew up in San Jose , California . His mother was a nurse and his father was a career army officer . In his youth , Mejdal played little league baseball for six years . He was a fan of the Oakland A 's and a member of the Society for American Baseball Research . According to UC Davis magazine , Sig Mejdal was " fascinated with the stats on the backs of baseball cards . " Mejdal graduated from University of California , Davis with bachelor 's degrees in mechanical engineering and aeronautical engineering . He later earned master 's degrees in operations research and cognitive psychology from San Jose State University . While attending college in the late 1980s , he worked as a blackjack dealer at High Sierra in Lake Tahoe . After graduating from UC Davis in 1989 , Mejdal worked for Lockheed Martin 's satellite operations unit at the Onizuka Air Force Station . Mejdal 's interest in baseball was recreational until 2003 , when Moneyball inspired him to consider pursuing a career in sabermetrics . He attended the Winter Meetings in search for a job in baseball , but ended up working for NASA as a biomathematician in the Fatigue Countermeasures Group . Mejdal studied sleep patterns of astronauts on the International Space Station in order to optimize their sleep schedules . While working for NASA , Mejdal had a side job as the chief quantitative analyst for Sam Walker 's fantasy baseball team Streetwalkers Baseball Club , which was participating in the Tout Wars competition 's " Battle of the Experts . " The fantasy team would later become the subject of Walker 's book : Fantasyland : A Sportswriter 's Obsessive Bid to Win the World 's Most Ruthless Fantasy Baseball . In 2005 , Sig Mejdal was recruited to do sabermetrics for the St. Louis Cardinals ' new analytics department . He took 22 months of data from college baseball games and ran it through an algorithm to determine the likely performance and stats baseball players would achieve . According to Sports Illustrated , " [ o ] ver the next seven seasons the Cardinals would draft more players who became big leaguers than any other organization . " He was promoted to senior quantitative analyst in 2008 and director of amateur draft analysis in January 2011 . Mejdal created a formula to predict the risk of injury to baseball players and contributed a section on injury probability to The Bill James Handbook . In 2012 , Mejdal became the Director of Decision Sciences for the Houston Astros , where he supported recruitment decisions based on physical tests and historical player performance . Hiring Mejdal to apply an analytics @-@ based decision tree on their player choices was part of the effort to revitalize the team and address performance issues in prior seasons . He helped the team create the STOUT system , named after the combination of " stat " and " scout , " for making player choices . The system was criticized for de @-@ humanizing players , but after trading off some players and making new recruits , the Astro 's farm system became ranked among the best in baseball . The Astros also used analytics to persuade players that were uncomfortable with non @-@ traditional positions on the field to embrace shifts , which the team now uses very heavily . In 2015 , Mejdal was one of the team 's advisers whose login credentials were believed to have been used to hack into the team 's database .
= Since I Left You ( song ) = " Since I Left You " is a song by Australian electronic dance music group The Avalanches . It was released as the third single from the group 's debut studio album of the same name on 5 February 2001 . Produced by group members Robbie Chater and Darren Seltmann , " Since I Left You " utilizes numerous samples of other artists ' material . The song 's chorus is a prominent vocal sample of The Main Attraction 's " Everyday " ( 1967 ) . The song was positively reviewed by music critics , who praised its sample @-@ based production and upbeat atmosphere ; several publications named it one of the best singles of 2001 . " Since I Left You " also placed in the singles charts of Australia and several European countries . A surrealistic music video for the song was directed by Rob Leggatt and Leigh Marling , and depicts two miners who find a mysterious passage into a dance studio . It won the group an MTV Europe Music Award for Best Video . = = Background and composition = = The Avalanches started working on their debut album in 1999 . Production was handled by group members Robbie Chater and Darren Seltmann , who composed the album 's songs by sampling music from vinyl records and manipulating them using Yamaha Promix 01 and Akai S2000 samplers . The song " Since I Left You " was recorded by the group at Soft Light Bistro . Its final mixing process was carried out at the Sing Sing recording studio by Chater , Seltmann and Tony Espie . A dance song of four minutes and twenty @-@ two seconds in length , " Since I Left You " is primarily sample @-@ based . The track features doo @-@ wop vocal harmonies and employs various pieces of instrumentation , including organs , flutes and acoustic guitars . Its chorus , sampled from " Everyday " by The Main Attraction , features a woman singing about leaving her lover . The " Everyday " sample was the final element of " Since I Left You " to be added by Chater and Seltmann , and the former stated that its addition was a moment when they " really succeeded in writing a pop song . " The original song described a woman 's happiness after meeting a man , but Chater and Seltmann re @-@ arranged various vocals to make the final sample appear to describe a break @-@ up . Other sample sources include Rose Royce 's " Daddy Rich " , Tony Mottola 's " Anema e core " and " By the Time I Get to Phoenix " , The Duprees ' " The Sky 's the Limit " , Lamont Dozier 's " Take Off Your Make @-@ Up " and Klaus Wunderlich 's " Let 's Do the Latin Hustle " . = = Release = = A demo version of " Since I Left You " was included on a mixtape sold by The Avalanches at their gigs in mid @-@ 2000 in an attempt to prevent spreading of bootlegged copies of an unfinished version of the group 's debut album – the tape was re @-@ released with the title Gimix later that year . The finished version of the track was included on their debut album Since I Left You and subsequently released as its third single on 5 February 2001 . The CD single contained the non @-@ album track " Everyday " and a remix by English electronic musician Andy Votel of a previously released B @-@ side , " Thank You Caroline " . Remixes of " Since I Left You " by alternative music band Stereolab and producers Prince Paul and Cornelius were created for the single 's American release . = = = Commercial performance = = = " Since I Left You " entered the Australian national singles chart at number 67 on the week ending 19 February 2001 , spending an additional week on the chart before dropping out . The track entered and peaked at number 16 on the UK Singles Chart on the issue dated 7 April 2001 , spending a total of seven weeks on the chart . In the Netherlands , it charted for one week at number 97 . " Since I Left You " debuted at its peak position of 29 in Ireland and remained on the singles chart for five weeks . = = Critical reception = = " Since I Left You " received widespread critical acclaim . Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine gave the song a positive review , praising it for " allow [ ing ] the sampled performances to truly glisten . " Allmusic 's MacKenzie Wilson also spoke favourably of " Since I Left You " , remarking that it " leaves listeners spellbound and in a summer dreamscape of lushness and simplicity . " Matt LeMay of Pitchfork Media wrote that the " beauty " of the song " lies in the way that The Avalanches turn obvious sonic mismatches into something all their own " . Playlouder named " Since I Left You " the twenty @-@ ninth best single of 2001 , calling it " shimmeringly gorgeous " and " much greater than the sum of its parts , and the parts were pretty good to start with . " NME and Rockdelux both included the track in their respective year @-@ end best single lists . Pitchfork Media placed " Since I Left You " at number 40 on their list of the best singles of the 2000s . The song also ranked number 69 on Stylus Magazine 's decade @-@ end list , with writer Ally Brown commenting : " A decade in , nothing 's come close to matching ' Since I Left You ' ' s distillation of pure joy from a hundred different songs . " Q included " Since I Left You " in their lists of the Ultimate Music Collection and the 1 @,@ 001 Best Songs Ever . = = Music video = = The music video for " Since I Left You " was directed by Rob Leggatt and Leigh Marling , both members of the Blue Source video direction team . It follows the story of two miners in a black @-@ and @-@ white world who find a passage into a dance studio situated in a colour world . The majority of the video consists of the miners dancing with two ballerinas , ending with one of the miners fading back into black @-@ and @-@ white . The Avalanches had originally envisioned a video concept involving synchronized swimmers on an ocean cruise liner , but their record company rejected it . The clip later won Best Video at the 2001 MTV Europe Music Awards . Pitchfork Media placed it at number four on their list of the Top 50 Music Videos of the 2000s , with writer Scott Plagenhoef noting that the video " transform [ s ] the disparate and the out @-@ of @-@ place into something new and joyful , and it does that with the right blend of heart and surrealism . " = = Formats and track listings = = = = Credits and personnel = = Credits for " Since I Left You " adapted from CD single and Since I Left You album liner notes . Recording Recorded at Soft Light Bistro . Final mix at Sing Sing . Personnel Robbie Chater – arrangement , mixing , production , sampling , songwriting Tony Diblasi – songwriting Edward Drennen – songwriting ( " Let 's Do the Latin Hustle " sample ) Tony Espie – mixing Gordon McQuilten – piano , percussion , songwriting Darren Seltmann – arrangement , mixing , production , sampling , songwriting Jeanne Salo – songwriting ( " Everyday " sample ) Jimmy Webb – songwriting ( " By the Time I Get to Phoenix " sample ) = = Charts = =
= Short @-@ tail stingray = The short @-@ tail stingray or smooth stingray ( Dasyatis brevicaudata ) is a common species of stingray in the family Dasyatidae . It occurs off southern Africa , typically offshore at a depth of 180 – 480 m ( 590 – 1 @,@ 570 ft ) , and off southern Australia and New Zealand , from the intertidal zone to a depth of 156 m ( 512 ft ) . It is mostly bottom @-@ dwelling in nature and can be found across a range of habitats from estuaries to reefs , but also frequently swims into open water . The largest stingray in the world , this heavy @-@ bodied species grows upwards of 2 @.@ 1 m ( 6 @.@ 9 ft ) across and 350 kg ( 770 lb ) in weight . Its plain @-@ colored , diamond @-@ shaped pectoral fin disc is characterized by a lack of dermal denticles even in adults , and white pores beside the head on either side . Its tail is usually shorter than the disc and thick at the base . It is armed with large tubercles and a midline row of large thorns in front of the stinging spine which has the dorsal and ventral fin folds behind . The diet of the short @-@ tail stingray consists of invertebrates and bony fishes , including burrowing and midwater species . It tends to remain within a relatively limited area throughout the year , preferring deeper waters during the winter , and is not known to perform long migrations . Large aggregations of rays form seasonally at certain locations , such as in the summer at the Poor Knight Islands off New Zealand . Both birthing and mating have been documented within the aggregations at Poor Knights . This species is aplacental viviparous , with the developing embryos sustained by histotroph ( " uterine milk " ) produced by the mother ; the litter size is 6 – 10 . The short @-@ tail stingray is not aggressive but is capable of inflicting a potentially lethal wound with its long , venomous sting . It is caught incidentally by commercial and recreational fisheries throughout its range , usually surviving to be released . Because its population does not appear threatened by human activity , the International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) has listed it under Least Concern . = = Taxonomy = = The original description of the short @-@ tail stingray was made by Frederick Wollaston Hutton , Curator of the Otago Museum , from a female specimen 1 @.@ 2 m ( 3 @.@ 9 ft ) across caught off Dunedin in New Zealand . He published his account in an 1875 issue of the scientific journal Annals and Magazine of Natural History , in which he named the new species Trygon brevicaudata , derived from the Latin brevis ( " short " ) and cauda ( " tail " ) . Subsequent authors have assigned this species to the now @-@ obsolete genus Bathytoshia , and then to Dasyatis . The short @-@ tail stingray may also be referred to as giant black ray , giant stingray , New Zealand short @-@ tail stingaree , Schreiners ray , short @-@ tailed stingaree , shorttail black stingray , and smooth short @-@ tailed stingray . It is closely related to the similar @-@ looking but smaller pitted stingray ( Dasyatis matsubarai ) of the northwestern Pacific . = = Description = = Heavily built and characteristically smooth , the pectoral fin disc of the short @-@ tail stingray has a rather angular , rhomboid shape and is slightly wider than long . The leading margins of the disc are very gently convex , and converge on a blunt , broadly triangular snout . The eyes are small and immediately followed by much larger spiracles . The widely spaced nostrils are long and narrow ; between them is a short , skirt @-@ shaped curtain of skin with a fringed posterior margin . The modestly sized mouth has an evenly arched lower jaw , prominent grooves at the corners , and 5 – 7 papillae ( nipple @-@ like structures ) on the floor . Additional , tiny papillae are scattered on the nasal curtain and outside the lower jaw . The teeth are arranged with a quincunx pattern into flattened surfaces ; each tooth is small and blunt , with a roughly diamond @-@ shaped base . There are 45 – 55 tooth rows in either jaw . The pelvic fins are somewhat large and rounded at the tips . The tail is usually shorter than the disc and bears one , sometimes two serrated stinging spines on the upper surface , about halfway along its length . It is broad and flattened until the base of the sting ; after , it tapers rapidly and there is a prominent ventral fin fold running almost to the sting tip , as well as a low dorsal ridge . Dermal denticles are only found on the tail , with at least one thorn appearing on the tail base by a disc width of 45 cm ( 18 in ) . Adults have a midline row of large , backward @-@ pointing , spear @-@ like thorns or flattened tubercles in front of the sting , as well as much smaller , conical thorns behind the sting covering the tail to the tip . The dorsal coloration is grayish brown , darkening towards the tip of the tail and above the eyes , with a line of white pores flanking the head on either side . The underside is whitish , darkening towards the fin margins and beneath the tail . Albino individuals have been reported . The short @-@ tail stingray is the largest stingray species , known to reach at least 2 @.@ 1 m ( 6 @.@ 9 ft ) in width , 4 @.@ 3 m ( 14 ft ) in length , and 350 kg ( 770 lb ) in weight . Reliable observers off New Zealand have reported sighting individuals almost 3 m ( 10 ft ) across . Mature females are about a third larger than mature males . = = Distribution and habitat = = The short @-@ tail stingray is common and widely distributed in the temperate waters of the Southern Hemisphere . Off southern Africa , it has been reported from Cape Town in South Africa to the mouth of the Zambezi River in Mozambique . Along the southern Australian coast , it is found from Shark Bay in Western Australia to Maroochydore in Queensland , including Tasmania . In New Zealand waters , it occurs off North Island and the Chatham Islands , and rarely off South Island and the Kermadec Islands . Records from northern Australia and Thailand likely represent misidentifications of Himantura fai and D. matsubarai respectively . Over the past few decades , its range and numbers off southeastern Tasmania have grown , possibly as a result of climate change . Off southern Africa , the short @-@ tail stingray is rare in shallow water and most often found over offshore banks at a depth of 180 to 480 m ( 590 to 1 @,@ 570 ft ) . On the other hand , off Australia and New Zealand it is found from the intertidal zone to no deeper than 156 m ( 512 ft ) . Australian and New Zealand rays are most abundant in the shallows during the summer . A tracking study conducted on two New Zealand rays suggests that they shift to deeper waters during the winter , but do not undertake long @-@ distance migrations . The short @-@ tail stingray is mainly bottom @-@ dwelling in nature , inhabiting a variety of environments including brackish estuaries , sheltered bays and inlets , sandy flats , rocky reefs , and the outer continental shelf . However , it also makes regular forays upward into the middle of the water column . = = Biology and ecology = = The short @-@ tail stingray is usually slow @-@ moving but can achieve sudden bursts of speed , flapping its pectoral fins with enough force to cavitate the water and create an audible " bang " . It is known to form large seasonal aggregations ; a well @-@ known example occurs every summer ( January to April ) at the Poor Knights Islands off New Zealand , particularly under the rocky archways . In some areas it moves with the rising tide into very shallow water . Individual rays tend to stay inside a relatively small home range with a radius of under 25 km ( 16 mi ) . Captive experiments have shown it capable of detecting magnetic fields via its electroreceptive ampullae of Lorenzini , which in nature may be employed for navigation . The short @-@ tail stingray forages for food both during the day and at night . It feeds primarily on benthic bony fishes and invertebrates , such as molluscs and crustaceans . The lateral line system on its underside allows it to detect the minute water jets produced by buried bivalves and spoon worms , which are then extracted via suction ; the excess water is expelled through the spiracles . Fishes and invertebrates from open water , including salps and hyperiid amphipods , are also eaten in significant quantities . Off South Africa , this ray has been observed patrolling the egg beds of the chokka squid ( Loligo vulgaris reynaudii ) during mass spawnings , capturing squid that descend to the bottom to spawn . The short @-@ tail stingray has few predators due to its size ; these include the copper shark ( Carcharhinus brachyurus ) , the smooth hammerhead ( Sphyrna zygaena ) , the great white shark ( Carcharodon carcharias ) , and the killer whale ( Orcinus orca ) . When threatened , it raises its tail warningly over its back like a scorpion . Smaller fishes have been observed using swimming rays for cover while hunting their own prey . Known parasites of this species include the nematode Echinocephalus overstreeti , and the monogeneans Heterocotyle tokoloshei and Dendromonocotyle sp . = = = Life history = = = The summer aggregations of the short @-@ tail stingray at the Poor Knights Islands seem to at least partly serve a reproductive purpose , as both mating and birthing have been observed among the gathered rays . Courtship and mating take place in mid @-@ water , and it has been speculated that the rising current flowing continuously through the narrow archways aids the rays in maintaining their position . Each receptive female may be followed by several males , who attempt to bite and grip her disc . One or two males may be dragged by the female for hours before she accedes ; the successful male flips upside @-@ down beneath her , inserting one of his claspers into her vent and rhythmically waving his tail from side to side . Copulation lasts 3 – 5 minutes . Females in captivity have been observed mating with up to three different males in succession . Like other stingrays , the short @-@ tail stingray is aplacental viviparous : once the developing embryos exhaust their yolk supply , they are provisioned with histotroph ( " uterine milk " , enriched with proteins , lipids and mucus ) produced by the mother and delivered through specialized extensions of the uterine epithelium called " trophonemata " . Females bear litters of 6 – 10 pups in the summer ; males appear to assist in the process by nudging the female 's abdomen with their snouts . Females are ready to mate again shortly after giving birth . Newborns measure 32 – 36 cm ( 13 – 14 in ) across . = = Human interactions = = Curious and unaggressive , the short @-@ tail stingray may approach humans and can be trained to be hand @-@ fed . At Hamelin Bay in Western Australia , many short @-@ tail stingrays , thorntail stingrays ( D. thetidis ) , and Australian bull rays ( Myliobatis australis ) regularly gather to be hand @-@ fed fish scraps ; the number of visitors has steadily increased in recent years , and there is interest in developing the site as a permanent tourist attraction . However , if startled or harassed this species is capable of inflicting a serious , even fatal wound with its sting . The sting can measure over 30 cm ( 12 in ) long and penetrate most types of footwear , including kevlar bootees ; its mucous sheath contains a toxin that causes necrosis . The most dangerous injuries involve damage to a vital organ , massive blood loss , and / or secondary septicemia or tetanus . There have been cases where a startled ray had jumped out of the water and pierced a wader 's chest cavity . This species is responsible for the majority of stingray injuries off New Zealand . Throughout its range , the short @-@ tail stingray is caught incidentally by various commercial fisheries using trawls , Danish and purse seines , longlines and set lines , and drag and set nets . It is also caught by recreational fishers using hook @-@ and @-@ line ( from boats or the shore ) , spears , and harpoons . Most individuals caught are released alive ; often fishers cut off their tails beforehand for safety , though this practice does not seem to have a significant impact on the rays ' long @-@ term survival . Sport fishers occasionally keep captured rays for meat or angling competitions ; a small number are also kept for display in public aquariums , and it has reproduced in captivity . As it survives fishing activities well and remains common throughout its range , the International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) has assessed the short @-@ tail stingray as Least Concern . Within most of this species ' range off New Zealand , targeting it commercially is prohibited .
= Magnificat ( Rutter ) = The Magnificat by John Rutter is a musical setting of the biblical canticle Magnificat , completed in 1990 . The extended composition in seven movements " for soprano or mezzo @-@ soprano solo , mixed choir , and orchestra ( or chamber ensemble ) " is based on the Latin text , interspersed with " Of a Rose , a lovely Rose " , an anonymous English poem on Marian themes , the beginning of the Sanctus and a prayer to Mary . The music includes elements of Latin American music . The composer conducted the first performance in Carnegie Hall on 26 May 1990 , and the first recording with the Cambridge Singers and the City of London Sinfonia . Oxford University Press published Magnificat in 1991 and Of a Rose , a lovely Rose separately in 1998 . While the canticle Magnificat was often set to music , being a regular part of Catholic vespers and Anglican evensong , Rutter 's work is one of few extended settings , along with Bach 's composition . Critical reception has been mixed , appreciating that the " orchestration is brilliant and very colourful " and " the music weaves a magical spell of balm and peace " , but also experiencing a " virtual encyclopedia of musical cliches , a … predictable exercise in glitzy populism " . = = History and text = = The Magnificat or Song of Mary is one of the three New Testament canticles , the others being Nunc dimittis and Benedictus . Mary sings the song on the occasion of her visit to Elizabeth , as narrated in the Gospel of Luke ( Luke 1 : 39 – 56 ) . It is a daily part in Catholic vesper services and Anglican Evening Prayer . Rutter followed the tradition of setting it to music , especially the work by Johann Sebastian Bach which also structures the text in movements of different character . Magnificat was composed on a commission by MidAmerica Productions , a concert organisation in New York performing in Carnegie Hall with a choir of about 200 voices selected in the United States . Rutter was inspired by " jubilant celebrations of Mary in Hispanic cultures " and conceived the work as a " bright Latin @-@ flavoured fiesta " . In addition to the liturgical Latin text , he chose a 15th @-@ century poem , which compares Mary to a rose . In the third movement , the beginning of the Sanctus is inserted after the mentioning of " sanctum nomen eius " ( his holy name ) . The text of the doxology in the last movement is interspersed with a prayer to Mary , " Sancta Maria , succure miseris " ( Holy Mary , help those in need ) . Rutter supplied a singing version in English for the complete work . = = Music and scoring = = The composer wrote : The … Magnificat – a poetic outpouring of praise , joy and trust in God , ascribed by Luke to the Virgin Mary on learning that she was to give birth to Christ – has always been one of the most familiar and well @-@ loved of scriptural texts , not least because of its inclusion as a canticle in the Catholic office of Vespers and in Anglican Evensong . Musical settings of it abound , though surprisingly few of them since J.S. Bach 's time give the text extended treatment . I had long wished to write an extended Magnificat , but was not sure how to approach it until I found my starting point in the association of the text with the Virgin Mary . In countries such as Spain , Mexico and Puerto Rico , feast days of the Virgin are joyous opportunities for people to take to the streets and celebrate with singing , dancing and processions . These images of outdoor celebration were , I think , somewhere in my mind as I wrote , though I was not fully conscious of the fact till afterwards . I was conscious of following Bach 's example in adding to the liturgical text – with the lovely old English poem ' Of a Rose ' and the prayer ' Sancta Maria ' ( both of which strengthen the Marian connection ) and with the interpolated ' Sanctus ' , sung to the Gregorian chant of the Missa cum jubilo in the third movement . The composition of Magnificat occupied several hectic weeks early in 1990 , and the première took place in May of that year in Carnegie Hall , New York . Musicologist John Bawden notes that Rutter 's work has several features in common with Bach 's setting : both repeat material of the first movement in the last , use chant melodies , devote " more reflective verses " to a soloist , and insert additional text , in Bach 's work texts related to Christmas . Rutter scored the work for a female soloist , soprano or mezzo @-@ soprano , who at times represents Mary , and a mixed choir , usually SATB , but sometimes with divided parts . He offers two versions , for orchestra or chamber ensemble . The orchestra consists of woodwind : 2 flutes , 2 oboes , 2 clarinets , 2 bassoons brass : 4 horns , 3 trumpets , 3 trombones , tuba percussion : timpani , percussion ( glockenspiel , snare drum , crash cymbals , suspended cymbal , tambourine , bongos ) strings : harp , strings The chamber version replaces the brass mostly by the organ and uses only one each of flute , oboe , clarinet and horn . Timpani , percussion and harp are the same as in the orchestra version , and for the strings , a minimum of two first violins , two second violins , two violas , one cello and one double bass required . = = Movements = = The following table shows the title , Tempo marking , voices , time , key and text sources for the seven movements . The information is given for the beginning of the movements . Rutter frequently shifts tempo , key and time . The source for the details is the vocal score , unless otherwise noted . = = = 1 = = = The work opens with a short instrumental introit in G major , marked " Bright and joyful " , alternating between 3 / 8 and 3 / 4 time . Simple polyrhythms are achieved by dividing the 3 / 4 measure in two for the orchestra and in three for the chorus . While Bach structured the first verses of the canticle in several movements of different scoring , Rutter unites the first three verses in one choral movement , treating the different ideas to different motifs and setting , and repeating the first verse at the end as a recapitulation . The soprano and alto enter in unison Magnificat anima mea ( My soul doth magnify [ the Lord ] ) . The vocal motif of Magnificat leaps up a major sixth and rises even higher . It is repeated several times in different combinations of voices , always in homophony . The second verse , Et exultavit spiritus meus ( And my spirit hath rejoiced ) , is sung first by soprano and alto in third parallels . The men repeat it similarly and continuo in Deo ( in God ) , Deo accented by the characteristic figure of a lower mordent , which is repeated throughout the whole work , often when God is mentioned . The conclusion of the idea , in Deo salutari meo ( in God my saviour ) , is expressed by a descending line , alternating the rhythm , one measure in 3 / 4 , one 6 / 8 , and alternating the women 's voices in sequences . A short recapitulation of Magnificat anima mea marks the end of the second verse . The beginning of the third verse , Quia respexit humilitatem ( For he hath regarded the low estate [ of his handmaiden ] ) , is rendered even simpler : the sequences are repeated in even rhythm , then broadened and coloured by parallel triads . The continuation , Ecce enim ( for , behold , [ from henceforth … shall call me blessed ] ) , builds in similar fashion , with all parts divided , to the climax of the first movement on the word beatam ( " blessed " or " happy " ) , marked " f dolce " . The text omnes generationes ( all generations ) is again given in sequences of descending lines , now alternating one measure of 6 / 8 and one of 4 / 4 . While the bass sings the line first , the tenor adds a sequence of sustained notes rising step by step one fifth . In Bach 's treatment of the same text , each entry of a fugue theme is one step , covering an octave in measures 15 to 20 of Omnes generationes.CITEREFBach2014 A repeat of the text and the motifs of verse 1 concludes the movement , ending on Magnificat , without retard , with accents on each syllable and cut short . = = = 2 = = = Rutter inserted an anonymous English poem from the 15th century , Of a Rose , a lovely Rose , as the second movement . Marked " Tranquil and flowing " , it imitates chant singing , with flexible times and in doric mode . The poet imagines Jesus as a rose springing from Mary , comparable to " Es ist ein Ros entsprungen " . She is seen as a rose bush with five branches : the Annunciation , the Star of Behlehem , the three Kings , the fall of the devil 's power , and heaven . The last stanza asks Mary to “ shield us from the fiendes bond ” . The eight stanzas , in four lines of which three rhyme , are set as variations of an old tune . The short refrain is first sung by the soprano alone , immediately repeated by soprano , alto and tenor , the voices in unison but for triads on " lovely " . It is repeated after the first stanza by soprano and tenor in unison . After the fourth stanza , it appears again , now in three different parts , and a last time before the final prayer , again slightly different . The first stanza ( " ... this rose began to spring ... " ) is sung by the bass , the second ( " ... out of her bosom ... " ) by the alto , the third ( " ... an angel from heaven 's tower ... " ) by two sopranos and alto , the fourth ( " ... star shone over Bethlehem ... " ) by tenor and bass , the fifth ( " ... three kinges ... " ) by the bass , the sixth ( " ... sprang to hell ... " ) by four parts SATB , the seventh ( " ... sprang to heaven ... " ) by soprano and alto , the final prayer ( " Pray we to her ... " ) by four parts again but mostly in unison . = = = 3 = = = Quia fecit mihi magna ( For he [ that is mighty ] hath done to me great things ) , concentrates on two ideas from the canticle verse . Marked " Andante maestoso " , the choral movement in D major opens with solemn dotted rhythms , features of the French overture . A motiv of four measures is repeated three times , interrupted by fanfares . Then it is repeated five times , beginning with only the basses , marked piano , adding the motif in a higher part each time , with two sopranos , and increasing volume and intensity . The second idea of the verse , Et sanctum nomen eius ( And holy is his name ) , builds similarly . The alto begins , marked " dolce and tranquillo " ( sweet and calm ) a melody of ten measures , beginning like the first motiv but more flowing . The alto keeps singing sustained notes , while first soprano and tenor sing the melody in a canon one measure apart , then bass and soprano sing it in a canon , one measure apart and the soprano a fifth higher . Finally the sustained notes are sung by the bass , while the other three voices continue the imitation . The movement is closed by a chant @-@ like accompanied Sanctus , taken from the Missa cum jubilo . = = = 4 = = = Et misericordia ( And his mercy [ is on them that fear him from generation to generation ] ) is sung by the soprano soloist first , repeated by the choir . A motif alternating a measure of six undulating eighth @-@ notes and a measure of one long note dominates the movement . In a middle section , the chorus continues the material , while the soloist picks up the first Magnificat in text and motif . = = = 5 = = = Fecit potentiam ( He hath shewed strength ) begins with irregular energetic rhythms . The basses sing a short call which dominates the movement , first marked " pp marcato " . The other voices join from the lowest to the highest , only then is the thought continued in bracchio suo [ with his arm ) . In a process similar to movement 3 , the voices build bass to divided soprano . Dispersit superbos ( he hath scattered the proud [ in the imagination of their hearts ] ) is presented in fast 3 / 8 movement , while Deposuit potentes de sede ( He hath put down the mighty from their seats ) is rendered on a steady monotone beat by bass , then tenor , then alto . In great contrast , the soprano begins softly a rising melody on et exaltavit humiles ( and exalted them of low degree ) , joined by all other voices . = = = 6 = = = The last movement devoted to the canticle summarizes the rest of the text in Esurientes ( [ He hath filled ] the hungry ) , sung again by the soloist , supported by continuous eighth @-@ notes in 12 / 8 time in the orchestra and answered by the chorus . = = = 7 = = = The composition is closed with the doxology Gloria Patri ( Glory be to the Father ) . The music is based on movement 3 , repeating the dotted rhythm and the building from bass to two sopranos . A prayer addressing Mary interrupts the doxology : Sancta Maria , asking " for support of humanity , including the needy , the timid , the clergy , women , and the laity " . It is sung by the soloist on sustained chords in the orchestra . The final Sicut erat in principio ( As it was in the beginning ) , repeats , as often , material from the very beginning of the work , the initial Magnificat motif , and the descending lines ending on a mordent on Amen . = = Performance , recording and publishing = = The first performance , conducted by the composer , was on 26 May 1990 in Carnegie Hall , with soloist Maria Alsatti and the Manhattan Chamber Orchestra . Rutter also conducted a recording with soloist Patricia Forbes , the Cambridge Singers and the City of London Sinfonia . A performance lasts about 40 minutes . Timothy Mangan reviewed the reportedly first performance on the West Coast with the Master Chorale of Orange County conducted by William Hall . He described the piece as a " virtual encyclopedia of musical cliches , a long @-@ winded , tamely tonal , predictable exercise in glitzy populism . " He heard influence of composers such as Aaron Copland , Igor Stravinsky and Vaughan Williams . The work was published by Oxford University Press in 1991 . The composer provided an optional English singable version of the Latin parts . Of a Rose , a lovely Rose was published individually in 1998 . A reviewer notes that Rutter " emphasises the joy experienced by a … soon to be mother " , with " a good balance between the extrovert and intimate " , and singable melodies with an understanding for the voice . He ends : " The orchestration is brilliant and very colourful , with lots of trumpet fanfares complementing the festive spirit of the music . " Nick Barnard , reviewing a 2006 recording of the chamber version with the Choirs of St. Albans Cathedral conducted by Andrew Lucas , summarizes that " the faster dynamic sections rely too heavily on formulaic use of ostinato rhythms and Rutter fingerprint instrumental colours . Set against this many of the lyrical passages are amongst his finest . " More specifically he notes that in the Esurientes " the music weaves a magical spell of balm and peace – for me the highlight of the entire disc and one of Rutter 's moments of greatest inspiration in any work . "
= U.S. Route 130 = U.S. Route 130 ( US 130 ) is a north – south U.S. Highway completely within the state of New Jersey . It runs 83 @.@ 46 mi ( 134 @.@ 32 km ) from Interstate 295 ( I @-@ 295 ) and US 40 at Deepwater in Pennsville Township , Salem County , where the road continues south as Route 49 , north to US 1 in North Brunswick Township , Middlesex County , where Route 171 continues north into New Brunswick . The route briefly runs concurrent with its parent US 30 near Camden , about one @-@ third of the way to New Brunswick . The road runs within a close distance of I @-@ 295 south of Bordentown and a few miles from the New Jersey Turnpike for its entire length , serving as a major four- to six @-@ lane divided local road for most of its length . US 130 passes through several towns including Penns Grove , Bridgeport , Westville , Camden , Pennsauken , Burlington , Bordentown , and Hightstown . In 1916 , pre @-@ 1927 Route 2 was designated to run along the present US 130 between the Camden area and Bordentown while pre @-@ 1927 Route 1 was to follow the current route between Robbinsville and New Brunswick . The current route between Penns Grove and Westville was to become pre @-@ 1927 Route 17S in 1923 . In 1926 , US 130 was designated to run from US 30 in Camden to US 1 in Trenton along the alignment of pre @-@ 1927 Route 2 . A year later , the alignment of US 130 became Route 25 between Camden and Bordentown , Route 39 between Bordentown and White Horse , and Route 37 between White Horse and Trenton . US 130 was extended to Pennsville in 1938 along Route 45 and Route 44 while it was realigned to follow Route 25 and Route 25M between Bordentown and Route 27 in New Brunswick by the 1940s . In 1953 , the state highways running concurrent with US 130 were removed . Around the time of the renumbering , limited @-@ access bypasses for US 130 were built around Carneys Point and between Bridgeport and Westville ; the former alignments eventually became Route 44 . In the 1960s , I @-@ 295 was designated onto most of these freeway alignments of US 130 , which was moved back to its original route in Carneys Point . In 1969 , the north end of US 130 was cut back to its current location , with the old road into New Brunswick becoming Route 171 . The Delaware Valley Regional Planning Commission had proposed a US 130 freeway between Camden and Burlington , but it was never built . = = Route description = = = = = Salem County = = = US 130 's south end is in Pennsville Township , Salem County at the east end of the Delaware Memorial Bridge , which carries I @-@ 295 and US 40 . The New Jersey Turnpike begins at this interchange , and Route 49 heads south . From here , the route heads northeast on Shell Road , a two @-@ lane undivided road , passing development before entering Carneys Point Township . In Carneys Point Township , the road intersects the west end of Route 140 before passing to the east of a DuPont plant and a Conrail Shared Assets Operations railroad yard near wooded areas . US 130 makes a turn to the north into more residential development , crossing into Penns Grove , where the route turns northeast again as Virginia Avenue and intersects the western terminus of Route 48 . Past the Route 48 intersection , the road enters Carneys Point Township again and crosses a Conrail Shared Assets Operations line before continuing through a mix of agricultural and industrial areas . Upon entering Oldmans Township , US 130 heads through more rural areas as Bridgeport @-@ Penns Grove Road . = = = Gloucester County = = = After crossing Oldmans Creek on a drawbridge , the route enters Logan Township , Gloucester County and becomes a four @-@ lane divided highway called Crown Point Road . It heads east @-@ northeast through Nortonville before continuing through marshland and woodland . After crossing Raccoon Creek on another drawbridge , the road passes some homes in Bridgeport before reaching a cloverleaf interchange that provides access to US 322 / CR 536 and the Commodore Barry Bridge . At this point , a freeway section of US 130 begins . The freeway heads east to its first interchange after US 322 , a right @-@ in right @-@ out at Barker Avenue , with an overpass just to the west at Springers Road . Barker Avenue leads east to the south end of Route 44 . The next interchange provides direct access to Route 44 . After Route 44 is the last interchange , with Cedar Swamp Road , before US 130 merges into I @-@ 295 for a concurrency . Along I @-@ 295 , the route is a six @-@ lane freeway , coming to an exit for CR 684 . Continuing east , the freeway crosses into Greenwich Township and has an interchange with CR 607 . After passing near Greenwich Lake , there are exits for CR 653 and CR 673 within a short distance of each other . I @-@ 295 / US 130 reaches an interchange with CR 680 on the border of Greenwich Township and East Greenwich Township . The road runs through a portion of East Greenwich Township before crossing back into Greenwich Township and coming to an interchange with CR 678 and CR 667 on the border of Greenwich Township and Paulsboro . Past this point , the freeway runs through marshy areas of Mantua Creek and continues into West Deptford Township . Here , there is an exit for CR 656 . Passing near more industrial areas , I @-@ 295 / US 130 has an interchange with the Mid @-@ Atlantic Parkway , which provides access to Route 44 as well as to CR 643 and CR 660 . Continuing northeast , the freeway reaches an interchange with Route 44 and CR 640 . At this point , Route 44 begins to parallel I @-@ 295 / US 130 on its northwest side as the two roads cross the Woodbury Creek . Route 44 ends at a cul @-@ de @-@ sac that has a ramp from the southbound direction of I @-@ 295 / US 130 prior to another interchange that provides access to CR 644 . The freeway passes near some homes before US 130 splits from I @-@ 295 . After splitting from I @-@ 295 , US 130 continues northeast as a four @-@ lane divided road called Crown Point Avenue . The route passes past an oil refinery before forming the border between West Deptford Township to the north and Westville to the south , where it begins to pass residences along the south side of the road . The road fully enters Westville before encountering the northern terminus of Route 45 at a Y @-@ intersection . Past this intersection , the lanes of US 130 split briefly before rejoining . = = = Camden County = = = Upon crossing Big Timber Creek , the route enters Brooklawn , Camden County , where the name becomes Crescent Boulevard and it comes to a traffic circle with CR 551 . Here , US 130 and CR 551 head concurrent to the east , passing under the Conrail Vineland Secondary , and come to another traffic circle . At this circle , Route 47 and CR 551 head south while US 130 continues east on Crescent Boulevard , lined with suburban shopping centers . After CR 551 Spur heads east , US 130 makes a turn to the northeast , widening into a six @-@ lane highway with many intersections controlled by jughandles and crossing Little Timber Creek into Gloucester City . In Glocuester City , the median of the route widens as it interchanges with I @-@ 76 at a partial interchange . From this interchange , the road continues north @-@ northeast and crosses Newton Creek into Haddon Township . US 130 comes to an interchange with Route 76C that has access towards I @-@ 76 , I @-@ 676 , and the Walt Whitman Bridge to and from the northbound direction of US 130 . The highway continues to a channelized intersection with Route 168 . Following this intersection , US 130 continues through urban areas , passing through a small corner of Camden before entering Collingswood . In Sayville , the road is lined with suburban businesses again prior to meeting US 30 at the former Collingswood Circle . At this point , US 30 forms a concurrency with US 130 and the two routes head north , passing under the PATCO Speedline before meeting CR 561 at an interchange . Past CR 561 , the road passes to the east of Harleigh Cemetery prior to crossing Cooper River into Pennsauken Township . In Pennsauken , US 30 / US 130 comes to the Airport Circle . Airport Circle is an intersection with several flyovers ; US 30 splits to the west , while Route 38 heads east , soon splitting with Route 70 . US 130 , meanwhile , continues northeast through more commercial areas . The road briefly enters Camden again right before an interchange with CR 537 . The route crosses under New Jersey Transit ’ s Atlantic City Line before coming to a large interchange with Route 90 that provides access to the Betsy Ross Bridge . Within this interchange , the lanes of US 130 split . A short distance later , the route reaches an interchange with Route 73 , which runs to the Tacony @-@ Palmyra Bridge . = = = Burlington County = = = A short distance after the Route 73 interchange , US 130 crosses North Branch of Pennsauken Creek into Cinnaminson Township , Burlington County and continues northeast . The route turns to the east @-@ northeast and enters Delran Township , where there is an interchange with CR 613 . Immediately after this interchange , the road crosses Rancocas Creek and forms the border between Delanco Township to the northwest and Willingboro Township to the southeast as it passes a couple of lakes . US 130 continues along the border of Edgewater Park Township and Willingboro Township . After briefly forming the border between Burlington Township and Willingboro Township , the road entirely enters Burlington Township . The route forms a concurrency with CR 543 prior to entering Burlington . A bypass takes US 130 and CR 543 around the downtown area of Burlington . The road comes to an intersection with Route 413 , which provides access to the Burlington @-@ Bristol Bridge . Past this intersection , US 130 / CR 543 turns east , with the median widening to include businesses . Along this portion of road , there is an intersection with the northern terminus of CR 541 . The six @-@ lane section of US 130 decreases to four lanes as it crosses Assicunk Creek , where the median also narrows . The road turns northeast into a residential area , and CR 543 splits from US 130 by heading to the east . Past this intersection , US 130 passes some businesses and crosses back into Burlington Township , where it runs a short distance to the southeast of New Jersey Transit ’ s River Line . The road enters less dense commercial and industrial development , along with some farmland and woodland , as it continues into Florence Township . An interchange with the Pennsylvania Extension of the New Jersey Turnpike ( I @-@ 95 ) is present in Florence Township . Following this interchange , US 130 continues through development before crossing Crafts Creek into Mansfield Township Here , the surroundings become more wooded with a few areas of agriculture . The route continues into Bordentown Township , where the road widens to six lanes as it has a partial cloverleaf interchange with I @-@ 295 . From this point , US 130 continues to an intersection with CR 545 , where it narrows back to four lanes . The surroundings become more developed as US 130 merges with US 206 at an interchange , bypassing Bordentown to the east . The two routes continue north on a six @-@ lane divided highway , briefly skirting the eastern edge of Bordentown as the road crosses CR 528 . After entering Bordentown Township again , US 130 splits from US 206 by heading to the northeast at an interchange . Upon splitting , the route becomes a four @-@ lane divided highway again , passing homes and businesses with areas of woods . = = = Mercer County = = = After crossing Crosswicks Creek , US 130 continues into Hamilton Township , Mercer County , where Route 156 splits to the west to parallel US 130 as it bypasses Yardville to the east . The route intersects several roads at northbound @-@ only interchanges , including CR 609 , CR 672 ( South Broad Street ) , and CR 524 ( Yardville- Allentown Road ) ; Route 156 provides southbound access . Past these interchanges , the road passes some homes before Route 156 merges back into it . From this point , US 130 runs through commercial areas , where it has a brief six @-@ lane segment prior to reaching a cloverleaf interchange with I @-@ 195 . Following this interchange , the road enters Robbinsville Township . In Robbinsville , the route forms a short concurrency with CR 526 . At the point CR 526 turns east , Route 33 joins US 130 from the west . US 130 and Route 33 run together through rural areas with some development . The road bypasses Windsor to the east prior to entering East Windsor Township . Here , the road widens to six lanes and Route 33 splits from US 130 , heading east into Hightstown . US 130 narrows back to four lanes and runs around the commercial west side of Hightstown , crossing CR 571 . Shortly after this intersection , the route has a partial cloverleaf interchange with Route 133 . = = = Middlesex County = = = US 130 crosses Millstone River into Cranbury Township , Middlesex County , where it has an intersection with the northern terminus of CR 539 . From this point , the route heads north through a mix of rural surroundings and inhabited neighborhoods , bypassing downtown Cranbury to the east and crossing CR 615 . Past this intersection , the road continues into development , crossing Brainerd Lake before forming a short concurrency with CR 535 . US 130 briefly forms the border between South Brunswick Township to the west and Cranbury Township to the east before fully entering South Brunswick Township as the road runs through a mix of rural areas and business parks . The road comes to a directional Y @-@ intersection with the western terminus of Route 32 , which provides access to the New Jersey Turnpike and Monroe Township . Following Route 32 , US 130 crosses over a Conrail Shared Assets Operations railroad line before coming to an interchange with CR 522 . At this point , CR 522 forms a brief concurrency with US 130 before splitting to the west . After the CR 522 concurrency , the route continues north into mostly forested areas , crossing Davidsons Mill Pond before continuing into North Brunswick Township . In North Brunswick Township , the road heads northeast through increasing development as the route starts to turn more to the north . US 130 comes to an end at an interchange with US 1 , where the road continues north as Route 171 ( locally known as Georges Road ) into New Brunswick . = = History = = The entire length of US 130 follows a part of the Ocean Highway , a coastal highway that ran from New Brunswick south to Jacksonville , Florida . The current route was designated as portions of three state routes prior to 1927 . In 1916 , the road between the Camden area and Bordentown was legislated as part of pre @-@ 1927 Route 2 while the current US 130 north of Robbinsville was to become a part of pre @-@ 1927 Route 1 . In addition , pre @-@ 1927 Route 17S was legislated to run from Penns Grove northeast to Westville in 1923 ; the only portion of road built ran from Pennsville south to Salem . When the U.S. Highway System was established in 1926 , US 130 was designated to connect US 30 in Camden to US 1 in Trenton , following pre @-@ 1927 Route 2 . In the 1927 renumbering a year later , the US 130 alignment was designated Route 25 from Camden to Bordentown , Route 39 from Bordentown to White Horse , and Route 37 from White Horse to Trenton . By 1938 , US 130 was extended south along Route 45 and Route 44 to end at US 40 in Pennsville where the connection to Hook Road now hits Route 49 . By the 1940s , it was rerouted to follow Route 25 and Route 25M from Bordentown to Route 27 in New Brunswick The former US 130 between Bordentown and Trenton was designated as a part of US 206 . During the 1940s , a new alignment for US 130 was built through South Brunswick Township . After the Delaware Memorial Bridge opened in 1951 , the south end of US 130 was moved to its current location . Shortly before the 1953 New Jersey state highway renumbering , US 130 was aligned to bypass Yardville with the old route becoming Route 156 in 1953 . Also , prior to 1953 , US 130 had been aligned to bypass Carneys Point and a stretch of Route 44 between Bridgeport and Westville . In the 1953 renumbering , US 130 replaced Route 44 and parts of Route 45 and Route 25 , as well as the short Route 25M into New Brunswick . With the 1953 renumbering freeing up the Route 44 designation , that number was eventually assigned to the two sections of old road . In the 1960s , I @-@ 295 was built through Salem and Gloucester counties , following a portion of the US 130 freeway bypass of Carneys Point as well as the freeway portion of the route from north of Bridgeport to Westville . As a result of this construction , US 130 was moved back to its original alignment in Carneys Point , replacing that portion of Route 44 . US 130 was cut back to its current north end at US 1 in 1969 , and the continuation into New Brunswick was assigned Route 171 . In the late 1960s , a freeway was proposed by the Delaware Valley Regional Planning Commission to alleviate traffic on US 130 between Camden and Burlington . This freeway was originally planned as a parkway between the two cities in 1932 that never materialized . The proposed freeway , which was to connect the Ben Franklin Bridge to I @-@ 295 near the Assicunk Creek , was to cost $ 53 million and mostly follow a Conrail railroad line between the two cities . However , the NJDOT never followed through with the proposal . In 2009 , the Collingswood Circle at the southern terminus of the US 30 concurrency was replaced with an at @-@ grade intersection with jughandles . In 2013 the road was one of three that tied for the # 1 ranking on the Tri @-@ State Transportation Campaign 's list of the top ten most dangerous roads for pedestrians in New Jersey , New York and Connecticut . The route , along with U.S. Route 40 / U.S. Route 322 in Atlantic County and U.S. Route 1 in Middlesex County , were so ranked due to the nine pedestrian deaths that occurred on each of those roads from 2009 to 2011 . = = Major intersections = =
= Dennō Senshi Porygon = " Dennō Senshi Porygon " ( でんのうせんしポリゴン , Dennō Senshi Porigon , translated as " Cyber Soldier Porygon " , although more commonly " Electric Soldier Porygon " ) is the thirty @-@ eighth episode of the Pokémon anime 's first season . Its only broadcast was in Japan on December 16 , 1997 . In the episode , Ash and his friends find at the local Pokémon Center that there is something wrong with the Poké Ball transmitting device . To find out what is wrong , they must go inside the machine . The episode is infamous for certain repetitive visual effects which induced photosensitive epileptic seizures in a substantial number of Japanese viewers , an incident referred to as the " Pokémon Shock " ( ポケモンショック , Pokemon Shokku ) by the Japanese press . As a result of the seizures 685 viewers were taken to hospitals ; 2 people remained hospitalized for more than two weeks . Due to this , the episode has not been rebroadcast worldwide . After the incident , the Pokémon anime went into a four @-@ month hiatus , and it returned on TV Tokyo in April 16 , 1998 , thus making the episode perhaps the most controversial episode of the entire Pokémon series . Since then , the episode has been parodied and referenced in cultural media , including The Simpsons and South Park . = = Plot = = Ash , Misty , Brock and Pikachu discover that the system used to transfer Pokémon from one Pokémon Center to the other is malfunctioning . On Nurse Joy 's request , they go to Professor Akihabara , the one who created the Poké Ball transfer system . He tells them that Team Rocket stole his prototype Porygon , a digital Pokémon that can exist in cyberspace , and is using it to steal trainers ' Pokémon from inside the computer system . Akihabara sends Ash , Misty , Brock , Pikachu and his second Porygon into the system to stop Team Rocket , whom they learn have set up a blockade that stops Pokéballs from traveling the network . Porygon is able to defeat Team Rocket 's Porygon , but Nurse Joy , monitoring the situation and unaware that Ash and the others are inside , has sent an anti @-@ virus program into the system to combat what she thinks is a computer virus . Pikachu uses a Thunderbolt attack on the program , which manifests as " vaccine missiles " , which causes an explosion . The group and Team Rocket successfully escape the computer , and with Team Rocket 's blockade removed , the system returns to normal . = = Reception and controversy = = " Dennō Senshi Porygon " aired in Japan on December 16 , 1997 at 6 : 30 PM Japan Standard Time ( 09 : 30 UTC ) . The episode , which was broadcast over thirty @-@ seven TV stations that Tuesday night , held the highest ratings for its time slot , and was watched by approximately 4 @.@ 6 million households . Twenty minutes into the episode , there is a scene in which Pikachu stops " vaccine " missiles with its Thunderbolt attack , resulting in a huge explosion that flashes red and blue lights . Although there were similar parts in the episode with red and blue flashes , two anime techniques , " paka paka " and " flash " made this scene extremely intense . These flashes were bright strobe lights , with blinks at a rate of about 12 Hz for approximately six seconds . At this point , viewers started to complain of blurred vision , headaches , dizziness and nausea . Some experienced seizures , blindness , convulsions and loss of consciousness . Japan 's Fire Defense Agency reported that a total of 685 viewers – 310 boys and 375 girls – were taken to hospitals by ambulances . Although many victims recovered during the ambulance trip , more than 150 of them were admitted to hospitals . Two people remained hospitalized for more than two weeks . Some other people had seizures when parts of the scene were rebroadcast during news reports on the seizures . Only a small fraction of the 685 children treated were diagnosed with photosensitive epilepsy . This phenomenon was later called " Pokémon Shock " . Later studies showed that 5 – 10 % of the viewers had mild symptoms that did not need hospital treatment . Twelve thousand children who did not get sent to hospital by ambulance reported mild symptoms of illness ; however , their symptoms more closely resembled mass hysteria than a grand mal seizure . A study following 103 patients over three years after the event found that most of them had no further seizures . Scientists believe that the flashing lights triggered photosensitive seizures in which visual stimuli such as flashing lights can cause altered consciousness . Although approximately 1 in 4 @,@ 000 people are susceptible to these types of seizures , the number of people affected by this Pokémon episode was unprecedented . An article in USA Today reassured parents that " American children aren 't likely to suffer seizures provoked by TV cartoons " , because U.S. networks " don 't air the graphic Japanese cartoons known as ' anime ' " with their " fast @-@ paced style of animation " , although anime has become more prevalent on American television since then . The incident , which was referred to as the " Pokémon Shock " ( ポケモンショック , Pokemon Shokku ) by the Japanese press , was included in the 2004 edition and the 2008 Gamer 's Edition of the Guinness World Records book , with the honor of holding the record for " Most Photosensitive Epileptic Seizures Caused by a Television Show " . = = Aftermath = = News of the incident spread quickly through Japan . The following day the television station that had originated the lone broadcast of that episode , TV Tokyo , issued an apology to the Japanese people , suspended the program , and said it would investigate the cause of the seizures . Officers from Atago Police stations were ordered by Japan 's National Police Agency to question the anime 's producers about the show 's contents and production process . An emergency meeting was held by the Ministry of Health , Labour and Welfare , in which the case was discussed with experts and information collected from hospitals . Video retailers all over Japan removed the Pokémon anime from their rental shelves . Reaction was swift on the Tokyo Stock Exchange , and Nintendo 's shares went down 400 yen ( almost 5 % ) the following morning to 12 @,@ 200 yen as news of the incident spread . Nintendo produces the game upon which the Pokémon anime series is based . Then @-@ president of Nintendo , Hiroshi Yamauchi , said at a press conference the day after the episode had aired that the video game company was not responsible since the original Pokémon game for its Game Boy product was presented in black and white . After the airing of " Dennō Senshi Porygon " , the Pokémon anime went into a four @-@ month hiatus until it returned in April 16 , 1998 with airing of " Pikachu 's Goodbye " and " The Battling Eevee Brothers " . After the hiatus , the time slot changed from Tuesday to Thursday . The opening theme was also redone , and black screens showing various Pokémon in spotlights were broken up into four images per screen . Before the seizure incident , the opening was originally one Pokémon image per screen . Before the resumption of broadcast , " Problem Inspection Report on Pocket Monster Animated Series " ( アニメポケットモンスター問題検証報告 , Anime Poketto Monsutā Mondai Kenshō Hōkoku ) was shown . Broadcast in Japan on April 16 , 1998 , host Miyuki Yadama went over the circumstances of the program format and the on @-@ screen advisories at the beginning of animated programs , as well as showing letters and fan drawings sent in by viewers , most of whom were concerned that the incident would lead to the anime being cancelled . Many Japanese television broadcasters and medical officials came together to find ways to make sure the incident was not repeated . They established a series of guidelines for future animated programs , including : Flashing images , especially those with red , should not flicker faster than three times per second . If the image does not have red , it still should not flicker faster than five times per second . Flashing images should not be displayed for a total duration of more than two seconds . Stripes , whirls and concentric circles should not take up a large part of the television screen . This episode kept the episodes " Rougela 's Christmas " ( " Holiday Hi @-@ Jynx " ) and " Iwark as a Bivouac " ( " Snow Way Out ! " ) off their original broadcast date in Japan following the incident . Those two episodes were about to air after " Dennō Senshi Porygon " on December 23 , 1997 and January 6 , 1998 respectively . They were eventually only aired on October 5 , 1998 as an hour @-@ long special . Airing out of order caused confusion to viewers because Ash still had a Charmander instead of Charizard , and Misty did not have Togepi yet , but Starmie and Horsea . Also , a New Year special was about to air between these episodes on December 30 , 1997 , but it was cancelled after TV Tokyo pulled any mention of Pokémon from their channel following the incident . To prevent any similar incidents from reoccurring , Nintendo quickly ordered the episode pulled , and it has not aired since , not even outside Japan . Maddie Blaustein , the English dub voice of Meowth , has said twice on the Serebii.net forums that this episode was dubbed in the United States by 4Kids Entertainment . On the other hand , Veronica Taylor , the English voice of Ash , claimed that this episode was never dubbed and will not be dubbed . Regardless , any plans to release this episode outside Japan were abandoned after Nintendo objected , and it was never broadcast anywhere else in the world . Coincidentally , the episode aired around the same time Pokémon was being adapted for American audiences . 4Kids Entertainment took extra precaution in bright and flashing lights in the show , altering lighting and the frequency of flashing lights for earlier episodes of their American release . In an effort to put the event out of the public 's minds and prevent trauma , the anime has not featured Porygon in any subsequent episodes . As a consequence of this , the popularity of Porygon and its derivates among the fans of the series has suffered . However , Porygon2 and Porygon @-@ Z were featured during ' World of Pokémon ' opening of Pokémon Movie 15 . Porygon2 has also appeared in the opening song of English dubbed version of Pokémon Chronicles and Pokérap GS , which includes all Generation II Pokémon excluding Celebi . = = Cultural impact = = The " Pokémon Shock " incident has been parodied many times in popular culture , including an episode of The Simpsons entitled " Thirty Minutes over Tokyo " . In the episode , the Simpson family travels to Japan . When they arrive at their hotel in Tokyo , Bart is seen watching an anime entitled Battling Seizure Robots featuring robots with flashing eye lasers , and asks : " Isn 't this that cartoon that causes seizures ? " , and the flashing eyes cause him to have a seizure . Marge and Lisa are also affected and Homer walks in seeing them all convulsing on the floor and joins in . An episode of South Park that first aired in November 1999 , called " Chinpokomon " , revolves around a Pokémon @-@ like phenomenon , called Chinpokomon , with which the children of South Park become obsessed . Chinpokomon toys and video games are sold to American children in South Park by a Japanese company . The company 's president , Mr. Hirohito , uses the toys to brainwash the American children , making them into his own army to topple the " evil " American " empire " . These toys included a video game in which the player attempts to bomb Pearl Harbor . While playing this game , Kenny has an epileptic seizure and later dies , in reference to the Pokémon seizure incident . In the pilot episode of Drawn Together , Ling @-@ Ling , who is a parody of Pikachu , states that his goal in the Drawn Together house is to " destroy all , and give children seizures " . There follows a scene with flashing lights , a direct reference to this episode . In So Yesterday , a novel by Scott Westerfeld , this episode is mentioned and shown to one of the characters . The flashing red light that caused the seizure is also used in the story telling elements .
= Ferris Bueller 's Day Off = Ferris Bueller 's Day Off is a 1986 American teen comedy film written , co @-@ produced and directed by John Hughes , and co @-@ produced by Tom Jacobson . The film stars Matthew Broderick as Ferris Bueller , a high @-@ school slacker who spends a day off from school , with Mia Sara and Alan Ruck . Ferris regularly breaks character to explain techniques and inner thoughts . Hughes wrote the screenplay in less than a week and shot the film over three months in 1985 . Featuring many landmarks , notably the Sears Tower and the Art Institute of Chicago , the film was Hughes ' love letter to Chicago : " I really wanted to capture as much of Chicago as I could . Not just in the architecture and landscape , but the spirit . " Released by Paramount Pictures on June 11 , 1986 , the film became one of the top @-@ grossing films of the year , receiving $ 70 @.@ 1 million over a $ 5 @.@ 8 million budget , and was enthusiastically acclaimed by critics and audiences alike . In 2014 , the film was selected for preservation in the National Film Registry as per being deemed " culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant . " In 2016 , Paramount , Turner Classic Movies , and Fathom Events re @-@ released the film and Pretty in Pink to celebrate its 30th anniversary . = = Plot = = In suburbian Chicago , high school senior Ferris Bueller fakes sickness to stay home . Ferris frequently breaks character , giving the audience advice on how to skip school . His younger sister Jeannie is less @-@ convinced , but goes to school anyway . Dean of Discipline Edward Rooney notes and suspects Ferris absence and commits to catching him . However , Ferris uses a computer to alter the school 's records to indicate his absences from 9 to 2 . Ferris convinces his friend Cameron Frye , who is also absent , to report that his girlfriend Sloane Peterson 's grandmother has died . Rooney doubts this , but they succeed as planned . Borrowing Cameron 's father 's prized 1961 Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder against Cameron 's instinct , Ferris , Cameron , and Sloane drive into Chicago to sightsee . Leaving the car with two parking attendants , who promptly joyride it unknowingly to them , the trio visit the Art Institute of Chicago , Sears Tower , Chicago Mercantile Exchange , and Wrigley Field . They then go to a French restaurant for lunch where Ferris poses as the " Sausage King of Chicago " , Abe Froman , while narrowly avoiding his father , who is eating lunch at the restaurant . Meanwhile , after humiliatingly failing to find Ferris , Rooney visits the Bueller residence and fails to enter , being attacked by the family rotweiller as his car is towed . Jeannie , skipping class , returns home and discovers her brother 's ruse , but encounters Rooney snooping . She kicks him and calls the police , who arrest her for false reporting after Rooney leaves . While at the station , Jeannie meets a juvenile delinquent , who advises her not to worry about Ferris . After a cab ride where Cameron exclaims disinterest , Ferris impromptu joins a parade float during the Von Steuben Day parade and lip @-@ syncs Wayne Newton 's cover of " Danke Schoen " , as well as a rendition of The Beatles ' " Twist and Shout " that gets the entire crowd dancing . Just as things shine bright , they retrieve the car and notice that , due to the attendants ' joyride , over 100 miles have been added . The revelation shocks Cameron into a state of self @-@ analysis , realizing his life is controlled by his father 's figure . After coming sane , they return the car to Cameron 's garage and try to unsuccessfully run it backwards to remove the miles ; Ferris suggests that they crack it open and turn it back manually . Cameron refuses and vents anger towards his father , kicking , severely denting , and leaning on the car , which falls off the jack and flies out the back , crashing into a ravine behind . Despite Ferris ' insistence , Cameron decides to take blame for the car 's destruction . At the police station , Mrs. Bueller picks up Jeannie , who she finds kissing the delinquent . Ferris returns Sloane home , but realizes he only has a limited time to return home to avoid trouble . He rushes back to the house , but is spotted by Jeannie driving their mother home , and tries to run him down . Ferris avoids being noticed by Mrs. and Mr. Bueller , who is coming from another direction . They make it home at the same time , but Rooney catches Ferris trying to enter the back door and rhetorically asks if he would like to spend another year under supervision . However , Jeannie discovers his wallet on the kitchen floor as proof he broke in , and she has a change of heart , letting Ferris in and telling Rooney he was hospitalized – indicating awareness of the break @-@ in . She slams the door , and their dog attacks Rooney again . Ferris leaps into his bed at the last second , assuring his parents don 't suspect a thing . As they leave , Ferris reminds the audience , " Life moves pretty fast . If you don 't stop and look around once in a while , you could miss it . " Ferris then smiles at the camera before fading to black . As the credits roll , the defeated Rooney heads home and is picked up by a school bus , further humiliated by the students , one offering him a gummy bear . In a post @-@ credits scene , Ferris emerges from his room and bids everyone that " It 's over . " and to go home . = = Cast = = Matthew Broderick as Ferris Bueller , a good @-@ hearted , streetwise and troublemaking kid who wants to skip school and have a day with his friends before his life changes . Alan Ruck as Cameron Frye , Ferris ' depressive friend Mia Sara as Sloane Peterson , Ferris ' younger , lovely girlfriend Jeffrey Jones as Edward R. Rooney , Dean of Students Jennifer Grey as Jeannie Bueller Lyman Ward as Tom Bueller Cindy Pickett as Katie Bueller Edie McClurg as Grace Ben Stein as Economics Teacher Del Close as English Teacher Virginia Capers as Florence Sparrow Charlie Sheen as Garth Volbeck , the boy in the police station Richard Edson as Parking Garage Attendant Larry " Flash " Jenkins as Attendant 's Co @-@ Pilot Kristy Swanson as Simone Adamley , the Economics student Jonathan Schmock as Maitre 'd of Chez Quis Stephanie Blake as Singing Nurse Dee Dee Rescher as Bus Driver = = Production = = As he was writing the film in 1985 , John Hughes kept track of his progress in a spiral @-@ bound logbook . He noted that the basic storyline was developed on February 25 . It was successfully pitched the following day to Paramount Studios chief Ned Tanen . Tanen was intrigued by the concept , but wary that the Writers Guild of America was hours away from picketing the studio . Hughes wrote the screenplay in less than a week , as his logbook notes : " 2 – 26 Night only 10 pages ... 2 – 27 26 pages ... 2 – 28 19 pages ... 3 – 1 9 pages ... 3 – 2 20 pages ... 3 – 3 24 pages . " Editor Paul Hirsch explained that Hughes had a trance @-@ like concentration to his script @-@ writing process , working for hours on end , and would later shoot the film on essentially what was his first draft of the script . " The first cut of Ferris Bueller 's Day Off ended up at two hours , 45 minutes . The shortening of the script had to come in the cutting room " , said Hirsch . " Having the story episodic and taking place in one day ... meant the characters were wearing the same clothes . I suspect that Hughes writes his scripts with few , if any costume changes just so he can have that kind of freedom in the editing . " Hughes intended the movie to be more focused on the characters rather than the plot . " I know how the movie begins , I know how it ends " , said Hughes . " I don 't ever know the rest , but that doesn 't seem to matter . It 's not the events that are important , it 's the characters going through the event . Therefore , I make them as full and real as I can . This time around , I wanted to create a character who could handle everyone and everything . " = = = Casting = = = Hughes said that he had Broderick in mind when he wrote the screenplay , saying Broderick was the only actor he could think of who could pull the role off , calling him clever and charming . " Certain guys would have played Ferris and you would have thought , ' Where 's my wallet ? ' " Hughes said . " I had to have that look ; that charm had to come through . Jimmy Stewart could have played Ferris at 15 ... I needed Matthew . " Other actors who were considered for the role included Jim Carrey , John Cusack , Tom Cruise and Michael J. Fox . Sara surprised Hughes when she auditioned for the role of Sloane Peterson . " It was funny . He didn 't know how old I was and said he wanted an older girl to play the 17 @-@ year @-@ old . He said it would take someone older to give her the kind of dignity she needed . He almost fell out of his chair when I told him I was only 18 . " Molly Ringwald had also wanted to play Sloane , but according to Ringwald , " John wouldn 't let me do it : he said that the part wasn 't big enough for me . " Ruck had previously auditioned for the Bender role in The Breakfast Club which went to Judd Nelson , but Hughes remembered Ruck and cast him as the 17 @-@ year @-@ old Cameron Frye . According to Hughes , the character of Cameron was based , in large part , on a friend of his in high school . " He was sort of a lost person . His family neglected him , so he took that as license to really pamper himself . When he was legitimately sick , he actually felt good , because it was difficult and tiring to have to invent diseases but when he actually had something , he was relaxed . " Ruck said the role of Cameron had originally been offered to Emilio Estevez who turned it down . " Every time I see Emilio , I want to kiss him " , said Ruck . " Thank you ! " Ruck , then 29 , worried about the age difference . " I was worried that I 'd be 10 years out of step , and I wouldn 't know anything about what was cool , what was hip , all that junk . But when I was going to high school , I didn 't know any of that stuff then , either . So I just thought , well , hell — I 'll just be me . The character , he 's such a loner that he really wouldn 't give a damn about that stuff anyway . He 'd feel guilty that he didn 't know it , but that 's it . " Ruck wasn 't surprised to find himself cast young . " No , because , really , when I was 18 , I sort of looked 12 " , he said . " Maybe it 's a genetic imbalance . " Ruck and Broderick had previously acted together in the Broadway production of Biloxi Blues . Cameron 's Mr. Peterson voice was an in @-@ joke imitation of their former director Gene Saks . Ruck felt at ease working with Broderick , often crashing in his trailer . " We didn 't have to invent an instant friendship like you often have to do in a movie " , said Ruck . " We were friends . " Jones was cast as Rooney based on his role in Amadeus , where he played the emperor ; Hughes thought that character 's modern equivalent was Rooney . " My part was actually quite small in the script , but what seemed to be the important part to me was that I was the only one who wasn 't swept along by Ferris " , recalls Jones . " So I was the only one in opposition , which presented a lot of opportunities , some of which weren 't even in the script or were expanded on . John was receptive to anything I had to offer , and indeed got ideas along the way himself . So that was fun , working with him . " " Hughes told me at the time — and I thought he was just blowing his own horn — he said , ' You are going to be known for this for the rest of your life . ' And I thought , ' Sure ' ... but he was right . " Stein says he got the role of Bueller 's Economics teacher through six degrees of separation . " Richard Nixon introduced me to a man named Bill Safire , who 's a New York Times columnist . He introduced me to a guy who 's an executive at Warner Brothers . He introduced me to a guy who 's a casting director . He introduced me to John Hughes . John Hughes and I are among the only Republicans in the picture business , and John Hughes put me in the movie " , Stein said . Hughes said that Stein was an easy and early choice for the role of the teacher : " He wasn 't a professional actor . He had a flat voice , he looked like a teacher . " = = = Filming = = = " Chicago is what I am , " said Hughes . " A lot of Ferris is sort of my love letter to the city . And the more people who get upset with the fact that I film there , the more I 'll make sure that 's exactly where I film . It 's funny — nobody ever says anything to Woody Allen about always filming in New York . America has this great reverence for New York . I look at it as this decaying horror pit . So let the people in Chicago enjoy Ferris Bueller . " For the film , Hughes got the chance to take a more expansive look at the city he grew up in . " We took a helicopter up the Chicago River . This is the first chance I 'd really had to get outside while making a movie . Up to this point , the pictures had been pretty small . I really wanted to capture as much of Chicago as I could , not just the architecture and the landscape , but the spirit . " Shooting began in Chicago on Monday , September 9 , 1985 . In late October 1985 , the production moved to Los Angeles ; shooting ended on Friday , November 22 . The Von Steuben Day Parade scene was filmed on Saturday , September 28 . Scenes were filmed at several locations in downtown Chicago and Winnetka ( Ferris 's home , his mother 's real estate office , etc . ) . Many of the other scenes were filmed in Northbrook , Illinois , including at Glenbrook North High School , on School Drive , the long , curvy street on which Glenbrook North and neighboring Maple Middle School are situated . The exterior of Ferris 's house is located at 4160 Country Club Drive , Long Beach , California . The modernist house of Cameron Frye is located at 370 Beech Street , Highland Park , Illinois , known as Ben Rose House designed by architects A. James Speyer , who designed the main building in 1954 , and David Haid , who designed the pavilion in 1974 , and once owned by photographer Ben Rose . Ben Rose had a car collection in the pavilion , as Cameron 's father has the Ferrari 250 GT California in the same pavilion in the movie . According to Lake Forest College art professor Franz Shulze , during the filming of the scene where the Ferrari crashes out of the window , Haid explained to Hughes that he could prevent the car from damaging the rest of the pavilion . Haid fixed connections in the wall and the building remained intact . Haid said to Hughes afterward , " You owe me $ 25 @,@ 000 " , which Hughes paid . Other scenes were shot in Chicago , River Forest , Oak Park , Northbrook , Highland Park , Glencoe and Winnetka , Lake Forest and Long Beach , California . After Ben Rose 's death in 2009 the house came up for sale and was sold in 2014 . According to Hughes , the scene at the Art Institute of Chicago was " a self @-@ indulgent scene of mine — which was a place of refuge for me , I went there quite a bit , I loved it . I knew all the paintings , the building . This was a chance for me to go back into this building and show the paintings that were my favorite . " The museum had not been shot in , until the producers of the film approached them . " I remember Hughes saying , ' There are going to be more works of art in this movie than there have ever been before , ' " recalled Jennifer Grey . According to editor Paul Hirsch , in the original cut , the museum scene fared poorly at test screenings until he switched sequences around and Hughes changed the soundtrack . The piece of music I originally chose was a classical guitar solo played on acoustic guitar . It was nonmetrical with a lot of rubato . I cut the sequence to that music and it also became nonmetrical and irregular . I thought it was great and so did Hughes . He loved it so much that he showed it to the studio but they just went " Ehhh . " Then after many screenings where the audience said " The museum scene is the scene we like least " , he decided to replace the music . We had all loved it , but the audience hated it . I said , ' I think I know why they hate the museum scene . It 's in the wrong place . ' Originally , the parade sequence came before the museum sequence , but I realized that the parade was the highlight of the day , there was no way we could top it , so it had to be the last thing before the three kids go home . So that was agreed upon , we reshuffled the events of the day , and moved the museum sequence before the parade . Then we screened it and everybody loved the museum scene ! My feeling was that they loved it because it came in at the right point in the sequence of events . John felt they loved it because of the music . Basically , the bottom line is , it worked . The music used for the final version of the museum sequence is an instrumental cover version of The Smiths ' " Please , Please , Please , Let Me Get What I Want " , performed by The Dream Academy . A passionate Beatles fan , Hughes makes multiple references to them and John Lennon in the script . During filming , Hughes " listened to The White Album every single day for fifty @-@ six days " . Hughes also pays tribute to his childhood hero Gordie Howe with Cameron 's Detroit Red Wings jersey . " I sent them the jersey " , said Howe . " It was nice seeing the No. 9 on the big screen . " = = = = Car = = = = In the film , Ferris convinces Cameron to borrow his father 's rare 1961 Ferrari GT California . " The insert shots of the Ferrari were of the real 250 GT California " , Hughes explains in the DVD commentary . " The cars we used in the wide shots were obviously reproductions . There were only 100 of these cars , so it was way too expensive to destroy . We had a number of replicas made . They were pretty good , but for the tight shots I needed a real one , so we brought one in to the stage and shot the inserts with it . " Prior to filming , Hughes learned about Modena Design and Development who produced the Modena Spyder California , a replica of the Ferrari 250 GT . This prototype is now offered for US $ 79 @,@ 900 @.@ 00 on JamesEdition . Hughes saw a mention of the company in a car magazine and decided to research them . Neil Glassmoyer recalls the day Hughes contacted him to ask about seeing the Modena Spyder : The first time he called I hung up on him because I thought it was a friend of mine who was given to practical jokes . Then he called back and convinced me it really was him , so Mark and I took the car to his office . While we were waiting outside to meet Hughes this scruffy @-@ looking fellow came out of the building and began looking the car over ; we thought from his appearance he must have been a janitor or something . Then he looked up at a window and shouted , ' This is it ! ' and several heads poked out to have a look . That scruffy @-@ looking fellow was John Hughes , and the people in the window were his staff . Turned out it was between the Modena Spyder and a Porsche Turbo , and Hughes chose the Modena . Automobile restorationist Mark Goyette designed the kits for three reproductions used in the film and chronicled the whereabouts of the cars today : " Built by Goyette and leased to Paramount for the filming . It 's the one that jumps over the camera , and is used in almost every shot . At the end of filming , Paramount returned it to Goyette , with the exhaust crushed and cracks in the body . " There was quite a bit of superficial damage , but it held up amazingly well " , he said . He rebuilt it , and sold it to a young couple in California . The husband later ran it off the road , and Goyette rebuilt the front end for him . That owner sold it in the mid @-@ 90s , and it turned up again around 2000 , but hasn 't emerged since . " " Sold to Paramount as a kit for them to assemble as their stunt car , they did such a poor job that it was basically unusable , aside from going backwards out the window of Cameron 's house . Rebuilt , it ended up at Planet Hollywood in Minneapolis and was moved to Planet Hollywood in Cancun when this one was closed . " " Another kit , supposed to be built as a shell for the out the window scene , it was never completed at all , and disappeared after the film was completed . Goyette thinks he once heard it was eventually completed and sold off , but it could also still be in a back lot at Paramount . " One of the " replicars " was sold by Bonhams on April 19 , 2010 at the Royal Air Force Museum at Hendon , United Kingdom for £ 79 @,@ 600 . The " replicar " was " universally hated by the crew " , said Ruck . " It didn 't work right . " The scene in which Ferris turns off the car to leave it with the garage attendant had to be shot a dozen times because it would not start . The car was built with a real wheel base , but used a Ford V8 engine instead of a V12 . At the time of filming , the original 250 GT California model was worth $ 350 @,@ 000 . Since the release of the film , it has become one of the most expensive cars ever sold , going at auction in 2008 for $ 10 @,@ 976 @,@ 000 and more recently in 2015 for $ 16 @,@ 830 @,@ 000 . The vanity plate of Cameron 's dad 's Ferrari spells NRVOUS and the other plates seen in the film are homages to Hughes 's earlier works , VCTN ( National Lampoon 's Vacation ) , TBC ( The Breakfast Club ) , MMOM ( Mr. Mom ) , as well as 4FBDO ( Ferris Bueller 's Day Off ) . = = = = Economic lecture = = = = Ben Stein 's famous monotonous lecture about the Smoot @-@ Hawley Tariff Act was not originally in Hughes 's script . Stein , by happenstance , was lecturing off @-@ camera to the amusement of the student cast . " I was just going to do it off camera , but the student extras laughed so hard when they heard my voice that ( Hughes ) said do it on camera , improvise , something you know a lot about . When I gave the lecture about supply @-@ side economics , I thought they were applauding . Everybody on the set applauded . I thought they were applauding because they had learned something about supply @-@ side economics . But they were applauding because they thought I was boring ... It was the best day of my life " , Stein said . = = = = Parade scene = = = = The parade scene took multiple days of filming ; Broderick spent some time practicing the dance moves . " I was very scared " , Broderick said . " Fortunately , the sequence was carefully choreographed beforehand . We worked out all the moves by rehearsing in a little studio . It was shot on two Saturdays in the heart of downtown Chicago . The first day was during a real parade , and John got some very long shots . Then radio stations carried announcements inviting people to take part in ' a John Hughes movie ' . The word got around fast and 10 @,@ 000 people showed up ! For the final shot , I turned around and saw a river of people . I put my hands up at the end of the number and heard this huge roar . I can understand how rock stars feel . That kind of reaction feeds you . " Broderick 's moves were choreographed by Kenny Ortega ( later , of Dirty Dancing fame ) . Much of it had to be scrapped though as Broderick had injured his knee badly during the scenes of running through neighbors ' backyards . " I was pretty sore " , Broderick said . " I got well enough to do what you see in the parade there , but I couldn 't do most of Kenny Ortega 's knee spins and things like that that we had worked on . When we did shoot it , we had all this choreography and I remember John would yell with a megaphone , ' Okay , do it again , but don 't do any of the choreography , ' because he wanted it to be a total mess . " " Danke Schoen " was somewhat choreographed but for " Twist and Shout " , Broderick said , " we were just making everything up " . Hughes explained that much of the scene was spontaneously filmed . " It just happened that this was an actual parade , which we put our float into — unbeknownst to anybody , all the people on the reviewing stand . Nobody knew what it was , including the governor . " = = = = Wrigley Field = = = = Wrigley Field is featured in two interwoven and consecutive scenes . In the first scene , Rooney is looking for Ferris at a pizza joint while the voice of Harry Caray announces the action of a ballgame that is being shown on TV . From the play @-@ by @-@ play descriptions , the uniforms , and the player numbers , this game has been identified as the June 5 , 1985 , game between the Atlanta Braves and the Chicago Cubs . A foul ball is ripped into the left field stands , and as Rooney looks away from the TV briefly , there is a close up of Ferris a moment after catching it . The scene in the pizza joint continues as Rooney tries to banter about the game with the guy behind the counter . In the next scene , Sloane , Cameron , and Ferris are in the left field stands inside Wrigley . Ferris flexes his hand in pain after supposedly catching the foul ball . During this scene , the characters enjoy the game and joke about what they would be doing if they had played by the rules . All these " in the park " shots , including the one from the previous scene where Ferris catches the foul ball on TV , were filmed on September 24 , 1985 at a game between the Montreal Expos and the Cubs . During the 1985 season , the Braves and the Expos both wore powder blue uniforms during their road games . And so , with seamless editing by Hughes , it is difficult to distinguish that the game being seen and described in the pizza joint is not only a different game but also a different Cubs ' opponent than the one filmed inside the stadium . John Hughes had originally wanted to film the scene at the baseball game at Comiskey Park , as Hughes was a Chicago White Sox fan . However , due to time constraints , the location was moved to Wrigley Field at the last minute . On October 1 , 2011 , Wrigley Field celebrated the 25th anniversary of the film by showing it on three giant screens on the infield . = = = Deleted scenes = = = Several scenes were cut from the final film ; one lost scene entitled " The Isles of Langerhans " has the three teenagers trying to order in the French restaurant , shocked to discover pancreas on the menu ( although in the finished film , Ferris still says , " We ate pancreas " , while recapping the day ) . This is featured on the Bueller , Bueller Edition DVD . Other scenes were never made available on any DVD version . These scenes included additional screen time with Jeanie in a locker room , Ferris ' younger brother and sister ( both of whom were completely removed from the film ) , and additional / alternate lines of dialogue throughout the film , all of which can be seen in the original theatrical trailer . Hughes had also wanted to film a scene where Ferris , Sloane , and Cameron go to a strip club . Paramount executives told him there were only so many shooting days left , so the scene was scrapped . = = Music = = = = = Limited edition fan club soundtrack = = = No official soundtrack was ever released for the film , as director John Hughes felt the songs would not work well together as a continuous album . However , according to an interview with Lollipop Magazine , Hughes noted that he had sent 100 @,@ 000 7 " vinyl singles containing two songs featured in the film to members of his fan mailing list . Hughes gave further details about his refusal to release a soundtrack in the Lollipop interview : The only official soundtrack that Ferris Bueller 's Day Off ever had was for the mailing list . A & M was very angry with me over that ; they begged me to put one out , but I thought " who 'd want all of these songs ? " I mean , would kids want " Danke Schoen " and " Oh Yeah " on the same record ? They probably already had " Twist and Shout " , or their parents did , and to put all of those together with the more contemporary stuff , like the ( English ) Beat — I just didn 't think anybody would like it . But I did put together a seven @-@ inch of the two songs I owned the rights to — " Beat City " on one side , and ... I forget , one of the other English bands on the soundtrack ... and sent that to the mailing list . By ' 86 , ' 87 , it was costing us $ 30 a piece to mail out 100 @,@ 000 packages . But it was a labor of love . = = = Songs in the film = = = Songs featured in the film include : " Love Missile F1 @-@ 11 " ( Extended Version ) by Sigue Sigue Sputnik " Jeannie " ( Theme from I Dream of Jeannie ) " Beat City " by The Flowerpot Men " Main Title / Rebel Blockade Runner " by John Williams ( From Star Wars ) " Please , Please , Please , Let Me Get What I Want " ( instrumental ) by The Dream Academy ( a cover of a song by The Smiths ) " The Celebrated Minuet " by Luigi Boccherini ( Performed by the Zagreb Philharmonic Chamber Studio ) " Danke Schoen " by Wayne Newton " Twist and Shout " by The Beatles " Radio People " by Zapp " I 'm Afraid " by Blue Room " Taking the Day Off " by General Public " The Edge of Forever " by The Dream Academy " March of the Swivelheads " ( a remix of " Rotating Heads " ) by The ( English ) Beat " Oh Yeah " by Yello " BAD " by Big Audio Dynamite " Go Down Moses " credited to the Fisk Jubilee Singers in 1871 ( The dirge @-@ like song that Cameron sings to himself while lying in his sick bed ) " Danke Schoen " is one of the recurring motifs in the film and is sung by Ferris , Ed Rooney , and Jeanie . Hughes called it the " most awful song of my youth . Every time it came on , I just wanted to scream , claw my face . I was taking German in high school — which meant that we listened to it in school . I couldn 't get away from it . " According to Broderick , Ferris 's singing " Danke Schoen " in the shower was his idea . " Although it 's only because of the brilliance of John 's deciding that I should sing " Danke Schoen " on the float in the parade . I had never heard the song before . I was learning it for the parade scene . So we 're doing the shower scene and I thought , ' Well , I can do a little rehearsal . ' And I did something with my hair to make that Mohawk . And you know what good directors do : they say , ' Stop ! Wait till we roll . ' And John put that stuff in . " = = Reception = = = = = Critical = = = The film received widely positive reviews from critics . It has a " Certified Fresh " rating on Rotten Tomatoes , having an aggregated critical film review score of 80 % . The site 's consensus reads " Matthew Broderick charms in Ferris Bueller 's Day Off , a light and irrepressibly fun movie about being young and having fun " . Roger Ebert gave it three out of four stars , calling it " one of the most innocent movies in a long time " , and " a sweet , warm @-@ hearted comedy " . Richard Roeper called Ferris " one of my favorite movies of all time . It has one of the highest ' repeatability ' factors of any film I 've ever seen ... I can watch it again and again . There 's also this , and I say it in all sincerity : Ferris Bueller 's Day Off is something of a suicide prevention film , or at the very least a story about a young man trying to help his friend gain some measure of self @-@ worth ... Ferris has made it his mission to show Cameron that the whole world in front of him is passing him by , and that life can be pretty sweet if you wake up and embrace it . That 's the lasting message of Ferris Bueller 's Day Off . " Roeper 's license plate , " SVFRRIS " , also pays homage to the film . Conservative columnist George Will hailed Ferris as " the moviest movie " , a film " most true to the general spirit of the movies , the spirit of effortless escapism " . Essayist Steve Almond called Ferris " the most sophisticated teen movie ( he ) had ever seen " , adding that while Hughes had made a lot of good movies , Ferris was the " one film ( he ) would consider true art , ( the ) only one that reaches toward the ecstatic power of teendom and , at the same time , exposes the true , piercing woe of that age " . Almond also applauded Ruck 's performance , going so far as saying he deserved the Best Supporting Actor Academy Award of 1986 : " His performance is what elevates the film , allows it to assume the power of a modern parable . " The New York Times reviewer Nina Darnton critiqued Mia Sara 's portrayal of Sloane as " played without the specific detail that characterized the adolescent characters in Hughes 's other films , and has therefore created a basically stable but forgettable character " . Conversely , Darnton praised Ruck and Grey 's performances : " The two people who grow in the movie — Cameron , played with humor and sensitivity by Alan Ruck , and Ferris 's sister Jeanie , played with appropriate self @-@ pity by Jennifer Grey — are the most authentic . Grey manages to play an insufferably sulky teen @-@ ager who is still attractive and likable . " National Review writer Mark Hemingway lauded the film 's celebration of liberty . " If there 's a better celluloid expression of ordinary American freedom than Ferris Bueller 's Day Off , I have yet to see it . If you could take one day and do absolutely anything , piling into a convertible with your best girl and your best friend and taking in a baseball game , an art museum , and a fine meal seems about as good as it gets " , wrote Hemingway . Ben Stein was exceptionally moved by the film , calling it " the most life @-@ affirming movie possibly of the entire post @-@ war period " . " This is to comedies what Gone with the Wind is to epics " , Stein added . " It will never die , because it responds to and calls forth such human emotions . It isn 't dirty . There 's nothing mean @-@ spirited about it . There 's nothing sneering or sniggering about it . It 's just wholesome . We want to be free . We want to have a good time . We know we 're not going to be able to all our lives . We know we 're going to have to buckle down and work . We know we 're going to have to eventually become family men and women , and have responsibilities and pay our bills . But just give us a couple of good days that we can look back on . " Others were not as enamored with Ferris , many taking issue with the film 's " rebel without a cause " hedonism . David Denby of New York Magazine , called the film " a nauseating distillation of the slack , greedy side of Reaganism " . Author Christina Lee agreed , adding it was a " splendidly ridiculous exercise in unadulterated indulgence " , and the film " encapsulated the Reagan era 's near solipsist worldview and insatiable appetite for immediate gratification — of living in and for the moment ... " Gene Siskel panned the film from a Chicago @-@ centric perspective saying " Ferris Bueller doesn 't do anything much fun ... They don 't even sit in the bleachers where all the kids like to sit when they go to Cubs games . " ( Incidentally , Hughes revealed in the DVD commentary that he was not a Cubs fan . ) Siskel did enjoy the chemistry between Jennifer Grey and Charlie Sheen . Ebert thought Siskel was too eager to find flaws in the film 's view of Chicago . Broderick was nominated for a Golden Globe Award in 1986 for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy . American Film Institute recognition : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Laughs - Nominated AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes " Life moves pretty fast . If you don 't stop and look around once in a while , you could miss it . " - Nominated . = = = Box office = = = The film opened in 1 @,@ 330 theaters in the United States and had a total weekend gross of $ 6 @,@ 275 @,@ 647 , opening at # 2 . Ferris Bueller 's Day Off 's total gross in the United States was approximately $ 70 @,@ 136 @,@ 369 , making it a box office success . It subsequently became the 10th @-@ highest @-@ grossing film of 1986 . = = = Rankings = = = As an influential and popular film , Ferris Bueller 's Day Off has been included in many film rating lists . The film is number 54 on Bravo 's " 100 Funniest Movies " , came 26th in the British 50 Greatest Comedy Films and ranked number 10 on Entertainment Weekly 's list of the " 50 Best High School Movies " . The film was featured in the VH1 television show I Love the 80s , which aired in 2002 . In 2000 , readers of Total Film magazine voted Ferris Bueller 's Day Off the 23rd @-@ greatest comedy film of all time , and in 2005 an Empire magazine article declared Ferris Bueller 's Day Off the number @-@ one teen film of all time . = = = Cultural impact = = = First Lady Barbara Bush paraphrased the film in her 1990 commencement address at Wellesley College : " Find the joy in life , because as Ferris Bueller said on his day off , ' Life moves pretty fast ; if you don 't stop and look around once in a while , you could miss it ! ' " Responding to the audience 's enthusiastic applause , she added " I 'm not going to tell George ya clapped more for Ferris than ya clapped for George . " Other phrases from Ferris Bueller 's Day Off such as Stein 's nasally @-@ voiced " Bueller ? ... Bueller ? ... Bueller ? " ( while taking roll call in class ) , and " Anyone ? Anyone ? " ( trying to probe the students for answers ) as well as Kristy Swanson 's cheerful " No problem whatsoever ! " also permeated popular culture . Stein 's monotone performance actually launched his acting career . Broderick said of the Ferris Bueller role , " It eclipsed everything , I should admit , and to some degree it still does . " Later at the 2010 Oscar tribute to Hughes , he said , " For the past 25 years , nearly every day someone comes up to me , taps me on the shoulder and says , ' Hey , Ferris , is this your day off ? ' " Ruck says that with Cameron Frye , Hughes gave him " the best part I ever had in a movie , and any success that I 've had since 1985 is because he took a big chance on me . I 'll be forever grateful . " " While we were making the movie , I just knew I had a really good part " , Ruck says . " My realization of John 's impact on the teen @-@ comedy genre crept in sometime later . Teen comedies tend to dwell on the ridiculous , as a rule . It 's always the preoccupation with sex and the self @-@ involvement , and we kind of hold the kids up for ridicule in a way . Hughes added this element of dignity . He was an advocate for teenagers as complete human beings , and he honored their hopes and their dreams . That 's what you see in his movies . " Lyman Ward and Cindy Pickett , who play the parents , met on the set in 1986 and were married a short time after that . The two again played parents in the 1992 horror film Sleepwalkers . Broderick starred in a television advertisement prepared by Honda promoting its CR @-@ V for the 2012 Super Bowl XLVI . The ad pays homage to Ferris Bueller , featuring Broderick ( as himself ) faking illness to skip out of work to enjoy sightseeing around Los Angeles . Several elements , such as the use of the song " Oh Yeah " , and a valet monotonously calling for " Broderick ... Broderick ... " , appear in the ad . A teaser for the ad had appeared two weeks prior to the Super Bowl , which had created rumors of a possible film sequel . It was produced by Santa Monica @-@ based RPA and directed by Todd Phillips . AdWeek 's Tim Nudd called the ad " a great homage to the original 1986 film , with Broderick this time calling in sick to a film shoot and enjoying another day of slacking . " On the other hand , Jalopnik 's Matt Hardigree called the spot " sacrilegious " . The 2016 movie Deadpool 's post @-@ credit scene is an homage to Ferris Bueller 's post @-@ credit scene . Deadpool is dressed in a robe and talks directly to the audience in a hallway that looks similar to the one in the movie . Similar to Ferris , Deadpool says " You 're still here ? It 's over . Go home . " At the end of the scene , Deadpool leans back into the frame from behind a doorway , and makes the " Chicka @-@ chickahhhh " sound from Ferris Bueller . An episode titled ' Brian Finch ’ s Black Op ' of the 2016 TV series Limitless paid homage to the movie . = = = = Music = = = = The film 's influence in popular culture extends beyond the film itself to how musical elements of the film have been received as well , for example , Yello 's song " Oh Yeah " . As Jonathan Bernstein explains , " Never a hit , this slice of Swiss @-@ made tomfoolery with its varispeed vocal effects and driving percussion was first used by John Hughes to illustrate the mouthwatering must @-@ haveness of Cameron 's dad 's Ferrari . Since then , it has become synonymous with avarice . Every time a movie , TV show or commercial wants to underline the jaw @-@ dropping impact of a hot babe or sleek auto , that synth @-@ drum starts popping and that deep voice rumbles , ' Oh yeah . . . ' " Concerning the influence of another song used in the film , Roz Kaveney writes that some " of the finest moments in later teen film draw on Ferris 's blithe Dionysian fervour — the elaborate courtship by song in 10 Things I Hate About You ( 1999 ) draws usefully on the ' Twist and Shout ' sequence in Ferris Bueller 's Day Off " . The bands Save Ferris and Rooney were named in allusion to Ferris Bueller 's Day Off . " Twist and Shout " charted again , 16 years after the Beatles broke up , as a result of its prominent appearance in both this film and Back To School ( where Rodney Dangerfield performs a cover version ) which was released the same weekend as Ferris Bueller 's Day Off . The re @-@ released single reached # 23 in the U.S ; a US @-@ only compilation album containing the track The Early Beatles , re @-@ entered the album charts at # 197 . The version heard in the film includes brass overdubbed onto the Beatles ' original recording , which did not go down well with Paul McCartney . " I liked ( the ) film but they overdubbed some lousy brass on the stuff ! If it had needed brass , we 'd had stuck it on ourselves ! " Upon hearing McCartney 's reaction , Hughes felt bad for " offend ( ing ) a Beatle . But it wasn 't really part of the song . We saw a band and we needed to hear the instruments . " = = = = Sequel = = = = Broderick and Hughes stayed in touch for a while after production . " We thought about a sequel to Ferris Bueller , where he 'd be in college or at his first job , and the same kind of things would happen again . But neither of us found a very exciting hook to that . The movie is about a singular time in your life . " " Ferris Bueller is about the week before you leave school , it 's about the end of school — in some way , it doesn 't have a sequel . It 's a little moment and it 's a lightning flash in your life . I mean , you could try to repeat it in college or something but it 's a time that you don 't keep . So that 's partly why I think we couldn 't think of another " , Broderick added . " But just for fun " , said Ruck , " I used to think why don 't they wait until Matthew and I are in our seventies and do Ferris Bueller Returns and have Cameron be in a nursing home . He doesn 't really need to be there , but he just decided his life is over , so he committed himself to a nursing home . And Ferris comes and breaks him out . And they go to , like , a titty bar and all this ridiculous stuff happens . And then , at the end of the movie , Cameron dies . " = = Academic analysis = = Many scholars have discussed at length the film 's depiction of academia and youth culture . For Martin Morse Wooster , the film " portrayed teachers as humorless buffoons whose only function was to prevent teenagers from having a good time " . Regarding not specifically teachers , but rather a type of adult characterization in general , Art Silverblatt asserts that the " adults in Ferris Bueller 's Day Off are irrelevant and impotent . Ferris 's nemesis , the school disciplinarian , Mr. Rooney , is obsessed with ' getting Bueller . ' His obsession emerges from envy . Strangely , Ferris serves as Rooney 's role model , as he clearly possesses the imagination and power that Rooney lacks . ... By capturing and disempowering Ferris , Rooney hopes to ... reduce Ferris 's influence over other students , which would reestablish adults , that is , Rooney , as traditional authority figures . " Nevertheless , Silverblatt concludes that " Rooney is essentially a comedic figure , whose bumbling attempts to discipline Ferris are a primary source of humor in the film " . Thomas Patrick Doherty writes that " the adult villains in teenpics such as ... Ferris Bueller 's Day Off ( 1986 ) are overdrawn caricatures , no real threat ; they 're played for laughs " . Yet Silverblatt also remarks that casting " the principal as a comic figure questions the competence of adults to provide young people with effective direction — indeed , the value of adulthood itself " . Of course , adults are not the stars or main characters of the film , and Roz Kaveney notes that what " Ferris Bueller brings to the teen genre , ultimately , is a sense of how it is possible to be cool and popular without being rich or a sports hero . Unlike the heroes of Weird Science , Ferris is computer savvy without being a nerd or a geek — it is a skill he has taken the trouble to learn . " = = Home media = = The film was first released on VHS and Laserdisc in 1987 , and then re @-@ released on VHS in 1996 . The film has been released on DVD three times ; including the original DVD release in 1999 , the " Bueller ... Bueller " edition in 2006 , and the " I Love the ' 80s " edition in 2008 . The original DVD , like most Paramount Pictures films released on DVD for the first time , has very few bonus features , but it does feature a commentary by Hughes . Though this is no longer available for sale , the director 's commentary is available here . The " Bueller ... Bueller " re @-@ release has several more bonus features , but does not contain the commentary track of the original DVD release . The " I Love the ' 80s " edition is identical to the first DVD release ( no features aside from commentary ) , but includes a bonus CD with songs from the 1980s . The songs are not featured in the film . The " Bueller ... Bueller " edition has multiple bonus features such as interviews with the cast and crew , along with a clip of Stein 's commentaries on the film 's philosophy and impact . The Blu @-@ ray Disc release ( which is a part of the " Bueller ... Bueller " edition , with the same bonus material ) was first released on May 5 , 2009 . A 25th anniversary edition for DVD and Blu @-@ ray were both released on August 2 , 2011 . = = Television series = = In 1990 , a series called Ferris Bueller started for NBC , starring Charlie Schlatter as Ferris Bueller , Jennifer Aniston as Jeanie Bueller , and Ami Dolenz as Sloane Peterson . The series served as a prequel to the film . In the pilot episode , the audience sees Schlatter cutting up a cardboard cutout of Matthew Broderick , saying that he hated Broderick 's performance as him . It was produced by Maysh , Ltd . Productions in association with Paramount Television . In part because of competition of the similar series on the Fox Television Network , Parker Lewis Can 't Lose , the series was canceled after the first thirteen episodes aired . Both Schlatter and Aniston later had success on other TV shows , Schlatter on Diagnosis : Murder and Aniston on Friends .
= Mezhyhirya Monastery = The Mezhyhirya Savior @-@ Transfiguration Monastery ( Ukrainian : Межигірський Спасо @-@ Преображенський монастир , Mezhyhirskyi Spaso @-@ Preobrazhenskyi Monastyr ) was an Eastern Orthodox female monastery that was located in the neighborhood of Mezhyhiria . The monastery served as a historic Princely residency of Rurik dynasty during the Medieval times located just 10 kilometres ( 6 @.@ 2 mi ) to the north of Vyshhorod . Today , the territory is part of the Vyshhorod Raion , Kiev Oblast ( province ) in northern Ukraine . The location is situated in the Mezhyhirya ravine , on the right bank of the Dnieper River in close proximity to the Kiev water reservoir . Founded in 988 AD , the Mezhyhirya Monastery was one of the first monasteries established in the East Slavic state of Kievan Rus ' . Throughout its existence , it was destroyed , and then restored numerous times , yet it was not spared destruction by Soviet authorities in 1935 . At the time of its height , the Mezhyhirya Monastery was considered a spiritual center of Rus royal Rurikid house and later Cossacks . Currently , the area of the former monastery is located on a fenced @-@ in woodland territory next to Novi Petrivtsi village and is directly connected with a private residence for Ukrainian government officials . As an important monastery of the Zaporozhian Host , the Mezhyhirya Monastery left a rich legacy behind it . The monastery was mentioned in one of Taras Shevchenko 's poems , " Chernets , " written in 1847 , and was the subject of a drawing by him . Nikolai Gogol 's novel , " Taras Bulba , " published in 1835 , also mentions the monastery . = = History = = = = = Foundation and early history = = = The monastery is mentioned for the first time in the early 14th century , although Yevgeniy Bolkhovitinov claimed that it had been founded by the first Metropolitan of Kiev , Michael , along with Greek monks arriving from Byzantium in 988 AD . The claim is likely spurious , since Mezhyhirya is not listed by modern authors among the monasteries of Kievan Rus . In 1154 , the Prince of Vladimir @-@ Suzdal Yuri Dolgoruki divided the territory surrounding the monastery 's grounds amongst his sons . His son Andrei I Bogolyubsky received the lands nearest to the monastery , now the city of Vyshhorod . Not too long afterwards , he is alleged to have moved the monastery to its current location in the hills of the Dnieper , giving the monastery its name , " Mezhyhirya . " Bogolyubsky despised the city of Kiev , therefore moving to Suzdal , in modern @-@ day Russia . On his trip , he took with him the " Theotokos of Vladimir " icon , a gift from Constantinople Patriarch Luke Chrysoberges to Dolgoruki . The icon is one of the most venerated Orthodox icons , now located in the Tretyakov Gallery in Moscow . With the Mongol invasion of Rus ' by Batu Khan in 1237 @-@ 40 , the monastery is supposed to have been completely destroyed . These legends were written down much later . The monastery is known to have existed in the 14th century , though . In 1482 , it was attacked by the Crimean Tatars under Meñli I Giray . Reconstruction on the monastery began only 40 years later . In 1523 , the monastery was transferred to the King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania Sigismund I. In addition , the monastery was given a full reign over its territory . In 1555 , the complex consisted of four churches , including and one cave church . = = = Cossack monastery = = = During the 16th century , the monastery frequently lost and regained its ownership rights . On the funds of the monastery 's new hegumen Afanasiy ( a protégé of prince Konstanty Wasyl Ostrogski ) , the monastery 's old buildings were demolished , and new ones were built in their place . In 1604 , the Gate Church of Ss . Peter and Paul was constructed , in 1609 - the Mykilska Refectory , and the Transfiguration Cathedral in 1609 @-@ 1611 . Under his rule , the monastery was considered as the second lavra ( cave monastery ) in Ukraine . After its reconstruction , the Mezhyhirya Monastery became a regional center of the Zaporozhian Host , serving the host as a military monastery . In 1610 , the monastery received the status of a stauropegic monastery ( orthodox church autonomy ) , under the Patriarch of Constantinople . The universal ( act ) of Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky issued on May 21 , 1656 transferred the neighboring settlements of Vyshhorod , Novi Petrivtsi , and Moshchany under control of the Mezhyhirya Monastery . In effect , the universal made Khmelnytsky the monastery 's ktitor . After the destruction of the Trakhtemyrivskyi Monastery by a Polish szlachta army , the Mezhyhirya Monastery replaced it as the main cossack military monastery . As a military monastery , retired and elderly cossacks from the Zaporozhian Host would now come to the monastery to retire and live in until the end of their lives . At that time , the monastery 's expenses were paid off with the help of the cossack 's Sich Host . In 1676 , the area was burned down after a fire started in the wooden Transfiguration Cathedral . With the help of Ivan Savelov , a monk who lived in the monastery and later became a Patriarch of Moscow , the complex was reconstructed . Two years later , with the help of the cossack community , the Annunciation Church was constructed near the monastery 's hospital . In 1683 , the Sich Rada voted that the ministers in the Sich 's Pokrovskyi Cathedral ( the main cathedral of the sich ) should be only from the Mezhyhirya Monastery . In 1691 , monasteries located near the Sich were placed under the Mezhyhirya Monastery 's authority . Under hegumen Feodosiy at the end of the 17th century , considered as a period of prosperity , the Mezhyhirya Monastery became one of the largest monastery 's in Ukraine . At the request of Peter I of Russia , the stauropegic status of the monastery was revoked ; it was later reinstated in 1710 . In 1717 , a large fire destroyed a large portion of the monastery 's buildings . The monastery 's " military " status was reconfirmed by cossacks in 1735 . In 1774 , with the funds of the last Koshovyi Otaman Petro Kalnyshevsky , the Ss . Peter and Paul Church was reconstructed . Ukrainian architect Ivan Hryhorovych @-@ Barskyi designed some of the buildings , including the monk 's residence . = = = Decline and Soviet demolition = = = A period of decline began with the abolition of the Zaporozhian Host by Catherine II of Russia . In 1786 the Russian Imperial government closed the monastery and confiscated its valuable treasures . The remaining Zaporozhian Cossacks soon afterwards left Zaporizhia , and moved to the Kuban region . There they founded the Kuban Cossack Host , which still exists to this day . The cossacks were able to leave with some of the monastery 's manuscripts , some of which are now kept in the Krasnodar Krai Archive . In 1787 , Catherine II of Russia came to Kiev ( Kyiv ) for a visit and wished to see the Mezhyhirya Monastery . She never got to see it , because the monastery mysteriously burned down the night before her arrival . In 1796 , a German engineer found that the area had suitable clay for the making of faience , and two years later , founded the Mezhyhirya Faience Factory , the first one in Ukraine , at the site of the unused monastery . By 1852 , the faience factory had become the largest industrial complex in Kiev . During its existence , the factory produced a variety of crockery and ornamental vases and figurines . In 1884 , the faience factory was closed down after it failed to bring any profit . In 1894 , the Mezhyhirya Monastery was rebuilt and transformed into a women 's monastery . After its reconstruction , the monastery was transferred to the authority of the Intercession of the Saints Monastery in Kiev . After the Russian Revolution , the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic 's capital moved from Kharkiv to Kiev in 1934 , and the city was in need of a suburban residence for government officials . Mezhyhirya was chosen as the site of the new government residence . The decision of the Politburo in April 1935 ordered the demolition of the whole complex . Before the scheduled demolition in 1936 , the architecture and buildings of the monastic complex were photographed . During the demolition , an underground library was discovered , full of handwritten manuscripts . There are speculations that the discovered books belonged to the lost library of Yaroslav the Wise , or perhaps of a later period , during the times of the Zaporozhian Host . The only thing that remains now of the monastic complex is a water well . During Soviet times , the area served as a residence for Leonid Brezhnev and Volodymyr Shcherbytsky , who worked in the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic 's government at the time . During this period , its location was concealed from the public . = = Ownership controversy = = In 2008 the Mezhyhirya residence was amid an ownership controversy between the former Ukrainian Prime Minister Viktor Yanukovych and the new Ukrainian government , led by Prime Minister Yulia Tymoshenko . The transfer of the 1 @.@ 4 km ² Mezhyhirya official residence in Novi Petrivtsi , Vyshhorod Raion ( district ) to the " Nadra Ukraine " firm on July 11 , 2007 by Viktor Yanukovych pulled the territory from under government ownership . = = = Private residence of Viktor Yanukovych = = = On July 9 , 2007 , President Viktor Yushchenko signed a secret presidential decree # 148 , according to the local business newspaper Delo which referred to the information of the State Directorate of Affairs . The document states : " The government dacha on the territory of the recreational complex " Pushcha @-@ Vodytsia " is presented for a use to the head of Kabmin , Viktor Yanukovych . " Later the document has never appeared on the website of the head of state nor in any other open source of information . A single official confirmation of it was given to the newspaper by the State Directorate of Affairs . The directorate explained that the recreational complex " Pushcha @-@ Vodytsia " includes the recreational resort " Pushcha @-@ Vodytsia " and the Mezhyhirya residency . The residency that is located in the village of Novi Petrivtsi was occupied by Yanukovych in the last several years . The newspaper notes that at the same time , July 9 , at the website of the President appeared another document - an order in which he obliged the prime @-@ minister to execute the decision of the RNBO and secure the financing of early elections . The newspaper speculated that it was a trade exchange of power for the state dacha . In the late February 2008 Yanukovych confirmed that he indeed possesses a dacha in the Mezhyhirya residency awarded by a presidential decree . According to the data of the State Directorate of Affairs , the territory of residency occupies 136 @.@ 8 hectares ( 338 acres ) . It is enclosed in perimeter by a five @-@ meter [ tall ] iron fence and inside it is secured by operatives of " Titan " . Yanukovych claimed that he only uses one of the houses which has an area of 250 square metres ( 2 @,@ 700 sq ft ) and after which is secured 1 @.@ 5 hectares ( 3 @.@ 7 acres ) of land . Yanukovych also stated that with help of the State Directorate of Affairs he was able to conduct a substantial renovations of the property and confirms that in 2007 some area was bought by some private entity after which he had to pay monthly 11 @,@ 000 hryvnias for rent . In interview to BBC he acknowledged that lives at the Mezhyhirya 's cottage sometime since 1999 or 2000 . = = = Further developments = = = On July 11 , 2007 , Yanukovych issued a government order # 521 , according to which the National Joint @-@ Stock Company " Nadra Ukrainy " received the state residency and a territory of 137 ha in Mezhyhirya . Soon " Nadra Ukrainy " concluded a barter with another company " Medinvesttreid " ( Medinvesttrade ) after which the above @-@ mentioned government assigned residence was exchanged for two properties at Parkova alleya ( Park alley ) in Kiev . " Medinvesttreid " , in its turn , sold the newly acquired property of " Nadra Ukrainy " to some other company " Tantalit " . Since May 2008 the Ministry of the Interior was conducting a search for the director of " Medinvesttreid " , Hennadiy Herasymenko , who in their opinion was involved in a scheme to get the former state residence out of state property . On February 12 , 2008 Yushchenko signed a decree for relieving a state property security personnel from duties at the State cottages area in Mezhyhirya . His decree canceled the previous presidential decree of January 12 , 2006 where the security personnel was assigned to properties at Zalissya , instead of Zalissya and Mezhyhirya . Subsequently , Prime Minister Viktor Yanukovych privatized the complex , already residing there while prime minister . At the time , the property 's price was estimated at around 1 billion hryvnias ( $ 200 million ) . After Yulia Tymoshenko 's election , her cabinet annulled the decree which transferred the property to the " Nadra Ukraine " firm , and again placed the territory under government control . However , on July 28 , 2008 , the Economic Court of Kiev City annulled the Cabinet 's decision and returned the Mezhyhirya residence back under Yanukovych 's ownership .
= Cowboy Bebop : The Movie = Cowboy Bebop : The Movie , known in Japan as Cowboy Bebop : Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door ( Japanese : カウボーイビバップ天国の扉 , Hepburn : Kaubōi Bibappu : Tengoku no Tobira , lit . Cowboy Bebop : Heaven 's Door ) , is a 2001 Japanese animated space Western action film based on the 1998 anime series Cowboy Bebop created by Hajime Yatate . Multiple staff from the original series worked on the film , including director Shinichirō Watanabe , writer Keiko Nobumoto , character designer Toshihiro Kawamoto , and animation director Hiroshi Osaka , and composer Yoko Kanno . The original English and Japanese voice cast also reprised their roles . Cowboy Bebop : The Movie is set between episodes 22 and 23 of the original series . The plot centers on a mysterious terrorist planning to destroy the human population on Mars using an unknown pathogen . The bounty hunter crew of the spaceship Bebop work to find the terrorist and discover the source of the pathogen before the attack can take place . The film was conceived by Watanabe as an extension of his work on the television series , which he treated as a series of miniature films . So as not to alienate fans of the series , a large amount of aesthetic material was incorporated , while also adjusting it to make it accessible to newcomers . Increased budget and production facilities enabled the use of filming styles associated with live @-@ action films and a higher animation quality than the series . Arabic thematic elements were incorporated to contrast against the series , which entailed Watanabe traveling to Morocco for research . The Arabic atmosphere was also used in Kanno 's music . The film was produced by studios Sunrise , which had previously developed the original series , Bones , a later studio founded by former Sunrise staff , and Bandai Visual . Cowboy Bebop : The Movie was released to theaters in Japan on September 1 , 2001 and in the United States on August 11 , 2002 . It went on to gross over $ 3 million worldwide , and when released on DVD , it ranked high on Japanese and US charts . The film received generally positive reviews from mainstream and anime critics and was nominated for the Online Film Critics Society Award for Best Animated Film . = = Plot = = Cowboy Bebop : The Movie is set on Mars in 2071 , 49 years after Earth was mostly abandoned after a catastrophe . Humanity has settled on other planets and moons in the solar system . The film 's protagonists are legalized bounty hunters who travel together on the spaceship Bebop . They are Spike Spiegel , a former associate of the Red Dragon crime syndicate ; Jet Black , a former police officer and owner of the Bebop ; Faye Valentine , a woman who was once a fugitive from bounty hunters ; Edward Wong Hau Pepelu Tivrusky IV ( Ed for short ) , a girl with genius computer skills ; and Ein , an artificially enhanced " data dog " with human @-@ level intelligence . Days before Halloween , a man explodes a truck in Mars ' capital city , spreading what is assumed to be a new pathogen that kills or sickens over three hundred people . In response , the Mars government issues a record bounty of 300 million woolong for the culprit 's capture . Faye , who was pursuing Lee Sampson , a hacker that was apparently driving the truck , sees the terrorist and the Bebop crew decide to take on the bounty . Each follows different lines of inquiry . Ed , using a tattoo on the attacker 's wrist , manages to identify him as Vincent Volaju , a former member of a military squad apparently killed in the Titan War . In reality , Vincent was the only survivor of a test involving the pathogen , having been immunized with a test vaccine : made an amnesic , he suffers from hallucinations , and his inability to tell dreams from reality eventually drove him insane . Jet learns that the truck was the property of Cherious Medical Pharmaceutical Company , who illegally manufactured the pathogen as a biological weapon . Looking for information on the pathogen , Spike is given a sample by a man named Rashid , who was the former lead on its development . Spike also encounters Elektra Ovirowa , an agent of Cherious Medical . Upon examination , the " pathogen " proves to be a type of protein @-@ based nanomachine that mimic human lymphocytes then break down into protein after death , making them undetectable . Attempting to infiltrate Cherious Medical , Spike fights with Elektra , planting a listening device on her . Elektra , who is sent by Cherious Medical to kill Vincent , is tailed by Spike , who attempts to take down Vincent on a train . Vincent easily defeats Spike , severely wounding him and throwing him from the train before releasing another cloud of the nanomachines : everyone in the train dies except Elektra , who had been in a relationship with Vincent prior to the test on Titan and was accidentally immunized . She secretly gives a friend in the company a sample of her blood to prepare a stock of vaccine . During this time , Faye relocates Sampson , who has been working with Vincent , but fails to catch him . Ein and Ed manage to find him again , but the two run off before Faye can get there . She arrives just as Vincent breaks one of the nanomachine containers with him , killing Sampson . Although Faye is also infected , Vincent gives her some of his blood through a kiss , immunizing her . After Spike recovers and has a final talk with Rashid , he and Elektra are captured by Cherious Medical , who want to suppress all knowledge of the nanomachines ' existence . The two escape from Cherious Medical , grabbing the newly produced vaccine on the way . In turn , Faye escapes after Vincent goes to trigger an attack on the city that will eventually kill everyone on Mars . After the group reunites , it is determined that Vincent will spread the nanomachines by exploding the giant jack @-@ o ' -lantern balloons used in the Halloween parade : Jet has a troop of old aircraft spread the antibodies over the city while Faye heads for the weather control center and causes it to rain on the city , aiding the spread of the vaccine . Spike and Elektra separately head to confront Vincent . Spike arrives first and the two battle to a standstill , then the nanomachines are released and Spike is temporarily weakened by them . As Vincent prepares to kill him , Elektra arrives and shoots Vincent . Having wanted to die since Titan , Vincent does not defend himself and thanks Elektra for their time together before dying . = = Voice cast = = = = Development = = The idea for a film was in the mind of director Shinichirō Watanabe during the development of the original Cowboy Bebop series , which he had originally envisioned as a film . Watanabe treated each episode of the series as a miniature film , so to progress onto a feature @-@ length film seemed natural to him . So as not to disappoint fans , the film incorporated as much of the series as possible while making it accessible to newcomers . He had thought up some of the story and the character of Vincent during the production of the series . After the series ended and there was worldwide demand for a continuation , the decision was made by the series creators to make a film . Watanabe was aiming towards a live @-@ action look for the film despite its medium , using camera tricks , visual effects and character expression impossible in the series while keeping " the Bebop flavor " . According to Kōichi Yamadera , the Japanese voice actor for Spike , the only real changes made by the team in the portrayal were to show off the characters , including Spike , in different ways : Spike , in particular , displayed more of his inner thoughts and showed a gentler side than he did in the series , as there was more time available to express such details . Watanabe personally chose the voice actors for Elektra and Vincent . Vincent was partially intended as a type of villain that could not be done in the series , even though Watanabe felt he was not " particularly unique " . Because of increased running time , budget and facilities , the team were able to include more cels in animations , as well as longer and more intricate action sequences . The film included difficult sequences that Watanabe could not do along with the rest of the film , so two guest directors were brought in for them : Hiroyuki Okiura , who handled the opening sequence , and Tensai Okamura , who created a cinematic Western shown at a drive @-@ in theater during the film . Watanabe wanted to give the film an Arabic feel , in contrast to the series which often used New York and Hong Kong for inspiration . To this end , Watanabe went on a research trip to Morocco . The character Rashid was based on the guide who had shown the research team round the city . Working on the film was different for Watanabe when compared to the series in a positive way : while he had to put the entire story in a twenty @-@ minute episode for the series , the team were able to create a longer , more detailed narrative . Cowboy Bepop : The Movie was first announced in September 1999 : the majority of the series ' staff were carried over along with Watanabe , including producer Masahiko Minami , animation director Hiroshi Osaka , character designer Toshihiro Kawamoto , and writer Keiko Nobumoto . The original Japanese cast also returned . The writing process was finished and production began in July 2000 . It was produced by the studios Sunrise , Bones and Bandai Visual . While Sunrise worked on the original series , Bones was founded in 1998 after the series ' completion by Minami , Kawamoto and Osaka . The length of the film 's production allowed the team to ensure its high quality . = = = Music = = = The music for Cowboy Bebop : The Movie was composed by Yoko Kanno , composer for the original series , and performed by her band Seatbelts . She used the same mixture of music genres ( western , opera , jazz ) as with the TV series , but also added Arabic elements in keeping with the film 's thematic feel . She used Arabic and English for the music lyrics . Alongside these , the soundtrack made use of a large amount of rock instruments . Five tracks from the film were released on the Seatbelts mini @-@ album Ask DNA , released on July 25 , 2001 . The soundtrack 's official release , Cowboy Bebop : Knockin ' On Heaven 's Door OST Future Blues , was released on August 22 , 2001 . Both these albums were reissued in December 2012 . = = Release = = Cowboy Bebop : The Movie was first released in cinemas in Japan on September 1 , 2001 . After the film 's international release , this date was subject to debate in the western fanbase due to its proximity to the September 11 attacks . It was first shown to the west at the 2002 AnimeCon , where it was announced that the original English cast would reprise their roles . Its Japanese subtitle , " Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door " , was changed for the western release due to sharing its name with the 1973 Bob Dylan song of the same name . Instead of creating a new subtitle , the team settled with using " The Movie " . During its initial screening at the event , it sold out completely , prompting a second screening later in the event . The film received a limited theatrical release in the United States , opening on April 4 , 2003 . During its opening weekend , it reached 19th place in the box office chart , bringing in $ 12 @,@ 338 per screening . The film 's total gross in America was $ 1 @,@ 000 @,@ 045 . Its worldwide gross totals $ 3 @,@ 007 @,@ 903 . = = = Critical response = = = Reception of the film has been positive , earning a 64 % critic score and 90 % audience score on Rotten Tomatoes . Fellow aggregate site Metacritic gave the film a score of 61 / 100 based on 23 critic reviews indicating " generally positive reviews " . The film was nominated at the Online Film Critics Society Awards 2003 in the Best Animated Film category , though it lost the award to Finding Nemo . Helen McCarthy in 500 Essential Anime Movies praised the music of the movie , calling it " the show 's secret weapon " , and stated that " the movie 's only real fault is that it 's about half an hour too long " . After being polled in 2013 for WatchMojo.com 's " Top 10 Anime Movies " list , the film reached sixth place . Critic reviews have generally been positive . Andy Patrizio of IGN gave the film a score of 9 of 10 , saying that the developers " did a superb job of fleshing out the story " , as well as praising it for " not succumbing to melodrama like many of its live @-@ action counterparts . " He also commented that the film 's subject matter of terrorism in the face of the September 11 attacks " smacked way too close to home . " The music also received praise . Mike Crandol of Anime News Network echoed many of these sentiments . His main criticism stemmed from the fact that Jet , Faye and Ed were relegated to supporting roles , and that it was difficult getting them all into the story . He also said that the team had outdone themselves with the animation quality in a few scenes , such as the final fight between Spike and Vincent . Robert Koehler of Variety , reviewing an undubbed subtitled release , praised the visuals and writing , although he found some sections a little long . Lawrence van Gelder of New York Times was a little more mixed , enjoying the experience , but finding it a little frivolous when compared to both its subject matter and events at the time . His ultimate impression from the English @-@ dubbed version was that the film could easily have been set in present @-@ day New York . Chris Beveridge of Mania.com said that the film " [ played ] out like a much expanded episode but without feeling like its being padded to do so . " , generally praising the plot along with Vincent 's characterization and Spike 's expanded portrayal . Jamie Russell , writing for the BBC , gave it 4 out of 5 stars , saying it was " good enough to deserve mention in the same breath as Akira , Ghost in the Shell , and Spirited Away . " The most praise went to the use of live @-@ action camera angles . Though he found the film 's story sometimes slowed noticeably , the soundtrack and visual references to other notable action films made it " an example of anime at its very best . " Other newspapers of the time , including the Los Angeles Times , Toronto Star , Chicago Tribune and web magazine Salon generally shared opinions with other reviewers : several praised the plot and animation , while others were mixed . Others , including the Toronto Star and Newark Star @-@ Ledger , noted its connection to science fiction films . = = = Home media = = = The film was released on DVD in Japan on February 7 , 2002 , immediately reaching the top of the DVD / VHS charts . Sunrise and Bandai Visual underestimated the possible sales , with the first print being used up soon after release , prompting a second print for mid @-@ February . The DVD distribution rights in the west were acquired by Columbia TriStar Home Entertainment . In 2006 , it was ranked as the sixth best @-@ selling anime DVD in the United States . It did not receive a theatrical release in the United Kingdom , instead being released as a direct @-@ to @-@ DVD feature . It was released in the UK on June 27 , 2003 . The film was later released on Blu @-@ ray disc in Japan on July 25 , 2008 . It was released in North America on June 28 , 2011 . Beveridge generally praised the DVD 's quality and extras were generally praised , summing it up as a " top notch release " . Alex Brotman of AnimeFringe.com , reviewing the Japanese DVD release , called the film great , but was disappointed in the lack of special features for the DVD , particularly citing the lack of interviews with cast and crew members , and not being able to view the storyboards , in contrast to the DVD release of the original series . Patrizio was highly positive about the North American release , calling the video transfer " excellent " , the Dolby Digital 5 @.@ 1 sound setup " just super " , and praised the extra features .
= Occupiers ' Liability Act 1957 = The Occupiers ' Liability Act 1957 ( c . 31 ) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that covers occupiers ' liability . The result of the Third Report of the Law Reform Committee , the Act was introduced to Parliament as the Occupiers ' Liability Bill and granted the Royal Assent on 6 June 1957 , coming into force on 1 January 1958 . The Act unified several classes of visitors to property and the duty of care owed to them by the occupier , as well as codifying elements of the common law relating to this duty of care . It also covered the duty owed to parties to a contract entering the property and ways of excluding the liability for visitors . The Act introduced an element of liability for landlords who failed to maintain their properties and were as a result responsible for the injury of a non @-@ tenant , something counter to the previous common law rule in English law . The Act is still valid law , and forms much of the law relating to occupiers ' liability in English law along with the Occupiers ' Liability Act 1984 . = = Background = = Prior to 1957 , visitors to a property were classified in different ways , and this classification determined the duty of care an owner or tenant had to them . These were " contractors " such as hotel guests ( the highest level of duty ; a duty to ensure that the premises were fit for the purposes of the contract ) , " invitees " , such as a customer in a shop ( owed a less onerous duty ; a duty to take reasonable care to prevent damage from an unusual danger ) , " licensees " , such as a friend invited to a party ( a less onerous duty ; a duty to warn of any concealed danger or trap of which the occupier knew ) and " uninvited persons " such as trespassers ( who were owed no duty of care , except to refrain from deliberately or recklessly causing them harm ) . The Third Report of the Law Reform Committee recommended changing this system , and the Occupiers ' Liability Bill was given its second reading on 6 March 1957 by Sir Harry Hylton @-@ Foster , the Solicitor @-@ General , and the Royal Assent on 6 June 1957 . = = Act = = The Act first identifies the occupier . Section 1 ( 2 ) identifies the occupier as the person occupying or in control of the premises , not necessarily the owner , with the underlying premise being that the person liable should be the person most likely to have been able to prevent the harm ; the person occupying the premises , not necessarily the owner of those premises . The Act does not define occupier , but provides that the person to be treated as the occupier is the person who would be considered an occupier under common law rules . In Wheat v E Lacon & Co Ltd [ 1966 ] 1 All ER 582 it was established that more than one person can be an occupier . In Harris v Birkenhead Corporation [ 1976 ] it was held that it was possible to be an occupier without having physical possession of the house if the " occupier " has legal control of the property . Section 1 ( 3 ) extends the standards set by the Act not only to land but to any fixed or movable structure , which includes ships and aircraft . = = = Common duty of care = = = The Act next establishes a uniform duty towards all lawful visitors , thus abolishing the distinction between contractors , invitees and licensees . Section 2 provides that the occupier extend a " common duty of care " to all lawful visitors , although it keeps the low duty of care towards unlawful visitors such as trespassers . This duty is described as " a duty to take such care as in all the circumstances of the case is reasonable to see that the visitor will be reasonably safe in using the premises for the purposes for which he is invited or permitted by the occupier to be there " . The Act allows the occupier to set limits on where the visitor is allowed to go or how long they are allowed to be there , an extension of the common law judgment made by Scrutton LJ in The Calgarth [ 1927 ] , when he said that " when you invite a person into your house to use the staircase , you do not invite him to slide down the bannisters , you invite him to use the staircase in the ordinary way in which it is used " . = = = = Exceptions = = = = Exceptions are made for children and a person " in the exercise of his calling " ( a professional person or somebody exercising a trade or skill ) . With children , occupiers must " be prepared for children to be less careful than adults " ; a warning notice , for example , would normally be good enough to alert adults to a potential danger , but not to alert children . This is another extension of a common law principle ; in Glasgow Corporation v Taylor [ 1922 ] 1 AC 44 , a seven @-@ year @-@ old child died after eating poisonous berries from a bush in a park . The berries , which looked like cherries or blackcurrants , were found by the House of Lords to constitute an " allurement " to the child , who found Glasgow Corporation , which owned the park , liable . However , the situation is different if the child has a guardian with him , who one would expect to appreciate any obvious dangers , as in Phipps v Rochester Corporation [ 1955 ] 1 QB 450 . This was essentially the same as the existing common law ; indeed , " It is doubtful whether the Act alters the law at all on this point " . An occupier has a less onerous duty towards a person " in the exercise of his calling " , such as a professional or somebody exercising a trade . Section 2 ( 3 ) ( b ) of the Act provides that such a person " will appreciate and guard against any special risks ordinarily incidental to [ his calling ] , so far as the occupier leaves him free to do so " . In Roles v Nathan 2 All ER 908 a pair of chimney sweeps were called to clean the flues of a boiler . The engineer warned them about the risk of carbon monoxide poisoning if the chimney sweeps cleaned the flues with the fires still lit , but they disregarded his warning and continued until they were overwhelmed by carbon monoxide and died . The Court of Appeal held that the occupier was not liable , because the chimney sweeps had been warned and a householder who calls in a specialist to deal with defective property can reasonably expect the specialist to guard against any obvious dangers . = = = = Warnings = = = = A warning of danger is to be taken into account when working out if the common duty of care has been breached . Section 2 ( 4 ) a says that " where damage is caused to a visitor by a danger of which he had been warned by the occupier , the warning is not to be treated without more as absolving the occupier from liability , unless in all the circumstances it was enough to enable the visitor to be reasonably safe " . Warning may discharge the common duty of care , as in Roles v Nathan , this is not enough unless the visitor can still be reasonably safe . In Rae v Mars ( UK ) Ltd [ 1990 ] it was held that where danger is extreme or unusual , it not enough for there to be a warning ; a barrier or additional notice should be placed . Staples v West Dorset District Council [ 1995 ] established that where a danger is obvious and the visitor is able to appreciate it , there is no need for a warning sign . = = = = Independent contractors = = = = Section 2 ( 4 ) ( b ) establishes that " where damage is caused to a visitor by a danger due to the faulty execution of any work of construction , maintenance or repair by an independent contractor employed by the occupier , the occupier is not to be treated without more as answerable for the danger if in all the circumstances he had acted reasonably in entrusting the work to an independent contractor and had taken such steps ( if any ) as he reasonably ought in order to satisfy himself that the contractor was competent and that the work had been properly done " . This accords with the previous general rule that an occupier cannot be held vicariously liable for the negligence of an independent contractor . When a visitor does suffer harm from the work of an independent contractor , the question is instead whether the occupier has taken reasonable steps to establish if the contractor is competent , and , if the job permits , whether the occupier has checked that the work has been properly done . The application of this rule differs depending on the technical nature of the job and the competencies on the occupier . Haseldine v CA Daw & Son Ltd [ 1941 ] established that the more technical a job is , the more reasonable it is to entrust it to an independent contractor , while in Woodward v The Mayor of Hastings [ 1945 ] the court held that an occupier is not always absolved from liability if they have entrusted the job to a competent person ; an occupier is required to take the kind of care that a reasonable man in his place would take . If an occupier allows an extremely dangerous activity to take place on his land without taking precautions to ensure the contractor has liability insurance and a safety plan , he may be held liable . In Bottomley v Todmorden Cricket Club [ 2003 ] the Court of Appeal held that , where the defendant had allowed an independent contractor to set up a pyrotechnic display on their land without checking for public liability insurance , they were liable for the injuries suffered by the claimant . The extent to which one has to check for public liability insurance is weak ; in Gwilliam v West Hertfordshire Hospital NHS Trust [ 2002 ] the Court of Appeal held that where the contractor 's insurance had expired a few days before the event , the occupier was not liable . In Naylor v Payling the occupier was not liable for failing to check public liability , since he had checked the contractor was accredited under the police and local government schemes required , and the contractor had been employed for 18 months before the case during which there were no reasons to doubt his competency . The Court of Appeal also held that , except in special circumstances , there was no " free @-@ standing duty " to take reasonable steps to ensure an independent contractor was insured . = = = Excluding liability = = = Section 2 ( 5 ) of the Act provides that there is no liability for " risks willingly accepted as his by the visitor " , an application of volenti non fit injuria . An occupier can also restrict or exclude liability via a notice providing warnings and conditions of entry , although under section 65 of the Consumer Rights Act 2015 ( CRA ) this cannot exclude liability for death or personal injury due to negligence where the premises are occupied for the business purposes of the occupier . Before CRA it was treated differently ; in Ashdown v Samuel Williams & Sons Ltd [ 1957 ] 1 QB 409 the Court of Appeal held that an occupier could exclude liability by displaying a notice disclaiming as such , even if the claimant had not read the notice . This provision of the Act has been heavily criticised by commentators . = = = Second and third parties to a contract entering the property = = = Section 3 of the Act provides that , where the occupier is bound by contract to allow third parties into his property , " the duty of care which he owes to them as his visitors cannot be restricted or excluded by that contract , but ( subject to any provision of the contract to the contrary ) shall include the duty to perform his obligations under the contract , whether undertaken for their protection or not , in so far as those obligations go beyond the obligations otherwise involved in that duty " . Existing common law rules imply , however , that while he could not exclude liability based on the contract , he could exclude liability with a sign disclaiming such , as with other visitors to the property . Section 5 extends the common duty of care to those people entering , using , bringing or sending goods to the property under the terms of a contract . = = = Landlord 's liability = = = Section 4 covers the liability of landlords to visitors injured by the breach of his obligation to repair and maintain the property . Under common law , the landlord was not liable ; the Act changes this . Section 4 ( 1 ) provides that , when a tenant is occupying the premises in such a way as to impose an obligation on the landlord to maintain the property , the same duty that the landlord owes to the tenant is extended to anybody whose goods may be on the property " from time to time " . Where premises are occupied under a sub @-@ tenancy agreement , the same obligation extends to the tenant leasing the property . Section 4 was repealed by Section 6 ( 4 ) of the Defective Premises Act 1972 .
= SM UB @-@ 46 = SM UB @-@ 46 was a Type UB II submarine or U @-@ boat for the German Imperial Navy ( German : Kaiserliche Marine ) during World War I. UB @-@ 46 operated in the Mediterranean and the Black Seas , and was sunk by a mine in December 1916 . UB @-@ 46 was ordered in July 1915 and was laid down at the AG Weser shipyard in Bremen in September . UB @-@ 46 was a little more than 121 feet ( 37 m ) in length and displaced between 270 and 305 tonnes ( 266 and 300 long tons ) , depending on whether surfaced or submerged . She was equipped to carry a complement of four torpedoes for her two bow torpedo tubes and had an 5 @-@ centimeter ( 2 @.@ 0 in ) deck gun . As part of a group of six submarines selected for Mediterranean service , UB @-@ 46 was broken into railcar sized components and shipped to Pola where she was assembled and launched in May 1916 , and commissioned in June . In early December 1916 , during the submarine 's fifth patrol , UB @-@ 46 struck a mine in the Black Sea a short distance from the north entrance to the Bosphorus and sank with all hands . In her six @-@ month career , UB @-@ 46 sank four ships of 8 @,@ 099 gross register tons ( GRT ) . = = Design and construction = = The German UB II design improved upon the design of the UB I boats , which had been ordered in September 1914 . In service , the UB I boats were found to be too small and too slow . A major problem was that , because they had a single propeller shaft / engine combo , if either component failed , the U @-@ boat became almost totally disabled . To rectify this flaw , the UB II boats featured twin propeller shafts and twin engines ( one shaft for each engine ) , which also increased the U @-@ boat 's top speed . The new design also included more powerful batteries , larger torpedo tubes , and a deck gun . As a UB II boat , U @-@ 47 could also carry twice the torpedo load of her UB I counterparts , and nearly ten times as much fuel . To contain all of these changes the hull was larger , and the surface and submerged displacement was more than double that of the UB I boats . The Imperial German Navy ordered UB @-@ 46 from AG Weser on 31 July 1915 as one of a series of six UB II boats ( numbered from UB @-@ 42 to UB @-@ 47 ) . UB @-@ 46 was 36 @.@ 90 metres ( 121 ft 1 in ) long and 4 @.@ 37 metres ( 14 ft 4 in ) abeam . She had a single hull with saddle tanks and had a draught of 3 @.@ 68 metres ( 12 ft 1 in ) when surfaced . She displaced 305 tonnes ( 300 long tons ) while submerged but only 272 tonnes ( 268 long tons ) on the surface . The submarine was equipped with twin Daimler diesel engines and twin Siemens @-@ Schuckert electric motors — for surfaced and submerged running , respectively . UB @-@ 46 had a surface speed of up to 8 @.@ 82 knots ( 16 @.@ 33 km / h ; 10 @.@ 15 mph ) and could go as fast as 6 @.@ 22 knots ( 11 @.@ 52 km / h ; 7 @.@ 16 mph ) while underwater . The U @-@ boat could carry up to 27 tonnes ( 27 long tons ) of diesel fuel , giving her a range of 6 @,@ 940 nautical miles ( 12 @,@ 850 km ; 7 @,@ 990 mi ) at 5 knots ( 9 @.@ 3 km / h ; 5 @.@ 8 mph ) . Her electric motors and batteries provided a range of 45 nautical miles ( 83 km ; 52 mi ) at 4 knots ( 7 @.@ 4 km / h ; 4 @.@ 6 mph ) while submerged . UB @-@ 46 was equipped with two 50 @-@ centimeter ( 19 @.@ 7 in ) bow torpedo tubes and could carry four torpedoes . The U @-@ boat was also armed with one 8 @.@ 8 cm ( 3 @.@ 5 in ) Uk L / 30 deck gun . UB @-@ 46 was laid down by AG Weser at its Bremen shipyard on 4 September 1915 . As one of six U @-@ boats selected for service in the Mediterranean while under construction , UB @-@ 46 was broken into railcar @-@ sized components and shipped overland to the Austro @-@ Hungarian port of Pola . Shipyard workers from Weser assembled the boat and her five sisters at Pola , where she was launched on 17 June . = = Service career = = SM UB @-@ 46 was commissioned into the German Imperial Navy on 12 June 1916 under the command of Oberleutnant zur See Cäsar Bauer . UB @-@ 46 , Bauer 's third U @-@ boat command , was assigned to the Navy 's Pola Flotilla ( German : Deutsche U @-@ Halbflotille Pola ) . Although the flotilla was based in Pola , the site of the main Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy base , boats of the flotilla operated out of the Austro @-@ Hungarian base at Cattaro which was located farther south and closer to the Mediterranean . German U @-@ boats typically returned to Pola only for repairs . After a month at the helm of UB @-@ 46 , Bauer was promoted to Kapitänleutnant . On 2 August , Bauer achieved his first success in command of UB @-@ 46 when the Japanese steamer Kohina Maru was sunk off Alexandria just short of her destination of Port Said . A week later the U @-@ boat sank the Greek sailing vessel Basileios which was headed back to the Adriatic from Egypt . On 2 October , Bauer torpedoed Huntsfall which was carrying hay to Salonica , and took the ship 's master prisoner . The 4 @,@ 331 gross register tons ( GRT ) British steamer was the largest ship sunk by UB @-@ 46 . After Germany 's conquest of Romania ( see Romania during World War I ) , the German Imperial Navy had sufficient fuel oil for submarines located in the Black Sea . UB @-@ 46 and three of her sister ships in the Pola Flotilla were ordered to Constantinople and , en route , had to navigate through the Dardanelles , which had been heavily mined by the Allies in the middle of 1916 . UB @-@ 46 joined the Constantinople Flotilla ( German : U @-@ boote der Mittelmeerdivision in Konstantinopal ) on 7 October . The German submarines in the Black Sea accomplished little , sinking only six ships between August and the end of the year . UB @-@ 46 sank one of the six ships when she sent down the 116 @-@ ton Russian ship Melanie north of Cape Tarkhan on 7 November . Melanie was the last ship sunk by UB @-@ 46 . By early December , UB @-@ 46 was based out of Varna , Bulgaria . = = Fate = = On 7 December 1916 , the stern of UB @-@ 46 struck a Russian mine 300 metres ( 980 ft ) off the shore of the Turkish village of Akpınar , approximately 30 kilometres ( 19 mi ) north @-@ west of the entrance to the Bosphorus . The vessel 's entire complement ( reported by Helgason as 20 ) perished in the sinking . A 16 metres ( 52 ft ) portion of the wreck comprising the forward section of the torpedo room and battery compartment was located in 1993 during coal extraction operations and was salvaged by the Turkish navy ; the remainder of the vessel could not be located . She was put on display in an outdoor exhibit at the Turkish Naval Museum in Istanbul . The wreckage was transferred to the Dardanelles Naval Museum at Çanakkale in 2008 , where the remains of the vessel are currently on display . = = Ships sunk = =
= George V = George V ( George Frederick Ernest Albert ; 3 June 1865 – 20 January 1936 ) was King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions , and Emperor of India , from 6 May 1910 until his death in 1936 . He was the second son of Albert Edward , Prince of Wales ( later King Edward VII ) , and the grandson of the reigning British monarch , Queen Victoria . From the time of his birth , he was third in the line of succession behind his father and his elder brother , Prince Albert Victor , Duke of Clarence and Avondale . From 1877 to 1891 , George served in the Royal Navy , until the unexpected death of his elder brother in early 1892 put him directly in line for the throne . On the death of his grandmother in 1901 , George 's father became King @-@ Emperor of the British Empire , and George was created Prince of Wales . He succeeded his father in 1910 . He was the only Emperor of India to be present at his own Delhi Durbar . His reign saw the rise of socialism , communism , fascism , Irish republicanism , and the Indian independence movement , all of which radically changed the political landscape . The Parliament Act 1911 established the supremacy of the elected British House of Commons over the unelected House of Lords . As a result of the First World War ( 1914 – 18 ) the empires of his first cousins Tsar Nicholas II of Russia and Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany fell while the British Empire expanded to its greatest effective extent . In 1917 , George became the first monarch of the House of Windsor , which he renamed from the House of Saxe @-@ Coburg and Gotha as a result of anti @-@ German public sentiment . In 1924 he appointed the first Labour ministry and in 1931 the Statute of Westminster recognised the dominions of the Empire as separate , independent states within the Commonwealth of Nations . He was plagued by illness throughout much of his later reign and at his death was succeeded by his eldest son , Edward VIII . = = Early life and education = = George was born on 3 June 1865 , in Marlborough House , London . He was the second son of the Prince and Princess of Wales , Albert Edward and Alexandra . His father was the eldest son of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert , and his mother was the eldest daughter of King Christian IX of Denmark . As a son of the Prince of Wales , George was styled His Royal Highness Prince George of Wales at birth . He was baptised at Windsor Castle on 7 July 1865 by the Archbishop of Canterbury , Charles Longley . As a younger son of the Prince of Wales , there was little expectation that George would become king . He was third in line to the throne , after his father and elder brother , Prince Albert Victor . George was only 17 months younger than Albert Victor , and the two princes were educated together . John Neale Dalton was appointed as their tutor in 1871 . Neither Albert Victor nor George excelled intellectually . As their father thought that the navy was " the very best possible training for any boy " , in September 1877 , when George was 12 years old , both brothers joined the cadet training ship HMS Britannia at Dartmouth , Devon . For three years from 1879 , the royal brothers served on HMS Bacchante , accompanied by Dalton . They toured the colonies of the British Empire in the Caribbean , South Africa and Australia , and visited Norfolk , Virginia , as well as South America , the Mediterranean , Egypt , and East Asia . In 1881 on a visit to Japan , George had a local artist tattoo a blue and red dragon on his arm , and was received in an audience by the Emperor Meiji ; George and his brother presented Empress Haruko with two wallabies from Australia . Dalton wrote an account of their journey entitled The Cruise of HMS Bacchante . Between Melbourne and Sydney , Dalton recorded a sighting of the Flying Dutchman , a mythical ghost ship . When they returned to Britain , Queen Victoria complained that her grandsons could not speak French or German , and so they spent six months in Lausanne in an ultimately unsuccessful attempt to learn another language . After Lausanne , the brothers were separated ; Albert Victor attended Trinity College , Cambridge , while George continued in the Royal Navy . He travelled the world , visiting many areas of the British Empire . During his naval career he commanded Torpedo Boat 79 in home waters then HMS Thrush on the North America station , before his last active service in command of HMS Melampus in 1891 – 92 . From then on , his naval rank was largely honorary . = = Marriage = = As a young man destined to serve in the navy , Prince George served for many years under the command of his uncle , Prince Alfred , Duke of Edinburgh , who was stationed in Malta . There , he grew close to and fell in love with his uncle 's daughter , his first cousin , Marie of Edinburgh . His grandmother , father and uncle all approved the match , but the mothers — the Princess of Wales and the Duchess of Edinburgh — both opposed it . The Princess of Wales thought the family was too pro @-@ German , and the Duchess of Edinburgh disliked England . Marie 's mother was the only daughter of Tsar Alexander II of Russia . She resented the fact that , as the wife of a younger son of the British sovereign , she had to yield precedence to George 's mother , the Princess of Wales , whose father had been a minor German prince before being called unexpectedly to the throne of Denmark . Guided by her mother , Marie refused George when he proposed to her . She married Ferdinand , the heir to the King of Romania , in 1893 . In November 1891 , George 's elder brother Albert Victor became engaged to his second cousin once removed , Princess Victoria Mary of Teck . She was known within the family as " May " , nicknamed after her birth month . May 's father , Prince Francis , Duke of Teck , belonged to a morganatic , cadet branch of the house of Württemberg . Her mother , Princess Mary Adelaide of Cambridge , was a male @-@ line granddaughter of King George III and a first cousin of Queen Victoria . On 14 January 1892 , six weeks after the formal engagement , Albert Victor died of pneumonia , leaving George second in line to the throne , and likely to succeed after his father . George had only just recovered from a serious illness himself , after being confined to bed for six weeks with typhoid fever , the disease that was thought to have killed his grandfather Prince Albert . Queen Victoria still regarded Princess May as a suitable match for her grandson , and George and May grew close during their shared period of mourning . A year after Albert Victor 's death , George proposed to May and was accepted . They married on 6 July 1893 at the Chapel Royal in St James 's Palace , London . Throughout their lives , they remained devoted to each other . George was , on his own admission , unable to express his feelings easily in speech , but they often exchanged loving letters and notes of endearment . = = Duke of York = = The death of his elder brother effectively ended George 's naval career , as he was now second in line to succeed to the throne , after his father . George was created Duke of York , Earl of Inverness and Baron Killarney by Queen Victoria on 24 May 1892 , and received lessons in constitutional history from J. R. Tanner . After George 's marriage to May , she was styled Her Royal Highness The Duchess of York . The Duke and Duchess of York lived mainly at York Cottage , a relatively small house in Sandringham , Norfolk , where their way of life mirrored that of a comfortable middle @-@ class family rather than royalty . George preferred a simple , almost quiet , life in marked contrast to the lively social life pursued by his father . His official biographer , Harold Nicolson , later despaired of George 's time as Duke of York , writing : " He may be all right as a young midshipman and a wise old king , but when he was Duke of York ... he did nothing at all but kill [ i.e. shoot ] animals and stick in stamps . " George was an avid stamp collector , which Nicolson disparaged , but George played a large role in building the Royal Philatelic Collection into the most comprehensive collection of United Kingdom and Commonwealth stamps in the world , in some cases setting record purchase prices for items . George and May had five sons and a daughter . Randolph Churchill claimed that George was a strict father , to the extent that his children were terrified of him , and that George had remarked to Edward Stanley , 17th Earl of Derby : " My father was frightened of his mother , I was frightened of my father , and I am damned well going to see to it that my children are frightened of me . " In reality , there is no direct source for the quotation and it is likely that George 's parenting style was little different from that adopted by most people at the time . In October 1894 , George 's uncle @-@ by @-@ marriage , Tsar Alexander III , died and his cousin , Tsar Nicholas II , ascended the Russian throne . At the request of his father , " out of respect for poor dear Uncle Sasha 's memory " , George joined his parents in St. Petersburg for the funeral . George and his parents remained in Russia for the wedding a week later of Nicholas to another one of George 's first cousins , Princess Alix of Hesse @-@ Darmstadt , who Queen Victoria had once hoped would marry George 's elder brother . = = Prince of Wales = = As Duke and Duchess of York , George and May carried out a wide variety of public duties . On the death of Queen Victoria on 22 January 1901 , George 's father ascended the throne as King Edward VII . George inherited the titles of Duke of Cornwall and Duke of Rothesay , and for much of the rest of that year , he was styled His Royal Highness The Duke of Cornwall and York . In 1901 , George and May toured the British Empire . Their tour included Gibraltar , Malta , Port Said , Aden , Ceylon , Singapore , Australia , New Zealand , Mauritius , South Africa , Canada , and the Colony of Newfoundland . The tour was designed by Colonial Secretary Joseph Chamberlain with the support of Prime Minister Lord Salisbury to reward the Dominions for their participation in the South African War of 1899 – 1902 . George presented thousands of specially designed South African War medals to colonial troops . In South Africa , the royal party met civic leaders , African leaders , and Boer prisoners , and was greeted by elaborate decorations , expensive gifts , and fireworks displays . Despite this , not all residents responded favourably to the tour . Many white Cape Afrikaners resented the display and expense , the war having weakened their capacity to reconcile their Afrikaner @-@ Dutch culture with their status as British subjects . Critics in the English @-@ language press decried the enormous cost at a time when families faced severe hardship . In Australia , the Duke opened the first session of the Australian Parliament upon the creation of the Commonwealth of Australia . In New Zealand , he praised the military values , bravery , loyalty , and obedience to duty of New Zealanders , and the tour gave New Zealand a chance to show off its progress , especially in its adoption of up @-@ to @-@ date British standards in communications and the processing industries . The implicit goal was to advertise New Zealand 's attractiveness to tourists and potential immigrants , while avoiding news of growing social tensions , by focusing the attention of the British press on a land few knew about . On his return to Britain , in a speech at London 's Guildhall , George warned of " the impression which seemed to prevail among [ our ] brethren across the seas , that the Old Country must wake up if she intends to maintain her old position of pre @-@ eminence in her colonial trade against foreign competitors . " On 9 November 1901 , George was created Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester . King Edward wished to prepare his son for his future role as king . In contrast to Edward himself , whom Queen Victoria had deliberately excluded from state affairs , George was given wide access to state documents by his father . George in turn allowed his wife access to his papers , as he valued her counsel and she often helped write her husband 's speeches . As Prince of Wales , George supported reforms in naval training , including cadets being enrolled at the ages of twelve and thirteen , and receiving the same education , whatever their class and eventual assignments . The reforms were implemented by the then Second ( later First ) Sea Lord , Jacky Fisher . From November 1905 to March 1906 , George and May toured British India , where he was disgusted by racial discrimination and campaigned for greater involvement of Indians in the government of the country . The tour was almost immediately followed by a trip to Spain for the wedding of King Alfonso XIII to Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg , a first cousin of George , at which the bride and groom narrowly avoided assassination . A week after returning to Britain , George and May travelled to Norway for the coronation of King Haakon VII , George 's cousin , and Queen Maud , George 's sister . = = King and Emperor = = On 6 May 1910 , King Edward died , and George became king . He wrote in his diary , " I have lost my best friend and the best of fathers ... I never had a [ cross ] word with him in my life . I am heart @-@ broken and overwhelmed with grief but God will help me in my responsibilities and darling May will be my comfort as she has always been . May God give me strength and guidance in the heavy task which has fallen on me " . George had never liked his wife 's habit of signing official documents and letters as " Victoria Mary " and insisted she drop one of those names . They both thought she should not be called Queen Victoria , and so she became Queen Mary . Later that year , a radical propagandist , Edward Mylius , published a lie that George had secretly married in Malta as a young man , and that consequently his marriage to Queen Mary was bigamous . The lie had first surfaced in print in 1893 but George had shrugged it off as a joke . In an effort to kill off rumours , Mylius was arrested , tried and found guilty of criminal libel , and was sentenced to a year in prison . George objected to the anti @-@ Catholic wording of the Accession Declaration that he would be required to make at the opening of his first parliament . He made it known that he would refuse to open parliament unless it was changed . As a result , the Accession Declaration Act 1910 shortened the declaration and removed the most offensive phrases . George and Mary 's coronation took place at Westminster Abbey on 22 June 1911 , and was celebrated by the Festival of Empire in London . In July , the King and Queen visited Ireland for five days ; they received a warm welcome , with thousands of people lining the route of their procession to cheer . Later in 1911 , the King and Queen travelled to India for the Delhi Durbar , where they were presented to an assembled audience of Indian dignitaries and princes as the Emperor and Empress of India on 12 December 1911 . George wore the newly created Imperial Crown of India at the ceremony , and declared the shifting of the Indian capital from Calcutta to Delhi . They travelled throughout the sub @-@ continent , and George took the opportunity to indulge in big game hunting in Nepal , shooting 21 tigers , 8 rhinoceroses and a bear over 10 days . He was a keen and expert marksman . On 18 December 1913 , he shot over a thousand pheasants in six hours at the home of Lord Burnham , although even he had to acknowledge that " we went a little too far " that day . = = = National politics = = = George inherited the throne at a politically turbulent time . Lloyd George 's People 's Budget had been rejected the previous year by the Conservative and Unionist @-@ dominated House of Lords , contrary to the normal convention that the Lords did not veto money bills . Liberal Prime Minister H. H. Asquith had asked the previous king to give an undertaking that he would create sufficient Liberal peers to force the budget through the House . Edward had reluctantly agreed , provided the Lords rejected the budget after two successive general elections . After a general election in January 1910 , the Conservative peers allowed the budget , for which the government now had an electoral mandate , to pass without a vote . Asquith attempted to curtail the power of the Lords through constitutional reforms , which were again blocked by the Upper House . A constitutional conference on the reforms broke down in November 1910 after 21 meetings . Asquith and Lord Crewe , Liberal leader in the Lords , asked George to grant a dissolution , leading to a second general election , and to promise to create sufficient Liberal peers if the Lords blocked the legislation again . If George refused , the Liberal government would otherwise resign , which would have given the appearance that the monarch was taking sides – with " the peers against the people " – in party politics . The King 's two private secretaries , Lords Knollys and Stamfordham , gave George conflicting advice . Knollys , who was Liberal , advised George to accept the Cabinet 's demands , while Stamfordham , who was Unionist , advised George to accept the resignation . Like his father , George reluctantly agreed to the dissolution and creation of peers , although he felt his ministers had taken advantage of his inexperience to browbeat him . After the December 1910 election , the Lords let the bill pass on hearing of the threat to swamp the house with new peers . The subsequent Parliament Act 1911 permanently removed – with a few exceptions – the power of the Lords to veto bills . The King later came to feel that Knollys had withheld information from him about the willingness of the opposition to form a government if the Liberals had resigned . The 1910 general elections had left the Liberals as a minority government dependent upon the support of Irish Nationalists . As desired by the Nationalists , Asquith introduced legislation that would give Ireland Home Rule , but the Conservatives and Unionists opposed it . As tempers rose over the Home Rule Bill , which would never have been possible without the Parliament Act , relations between the elderly Knollys and the Conservatives became poor , and he was pushed into retirement . Desperate to avoid the prospect of civil war in Ireland between Unionists and Nationalists , George called a meeting of all parties at Buckingham Palace in July 1914 in an attempt to negotiate a settlement . After four days the conference ended without an agreement . On 18 September 1914 , the King – having considered vetoing the legislation – gave his assent to the Home Rule Bill after it had been passed by Westminster , but its implementation was postponed by a Suspensory Act due to the outbreak of the First World War . = = = First World War = = = From 1914 to 1918 , Britain and its allies were at war with the Central Powers , led by the German Empire . The German Kaiser Wilhelm II , who for the British public came to symbolise all the horrors of the war , was the King 's first cousin . The King 's paternal grandfather was Prince Albert of Saxe @-@ Coburg and Gotha ; consequently , the King and his children bore the titles Prince and Princess of Saxe @-@ Coburg and Gotha and Duke and Duchess of Saxony . Queen Mary , although British like her mother , was the daughter of the Duke of Teck , a descendant of the German Dukes of Württemberg . The King had brothers @-@ in @-@ law and cousins who were British subjects but who bore German titles such as Duke and Duchess of Teck , Prince and Princess of Battenberg , and Prince and Princess of Schleswig @-@ Holstein . When H. G. Wells wrote about Britain 's " alien and uninspiring court " , George famously replied : " I may be uninspiring , but I 'll be damned if I 'm alien . " On 17 July 1917 , George appeased British nationalist feelings by issuing a royal proclamation that changed the name of the British royal house from the German @-@ sounding House of Saxe @-@ Coburg and Gotha to the House of Windsor . He and all his British relatives relinquished their German titles and styles , and adopted British @-@ sounding surnames . George compensated his male relatives by creating them British peers . His cousin , Prince Louis of Battenberg , who earlier in the war had been forced to resign as First Sea Lord through anti @-@ German feeling , became Louis Mountbatten , 1st Marquess of Milford Haven , while Queen Mary 's brothers became Adolphus Cambridge , 1st Marquess of Cambridge , and Alexander Cambridge , 1st Earl of Athlone . George 's cousins Princess Marie Louise and Princess Helena Victoria of Schleswig @-@ Holstein dropped their territorial designations . In Letters Patent gazetted on 11 December 1917 the King restricted the style " His ( or Her ) Royal Highness " and the titular dignity of " Prince ( or Princess ) of Great Britain and Ireland " to the children of the Sovereign , the children of the sons of the Sovereign and the eldest living son of the eldest living son of a Prince of Wales . The Letters Patent also stated that " the titles of Royal Highness , Highness or Serene Highness , and the titular dignity of Prince and Princess shall cease except those titles already granted and remaining unrevoked " . George 's relatives who fought on the German side , such as Prince Ernst August of Hanover , 3rd Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale ( the senior male @-@ line great @-@ grandson of George III ) and Prince Carl Eduard , Duke of Albany and reigning Duke of Saxe @-@ Coburg and Gotha ( a male @-@ line grandson of Queen Victoria ) , had their British peerages suspended by a 1919 Order in Council under the provisions of the Titles Deprivation Act 1917 . Under pressure from his mother , Queen Alexandra , George also removed the Garter flags of his German relations from St George 's Chapel , Windsor Castle . When Tsar Nicholas II of Russia , George 's first cousin ( their mothers were sisters ) , was overthrown in the Russian Revolution of 1917 , the British government offered political asylum to the Tsar and his family , but worsening conditions for the British people , and fears that revolution might come to the British Isles , led George to think that the presence of the Russian royals would be seen as inappropriate . Despite the later claims of Lord Mountbatten of Burma that Prime Minister Lloyd George was opposed to the rescue of the Russian imperial family , the letters of Lord Stamfordham suggest that it was George V who opposed the idea against the advice of the government . Advanced planning for a rescue was undertaken by MI1 , a branch of the British secret service , but because of the strengthening position of the Bolshevik revolutionaries and wider difficulties with the conduct of the war , the plan was never put into operation . The Tsar and his immediate family remained in Russia , where they were killed by Bolsheviks in 1918 . The following year , Nicholas 's mother ( George 's aunt ) Maria Feodorovna ( Dagmar of Denmark ) and other members of the extended Russian imperial family were rescued from the Crimea by British ships . Two months after the end of the war , the King 's youngest son , John , died at the age of 13 after a lifetime of ill health . George was informed of his death by Queen Mary , who wrote , " [ John ] had been a great anxiety to us for many years ... The first break in the family circle is hard to bear but people have been so kind & sympathetic & this has helped us much . " In May 1922 , the King toured Belgium and northern France , visiting the First World War cemeteries and memorials being constructed by the Imperial War Graves Commission . The event was described in a poem , The King 's Pilgrimage by Rudyard Kipling . The tour , and one short visit to Italy in 1923 , were the only times George agreed to leave the United Kingdom on official business after the end of the war . = = = Reign after the Great War = = = Before the First World War , most of Europe was ruled by monarchs related to George , but during and after the war , the monarchies of Austria , Germany , Greece , and Spain , like Russia , fell to revolution and war . In March 1919 , Lieutenant @-@ Colonel Edward Lisle Strutt was dispatched on the personal authority of the King to escort the former Emperor Charles I of Austria and his family to safety in Switzerland . In 1922 , a Royal Navy ship was sent to Greece to rescue his cousins , Prince and Princess Andrew . Prince Andrew was a nephew of Queen Alexandra through her brother King George I of Greece , and Princess Andrew was a daughter of Prince Louis of Battenberg , one of the German princes granted a British peerage in 1917 . Their children included Prince Philip , who would later marry George 's granddaughter , Elizabeth II . The Greek monarchy was restored again shortly before George 's death . Political turmoil in Ireland continued as the Nationalists fought for independence ; George expressed his horror at government @-@ sanctioned killings and reprisals to Prime Minister David Lloyd George . At the opening session of the Parliament of Northern Ireland on 22 June 1921 , the King , in a speech part drafted by Lloyd George and General Jan Smuts , appealed for conciliation . A few weeks later , a truce was agreed . Negotiations between Britain and the Irish secessionists led to the signing of the Anglo @-@ Irish Treaty . By the end of 1922 , Ireland was partitioned , the Irish Free State was established , and Lloyd George was out of office . The King and his advisers were concerned about the rise of socialism and the growing labour movement , which they mistakenly associated with republicanism . The socialists no longer believed in their anti @-@ monarchical slogans and were ready to come to terms with the monarchy if it took the first step . George adopted a more democratic , inclusive stance that crossed class lines and brought the monarchy closer to the public and the working class — a dramatic change for the King , who was most comfortable with naval officers and landed gentry . He cultivated friendly relations with moderate Labour party politicians and trade union officials . His abandonment of social aloofness conditioned the royal family 's behaviour and enhanced its popularity during the economic crises of the 1920s and for over two generations thereafter . The years between 1922 and 1929 saw frequent changes in government . In 1924 , George appointed the first Labour Prime Minister , Ramsay MacDonald , in the absence of a clear majority for any one of the three major parties . George 's tactful and understanding reception of the first Labour government ( which lasted less than a year ) allayed the suspicions of the party 's sympathisers . During the General Strike of 1926 the King advised the government of Conservative Stanley Baldwin against taking inflammatory action , and took exception to suggestions that the strikers were " revolutionaries " saying , " Try living on their wages before you judge them . " In 1926 , George hosted an Imperial Conference in London at which the Balfour Declaration accepted the growth of the British Dominions into self @-@ governing " autonomous Communities within the British Empire , equal in status , in no way subordinate one to another " . In 1931 , the Statute of Westminster formalised George 's position as " the symbol of the free association of the members of the British Commonwealth of Nations " . The Statute established " that any alteration in the law touching the Succession to the Throne or the Royal Style and Titles " would require the assent of the Parliaments of the Dominions as well as the Parliament at Westminster , which could not legislate for the Dominions , except by consent . In the wake of a world financial crisis , the King encouraged the formation of a National Government in 1931 led by MacDonald and Baldwin , and volunteered to reduce the civil list to help balance the budget . He was concerned by the rise to power in Germany of Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party . In 1934 , the King bluntly told the German ambassador Leopold von Hoesch that Germany was now the peril of the world , and that there was bound to be a war within ten years if she went on at the present rate ; he warned the British ambassador in Berlin Eric Phipps to be suspicious of the Nazis . In 1932 , George agreed to deliver a Royal Christmas speech on the radio , an event that became annual thereafter . He was not in favour of the innovation originally but was persuaded by the argument that it was what his people wanted . By the silver jubilee of his reign in 1935 , he had become a well @-@ loved king , saying in response to the crowd 's adulation , " I cannot understand it , after all I am only a very ordinary sort of fellow . " George 's relationship with his eldest son and heir , Edward , deteriorated in these later years . George was disappointed in Edward 's failure to settle down in life and appalled by his many affairs with married women . In contrast , he was fond of his second eldest son , Prince Albert ( later George VI ) , and doted on his eldest granddaughter , Princess Elizabeth ; he nicknamed her " Lilibet " , and she affectionately called him " Grandpa England " . In 1935 , George said of his son Edward : " After I am dead , the boy will ruin himself within 12 months " , and of Albert and Elizabeth : " I pray to God my eldest son will never marry and have children , and that nothing will come between Bertie and Lilibet and the throne . " = = = Declining health and death = = = The First World War took a toll on George 's health : he was seriously injured on 28 October 1915 when thrown by his horse at a troop review in France , and his heavy smoking exacerbated recurring breathing problems . He suffered from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and pleurisy . In 1925 , on the instruction of his doctors , he was reluctantly sent on a recuperative private cruise in the Mediterranean ; it was his third trip abroad since the war , and his last . In November 1928 , he fell seriously ill with septicaemia , and for the next two years his son Edward took over many of his duties . In 1929 , the suggestion of a further rest abroad was rejected by the King " in rather strong language " . Instead , he retired for three months to Craigweil House , Aldwick , in the seaside resort of Bognor , Sussex . As a result of his stay , the town acquired the suffix " Regis " , which is Latin for " of the King " . A myth later grew that his last words , upon being told that he would soon be well enough to revisit the town , were " Bugger Bognor ! " George never fully recovered . In his final year , he was occasionally administered oxygen . The death of his favourite sister Victoria in December 1935 depressed him deeply . On the evening of 15 January 1936 , the King took to his bedroom at Sandringham House complaining of a cold ; he remained in the room until his death . He became gradually weaker , drifting in and out of consciousness . Prime Minister Baldwin later said : each time he became conscious it was some kind inquiry or kind observation of someone , some words of gratitude for kindness shown . But he did say to his secretary when he sent for him : " How is the Empire ? " An unusual phrase in that form , and the secretary said : " All is well , sir , with the Empire " , and the King gave him a smile and relapsed once more into unconsciousness . By 20 January , he was close to death . His physicians , led by Lord Dawson of Penn , issued a bulletin with words that became famous : " The King 's life is moving peacefully towards its close . " Dawson 's private diary , unearthed after his death and made public in 1986 , reveals that the King 's last words , a mumbled " God damn you ! " , were addressed to his nurse , Catherine Black , when she gave him a sedative on the night of 20 January . Dawson wrote that he hastened the King 's death by injecting him with a lethal combination of morphine and cocaine . Dawson noted that he acted to preserve the King 's dignity , to prevent further strain on the family , and so that the King 's death at 11 : 55 p.m. could be announced in the morning edition of The Times newspaper rather than " less appropriate ... evening journals " . The German composer Paul Hindemith went to a BBC studio on the morning after the King 's death and in six hours wrote Trauermusik ( Mourning Music ) . It was performed that same evening in a live broadcast by the BBC , with Adrian Boult conducting the BBC Symphony Orchestra and the composer as soloist . At the procession to George 's lying in state in Westminster Hall , part of the Imperial State Crown fell from on top of the coffin and landed in the gutter as the cortège turned into New Palace Yard . The new king , Edward VIII , saw it fall and wondered whether it was a bad omen for his new reign . As a mark of respect to their father , George 's four surviving sons , Edward , Albert , Henry , and George , mounted the guard , known as the Vigil of the Princes , at the catafalque on the night before the funeral . The vigil was not repeated until the death of George 's daughter @-@ in @-@ law , Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother , in 2002 . George V was interred at St George 's Chapel , Windsor Castle , on 28 January 1936 . Edward abdicated before the year was out , leaving his brother Albert , Duke of York , to ascend the throne ( taking the regnal name George VI ) . = = Legacy = = George preferred to stay at home pursuing his hobbies of stamp collecting and game shooting , and lived a life that later biographers would consider dull because of its conventionality . He was not an intellectual : on returning from one evening at the opera he wrote , " Went to Covent Garden and saw Fidelio and damned dull it was . " Nonetheless , he was earnestly devoted to Britain and its Commonwealth . He explained , " it has always been my dream to identify myself with the great idea of Empire . " He appeared hard @-@ working and became widely admired by the people of Britain and the Empire , as well as " The Establishment " . In the words of historian David Cannadine , George V and Queen Mary were an " inseparably devoted couple " who upheld " character " and " family values " . George established a standard of conduct for British royalty that reflected the values and virtues of the upper middle @-@ class rather than upper @-@ class lifestyles or vices . He was by temperament a traditionalist who never fully appreciated or approved the revolutionary changes under way in British society . Nevertheless , he invariably wielded his influence as a force of neutrality and moderation , seeing his role as mediator rather than final decision maker . Numerous statues of King George V include one by Bertram Mackennal outside the Flower Poll Bazaar Police Station in Madras , and one by William Reid Dick outside Westminster Abbey , London . Other memorials include the King George V Playing Fields in the United Kingdom . The many places named after him include a reservoir and a dock in London ; King George V Park in St. John 's , Newfoundland ; King George V Memorial Hospital in Sydney , Australia and King George 's Medical University , India ; Stade George V in Curepipe , Mauritius ; major thoroughfares in both Jerusalem and Tel Aviv ; an avenue , a hotel and an underground station in Paris ; King George V School , Seremban , Malaysia ; and a school and two parks in Hong Kong . Two Royal Navy battleships were named HMS King George V in his honour , one in 1911 and her successor in 1939 . George V gave both his name and donations to many charities , including King George 's Fund for Sailors ( later known as Seafarers UK ) . = = = On @-@ screen portrayals = = = On screen , George has been portrayed by : Henry Warwick in the 1918 silent film Why America Will Win William Gaffney in the 1919 silent film The Great Victory , Wilson or the Kaiser ? The Fall of the Hohenzollerns Derek Erskine in the 1925 silent film The Scarlet Woman : An Ecclesiastical Melodrama Carleton Hobbs in the 1965 film A King 's Story Michael Osborne in the 1975 ATV drama series Edward the Seventh Marius Goring in the 1978 Thames Television series Edward & Mrs. Simpson Keith Varnier in the 1978 LWT drama series Lillie Rene Aranda in the 1980 film The Fiendish Plot of Dr. Fu Manchu Guy Deghy in the 1981 Southern Television drama series Winston Churchill : The Wilderness Years Andrew Gilmour in the 1985 Australian miniseries A Thousand Skies David Ravenswood in the 1990 Australian TV miniseries The Great Air Race John Warner in the 1991 RTÉ TV drama The Treaty David Troughton in the 1999 BBC TV drama All the King 's Men Rupert Frazer in the 2002 TV miniseries Shackleton Alan Bates in the 2002 Carlton Television drama Bertie and Elizabeth Tom Hollander in the 2003 BBC miniseries The Lost Prince Clifford Rose in the 2005 TV drama Wallis & Edward Andrew Pritchard in the 2005 British TV drama documentary The First Black Britons Julian Wadham in the 2007 TV drama My Boy Jack Michael Gambon in the 2010 film The King 's Speech James Fox in the 2011 film W.E. Guy Williams in the 2013 Christmas episode of Downton Abbey = = Titles , styles , honours and arms = = = = = Titles and styles = = = 3 June 1865 – 24 May 1892 : His Royal Highness Prince George of Wales 24 May 1892 – 22 January 1901 : His Royal Highness The Duke of York 22 January 1901 – 9 November 1901 : His Royal Highness The Duke of Cornwall and York 9 November 1901 – 6 May 1910 : His Royal Highness The Prince of Wales in Scotland : His Royal Highness The Duke of Rothesay 6 May 1910 – 20 January 1936 : His Majesty The King His full style as king was " His Majesty George V , by the Grace of God , of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and of the British Dominions beyond the Seas , King , Defender of the Faith , Emperor of India " until the Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act 1927 , when it changed to " His Majesty George V , by the Grace of God , of Great Britain , Ireland and the British Dominions beyond the Seas , King , Defender of the Faith , Emperor of India " . = = = British honours = = = KG : Knight of the Garter , 4 August 1884 KT : Knight of the Thistle , 5 July 1893 KP : Knight of St Patrick , 20 August 1897 GCSI : Knight Grand Commander of the Star of India , 28 September 1905 GCMG : Knight Grand Cross of St Michael and St George , 9 March 1901 GCIE : Knight Grand Commander of the Indian Empire , 28 September 1905 GCVO : Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order , 30 June 1897 ISO : Imperial Service Order , 31 March 1903 Royal Victorian Chain , 1902 PC : Privy Counsellor , 18 July 1894Privy Counsellor ( Ireland ) , 20 August 1897 Queen Victoria Golden Jubilee Medal , with 1897 bar After his accession to the throne in 1910 , George became sovereign of all the orders awarded by the British Empire and ( later ) Commonwealth , including those awarded him prior to his accession . = = = = Military appointments = = = = September 1877 : Cadet , HMS Britannia 8 January 1880 : Midshipman , HMS Bacchante and the corvette HMS Canada 3 June 1884 : Sub @-@ Lieutenant , Royal Navy 8 October 1885 : Lieutenant , HMS Thunderer ; HMS Dreadnought ; HMS Alexandra ; HMS Northumberland 21 June 1887 : Personal Aide @-@ de @-@ Camp to the Queen July 1889 I / C HMS Torpedo Boat 79 By May 1890 I / C the gunboat HMS Thrush 24 August 1891 : Commander , I / C HMS Melampus 2 January 1893 : Captain , Royal Navy 1 January 1901 : Rear @-@ Admiral , Royal Navy 25 February 1901 : Personal Naval Aide @-@ de @-@ Camp to the King 26 June 1903 : Vice @-@ Admiral , Royal Navy 1 March 1907 : Admiral , Royal Navy 1910 : Admiral of the Fleet , Royal Navy 1910 : Field Marshal , British Army 1919 : Chief of the Royal Air Force ( title not rank ) 1 January 1901 : Colonel @-@ in @-@ Chief of the Royal Marine Forces 29 November 1901 : Honorary Colonel of the 4th County of London Yeomanry Regiment ( King ′ s Colonials ) 21 December 1901 : Colonel @-@ in @-@ Chief of the Royal Welsh Fusiliers = = = Foreign honours = = = Knight of the Order of the Elephant ( Denmark ) , 11 October 1885 Grand Commander of the Order of the Dannebrog ( Denmark ) Knight of the Order of the Seraphim ( Sweden ) , 14 June 1905 Collar of the Order of Charles III ( Spain ) Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece ( Spain ) Knight of the Order of Saint Hubert ( Bavaria ) Knight of the Order of the Most Holy Annunciation ( Italy ) Grand Commander of the House Order of Hohenzollern ( Hohenzollern ) Grand Cross of the House Order of the Wendish Crown ( Mecklenburg ) Member 1st Class with Brilliants of the Order of Osmanieh ( Ottoman Empire ) , Knight of the Order of St. Andrew ( Russian Empire ) Knight of the Order of the Black Eagle ( Prussia ) Grand Cross of the Saxe @-@ Ernestine House Order ( Saxon duchies ) Knight of the Order of the Rue Crown ( Saxony ) Grand Cross of the Order of the Red Eagle ( Prussia ) , Grand Cross of the Order of the White Falcon ( Saxe @-@ Weimar @-@ Eisenach ) Grand Cross of the Order of the Redeemer ( Greece ) King Christian IX Jubilee Medal ( Denmark ) King Christian IX and Queen Louise of Denmark Golden Wedding Commemorative Medal ( Denmark ) Cross of Liberty , 1st class ( Estonia ) , 17 June 1925 Grand Cross of the Order of the Colonial Empire ( Portugal ) , 19 February 1934 = = = = Honorary foreign military appointments = = = = 1 February 1901 : À la suite of the German Navy 26 January 1902 : Colonel @-@ in @-@ Chief of the Rhenish Cuirassier Regiment " Count Geßler " No. 8 ( Prussia ) Honorary Colonel of the Infantry Regiment " Zamora " No. 8 ( Spain ) = = = Honorary degrees and offices = = = 8 June 1893 : Royal Fellow of the Royal Society , installed 6 February 1902 1899 : Doctor of Laws ( LLD ) , University of the Cape of Good Hope 1901 : Doctor of Laws ( LLD ) , University of Sydney 1901 : Doctor of Laws ( LLD ) , University of Toronto 1901 : Doctor of Civil Law ( DCL ) , Queen 's University , Ontario 1902 : Doctor of Laws ( LLD ) , University of Wales 1901 : Chancellor of the University of Cape Town 1901 – 1912 : Chancellor of the University of the Cape of Good Hope 1902 – 1910 : Chancellor of the University of Wales = = = Arms = = = As Duke of York , George 's arms were the royal arms , with an inescutcheon of the arms of Saxony , all differenced with a label of three points argent , the centre point bearing an anchor azure . As Prince of Wales the centre label lost its anchor . As King , he bore the royal arms . In 1917 , he removed , by warrant , the Saxony inescutcheon from the arms of all male @-@ line descendants of the Prince Consort domiciled in the United Kingdom ( although the royal arms themselves had never borne the shield ) . = = Issue = = = = Ancestry = =
= Benjamín Galván Gómez = Benjamín Galván Gómez ( 10 June 1972 – 28 February 2014 ) was a Mexican businessman and politician of the Institutional Revolutionary Party ( PRI ) . He was the mayor of Nuevo Laredo , Tamaulipas , from 1 January 2011 to 30 September 2013 . His political projects focused on promoting education , improving the standards of living , and in bringing back a sense of public security to the citizens of the city . He also owned the newspapers Primera Hora and Última Hora . During his mayoral administration in Nuevo Laredo , Galván received numerous threats from organized crime . Five months after his term , he was kidnapped and killed by alleged members of the Los Zetas crime syndicate . = = Early life and career = = Benjamín Galván Gómez was born in Nuevo Laredo , Tamaulipas , Mexico , on 10 June 1972 . His parents were Benjamín Galván Maytonera and Martha Graciela Gómez . He was married to Martha Alicia Aldapa Campos and had three children . Galván graduated from the Autonomous University of Tamaulipas ( UAT ) in 1993 with a degree in Accounting , as well as from the Universidad Valle del Bravo with a degree in Law in 1997 . As a businessman , Galván was the general @-@ director and owner of the newspapers Primera Hora and Última Hora . He also taught as a professor at the UAT and served as president of the Cruz Roja and Casa del Migrante in Nuevo Laredo . In politics , Galván held the following positions : head of the Fiscal Office of Tamaulipas in Nuevo Laredo , director of Protección Civil y Bomberos , director and delegate of the Tamaulipas Department of Tourism , member of the Binational Committee of Tourism , and leader of Frente Juvenil . = = Mayoralty = = From 1 January 2011 to 30 September 2013 , Galván served as the municipal president ( mayor ) of Nuevo Laredo , Tamaulipas , a border city on the U.S.-Mexico border . Sponsored by the Institutional Revolutionary Party ( PRI ) , Galván had won the mayoral election with 73 % of the votes , succeeding former Nuevo Laredo mayor Ramón Garza Barrios ( 2008 – 2010 ) . The PRI created a party coalition known as " Todos Tamaulipas " ( All Tamaulipas ) with the Ecologist Green Party of Mexico and the New Alliance Party . Galván won with 83 @,@ 250 votes in favor , while the runner @-@ up contender José Salvador Rosas Quintanilla of the National Action Party ( PAN ) received 22 @,@ 330 votes . The other candidates that ran for office were Everardo Quiroz Torres of the Party of the Democratic Revolution , who received 3 @,@ 917 votes ; Angélica López Quiroz of the Labor Party , who received 1 @,@ 138 ; and Jorge Alejandro García Amador of Convergence , who received 963 . Galván 's mayor pro tempore was Delfino Eduardo González Muñoz . During his administration Galván said his projects were based on three main pillars : bringing back tranquility to Neolaredenses ( citizens of Nuevo Laredo ) ; improving employment and the standard of living ; and working to promote education . In his first annual government speech after a year in office , Galván talked about the administration 's projects in security , financing , and public works . He stated that by the end of 2011 , the Nuevo Laredo municipal government managed to reduce its debt by 600 million pesos ( equivalent to US $ 45 @,@ 826 @,@ 200 ) . In coordination with the state government and federal authorities , he emphasized the importance of Operation Security Tamaulipas for crime prevention in Nuevo Laredo . In his second annual speech , he talked about the projects carried out in his administration , recognizing that public debt and security were the biggest challenges and priorities in his term . In his third and final annual speech , Galván talked about the city 's advances in infrastructure and other public works . City officials , including politicians from other parties and the mayor of Laredo , Texas , Raul G. Salinas , graded Galván 's term as " Good " . In his term Galván inaugurated the Dr. Rodolfo Torre Cantú Auditorium with a 5 @,@ 000 @-@ seat capacity and the future home stadium of the Toros de Nuevo Laredo basketball team ; the Unidad Deportiva Benito Juárez ( Benito Juárez Sport Complex ) , the home stadium of the Bravos de Nuevo Laredo football club ; Nuevo Laredo 's first aquarium in Parque Viveros and its first amusement park with mechanical dinosaurs and other educational attractions at Park Narcisco Mendoza , as well as the reconstruction of other installations for social events . In the last year of his administration , however , the Superior Audit Office of Mexico , the audit office of the Mexican federal government , discovered two irregularities in the city 's spending and budget . On 30 September 2013 , at the end of his mayoral administration , Galván was succeeded by Carlos Enrique Canturosas Villarreal of the PAN . = = = Threats from organized crime = = = During his tenure as mayor , Galván received death threats from organized crime . Nuevo Laredo has been the battleground among Mexico 's drug trafficking organizations given its proximity to the U.S – Mexico border and Interstate 35 , a lucrative route where most of the cocaine , marijuana and methamphetamine that reaches the United States are smuggled through . In May 2012 , alleged organized crime members left the headless corpses of 14 men inside a vehicle near the Nuevo Laredo city hall . Alongside the corpses was a written message reportedly from the Sinaloa Cartel that accused Galván and other city officials of working for Los Zetas ( such accusations between gangsters and local officials are common in Mexico ) . In June 2012 , a car bomb detonated outside the Nuevo Laredo city hall at Galván 's parking area , injuring several bystanders . On February 2013 , the Nuevo Laredo police chief Roberto Alejandro Balmori Garza was kidnapped and his two brothers were found dead . He had been appointed by Galván as head of the police in 2011 following the murder of Manuel Farfán Carriola , the former police chief of Nuevo Laredo . In an interview held in 2013 , Galván said that Nuevo Laredo , aside from the violence generated by organized crime , was plagued with extortions , armed robberies , car hijackings , and regular thefts . He recognized that restoring public safety was possible , but reiterated that it was a difficult and long process for all branches of the government . Among the solutions he proposed was the reconstruction of Nuevo Laredo 's social fiber , since he believed that that would keep the younger generations and those suffering from poverty away from the lure of organized crime . Galván admitted that the Nuevo Laredo police force was composed entirely of members of the Mexican Armed Forces , the Federal Police , and Tamaulipas state law enforcement and not by municipal police officers , who had all been suspended for investigation and training . However , he said that the military had a role to play , but that he wanted to see civilian forces step up to the job in the future . = = Kidnapping and death = = As Galván left a Farmacia Guadalajara drugstore near his home in Nuevo Laredo , Tamaulipas , on the evening of 27 February 2014 , he was kidnapped along with businessman Miguel Ángel Ortiz . His vehicle was discovered abandoned with open doors in the pharmacy 's parking lot by his wife . The following day , a disfigured corpse found in the trunk of a pickup truck in the town of García , Nuevo León , was taken to the hospital of the Autonomous University of Nuevo León . After more than a month of forensic examination , experts officially identified the corpse as that of Galván on 31 March 2014 . Post @-@ mortem reports concluded that Galván had been tortured before being killed with a coup de grâce . The exact location of Galván 's murder remains unknown , although authorities tend to believe he was most likely killed in Tamaulipas . On 11 March 2014 , Mexican authorities arrested Carlos Pérez González , a former member of the Mexican Army Special Forces and ex @-@ policeman from Nuevo León , for his involvement in Galván 's murder . Pérez González confessed following his arrest , alleging that Los Zetas had recruited him . The police reported that unidentified gangsters ordered Pérez González and Oziel Enrique Medina Rangel ( alias " El Trompas " ) to transport the former mayor 's corpse through Nuevo León and into Coahuila state . But because of law enforcement surveillance on their planned route , they abandoned the truck with Galván 's corpse in García , Nuevo León . For disobeying those orders , organized crime members killed " El Trompas " and dumped his body in Salinas Victoria . On 17 March 2014 , José Isidro Cruz Villarreal ( alias " El Pichilo " ) was arrested for his involvement in the murder . Investigators believe he was one of the men in charge of ordering Pérez González and " El Trompas " to transport the body to Coahuila . " El Pichilo " , who had escaped from prison during the Apodaca prison riot in 2012 , was arrested following information provided by Pérez González . On 12 April 2014 , Pérez González was stabbed to death by unknown assailants in the restroom area at the Topo Chico prison in Monterrey . The kidnapping and murder of the former mayor came as a surprise to some law enforcement authorities given the fact that Galván was living a seemingly ordinary life as a citizen of Laredo – Nuevo Laredo border area . " He didn 't have to worry about anything and then he gets kidnapped " , said Webb County Sheriff Martin Cuellar . The authorities believe that the attack was perpetrated by Los Zetas , but the motives behind the incident remain unknown . = = = Funeral = = = Hundreds of people , including family members , friends , local citizens , and politicians , attended Galván 's funeral at the Catholic Catedral del Espíritu Santo in Nuevo Laredo on 4 April 2014 . Nuevo Laredo bishop Gustavo Rodríguez Vega and Laredo , Texas bishop James Anthony Tamayo jointly conducted the mass , assisted by 12 priests . Following the ceremony , the former mayor was buried at the Panteón de Los Ángeles cemetery .
= Chicago Pile @-@ 1 = Chicago Pile @-@ 1 ( CP @-@ 1 ) was the world 's first nuclear reactor to achieve criticality . Its construction was part of the Manhattan Project , the Allied effort to create atomic bombs during World War II . It was built by the Manhattan Project 's Metallurgical Laboratory at the University of Chicago , under the west viewing stands of the original Stagg Field . The first man @-@ made self @-@ sustaining nuclear chain reaction was initiated in CP @-@ 1 on 2 December 1942 , under the supervision of Enrico Fermi , who described the apparatus as " a crude pile of black bricks and wooden timbers " . The reactor was assembled in November 1942 , by a team that included Fermi , Leo Szilard , discoverer of the chain reaction , and Herbert L. Anderson , Walter Zinn , Martin D. Whitaker , and George Weil . It contained 45 @,@ 000 graphite blocks weighing 400 short tons ( 360 t ) used as a neutron moderator , and was fueled by 6 short tons ( 5 @.@ 4 t ) of uranium metal and 50 short tons ( 45 t ) of uranium oxide . In the pile , some of the free neutrons produced by the natural decay of uranium were absorbed by other uranium atoms , causing nuclear fission of those atoms , and the release of additional free neutrons . Unlike most subsequent nuclear reactors , it had no radiation shield or cooling system as it only operated at very low power . The shape of the pile was intended to be roughly spherical , but as work proceeded Fermi calculated that critical mass could be achieved without finishing the entire pile as planned . In 1943 , CP @-@ 1 was moved to Red Gate Woods , and reconfigured to become Chicago Pile @-@ 2 ( CP @-@ 2 ) . There , it was operated until 1954 , when it was dismantled and buried . The stands at Stagg Field were demolished in August 1957 , but the site is now a National Historic Landmark and a Chicago Landmark . = = Origins = = The idea of chemical chain reactions was first put forth in 1913 by the German chemist Max Bodenstein for a situation in which two molecules react to form not just the molecules of the final reaction products , but also some unstable molecules which can further react with the parent molecules to cause more molecules to react . The concept of a nuclear chain reaction was first hypothesized by the Hungarian scientist Leo Szilard on 12 September 1933 . Szilard realized that if a nuclear reaction produced neutrons or dineutrons , which then caused further nuclear reactions , the process might be self @-@ perpetuating . Szilard proposed using mixtures of lighter known isotopes which produced neutrons in copious amounts , although he did entertain the possibility of using uranium as a fuel . He filed a patent for his idea of a simple nuclear reactor the following year . The discovery of nuclear fission by German chemists Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann in 1938 , followed by its theoretical explanation ( and naming ) by Lise Meitner and Otto Frisch , opened up the possibility of creating a nuclear chain reaction with uranium or indium , but initial experiments were unsuccessful . In order for a chain reaction to occur , additional neutrons had to be emitted from fissioning uranium atoms . At Columbia University in New York , Enrico Fermi , John Dunning , Herbert L. Anderson , Eugene T. Booth , G. Norris Glasoe , and Francis G. Slack conducted the first nuclear fission experiment in the United States on 25 January 1939 . Subsequent work confirmed that fast neutrons were indeed produced by fission . Szilard obtained permission from the head of the Physics Department at Columbia , George B. Pegram , to use a laboratory for three months , and persuaded Walter Zinn to become his collaborator . They conducted a simple experiment on the seventh floor of Pupin Hall at Columbia , using a radium @-@ beryllium source to bombard uranium with neutrons . They discovered significant neutron multiplication in natural uranium , proving that a chain reaction might be possible . As a neutron moderator , Szilard suggested Fermi use carbon in the form of graphite . Szilard felt he would need about 50 tonnes ( 49 long tons ; 55 short tons ) of graphite and 5 tonnes ( 4 @.@ 9 long tons ; 5 @.@ 5 short tons ) of uranium . As a back @-@ up plan , he also considered where to find a few tons of heavy water ; deuterium would not absorb neutrons like ordinary hydrogen , and was a better moderator than carbon , but was difficult and expensive to produce . Fermi and Szilard still believed that enormous quantities of uranium would be required for an atomic bomb , and therefore concentrated on producing a controlled chain reaction . Fermi determined that a fissioning uranium atom produced 1 @.@ 73 neutrons on average . It was enough , but a careful design was called for to minimize losses . Fermi and Szilard met with representatives of National Carbon Company , who manufactured the graphite , and Szilard made another important discovery . By quizzing them about impurities in their graphite , he found that it contained boron , a neutron absorber . He then had graphite manufacturers produce boron @-@ free graphite . Had he not done so , they might have concluded , as the Germans did , that graphite was unsuitable for use as a neutron moderator . = = Government support = = Szilard drafted a confidential letter to the President , Franklin D. Roosevelt , explaining the possibility of nuclear weapons , warning of a German nuclear weapon project , and encouraging the development of a program that could result in their creation . With the help of Eugene Wigner and Edward Teller , he approached his old friend and collaborator Albert Einstein in August 1939 , and convinced him to sign the letter , lending his fame to the proposal . The Einstein – Szilard letter resulted in the establishment of research into nuclear fission by the U.S. government . An Advisory Committee on Uranium was formed under Lyman J. Briggs , a scientist and the director of the National Bureau of Standards . Its first meeting on 21 October 1939 , was attended by Szilard , Teller and Wigner , who persuaded the Army and Navy to provide $ 6 @,@ 000 for Szilard to purchase supplies for experiments — in particular , more graphite . In April 1941 , the National Defense Research Committee ( NDRC ) , created a special project headed by physicist , Arthur Compton , a Nobel @-@ Prize @-@ winning professor at the University of Chicago , to report on the uranium program . Compton 's report , submitted in May 1941 , foresaw the prospects of developing radiological weapons , nuclear propulsion for ships , and nuclear weapons using uranium @-@ 235 or the recently discovered plutonium . In October he wrote another report on the practicality of an atomic bomb . For this report , he worked with Fermi on calculations of the critical mass of uranium @-@ 235 . He also discussed the prospects for uranium enrichment with Harold Urey . Niels Bohr and John Wheeler had theorized that heavy isotopes with odd atomic numbers were fissile . If so , then plutonium @-@ 239 was likely to be . In May 1941 , Emilio Segrè and Glenn Seaborg at the University of California produced 28 μg of plutonium in the 60 @-@ inch cyclotron there , and found that it had 1 @.@ 7 times the thermal neutron capture cross section of uranium @-@ 235 . At the time only such minute quantities of plutonium @-@ 239 had been produced , in cyclotrons , and it was not possible to produce a sufficiently large quantity that way . Compton discussed with Wigner how plutonium might be produced in a nuclear reactor , and with Robert Serber about how the plutonium produced in a reactor might be separated from uranium . His report , submitted in November , stated that a bomb was feasible . The final draft of Compton 's November 1941 report made no mention of using plutonium , but after discussing the latest research with Ernest Lawrence , Compton became convinced that a plutonium bomb was also feasible . In December , Compton was placed in charge of the plutonium project . Its objectives were to produce reactors to convert uranium to plutonium , to find ways to chemically separate the plutonium from the uranium , and to design and build an atomic bomb . It fell to Compton to decide which of the different types of reactor designs that the scientists should pursue , even though a successful reactor had not yet been built . He proposed a schedule to achieve a controlled nuclear chain reaction by January 1943 , and to have an atomic bomb by January 1945 . = = Development = = In a nuclear reactor , criticality is achieved when the rate of neutron production is equal to the rate of neutron losses , including both neutron absorption and neutron leakage . Thus , in the simplest case of a bare , homogeneous , steady state nuclear reactor , the neutron leakage and neutron absorption must be equal to neutron production in order to reach criticality . The critical radius of an unreflected , homogeneous , spherical reactor was calculated to be : <formula> where M is the migration area and k is the medium neutron multiplication factor . The first generation of the reaction will produce k neutrons , the second will produce k2 , the third k3 and so on . In order for a self @-@ sustaining nuclear chain reaction to occur , k must be greater than 1 . For a practical reactor configuration , it needs to be at least 3 or 4 percent more . Fermi christened his apparatus a " pile " . Emilio Segrè later recalled that : I thought for a while that this term was used to refer to a source of nuclear energy in analogy with Volta 's use of the Italian term pila to denote his own great invention of a source of electrical energy . I was disillusioned by Fermi himself , who told me that he simply used the common English word pile as synonymous with heap . To my surprise , Fermi never seemed to have thought of the relationship between his pile and Volta 's . Another grant , this time of $ 40 @,@ 000 , was obtained from the S @-@ 1 Uranium Committee to purchase more materials , and in August 1941 Fermi began to plan for a new test . The pile he proposed to build was 8 feet ( 2 @.@ 4 m ) long , 8 feet ( 2 @.@ 4 m ) wide and 11 feet ( 3 @.@ 4 m ) high . This was too large to fit in the Pupin Physics Laboratories . Fermi recalled that : We went to Dean Pegram , who was then the man who could carry out magic around the University , and we explained to him that we needed a big room . He scouted around the campus and we went with him to dark corridors and under various heating pipes and so on , to visit possible sites for this experiment and eventually a big room was discovered in Schermerhorn Hall . The pile was built in September 1941 from 4 @-@ by @-@ 4 @-@ by @-@ 12 @-@ inch ( 10 by 10 by 30 cm ) graphite blocks and tinplate iron cans of uranium oxide . The cans were 8 @-@ by @-@ 8 @-@ by @-@ 8 @-@ inch ( 20 by 20 by 20 cm ) cubes . When filled with uranium oxide , each weighed about 60 pounds ( 27 kg ) . There were 288 cans in all , and each was surrounded by graphite blocks so the whole would form a lattice structure . The uranium oxide was heated to remove moisture , and packed into the cans while still hot on a shaking table . The cans were then soldered shut . For a workforce , Pegram secured the services of Columbia 's football team . It was the custom at the time for football players to perform odd jobs around the university . They were able to manipulate the heavy cans with ease . The final result was a disappointing k of 0 @.@ 87 . Compton felt that having teams at Columbia University , Princeton University , the University of Chicago and the University of California was creating too much duplication and not enough collaboration , and he resolved to concentrate the work in one location . Nobody wanted to move , and everybody argued in favor of their own location . In January 1942 , soon after the United States entered World War II , Compton decided on his own location , the University of Chicago , where he knew he had the unstinting support of university administration . Other factors in the decision were that scientists , technicians and facilities were more readily available in the Midwest , where war work had not yet taken them away , and Chicago 's central location . In contrast , Columbia University was engaged in uranium enrichment efforts under Harold Urey and John Dunning , and was hesitant to add a third secret project . Before leaving for Chicago , Fermi 's team made one last attempt to build a working pile at Columbia . Since the cans had absorbed neutrons , they were dispensed with . Instead , the uranium oxide , heated to 480 ° F ( 249 ° C ) to dry it out , was pressed into cylindrical holes 3 inches ( 7 @.@ 6 cm ) long and 3 inches ( 7 @.@ 6 cm ) in diameter drilled into the graphite . The entire pile was then canned by soldering sheet metal around it , and the contents heated above the boiling point of water to remove moisture . The result was a k of 0 @.@ 918 . = = Choice of site = = In Chicago , Samuel K. Allison had found a suitable space 60 feet ( 18 m ) long , 30 feet ( 9 @.@ 1 m ) wide and 26 feet ( 7 @.@ 9 m ) high , sunk slightly below ground level , in a space under the stands at Stagg Field originally built as a rackets court . Stagg Field had been largely unused since the University of Chicago had given up playing American football in 1939 , but the rackets courts under West Stands were still used for playing squash and handball . Leona Woods and Anthony L. Turkevich played squash there in 1940 . Being intended for strenuous exercise , the area was unheated . The nearby North Stands had a pair of ice skating rinks on the ground floor , which although unrefrigerated , seldom melted in winter . Allison used the rackets court area to construct a 7 @-@ foot ( 2 @.@ 1 m ) experimental pile before Fermi 's group arrived in 1942 . The United States Army Corps of Engineers assumed control of the nuclear weapons program in June 1942 , and Compton 's Metallurgical Laboratory became part of what came to be called the Manhattan Project . Brigadier General Leslie R. Groves , Jr. became director of the Manhattan Project on 23 September 1942 . He visited the Metallurgical Laboratory for the first time on 5 October . Between 15 September and 15 November 1942 , groups under Herbert Anderson and Walter Zinn constructed 16 experimental piles under the Stagg Field stands . Fermi designed a new pile , which would be spherical to maximize k , which was predicted to be around 1 @.@ 04 , thereby achieving criticality . Leona Woods completed her doctoral thesis and then was detailed to build boron trifluoride neutron detectors . She also helped Anderson locate the large number of 4 @-@ by @-@ 6 @-@ inch ( 10 by 15 cm ) timbers required at lumber yards in Chicago 's south side . Shipments of high @-@ purity graphite arrived , mainly from National Carbon , and high @-@ purity uranium dioxide from Mallinckrodt in St Louis , which was now producing 30 short tons ( 27 t ) a month . Metallic uranium also began arriving in larger quantities , the product of newly developed techniques . On 25 June , the Army and the Office of Scientific Research and Development ( OSRD ) had selected a site in the Argonne Forest near Chicago for a plutonium pilot plant . This became known as Site A. 1 @,@ 025 acres ( 415 ha ) were leased from Cook County in August , but by September it was apparent that the proposed facilities would be too extensive for the site , and it was decided to build the pilot plant elsewhere . The subcritical piles posed little danger , but Groves felt that it would be prudent to locate a critical pile — a fully functional nuclear reactor — at a more remote site . A building at Argonne to house Fermi 's experimental pile was commenced , with its completion scheduled for 20 October . Due to industrial disputes , construction fell behind schedule , and it became clear the materials for Fermi 's new pile would be on hand before the new structure was completed . In early November , Fermi came to Compton with a proposal to build the experimental pile under the stands at Stagg Field . The safety of building an operational reactor running at criticality in a populated area was a significant issue . However , the physics of the system suggested that the pile could be safely shut down even in the event of a runaway reaction . When a fuel atom undergoes fission , it releases neutrons that strike other fuel atoms and leads to the chain reaction . The time between absorbing the neutron and undergoing fission is measured in nanoseconds , often using a convenient unit for this purpose , the shake . Szilard had noted that this reaction leaves behind fission products that may also release neutrons , but do so over much longer periods , from microseconds to as long as minutes . In a slow reaction like the one in a pile where the fission products build up , these neutrons account for about three percent of the total flux . Fermi argued that by using these delayed neutrons , and by carefully controlling the reaction rates as the power is ramped up , a pile can reach criticality at fission rates slightly below that of a chain reaction relying solely on the prompt neutrons from the fission reactions . Since the rate of release of these neutrons depends on fission events taking place some time earlier , there is a delay between any power spikes and the later criticality event . This time gives the operators leeway ; if a spike in the prompt neutron flux is seen , they have several minutes before this causes a runaway reaction . If a neutron absorber , or neutron poison , is injected at any time during this period , the reactor will shut down . Compton felt this delay was enough to provide a critical margin of safety , and allowed Fermi to build Chicago Pile @-@ 1 at Stagg Field . There was a fear of a catastrophic nuclear meltdown blanketing one of the United States ' major urban areas in radioactive fission products . Compton later explained that : As a responsible officer of the University of Chicago , according to every rule of organizational protocol , I should have taken the matter to my superior . But this would have been unfair . President Hutchins was in no position to make an independent judgment of the hazards involved . Based on considerations of the University 's welfare , the only answer he could have given would have been — no . And this answer would have been wrong . Compton informed Groves of his decision at the 14 November meeting of the S @-@ 1 Executive Committee . Although Groves " had serious misgivings about the wisdom of Compton 's suggestion " , he did not interfere . James Bryant Conant , the chairman of the NDRC , was reported to have turned white . But because of the urgency and their confidence in Fermi ’ s calculations , no one objected . = = Construction = = Chicago Pile 1 was encased within a balloon so that the air inside could be replaced by carbon dioxide . Anderson had a dark gray balloon manufactured by Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company . A 25 @-@ foot ( 7 @.@ 6 m ) cube @-@ shaped balloon was somewhat unusual , but the Manhattan Project 's AAA priority rating ensured prompt delivery with no questions asked . A block and tackle was used to haul it into place , with the top secured to the ceiling and three sides to the walls . The remaining side , the one facing the balcony from which Fermi directed the operation , was furled like an awning . A circle was drawn on the floor , and the stacking of graphite blocks began on the morning of 16 November 1942 . The first layer placed was made up entirely of graphite blocks , with no uranium . Layers without uranium were alternated with two layers containing uranium , so the uranium was enclosed in graphite . Unlike later reactors , it had no radiation shielding or cooling system , as it was only intended to be operated at very low power . The work was carried out in twelve @-@ hour shifts , with a day shift under Zinn and a night shift under Anderson . For a work force they hired thirty high school dropouts that were eager to earn a bit of money before being drafted into the Army . They machined 45 @,@ 000 graphite blocks enclosing 19 @,@ 000 pieces of uranium metal and uranium oxide . The graphite arrived from the manufacturers in 4 @.@ 25 @-@ by @-@ 4 @.@ 25 @-@ inch ( 10 @.@ 8 by 10 @.@ 8 cm ) bars of various lengths . They were cut into standard lengths of 16 @.@ 5 inches ( 42 cm ) , each weighing 19 pounds ( 8 @.@ 6 kg ) . A lathe was used to drill 3 @.@ 25 @-@ inch ( 8 @.@ 3 cm ) holes in the blocks for the control rods and the uranium . A hydraulic press was used to shape the uranium oxide into " pseudospheres " , cylinders with rounded ends . Drill bits had to be sharpened after each 60 holes , which worked out to be about once an hour . Graphite dust soon filled the air and made the floor slippery . Another group , under Volney C. Wilson , was responsible for instrumentation . They also fabricated the control rods , which were cadmium sheets nailed to flat wooden strips , cadmium being a potent neutron absorber , and the scram line , a Manila rope that when cut would drop a control rod into the pile and stop the reaction . Richard Fox , who made the control @-@ rod mechanism for the pile , remarked that the manual speed control that the operator had over the rods was simply a variable resistor , controlling an electric motor that would spool the " clothesline " wire over a pulley that also had two lead weights attached to ensure it would ' fail @-@ safe " and return to its zero position when released . About two layers were laid per shift . Woods ' boron trifluoride neutron counter was inserted at the 15th layer . Thereafter , readings were taken at the end of each shift . Fermi divided the square of the radius of the pile by the intensity of the radioactivity to obtain a metric that counted down to one as the pile approached criticality . At the 15th layer , it was 390 ; at the 19th it was 320 ; at the 25th it was 270 and by the 36th it was only 149 . The original design was for a spherical pile , but as work proceeded , it became clear that this would not be necessary . The graphite was now more pure than hitherto , and 6 short tons ( 5 @.@ 4 t ) of very pure metallic uranium began to arrive from the Ames Project at Iowa State University , where a team under Frank Spedding had developed a new process to produce uranium metal . Westinghouse Lamp Plant supplied 3 short tons ( 2 @.@ 7 t ) , which it produced in a rush with a makeshift process . The 2 @.@ 25 @-@ inch ( 5 @.@ 7 cm ) metallic uranium cylinders , known as " Spedding 's eggs " , were dropped in the holes in the graphite in lieu of the uranium oxide pseudoshperes . The process of filling the balloon with carbon dioxide would not be necessary , and twenty layers could be dispensed with . According to Fermi 's new calculations , the countdown would reach 1 between the 56th and 57th layers . The resulting pile was therefore flatter on the top than on the bottom . Anderson called a halt after the 57th layer was placed . When completed , the wooden frame supported an elliptical @-@ shaped structure , 20 feet ( 6 @.@ 1 m ) high , 6 feet ( 1 @.@ 8 m ) wide at the ends and 25 feet ( 7 @.@ 6 m ) across the middle . It contained 6 short tons ( 5 @.@ 4 t ) of uranium metal , 50 short tons ( 45 t ) of uranium oxide and 400 short tons ( 360 t ) of graphite , at an estimated cost of $ 2 @.@ 7 million . = = First nuclear chain reaction = = The next day , 2 December 1942 , everybody assembled for the experiment . There were 49 scientists present . Although most of the S @-@ 1 Executive Committee was in Chicago , only Crawford Greenewalt was present , at Compton 's invitation . Other dignitaries present included Szilard , Wigner and Spedding . Fermi , Compton , Anderson and Zinn gathered around the controls on the balcony , which was originally intended as a viewing platform . Samuel Allison stood ready with a bucket of concentrated cadmium nitride , which he was to throw over the pile in the event of an emergency . The start up began at 09 : 54 . Walter Zinn removed the zip , the emergency control rod , and secured it . Norman Hilberry stood ready with an axe to cut the scram line , which would allow the zip to fall under the influence of gravity . While Leona Woods called out the count from the boron trifluoride detector in a loud voice , George Weil , the only one on the floor , withdrew all but one of the control rods . At 10 : 37 Fermi ordered Weil to remove all but 13 feet ( 4 @.@ 0 m ) of the last control rod . Weil withdrew it 6 inches ( 15 cm ) at a time , with measurements being taken at each step . The process was abruptly halted by the automatic control rod reinserting itself , due to its trip level being set too low . At 11 : 25 , Fermi ordered the control rods reinserted . He then announced that it was lunch time . The experiment resumed at 14 : 00 . Weil worked the final control rod while Fermi carefully monitored the neutron activity . Fermi announced that the pile had gone critical ( reached a self @-@ sustaining reaction ) at 15 : 25 . Fermi switched the scale on the recorder to accommodate the rapidly increasing electrical current from the beryllium trifluoride detectors . He wanted to test the control circuits but after 28 minutes , the alarm bells went off to notify everyone that the neutron flux had passed the preset safety level , and he ordered Zinn to release the zip . The reaction rapidly halted . The pile had run for about 4 @.@ 5 minutes at about 0 @.@ 5 watts . Wigner opened a bottle of Chianti , which they drank from paper cups . Compton notified Conant by telephone . The conversation was in an impromptu code : Compton : The Italian navigator has landed in the New World . Conant : How were the natives ? Compton : Very friendly . = = Later operation = = On 12 December 1942 CP @-@ 1 's power output was increased to 200 W , enough to power a light bulb ; but lacking shielding of any kind , it was a radiation hazard for everyone in the vicinity . Thereafter , testing was continued , but at 0 @.@ 5 W. Operation was terminated on 28 February 1943 , and the pile was dismantled and moved to Site A in the Argonne Forest , now known as Red Gate Woods . There the original materials were used to build Chicago Pile @-@ 2 ( CP @-@ 2 ) . Instead of being spherical , the new reactor was built in a cube @-@ like shape , about 25 feet ( 7 @.@ 6 m ) tall with a base approximately 30 feet ( 9 @.@ 1 m ) square . It was surrounded by concrete walls 5 feet ( 1 @.@ 5 m ) thick that acted as a radiation shield , with overhead protection from 6 inches ( 15 cm ) of lead and 50 inches ( 130 cm ) of wood . More uranium was used , so it contained 52 short tons ( 47 t ) of uranium and 472 short tons ( 428 t ) of graphite . No cooling system was provided as it only ran at a few kilowatts . CP @-@ 2 became operational in March 1943 , with a k of 1 @.@ 055 . During the war Zinn allowed CP @-@ 2 to be run around the clock , and its design made it easy to conduct experiments . CP @-@ 2 was joined by Chicago Pile @-@ 3 , the first heavy water reactor , which went critical on 15 May 1944 . The reactors were used to undertake research related to weapons , such as investigations of the properties of tritium . Wartime experiments included measuring the neutron absorption cross @-@ section of elements and compounds . Albert Wattenberg recalled that about 10 elements were studied each month , and 75 over the course of a year . An accident involving radium and beryllium powder caused a dangerous drop in his white blood cell count that lasted for three years . As the dangers of things such as inhaling uranium oxide became more apparent , experiments were conducted on the effects of radioactive substances on laboratory test animals . The Red Gate Woods later became the original site of Argonne National Laboratory , which replaced the Metallurgical Laboratory on 1 July 1946 , with Zinn as its first director . CP @-@ 2 and CP @-@ 3 operated for ten years before they outlived their usefulness , and Zinn ordered them shut down on 15 May 1954 . Their remaining usable fuel was transferred to Chicago Pile @-@ 5 at the Argonne National Laboratory 's new site in DuPage County , and the CP @-@ 2 and CP @-@ 3 reactors were dismantled in 1955 and 1956 . High @-@ level nuclear waste such as fuel and heavy water were shipped to Oak Ridge , Tennessee , for disposal . The rest was encased in concrete and buried in a 40 @-@ foot @-@ deep ( 12 m ) trench in what is now known as the Site A / Plot M Disposal Site . It is marked by a commemorative boulder . By the 1970s there was increased public concern about the levels of radioactivity at the site , which was used by the local residents for recreational purposes . Surveys conducted in the 1980s found strontium @-@ 90 in the soil at Plot M , trace amounts of tritium in nearby wells , and plutonium , technetium , cesium , and uranium in the area . In 1994 , the United States Department of Energy and the Argonne National Laboratory yielded to public pressure and earmarked $ 24 @.@ 7 million and $ 3 @.@ 4 million respectively to rehabilitate the site . As part of the clean up , 500 cubic yards ( 380 m3 ) of radioactive waste was removed and sent to the Hanford Site for disposal . By 2002 , the Illinois Department of Public Health had determined that the remaining materials posed no danger to public health . = = Significance and commemoration = = A commemorative plaque was unveiled at Stagg Field on 2 December 1952 , the occasion of the tenth anniversary of CP @-@ 1 going critical . It read : On December 2 , 1942 man achieved here the first self @-@ sustaining chain reaction and thereby initiated the controlled release of nuclear energy . The plaque was saved when the West Stands were demolished in August 1957 . The site of CP @-@ 1 was designated as a National Historic Landmark on 18 February 1965 . When the National Register of Historic Places was created in 1966 , it was immediately added to that as well . The site was also named a Chicago Landmark on 27 October 1971 . Today the site of the old Stagg Field is occupied by the University 's Regenstein Library , which was opened in 1970 , and the Joe and Rika Mansueto Library , which was opened in 2011 . A Henry Moore sculpture , Nuclear Energy , stands in a small quadrangle just outside the Regenstein Library . It was dedicated on 2 December 1967 , to commemorate the 25th anniversary of CP @-@ 1 going critical . The commemorative plaques from 1952 , 1965 and 1967 are nearby . A graphite block from CP @-@ 1 can be seen at the Bradbury Science Museum in Los Alamos , New Mexico ; another is on display at the Museum of Science and Industry in Chicago .
= 7th Battalion ( Australia ) = The 7th Battalion was an infantry battalion of the Australian Army . Raised in 1914 as part of the Australian Imperial Force during the First World War , the battalion was completely recruited from the state of Victoria and formed the 2nd Brigade , 1st Division . The battalion served during the Gallipoli campaign where it had the distinction of having four of its members awarded the Victoria Cross . In 1916 , it was transferred to Europe , fighting in the trenches along the Western Front for the next two and a half years . Although disbanded in 1919 following the end of hostilities , it was re @-@ raised in 1921 in the Citizens Force ( later known as the Militia ) as a part @-@ time infantry battalion based in Victoria . However , due to lack of funding following the Great Depression and a shortage of manpower following the suspension of the compulsory training scheme in 1929 , the battalion was amalgamated with the 38th Battalion as the 7th / 38th Battalion , although it was delinked again in 1936 when the Army was expanded due to rising tensions in Europe . During the Second World War , the 7th Battalion served primarily in a garrison role , firstly being used to defend the Australian mainland before deploying late in the war to take part in the Bougainville campaign in 1944 – 45 . On Bougainville , as part of the 23rd Brigade , they took part in the fighting in the central sector of the island in the last months of the war . Following the end of hostilities , the battalion was once again used in the garrison role before being returned to Australia and disbanding in early 1946 . In 1948 , the battalion was re @-@ raised as an amalgamated unit with the 8th Battalion when the Citizens Military Force was reformed . Today , it exists as the 8th / 7th Battalion , Royal Victoria Regiment . = = History = = = = = First World War = = = = = = = Formation = = = = Following the outbreak of the First World War , the Australian government decided to raise an all volunteer force for overseas service due to the provisions of the Defence Act ( 1903 ) which precluded sending the Militia outside of Australian territory to fight . While this force would draw from the military forces that already existed — the part @-@ time Citizens Force and the Permanent Military Force — it would be largely be made up from recruits not currently serving . Known as the Australian Imperial Force ( AIF ) , initially it was to consist of 20 @,@ 000 men , comprising one infantry division and a light horse brigade . Recruitment for the first intake began on 10 August 1914 , and the 7th Battalion was among the first units raised , forming less than a fortnight after the declaration of war . Under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Harold Elliot , the battalion was brigaded with the 5th , 6th and 8th Battalions to form the 2nd Brigade under Brigadier James Whiteside McCay . Elliott took personal control over the recruitment process , selecting only those officers that he had known from his service in the Citizens Forces as his company commanders , who he in turn entrusted with choosing their own subordinates . Recruitment was conducted over a period of three weeks and by the end of the period the process had been so successful that the battalion was over establishment . Initially , the battalion was organised into eight companies , designated ' A ' to ' H ' , while recruitment and initial training was undertaken at Broadmeadows , however , this was later reduced to the standard four companies , designated ' A ' to ' D ' . = = = = Gallipoli = = = = In September the battalion marched through the city of Melbourne and a fortnight later they embarked upon HMT Hororata bound for the Middle East . They arrived in Egypt on 2 December 1914 after which they undertook further training before being called to undertake defensive duties along the Suez Canal following the failed Turkish First Suez Offensive in February 1915 . However the battalion did not take part in direct combat , and during this time a number of the its non commissioned officers were allowed to apply for commissions in British Army units . In early April the battalion was moved to Alexandria and from there on to Lemnos Island . On the morning of 25 April 1915 , the battalion took part in the Landing at Anzac Cove , coming ashore as part of the second wave . Over the course of the first week the battalion was involved in establishing the beachhead and suffered heavily , losing five officers and 179 men killed or died of wounds . This was higher than any other subsequent battle that the battalion fought during the war . On 29 April , the 2nd Brigade was relieved by the 12th ( Deal ) Battalion and in early May the battalion was able to reorganise itself after its baptism of fire . The respite did not last long , however , for only ten days after the landing at Anzac Cove , the 2nd Brigade was transferred to Cape Helles in order to take part in an attack on Krithia on 8 May 1915 . The attack was a very costly failure , with the battalion losing a further six officers and 87 men killed . Nevertheless , they were involved in what is believed to be the first brigade @-@ level attack conducted by an Australian force against an entrenched enemy and the attack earned the Victorians many plaudits . After the attack the battalion was given a weeks rest at Cape Helles , where it received a number of reinforcements before being sent back to the lodgement at Anzac Cove , where a stalemate situation had developed . In an effort to break this deadlock , the Allies launched an offensive in August and the battalion took part in the Battle of Lone Pine . After taking over positions that had been captured by the 1st Brigade , the battalion defended the trenches against repeated Turkish counterattacks and , in the process , four of its members performed acts of gallantry that later led to them receiving the Victoria Cross ( VC ) , the nation 's highest military decoration . These men were : Corporal Alexander Stewart Burton , Corporal William Dunstan , Lieutenant William John Symons and Captain Frederick Harold Tubb . During this fighting , the 7th Battalion lost 87 men killed . Despite the battalion 's success in holding the trenches at Lone Pine , the August Offensive failed to break the deadlock as setbacks elsewhere resulted in continued stalemate and for the rest of the campaign the fighting was relatively static . Finally , in December the decision was made to evacuate the Allied force from the peninsula . During the evacuation , two of the battalion 's soldiers , William Scurry and Alfred ' Buntie ' Lawrence played a significant part through their invention of a self @-@ firing rifle , which assisted in making the Turks believe that there were still men manning the trenches even as they were being evacuated . = = = = Western Front = = = = After Gallipoli the 7th Battalion was withdrawn to Egypt , where the AIF underwent a period of reorganisation and expansion prior to being transferred to Europe . The 7th Battalion was split to provide a cadre for the 59th Battalion which was being raised as part of the doubling of the Australian forces . In March 1916 , they sailed to France where for the next two and half years they would take part in the fighting in the trenches along the Western Front . Upon arrival , the battalion was sent to the Somme , where its first major action came in July during the Battle of Pozières . Throughout July and into August , the battalion was committed to the fighting twice , losing 55 men killed in the first battle and another 83 in the second . In late August , the 7th Battalion , with a frontage equal to just over half its authorised strength , was transferred to Ypres , in Belgium , where they manned trenches near the Ypres – Commines canal . During this time they were not involved in any major attacks , however , each night they sent patrols out into no man 's land and established listening posts to gather intelligence . On 30 September , the 7th Battalion , along with its sister battalion , the 8th Battalion , mounted a raid on the German line at Hollebeke with a force roughly equivalent to two platoons . The raid was a great success , with the Australians overwhelming the defenders and capturing a section of the German line and killing up to 13 Germans , before withdrawing . In October , the battalion returned to the Somme where they spent the winter months manning trenches and training . In early 1917 , precipitated by the loss of the high ground around Pozières , the Germans withdrew back to the Hindenburg Line in order to shorten their defensive line and to straighten a salient that had developed . In February , the German withdrawal was discovered and the Allies , finding an open battlefield for the first time since 1914 and believing that the German Army was suffering from limited manpower , began an advance to follow them up . On the night of 26 / 27 February , the 7th Battalion launched what was meant to be a trench raid , but turned into an open advance , seeing them extend their lines by 2 @.@ 5 kilometres ( 1 @.@ 6 mi ) . The Allied advance , however , was brief as the Germans had established themselves in strength , and was halted at Bullecourt . In May the battalion was withdrawn from the front line for re @-@ organisation and training . It did not return until the Third Battle of Ypres in September and October 1917 , when they were committed to the fighting first at Menin Road . The 7th Battalion had 57 men killed in this phase , and then later at Broodseinde another 98 were killed . Following these battles , the 7th Battalion was withdrawn from the front line once more in December . In March 1918 , however , following the start of the German Spring Offensive , the battalion was called back to help stem the tide of the German advance . As the German offensive ran out of momentum , the battalion kept up the pressure on the German line through a series of peaceful penetrations , before subsequently taking part in the Allied Hundred Days Offensive , which was launched near Amiens on 8 August 1918 . As a part of this offensive , the battalion fought major actions at Lihons on 9 – 11 August where they captured a number of German mortars and Herleville Woods on 23 August . They continued operations until late September 1918 when they were withdrawn with a strength of just 410 men and it was out of the line when the armistice came into effect in November . Shortly afterwards the demobilisation process began and as the battalion 's numbers fell as men were repatriated back to Australia , it was amalgamated with 6th Battalion . This battalion was amalgamated with another , formed from the 5th and 8th Battalions , to form the 2nd Brigade Battalion . Throughout their service during the war , the battalion suffered 1 @,@ 045 killed and 2 @,@ 076 wounded . Members of the battalion received the following decorations : four VCs , one Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George ( CMG ) , two Distinguished Service Orders ( DSOs ) , 20 Military Crosses ( MCs ) with two bars , 31 Distinguished Conduct Medals ( DCMs ) with one bar , 100 Military Medals ( MMs ) with five bars , six Meritorious Service Medals ( MSMs ) , 37 Mention in Despatches ( MIDs ) and six foreign awards . The battalion received a total of 26 battle honours for its service during the war . = = = Inter war years = = = In 1921 , the decision was made to perpetuate the battle honours and traditions of the AIF battalions that had served during World War I by reorganising the Citizens Force along AIF lines , with previously existing part @-@ time units adopting the numerical designations of the AIF units that had been drawn from their traditional recruitment territories . In May 1921 , the 7th Battalion was reformed in regional Victoria around a headquarters in Mildura , with depots at Merbein , Wentworth and Red Cliffs . At this time , the battalion drew its personnel from the 2nd Battalion , 7th Infantry Regiment , and the 2nd Battalion , 21st Infantry Regiment . Through its link with these units , the battalion inherited the battle honour of " South Africa 1899 – 102 " . In 1927 , when territorial titles were introduced into the Militia , the battalion adopted the title of the " Mount Alexander Regiment " . It was also granted the motto Cede Nullius at this time . In 1929 , however , the compulsory training scheme was suspended by the newly elected Scullin Labor government . In its place a voluntary system was established and the Citizens Force renamed the " Militia " . The end of compulsory training , coupled with low levels of defence spending and economic hardships brought about by the Great Depression greatly reduced the manpower available to many Militia units at this time and as a result a number of units were disbanded or amalgamated at this time . The 7th Battalion was also affected and on 1 July 1929 it was amalgamated with the 38th Battalion to form the 7th / 38th Battalion . The two battalions remained linked until 9 November 1936 when , following concerns about growing tensions in Europe , it was decided to delink them in order to double the size of the Milita as the prospect of another war became apparent . In 1937 , the battalion 's designation was changed to the " North Murray Borderers " . = = = Second World War = = = Following the outbreak of the Second World War in September 1939 , the Australian government once again decided to raise an all volunteer force for service overseas as the legal restrictions on employing the Militia outside of Australia still applied . Regardless a number of Militia units attempted to join up en masse as already formed units and the 7th Battalion was one of these units . However , as they were required to remain in Australia to provide home defence in the case of war spreading to the Pacific this did not occur . In October 1939 , the Militia was mobilised in stages to undertake a short period of 30 days continuous training and this was undertaken again in 1940 , but for a period of 90 days instead . The compulsory training scheme was also reintroduced and the 7th Battalion 's ranks were filled out with national servicemen . Throughout 1940 and 1941 the battalion undertook a number of training camps in Victoria . In December 1941 , with Japan 's entry into the war following the attacks on Malaya and Pearl Harbor , the battalion was mobilised for war service and tasked with defending the Dandenong area . In 1942 , however , it received orders to move north to Darwin , where it carried out garrison duties to defend the town and experienced a number air raids from Japanese aircraft . During this time also , the battalion was transferred to the 23rd Brigade . Originally the 23rd Brigade had been part of the 8th Division and made up of Second Australian Imperial Force ( 2nd AIF ) battalions , however , after these units were captured or destroyed on Rabaul , Ambon and Timor , it had been rebuilt using Militia battalions and placed under the command of Brigadier Arnold Potts , and assigned to the 12th Division . They remained in Darwin for 18 months before being relieved and sent back to Melbourne in April 1943 . After taking leave , the 7th Battalion was sent to the Atherton Tablelands in Queensland for a period of intensive pre @-@ deployment training in November . In 1944 the 23rd Brigade had been attached to the II Corps , which was tasked with taking over from the Americans and launching a renewed offensive on Bougainville . The 23rd Brigade was given the task of relieving the garrisons in the outer islands and the 7th Battalion was primarily responsible for Mono island , although one company was detached to Munda , arriving there in October 1944 . Tasked with defending the airfield from a Japanese attack that was at best remote , some members of the battalion sought to enliven their existence by acting as crews on US Navy PT boats carrying out raids on New Britain and New Ireland . In April 1945 , after months of lobbying by Potts — who was keen to get back into action himself after having been relieved of his previous command during the Kokoda campaign — the 7th Battalion was transferred to Torokina on Bougainville Island , where the Japanese garrison was still holding out . In June they moved up the Numa Numa Trail to Pearl Ridge in the central sector of the island where they relieved the 27th Battalion . Almost immediately they began aggressive patrols in order to dominate the Japanese in their area of operations and were tasked with the capture of several key positions including Wearne 's Hill , Base Point 3 , Tokua and Sisivie and to establish a forward position in the Wakunai Valley . Over the course of the next three months until the end of the war , the battalion captured 25 positions and killed around 200 Japanese soldiers . Following the end of hostilities the battalion moved to the island of Fauro to guard Japanese prisoners of war . As the demobilisation process began , members of the battalion were slowly repatriated to Australia , while others were transferred to other units for further service elsewhere . By March 1946 the last of the battalion 's personnel had been returned to Australia and on 10 May 1946 , the 7th Battalion was formally disbanded . During its service throughout the war the battalion lost 25 men killed or died on active service , with a further 50 men wounded . Members of the battalion received the following decorations : one DSO , one MC , one MM and 16 MIDs . = = Legacy = = Following the completion of the demobilisation process , the Citizens Military Force was reformed in 1948 , albeit on a reduced scale . At this time , the 7th Battalion was not re @-@ raised in its own right , although an amalgamated unit known as the 8th / 7th Battalion ( North Western Victorian Regiment ) was formed in order to perpetuate the two rural Victorian battalions . Today the honours and traditions of the 7th Battalion are maintained by the 8th / 7th Battalion , Royal Victoria Regiment , an infantry battalion of the Australian Army Reserve , that was formed in 1960 as the 2nd Battalion , Royal Victoria Regiment , following the introduction of the Pentropic organisation , but which was later redesignated 8 / 7 RVR . The 7th Battalion 's battle honours include those of the 2nd AIF 's 2 / 7th Battalion , which were entrusted to the 7th in 1961 . = = Commanding officers = = The following is a list of officers that served as the 7th Battalion 's commanding officer during the two World Wars : First World War : Lieutenant Colonel Harold Edward Elliott ; Lieutenant Colonel Alfred Jackson ; Lieutenant Colonel Carl Herman Jess ; Lieutenant Colonel Ernest Edward Herrod . Second World War : Lieutenant Colonel Hugh Marcell Conran ; Lieutenant Colonel Howard Leslie Ewin Dunkley ; Lieutenant Colonel Frederick Thomas Henry Goucher ; Lieutenant Colonel Geoffrey Moore Norris ; Lieutenant Colonel Rupert Markham Sadler ; Lieutenant Colonel Peter Glynn Clifton Webster ; Lieutenant Colonel John Alfred Wilmoth . = = Battle honours = = The 7th Battalion received the following battle honours : South Africa 1899 – 1902 . First World War : Landing at Anzac , Defence at Anzac , Helles , Krithia , Anzac , Suvla , Sari Bair – Lone Pine , Gallipoli 1915 , Egypt 1915 – 16 , Somme 1916 – 18 , Pozières , Bullecourt , Ypres 1917 , Menin Road , Polygon Wood , Broodseinde , Poelcappelle , Passchendaele , Lys , Hazebrouck , Amiens , Albert 1918 ( Chuignes ) , Hindenburg Line , Epehy , France and Flanders 1916 – 18 , Suez Canal . Second World War : North Africa 1940 – 41 , Bardia 1941 , Capture of Tobruk , Greece 1941 , Middle East 1941 , Crete , Canea , 42nd Street , Withdrawal to Sphakia , South @-@ West Pacific 1942 – 45 , Wau , Mubo I , Bobdubi II , Komiatum , Liberation of Australian New Guinea , Maprik , Yamil – Ulupu , Kaboibus – Kiarivu .
= Bernard Fanning = Bernard Fanning ( born 15 August 1969 ) is an Australian musician and singer @-@ songwriter . He is best known as the lead singer and frontman of Australian alternative rock band Powderfinger from its formation in 1989 to its dissolution in 2010 . Born and raised in Toowong , Brisbane , Fanning was taught the piano by his mother at an early age . At the age of 12 , while attending St Joseph 's College , Gregory Terrace , he began writing music , and upon graduating from St. Joseph 's , moved on to the University of Queensland , where he studied journalism for a short time . He dropped out to pursue a music career , after meeting Ian Haug in an economics class . Fanning joined Haug , John Collins , and Steven Bishop , who had recently formed Powderfinger , and took the role of lead singer . After Bishop left and guitarist Darren Middleton joined , the band released five studio albums in fifteen years and achieved mainstream success in Australia . During Powderfinger 's hiatus in 2005 , Fanning began his solo music career with the studio album Tea & Sympathy . Powderfinger then reunited in 2007 and released two more albums before disbanding in late 2010 . While Powderfinger 's style focuses on alternative rock , Fanning 's solo music is generally described as a mixture of blues and acoustic folk . Fanning plays guitar , piano , keyboards and harmonica , both when performing solo and also with Powderfinger . Often speaking out against Australian political figures , Fanning has donated much of his time to philanthropic causes . He is an advocate for Aboriginal justice in Australia . = = Early life = = Fanning was born in Brisbane on 15 August 1969 . He was raised , alongside two brothers and a sister , in the inner Brisbane suburb of Toowong . The death of one of Fanning 's brothers to cancer would be the inspiration for Vulture Street 's " Since You 've Been Gone " . Fanning 's mother began teaching him to play piano as a young child , although his siblings were not interested in music . Fanning attended St. Joseph 's College , Gregory Terrace and began writing his own music at the age of 15 . Fanning has described these early works as " terrible " , but notes that he enjoyed writing and arranging them . After graduating from St Joseph 's , Fanning entered the University of Queensland to study journalism ; however , he was equally interested in pursuing a music career . He left university at the age of 19 to pursue a music career . = = Music career = = = = = Powderfinger era ( 1989 – 2004 ) = = = Fanning first met Powderfinger guitarist Ian Haug in a University of Queensland economics class in 1989 . At the time of the meeting , Haug had recently formed Powderfinger with high school friends John Collins and Steven Bishop , who would become the band 's foundational bass guitarist and drummer , respectively . Haug was the lead guitarist and lead singer . On discovering Fanning 's singing abilities , Haug replaced himself with Fanning as lead singer and frontman . Haug stated that " It was a big thing to convince the others that we needed a singer . They were like , ' You 're OK , ' and I was like , ' No I 'm not . We can do better than that . ' " In 1992 , current guitarist Darren Middleton was invited to join Powderfinger by Fanning and Haug , after they were impressed by his work in Brisbane band Pirate . Middleton accepted the offer and became the fifth member , joining Jon Coghill who had replaced Bishop as drummer . The line @-@ up of Fanning , Middleton , Haug , Collins , and Coghill has since remained unchanged . Throughout the late 1990s , Powderfinger rose to prominence throughout Australia , receiving several accolades and achieving highly successful record and concert ticket sales . As the most vocal and prominent member of the band , the popularity for the group elevated Fanning as a powerful individual in the public view of the Australian music industry . Fanning was called upon by film @-@ maker Gregor Jordan in 2003 to perform the folk song " Moreton Bay " ( named after the bay of the same name in the Brisbane area ) and his own original composition " Shelter for My Soul " in Jordan 's film Ned Kelly . Fanning then enlisted Jordan to film Powderfinger 's first live DVD , These Days : Live in Concert . = = = Solo venture ( 2004 – 2006 ) = = = On 31 October 2005 , Fanning released his debut solo album entitled Tea & Sympathy . The album debuted at No. 1 on the Australian ARIA Albums chart , and spent 58 weeks in the top 50 . It peaked at No. 11 during its 18 @-@ week stay on the New Zealand albums chart . Tea & Sympathy comprised songs Fanning had written in his time with Powderfinger , as well as new content written after the band went on hiatus . Most of the writing was done in what Fanning described as a " creative burst " between March and May 2005 . Much of the inspiration for the work on the album came from Fanning 's reaction to the death of his brother in 2002 , and to the ending of a 12 @-@ year relationship with his girlfriend , Philippa Sison . The majority of the album was recorded at Real World Studios with Tchad Blake in June 2005 , except for " Not Finished Just Yet " , " Believe " , " Wash Me Clean " , and " Hope & Validation " , which were recorded at Fanning 's Brisbane home . Fanning was supported by Brisbane musicians Jerry Marotta , Keith Duffy , and John Bedggood , who also formed part of his live band . The album was developed in a relaxed manner , with Fanning stating , " We had a ball putting the songs together . " Three singles were released from the album . The most successful of these was the lead single , " Wish You Well " , shortly followed by " Songbird " . These releases were only sold as digital download singles . The third single from the album , " Watch Over Me " , was the only to be released as a CD single and achieved minor success on the Australian singles chart . It entered the chart on 9 July 2006 at No. 16 , and spent eight weeks in the top 50 . On 26 January 2006 , " Wish You Well " was voted No. 1 for the Triple J Hottest 100 , 2005 . Following " Watch Over Me " , Fanning digitally released a fourth single " Weekend of Mystery " , which was not officially on the album , except for those who purchased the album from the iTunes Store . Fanning also took home the award for Best Music Video at the 2006 ARIA Awards for the iconic ' Wish You Well ' clip . On 2 December 2005 , Fanning announced a nationwide Which Way Home Concert Tour , named after the song on the album of the same name . Fanning played seven shows between 25 February and 10 March 2006 , in all of Australia 's major capital cities . He was supported by Perth band The Panics and Brisbane singer Andrew Morris . He followed this with the " Yesterday 's Gone " tour , announced on 11 August 2006 , and concluding with Powderfinger re @-@ uniting and returning to the recording studio — Fanning later stated that while he enjoyed making Tea & Sympathy , " Powderfinger is my real job " . = = = Powderfinger return ( 2007 – 2010 ) = = = Throughout 2006 , Fanning had hinted towards Powderfinger ceasing their hiatus to release a sixth studio album . Recorded in Los Angeles , Dream Days at the Hotel Existence was released on 2 June 2007 . The title of the album came from a chapter of Brooklyn Follies by Paul Auster , a book that Fanning had read during recording . The album debuted at No. 1 on the Australian ARIA Albums chart . Powderfinger toured around Australia and New Zealand with Silverchair on the Across the Great Divide tour in 2007 . The tour 's aim was to promote the efforts of Reconciliation Australia to reduce the 17 @-@ year life expectancy gap between Indigenous and Non @-@ Indigenous Australians . Fanning said of the tour , " The idea is to show both bands are behind the idea of reconciliation . " = = = Return to Solo venture ( 2011 – present ) = = = After the disbanding of Powderfinger , Fanning moved to Spain with his family where he began writing and recording demos for his next solo album . In January 2013 Fanning announced on his website blog that he had been recording the follow up to 2005 's Tea and Sympathy in Los Angeles . In March 2013 he announced via his blog that recording had been completed and he had returned to Australia . The album " Departures " was released on the 7th of June with the first single " Battleships " released on the 22nd of April . = = Style , technique , and influences = = Fanning has been described as having a strong vocal range when singing , but has stated that he is not highly confident in his voice . In a 1998 interview , Fanning said , " I don 't think I have the perfect voice or anything " , and stated that delivering the message of the song was more important than " showing off [ his ] chops " . He noted he was not interested in singing for the purpose of singing alone , but rather because he enjoyed getting the purpose of the song across . Fanning has stated : " For me , writing songs comes from anywhere " , drawing inspiration from his experiences . In his work on Tea & Sympathy , Fanning noted less of a collaborative song style , referring to his inability to play guitar solos as causing different elements to become a focus of the songs . In an interview , he said , " I wasn 't relying on solos to be big features because I simply can 't play them . " Fanning explained that the shorter length of songs was due to him not having " four other people " to back him up when producing independently . Fanning has stated his favourite band is The Beatles . = = Political and moral stances = = Fanning has stated that although political messages may be common throughout his and Powderfinger 's music , it is not the central focus when writing songs : " A balance has to be struck in a lot of ways , in the sense that primarily I 'm a musician . I 'm not a political commentator . So if I write a song that has political content , then hopefully that song is a good enough song to make it onto my record . And if it 's not , then that 's just a song that I 've written . So I don 't think it necessarily needs to be that you 're definitively trying to make a political statement . " He has stated that he has no interest in " doing a ' Peter Garrett ' " , who entered politics after a successful Midnight Oil career . On 8 July 2007 , Fanning wrote a piece for Adelaide 's Sunday Mail , telling of his recent trip to Uluru . In the piece , he criticised those who climbed the rock , stating that he was " appalled that kids were being taught to disrespect the wishes of Aboriginal people on their own land " . Upon returning from Uluru , Fanning wrote " Black Tears " , which intended to " document a relationship gone wrong " . In his piece , Fanning also criticised the 17 @-@ year life expectancy gap between Aboriginal and non @-@ Aboriginal Australians , and encouraged all to join a conversation on reconciliation . Fanning takes a left @-@ leaning political stance , although he claims he is not fond of discussing the issue . Rather , he attempts to discuss the issues through his songs ; " I approach writing a song about something like [ Aboriginal affairs ] the same way I would approach writing a song about a relationship , because it 's something that I feel strongly about . " However , he has occasionally stated his views on social and political issues , giving The Dominion Post his stance on Aboriginal affairs in light of the Across the Great Divide tour ; = = Personal life = = Fanning has performed numerous philanthropic tasks independently and with Powderfinger . The band played at the 2005 WaveAid concert to raise money for victims of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake , and the Across the Great Divide tour in 2007 to promote the efforts of Reconciliation Australia . Fanning has contributed to charities including " A Just Australia " and Youngcare Australia , and donates his time to youth detention centres in Brisbane by running songwriting workshops . In an uncharacteristic outburst , Fanning once referred to fellow Australian artist Ben Lee as " a precocious little cunt " , after Lee referred to himself as " the saviour of Australian music " . Fanning later apologised for the comment . Fanning married Andrea Moreno in February 2007 in Brisbane , Australia . Moreno is from Spain , where the two met while Fanning was writing and recording Tea & Sympathy in Europe . This relationship followed a twelve @-@ year union Fanning had had with his previous girlfriend , and it was this break @-@ up ( along with the then @-@ recent death of his older brother ) which influenced much of the lyrical content and sombre atmospheric mood of Tea & Sympathy . Through Moreno , Fanning has learned to speak some of the Spanish language . Fanning and Moreno have performed together while Powderfinger was on hiatus and Fanning was touring as a solo artist . = = Awards and nominations = = = = = APRA Awards = = = The APRA Awards are presented annually from 1982 by the Australasian Performing Right Association ( APRA ) . = = Discography = = = = = Studio albums = = = = = = Singles = = =
= Edge of the Ocean = " Edge of the Ocean " is a song recorded by American indie rock band Ivy . It was released as the third single from their third studio album , Long Distance ( 2000 ) . The single was made available as a CD single , 10 " , and 12 " single in the United States on July 10 , 2001 , before being reissued internationally on May 27 , 2002 . " Edge of the Ocean " was released alongside Ivy 's other single , " Disappointed " , on the same day . The track was written by Dominique Durand , Adam Schlesinger and Andy Chase , while production was handled by the latter two . The track received general acclaim from music critics who highlighted it as a " standout " track . Stylistically different from Ivy 's previous material , " Edge of the Ocean " is an indie pop and trip hop song with " romantic " lyrics . The song was featured on the soundtracks for several films , including Angel Eyes and Shallow Hal . The single was subsequently considered their signature song , including by Ivy themselves . A music video was filmed for " Edge of the Ocean " in 2001 , featuring lead singer Durand walking around the beach with her bandmates . = = Background = = " Edge of the Ocean " was written by Ivy band members Dominique Durand , Adam Schlesinger and Andy Chase . Production of the track was handled by Schlesinger and Chase . In a 2011 interview with Magnet , Chase stated that while writing " Edge of the Ocean " , they tried " to go 100 percent " with creating a lyrical balance that " [ came ] from a specific place and yet remain [ ed ] general , even vague , enough that they can apply to anyone " . In a previous interview with Spinzone , Chase and Durand said that they hoped that " Edge of the Ocean " would prove commercial enough to " mean the difference between making our next album or not " . During recording sessions for Long Distance , Schlesinger and Chase played around with the idea of incorporating new genres into their music . In an interview with Billboard , Ivy stated " the first songs [ we ] recorded were jangly and simple and straight @-@ ahead " . They eventually began work on " the groovier , slightly more melancholy stuff " that " works well with Dominique 's voice " . Ivy agreed that along with the exploration came " more preferable " songs that were " less atmospheric " than those on their previous studio album , Apartment Life ( 1997 ) , but contained more " infectious melodies " . In Ivy 's extended biography on their official website , they called the single " one of [ their ] signature songs " . = = Composition and release = = Musically , " Edge of the Ocean " is an indie pop and trip hop song . Tom Topkoff , writing for Hybrid , called it a " captivating and escapist tune " . A reviewer from Crashdown described the single as " romantic " . Chuck Campbell of The Daily News stated that " Durand 's childlike vocals are as inviting as the waves of an incoming tide " . " Edge of the Ocean " was released as Long Distance 's third single on July 10 , 2001 , and was serviced to adult alternative radio on the same day ; a CD sampler featuring the track and several other songs on Nettwerk was handed out during Coldplay 's world concert series , Parachutes Tour ( 2000 – 01 ) . The US release included two previously unissued tracks , " Hideaway " and " Only a Fool Would Say That " . The single was not released elsewhere until 2002 , when it was released as a CD single in the United Kingdom . = = Critical reception = = After its release , " Edge of the Ocean " received general acclaim from contemporary music critics . Jonathan Cohen from Billboard praised the track and commented that " Durand 's sensual vocals are beguiling as ever " . A reviewer from Resonance magazine also praised the track , calling the single " a cool summer song " . Noel Dix of Exclaim ! applauded it , thanking the band for " mak [ ing ] use of some exceptional loops that come across as genuine rather than a pop band trying to cross over to the electric scene " . In another positive review , a critic from Star @-@ News called the composition " haunting " . = = Music video and promotion = = The official music video for " Edge of the Ocean " was filmed in 2001 ; however , the clip played during the video is considerably shorter than the album version . The video begins with Durand casually walking around near the ocean ; several shots of nearby boats , cliffs and landscape are interwoven as Durand mouths the song 's lyrics . Chase and Schlesinger also appear in the video . The single was featured in several films and television series after its initial release . It was featured in the movies Angel Eyes , Music and Lyrics and Shallow Hal , as well as in the television series Grey 's Anatomy and Veronica Mars . The track was also remixed for the soundtrack album of Roswell . In addition , the single was featured in a television commercial for Holland America . The track was later joked about , with a reviewer noting that " chances are you 've heard it and didn 't even know it " . = = Track listings and formats = = = = Credits and personnel = = Credits and personnel adapted from Long Distance liner notes and Andy Chase 's discography . Recording Recorded at Stratosphere Sound , New York City and Sony Music Studios , New York City Personnel = = Charts = = = = Release = = = = = Process = = = " Edge of the Ocean " was released on July 10 , 2001 in the United States as a 10 " single , an EP , and added to Adult alternative radio , while in the United Kingdom a 12 " promo single was liberated . On May 27 , 2002 a 12 " single , 12 " promo single with a mix made by Filterheadz Mix and a CD single were issued through Nettwerk Music Group . = = = History = = =
= Wanted ( 2008 film ) = Wanted is a 2008 American @-@ German action thriller film based on the comic book miniseries of the same name by Mark Millar and J. G. Jones . The film , written by Chris Morgan , Michael Brandt , and Derek Haas and directed by Timur Bekmambetov stars James McAvoy , Morgan Freeman , and Angelina Jolie . The storyline follows Wesley Gibson ( McAvoy ) , a frustrated account manager who discovers that he is the son of a professional assassin and decides to join the Fraternity , a secret society in which his father worked . Universal Studios acquired the adaptation rights from Millar in 2004 , and while the eventual script drifted from the comic book supervillain mythos in the original miniseries , Millar was content to see most of the comic 's darker content was retained . Production began in April 2007 , with filming in the Czech Republic , Budapest , and the story 's main setting , Chicago . Wanted was released in June 2008 to both critical and commercial success , with box office earnings of $ 341 million worldwide and reviews praising the fast pacing and stylized action scenes . A sequel was planned the same year as the film 's release , but ultimately stalled in the development phase . = = Plot = = In Chicago , 24 @-@ year @-@ old Wesley Gibson ( James McAvoy ) works at a dead @-@ end desk job with an overbearing boss , takes anti @-@ anxiety medication for panic attacks , and has an unfaithful live @-@ in girlfriend who cheats on him with his friend and colleague , Barry ( Chris Pratt ) . One night at the pharmacy , Wesley is told by a woman named Fox ( Angelina Jolie ) that his recently murdered father was an assassin , and the killer , a man named Cross ( Thomas Kretschmann ) , is now hunting him . Cross and Fox engage in a shoot @-@ out with hi @-@ tech guns . Wesley panics and runs into the parking lot followed by Cross who steals a truck and attempts to run Wesley down . Fox flips Wesley into her car and then calmly executes a spectacular escape . Wesley awakens in the headquarters of the Fraternity , a secret society of assassins . The group 's leader , Sloan ( Morgan Freeman ) , explains that Wesley 's panic attacks are actually the untrained expression of a rare ability that allows Wesley 's body to distribute massive amounts of adrenaline , granting superhuman strength , speed , and heightened perception . Sloan wants to teach him to control this ability , and to become an assassin and join their cause . Wesley initially panics and returns to his former life . The next morning , he discovers that his bank account now contains several million dollars . The discovery changes his outlook on life , and during a tirade from his boss , Wesley snaps and delivers a public diatribe . Afterward , he picks up a keyboard and during his exit , hits Barry 's face with it . Fox arrives while Wesley is outside looking at newspaper headlines of the previous night 's events . Wesley is trained for his new life and is soon shown the Loom of Fate , which gives the names of future targets through errors in the fabric . Those the Loom identifies will apparently cause problems in the future , but only Sloan can see and interpret the messages . Though Wesley is initially reluctant to kill , he is convinced when Fox tells him that , in her childhood , a hired killer who burned her father alive had been previously identified by The Loom , but efforts to kill him were unsuccessful . After several missions , Wesley finally manages to leave his girlfriend . He soon has a shootout with Cross , wherein Wesley accidentally kills another Fraternity member . Cross shoots Wesley in the shoulder . Sloan grants Wesley 's wish to avenge his father and sends him after Cross — but then secretly gives Fox a mission to kill Wesley , saying that his name had come up in the Loom , as well . Analyzing the bullet that hit Wesley , it is discovered that it was manufactured by a man named Pekwarsky . Wesley and Fox capture Pekwarsky , who arranges a meeting with Cross . Wesley faces Cross alone on a moving train . Fox steals a car and crashes it into the train , causing a derailment . After Cross saves Wesley from falling into a ravine , Wesley fatally shoots him . Before dying , Cross reveals that he is Wesley 's real father . Fox confirms this , and explains that Wesley was recruited because he was the only person Cross would not kill . Fox points her gun at Wesley , but he shoots the glass under him and falls into the river . Wesley is retrieved by Pekwarsky , who takes him to Wesley 's late father 's apartment ( which is located just opposite to his own ) and explains that Sloan started manufacturing targets for profit after discovering that he was targeted by the Loom of Fate , and he did not tell the Fraternity members that they were now nothing more than paid killers . Cross discovered the truth , went rogue , and started killing Fraternity members to keep them away from his son . Pekwarsky departs , stating that Wesley 's father wished him a life free of violence . Wesley , however , decides to kill Sloan after discovering a secret room containing all of his father 's weapons and maps . After putting explosives on rats to access the Fraternity 's headquarters , Wesley kills nearly every Fraternity member . Upon entering Sloan 's office , he reveals Sloan 's deception to those present in the room . Sloan reveals that all of the assassins ' names had come up in the weaving , and that he had acted to protect them . He gives the members a choice : kill themselves , per the code ; or kill Wesley . The members are considering breaking the code and killing Wesley , but Fox , who believes more in the code , turns on her fellow assassins and curves a bullet that kills everyone but Sloan and Wesley . She throws her gun to distract Wesley , before being killed by her own bullet . Wesley pursues Sloan to the now destroyed Loom chamber , but Sloan manages to escape . Afterwards , Wesley checks his bank account and sees that Sloan has seized his funds , leaving Wesley broke again . A man is seen at Wesley 's desk much later . Sloan appears and points a gun at the back of the man 's head . The man turns around and is revealed to be a decoy . Sloan is killed by Wesley using a long @-@ distance bullet . Wesley states his accomplishments , saying : " this is me taking control , from Sloan , from the Fraternity , from Janice , from billing reports , from ergonomic keyboards , from cheating girlfriends , and sack @-@ of @-@ shit best friends . This is me taking back control of my life " , and asks the audience : " What the fuck have you done lately ? " = = Cast = = James McAvoy as Wesley Gibson , a meek 24 @-@ year @-@ old who works in a cubicle , but learns he is heir to a career as an assassin . Morgan Freeman as Sloan , leader of the Fraternity and partner of Wesley 's deceased father . Angelina Jolie as Fox , an accomplished member of the Fraternity who mentors Wesley . Thomas Kretschmann as Cross , a rogue assassin who has left the Fraternity , and later revealed to be Wesley 's real father . Common as Earl Spellman a.k.a. " Gunsmith " , a professional gunman who trains others to use weapons . Konstantin Khabensky as " The Exterminator " , an expert in explosives who makes bombs and attaches them to rats . One of Wesley 's only friends in the Fraternity . Marc Warren as " The Repairman " , an assassin who says he " breaks bad habits " by violently beating people . Trains Wesley in hand @-@ to @-@ hand combat and endurance . Dato Bakhtadze as " The Butcher " , a knife @-@ expert . Trains Wesley in knife fighting . Terence Stamp as Pekwarsky , a master in the science of killing . Pekwarsky operates as a rogue agent outside of The Fraternity . He is also a craftsman who is able to build bullets both untraceable and capable of traversing long distances . One of Cross 's compatriots . David O 'Hara as Mr. X , the first Fraternity member . Said to be the greatest assassin , and believed to be Wesley 's father . His murder is the catalyst for Wesley 's introduction into the Fraternity . He is killed by Cross . Chris Pratt as Barry , Wesley 's co @-@ worker and best friend , who is having an affair with Wesley 's girlfriend . Kristen Hager as Cathy , Wesley 's unfaithful and bickering girlfriend . Sophiya Haque as Puja Lorna Scott as Janice , Wesley 's overbearing boss . = = Production = = = = = Pre @-@ production and writing = = = The 2003 @-@ 04 comic book miniseries Wanted , by Mark Millar and J. G. Jones , came to the attention of Universal Pictures through executive Jeff Kirschenbaum , a comic book fan who sought a film adaptation that would be considered a " hard @-@ R " and encouraged the studio to pick up the rights to the miniseries . By 2004 , producer Marc Platt had gotten the film rights , and lobbied the studio to get Russian @-@ Kazakh director Timur Bekmambetov , as Platt considered that the visual style and sensibility Bekmambetov showed in Night Watch and Day Watch fit Wanted as “ the comic is dark and edgy but it also has an ironic , comedic tone beneath its violent action ” . In December 2005 , Bekmambetov was hired to helm the project , his first English @-@ language film , and writers Derek Haas and Michael Brandt were assigned the script . Bekmambetov described the original comic as " risky and very provocative " , with " a twist and good characters " , and declared that the thing that attracted him the most in Wanted was how it went through various film genres in its plot : " It ’ s a comedy , a tragedy , a drama , a melodrama . Every scene , we change genres and that ’ s why our movie is different . ” Universal was initially reluctant on giving a potentially lucrative action film to a filmmaker who had never made an English @-@ language film , but Platt convinced the studio that he could “ create an environment that would allow Timur to be himself as a filmmaker and exercise his creative muscles ” . Millar did not like the first draft of the screenplay , considering that the approach was " too tame " and " a little bit Americanized " given he wanted " basically be the opposite of the Spider @-@ Man movie , the idea of someone getting powers and realizing they can do what they want , then choosing the dark path . " The author only started to support the direction the project was taking once Bekmambetov " came in with his Eastern European madness " and the intention of coming closer to the spirit of the book . Bekmambetov said that he would take liberty in adapting the comic book 's world : " It ’ s difficult for me to just follow . It ’ s interesting for me to create . I feel a little bit different how this world has to be executed " . In July 2006 , screenwriter Chris Morgan was hired to revise the third act of the Wanted script written by Haas and Brandt . Haas and Brandt returned to polish the character of Wesley Gibson , which they had established in their first draft . Wanted co @-@ creator Mark Millar saw previsualized footage for the film and said that the footage had raised his expectations for the film adaptation . Millar described the first half of the film as being close to the graphic novel , and also said that the film 's ending was similar , though it was relocated elsewhere from the setting in the graphic novel . The superhero costumes in the series were also removed , with the exception of the leather attire worn by Wesley and Fox . Coincidentally , this had been Millar 's intent when writing the graphic novel , although he and artist J. G. Jones had forgotten to . He said , " I wanted them to have those powers and then just wear those costumes for the initiation , but just for one panel . And then I forgot . " Millar also stated that he would have liked to keep the supervillain mythos that dictates the original comic in the film . Millar was favorable to most of the changes in the storyline , including the story arc of the Fates issuing death orders in line with the series ' original theme of predestination . Angelina Jolie asked for Fox to get killed , saying that " [ i ] f [ Fox ] was to find out she had killed people unjustly and was a part of something that wasn 't fair , then she should take her own life . " = = = Casting = = = James McAvoy , who had screen @-@ tested for the role early in 2006 , was initially rejected because the studio was seeking an actor with conventional Hollywood leading man looks and physique . McAvoy was later recalled , being considered the " runt of the litter " of those who tested . According to McAvoy , " They [ ultimately ] wanted someone geeky . " McAvoy was cast in the role in October 2006 . The Scottish actor , who portrays an American in the film , worked out to improve his physique for the film 's action scenes , and suffered several injuries during shooting , including a twisted ankle and an injured knee . Angelina Jolie was cast in March 2007 , after screenwriter Dean Georgaris rewrote the screenplay to tailor the role of Fox for her . Mark Millar became much more enthusiastic about the project after learning that Jolie had accepted the role of Fox , saying " the only way they could have got a bigger star to play this role is if they 'd hired Tom Cruise in drag . " Jolie decided to make Fox seem " distant and unattainable " by having her silent in many scenes . She mentioned Clint Eastwood , who had recently directed her in the film Changeling , as a possible influence for this aspect of her performance . Common became interested in the role due to both the script and the prospect of working with McAvoy , Jolie , and Morgan Freeman . Common learned a great deal about firearms as preparation for the role , but said he is not a strong supporter of guns in real life . Konstantin Khabensky , who starred in Bekmambetov 's Night Watch , was cast so that the director would have a familiar face around . British television veteran Marc Warren agreed to work in the film because he always wanted to be in a Hollywood blockbuster . Thomas Kretschmann originally intended to pick up the comic series after being cast , but Bekmambetov convinced him not to . He said that he " did excessive gun training " to " make sure I look good and I look like I know what I 'm doing " . Kristen Hager originally auditioned for Fox , but accepted the role of Cathy , considering it " fun to play " . = = = Filming = = = Location plate shooting took place in Chicago in April 2007 . Several chase scenes , including one with a low flying helicopter , were shot in Chicago over two days , on Wacker Drive along the Chicago River , between Columbus Drive and LaSalle Street . The opening scene was filmed using the Carbide & Carbon Building . Production moved to the Czech Republic later in May , scheduled for 12 weeks of shooting . Using a former sugar factory in Prague , production designer John Myhre constructed a large textile factory as part of an industrial world , the setting of a mythological environment in which looms create fabrics that weavers interpret as assassination orders . Afterward , filming moved to Budapest , then returned to Chicago in August . While the actors performed many of their own stunts , with free running and parkour in some of the action scenes , and Angelina Jolie being actually strapped to the hood of a moving Dodge Viper , some of the especially high @-@ risk sequences required digital doubles instead . Two full @-@ sized train cars were built , a Chicago ' L ' for a training scene where Fox and Wesley run atop a train , and a Czech Pendolino for the derailment , which was stationed in a gimbal equipped with hydraulics to allow the car to tilt and roll as the train crashed . The film originally had both an alternate opening and an alternate ending . The alternate opening , a flashback to ancient times describing the history of the Fraternity and the Loom of Fate , is available on the special edition DVD and Blu @-@ ray . = = = Effects = = = Eight visual effects companies worked on the film 's 800 effects shots , the majority of which was done by Bekmambetov 's company Bazelevs Production . The first effects supervisor , Jon Farhat , was forced to withdraw from the production due to illness and was replaced by Stefen Fangmeier , who accepted the task as Wanted would only require four months of work . Once Fangmeier visited Bazelevs in Moscow , the effects were behind schedule , with only 12 finished composites out of the planned 500 . Fangemier then brought two other supervisors to assist him in finishing many shots per week , so the job could get done by the deadline , a process the supervisor described as " a creative challenge on one hand , but on the other also a significant production challenge . " Another major contributor was London @-@ based Framestore , responsible for the climactic train crash . = = = Music = = = Danny Elfman wrote the film 's score , a job he accepted for being a fan of Bekmambetov 's previous films . Considering the film to be a " weird , twisted , sarcastic thing , " Elfman decided to make a guitar @-@ based soundtrack , with the " nastiest sounds " and a " heavy metal approach . " This included a rock song written and performed by Elfman , " The Little Things " , which is featured throughout the film and on the end credits . The film score has been released on June 24 , 2008 in North America by Lakeshore Records . = = Release and promotion = = Wanted was initially set to be released in cinemas on March 28 , 2008 . However , in December 2007 , Universal Pictures announced that it would be pushing back the release date to June 27 , 2008 , as the studio considered that the film had the potential to stand among the blockbusters that would be released during the United States summer . The film 's world premiere happened at the Los Angeles Film Festival on June 19 , with Wanted acting as the festival opener . Given the Russian origin of the director , Universal released a specially localized version in Russia . The literary translation of the English dialog was written by the writer Sergey Lukyanenko . Several texts appearing on the screen and important for the plot were translated using CGI , without using subtitles or a voice @-@ over translation . Several famous Russian actors , most of which were also in Bekmambetov 's Night Watch and Day Watch , dubbed the main characters , and Konstantin Khabensky dubbed himself as The Exterminator . James McAvoy also provided some words in Russian for Wesley Gibson . Danny Elfman 's song " The Little Things " received a version in Russian , performed by Elfman himself , and Bekmambetov also directed a music video for the band Delta as part of a viral marketing campaign in Russia . = = = Theatrical run = = = Wanted debuted in 3 @,@ 185 theaters and earned $ 50 @,@ 927 @,@ 085 in its opening weekend , placing it at second place after WALL @-@ E. It was the best opening ever for an R @-@ rated film released in June , only surpassed four years later by both Prometheus and Ted . Internationally , the film grossed $ 33 million on its opening weekend , breaking records in Russia and South Korea . Wanted grossed $ 341 @,@ 433 @,@ 252 , of which $ 134 @,@ 508 @,@ 551 was from North America and $ 206 @,@ 924 @,@ 701 was from elsewhere . = = = Home video = = = Wanted was released on DVD and Blu @-@ ray on December 2 , 2008 in the U.S. Two versions were released , including a single @-@ disc DVD and a two @-@ disc edition of both the DVD and Blu @-@ ray . A collectible two @-@ disc gift @-@ set DVD also included collectible postcards , a lenticular film cel in an acrylic frame , and a photobook of the Assassins . The DVD debuted at second place on the charts ( behind The Chronicles of Narnia : Prince Caspian ) , and generated over $ 65 million in revenue by February 2009 . The Blu @-@ ray debuted at first place on the charts . = = = Video games = = = Sweden @-@ based developer Stillfront AB launched a browser game based on Wanted on April 2008 . The Wanted " Fan Immersion Game " was a massively multiplayer online role @-@ playing game where players took the roles of Fraternity hitmen , performing assassination missions , upgrading weapons and ammunition , and creating alliances or rivalries with other players . A video game sequel to the events of the film , Wanted : Weapons of Fate , was released on March 2009 . It was developed by GRIN , and published by Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment for Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 3 , and Xbox 360 . = = Reception = = The film received positive reviews from critics . Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 72 % based on reviews from 200 critics , with a rating average of 6 @.@ 6 out of 10 . The site 's general consensus reads : " Wanted is stylish , energetic popcorn fare with witty performances from Angelina Jolie ( playing an expert assassin ) , James McAvoy , and Morgan Freeman that help to distract from its absurdly over @-@ the @-@ top plot . " Metacritic , which assigns a weighted mean rating based on reviews from film critics , gives the film a score of 64 out of 100 , based on 38 reviews , indicating " generally favorable reviews . " Roger Ebert of Ebert & Roeper said " Wanted slams the pedal to the metal and never slows down . Here 's an action picture that 's exhausting in its relentless violence and its ingenuity in inventing new ways to attack , defend , ambush and annihilate " . Richard Roeper said , " It 's made for fans of films that really just want to see some great visuals , some amazing sequences and some terrific performances . " Lisa Schwarzbaum of Entertainment Weekly encapsulated many critics ' views , saying that " Wanted is kind of unintelligible and idiotic . Also kind of nasty and brutish . And also undeniably kind of fun ... " Likewise , Tom Long of The Detroit News said , " Wanted may be the most absolutely stone bonkers , crazy @-@ good movie of the century . Or it may be a gargantuan piece of trash . Chances are it 's a combination of the two . But man , does it rock . " Claudia Puig of USA Today found the " thrilling stunts and hyperkinetic action scenes [ to be ] the undisputed stars of this surprisingly entertaining film . " Conversely , John Rosenblatt of The Austin Chronicle denounced those same attributes , saying , " If Maxim magazine ever decides to branch out into filmmaking , Wanted is just the kind of ear @-@ throttling nonsense it 's bound to produce " . David Fear of Time Out New York called it " the cinematic equivalent of an energy drink . The film keeps artificially pumping your adrenal glands with mindless , malnutritional sensations , only to leave you crampy and cranky minutes later . ... [ T ] his exercise in ultraviolence then insults us by having a beaten , bloodied McAvoy inform viewers that he used to be a loser ' just like all of you . ' " Frank Lovece of Film Journal International , one of few mainstream critics to have read the comic @-@ book miniseries , said that the film compared poorly with the source material . Noting that the hero in the comic goes even further , " breaking the fourth wall and positioning himself so that he 's ' prison @-@ raping ' and taunting the reader for having liked the series " , Lovece found that , " [ w ] hile Millar may have contempt for his readers — and , by extension , the medium in which he works — at least he has his own vision , and gets it across with style and wit " ; qualities that , in Lovece 's opinion , the movie lacked . In the comics press , Erik Amaya of Comic Book Resources said that " [ t ] he film 's biggest faults lie in how far it strays from the source " and that " [ i ] f you 've ever seen any movie about leather @-@ clad assassins , you already know how this film plays out . The speed and skill of the movie @-@ making balance out those faults , however . " Tom McLean of Newsarama noted that , while the story deviated strongly from the source , the movie " stands out as a highly entertaining action film that preserves the comic 's core premise and cheeky attitude while taking the story into very different but still satisfying territory . " Among European critics , Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian said that the film " looks as if it has been written by a committee of 13 @-@ year @-@ old boys for whom penetrative sex is still only a rumour , and the resulting movie plays like a party political broadcast on behalf of the misogynist party " , concluding , " In an ideal world , the title would have the word ' Not ' tacked on to the front . " Kim Newman , writing in Empire , praised Bekmambetov as " the most exciting action @-@ oriented emigré since John Woo " and commented that the film 's gruesome violence " hint [ s ] at the comic 's uncomfortable suggestion that escapism is merely a licence to become monstrous . " Wanted won the Empire Award for Best Sci @-@ Fi / Superhero Movie of 2008 . The film was nominated for two Academy Awards ; for Best Sound Editing and Best Sound Mixing ( Chris Jenkins , Frank A. Montaño , and Petr Forejt ) . It was also nominated for the Critics Choice Award for Best Action Movie , the Saturn Award for Best Fantasy Film , three MTV Movie Awards , and the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Stunt Ensemble . = = Sequel = = Even before the film 's release , Mark Millar announced director Timur Bekmambetov was planning a sequel , though Millar denied that he would write a sequel to the comic book . He was instead creating a story along with the producers , that would follow the first film 's idea of an international guild of assassins . Terence Stamp described Pekwarsky as " something that 's written for a sequel " , and Common expressed interest in a prequel , feeling that both The Gunsmith and Fox deserved more exposition . Chris Morgan would return to write the sequel 's screenplay , but departed on April 2009 due to " excessive workload " , leaving the task to Evan Spiliotopoulos . On June 2009 , Bekmambetov said that pre @-@ production for Wanted 2 was about to get started , with filming scheduled to begin in late fall or winter . The film will have a reported budget of $ 150 million and will be shot in the United States , India , and Russia . He also added that some of the characters would resurrect , particularly Fox and The Exterminator . On September , the director added that even without a finished script Bazelevs had already done previsualization of the action scenes . In 2010 , after reports that Angelina Jolie had pulled out of the sequel , Millar said that the script would be rewritten to remove Fox 's return , so production could start that year for a late 2011 release . Eventually the production did not take off , leading Bekmambetov to work on Abraham Lincoln : Vampire Hunter instead . In a 2011 Q & A , producer Jim Lemley said that " Wanted 2 sounds like it will not happen any time soon if at all " . That same year , James McAvoy said , regarding the sequel , " I think the studio is keen to make it , and we really want to make it , but we want to make it if it 's right and when it 's right , and that might not be ever . " McAvoy also expressed interest in a sequel focusing on a character other than Wesley . Universal later brought Wanted screenwriters Michael Brandt and Derek Haas to write the sequel , which Haas described as happening " right after the events that just happened ; it 'll pick up Wesley a few years later and go back in for another round " , while also being " Fox @-@ less and loom @-@ less . " Haas would later detail that the script featured a new female protagonist , who Wesley would recruit " sort of in the Fox role . " Bekmambetov declared during the interviews for Abraham Lincoln : Vampire Hunter that after many years of indecision as the Wanted sequel stalled in development , he proposed an idea to the screenwriters wherein the plot followed Wesley while featuring " a great twist . " McAvoy declared that since he " had a blast making the first Wanted " , he would make a sequel regardless of the quality of the script ; however , he also acknowledged that the extended time the film spent in development " suggests to me that they 're not finding it very easy to come up with a story that they 're passionate about , so we 'll have to wait and see . " In 2014 , McAvoy acknowledged that a potential sequel has been in the talks , saying he " had a couple of versions of script thrown my way " while adding that Universal is still waiting for the right screenplay .
= Elvis Presley = Elvis Aaron Presley ( January 8 , 1935 – August 16 , 1977 ) was an American musician and actor . Regarded as one of the most significant cultural icons of the 20th century , he is often referred to as " the King of Rock and Roll " , or simply , " the King " . Presley was born in Tupelo , Mississippi , as a twinless twin , and when he was 13 years old , he and his family relocated to Memphis , Tennessee . His music career began there in 1954 , when he recorded a song with producer Sam Phillips at Sun Records . Accompanied by guitarist Scotty Moore and bassist Bill Black , Presley was an early popularizer of rockabilly , an uptempo , backbeat @-@ driven fusion of country music and rhythm and blues . RCA Victor acquired his contract in a deal arranged by Colonel Tom Parker , who managed the singer for more than two decades . Presley 's first RCA single , " Heartbreak Hotel " , was released in January 1956 and became a number @-@ one hit in the United States . He was regarded as the leading figure of rock and roll after a series of successful network television appearances and chart @-@ topping records . His energized interpretations of songs and sexually provocative performance style , combined with a singularly potent mix of influences across color lines that coincided with the dawn of the Civil Rights Movement , made him enormously popular — and controversial . In November 1956 , he made his film debut in Love Me Tender . In 1958 , he was drafted into military service . He resumed his recording career two years later , producing some of his most commercially successful work before devoting much of the 1960s to making Hollywood films and their accompanying soundtrack albums , most of which were critically derided . In 1968 , following a seven @-@ year break from live performances , he returned to the stage in the acclaimed televised comeback special Elvis , which led to an extended Las Vegas concert residency and a string of highly profitable tours . In 1973 , Presley was featured in the first globally broadcast concert via satellite , Aloha from Hawaii . Several years of prescription drug abuse severely damaged his health , and he died in 1977 at the age of 42 . Presley is one of the most celebrated and influential musicians of the 20th century . Commercially successful in many genres , including pop , blues and gospel , he is the best @-@ selling solo artist in the history of recorded music , with estimated record sales of around 600 million units worldwide . He won three Grammys , also receiving the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award at age 36 , and has been inducted into multiple music halls of fame . = = Life and career = = = = = 1935 – 53 : Early years = = = = = = = Childhood in Tupelo = = = = Presley was born on January 8 , 1935 , in Tupelo , Mississippi , the son of Gladys Love ( née Smith ; April 25 , 1912 – August 14 , 1958 ) and Vernon Elvis Presley ( April 10 , 1916 – June 26 , 1979 ) , in the two @-@ room shotgun house built by Vernon 's father in preparation for the child 's birth . Jesse Garon Presley , his identical twin brother , was delivered stillborn 35 minutes before him . As an only child , Presley became close to both parents and formed an especially close bond with his mother . The family attended an Assembly of God , where he found his initial musical inspiration . Although he was in conflict with the Pentecostal church in his later years , he never officially left it . Rev. Rex Humbard officiated at his funeral , as Presley had been an admirer of Humbard 's ministry . Presley 's ancestry was primarily a Western European mix , including Scots @-@ Irish , Scottish , German , and some French Norman . Gladys 's great @-@ great @-@ grandmother , Morning Dove White , was possibly a Cherokee Native American . Gladys was regarded by relatives and friends as the dominant member of the small family . Vernon moved from one odd job to the next , evincing little ambition . The family often relied on help from neighbors and government food assistance . The Presleys survived the F5 tornado in the 1936 Tupelo – Gainesville tornado outbreak . In 1938 , they lost their home after Vernon was found guilty of kiting a check written by the landowner , Orville S. Bean , the dairy farmer and cattle @-@ and @-@ hog broker for whom he then worked . He was jailed for eight months , and Gladys and Elvis moved in with relatives . In September 1941 , Presley entered first grade at East Tupelo Consolidated , where his instructors regarded him as " average " . He was encouraged to enter a singing contest after impressing his schoolteacher with a rendition of Red Foley 's country song " Old Shep " during morning prayers . The contest , held at the Mississippi @-@ Alabama Fair and Dairy Show on October 3 , 1945 , was his first public performance : dressed as a cowboy , the ten @-@ year @-@ old Presley stood on a chair to reach the microphone and sang " Old Shep " . He recalled placing fifth . A few months later , Presley received his first guitar for his birthday ; he had hoped for something else — by different accounts , either a bicycle or a rifle . Over the following year , he received basic guitar lessons from two of his uncles and the new pastor at the family 's church . Presley recalled , " I took the guitar , and I watched people , and I learned to play a little bit . But I would never sing in public . I was very shy about it . " Entering a new school , Milam , for sixth grade in September 1946 , Presley was regarded as a loner . The following year , he began bringing his guitar in on a daily basis . He played and sang during lunchtime , and was often teased as a " trashy " kid who played hillbilly music . The family was by then living in a largely African @-@ American neighborhood . A devotee of Mississippi Slim 's show on the Tupelo radio station WELO , Presley was described as " crazy about music " by Slim 's younger brother , a classmate of Presley 's , who often took him into the station . Slim supplemented Presley 's guitar tuition by demonstrating chord techniques . When his protégé was 12 years old , Slim scheduled him for two on @-@ air performances . Presley was overcome by stage fright the first time , but succeeded in performing the following week . = = = = Teenage life in Memphis = = = = In November 1948 , the family moved to Memphis , Tennessee . After residing for nearly a year in rooming houses , they were granted a two @-@ bedroom apartment in the public housing complex known as the Lauderdale Courts . Enrolled at L. C. Humes High School , Presley received only a C in music in eighth grade . When his music teacher told him he had no aptitude for singing , he brought in his guitar the next day and sang a recent hit , " Keep Them Cold Icy Fingers Off Me " , in an effort to prove otherwise . A classmate later recalled that the teacher " agreed that Elvis was right when he said that she didn 't appreciate his kind of singing . " He was usually too shy to perform openly , and was occasionally bullied by classmates who viewed him as a " mama 's boy " . In 1950 , he began practicing guitar regularly under the tutelage of Jesse Lee Denson , a neighbor two @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half years his senior . They and three other boys — including two future rockabilly pioneers , brothers Dorsey and Johnny Burnette — formed a loose musical collective that played frequently around the Courts . That September , he began ushering at Loew 's State Theater . Other jobs followed , including Precision Tool , Loew 's again , and MARL Metal Products . During his junior year , Presley began to stand out more among his classmates , largely because of his appearance : he grew out his sideburns and styled his hair with rose oil and Vaseline . In his free time , he would head down to Beale Street , the heart of Memphis 's thriving blues scene , and gaze longingly at the wild , flashy clothes in the windows of Lansky Brothers . By his senior year , he was wearing them . Overcoming his reticence about performing outside the Lauderdale Courts , he competed in Humes 's Annual " Minstrel " show in April 1953 . Singing and playing guitar , he opened with " Till I Waltz Again with You " , a recent hit for Teresa Brewer . Presley recalled that the performance did much for his reputation : " I wasn 't popular in school ... I failed music — only thing I ever failed . And then they entered me in this talent show ... when I came onstage I heard people kind of rumbling and whispering and so forth , ' cause nobody knew I even sang . It was amazing how popular I became after that . " Presley , who never received formal music training or learned to read music , studied and played by ear . He also frequented record stores with jukeboxes and listening booths . He knew all of Hank Snow 's songs , and he loved records by other country singers such as Roy Acuff , Ernest Tubb , Ted Daffan , Jimmie Rodgers , Jimmie Davis , and Bob Wills . The Southern gospel singer Jake Hess , one of his favorite performers , was a significant influence on his ballad @-@ singing style . He was a regular audience member at the monthly All @-@ Night Singings downtown , where many of the white gospel groups that performed reflected the influence of African @-@ American spiritual music . He adored the music of black gospel singer Sister Rosetta Tharpe . Like some of his peers , he may have attended blues venues — of necessity , in the segregated South , on only the nights designated for exclusively white audiences . He certainly listened to the regional radio stations , such as WDIA @-@ AM , that played " race records " : spirituals , blues , and the modern , backbeat @-@ heavy sound of rhythm and blues . Many of his future recordings were inspired by local African @-@ American musicians such as Arthur Crudup and Rufus Thomas . B.B. King recalled that he had known Presley before he was popular , when they both used to frequent Beale Street . By the time he graduated from high school in June 1953 , Presley had already singled out music as his future . = = = 1953 – 55 : First recordings = = = = = = = Sam Phillips and Sun Records = = = = In August 1953 , Presley walked into the offices of Sun Records . He aimed to pay for a few minutes of studio time to record a two @-@ sided acetate disc : " My Happiness " and " That 's When Your Heartaches Begin " . He would later claim that he intended the record as a gift for his mother , or that he was merely interested in what he " sounded like " , although there was a much cheaper , amateur record @-@ making service at a nearby general store . Biographer Peter Guralnick argues that he chose Sun in the hope of being discovered . Asked by receptionist Marion Keisker what kind of singer he was , Presley responded , " I sing all kinds . " When she pressed him on who he sounded like , he repeatedly answered , " I don 't sound like nobody . " After he recorded , Sun boss Sam Phillips asked Keisker to note down the young man 's name , which she did along with her own commentary : " Good ballad singer . Hold . " In January 1954 , Presley cut a second acetate at Sun Records — " I 'll Never Stand In Your Way " and " It Wouldn 't Be the Same Without You " — but again nothing came of it . Not long after , he failed an audition for a local vocal quartet , the Songfellows . He explained to his father , " They told me I couldn 't sing . " Songfellow Jim Hamill later claimed that he was turned down because he did not demonstrate an ear for harmony at the time . In April , Presley began working for the Crown Electric company as a truck driver . His friend Ronnie Smith , after playing a few local gigs with him , suggested he contact Eddie Bond , leader of Smith 's professional band , which had an opening for a vocalist . Bond rejected him after a tryout , advising Presley to stick to truck driving " because you 're never going to make it as a singer " . Phillips , meanwhile , was always on the lookout for someone who could bring to a broader audience the sound of the black musicians on whom Sun focused . As Keisker reported , " Over and over I remember Sam saying , ' If I could find a white man who had the Negro sound and the Negro feel , I could make a billion dollars . ' " In June , he acquired a demo recording of a ballad , " Without You " , that he thought might suit the teenage singer . Presley came by the studio , but was unable to do it justice . Despite this , Phillips asked Presley to sing as many numbers as he knew . He was sufficiently affected by what he heard to invite two local musicians , guitarist Winfield " Scotty " Moore and upright bass player Bill Black , to work something up with Presley for a recording session . The session , held the evening of July 5 , 1954 , proved entirely unfruitful until late in the night . As they were about to give up and go home , Presley took his guitar and launched into a 1946 blues number , Arthur Crudup 's " That 's All Right " . Moore recalled , " All of a sudden , Elvis just started singing this song , jumping around and acting the fool , and then Bill picked up his bass , and he started acting the fool , too , and I started playing with them . Sam , I think , had the door to the control booth open ... he stuck his head out and said , ' What are you doing ? ' And we said , ' We don 't know . ' ' Well , back up , ' he said , ' try to find a place to start , and do it again . ' " Phillips quickly began taping ; this was the sound he had been looking for . Three days later , popular Memphis DJ Dewey Phillips played " That 's All Right " on his Red , Hot , and Blue show . Listeners began phoning in , eager to find out who the singer was . The interest was such that Phillips played the record repeatedly during the last two hours of his show . Interviewing Presley on @-@ air , Phillips asked him what high school he attended in order to clarify his color for the many callers who had assumed he was black . During the next few days , the trio recorded a bluegrass number , Bill Monroe 's " Blue Moon of Kentucky " , again in a distinctive style and employing a jury @-@ rigged echo effect that Sam Phillips dubbed " slapback " . A single was pressed with " That 's All Right " on the A side and " Blue Moon of Kentucky " on the reverse . = = = = Early live performances and signing with RCA = = = = The trio played publicly for the first time on July 17 at the Bon Air club — Presley still sporting his child @-@ size guitar . At the end of the month , they appeared at the Overton Park Shell , with Slim Whitman headlining . A combination of his strong response to rhythm and nervousness at playing before a large crowd led Presley to shake his legs as he performed : his wide @-@ cut pants emphasized his movements , causing young women in the audience to start screaming . Moore recalled , " During the instrumental parts , he would back off from the mike and be playing and shaking , and the crowd would just go wild " . Black , a natural showman , whooped and rode his bass , hitting double licks that Presley would later remember as " really a wild sound , like a jungle drum or something " . Soon after , Moore and Black quit their old band to play with Presley regularly , and DJ and promoter Bob Neal became the trio 's manager . From August through October , they played frequently at the Eagle 's Nest club and returned to Sun Studio for more recording sessions , and Presley quickly grew more confident on stage . According to Moore , " His movement was a natural thing , but he was also very conscious of what got a reaction . He 'd do something one time and then he would expand on it real quick . " Presley made what would be his only appearance on Nashville 's Grand Ole Opry on October 2 ; after a polite audience response , Opry manager Jim Denny told Phillips that his singer was " not bad " but did not suit the program . Two weeks later , Presley was booked on Louisiana Hayride , the Opry 's chief , and more adventurous , rival . The Shreveport @-@ based show was broadcast to 198 radio stations in 28 states . Presley had another attack of nerves during the first set , which drew a muted reaction . A more composed and energetic second set inspired an enthusiastic response . House drummer D. J. Fontana brought a new element , complementing Presley 's movements with accented beats that he had mastered playing in strip clubs . Soon after the show , the Hayride engaged Presley for a year 's worth of Saturday @-@ night appearances . Trading in his old guitar for $ 8 ( and seeing it promptly dispatched to the garbage ) , he purchased a Martin instrument for $ 175 , and his trio began playing in new locales including Houston , Texas , and Texarkana , Arkansas . By early 1955 , Presley 's regular Hayride appearances , constant touring , and well @-@ received record releases had made him a regional star , from Tennessee to West Texas . In January , Neal signed a formal management contract with Presley and brought the singer to the attention of Colonel Tom Parker , whom he considered the best promoter in the music business . Having successfully managed top country star Eddy Arnold , Parker was now working with the new number @-@ one country singer , Hank Snow . Parker booked Presley on Snow 's February tour . When the tour reached Odessa , Texas , a 19 @-@ year @-@ old Roy Orbison saw Presley for the first time : " His energy was incredible , his instinct was just amazing . ... I just didn 't know what to make of it . There was just no reference point in the culture to compare it . " Presley made his television debut on March 3 on the KSLA @-@ TV broadcast of Louisiana Hayride . Soon after , he failed an audition for Arthur Godfrey 's Talent Scouts on the CBS television network . By August , Sun had released ten sides credited to " Elvis Presley , Scotty and Bill " ; on the latest recordings , the trio were joined by a drummer . Some of the songs , like " That 's All Right " , were in what one Memphis journalist described as the " R & B idiom of negro field jazz " ; others , like " Blue Moon of Kentucky " , were " more in the country field " , " but there was a curious blending of the two different musics in both " . This blend of styles made it difficult for Presley 's music to find radio airplay . According to Neal , many country @-@ music disc jockeys would not play it because he sounded too much like a black artist and none of the rhythm @-@ and @-@ blues stations would touch him because " he sounded too much like a hillbilly . " The blend came to be known as rockabilly . At the time , Presley was variously billed as " The King of Western Bop " , " The Hillbilly Cat " , and " The Memphis Flash " . Presley renewed Neal 's management contract in August 1955 , simultaneously appointing Parker as his special adviser . The group maintained an extensive touring schedule throughout the second half of the year . Neal recalled , " It was almost frightening , the reaction that came to Elvis from the teenaged boys . So many of them , through some sort of jealousy , would practically hate him . There were occasions in some towns in Texas when we 'd have to be sure to have a police guard because somebody 'd always try to take a crack at him . They 'd get a gang and try to waylay him or something . " The trio became a quartet when Hayride drummer Fontana joined as a full member . In mid @-@ October , they played a few shows in support of Bill Haley , whose " Rock Around the Clock " had been a number @-@ one hit the previous year . Haley observed that Presley had a natural feel for rhythm , and advised him to sing fewer ballads . At the Country Disc Jockey Convention in early November , Presley was voted the year 's most promising male artist . Several record companies had by now shown interest in signing him . After three major labels made offers of up to $ 25 @,@ 000 , Parker and Phillips struck a deal with RCA Victor on November 21 to acquire Presley 's Sun contract for an unprecedented $ 40 @,@ 000 . Presley , at 20 , was still a minor , so his father signed the contract . Parker arranged with the owners of Hill and Range Publishing , Jean and Julian Aberbach , to create two entities , Elvis Presley Music and Gladys Music , to handle all the new material recorded by Presley . Songwriters were obliged to forgo one third of their customary royalties in exchange for having him perform their compositions . By December , RCA had begun to heavily promote its new singer , and before month 's end had reissued many of his Sun recordings . = = = 1956 – 58 : Commercial breakout and controversy = = = = = = = First national TV appearances and debut album = = = = On January 10 , 1956 , Presley made his first recordings for RCA in Nashville . Extending the singer 's by now customary backup of Moore , Black , and Fontana , RCA enlisted pianist Floyd Cramer , guitarist Chet Atkins , and three background singers , including first tenor Gordon Stoker of the popular Jordanaires quartet , to fill out the sound . The session produced the moody , unusual " Heartbreak Hotel " , released as a single on January 27 . Parker finally brought Presley to national television , booking him on CBS 's Stage Show for six appearances over two months . The program , produced in New York , was hosted on alternate weeks by big band leaders and brothers Tommy and Jimmy Dorsey . After his first appearance , on January 28 , introduced by disc jockey Bill Randle , Presley stayed in town to record at RCA 's New York studio . The sessions yielded eight songs , including a cover of Carl Perkins ' rockabilly anthem " Blue Suede Shoes " . In February , Presley 's " I Forgot to Remember to Forget " , a Sun recording initially released the previous August , reached the top of the Billboard country chart . Neal 's contract was terminated and , on March 2 , Parker became Presley 's manager . RCA Victor released Presley 's eponymous debut album on March 23 . Joined by five previously unreleased Sun recordings , its seven recently recorded tracks were of a broad variety . There were two country songs and a bouncy pop tune . The others would centrally define the evolving sound of rock and roll : " Blue Suede Shoes " — " an improvement over Perkins ' in almost every way " , according to critic Robert Hilburn — and three R & B numbers that had been part of Presley 's stage repertoire for some time , covers of Little Richard , Ray Charles , and The Drifters . As described by Hilburn , these " were the most revealing of all . Unlike many white artists ... who watered down the gritty edges of the original R & B versions of songs in the ' 50s , Presley reshaped them . He not only injected the tunes with his own vocal character but also made guitar , not piano , the lead instrument in all three cases . " It became the first rock @-@ and @-@ roll album to top the Billboard chart , a position it held for 10 weeks . While Presley was not an innovative guitarist like Moore or contemporary African American rockers Bo Diddley and Chuck Berry , cultural historian Gilbert B. Rodman argues that the album 's cover image , " of Elvis having the time of his life on stage with a guitar in his hands played a crucial role in positioning the guitar ... as the instrument that best captured the style and spirit of this new music . " = = = = Milton Berle Show and " Hound Dog " = = = = Presley made the first of two appearances on NBC 's Milton Berle Show on April 3 . His performance , on the deck of the USS Hancock in San Diego , prompted cheers and screams from an audience of sailors and their dates . A few days later , a flight taking Presley and his band to Nashville for a recording session left all three badly shaken when an engine died and the plane almost went down over Arkansas . Twelve weeks after its original release , " Heartbreak Hotel " became Presley 's first number @-@ one pop hit . In late April , Presley began a two @-@ week residency at the New Frontier Hotel and Casino on the Las Vegas Strip . The shows were poorly received by the conservative , middle @-@ aged hotel guests — " like a jug of corn liquor at a champagne party , " wrote a critic for Newsweek . Amid his Vegas tenure , Presley , who had serious acting ambitions , signed a seven @-@ year contract with Paramount Pictures . He began a tour of the Midwest in mid @-@ May , taking in 15 cities in as many days . He had attended several shows by Freddie Bell and the Bellboys in Vegas and was struck by their cover of " Hound Dog " , a hit in 1953 for blues singer Big Mama Thornton by songwriters Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller . It became the new closing number of his act . After a show in La Crosse , Wisconsin , an urgent message on the letterhead of the local Catholic diocese 's newspaper was sent to FBI director J. Edgar Hoover . It warned that " Presley is a definite danger to the security of the United States . ... [ His ] actions and motions were such as to rouse the sexual passions of teenaged youth . ... After the show , more than 1 @,@ 000 teenagers tried to gang into Presley 's room at the auditorium . ... Indications of the harm Presley did just in La Crosse were the two high school girls ... whose abdomen and thigh had Presley 's autograph . " The second Milton Berle Show appearance came on June 5 at NBC 's Hollywood studio , amid another hectic tour . Berle persuaded the singer to leave his guitar backstage , advising , " Let ' em see you , son . " During the performance , Presley abruptly halted an uptempo rendition of " Hound Dog " with a wave of his arm and launched into a slow , grinding version accentuated with energetic , exaggerated body movements . Presley 's gyrations created a storm of controversy . Newspaper critics were outraged : Jack Gould of The New York Times wrote , " Mr. Presley has no discernible singing ability . ... His phrasing , if it can be called that , consists of the stereotyped variations that go with a beginner 's aria in a bathtub . ... His one specialty is an accented movement of the body ... primarily identified with the repertoire of the blond bombshells of the burlesque runway . " Ben Gross of the New York Daily News opined that popular music " has reached its lowest depths in the ' grunt and groin ' antics of one Elvis Presley . ... Elvis , who rotates his pelvis ... gave an exhibition that was suggestive and vulgar , tinged with the kind of animalism that should be confined to dives and bordellos " . Ed Sullivan , whose own variety show was the nation 's most popular , declared him " unfit for family viewing " . To Presley 's displeasure , he soon found himself being referred to as " Elvis the Pelvis " , which he called " one of the most childish expressions I ever heard , comin ' from an adult . " = = = = Steve Allen Show and first Sullivan appearance = = = = The Berle shows drew such high ratings that Presley was booked for a July 1 appearance on NBC 's Steve Allen Show in New York . Allen , no fan of rock and roll , introduced a " new Elvis " in a white bow tie and black tails . Presley sang " Hound Dog " for less than a minute to a basset hound wearing a top hat and bow tie . As described by television historian Jake Austen , " Allen thought Presley was talentless and absurd ... [ he ] set things up so that Presley would show his contrition " . Allen , for his part , later wrote that he found Presley 's " strange , gangly , country @-@ boy charisma , his hard @-@ to @-@ define cuteness , and his charming eccentricity intriguing " and simply worked the singer into the customary " comedy fabric " of his program . Just before the final rehearsal for the show , Presley told a reporter , " I 'm holding down on this show . I don 't want to do anything to make people dislike me . I think TV is important so I 'm going to go along , but I won 't be able to give the kind of show I do in a personal appearance . " Presley would refer back to the Allen show as the most ridiculous performance of his career . Later that night , he appeared on Hy Gardner Calling , a popular local TV show . Pressed on whether he had learned anything from the criticism to which he was being subjected , Presley responded , " No , I haven 't , I don 't feel like I 'm doing anything wrong . ... I don 't see how any type of music would have any bad influence on people when it 's only music . ... I mean , how would rock ' n ' roll music make anyone rebel against their parents ? " The next day , Presley recorded " Hound Dog " , along with " Any Way You Want Me " and " Don 't Be Cruel " . The Jordanaires sang harmony , as they had on The Steve Allen Show ; they would work with Presley through the 1960s . A few days later , the singer made an outdoor concert appearance in Memphis at which he announced , " You know , those people in New York are not gonna change me none . I 'm gonna show you what the real Elvis is like tonight . " In August , a judge in Jacksonville , Florida , ordered Presley to tame his act . Throughout the following performance , he largely kept still , except for wiggling his little finger suggestively in mockery of the order . The single pairing " Don 't Be Cruel " with " Hound Dog " ruled the top of the charts for 11 weeks — a mark that would not be surpassed for 36 years . Recording sessions for Presley 's second album took place in Hollywood during the first week of September . Leiber and Stoller , the writers of " Hound Dog , " contributed " Love Me . " Allen 's show with Presley had , for the first time , beaten CBS 's Ed Sullivan Show in the ratings . Sullivan , despite his June pronouncement , booked the singer for three appearances for an unprecedented $ 50 @,@ 000 . The first , on September 9 , 1956 , was seen by approximately 60 million viewers — a record 82 @.@ 6 percent of the television audience . Actor Charles Laughton hosted the show , filling in while Sullivan recuperated from a car accident . Presley appeared in two segments that night from CBS Television City in Los Angeles . According to Elvis legend , Presley was shot from only the waist up . Watching clips of the Allen and Berle shows with his producer , Sullivan had opined that Presley " got some kind of device hanging down below the crotch of his pants – so when he moves his legs back and forth you can see the outline of his cock . ... I think it 's a Coke bottle . ... We just can 't have this on a Sunday night . This is a family show ! " Sullivan publicly told TV Guide , " As for his gyrations , the whole thing can be controlled with camera shots . " In fact , Presley was shown head @-@ to @-@ toe in the first and second shows . Though the camerawork was relatively discreet during his debut , with leg @-@ concealing closeups when he danced , the studio audience reacted in customary style : screaming . Presley 's performance of his forthcoming single , the ballad " Love Me Tender " , prompted a record @-@ shattering million advance orders . More than any other single event , it was this first appearance on The Ed Sullivan Show that made Presley a national celebrity of barely precedented proportions . Accompanying Presley 's rise to fame , a cultural shift was taking place that he both helped inspire and came to symbolize . Igniting the " biggest pop craze since Glenn Miller and Frank Sinatra ... Presley brought rock 'n'roll into the mainstream of popular culture " , writes historian Marty Jezer . " As Presley set the artistic pace , other artists followed . ... Presley , more than anyone else , gave the young a belief in themselves as a distinct and somehow unified generation — the first in America ever to feel the power of an integrated youth culture . " = = = = Crazed crowds and film debut = = = = The audience response at Presley 's live shows became increasingly fevered . Moore recalled , " He 'd start out , ' You ain 't nothin ' but a Hound Dog , ' and they 'd just go to pieces . They 'd always react the same way . There 'd be a riot every time . " At the two concerts he performed in September at the Mississippi @-@ Alabama Fair and Dairy Show , 50 National Guardsmen were added to the police security to prevent crowd trouble . Elvis , Presley 's second album , was released in October and quickly rose to number one . The album includes " Old Shep " , which he sung at the talent show in 1945 , and which now marked the first time he played piano on an RCA session . According to Guralnick , one can hear " in the halting chords and the somewhat stumbling rhythm both the unmistakable emotion and the equally unmistakable valuing of emotion over technique . " Assessing the musical and cultural impact of Presley 's recordings from " That 's All Right " through Elvis , rock critic Dave Marsh wrote that " these records , more than any others , contain the seeds of what rock & roll was , has been and most likely what it may foreseeably become . " Presley returned to the Sullivan show at its main studio in New York , hosted this time by its namesake , on October 28 . After the performance , crowds in Nashville and St. Louis burned him in effigy . His first motion picture , Love Me Tender , was released on November 21 . Though he was not top billed , the film 's original title — The Reno Brothers — was changed to capitalize on his latest number one record : " Love Me Tender " had hit the top of the charts earlier that month . To further take advantage of Presley 's popularity , four musical numbers were added to what was originally a straight acting role . The film was panned by the critics but did very well at the box office . On December 4 , Presley dropped into Sun Records where Carl Perkins and Jerry Lee Lewis were recording and jammed with them . Though Phillips no longer had the right to release any Presley material , he made sure the session was captured on tape . The results became legendary as the " Million Dollar Quartet " recordings — Johnny Cash was long thought to have played as well , but he was present only briefly at Phillips ' instigation for a photo opportunity . The year ended with a front @-@ page story in The Wall Street Journal reporting that Presley merchandise had brought in $ 22 million on top of his record sales , and Billboard 's declaration that he had placed more songs in the top 100 than any other artist since records were first charted . In his first full year at RCA , one of the music industry 's largest companies , Presley had accounted for over 50 percent of the label 's singles sales . = = = = Leiber and Stoller collaboration and draft notice = = = = Presley made his third and final Ed Sullivan Show appearance on January 6 , 1957 — on this occasion indeed shot only down to the waist . Some commentators have claimed that Parker orchestrated an appearance of censorship to generate publicity . In any event , as critic Greil Marcus describes , Presley " did not tie himself down . Leaving behind the bland clothes he had worn on the first two shows , he stepped out in the outlandish costume of a pasha , if not a harem girl . From the make @-@ up over his eyes , the hair falling in his face , the overwhelmingly sexual cast of his mouth , he was playing Rudolph Valentino in The Sheik , with all stops out . " To close , displaying his range and defying Sullivan 's wishes , Presley sang a gentle black spiritual , " Peace in the Valley " . At the end of the show , Sullivan declared Presley " a real decent , fine boy " . Two days later , the Memphis draft board announced that Presley would be classified 1 @-@ A and would probably be drafted sometime that year . Each of the three Presley singles released in the first half of 1957 went to number one : " Too Much " , " All Shook Up " , and " ( Let Me Be Your ) Teddy Bear " . Already an international star , he was attracting fans even where his music was not officially released . Under the headline " Presley Records a Craze in Soviet " , The New York Times reported that pressings of his music on discarded X @-@ ray plates were commanding high prices in Leningrad . Between film shoots and recording sessions , the singer also found time to purchase an 18 @-@ room mansion eight miles ( 13 km ) south of downtown Memphis for himself and his parents : Graceland . When he reported to the film studio for his second film , the Technicolor Loving You , released in July , " The makeup man said that with his eyes he should photograph well with black hair , so they dyed it . " Loving You , the accompanying soundtrack , was Presley 's third straight number one album . The title track was written by Leiber and Stoller , who were then retained to write four of the six songs recorded at the sessions for Jailhouse Rock , Presley 's next film . The songwriting team effectively produced the Jailhouse sessions and developed a close working relationship with Presley , who came to regard them as his " good @-@ luck charm " . Leiber remembered initially finding Presley " not quite authentic — after all , he was a white singer , and my standards were black . " According to Stoller , the duo was " surprised at the kind of knowledge that he had about black music . We figured that he had these remarkable pipes and all that , but we didn 't realize that he knew so much about the blues . We were quite surprised to find out that he knew as much about it as we did . He certainly knew a lot more than we did about country music and gospel music . " Leiber remembered the recording process with Presley , " He was fast . Any demo you gave him he knew by heart in ten minutes . " As Stoller recalled , Presley " was ' protected ' " by his manager and entourage . " He was removed . … They kept him separate . " Presley undertook three brief tours during the year , continuing to generate a crazed audience response . A Detroit newspaper suggested that " the trouble with going to see Elvis Presley is that you 're liable to get killed . " Villanova students pelted him with eggs in Philadelphia , and in Vancouver , the crowd rioted after the end of the show , destroying the stage . Frank Sinatra , who had famously inspired the swooning of teenaged girls in the 1940s , condemned the new musical phenomenon . In a magazine article , he decried rock and roll as " brutal , ugly , degenerate , vicious . ... It fosters almost totally negative and destructive reactions in young people . It smells phoney and false . It is sung , played and written , for the most part , by cretinous goons . ... This rancid @-@ smelling aphrodisiac I deplore . " Asked for a response , Presley said , " I admire the man . He has a right to say what he wants to say . He is a great success and a fine actor , but I think he shouldn 't have said it . ... This is a trend , just the same as he faced when he started years ago . " Leiber and Stoller were again in the studio for the recording of Elvis ' Christmas Album . Toward the end of the session , they wrote a song on the spot at Presley 's request : " Santa Claus Is Back In Town " , an innuendo @-@ laden blues . The holiday release stretched Presley 's string of number one albums to four and would eventually become the best selling Christmas album of all time . After the session , Moore and Black — drawing only modest weekly salaries , sharing in none of Presley 's massive financial success — resigned . Though they were brought back on a per diem basis a few weeks later , it was clear that they had not been part of Presley 's inner circle for some time . On December 20 , Presley received his draft notice . He was granted a deferment to finish the forthcoming King Creole , in which $ 350 @,@ 000 had already been invested by Paramount and producer Hal Wallis . A couple of weeks into the new year , " Don 't " , another Leiber and Stoller tune , became Presley 's tenth number one seller . It had been only 21 months since " Heartbreak Hotel " had brought him to the top for the first time . Recording sessions for the King Creole soundtrack were held in Hollywood mid @-@ January . Leiber and Stoller provided three songs and were again on hand , but it would be the last time they worked closely with Presley . A studio session on February 1 marked another ending : it was the final occasion on which Black was to perform with Presley . He died in 1965 . = = = 1958 – 60 : Military service and mother 's death = = = On March 24 , Presley was inducted into the U.S. Army as a private at Fort Chaffee , near Fort Smith , Arkansas . His arrival was a major media event . Hundreds of people descended on Presley as he stepped from the bus ; photographers then accompanied him into the fort . Presley announced that he was looking forward to his military stint , saying he did not want to be treated any differently from anyone else : " The Army can do anything it wants with me . " Soon after Presley commenced basic training at Fort Hood , Texas , he received a visit from Eddie Fadal , a businessman he had met on tour . According to Fadal , Presley had become convinced his career was finished — " He firmly believed that . " But then , during a two @-@ week leave in early June , Presley recorded five songs in Nashville . In early August , his mother was diagnosed with hepatitis and her condition rapidly worsened . Presley , granted emergency leave to visit her , arrived in Memphis on August 12 . Two days later , she died of heart failure , aged 46 . Presley was devastated ; their relationship had remained extremely close — even into his adulthood , they would use baby talk with each other and Presley would address her with pet names . After training , Presley joined the 3rd Armored Division in Friedberg , Germany , on October 1 . Introduced to amphetamines by a sergeant while on maneuvers , he became " practically evangelical about their benefits " — not only for energy , but for " strength " and weight loss , as well — and many of his friends in the outfit joined him in indulging . The Army also introduced Presley to karate , which he studied seriously , later including it in his live performances . Fellow soldiers have attested to Presley 's wish to be seen as an able , ordinary soldier , despite his fame , and to his generosity . He donated his Army pay to charity , purchased TV sets for the base , and bought an extra set of fatigues for everyone in his outfit . While in Friedberg , Presley met 14 @-@ year @-@ old Priscilla Beaulieu . They would eventually marry after a seven @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half @-@ year courtship . In her autobiography , Priscilla says that despite his worries that it would ruin his career , Parker convinced Presley that to gain popular respect , he should serve his country as a regular soldier rather than in Special Services , where he would have been able to give some musical performances and remain in touch with the public . Media reports echoed Presley 's concerns about his career , but RCA producer Steve Sholes and Freddy Bienstock of Hill and Range had carefully prepared for his two @-@ year hiatus . Armed with a substantial amount of unreleased material , they kept up a regular stream of successful releases . Between his induction and discharge , Presley had ten top 40 hits , including " Wear My Ring Around Your Neck " , the best @-@ selling " Hard Headed Woman " , and " One Night " in 1958 , and " ( Now and Then There 's ) A Fool Such as I " and the number one " A Big Hunk o ' Love " in 1959 . RCA also generated four albums compiling old material during this period , most successfully Elvis ' Golden Records ( 1958 ) , which hit number three on the LP chart . = = = 1960 – 67 : Focus on films = = = = = = = Elvis Is Back = = = = Presley returned to the United States on March 2 , 1960 , and was honorably discharged with the rank of sergeant on March 5 . The train that carried him from New Jersey to Tennessee was mobbed all the way , and Presley was called upon to appear at scheduled stops to please his fans . On the night of March 20 , he entered RCA 's Nashville studio to cut tracks for a new album along with a single , " Stuck on You " , which was rushed into release and swiftly became a number one hit . Another Nashville session two weeks later yielded a pair of his best @-@ selling singles , the ballads " It 's Now or Never " and " Are You Lonesome Tonight ? " , along with the rest of Elvis Is Back ! The album features several songs described by Greil Marcus as full of Chicago blues " menace , driven by Presley 's own super @-@ miked acoustic guitar , brilliant playing by Scotty Moore , and demonic sax work from Boots Randolph . Elvis 's singing wasn 't sexy , it was pornographic . " As a whole , the record " conjured up the vision of a performer who could be all things " , in the words of music historian John Robertson : " a flirtatious teenage idol with a heart of gold ; a tempestuous , dangerous lover ; a gutbucket blues singer ; a sophisticated nightclub entertainer ; [ a ] raucous rocker " . Presley returned to television on May 12 as a guest on The Frank Sinatra Timex Special — ironic for both stars , given Sinatra 's not @-@ so @-@ distant excoriation of rock and roll . Also known as Welcome Home Elvis , the show had been taped in late March , the only time all year Presley performed in front of an audience . Parker secured an unheard @-@ of $ 125 @,@ 000 fee for eight minutes of singing . The broadcast drew an enormous viewership . G.I. Blues , the soundtrack to Presley 's first film since his return , was a number one album in October . His first LP of sacred material , His Hand in Mine , followed two months later . It reached number 13 on the U.S. pop chart and number 3 in the UK , remarkable figures for a gospel album . In February 1961 , Presley performed two shows for a benefit event in Memphis , on behalf of 24 local charities . During a luncheon preceding the event , RCA presented him with a plaque certifying worldwide sales of over 75 million records . A 12 @-@ hour Nashville session in mid @-@ March yielded nearly all of Presley 's next studio album , Something for Everybody . As described by John Robertson , it exemplifies the Nashville sound , the restrained , cosmopolitan style that would define country music in the 1960s . Presaging much of what was to come from Presley himself over the next half @-@ decade , the album is largely " a pleasant , unthreatening pastiche of the music that had once been Elvis 's birthright . " It would be his sixth number one LP . Another benefit concert , raising money for a Pearl Harbor memorial , was staged on March 25 , in Hawaii . It was to be Presley 's last public performance for seven years . = = = = Lost in Hollywood = = = = Parker had by now pushed Presley into a heavy film making schedule , focused on formulaic , modestly budgeted musical comedies . Presley at first insisted on pursuing more serious roles , but when two films in a more dramatic vein — Flaming Star ( 1960 ) and Wild in the Country ( 1961 ) — were less commercially successful , he reverted to the formula . Among the 27 films he made during the 1960s , there were few further exceptions . His films were almost universally panned ; critic Andrew Caine dismissed them as a " pantheon of bad taste " . Nonetheless , they were virtually all profitable . Hal Wallis , who produced nine of them , declared , " A Presley picture is the only sure thing in Hollywood . " Of Presley 's films in the 1960s , 15 were accompanied by soundtrack albums and another 5 by soundtrack EPs . The films ' rapid production and release schedules — he frequently starred in three a year — affected his music . According to Jerry Leiber , the soundtrack formula was already evident before Presley left for the Army : " three ballads , one medium @-@ tempo [ number ] , one up @-@ tempo , and one break blues boogie " . As the decade wore on , the quality of the soundtrack songs grew " progressively worse " . Julie Parrish , who appeared in Paradise , Hawaiian Style ( 1966 ) , says that he hated many of the songs chosen for his films . The Jordanaires ' Gordon Stoker describes how Presley would retreat from the studio microphone : " The material was so bad that he felt like he couldn 't sing it . " Most of the film albums featured a song or two from respected writers such as the team of Doc Pomus and Mort Shuman . But by and large , according to biographer Jerry Hopkins , the numbers seemed to be " written on order by men who never really understood Elvis or rock and roll . " Regardless of the songs ' quality , it has been argued that Presley generally sang them well , with commitment . Critic Dave Marsh heard the opposite : " Presley isn 't trying , probably the wisest course in the face of material like ' No Room to Rumba in a Sports Car ' and ' Rock @-@ a @-@ Hula Baby . ' " In the first half of the decade , three of Presley 's soundtrack albums hit number one on the pop charts , and a few of his most popular songs came from his films , such as " Can 't Help Falling in Love " ( 1961 ) and " Return to Sender " ( 1962 ) . ( " Viva Las Vegas " , the title track to the 1964 film , was a minor hit as a B @-@ side , and became truly popular only later . ) But , as with artistic merit , the commercial returns steadily diminished . During a five @-@ year span — 1964 through 1968 — Presley had only one top @-@ ten hit : " Crying in the Chapel " ( 1965 ) , a gospel number recorded back in 1960 . As for non @-@ film albums , between the June 1962 release of Pot Luck and the November 1968 release of the soundtrack to the television special that signaled his comeback , only one LP of new material by Presley was issued : the gospel album How Great Thou Art ( 1967 ) . It won him his first Grammy Award , for Best Sacred Performance . As Marsh described , Presley was " arguably the greatest white gospel singer of his time [ and ] really the last rock & roll artist to make gospel as vital a component of his musical personality as his secular songs . " Shortly before Christmas 1966 , more than seven years since they first met , Presley proposed to Priscilla Beaulieu . They were married on May 1 , 1967 , in a brief ceremony in their suite at the Aladdin Hotel in Las Vegas . The flow of formulaic films and assembly @-@ line soundtracks rolled on . It was not until October 1967 , when the Clambake soundtrack LP registered record low sales for a new Presley album , that RCA executives recognized a problem . " By then , of course , the damage had been done " , as historians Connie Kirchberg and Marc Hendrickx put it . " Elvis was viewed as a joke by serious music lovers and a has @-@ been to all but his most loyal fans . " = = = 1968 – 73 : Comeback = = = = = = = Elvis : the ' 68 Comeback Special = = = = Presley 's only child , Lisa Marie , was born on February 1 , 1968 , during a period when he had grown deeply unhappy with his career . Of the eight Presley singles released between January 1967 and May 1968 , only two charted in the top 40 , and none higher than number 28 . His forthcoming soundtrack album , Speedway , would die at number 82 on the Billboard chart . Parker had already shifted his plans to television , where Presley had not appeared since the Sinatra Timex show in 1960 . He maneuvered a deal with NBC that committed the network to both finance a theatrical feature and broadcast a Christmas special . Recorded in late June in Burbank , California , the special , called simply Elvis , aired on December 3 , 1968 . Later known as the ' 68 Comeback Special , the show featured lavishly staged studio productions as well as songs performed with a band in front of a small audience — Presley 's first live performances since 1961 . The live segments saw Presley clad in tight black leather , singing and playing guitar in an uninhibited style reminiscent of his early rock @-@ and @-@ roll days . Bill Belew , who designed this outfit , gave it a Napoleonic standing collar ( Presley customarily wore high collars because he believed his neck looked too long ) , a design feature that he would later make a major trademark of the outfits Presley wore on stage in his later years . Director and coproducer Steve Binder had worked hard to reassure the nervous singer and to produce a show that was far from the hour of Christmas songs Parker had originally planned . The show , NBC 's highest rated that season , captured 42 percent of the total viewing audience . Jon Landau of Eye magazine remarked , " There is something magical about watching a man who has lost himself find his way back home . He sang with the kind of power people no longer expect of rock ' n ' roll singers . He moved his body with a lack of pretension and effort that must have made Jim Morrison green with envy . " Dave Marsh calls the performance one of " emotional grandeur and historical resonance . " By January 1969 , the single " If I Can Dream " , written for the special , reached number 12 . The soundtrack album broke into the top ten . According to friend Jerry Schilling , the special reminded Presley of what " he had not been able to do for years , being able to choose the people ; being able to choose what songs and not being told what had to be on the soundtrack . ... He was out of prison , man . " Binder said of Presley 's reaction , " I played Elvis the 60 @-@ minute show , and he told me in the screening room , ' Steve , it 's the greatest thing I 've ever done in my life . I give you my word I will never sing a song I don 't believe in . ' " = = = = From Elvis In Memphis and the International = = = = Buoyed by the experience of the Comeback Special , Presley engaged in a prolific series of recording sessions at American Sound Studio , which led to the acclaimed From Elvis in Memphis . Released in June 1969 , it was his first secular , non @-@ soundtrack album from a dedicated period in the studio in eight years . As described by Dave Marsh , it is " a masterpiece in which Presley immediately catches up with pop music trends that had seemed to pass him by during the movie years . He sings country songs , soul songs and rockers with real conviction , a stunning achievement . " Presley was keen to resume regular live performing . Following the success of the Comeback Special , offers came in from around the world . The London Palladium offered Parker $ 28 @,@ 000 for a one @-@ week engagement . He responded , " That 's fine for me , now how much can you get for Elvis ? " In May , the brand new International Hotel in Las Vegas , boasting the largest showroom in the city , announced that it had booked Presley , scheduling him to perform 57 shows over four weeks beginning July 31 . Moore , Fontana , and the Jordanaires declined to participate , afraid of losing the lucrative session work they had in Nashville . Presley assembled new , top @-@ notch accompaniment , led by guitarist James Burton and including two gospel groups , The Imperials and The Sweet Inspirations . Nonetheless , he was nervous : his only previous Las Vegas engagement , in 1956 , had been dismal , and he had neither forgotten nor forgiven that failure . To revise his approach to performances , Presley visited Las Vegas hotel showrooms and lounges , at one of which , that of the Flamingo , he encountered Tom Jones , whose aggressive style was similar to his own 1950s approach ; the two became friends . Already studying karate at the time , Presley recruited Bill Belew to design variants of karatekas 's gis for him ; these , in jumpsuit form , would be his " stage uniforms " in his later years . Parker , who intended to make Presley 's return the show business event of the year , oversaw a major promotional push . For his part , hotel owner Kirk Kerkorian arranged to send his own plane to New York to fly in rock journalists for the debut performance . Presley took to the stage without introduction . The audience of 2200 , including many celebrities , gave him a standing ovation before he sang a note and another after his performance . A third followed his encore , " Can 't Help Falling in Love " ( a song that would be his closing number for much of the 1970s ) . At a press conference after the show , when a journalist referred to him as " The King " , Presley gestured toward Fats Domino , who was taking in the scene . " No , " Presley said , " that 's the real king of rock and roll . " The next day , Parker 's negotiations with the hotel resulted in a five @-@ year contract for Presley to play each February and August , at an annual salary of $ 1 million . Newsweek commented , " There are several unbelievable things about Elvis , but the most incredible is his staying power in a world where meteoric careers fade like shooting stars . " Rolling Stone called Presley " supernatural , his own resurrection . " In November , Presley 's final non @-@ concert film , Change of Habit , opened . The double album From Memphis To Vegas / From Vegas To Memphis came out the same month ; the first LP consisted of live performances from the International , the second of more cuts from the American Sound sessions . " Suspicious Minds " reached the top of the charts — Presley 's first U.S. pop number one in over seven years , and his last . Cassandra Peterson , later television 's Elvira , met Presley during this period in Las Vegas , where she was working as a showgirl . She recalls of their encounter , " He was so anti @-@ drug when I met him . I mentioned to him that I smoked marijuana , and he was just appalled . He said , ' Don 't ever do that again . ' " Presley was not only deeply opposed to recreational drugs , he also rarely drank . Several of his family members had been alcoholics , a fate he intended to avoid . = = = = Back on tour and meeting Nixon = = = = Presley returned to the International early in 1970 for the first of the year 's two month @-@ long engagements , performing two shows a night . Recordings from these shows were issued on the album On Stage . In late February , Presley performed six attendance @-@ record – breaking shows at the Houston Astrodome . In April , the single " The Wonder of You " was issued — a number one hit in the UK , it topped the U.S. adult contemporary chart , as well . MGM filmed rehearsal and concert footage at the International during August for the documentary Elvis : That 's the Way It Is . Presley was by now performing in a jumpsuit , which would become a trademark of his live act . During this engagement , he was threatened with murder unless $ 50 @,@ 000 was paid . Presley had been the target of many threats since the 1950s , often without his knowledge . The FBI took the threat seriously and security was stepped up for the next two shows . Presley went onstage with a Derringer in his right boot and a .45 pistol in his waistband , but the concerts went off without incident . The album That 's the Way It Is , produced to accompany the documentary and featuring both studio and live recordings , marked a stylistic shift . As music historian John Robertson notes , " The authority of Presley 's singing helped disguise the fact that the album stepped decisively away from the American @-@ roots inspiration of the Memphis sessions towards a more middle @-@ of @-@ the @-@ road sound . With country put on the back burner , and soul and R & B left in Memphis , what was left was very classy , very clean white pop — perfect for the Las Vegas crowd , but a definite retrograde step for Elvis . " After the end of his International engagement on September 7 , Presley embarked on a week @-@ long concert tour , largely of the South , his first since 1958 . Another week @-@ long tour , of the West Coast , followed in November . On December 21 , 1970 , Presley engineered a meeting with President Richard Nixon at the White House , where he expressed his patriotism and his contempt for the hippies , the growing drug culture , and the counterculture in general . He asked Nixon for a Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs badge , to add to similar items he had begun collecting and to signify official sanction of his patriotic efforts . Nixon , who apparently found the encounter awkward , expressed a belief that Presley could send a positive message to young people and that it was therefore important he " retain his credibility " . Presley told Nixon that the Beatles , whose songs he regularly performed in concert during the era , exemplified what he saw as a trend of anti @-@ Americanism and drug abuse in popular culture . ( Presley and his friends had had a four @-@ hour get @-@ together with the Beatles five years earlier . ) On hearing reports of the meeting , Paul McCartney later said he " felt a bit betrayed " and commented : " The great joke was that we were taking [ illegal ] drugs , and look what happened to him " , a reference to Presley 's death , hastened by prescription drug abuse . The U.S. Junior Chamber of Commerce named Presley one of its annual Ten Most Outstanding Young Men of the Nation on January 16 , 1971 . Not long after , the City of Memphis named the stretch of Highway 51 South on which Graceland is located " Elvis Presley Boulevard " . The same year , Presley became the first rock and roll singer to be awarded the Lifetime Achievement Award ( then known as the Bing Crosby Award ) by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences , the Grammy Award organization . Three new , non @-@ film Presley studio albums were released in 1971 , as many as had come out over the previous eight years . Best received by critics was Elvis Country , a concept record that focused on genre standards . The biggest seller was Elvis Sings the Wonderful World of Christmas , " the truest statement of all " , according to Greil Marcus . " In the midst of ten painfully genteel Christmas songs , every one sung with appalling sincerity and humility , one could find Elvis tom @-@ catting his way through six blazing minutes of ' Merry Christmas Baby , ' a raunchy old Charles Brown blues . " According to Guralnick , " the one real highlight " of one of the 1971 sessions were the recording of " I Will Be True , " " It 's Still Here , " and " I 'll Take You Home Again , Kathleen , " a trio of songs that Presley recorded in a rare solo set , sitting at the piano after everyone else had gone home : " Yearning , wistfulness , loneliness , need — all were communicated with a naked lack of adornment that Elvis was seeming to find increasingly difficult to display in the formal process of recording . " = = = = Marriage breakdown and Aloha from Hawaii = = = = MGM again filmed Presley in April 1972 , this time for Elvis on Tour , which went on to win the Golden Globe Award for Best Documentary Film that year . His gospel album He Touched Me , released that month , would earn him his second Grammy Award , for Best Inspirational Performance . A 14 @-@ date tour commenced with an unprecedented four consecutive sold @-@ out shows at New York 's Madison Square Garden . The evening concert on July 10 was recorded and issued in LP form a week later . Elvis : As Recorded at Madison Square Garden became one of Presley 's biggest @-@ selling albums . After the tour , the single " Burning Love " was released — Presley 's last top ten hit on the U.S. pop chart . " The most exciting single Elvis has made since ' All Shook Up ' " , wrote rock critic Robert Christgau . " Who else could make ' It 's coming closer , the flames are now licking my body ' sound like an assignation with James Brown 's backup band ? " Presley and his wife , meanwhile , had become increasingly distant , barely cohabiting . In 1971 , an affair he had with Joyce Bova resulted — unbeknownst to him — in her pregnancy and an abortion . He often raised the possibility of her moving into Graceland , saying that he was likely to leave Priscilla . The Presleys separated on February 23 , 1972 , after Priscilla disclosed her relationship with Mike Stone , a karate instructor Presley had recommended to her . Priscilla relates that when she told him , Presley " grabbed ... and forcefully made love to " her , declaring , " This is how a real man makes love to his woman . " Five months later , Presley 's new girlfriend , Linda Thompson , a songwriter and one @-@ time Memphis beauty queen , moved in with him . Presley and his wife filed for divorce on August 18 . According to Joe Moscheo of the Imperials , the failure of Presley 's marriage " was a blow from which he never recovered . " In January 1973 , Presley performed two benefit concerts for the Kui Lee Cancer Fund in connection with a groundbreaking TV special , Aloha from Hawaii . The first show served as a practice run and backup should technical problems affect the live broadcast two days later . Aired as scheduled on January 14 , Aloha from Hawaii was the first global concert satellite broadcast , reaching millions of viewers live and on tape delay . Presley 's costume became the most recognized example of the elaborate concert garb with which his latter @-@ day persona became closely associated . As described by Bobbie Ann Mason , " At the end of the show , when he spreads out his American Eagle cape , with the full stretched wings of the eagle studded on the back , he becomes a god figure . " The accompanying double album , released in February , went to number one and eventually sold over 5 million copies in the United States . It proved to be Presley 's last U.S. number one pop album during his lifetime . At a midnight show the same month , four men rushed onto the stage in an apparent attack . Security men leapt to Presley 's defense , and the singer 's karate instinct took over as he ejected one invader from the stage himself . Following the show , he became obsessed with the idea that the men had been sent by Mike Stone to kill him . Though they were shown to have been only overexuberant fans , he raged , " There 's too much pain in me ... Stone [ must ] die . " His outbursts continued with such intensity that a physician was unable to calm him , despite administering large doses of medication . After another two full days of raging , Red West , his friend and bodyguard , felt compelled to get a price for a contract killing and was relieved when Presley decided , " Aw hell , let 's just leave it for now . Maybe it 's a bit heavy . " = = = 1973 – 77 : Health deterioration and death = = = = = = = Medical crises and last studio sessions = = = = Presley 's divorce took effect on October 9 , 1973 . He was now becoming increasingly unwell . Twice during the year he overdosed on barbiturates , spending three days in a coma in his hotel suite after the first incident . Toward the end of 1973 , he was hospitalized , semicomatose from the effects of Demerol addiction . According to his main physician , Dr. George C. Nichopoulos , Presley " felt that by getting [ drugs ] from a doctor , he wasn 't the common everyday junkie getting something off the street . " Since his comeback , he had staged more live shows with each passing year , and 1973 saw 168 concerts , his busiest schedule ever . Despite his failing health , in 1974 he undertook another intensive touring schedule . Presley 's condition declined precipitously in September . Keyboardist Tony Brown remembers the singer 's arrival at a University of Maryland concert : " He fell out of the limousine , to his knees . People jumped to help , and he pushed them away like , ' Don 't help me . ' He walked on stage and held onto the mike for the first thirty minutes like it was a post . Everybody 's looking at each other like , Is the tour gonna happen ? " Guitarist John Wilkinson recalled , " He was all gut . He was slurring . He was so fucked up . ... It was obvious he was drugged . It was obvious there was something terribly wrong with his body . It was so bad the words to the songs were barely intelligible . ... I remember crying . He could barely get through the introductions " . Wilkinson recounted that a few nights later in Detroit , Michigan , " I watched him in his dressing room , just draped over a chair , unable to move . So often I thought , ' Boss , why don 't you just cancel this tour and take a year off ... ? ' I mentioned something once in a guarded moment . He patted me on the back and said , ' It 'll be all right . Don 't you worry about it . ' " Presley continued to play to sellout crowds . On July 13 , 1976 , Vernon Presley — who had become deeply involved in his son 's financial affairs — fired " Memphis Mafia " bodyguards Red West ( Presley 's friend since the 1950s ) , Sonny West , and David Hebler , citing the need to " cut back on expenses " . Presley was in Palm Springs at the time , and some suggest the singer was too cowardly to face the three himself . Another associate of Presley 's , John O 'Grady , argued that the bodyguards were dropped because their rough treatment of fans had prompted too many lawsuits . However , Presley 's stepbrother David Stanley has claimed that the bodyguards were fired because they were becoming more outspoken about Presley 's drug dependency . RCA , which had enjoyed a steady stream of product from Presley for over a decade , grew anxious as his interest in spending time in the studio waned . After a December 1973 session that produced 18 songs , enough for almost two albums , he did not enter the studio in 1974 . Parker sold RCA on another concert record , Elvis Recorded Live on Stage in Memphis . Recorded on March 20 , it included a version of " How Great Thou Art " that would win Presley his third and final competitive Grammy Award . ( All three of his competitive Grammy wins — out of 14 total nominations — were for gospel recordings . ) Presley returned to the studio in Hollywood in March 1975 , but Parker 's attempts to arrange another session toward the end of the year were unsuccessful . In 1976 , RCA sent a mobile studio to Graceland that made possible two full @-@ scale recording sessions at Presley 's home . Even in that comfortable context , the recording process was now a struggle for him . For all the concerns of his label and manager , in studio sessions between July 1973 and October 1976 , Presley recorded virtually the entire contents of six albums . Though he was no longer a major presence on the pop charts , five of those albums entered the top five of the country chart , and three went to number one : Promised Land ( 1975 ) , From Elvis Presley Boulevard , Memphis , Tennessee ( 1976 ) , and Moody Blue ( 1977 ) . The story was similar with his singles — there were no major pop hits , but Presley was a significant force in not just the country market , but on adult contemporary radio as well . Eight studio singles from this period released during his lifetime were top ten hits on one or both charts , four in 1974 alone . " My Boy " was a number one adult contemporary hit in 1975 , and " Moody Blue " topped the country chart and reached the second spot on the adult contemporary chart in 1976 . Perhaps his most critically acclaimed recording of the era came that year , with what Greil Marcus described as his " apocalyptic attack " on the soul classic " Hurt " . " If he felt the way he sounded " , Dave Marsh wrote of Presley 's performance , " the wonder isn 't that he had only a year left to live but that he managed to survive that long . " = = = = Final year and death = = = = Presley and Linda Thompson split in November 1976 , and he took up with a new girlfriend , Ginger Alden . He proposed to Alden and gave her an engagement ring two months later , though several of his friends later claimed that he had no serious intention of marrying again . Journalist Tony Scherman writes that by early 1977 , " Presley had become a grotesque caricature of his sleek , energetic former self . Hugely overweight , his mind dulled by the pharmacopoeia he daily ingested , he was barely able to pull himself through his abbreviated concerts . " In Alexandria , Louisiana , the singer was on stage for less than an hour and " was impossible to understand " . Presley failed to appear in Baton Rouge ; he was unable to get out of his hotel bed , and the rest of the tour was cancelled . Despite the accelerating deterioration of his health , he stuck to most touring commitments . In Rapid City , South Dakota , " he was so nervous on stage that he could hardly talk " , according to Presley historian Samuel Roy , and unable to " perform any significant movement . " Guralnick relates that fans " were becoming increasingly voluble about their disappointment , but it all seemed to go right past Elvis , whose world was now confined almost entirely to his room and his spiritualism books . " A cousin , Billy Smith , recalled how Presley would sit in his room and chat for hours , sometimes recounting favorite Monty Python sketches and his own past escapades , but more often gripped by paranoid obsessions that reminded Smith of Howard Hughes . " Way Down " , Presley 's last single issued during his lifetime , came out on June 6 . On the next tour , CBS filmed two concerts for a TV Special , Elvis in Concert , to be aired in October . On the first of these , captured in Omaha on June 19 , Presley 's voice , Guralnick writes , " is almost unrecognizable , a small , childlike instrument in which he talks more than sings most of the songs , casts about uncertainly for the melody in others , and is virtually unable to articulate or project . " He did better on the second night , two days later in Rapid City , Iowa : " He looked healthier , seemed to have lost a little weight , and sounded better , too " , though his appearance was still a " face framed in a helmet of blue @-@ black hair from which sweat sheets down over pale , swollen cheeks . " His final concert was held in Indianapolis , Indiana at Market Square Arena , on June 26 . The book Elvis : What Happened ? , cowritten by the three bodyguards fired the previous year , was published on August 1 . It was the first exposé to detail Presley 's years of drug misuse . He was devastated by the book and tried unsuccessfully to halt its release by offering money to the publishers . By this point , he suffered from multiple ailments : glaucoma , high blood pressure , liver damage , and an enlarged colon , each aggravated — and possibly caused — by drug abuse . Genetic analysis of a hair sample in 2014 found evidence of genetic variants that could have caused his glaucoma , migraines and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy . Presley was scheduled to fly out of Memphis on the evening of August 16 , 1977 , to begin another tour . That afternoon , Ginger Alden discovered him unresponsive on his bathroom floor . Attempts to revive him failed , and death was officially pronounced at 3 : 30 pm at Baptist Memorial Hospital . President Jimmy Carter issued a statement that credited Presley with having " permanently changed the face of American popular culture " . Thousands of people gathered outside Graceland to view the open casket . One of Presley 's cousins , Billy Mann , accepted $ 18 @,@ 000 to secretly photograph the corpse ; the picture appeared on the cover of the National Enquirer 's biggest @-@ selling issue ever . Alden struck a $ 105 @,@ 000 deal with the Enquirer for her story , but settled for less when she broke her exclusivity agreement . Presley left her nothing in his will . Presley 's funeral was held at Graceland , on Thursday , August 18 . Outside the gates , a car plowed into a group of fans , killing two women and critically injuring a third . Approximately 80 @,@ 000 people lined the processional route to Forest Hill Cemetery , where Presley was buried next to his mother . Within a few days , " Way Down " topped the country and UK pop charts . Following an attempt to steal the singer 's body in late August , the remains of both Presley and his mother were reburied in Graceland 's Meditation Garden on October 2 . Since his death , there have been numerous alleged sightings of Presley . A long @-@ standing theory among some fans is that he faked his death . Fans have noted alleged discrepancies in the death certificate , reports of a wax dummy in his original coffin and numerous accounts of Presley planning a diversion so he could retire in peace . = = = Questions over cause of death = = = " Drug use was heavily implicated " in Presley 's death , writes Guralnick . " No one ruled out the possibility of anaphylactic shock brought on by the codeine pills ... to which he was known to have had a mild allergy . " A pair of lab reports filed two months later each strongly suggested that polypharmacy was the primary cause of death ; one reported " fourteen drugs in Elvis ' system , ten in significant quantity . " Forensic historian and pathologist Michael Baden views the situation as complicated : " Elvis had had an enlarged heart for a long time . That , together with his drug habit , caused his death . But he was difficult to diagnose ; it was a judgment call . " The competence and ethics of two of the centrally involved medical professionals were seriously questioned . Before the autopsy was complete and toxicology results known , medical examiner Dr. Jerry Francisco declared the cause of death as cardiac arrhythmia , a condition that can be determined only in someone who is still alive . Allegations of a cover @-@ up were widespread . While Presley 's main physician , Dr. Nichopoulos , was exonerated of criminal liability for the singer 's death , the facts were startling : " In the first eight months of 1977 alone , he had [ prescribed ] more than 10 @,@ 000 doses of sedatives , amphetamines and narcotics : all in Elvis 's name . " His license was suspended for three months . It was permanently revoked in the 1990s after the Tennessee Medical Board brought new charges of over @-@ prescription . Amidst mounting pressure in 1994 , the Presley autopsy was reopened . Coroner Dr. Joseph Davis declared , " There is nothing in any of the data that supports a death from drugs . In fact , everything points to a sudden , violent heart attack . " Whether or not combined drug intoxication was in fact the cause , there is little doubt that polypharmacy contributed significantly to Presley 's premature death . = = = Since 1977 = = = Between 1977 and 1981 , six posthumously released singles by Presley were top ten country hits . Graceland was opened to the public in 1982 . Attracting over half a million visitors annually , it is the second most @-@ visited home in the United States , after the White House . It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 2006 . Presley has been inducted into five music halls of fame : the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame ( 1986 ) , the Country Music Hall of Fame ( 1998 ) , the Gospel Music Hall of Fame ( 2001 ) , the Rockabilly Hall of Fame ( 2007 ) , and the Memphis Music Hall of Fame ( 2012 ) . In 1984 , he received the W. C. Handy Award from the Blues Foundation and the Academy of Country Music 's first Golden Hat Award . In 1987 , he received the American Music Awards ' Award of Merit . A Junkie XL remix of Presley 's " A Little Less Conversation " ( credited as " Elvis Vs JXL " ) was used in a Nike advertising campaign during the 2002 FIFA World Cup . It topped the charts in over 20 countries , and was included in a compilation of Presley 's number one hits , ELV1S , that was also an international success . In 2003 , a remix of " Rubberneckin ' " , a 1969 recording of Presley 's , topped the U.S. sales chart , as did a 50th @-@ anniversary re @-@ release of " That 's All Right " the following year . The latter was an outright hit in the UK , reaching number three on the pop chart . In 2005 , another three reissued singles , " Jailhouse Rock " , " One Night " / " I Got Stung " , and " It 's Now or Never " , went to number one in the United Kingdom . A total of 17 Presley singles were reissued during the year ; all made the British top five . For the fifth straight year , Forbes named Presley the top @-@ earning deceased celebrity , with a gross income of $ 45 million . He placed second in 2006 , returned to the top spot the next two years , and ranked fourth in 2009 . The following year , he was ranked second , with his highest annual income ever — $ 60 million — spurred by the celebration of his 75th birthday and the launch of Cirque du Soleil 's Viva Elvis show in Las Vegas . In November 2010 , Viva Elvis : The Album was released , setting his voice to newly recorded instrumental tracks . As of mid @-@ 2011 , there were an estimated 15 @,@ 000 licensed Presley products . He was again the second @-@ highest @-@ earning deceased celebrity . Presley holds the records for most songs charting in Billboard 's top 40 and top 100 : chart statistician Joel Whitburn calculates the respective totals as 104 and 151 ; Presley historian Adam Victor gives 114 and 138 . Presley 's rankings for top @-@ ten and number @-@ one hits vary depending on how the double @-@ sided " Hound Dog / Don 't Be Cruel " and " Don 't / I Beg of You " singles , which precede the inception of Billboard 's unified Hot 100 chart , are analyzed . According to Whitburn 's analysis , Presley and Madonna share the record for most top ten hits with 38 ; per Billboard 's current assessment , he ranks second with 36 . Whitburn and Billboard concur that the Beatles hold the record for most number @-@ one hits with 20 , and that Mariah Carey is second with 18 . Whitburn has Presley also with 18 , and thus tied for second ; Billboard has him third with 17 . Presley retains the record for cumulative weeks at number one : alone at 80 , according to Whitburn and the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame ; tied with Carey at 79 , according to Billboard . He holds the records for most British number @-@ one hits with 21 , and top @-@ ten hits with 76 . In 2008 , an 1800 @-@ year @-@ old Roman bust described as bearing a " striking " resemblance to Elvis was displayed ahead of an intended auction . A spokesman for the auctioneers said that fans could " be forgiven for thinking that their idol may well have lived a previous life in Rome . " On the anniversary date of his death , every year since 1997 , thousands of people gather at his home in Memphis to celebrate his memory , during a candlelight ritual . = = Artistry = = = = = Influences = = = Presley 's earliest musical influence came from gospel . His mother recalled that from the age of two , at the Assembly of God church in Tupelo attended by the family , " he would slide down off my lap , run into the aisle and scramble up to the platform . There he would stand looking at the choir and trying to sing with them . " In Memphis , Presley frequently attended all @-@ night gospel singings at the Ellis Auditorium , where groups such as the Statesmen Quartet led the music in a style that , Guralnick suggests , sowed the seeds of Presley 's future stage act : The Statesmen were an electric combination ... featuring some of the most thrillingly emotive singing and daringly unconventional showmanship in the entertainment world ... dressed in suits that might have come out of the window of Lansky 's . ... Bass singer Jim Wetherington , known universally as the Big Chief , maintained a steady bottom , ceaselessly jiggling first his left leg , then his right , with the material of the pants leg ballooning out and shimmering . " He went about as far as you could go in gospel music , " said Jake Hess . " The women would jump up , just like they do for the pop shows . " Preachers frequently objected to the lewd movements ... but audiences reacted with screams and swoons . As a teenager , Presley 's musical interests were wide @-@ ranging , and he was deeply informed about African American musical idioms as well as white ones ( see " Teenage life in Memphis " ) . Though he never had any formal training , he was blessed with a remarkable memory , and his musical knowledge was already considerable by the time he made his first professional recordings in 1954 at the age of 19 . When Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller met him two years later , they were astonished at his encyclopedic understanding of the blues . At a press conference the following year , he proudly declared , " I know practically every religious song that 's ever been written . " = = = Musical style and genres = = = Presley was a central figure in the development of rockabilly , according to music historians . Katherine Charlton even calls him " rockabilly 's originator " , though Carl Perkins has explicitly stated that " [ Sam ] Phillips , Elvis , and I didn 't create rockabilly . " and , according to Michael Campbell , " Bill Haley recorded the first big rockabilly hit . " " It had been there for quite a while " , says Scotty Moore . " Carl Perkins was doing basically the same sort of thing up around Jackson , and I know for a fact Jerry Lee Lewis had been playing that kind of music ever since he was ten years old . " However , " Rockabilly crystallized into a recognizable style in 1954 with Elvis Presley 's first release , on the Sun label " , writes Craig Morrison . Paul Friedlander describes the defining elements of rockabilly , which he similarly characterizes as " essentially ... an Elvis Presley construction " : " the raw , emotive , and slurred vocal style and emphasis on rhythmic feeling [ of ] the blues with the string band and strummed rhythm guitar [ of ] country " . In " That 's All Right " , the Presley trio 's first record , Scotty Moore 's guitar solo , " a combination of Merle Travis – style country finger @-@ picking , double @-@ stop slides from acoustic boogie , and blues @-@ based bent @-@ note , single @-@ string work , is a microcosm of this fusion . " At RCA , Presley 's rock and roll sound grew distinct from rockabilly with group chorus vocals , more heavily amplified electric guitars and a tougher , more intense manner . While he was known for taking songs from various sources and giving them a rockabilly / rock and roll treatment , he also recorded songs in other genres from early in his career , from the pop standard " Blue Moon " at Sun to the country ballad " How 's the World Treating You ? " on his second LP to the blues of " Santa Claus Is Back In Town " . In 1957 , his first gospel record was released , the four @-@ song EP Peace in the Valley . Certified as a million seller , it became the top @-@ selling gospel EP in recording history . Presley would record gospel periodically for the rest of his life . After his return from military service in 1960 , Presley continued to perform rock and roll , but the characteristic style was substantially toned down . The reason why the music from this period lacks the drama from his Fifties recordings , critic Dave Marsh writes , is " because what we 're hearing is not genius discovering itself but the sound of genius at work . " His first post @-@ Army single , the number one hit " Stuck on You " , is typical of this shift . RCA publicity materials referred to its " mild rock beat " ; discographer Ernst Jorgensen calls it " upbeat pop " . The modern blues / R & B sound captured so successfully on Elvis Is Back ! was essentially abandoned for six years until such 1966 – 67 recordings as " Down in the Alley " and " Hi @-@ Heel Sneakers " , though Marsh holds that while he may have recorded few blues songs in the early to middle Sixties , " blues informs almost everything here . " The singer 's output during most of the 1960s emphasized pop music , often in the form of ballads such as " Are You Lonesome Tonight ? " , a number one in 1960 . While that was a dramatic number , most of what Presley recorded for his film soundtracks was in a much lighter vein . Notable numbers in other genres are the No. 1 hits " It 's Now or Never " of 1960 , based on the Italian aria " O Sole Mio " and concluding with a " full @-@ voiced operatic cadence , " and the 1962 hit " She 's Not You " which " integrates the Jordanaires so completely , it 's practically doo @-@ wop . " While Presley performed several of his classic ballads for the ' 68 Comeback Special , the sound of the show was dominated by aggressive rock and roll . He would record few new straight @-@ ahead rock and roll songs thereafter ; as he explained , they were " hard to find " . A significant exception was " Burning Love " , his last major hit on the pop charts . Like his work of the 1950s , Presley 's subsequent recordings reworked pop and country songs , but in markedly different permutations . His stylistic range now began to embrace a more contemporary rock sound as well as soul and funk . Much of Elvis In Memphis , as well as " Suspicious Minds " , cut at the same sessions , reflected his new rock and soul fusion . In the mid @-@ 1970s , many of his singles found a home on country radio , the field where he first became a star . = = = Vocal style and range = = = The general development of Presley 's voice is described by critic Dave Marsh as " A voice , high and thrilled in the early days , lower and perplexed in the final months . " Marsh credits Presley with the introduction of the " vocal stutter " on 1955 's " Baby Let 's Play House . " When on " Don 't Be Cruel " Presley " slides into a ' mmmmm ' that marks the transition between the first two verses , " he shows " how masterful his relaxed style really is . " Marsh describes the singing on " Can 't Help Falling in Love " to be of " gentle insistence and delicacy of phrasing , " with the line " ' Shall I stay ' " pronounced as if the words are fragile as crystal . " On the operatic " It 's Now or Never " Presley " was reaching for something more than he had ever attempted before , " and , according to discographer Jorgensen , later the same year the melody to " Surrender " , a number also based on an Italian original , " Torna A Sorrento " , " required an even greater demonstration of vocal powers . " Jorgensen calls the 1966 recording of " How Great Thou Art " " an extraordinary fulfillment of his vocal ambitions , " as Presley had " crafted for himself an ad @-@ hoc arrangement in which he took every part of the four @-@ part vocal , from [ the ] bass intro to the soaring heights of the song 's operatic climax , " in the process becoming " a kind of one @-@ man quartet . " Guralnick finds " Stand By Me " from the same sessions " a beautifully articulated , almost nakedly yearning performance , " but , by contrast , feels that Presley reaches beyond his powers on " Where No One Stands Alone " on which " he was reduced to a kind of inelegant bellowing to push out a sound " that Jake Hess would have no problem with . Hess himself thought that while others may have a voice as great or greater than Presley 's , " he had that certain something that everyone searches for all during their lifetime . " Guralnick attempts to pinpoint that something : " The warmth of his voice , his controlled use of both vibrato technique and natural falsetto range , the subtlety and deeply felt conviction of his singing were all qualities recognizably belonging to his talent but just as recognizably not to be achieved without sustained dedication and effort . " Presley 's singing to his own " necessarily limited , both rhythmically and melodically , " piano accompaniment , such as can be heard on the 1967 recording of " You 'll Never Walk Alone " , for Guralnick are always special occasions , because " it was always a measure of his engagement when he sat down at the keyboard to play . " Describing his piano technique as " staccato style , " Jorgensen finds that on " Without Love " from the 1969 sessions , " his gospel @-@ flavored treatment took it to a level of spirituality rarely matched in his career . " Presley also played the instrument on the " impassioned version " of the sessions 's next song , " I 'll Hold You in My Heart , " of which Guralnick writes that " there is something magical about the moment that only the most inspired singing can bring about , as Elvis loses himself in the music , words no longer lend themselves to literal translation , and singer and listener both are left emotionally wrung out by the time the song finally limps to an end . " Marsh praises his 1968 reading of " U.S. Male " , " bearing down on the hard guy lyrics , not sending them up or overplaying them but tossing them around with that astonishingly tough yet gentle assurance that he brought to his Sun records . " The performance on " In the Ghetto " is , according to Jorgensen , " devoid of any of his characteristic vocal tricks or mannerisms , " instead relying on " the astonishing clarity and sensitivity of his voice . " Guralnick describes the tenderness in the singing of the same song of " such unassuming , almost translucent eloquence , it is so quietly confident in its simplicity " that one is reminded of the Sun period , " offering equal parts yearning and social compassion . " On " Suspicious Minds " from the same sessions Guralnick hears essentially the same " remarkable mixture of tenderness and poise , " but supplemented with " an expressive quality somewhere between stoicism ( at suspected infidelity ) and anguish ( over impending loss ) . " Music critic Henry Pleasants observes that " Presley has been described variously as a baritone and a tenor . An extraordinary compass ... and a very wide range of vocal color have something to do with this divergence of opinion . " He identifies Presley as a high baritone , calculating his range as two octaves and a third , " from the baritone low G to the tenor high B , with an upward extension in falsetto to at least a D @-@ flat . Presley 's best octave is in the middle , D @-@ flat to D @-@ flat , granting an extra full step up or down . " In Pleasants ' view , his voice was " variable and unpredictable " at the bottom , " often brilliant " at the top , with the capacity for " full @-@ voiced high Gs and As that an opera baritone might envy " . Scholar Lindsay Waters , who figures Presley 's range as 2 ¼ octaves , emphasizes that " his voice had an emotional range from tender whispers to sighs down to shouts , grunts , grumbles and sheer gruffness that could move the listener from calmness and surrender , to fear . " Presley was always " able to duplicate the open , hoarse , ecstatic , screaming , shouting , wailing , reckless sound of the black rhythm @-@ and @-@ blues and gospel singers , " writes Pleasants , and also demonstrated a remarkable ability to assimilate many other vocal styles . = = Public image = = = = = Racial issues = = = When Dewey Phillips first aired " That 's All Right " on Memphis radio , many listeners who contacted the station by phone and telegram to ask for it again assumed that its singer was black . From the beginning of his national fame , Presley expressed respect for African American performers and their music , and disregard for the norms of segregation and racial prejudice then prevalent in the South . Interviewed in 1956 , he recalled how in his childhood he would listen to blues musician Arthur Crudup — the originator of " That 's All Right " — " bang his box the way I do now , and I said if I ever got to the place where I could feel all old Arthur felt , I 'd be a music man like nobody ever saw . " The Memphis World , an African American newspaper , reported that Presley , " the rock ' n ' roll phenomenon " , " cracked Memphis 's segregation laws " by attending the local amusement park on what was designated as its " colored night " . Such statements and actions led Presley to be generally hailed in the black community during the early days of his stardom . By contrast , many white adults , according to Billboard 's Arnold Shaw , " did not like him , and condemned him as depraved . Anti @-@ negro prejudice doubtless figured in adult antagonism . Regardless of whether parents were aware of the Negro sexual origins of the phrase ' rock ' n ' roll ' , Presley impressed them as the visual and aural embodiment of sex . " Despite the largely positive view of Presley held by African Americans , a rumor spread in mid @-@ 1957 that he had at some point announced , " The only thing Negroes can do for me is buy my records and shine my shoes . " A journalist with the national African American weekly Jet , Louie Robinson , pursued the story . On the set of Jailhouse Rock , Presley granted Robinson an interview , though he was no longer dealing with the mainstream press . He denied making such a statement or holding in any way to its racist view : " I never said anything like that , and people who know me know that I wouldn 't have said it … A lot of people seem to think I started this business . But rock ' n ' roll was here a long time before I came along . Nobody can sing that kind of music like colored people . Let 's face it : I can 't sing like Fats Domino can . I know that . " Also , Red Robinson stated , " Take a look at the things that are only publicized now , of how he 'd be driving down the street and see a destitute black woman with a little child . He went and bought her a Cadillac . Now if this guy hated blacks , he wouldn ’ t even have gone near them " . Robinson found no evidence that the remark had ever been made , and on the contrary elicited testimony from many individuals indicating that Presley was anything but racist . Blues singer Ivory Joe Hunter , who had heard the rumor before he visited Graceland one evening , reported of Presley , " He showed me every courtesy , and I think he 's one of the greatest . " Dudley Brooks , an African @-@ American composer and studio musician who worked with Presley during the 1950s and 1960s , also disputed allegations that Presley was a racist . Though the rumored remark was wholly discredited at the time , it was still being used against Presley decades later . The identification of Presley with racism — either personally or symbolically — was expressed most famously in the lyrics of the 1989 rap hit " Fight the Power " , by Public Enemy : " Elvis was a hero to most / But he never meant shit to me / Straight @-@ up racist that sucker was / Simple and plain " . The persistence of such attitudes was fueled by resentment over the fact that Presley , whose musical and visual performance idiom owed much to African American sources , achieved the cultural acknowledgement and commercial success largely denied his black peers . Into the 21st century , the notion that Presley had " stolen " black music still found adherents . Notable among African American entertainers expressly rejecting this view was Jackie Wilson , who argued , " A lot of people have accused Elvis of stealing the black man 's music , when in fact , almost every black solo entertainer copied his stage mannerisms from Elvis . " And throughout his career , Presley plainly acknowledged his debt . Addressing his ' 68 Comeback Special audience , he said , " Rock ' n ' roll music is basically gospel or rhythm and blues , or it sprang from that . People have been adding to it , adding instruments to it , experimenting with it , but it all boils down to [ that ] . " Nine years earlier , he had said , " Rock ' n ' roll has been around for many years . It used to be called rhythm and blues . " = = = Sex symbol = = = Presley 's physical attractiveness and sexual appeal were widely acknowledged . " He was once beautiful , astonishingly beautiful " , in the words of critic Mark Feeney . Television director Steve Binder , no fan of Presley 's music before he oversaw the ' 68 Comeback Special , reported , " I 'm straight as an arrow and I got to tell you , you stop , whether you 're male or female , to look at him . He was that good looking . And if you never knew he was a superstar , it wouldn 't make any difference ; if he 'd walked in the room , you 'd know somebody special was in your presence . " His performance style , as much as his physical beauty , was responsible for Presley 's eroticized image . Writing in 1970 , critic George Melly described him as " the master of the sexual simile , treating his guitar as both phallus and girl . " In his Presley obituary , Lester Bangs credited him as " the man who brought overt blatant vulgar sexual frenzy to the popular arts in America . " Ed Sullivan 's declaration that he perceived a soda bottle in Presley 's trousers was echoed by rumors involving a similarly positioned toilet roll tube or lead bar . While Presley was marketed as an icon of heterosexuality , some cultural critics have argued that his image was ambiguous . In 1959 , Sight and Sound 's Peter John Dyer described his onscreen persona as " aggressively bisexual in appeal " . Brett Farmer places the " orgasmic gyrations " of the title dance sequence in Jailhouse Rock within a lineage of cinematic musical numbers that offer a " spectacular eroticization , if not homoeroticization , of the male image " . In the analysis of Yvonne Tasker , " Elvis was an ambivalent figure who articulated a peculiar feminised , objectifying version of white working @-@ class masculinity as aggressive sexual display . " Reinforcing Presley 's image as a sex symbol were the reports of his dalliances with various Hollywood stars and starlets , from Natalie Wood in the 1950s to Connie Stevens and Ann @-@ Margret in the 1960s to Candice Bergen and Cybill Shepherd in the 1970s . June Juanico of Memphis , one of Presley 's early girlfriends , later blamed Parker for encouraging him to choose his dating partners with publicity in mind . Presley never grew comfortable with the Hollywood scene , and most of these relationships were insubstantial . = = = Lifestyle = = = Presley was known for a life of luxury and excess , as exemplified by his estate at Graceland . He owned a number of expensive cars , including three pink Cadillacs , immortalized in his version of the song " Baby , Let 's Play House " , in which Presley replaced the line " you may get religion " with " you may have a Pink Cadillac " . A number of stories , both real and exaggerated , detail Presley 's appetite for rich or heavy food . He was said to enjoy the Southern cuisine of his upbringing , including chicken @-@ fried steak and biscuits and gravy . Presley is commonly associated with rich sandwiches , including the Fool 's Gold Loaf and peanut butter , banana and bacon sandwiches , now commonly called an " Elvis sandwich " . = = Associates = = = = = Colonel Parker and the Aberbachs = = = Once he became Presley 's manager , Colonel Tom Parker insisted on exceptionally tight control over his client 's career . Songwriter Robert B. Sherman ( of the Sherman Brothers ) bore witness to the deal being forged between Hill and Range co @-@ owner Jean Aberbach and The Colonel in 1955 . Early on , " The Colonel " and his Hill and Range allies , the brothers Jean and Julian Aberbach , perceived the close relationship that developed between Presley and songwriters Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller as a serious threat to that control . Parker effectively ended the relationship , deliberately or not , with the new contract he sent Leiber in early 1958 . Leiber thought there was a mistake — the sheet of paper was blank except for Parker 's signature and a line on which to enter his . " There 's no mistake , boy , just sign it and return it , " Parker directed . " Don 't worry , we 'll fill it in later . " Leiber declined , and Presley 's fruitful collaboration with the writing team was over . Other respected songwriters lost interest in or simply avoided writing for Presley because of the requirement that they surrender a third of their usual royalties . By 1967 , Parker 's contracts with Presley gave him 50 percent of most of the singer 's earnings from recordings , films , and merchandise . Beginning in February 1972 , he took a third of the profit from live appearances ; a January 1976 agreement entitled him to half of that as well . Priscilla Presley noted that , " Elvis detested the business side of his career . He would sign a contract without even reading it . " Presley 's friend Marty Lacker regarded Parker as a " hustler and a con artist . He was only interested in ' now money ' — get the buck and get gone . " Lacker was instrumental in convincing Presley to record with Memphis producer Chips Moman and his handpicked musicians at American Sound Studio in early 1969 . The American Sound sessions represented a significant departure from the control customarily exerted by Hill and Range . Moman still had to deal with the publisher 's staff on site , whose song suggestions he regarded as unacceptable . He was on the verge of quitting , until Presley ordered the Hill and Range personnel out of the studio . Although RCA executive Joan Deary was later full of praise for the producer 's song choices and the quality of the recordings , Moman , to his fury , received neither credit on the records nor royalties for his work . Throughout his entire career , Presley performed in only three venues outside the United States — all of them in Canada , during brief tours there in 1957 . Rumors that he would play overseas for the first time were fueled in 1974 by a million @-@ dollar bid for an Australian tour . Parker was uncharacteristically reluctant , prompting those close to Presley to speculate about the manager 's past and the reasons for his apparent unwillingness to apply for a passport . Parker ultimately squelched any notions Presley had of working abroad , claiming that foreign security was poor and the venues unsuitable for a star of his magnitude . Parker arguably exercised tightest control over Presley 's film career . In 1957 , Robert Mitchum asked Presley to costar with him in Thunder Road , on which Mitchum was writer and producer . According to George Klein , one of his oldest friends , Presley was offered starring roles in West Side Story and Midnight Cowboy . In 1974 , Barbra Streisand approached Presley to star with her in the remake of A Star is Born . In each case , any ambitions the singer may have had to play such parts were thwarted by his manager 's negotiating demands or flat refusals . In Lacker 's description , " The only thing that kept Elvis going after the early years was a new challenge . But Parker kept running everything into the ground . " The prevailing attitude may have been summed up best by the response Leiber and Stoller received when they brought a serious film project for Presley to Parker and the Hill and Range owners for their consideration . In Leiber 's telling , Jean Aberbach warned them to never again " try to interfere with the business or artistic workings of the process known as Elvis Presley . " = = = Memphis Mafia = = = In the early 1960s , the circle of friends with whom Presley constantly surrounded himself until his death came to be known as the " Memphis Mafia " . " Surrounded by the [ ir ] parasitic presence " , as journalist John Harris puts it , " it was no wonder that as he slid into addiction and torpor , no @-@ one raised the alarm : to them , Elvis was the bank , and it had to remain open . " Tony Brown , who played piano for Presley regularly in the last two years of the singer 's life , observed his rapidly declining health and the urgent need to address it : " But we all knew it was hopeless because Elvis was surrounded by that little circle of people ... all those so @-@ called friends " . In the Memphis Mafia 's defense , Marty Lacker has said , " [ Presley ] was his own man . ... If we hadn 't been around , he would have been dead a lot earlier . " Larry Geller became Presley 's hairdresser in 1964 . Unlike others in the Memphis Mafia , he was interested in spiritual questions and recalls how , from their first conversation , Presley revealed his secret thoughts and anxieties : " I mean there has to be a purpose ... there 's got to be a reason ... why I was chosen to be Elvis Presley . ... I swear to God , no one knows how lonely I get . And how empty I really feel . " Thereafter , Geller supplied him with books on religion and mysticism , which the singer read voraciously . Presley would be preoccupied by such matters for much of his life , taking trunkloads of books with him on tour . = = Legacy = = Presley 's rise to national attention in 1956 transformed the field of popular music and had a huge effect on the broader scope of popular culture . As the catalyst for the cultural revolution that was rock and roll , he was central not only to defining it as a musical genre but in making it a touchstone of youth culture and rebellious attitude . With its racially mixed origins — repeatedly affirmed by Presley — rock and roll 's occupation of a central position in mainstream American culture facilitated a new acceptance and appreciation of black culture . In this regard , Little Richard said of Presley , " He was an integrator . Elvis was a blessing . They wouldn 't let black music through . He opened the door for black music . " Al Green agreed : " He broke the ice for all of us . " President Jimmy Carter remarked on his legacy in 1977 : " His music and his personality , fusing the styles of white country and black rhythm and blues , permanently changed the face of American popular culture . His following was immense , and he was a symbol to people the world over of the vitality , rebelliousness , and good humor of his country . " Presley also heralded the vastly expanded reach of celebrity in the era of mass communication : at the age of 21 , within a year of his first appearance on American network television , he was one of the most famous people in the world . Presley 's name , image , and voice are instantly recognizable around the globe . He has inspired a legion of impersonators . In polls and surveys , he is recognized as one of the most important popular music artists and influential Americans . " Elvis Presley is the greatest cultural force in the twentieth century " , said composer and conductor Leonard Bernstein . " He introduced the beat to everything and he changed everything — music , language , clothes . It 's a whole new social revolution — the sixties came from it . " Bob Dylan described the sensation of first hearing Presley as " like busting out of jail " . On the 25th anniversary of Presley 's death , The New York Times observed , " All the talentless impersonators and appalling black velvet paintings on display can make him seem little more than a perverse and distant memory . But before Elvis was camp , he was its opposite : a genuine cultural force . ... Elvis 's breakthroughs are underappreciated because in this rock @-@ and @-@ roll age , his hard @-@ rocking music and sultry style have triumphed so completely . " Not only Presley 's achievements , but his failings as well , are seen by some cultural observers as adding to the power of his legacy , as in this description by Greil Marcus : Elvis Presley is a supreme figure in American life , one whose presence , no matter how banal or predictable , brooks no real comparisons . ... The cultural range of his music has expanded to the point where it includes not only the hits of the day , but also patriotic recitals , pure country gospel , and really dirty blues . ... Elvis has emerged as a great artist , a great rocker , a great purveyor of schlock , a great heart throb , a great bore , a great symbol of potency , a great ham , a great nice person , and , yes , a great American . = = Discography = = A vast number of recordings have been issued under Presley 's name . The total number of his original master recordings has been variously calculated as 665 and 711 . His career began and he was most successful during an era when singles were the primary commercial medium for pop music . In the case of his albums , the distinction between " official " studio records and other forms is often blurred . For most of the 1960s , his recording career focused on soundtrack albums . In the 1970s , his most heavily promoted and best @-@ selling LP releases tended to be concert albums . This summary discography lists only the albums and singles that reached the top of one or more of the following charts : the main U.S. Billboard pop chart ; the Billboard country chart , the genre chart with which he was most identified ( there was no country album chart before 1964 ) ; and the official British pop chart . The year given , in the table below , is the year the record first reached number one , rather than its original year of release . For instance : Elvis ' 40 Greatest , released in 1974 , a compilation on the budget Arcade label , was the fourth highest selling album of the year in the United Kingdom ; at the time , the main British chart did not rank such compilations , relegating them to a chart for midpriced and TV @-@ advertised albums , which Elvis ' 40 Greatest topped for 15 weeks . The policy was altered in 1975 , allowing the album to hit number one on the main chart in 1977 , following Presley 's death . Before late 1958 , rather than unified pop and country singles charts , Billboard had as many as four charts for each , separately ranking records according to sales , jukebox play , jockey spins ( i.e. , airplay ) , and , in the case of pop , a general " Top 100 " . Billboard now regards the sales charts as definitive for the period . Widely cited chart statistician Joel Whitburn accords historical releases the highest ranking they achieved among the separate charts . Presley discographer Ernst Jorgensen refers only to the Top 100 chart for pop hits . All of the 1956 – 58 songs listed here as number one US pop hits reached the top of both the sales and with three exceptions , the Top 100 charts : " I Want You , I Need You , I Love You " ( three ) , " Hound Dog " ( two , behind its flip side , " Don 't Be Cruel " ) , and " Hard Headed Woman " ( two ) . Several Presley singles reached number one in the United Kingdom as double A @-@ sides ; in the United States , the respective sides of those singles were ranked separately by Billboard . In the United States , Presley also had five or six number @-@ one R & B singles and seven number @-@ one adult contemporary singles ; in 1964 , his " Blue Christmas " topped the Christmas singles chart during a period when Billboard did not rank holiday singles in its primary pop chart . He also had number @-@ one hits in many countries beside the US and UK . = = = Number one albums = = = = = = Number one singles = = = = = Filmography = = TV concert specials
= Kanye Zone = Kanye Zone is a browser game developed by Otter Spice Productions . It was released on March 9 , 2012 , and involves the player controlling a bumper in order to prevent an image of American musician Kanye West 's head from entering a circle of increasing size , referred to as his " zone " . The game incorporates sound clips from West 's song " Niggas in Paris " , and its premise is a parody of the song 's lyrics . Created by roommates Michael Frederickson and Stephen Barlow and inspired by 1980s video games , Kanye Zone reached the front page of Reddit and received considerable media attention — Frederickson was interviewed by MTV , and several other news outlets reported on the game , some praising its simplicity and addictiveness . In May 2013 , a follow @-@ up game , titled Pitbull Party and based on the rapper Pitbull , was released . = = Gameplay = = The player 's left and right arrow keys and space bar control a bumper that moves around a purple circle . Kanye West , represented by his head , attempts to enter the circle while repeatedly rapping " Don 't let me into my zone " , and the player must hit him with the bumper — this causes him to disappear in a burst of dollar signs , and the player is rewarded with cash , added to a total displayed on the webpage . A silhouette of Kanye 's head shows where he will next spawn , and an arrow inside it indicates what direction he will travel in . Play continues this way , with Kanye getting faster and the zone getting bigger , until the player fails to prevent Kanye from entering the zone , when they are presented with a message declaring they have lost ; an image of rapper Jay @-@ Z 's head joins that of West , and the lyric " I 'm definitely in my zone " is heard . If the player 's cash score is high enough , it is added to a leaderboard on the right of the page . = = Development = = The game was created by roommates Michael Frederickson — a technical director at Pixar — and Stephen Barlow using HTML5 . The two heard Kanye West 's song " Niggas in Paris " and became " obsessed " with the lyric " Don 't let me into my zone " ( which is probably a reference to West 's " artistic zone " ) , and what it would mean to do so . It was inspired by 1980s games such as Pac @-@ Man , as well as the 1972 game Pong . They noted that although they tried to make the rest of the game " flashy " , the zone had to be " this unremarkable geometric form " so as not to be distracting . Frederickson mused that the nature of Kanye 's zone is " the whole question of the game " , and agreed that it was " almost a philosophical question " . Frederickson called West , the inspiration for the game , an " arrogant man who purports to know everything " , and said that in the game he " [ admits ] some ignorance " as he " doesn 't know exactly what 'll happen if he gets in the zone . " The fact that the player begins the game with $ 50 @,@ 000 is a reference to the " Niggas in Paris " lyric " What 's 50 grand to a mothafucka like me , can you please remind me " — the amount represents nothing . = = Release = = Kanye Zone was released on March 9 , 2012 by Otter Spice Productions , and Michael Frederickson promoted it at the Game Developers Conference . Following its release , Kanye Zone reached the front page of the social news website Reddit , causing its creators to lose approximately US $ 700 after lots of traffic was driven to the website , and necessitating the compression of its contents ; the next day , advertisements were added to the page . Although two million games had been played in under a month , the game was not very profitable , as the creators made only eight dollars off the game . The developers have since created a store selling various items adorned with a picture of the " zone " , which Frederickson describes as " purple circles on everything " . Although Kanye West has not contacted him , Frederickson was interviewed about the game by MTV 's Hive , which said it is " the best video game ever created based on a pop song and / or artist " and compared it to other games based on the song " Margaritaville " and the band Grateful Dead — he described the interview " unthinkably disproportionate to the interest of Kanye Zone " ; it even verged into the discussion of a film adaptation . He was also a guest on the British video gaming radio show One Life Left . Luke Plunkett of Kotaku called the game a " perversely addictive thing " , and Complex 's Jacob Moore said it is " as basic as it can get , but that won 't stop you from wasting hours of your day . " Metro dubbed Kanye Zone " the dumbest game you will spend 20 minutes playing " and " a hilarious low impact game in the tradition of early Atari " . In March 2012 , Frederickson stated that he was not yet working on a sequel to the game ; however , on May 31 , 2013 , Pitbull Party , a follow @-@ up to Kanye Zone , was released . Based on Pitbull 's song " Don 't Stop the Party " and released by Otter Spice Productions , it involves maneuvering Pitbull 's head between scratches on turntable records .
= 1909 Monterrey hurricane = The 1909 Monterrey hurricane was one of the deadliest Atlantic tropical cyclones on record , killing an estimated 4 @,@ 000 people throughout Mexico . Originating from a tropical storm east of the Leeward Islands on August 20 , the storm tracked west @-@ northwest , entering the Caribbean Sea as a minimal hurricane the next day . After striking Hispaniola on August 23 , the hurricane made another landfall in eastern Cuba before reentering the Caribbean . Once back over open water , the storm intensified into a Category 3 hurricane and moved across the northern tip of the Yucatán Peninsula . By August 26 , the storm had emerged into the Gulf of Mexico as a weakened , but regrouping system . It attained its peak winds of 120 mph ( 185 km / h ) that evening . Maintaining this intensity , the system made landfall in the Mexican state of Tamaulipas late on August 27 and rapidly dissipated the following afternoon . Throughout its existence , the hurricane remained relatively close to land , so consequently its effects were felt in many areas . Much of the northern Caribbean received moderate to heavy rainfall along with gusty winds during its passage ; although only Haiti reported damage from it . Its effects were far more severe in Mexico where an estimated 4 @,@ 000 people were killed by record @-@ breaking floods triggered by the hurricane . The city of Monterrey received the worst damage : more than half of the structures in the city were flooded , hundreds were destroyed , and 20 @,@ 000 people were left homeless . Damage from the storm in the country was estimated to have exceeded $ 50 million ( 1909 USD ; $ 1 @.@ 32 billion 2016 USD ) . = = Meteorological history = = The origins of the hurricane are uncertain due to a lack of ship reports in the western Atlantic Ocean . According to the Atlantic hurricane database , it was first identifiable as a tropical storm on August 20 to the east of the Leeward Islands . Tracking to the west @-@ northwest , the storm quickly attained winds of 80 mph ( 130 km / h ) , equivalent to Category 1 status on the modern @-@ day Saffir – Simpson Hurricane Scale . By the evening of August 21 , the storm entered the Caribbean Sea as it brushed the northern coast of Guadeloupe ; intensification of the hurricane over the northeastern Caribbean was slow . Early on August 23 , it made its first landfall with winds of 90 mph ( 150 km / h ) in San Cristóbal Province , Dominican Republic , just southwest of the country 's capital city of Santo Domingo . The hurricane weakened slightly over the mountainous terrain of Hispaniola , although it is believed to have maintained winds of at least 75 mph ( 120 km / h ) based on damage reports in Haiti . Later on August 23 , the storm " jumped " northward before making another landfall in the Cuban province of Guantánamo . Continuing towards the west @-@ northwest , the hurricane regained strength as it moved over the northern Caribbean . During the afternoon of August 24 , the system attained winds of 100 mph ( 155 km / h ) , corresponding to a Category 2 hurricane . Early the following morning , it further intensified to a Category 3 major hurricane , defined as having winds in excess of 111 mph ( 178 km / h ) , before making landfall in the Yucatán Peninsula near the city of Cancún . The hurricane emerged into the Gulf of Mexico within 12 hours and quickly re @-@ intensified to attain its peak winds of 120 mph ( 185 km / h ) on August 26 . It soon slowed and turned due west , maintaining its intensity . Late on August 27 , the storm made its final landfall in the Mexican state of Tamaulipas . Rapid weakening took place as it drifted onshore , and it dissipated the following afternoon . = = Impact = = Prior to the hurricane 's devastating impacts in Mexico , it brought heavy rains and high winds to several of the northern Caribbean Islands . The first to be affected by the storm were the Leeward Islands ; however , no known damage resulted from its passage . Moderate rain and gusty winds were reported in Puerto Rico as well as the Dominican Republic and Jamaica . Despite being slightly weaker once over Haiti , severe damage was reported in many towns , with homes destroyed and many homeless . Much of Cuba was also impacted by the storm , with winds up to 60 mph ( 95 km / h ) being recorded as far north as Havana . During the hurricane 's second landfall in Mexico , it brought increased swells and gusty winds , recorded up to 68 mph ( 109 km / h ) to parts of southern Texas . Low @-@ lying areas north of Corpus Christi were inundated by 1 to 3 ft ( 0 @.@ 30 to 0 @.@ 91 m ) of water and several piers were damaged . Overall damage in the state was minimal from the storm and no lives were lost . Although a borderline Category 2 – 3 hurricane when it made landfall in the Yucatán Peninsula , little is known about the storm 's impact in the region . One ship situated about 25 mi ( 40 km ) offshore recorded winds up to 100 mph ( 155 km / h ) during its passage . However , following the hurricane 's second landfall , the resulting damage was catastrophic . During the overnight hours between August 27 and 28 , cities along the coastline of Tamaulipas likely sustained severe damage from the hurricane 's storm surge and high winds . Two villages along the coast were completely destroyed by the storm and communication with much of the region was crippled and not expected to be restored for more than a week . Nine bridges and roughly 50 mi ( 80 km ) of railroad tracks were destroyed in the state . The worst of the damage took place further inland , within the state of Nuevo León . There , torrential rainfall triggered a flood even exceeding 100 @-@ year flood values . According to meteorologists in Mexico , the storm dropped 17 @.@ 5 in ( 440 mm ) of rain over a 40 ‑ hour span . Further rains fell for the following 32 hours , worsening the situation . According to Mexican officials , overnight on August 27 , the reservoir dam near Nuevo León 's capital city , Monterrey , burst , flooding more than half of the buildings in the city , as well as all of the nearby town of San Luisto . Steel works and smelters situated along the Santa Catarina River were destroyed after the river rose well over its banks . Hundreds of homes were destroyed throughout the city , leaving an estimated 20 @,@ 000 people homeless . According to the American Society of Civil Engineers , an enormous 235 @,@ 000 ft3 ( 6 @,@ 650 m3 ) of water was being moved per second during the height of the flood . At the height of the floods , residents were forced to seek refuge on the roofs of two @-@ story buildings ; however , the Santa Catarina River was flowing at a very fast pace of 20 mph ( 32 km / h ) . The force of the current led to most homes being taken off their foundations and sent downstream , resulting in the deaths of anyone inside . In one incident , 90 people died after seeking refuge in a school after their homes collapsed . However , not long after entering the building , flood waters inundated the structure and caused it to collapse . By the morning , survivors reported that the state of the city was " indescribable " . Damage from the hurricane was estimated to have been at least $ 50 million ( 1909 USD ; $ 1 @.@ 32 billion 2016 USD ) . Of this , roughly $ 20 million was attributed to railroad losses . Throughout Mexico , reports indicated that about 4 @,@ 000 people were killed as a result of the storm , making it one of the deadliest Atlantic hurricanes on record . Some estimates place the death toll as high as 5 @,@ 000 and others as low as 3 @,@ 000 . Of these fatalities , 800 are believed to have been in the south side of Monterrey where four blocks of the city were completely destroyed . = = Aftermath = = Immediately following the catastrophic flooding in Monterrey , an appeal was made to the United States and other nations for aid . Many residents and visitors in the city did all they could to help rescue those trapped in the flood waters and take care of the homeless . According to the New York Times , one person rescued 30 people stranded in flood waters . Numerous rescue operations were undertaken during the flood , saving many lives . However , survivors faced another issue after losing their homes : lack of food . Food was unavailable to most residents in the wake of the storm until August 31 when the first relief supplies arrived . Even then , most only received a small amount of bread and beans . Once the flood along the Santa Catarina River receded , searches were conducted to attempt to locate the bodies of victims . However , reports indicated that the river bed was similar to quicksand and most bodies on it were likely underground . Days after the storm , fears of food shortages began to arise as railways , in which food would normally be able to be delivered , were washed out . To deal with the large amount of bodies in the wake of the disaster , Mexican officials decided to cremate and mass bury victims . By mid @-@ September , between 1 @,@ 600 and 1 @,@ 800 people were hired to repair and rebuild the devastated railways in Nuevo León . In 2009 , the third edition of the book El Río Fiera Bramaba : 1909 by Oswaldo Sánchez , re @-@ accounting reports form people who experienced the flood , was planned . According to the director of publications at the Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León , the book was considered one of historical quality . In memory of those who perished during the flood , the book was released to the public on August 27 , 2009 , the 100 year anniversary of the disaster .
= SMS Berlin = SMS Berlin ( " His Majesty 's Ship Berlin " ) was the third member of the seven @-@ vessel Bremen class , built by the Imperial German Navy . Throughout her over 40 @-@ year @-@ long career , she served with the Imperial Navy , the Reichsmarine , and the Kriegsmarine . She was built by the Imperial Dockyard in Danzig , laid down in 1902 , launched in September 1903 , and commissioned into the High Seas Fleet in April 1905 . Armed with a main battery of ten 10 @.@ 5 cm ( 4 @.@ 1 in ) guns and two 45 cm ( 18 in ) torpedo tubes , Berlin was capable of a top speed of 22 knots ( 41 km / h ; 25 mph ) . Berlin served in the reconnaissance forces of the High Seas Fleet from her commissioning to 1911 , when she was sent abroad for overseas duties . She returned to the scouting forces the following year , where she remained through the first two years of World War I. She spent 1916 as a minelayer , and was disarmed in 1917 . She was one of six cruisers permitted to Germany by the Treaty of Versailles , and she remained in service with the new Reichsmarine through the 1920s as a training ship . She was withdrawn from active duty in 1929 , and later used as a barracks ship by the Kriegsmarine , a role she filled through World War II . After the end of the war , she was loaded with chemical weapons and scuttled in the Skagerrak . = = Construction = = Berlin was ordered under the contract name Ersatz Zieten and was laid down at the Imperial Dockyard in Danzig in 1902 and launched on 22 September 1903 , after which fitting @-@ out work commenced . She was commissioned into the High Seas Fleet on 4 April 1905 . The ship was 111 @.@ 1 meters ( 365 ft ) long overall and had a beam of 13 @.@ 3 m ( 44 ft ) and a draft of 5 @.@ 51 m ( 18 @.@ 1 ft ) forward . She displaced 3 @,@ 792 t ( 3 @,@ 732 long tons ; 4 @,@ 180 short tons ) at full combat load . Her propulsion system consisted of two triple @-@ expansion engines , designed to give 10 @,@ 000 indicated horsepower ( 7 @,@ 500 kW ) for a top speed of 22 knots ( 41 km / h ; 25 mph ) . The engines were powered by ten coal @-@ fired Marine @-@ type water @-@ tube boilers . Berlin carried up to 860 tonnes ( 850 long tons ) of coal , which gave her a range of 4 @,@ 270 nautical miles ( 7 @,@ 910 km ; 4 @,@ 910 mi ) at 12 knots ( 22 km / h ; 14 mph ) . She had a crew of 14 officers and 274 – 287 enlisted men . The ship was armed with ten 10 @.@ 5 cm SK L / 40 guns in single mounts . Two were placed side by side forward on the forecastle , six were located amidships , three on either side , and two were placed side by side aft . The guns could engage targets out to 12 @,@ 200 m ( 40 @,@ 000 ft ) . They were supplied with 1 @,@ 500 rounds of ammunition , for 150 shells per gun . She was also equipped with two 45 cm ( 17 @.@ 7 in ) torpedo tubes with five torpedoes . They were submerged in the hull on the broadside . In 1915 , Berlin was modified to carry 80 naval mines . The ship was protected by an armored deck that was up to 80 mm ( 3 @.@ 1 in ) thick . The conning tower had 100 mm ( 3 @.@ 9 in ) thick sides , and the guns were protected by 50 mm ( 2 @.@ 0 in ) thick shields . = = Service history = = After her commissioning , Berlin was assigned to the reconnaissance forces of the High Seas Fleet . In 1911 , she was deployed abroad for service on foreign stations . She returned to Germany the following year , and rejoined the fleet cruiser squadron . In October 1913 , the ship left Germany again bound for Veracruz , to relieve Hertha in the Caribbean . In 1915 , the ship was retrofitted to carry 80 mines . She was in drydock in May 1916 , and so she was unavailable for the Battle of Jutland on the last day of the month . In October 1916 , the British submarine HMS E38 attacked Berlin , but its torpedoes missed . After the end of the year , Berlin was disarmed . She was thereafter used as a coastal defense ship , a role she performed through to the end of the war in 1918 . Berlin was among the six light cruisers Germany was permitted to retain by the Treaty of Versailles . In the service of the newly reorganized Reichsmarine , Berlin served as a training cruiser , starting in 1922 . That year , Wilhelm Canaris was assigned to the ship , which went to Norway in November 1923 . In January 1924 , Berlin departed German waters for an extended overseas cruise , which was the first time a German warship had done so since the end of World War I. While on the cruise , Canaris met a naval cadet by the name of Reinhard Heydrich , who went on to become a close friend and eventual architect of The Holocaust . In 1928 , Berlin conducted a training cruise around the world , which included a stop in Fremantle . Training duties lasted until 1929 , when she was withdrawn from service . Starting in 1935 , the Kriegsmarine used Berlin as a barracks ship in Kiel . There , she survived World War II ; in the aftermath of the war , she was loaded with chemical weapons and scuttled in the Skaggerak to dispose of them , on 31 May 1947 .
= Ernest Albert Corey = Ernest Albert Corey MM & Three Bars ( 20 December 1891 – 25 August 1972 ) was a distinguished Australian soldier who served as a stretcher bearer during the First World War . He enlisted in the Australian Imperial Force on 13 January 1916 , and was allocated to the 55th Battalion , where he was initially posted to a grenade section before volunteering for stretcher bearing duties . In 1917 he was twice awarded the Military Medal for his devotion to duty in aiding wounded soldiers , and twice again in 1918 ; becoming the only person to be awarded the Military Medal four times . Born in New South Wales , Corey was employed as a blacksmith 's striker upon leaving school . In January 1916 , he became a member of the " Men from Snowy River " recruiting march , enlisting in Goulburn . Returning to Australia after the Armistice , he was discharged on medical grounds in 1919 and was employed in a number of jobs before re @-@ enlisting in a militia battalion for service in the Second World War . He died in 1972 and was buried with full military honours in the Ex @-@ Servicemen 's section of Woden Cemetery , Australian Capital Territory . = = Early life = = Corey was born on 20 December 1891 in Numeralla , New South Wales , the eighth child of Thomas Corey and his wife Ellen , née Burke . He was educated at Thubergal Lake Public School , before leaving to become a blacksmith 's striker at Martin 's Smithy in Cooma . In January 1916 , Corey marched from Cooma to Goulburn as a member of the " Men from Snowy River " recruiting march , and enlisted on 13 January . Along with the majority of other members of the march , he was allotted to the 55th Battalion . = = First World War = = Following training at Goulburn camp , he embarked for overseas on 4 September aboard HMAT Port Sydney with the 4th Reinforcements for the 55th Battalion . Arriving in England , he spent three months with the 14th Training Battalion at Hurdcott Camp near Fovant in Wiltshire , before joining the 55th Battalion on 8 February 1917 at Montauban , France . Posted to the grenade section of " C " Company , he took part in the capture of Doignies in April . On 15 May , Corey 's brigade was in action near Quéant . Suffering heavy losses , the Commanding Officer of the 55th called for volunteers to assist the stretcher bearers ; Corey was one of thirty men who volunteered . For seventeen hours , he assisted in carrying the wounded approximately 2 kilometres ( 1 @.@ 2 mi ) back to the dressing station ; he was awarded the Military Medal for this action . Following engagements at Bullecourt , the 5th Division — of which the 55th Battalion was part — spent four months in reserve , before moving into the Ypres sector in Belgium . Made a regular stretcher bearer , Corey was decorated with a bar to his Military Medal for his actions on 26 September during the Battle of Polygon Wood . While subject to heavy artillery and machine gun fire , he frequently ventured out into no @-@ man 's @-@ land to tend to the wounded . During the winter of 1917 – 1918 , the 55th Battalion was posted to the Messines sector , where Corey was granted leave to the United Kingdom in February 1918 . While on leave , he became ill and spent ninety days in hospital before rejoining his battalion in July . Shortly after , the Allies launched an offensive against the Germans in August along the Somme , where the 55th Battalion became involved in the capture of Péronne in September . It was here where Corey received the second bar to his Military Medal ; between 1 – 2 September , while subject to heavy machine gun and artillery fire , he continually assisted the wounded with first aid . Promoted to corporal on 21 September , he was placed in charge of the battalion 's stretcher bearers , whom he led during the battle north of Bullecourt on 30 September . Corey attended to the wounded while exposed to fire , and continued to direct other bearer parties throughout the action until wounded himself , receiving wounds in the right groin and thigh . It was during this engagement that he was awarded a third bar to his Military Medal . Evacuated to a casualty station , Corey was operated on before receiving a transfer to a general hospital at Le Havre . Operated on again , he was sent to a hospital in Bristol , England . Repatriated to Australia on 30 April 1919 , he was medically discharged in June . = = Later life = = Returning to Cooma , Corey was employed as a contract rabbiter before moving to Canberra in 1922 , where he was employed as a camp caretaker . On 23 September 1924 , at St Gregory 's Catholic Church , Queanbeyan , he married Sarah Jane Fisher ; the pair later had a daughter , Patricia , before the marriage was dissolved in 1935 . Between 1927 and 1940 , Corey worked for the Department of the Interior as an office cleaner . He re @-@ enlisted for service in the Second World War with the Australian Military Forces on 23 September 1941 , and was posted to the 2nd Garrison Battalion for two years before he was medically discharged as a private on 11 October 1943 . He then went through a series of jobs , including employment as a caretaker , a cook for a departmental survey party and as a leading hand at the Canberra incinerator . By 1951 he was almost crippled with osteoarthritis , and soon after was admitted to the Queanbeyan Private Nursing Home , where he died on 25 August 1972 ; he was buried with full military honours in the Ex @-@ Servicemen 's section of Woden Cemetery . His medals are displayed in the Hall of Valour at the Australian War Memorial , and replicas of his medals and copies of the citations for the Military Medal and three bars can be viewed in the Canberra Services Club , of which he was a member for many years . = = Memorial = = Following several donations by the people of Cooma and the Monaro District , a Memorial Plaque to Corey was erected in Centennial Park , Cooma in 1979 . In 1995 , the plaque was moved to the Cooma Memorial and the committee involved with the relocation decided to erect a diorama based on a painting in the Australian War Memorial depicting stretcher bearers bringing in wounded soldiers under heavy shell fire at Mont St Quentin during the First World War . A local artist and sculptor , Chris Graham , was commissioned to undertake the project which was constructed from steel and concrete . It was erected in the Cooma War Memorial area on 23 April 1996 . The inscription on the memorial reads :
= Burnham Park ( Chicago ) = Burnham Park is a public park in Chicago in Cook County , Illinois , United States . The park , which lies along 6 miles ( 9 @.@ 7 km ) of Lake Michigan shoreline , connects Grant Park at 14th Street to Jackson Park at 56th Street . The 598 acres ( 242 ha ) of parkland is owned and managed by Chicago Park District . It was named for urban planner and architect Daniel Burnham in 1927 . Burnham was one of the designers of the 1893 World 's Columbian Exposition . The park is an outgrowth of the 1909 Plan for Chicago developed by the park 's namesake Daniel Burnham and often called simply " The Burnham Plan " . Land for the park has been acquired by the city 's park district by a variety of means such as bequest , landfill , and barter . Now , the park hosts some of the city 's most important municipal structures , such as Soldier Field and McCormick Place . The park has surrendered the land for the Museum Campus to Grant Park . Recently , the park has become known as the landing site for Marine One when U.S. President Barack Obama visits his Kenwood home on Chicago 's south side . In the early 20th century , Chicago businessman A. Montgomery Ward advocated that the lakefront must be publicly accessible , and remain " forever open , clear and free " , lest the city descend into the squalor typical of American cities of the time , with buildings and heavy industry destroying any chance for beauty . Ward 's influence lead to the protection of the lake shore parks system and to this day , the city 's lakefront is open from the former city limits at Hollywood Ave ( 5700N ) down to the former steel mills near Rainbow Beach ( 7700S ) . = = Location = = McFetridge Drive is the boundary between Grant Park and Burnham Park . Beginning with Northerly Island and the 14th Street Beach , and enclosing Burnham Harbor and its public marina , the park runs in a narrow strip past Soldier Field and McCormick Place , both of which disrupt Burnham 's original plan , south to 56th street . The park , from North to South , runs through the communities of Near South , Douglas , Oakland , Kenwood and Hyde Park . The park lies mostly between Lake Shore Drive and Lake Michigan , but crosses the drive and abuts the Illinois Central Railroad tracks in places . There is a beach at 31st Street , a skatepark at 34th Street , a stone beach at 49th Street , and a model boat pond at 51st Street in Hyde Park . The park ends with a flourish at Promontory Point at 55th Street . Footbridges and underpasses provide access to the park over the barriers of the train tracks and Lake Shore Drive . A 6 @-@ mile ( 9 @.@ 7 km ) section of the Chicago Lakefront Trail bicycle and jogging path runs the length of the park . = = History = = Ward fought for the poor people 's access to Chicago 's lakefront . In 1906 , he campaigned to preserve neighboring Grant Park as a public park . Grant Park has been protected since 1836 by " forever open , clear and free " legislation that has been affirmed by four previous Illinois Supreme Court rulings . In the mid @-@ 1890s , architect Daniel Burnham began planning a park and boulevard that would link Jackson Park with Grant Park and downtown . As Chief of Construction for the World 's Columbian Exposition of 1893 , Burnham was known for developing the White City . After the fair , Burnham began designing a more functional Chicago . Burnham 's plan , including a lakefront park with a series of islands , boating harbor , beaches , and playfields was published in his 1909 Plan of Chicago . Burnham 's famous 1909 plan eventually preserved Grant Park and the entire Chicago lakefront . = = = 1860 @-@ 1890 = = = Paul Cornell , a lawyer and real estate developer , donated and built East End Park between 51st and 53rd Streets in 1856 . After much of the land eroded , the property was incorporated into Burnham Park and was eventually renamed Harold Washington Park in 1992 . In the years following his donation , expansions were built at the northeast corner of the future Jackson Park , located at the south end of Burnham . The most notable expansions included a seawall and granite paved strolling beach , constructed from 1884 to 1888 , and a building used as the Iowa Pavilion during the Columbian Exposition . Cornell lobbied for the establishment of the South Parks and Boulevard System . The first bond vote was rejected in 1867 , as just a method to provide remote driving grounds for rich citizens and to lure people to move away for the benefit of real estate speculators and developers . In 1869 , the bills were passed by the legislature , and the South Park Commission was formed with support from Cornell . The future site was primarily under Lake Michigan or abutting the Illinois Central Railroad right of way . In 1892 , the formerly trestled railroad was raised on an embankment , along the present west edge of the park . South Park ( the present Jackson Park ) was slowly developed , and along with the Midway Plaisance and Washington Park , the designs by Frederick Olmsted and Calvert Vaux were focused on lagoons and navigation from the Lake to South Park Way ( now King Dr. ) and 55th Street , in addition to the development of a country driving park , horse and buggy paths along the lake , and a water system running north to downtown . By the 1880s , the development included the Kenwood and Bowen communities , and by the 1890s , immigrant neighborhoods were developing . The city limits were expanded from 39th to 130th in 1889 , absorbing virtually all of Hyde Park Township ( 35th to 138th ) . = = = 1890 @-@ 1910 = = = The Columbian Exposition was held in Jackson Park , leaving housing in Hyde Park built for the Fair . The area around the new University of Chicago allowed real estate developers an opportunity to profit during the depression of the mid @-@ 1890s . As part of Jackson Park 's transformation , South Park Commission President James E. Ellsworth asked Burnham to design a boulevard linking Jackson and Grant Parks . Ruling out residential expansion , Burnham developed plans for green areas , harbors and lagoons , water scenery , a canal to downtown , and a scenic drive . With a theme of a " playground for the people " , the area was planned to include bridges , beaches with pavilions , and bathing houses . In 1896 , Burnham began marketing the plan to Marshall Field , George Pullman , Philip Armour , and business organizations . In 1901 , the Chicago Commercial Club began promoting the ideas and in 1909 , published the Plan of Chicago by Burnham and Edward H. Bennett and illustrated by Jules Guerin . From 1907 until 1920 , legal battles to acquire parkland continued despite the 1907 Legislature passing a bill with language favoring railroads until courts rejected the legislation . = = = 1910 @-@ 1920 = = = The South Park Commission received rights to the future site of the Field Museum in exchange for 160 acres ( 65 ha ) transferred to the Illinois Central Railroad . Government agencies had to agree to plans , including the Cook County Circuit Court , General Assembly , Chicago Plan Commission , and U.S. Secretary of War . In 1912 , Burnham died and a new Chicago Plan Commission was created . In 1919 , landfill efforts began at the north end of the park . In February 1920 , voters approved a $ 20 million bond issue as part of the Burnham Plan initiative for new lands to complete Grant Park , so as to create the South Shore Development . In 1920 , the Field Museum was opened , with the exhibits moved from Jackson Park into the basement . By 1925 , new landforms , including Northerly Island , the only offshore landform in the Burnham Plan actually built , were completed to 23rd Street . = = = 1920 @-@ 1930 = = = A $ 2 @.@ 5 million bond issue passed in 1922 for a stadium conceived by Burnham . Designed by architects Holabird & Roche and named Soldier Field for the veterans of World War I , cost overruns required another bond issue in 1926 . By 1924 , the breakwater wall stretched from 14th to 55th Streets . In 1926 , Soldier Field and a portion of Lake Shore Drive were opened . Landfilling extended from 23rd Street to 56th Street ; however , Promontory Point was not complete , prompting complaints regarding garbage , blowing sand and odors . Throughout the 1920s and 1930s , landfill efforts continued to fill in Burnham Park and the adjacent Northerly Island . The South Development was named for Daniel Burnham on January 14 , 1927 , and support increased for a world 's fair in the park . Construction was completed on Lake Shore Drive , with northbound lanes named for Leif Erikson , and southbound lanes for Christopher Columbus . In 1929 , construction of the park at Promontory Point began . The Great Depression delayed work and prevented construction of nearshore islands . Burnham Park was chosen for the site of the Century of Progress world 's fair and a yacht basin was built south of 51st Street . = = = 1930s @-@ 1940s = = = In 1933 and 1934 , the Century of Progress International Exposition was held in Burnham Park . In the mid @-@ 1930s , the Chicago Park District used funds from the federal Works Progress Administration to complete landfill operations and install landscaping at Promontory Point by renowned designer Alfred Caldwell , a professor at the Illinois Institute of Technology . In 1935 , Mayor Edward Joseph Kelly explored the idea of a permanent fair in the park . The state passed a bill creating the Metropolitan Fair and Exposition Authority and allowed construction of Meigs Field , after Northerly Island lost out as the site for the United Nations . In 1948 , Burnham Park hosted the Chicago Railroad Fair , proving the location 's viability for conventions , which eventually led to the construction of the first McCormick Place in 1960 . = = = = Balbo Monument = = = = One highlight of the 1933 Century of Progress World 's Fair was popular Italian aviator and prominent fascist Italo Balbo , leading 24 flying boats in landing on Lake Michigan after a transatlantic flight from Rome . Balbo 's squadron left Italy on June 30 , 1933 , and arrived on July 15 , after making several short stops . To honor his journey , 7th Street was renamed Balbo Drive . As a return gift , Benito Mussolini sent an ancient 2nd @-@ century Roman column , which was erected in front of the Italian pavilion during the Century of Progress Exposition . Located near the lakefront bike trail east of Soldier Field , the Balbo Monument is one of the few relics remaining from the fair . The column is from a portico near the Porta Marina of Ostia Antica and stands on a marble base with inscriptions in both Italian and English reading : " This column , twenty centuries old , was erected on the beach of Ostia , the port of Imperial Rome , to watch over the fortunes and victories of the Roman triremes . Fascist Italy , with the sponsorship of Benito Mussolini , presents to Chicago a symbol and memorial in honor of the Atlantic Squadron led by Balbo , which with Roman daring , flew across the ocean in the 11th year of the Fascist era . " = = = 1950s @-@ 1970s = = = During the 1950s , the park was the host of a Project Nike air defense system missile site . The United States Department of Defense and the United States Army kept similar sites in 40 United States cities during the Cold War and dismantled them in 1971 . The original McCormick Place burned down in 1967 , and despite opposition , a new facility opened in Burnham Park in 1971 . = = Burnham Park today = = = = = Facilities = = = The Museum Campus , which includes the Adler Planetarium , Shedd Aquarium and Field Museum , was annexed to Grant Park from Burnham Park in the late 1990s . Burnham 's 598 acres ( 242 ha ) still contain Soldier Field and Chicago 's premier convention center , McCormick Place @-@ on @-@ the @-@ Lake , which hosts more than four million people per year . The Chicago Park District maintains several beaches and also operates a 20 @,@ 000 @-@ square @-@ foot ( 1 @,@ 900 m2 ) all @-@ concrete skatepark , just south of the 31st Street Beachhouse . It has been widely reported that when U.S. President Barack Obama returns to visit his Chicago home in the Kenwood community area , he is transported by helicopter from O 'Hare International Airport to Burnham Park , where he is transferred to his motorcade . = = = = Harbors and marinas = = = = The park includes two harbors for the docking of fishing and leisure craft . Burnham Harbor , located adjacent to the Museum Campus and Soldier Field , is created by Northerly Island . It contains 1120 docking facilities , a harbor store , boat ramp , and the Burnham Park Yacht Club . The 31st Street Harbor , adjacent to the 31st Street Beach , opened in 2012 . It contains 1000 floating slips , a harbor store , boat ramp and provides new park amenities . = = = Morgan Shoal = = = In 1999 , the Park District initiated a long @-@ range planning program for a number of lakefront and historic parks . On January 5 , 2000 , the Park District made its first move toward adding acreage to the park by adopting the Burnham Park Framework Plan . The project , which as of 2009 was still continuing , is a joint commission of the Park District , the United States Army Corps of Engineers and the City of Chicago Department of Environment . The project has been delayed in part because the Corps of Engineers has been diverted to design projects for the Iraq War . In conjunction with Harza Engineering , BauerLatoza Studio designed a nature area within a portion of the park between 45th and 51st Streets , featuring the shallow bedrock in an area known as Morgan Shoal . The $ 42 million expansion will increase parkland by 30 acres ( 12 ha ) , filling Lake Michigan . = = = Chicago Lakefront Trail = = = The Chicago Lakefront Trail ( LFT ) is an 18 @-@ mile ( 29 km ) multi @-@ use path along the shoreline of Lake Michigan . It is popular with cyclists and joggers . From north to south , it runs through Lincoln Park , Grant Park , Burnham Park and Jackson Park .
= Day of the Jackanapes = " Day of the Jackanapes " is the thirteenth episode of The Simpsons ' twelfth season . It first aired on the Fox network in the United States on February 18 , 2001 . In the episode , Krusty announces his retirement due to interference from network executives and the growing popularity of the game show Me Wantee . But when Krusty reveals to Sideshow Bob that all of the episodes featuring him have been erased , Sideshow Bob uses Bart to try and murder Krusty during his farewell show . " Day of the Jackanapes " was written by Al Jean and directed by Michael Marcantel and features recurring guest star Kelsey Grammer as Sideshow Bob , as well as Gary Coleman as himself . It features references to Johnny Carson , Bookends and Terminator 2 : Judgment Day , among other things . It would also feature a parody of the song " Zip @-@ a @-@ Dee @-@ Doo @-@ Dah " , but because the series ' staff were not able to clear the rights for the song in time for the episode 's broadcast , the song remained unreleased until 2007 . The episode is the first appearance of Sideshow Bob since " Brother from Another Series " ( 1997 ) . In its original broadcast , the episode was seen by approximately 9 million viewers , finishing in 34th place in the ratings the week it aired . Following its broadcast , the episode received positive reviews from critics . = = Plot = = When the popular game show Me Wantee ! steals ratings from The Krusty the Clown Show , Krusty , annoyed with his interfering network executives , announces that he will quit showbusiness for good . During an interview with Kent Brockman , he says he is tired of doing his show , and admits to taping Judge Judy over all his old shows featuring Sideshow Bob . Upon hearing this on TV , Bob vows revenge and plots to kill Krusty . Bob is released from prison and applies for a job at Springfield Elementary as an assistant janitor . However , Principal Skinner decides to make him the morning announcer . Over the announcements , he asks Bart to meet him in the abandoned tool shed . Sideshow Bob binds Bart , then hypnotizes and programs him to smash a statue of Krusty at a local Krusty Burger . The next night on Krusty 's farewell special , Krusty describes the history of his career . Bob straps Bart with explosives and tells him to hug Krusty at the end of his performance , thus killing both of them . However , as Krusty reaches the end of his performance , he talks to the audience about how he regrets mistreating Sideshow Bob , holding himself responsible for turning Bob into a ruthless criminal ( from Season 1 's " Krusty Gets Busted " ) . Krusty even goes as far as singing a song on behalf of Bob , stating how very remorseful he is of mistreating him . Upon witnessing this , Bob is touched and develops a change of heart , but does not have time to stop his original plan from being carried out . Luckily , Krusty 's trained chimp Mr. Teeny sees the life @-@ threatening explosives and throws them into the network executives ' office , killing them all , though they later reanimate themselves like the T @-@ 1000 from Terminator 2 . Bart comes out of his hypnotic state and he and his family serve dinner with Krusty , Bob and Sideshow Mel in a restaurant . Although Krusty and Bob reconcile , the police decide to execute Bob by guillotine for his plot of attempted murder , which is immediately revoked when he argues with Chief Wiggum that he should have a trial for it at least . = = Production = = The first draft of " Day of the Jackanapes " was written by current showrunner Al Jean . In the DVD commentary for the episode , Jean said that he had always wanted to write an episode about Sideshow Bob , and that " Day of the Jackanapes " would be a good way to have the character return . He also said that the writers wanted to work with Kelsey Grammer , who portrays Sideshow Bob , again . " Of all the guest stars we 've had who 've been great , he 's right up there as the very best " , he said . Still , the writers had trouble with coming up with a story for Sideshow Bob since they had already explored several aspects of the character before . " It 's just that we 've done so many angles of whether he 's , he 's good , he 's reformed and then his brother came to town ... " executive producer and former showrunner Mike Scully said about the difficulty of writing episodes about Sideshow Bob . At the beginning of the episode , Krusty is shown being pestered by network executives who comment on every choice he makes . He announces his departure from the Krusty the Klown Show after the executives give him notes during filming of a sketch . At the end of the episode , Mr Teeny is uncertain of where he should throw the plastic explosives that Bart wore . When he sees the two executives discussing in a room , he throws it onto them . Instead of dying of the explosion however , the pieces of the executives reconstitute into what Jean describes as a " super @-@ executive " . These sequences were inspired by Jean 's dissatisfaction with some network executives , who he felt took control over a television series he was working on before he returned to The Simpsons in 1999 . " I had just worked on a show on another network [ ... ] we had a show where there were a lot of notes from executives " , Jean said of the inspiration for the scenes . The episode would originally have a different ending , but it was changed to its current iteration after the writers did not find the original ending humorous enough . When recording the DVD commentary however , Jean said that he was a bit dissatisfied with the new ending . " I think we did leave it a little hanging " , he said . During one of the recording sessions for the episode , The Simpsons ' staff recorded " Hullaba Lula " , a version of the 1946 song " Zip @-@ a @-@ Dee @-@ Doo @-@ Dah " with Grammer as Sideshow Bob on vocals . The song would originally be used in the episode , but the staff were not able to clear the rights for the song in time . It was therefore removed from the episode altogether , and remained unreleased until September 17 , 2007 , when it was included as a bonus track on the soundtrack album The Simpsons : Testify . Aside from Grammer , the episode also features American actor Gary Coleman as himself . = = Cultural references = = This episode 's title , " Day of the Jackanapes , " is derived from the thriller novel " The Day of the Jackal " and the movie by the same name . The plot of " Day of the Jackanapes " is based on the 1959 political thriller novel The Manchurian Candidate . Before filming an episode of his show , Krusty is stopped by the two network executives , who attempt to explain to him why the sitcom Seinfeld worked as a series . After Krusty has announced the cancellation of his show , a group of crying children are seen at the Krustylu Studios , where the show is filmed . The name of the studio is based on Desilu Studios , a television company based in Los Angeles . In an interview with Kent Brockman , Krusty says that he taped over all episodes of his show that Sideshow Bob was in with episodes of the reality court show Judge Judy . This is a reference to how NBC reused tapes of early episodes of The Tonight Show to film new programs . At one point in his last show , Krusty performs while sitting on a stool , a reference to television host Johnny Carson 's last appearance on The Tonight Show . While watching Krusty 's final show , Sideshow Bob holds a bag of Kettle Chips and says " Kettle Chips , the perfect side dish for revenge . " Because of this scene , the writing staff received several bags of Kettle Chips from Kettle Foods , according to Jean . When asking for Sideshow Bob 's forgiveness , Krusty sings a song to the tune of " Mandy " by Barry Manilow . The picture behind him is based on the cover of Bookends by Simon & Garfunkel . After having exploded , the two network executives reform into a " super @-@ executive " . The scene is a reference to the 1991 science fiction action film Terminator 2 : Judgment Day . At the end of the episode , Krusty and Sideshow Bob reconcile in a restaurant . On the wall behind them are several pictures of guest stars that had previously appeared on The Simpsons , including Mark McGwire , Ringo Starr , Sting , Tom Jones , Brooke Shields and Elizabeth Taylor . = = Release = = In its original American broadcast on February 18 , 2001 , " Day of the Jackanapes " received an 8 @.@ 8 rating , according to Nielsen Media Research , translating to approximately 9 million viewers . The episode finished in 34th place in the ratings for the week of February 12 – 18 , 2001 , tying with an episode of Malcolm in the Middle . On August 18 , 2009 , the episode was released as part of a DVD set called The Simpsons : The Complete Twelfth Season . Mike Scully , Al Jean , Ian Maxtone @-@ Graham , Yeardley Smith , Tim Long , Matt Selman and Michael Marcantel participated in the audio commentary for the episode . Following its home video release , " Day of the Jackanapes " received positive reviews from critics . In his review of The Simpsons : The Complete Twelfth Season , Mac McEntire of DVD Verdict described the episode as a " winner " . He especially enjoyed the scene in which Bart hits a statue of Krusty in the groin with a baseball bat . DVD Talk 's Jason Bailey wrote that this episode and " Insane Clown Poppy " both " really shine " , and Will Harris of Bull @-@ Eye.com wrote that the episode was " a crowd @-@ pleaser across the board . " Colin Jacobson , of DVD Movie Guide wrote that , although it does not compare with the best Sideshow Bob episodes , it still " looks good " compared to the rest of the season . He enjoyed the lampooning of network executives , and though he did not consider the episode to be a " classic " , he maintained that it " fares pretty well . " IGN 's Robert Canning also wrote that , although the episode is overall " solid " , it is " lacking that extra something " that the best Sideshow Bob episodes have . Nevertheless , it reached number eight on the website 's list of ten best Sideshow Bob episodes of the series .
= Red Dutton = Norman Alexander " Mervyn , Red " Dutton CM ( July 23 , 1897 – March 15 , 1987 ) was a Canadian ice hockey player , coach and executive . He played for the Calgary Tigers of the Western Canada Hockey League ( WCHL ) and the Montreal Maroons and New York Americans of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . A rugged and physical defenceman , Dutton often led his team in penalty minutes , won the WCHL championship in 1924 as a member of the Tigers and was twice named a WCHL All @-@ Star . Dutton coached and managed the Americans and later purchased the team before suspending operations in 1942 due to World War II . He served as the second president of the NHL between 1943 and 1946 before resigning the position after the NHL 's owners reneged on a promise to allow the Americans to resume operations following the war . He served as a Stanley Cup trustee for 37 years but otherwise limited his involvement with the NHL following the Americans ' demise . He was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1958 . A successful businessman , Dutton operated a construction company that built Calgary 's McMahon Stadium in 1960 and he served for a time as the president of the Calgary Stampeders football club and later the Calgary Exhibition and Stampede . He was invested as a member of the Order of Canada in 1981 and is honoured by both the Manitoba Hockey and Alberta Sports Halls of Fame . He was posthumously awarded the Lester Patrick Trophy in 1993 in recognition of his contributions to the game of hockey in the United States . = = Early life = = Dutton was born in Russell , Manitoba on July 23 , 1897 . His father , Bill , was a successful contractor who helped build Canada 's transcontinental railway system , and the younger Dutton often helped his father at his work when he was a boy . He had at least two elder brothers , and a sister . His given name was Norman Alexander Dutton , but his birth names were quickly ignored . A family friend of the Duttons refused to call him Norman as the name had a negative connotation for her , so she instead called him " Mervyn " , a name that stuck . His friends called him " Red " after the colour of his hair , and to most , he was known as Mervyn " Red " Dutton . Dutton attended school at St. John 's College in Winnipeg . He left school in 1915 to volunteer with the Canadian Expeditionary Force ( CEF ) in World War I and served with the Princess Patricia 's Canadian Light Infantry . He lied about his birth date on his CEF enlistment papers as he was not yet 18 , and served for four years . Dutton fought in the Battle of Vimy Ridge in 1917 where he suffered a shrapnel wound to his leg serious enough that doctors pressed for amputation . Dutton refused and spent the following 18 months working to recover full use of his leg . He played hockey almost constantly to regain strength , at one point playing in seven different Winnipeg leagues at the same time . Following the war , Dutton sought to build his own contracting business . However , an economic depression in 1920 forced its closure . He then worked in a packing plant in Winnipeg that also ceased operations . Penniless , with only his pride preventing him from asking his father for help , he was met by the owner of a hockey team in Calgary who had sought him out . Dutton was offered $ 2 @,@ 500 to play in the Alberta city . = = Playing career = = Dutton joined the Calgary Canadians of Alberta 's Big @-@ 4 League for the 1920 – 21 season , then moved onto the Calgary Tigers of the Western Canada Hockey League ( WCHL ) in 1921 – 22 where he scored 16 goals and 21 points in 22 games . Two seasons later , in 1923 – 24 , Dutton and the Tigers won the WCHL championship . He assisted on the championship winning goal in a 2 – 0 victory over the Regina Capitals by carrying the puck the length of the ice before passing to Cully Wilson who scored . The team then defeated the Pacific Coast Hockey Association 's Vancouver Maroons before losing to the Montreal Canadiens of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) in the 1924 Stanley Cup Final . Named a WCHL first team all @-@ star on defence in 1922 and 1923 , Dutton played five seasons for the Tigers . Known for his aggressive , physical style , he led the team in penalty minutes in each of those five years , and the league in 1921 – 22 and 1923 – 24 . Financial pressures forced the Western League to sell its interests to the NHL following the 1925 – 26 season , and having suffered a serious knee injury during the season , Dutton was left unsure of his future . Nonetheless , his rights were sold to the Montreal Maroons , and he made his NHL debut on November 20 , 1926 against the Canadiens . Dutton played four seasons with the Maroons , scoring 15 goals and 41 points . He played in the Stanley Cup Finals for the second time in his career in 1927 – 28 , but the Maroons lost the best @-@ of @-@ five final three games to two . He led the league in penalty minutes the following season . Dutton was the subject of trade talks between the Maroons and the Chicago Black Hawks following the 1928 – 29 NHL season . The teams had been negotiating to send Cyclone Wentworth to Montreal in exchange for Dutton and Babe Siebert before the Black Hawks purchased the contract of Taffy Abel , which ended the Hawks pursuit of Dutton . The Maroons continued to make him available , with the Toronto Maple Leafs showing interest following the 1929 – 30 season . Finally , he was sold to the New York Americans along with Mike Neville , Hap Emms and Frank Carson for $ 35 @,@ 000 . At first distraught at leaving Montreal , Dutton quickly adapted to playing in New York . He maintained his aggressive style of play with the Americans , again leading the league in penalties in 1931 – 32 . Despite his fiery temper , Dutton became one of the most popular players in New York amongst both the fans and his fellow players . He was not able to turn the Americans ' fortunes on the ice around , however , as the team failed to qualify for the playoffs in his first five seasons with the team . Dutton was named the coach of the Americans for the 1935 – 36 NHL season , and in doing so became the second player @-@ coach in NHL history . Under his leadership , the Americans finished third in the Canadian Division with a 16 – 25 – 7 record and qualified for the postseason . The Americans then went on to defeat the Black Hawks 7 – 5 in a two @-@ game , total @-@ goal series to face the Maple Leafs in the league semi @-@ final series . Dutton was unable to play parts of the series against Toronto due to a hip injury , and the Americans lost the best @-@ of @-@ three series two games to one . Dutton retired as a player following the season and turned his focus to coaching full @-@ time . = = Executive career = = While Dutton focused on coaching the team , the Americans were facing bankruptcy . Heavily in debt , team owner Bill Dwyer turned to Dutton who lent him $ 20 @,@ 000 to allow the team to continue operating . When the NHL finally forced Dwyer out and took over ownership of the franchise , the league asked Dutton to take over management of the team . Though the ownerless team was written off by the press and labeled as being " orphans " , Dutton built an Americans team in 1937 – 38 that finished with a 19 – 18 – 11 record . It was only the third time in the team 's 13 @-@ year history they finished with a winning record . It was also only the third time the Americans qualified for the playoffs . They faced , and defeated , their rival New York Rangers in the first round of the playoffs before losing to the Black Hawks in the league semi @-@ final . Dutton pioneered the use of air travel as the Americans became the first hockey team to fly between games in 1938 . The Americans continued to defy expectations in 1938 – 39 . They again qualified for the playoffs , losing to Toronto in the first round , while Dutton was named an NHL Second @-@ Team All @-@ Star as coach . He led them to the playoffs again in 1939 – 40 , but the loss of players due to World War II took its toll on the franchise . After finishing in last place the season before , the league announced that the Americans had suspended operations for the 1942 – 43 NHL season though Dutton continued to represent the team on the Board of Governors . Dutton believed that if the Americans could have held on through the war , his team would become more popular than the Rangers . " A couple of more years and we would have run the Rangers right out of the rink , " he said . Following the sudden death of Frank Calder in 1943 , the NHL asked Dutton to serve as acting @-@ president of the league . The owners wanted Dutton in the post both because he was popular with the players , and because they felt they could control him . Dutton agreed to take the presidency on the promise that the league would reinstate the Americans following the war . He resigned the position after one year , citing the fact that the role took too much time away from his business interests in Calgary , but reversed his decision on the understanding that he would not always be available to serve the NHL post . Despite this agreement , he again attempted to leave the presidency in December 1944 , and again had to be persuaded to complete the season . In spite of his earlier reluctance to retain the presidency , Dutton completed a five @-@ year agreement to remain as the head of the NHL in 1945 . He continued to make inquiries on the status of his team , but found in 1946 that the owners had reneged on their promise . Dutton had arranged $ 7 million in financing for a new arena in Brooklyn and upon being told by the owners during a league meeting that they weren 't interested told his peers " You can stick your franchise up your ass " , and left the meeting . Dutton then resigned the presidency , but remained in the position until he convinced the league to accept Clarence Campbell as his replacement . Dutton felt that the Rangers were responsible for the league 's refusal to allow the Americans to resume operations , and in a fit of pique , swore that the Rangers would never win another Stanley Cup in his lifetime . His vow became known as " Dutton 's Curse " . Additionally , he never set foot in an NHL arena again until 1980 when , as the last surviving Calgary Tiger , he was asked to drop the puck for the ceremonial faceoff prior to the first game in Calgary Flames ' history . Dutton 's 34 @-@ year separation from the NHL was attributed to the betrayal of the league 's owners , but also because Dutton himself found the lure of the game too strong , and knew he had to step away in order to effectively manage his businesses . In spite of this , he accepted a nomination in 1950 to become one of two Stanley Cup trustees , a position he held until his death in 1987 . Dutton was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1958 , and was a member of the Hall of Fame 's selection committee for 15 years . = = Business career = = Attempting to overcome the failure of his first contracting business following World War I , Dutton operated a second using the money he earned with the Tigers and Maroons . It too failed in 1933 as a result of the Great Depression . In 1938 , he tried again , joining with Reg Jennings and his brother Jack to form the Standard Gravel and Surfacing Company in Calgary . The company proved immensely successful during World War II , building numerous airports within Canada as part of the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan as well as completing highways in northern Alberta and the Northwest Territories . After serving a year as vice @-@ chairman , Dutton was named the chairman of the prairie roadbuilders section of the Canadian Construction Association in 1950 . By 1960 , the company had become Standard Holdings Ltd . , operating 20 different companies that had $ 70 million in contracts for that year alone , and Dutton had personally become a millionaire . He remained active in the sporting world as well . When the Calgary Stampeders of the Canadian Football League found themselves in financial trouble in 1955 , Dutton led a group of local businessmen in purchasing the team . Named the president of the team , he worked to increase the team 's revenues and to force a greater level of professionalism amongst his peers in Canadian football . He served as team president until 1959 . Dutton 's company built the Chinook Centre shopping mall , and in 1960 , was contracted to build McMahon Stadium as the new home of the Stampeders . He bet George McMahon , the stadium 's benefactor , $ 1 @,@ 000 that he could complete the 19 @,@ 000 seat facility within four months . He won the bet with three days to spare . Also in 1960 , Dutton was named president of the Calgary Exhibition and Stampede on a two @-@ year term . He had been a Stampede director for ten @-@ years previous to his appointment . As head of the exhibition , he also spoke for the Stampeders hockey team of the Western Hockey League , and was its chief negotiator . Through his work and community spirit , Dutton played a major role in helping Calgary and the surrounding area shed its rural image in the 25 years following World War II . = = Personal life = = Dutton and his wife Mory had four children . Sons Joseph , Alex and Norman , and daughter Beryl . All three sons fought in World War II ; Joseph and Alex were both killed serving with the Royal Canadian Air Force within six months of each other . In their memory , he funded the Dutton Memorial Arena in Winnipeg which opened in 1967 and was dedicated to developing Canada 's national hockey team . Norman served in the navy during World War II ; he died in 1973 . He raced thoroughbred horses for decades , and once sponsored a baseball team made up of hockey players known as the Calgary Puckchasers that enjoyed success during the hockey off @-@ seasons . Among his humanitarian efforts , Dutton was a longtime supporter of cancer research and treatment , and made donations of equipment in the memory of his father , who died from the disease . He became the potentate of the Al Azhar Shriner Temple in Calgary in 1953 so that he could help crippled children . Dutton earned many honours in recognition of his life and career . He was made an honorary Lieutenant @-@ Colonel of the King 's Own Calgary Regiment in 1953 , and promoted to honorary Colonel two years later . He was invested as a member of the Order of Canada in 1981 . In 1993 , the NHL posthumously named him one of four recipients of the Lester Patrick Trophy in recognition of his contributions to hockey in the United States . He was inducted into the Manitoba Sports Hall of Fame in 1998 , and the Alberta Sports Hall of Fame in 2005 . = = Career statistics = = = = = Playing career = = = = = = Coaching career = = =
= Space / Time = " Space " and " Time " are two mini @-@ episodes of the British science fiction television series Doctor Who . They were broadcast on 18 March 2011 as part of BBC One 's Red Nose Day telethon for the charity Comic Relief . The two mini @-@ episodes were written by the programme 's head writer Steven Moffat and directed by Richard Senior . The episodes form a two @-@ part story , set entirely within the TARDIS , starring Matt Smith as The Doctor , and Karen Gillan and Arthur Darvill as married couple Amy Pond and Rory Williams . Rory , helping the Doctor work on the TARDIS , looks up the glass floor surrounding the console and becomes distracted by Amy 's short skirt , causing him to drop the thermal couplings he was holding . This causes the three to be stuck in a " space loop " where the TARDIS materialises inside of the TARDIS . " Space " and " Time " were filmed in two days alongside the sixth series DVD Night and the Doctor extras " Bad Night " and " Good Night " . The episodes are intended to show what life aboard the TARDIS would be like . Several editing techniques and doubles were used for the various shots where there were more than one of the same character on the screen . The mini @-@ episodes received mixed reviews ; some scenes were thought to be funny , but other jokes were criticised for relying on sexist humour . " Space " and " Time " were later released on the DVD and Blu @-@ ray sets of the sixth series . = = Plot = = = = = " Space " = = = Amy Pond ( Karen Gillan ) is trying to get the Doctor 's ( Matt Smith ) attention while he fixes the TARDIS . She discovers that her husband Rory ( Arthur Darvill ) is helping the Doctor by installing thermal couplings underneath the glass floor of the TARDIS . Rory and Amy then start a small argument about Amy cheating when she took her driving test , when the TARDIS suddenly shakes and the lights go out . The Doctor asks Rory if he dropped a thermal coupling , which Rory admits to and apologises for doing . Amy then apologises as well and , at the Doctor 's confusion , explains that Rory was looking up her skirt through the glass floor when he dropped the thermal coupling . The Doctor then notes that they have landed through " emergency materialisation " which should have landed the TARDIS in the safest space available . The lights come on , revealing another TARDIS inside the control room — the TARDIS has materialised inside itself . The Doctor experimentally walks through the door of the TARDIS inside the control room and instantly walks back into the control room through the door of the outer TARDIS . The Doctor tells Rory and Amy that they are trapped in a " space loop " and that nothing can enter or exit the TARDIS ever again . Despite the Doctor 's words , another Amy enters through the TARDIS door saying , " Okay , kids , this is where it gets complicated . " = = = " Time " = = = Continuing from the ending of " Space " , the other Amy reveals that she is from a few moments in the future , and is able to come into the current outer TARDIS because " the exterior shell of the TARDIS has drifted forwards in time " . The other Amy knows what to say and do because , from her perspective , she is repeating what she heard herself say earlier on . The Doctor sends the current Amy into the TARDIS within the current TARDIS , in order to " maintain the timeline " . The two Amys take a moment to flirt with each other before the current one departs , much to the Doctor 's exasperation . However , not long after the current Amy has left , Rory and Amy enter through the door of outer TARDIS explaining that the Doctor , from their perspective , has just sent them into the inner TARDIS . The current Doctor promptly sends the current Rory and the now @-@ current Amy through the inner TARDIS . The Doctor then explains that he will set up a " controlled temporal implosion " in order to " reset the TARDIS " , but in order to do so he must know which lever to use on the control panel . Moments after he speaks , another Doctor enters though the outer TARDIS door and tells him to use " the wibbly lever " , which he quickly operates , then steps into the inner TARDIS to tell his past self which lever to use . The inner TARDIS dematerialises while the outer TARDIS ( being the same TARDIS ) does the same , and the Doctor assures Amy and Rory that they are now back in " normal flight " , and then advises Amy to " put some trousers on " . = = Production = = Doctor Who had previously aired two related specials for Comic Relief . The first was the 1999 spoof The Curse of Fatal Death , which was also written by Steven Moffat . The spin @-@ off series The Sarah Jane Adventures produced its own mini @-@ episode " From Raxacoricofallapatorius with Love " for the 2009 Comic Relief appeal . Unlike The Curse of Fatal Death , " Space " and " Time " are considered to be canonical . The canonicity of the two mini @-@ episodes was affirmed by Moffat in Doctor Who Magazine . Moffat stated that , unlike Curse of the Fatal Death , " Space " and " Time " is not a spoof or a sketch , but rather " a little miniature story " in the style of the Children in Need mini @-@ episodes . He described it as " A moment of life aboard the TARDIS . But obviously life about the TARDIS instantly gets you into terrible jeopardy , and all of causality is threatened . As I 'm sure it is every day when they get up and have their coffee ... " The concept of a TARDIS inside the TARDIS had been previously explored in The Time Monster ( 1972 ) and Logopolis ( 1980 ) , though both times it was the TARDIS of the Master . Amy also repeats one of her lines from " The Big Bang " at the end of " Space " . The special was shot over two days alongside the made @-@ for @-@ DVD Night and the Doctor mini @-@ episodes " Bad Night " and " Good Night " . It was mostly shot on the first day , where all of the scenes with the TARDIS inside the TARDIS were filmed . Several tricks were used to create the illusion that there were more than one Doctor , Amy , and / or Rory . In scenes where the camera had to move between the double characters , a " whip @-@ pan " was used twice , with the actor in a different place each time . The two shots were then edited together into one seamless take . For scenes where there were more than one of the same character in the same shot , such as the two Amys in front of the TARDIS , the camera was held very still and the scene was filmed twice , with the actor 's double filling in for the part they were not playing . The doubles were also used briefly in scenes where the characters ' backs were to the camera , such as when the Doctor , Amy , and Rory watched the future Amy and Rory enter the TARDIS . = = Broadcast , release and reception = = " Space " and " Time " were broadcast during the Comic Relief Red Nose Day telethon on 18 March 2011 on BBC One . The telethon was watched by 10 @.@ 26 million viewers . The BBC posted the episode in two parts on their official YouTube channel . The mini episodes were included as bonus features in the Complete Sixth Series DVD and Blu @-@ ray box set , released on 21 November 2011 ( Region 2 ) and 22 November 2011 ( Region 1 ) . Lucy Mangan of The Guardian responded positively , noting it " manages brilliantly to nod to just about every Whovian in @-@ joke , demographic and fetish within the span of two tiny installments " . The A.V. Club reviewer Christopher Bahn opined that the two Amys in " Space " and " Time " were " a lot more fun to watch " than the two in the sixth series episode " The Girl Who Waited " . Tor.com 's Teresa Jusino , who had positive towards Amy 's character in the past , was disappointed that the ending of the miniepisodes relied on " too @-@ easy , dated , sexist humor " . She cited the fact that Rory dropping the coupling was blamed on Amy 's short skirt rather than Rory himself , which implied that she had a " responsibility to cover up , because ' men will be men ' " . In Who is the Doctor , a guide to the revived series , Robert Smith wrote that the episode was " cute , plotted to perfection and ends precisely when it should , before it has the chance to outstay its welcome " . He said that the episodes used Amy well , as it did not make her unlikable . On the other hand , his coauthor Graeme Burk said that the story was " derivative and lazy " and a " missed opportunity " . He likened the plot to that of Red Dwarf 's " Future Echoes " , and felt that Moffat could have written something better and funnier . Like Jusino , he thought that the " blokey humor " was " misplaced " , denying a broad audience appeal and leading to the sexist last line : " Pond , put some trousers on ! " . Despite this , both Jusino and Burk enjoyed the scene where Amy flirts with herself .
= History of timekeeping devices = For thousands of years , devices have been used to measure and keep track of time . The current sexagesimal system of time measurement dates to approximately 2000 BCE from the Sumerians . The Ancient Egyptians divided the day into two 12 @-@ hour periods , and used large obelisks to track the movement of the sun . They also developed water clocks , which were probably first used in the Precinct of Amun @-@ Re , and later outside Egypt as well ; they were employed frequently by the Ancient Greeks , who called them clepsydrae . The Zhou dynasty is believed to have used the outflow water clock around the same time , devices which were introduced from Mesopotamia as early as 2000 BCE . Other ancient timekeeping devices include the candle clock , used in ancient China , ancient Japan , England and Mesopotamia ; the timestick , widely used in India and Tibet , as well as some parts of Europe ; and the hourglass , which functioned similarly to a water clock . The sundial , another early clock , relies on shadows to provide a good estimate of the hour on a sunny day . It is not so useful in cloudy weather or at night and requires recalibration as the seasons change ( if the gnomon was not aligned with the Earth 's axis ) . The earliest known clock with a water @-@ powered escapement mechanism , which transferred rotational energy into intermittent motions , dates back to 3rd century BCE in ancient Greece ; Chinese engineers later invented clocks incorporating mercury @-@ powered escapement mechanisms in the 10th century , followed by Arabic engineers inventing water clocks driven by gears and weights in the 11th century . The first mechanical clocks , employing the verge escapement mechanism with a foliot or balance wheel timekeeper , were invented in Europe at around the start of the 14th century , and became the standard timekeeping device until the pendulum clock was invented in 1656 . The invention of the mainspring in the early 15th century allowed portable clocks to be built , evolving into the first pocketwatches by the 17th century , but these were not very accurate until the balance spring was added to the balance wheel in the mid 17th century . The pendulum clock remained the most accurate timekeeper until the 1930s , when quartz oscillators were invented , followed by atomic clocks after World War 2 . Although initially limited to laboratories , the development of microelectronics in the 1960s made quartz clocks both compact and cheap to produce , and by the 1980s they became the world 's dominant timekeeping technology in both clocks and wristwatches . Atomic clocks are far more accurate than any previous timekeeping device , and are used to calibrate other clocks and to calculate the International Atomic Time ; a standardized civil system , Coordinated Universal Time , is based on atomic time . = = Timekeeping devices of early civilizations = = Many ancient civilizations observed astronomical bodies , often the Sun and Moon , to determine times , dates , and seasons . Methods of sexagesimal timekeeping , now common in both Western and Eastern societies , originated nearly 4 @,@ 000 years ago in Mesopotamia and Egypt ; a similar system was developed later in Mesoamerica . The first calendars may have been created during the last glacial period , by hunter @-@ gatherers who employed tools such as sticks and bones to track the phases of the moon or the seasons . Stone circles , such as England 's Stonehenge , were built in various parts of the world , especially in Prehistoric Europe , and are thought to have been used to time and predict seasonal and annual events such as equinoxes or solstices . As those megalithic civilizations left no recorded history , little is known of their calendars or timekeeping methods . = = = Ancient Egypt = = = The oldest known sundial is from Egypt ; it dates back to around 1500 BCE ( 19th Dynasty ) , and was discovered in the Valley of the Kings in 2013 . Sundials have their origin in shadow clocks , which were the first devices used for measuring the parts of a day . Ancient Egyptian obelisks , constructed about 3500 BCE , are also among the earliest shadow clocks . Egyptian shadow clocks divided daytime into 12 parts with each part further divided into more precise parts . One type of shadow clock consisted of a long stem with five variable marks and an elevated crossbar which cast a shadow over those marks . It was positioned eastward in the morning , and was turned west at noon . Obelisks functioned in much the same manner : the shadow cast on the markers around it allowed the Egyptians to calculate the time . The obelisk also indicated whether it was morning or afternoon , as well as the summer and winter solstices . A third shadow clock , developed c . 1500 BCE , was similar in shape to a bent T @-@ square . It measured the passage of time by the shadow cast by its crossbar on a non @-@ linear rule . The T was oriented eastward in the mornings , and turned around at noon , so that it could cast its shadow in the opposite direction . Although accurate , shadow clocks relied on the sun , and so were useless at night and in cloudy weather . The Egyptians therefore developed a number of alternative timekeeping instruments , including water clocks , and a system for tracking star movements . The oldest description of a water clock is from the tomb inscription of the 16th @-@ century BCE Egyptian court official Amenemhet , identifying him as its inventor . There were several types of water clocks , some more elaborate than others . One type consisted of a bowl with small holes in its bottom , which was floated on water and allowed to fill at a near @-@ constant rate ; markings on the side of the bowl indicated elapsed time , as the surface of the water reached them . The oldest @-@ known waterclock was found in the tomb of pharaoh Amenhotep I ( 1525 – 1504 BCE ) , suggesting that they were first used in ancient Egypt . Another Egyptian method of determining the time during the night was using plumb @-@ lines called merkhets . In use since at least 600 BCE , two of these instruments were aligned with Polaris , the north pole star , to create a north – south meridian . The time was accurately measured by observing certain stars as they crossed the line created with the merkhets . = = = Ancient Greece and Rome = = = Water clocks , or clepsydrae , were commonly used in Ancient Greece following their introduction by Plato , who also invented a water @-@ based alarm clock . One account of Plato 's alarm clock describes it as depending on the nightly overflow of a vessel containing lead balls , which floated in a columnar vat . The vat held a steadily increasing amount of water , supplied by a cistern . By morning , the vessel would have floated high enough to tip over , causing the lead balls to cascade onto a copper platter . The resultant clangor would then awaken Plato 's students at the Academy . Another possibility is that it comprised two jars , connected by a siphon . Water emptied until it reached the siphon , which transported the water to the other jar . There , the rising water would force air through a whistle , sounding an alarm . The Greeks and Chaldeans regularly maintained timekeeping records as an essential part of their astronomical observations . Greek astronomer , Andronicus of Cyrrhus , supervised the construction of the Tower of the Winds in Athens in the 1st century BCE . In Greek tradition , clepsydrae were used in court ; later , the Romans adopted this practice , as well . There are several mentions of this in historical records and literature of the era ; for example , in Theaetetus , Plato says that " Those men , on the other hand , always speak in haste , for the flowing water urges them on " . Another mention occurs in Lucius Apuleius ' The Golden Ass : " The Clerk of the Court began bawling again , this time summoning the chief witness for the prosecution to appear . Up stepped an old man , whom I did not know . He was invited to speak for as long as there was water in the clock ; this was a hollow globe into which water was poured through a funnel in the neck , and from which it gradually escaped through fine perforations at the base " . The clock in Apuleius 's account was one of several types of water clock used . Another consisted of a bowl with a hole in its centre , which was floated on water . Time was kept by observing how long the bowl took to fill with water . Although clepsydrae were more useful than sundials — they could be used indoors , during the night , and also when the sky was cloudy — they were not as accurate ; the Greeks , therefore , sought a way to improve their water clocks . Although still not as accurate as sundials , Greek water clocks became more accurate around 325 BCE , and they were adapted to have a face with an hour hand , making the reading of the clock more precise and convenient . One of the more common problems in most types of clepsydrae was caused by water pressure : when the container holding the water was full , the increased pressure caused the water to flow more rapidly . This problem was addressed by Greek and Roman horologists beginning in 100 BCE , and improvements continued to be made in the following centuries . To counteract the increased water flow , the clock 's water containers — usually bowls or jugs — were given a conical shape ; positioned with the wide end up , a greater amount of water had to flow out in order to drop the same distance as when the water was lower in the cone . Along with this improvement , clocks were constructed more elegantly in this period , with hours marked by gongs , doors opening to miniature figurines , bells , or moving mechanisms . There were some remaining problems , however , which were never solved , such as the effect of temperature . Water flows more slowly when cold , or may even freeze . Between 270 BCE and 500 CE , Hellenistic ( Ctesibius , Hero of Alexandria , Archimedes ) and Roman horologists and astronomers began developing more elaborate mechanized water clocks . The added complexity was aimed at regulating the flow and at providing fancier displays of the passage of time . For example , some water clocks rang bells and gongs , while others opened doors and windows to show figurines of people , or moved pointers , and dials . Some even displayed astrological models of the universe . Although the Greeks and Romans did much to advance water clock technology , they still continued to use shadow clocks . The mathematician and astronomer Theodosius of Bithynia , for example , is said to have invented a universal sundial that was accurate anywhere on Earth , though little is known about it . Others wrote of the sundial in the mathematics and literature of the period . Marcus Vitruvius Pollio , the Roman author of De Architectura , wrote on the mathematics of gnomons , or sundial blades . During the reign of Emperor Augustus , the Romans constructed the largest sundial ever built , the Solarium Augusti . Its gnomon was an obelisk from Heliopolis . Similarly , the obelisk from Campus Martius was used as the gnomon for Augustus 's zodiacal sundial . Pliny the Elder records that the first sundial in Rome arrived in 264 BCE , looted from Catania , Sicily ; according to him , it gave the incorrect time until the markings and angle appropriate for Rome 's latitude were used — a century later . = = = Persia = = = According to Callisthenes , the Persians were using water clocks in 328 BCE to ensure a just and exact distribution of water from qanats to their shareholders for agricultural irrigation . The use of water clocks in Iran , especially in Zeebad , dates back to 500BCE . Later they were also used to determine the exact holy days of pre @-@ Islamic religions , such as the Nowruz , Chelah , or Yaldā – the shortest , longest , and equal @-@ length days and nights of the years . The water clocks used in Iran were one of the most practical ancient tools for timing the yearly calendar . Water clocks , or Fenjaan , in Persia reached a level of accuracy comparable to today 's standards of timekeeping . The fenjaan was the most accurate and commonly used timekeeping device for calculating the amount or the time that a farmer must take water from a qanat or well for irrigation of the farms , until it was replaced by more accurate current clock . Persian water clocks were a practical and useful tool for the qanat 's shareholders to calculate the length of time they could divert water to their farm . The qanat was the only water source for agriculture and irrigation so a just and fair water distribution was very important . Therefore , a very fair and clever old person was elected to be the manager of the water clock , and at least two full @-@ time managers were needed to control and observe the number of fenjaans and announce the exact time during the days and nights . The fenjaan was a big pot full of water and a bowl with small hole in the center . When the bowl become full of water , it would sink into the pot , and the manager would empty the bowl and again put it on the top of the water in the pot . He would record the number of times the bowl sank by putting small stones into a jar . The place where the clock was situated , and its managers , were collectively known as khaneh fenjaan . Usually this would be the top floor of a public @-@ house , with west- and east @-@ facing windows to show the time of sunset and sunrise . There was also another time @-@ keeping tool named a staryab or astrolabe , but it was mostly used for superstitious beliefs and was not practical for use as a farmers ' calendar . The Zeebad Gonabad water clock was in used until 1965 when it was substituted by modern clocks . = = = China = = = Joseph Needham speculated that the introduction of the outflow clepsydra to China , perhaps from Mesopotamia , occurred as far back as the 2nd millennium BCE , during the Shang Dynasty , and at the latest by the 1st millennium BCE . By the beginning of the Han Dynasty , in 202 BCE , the outflow clepsydra was gradually replaced by the inflow clepsydra , which featured an indicator rod on a float . To compensate for the falling pressure head in the reservoir , which slowed timekeeping as the vessel filled , Zhang Heng added an extra tank between the reservoir and the inflow vessel . Around 550 AD , Yin Gui was the first in China to write of the overflow or constant @-@ level tank added to the series , which was later described in detail by the inventor Shen Kuo . Around 610 , this design was trumped by two Sui Dynasty inventors , Geng Xun and Yuwen Kai , who were the first to create the balance clepsydra , with standard positions for the steelyard balance . Joseph Needham states that : ... [ the balance clepsydra ] permitted the seasonal adjustment of the pressure head in the compensating tank by having standard positions for the counterweight graduated on the beam , and hence it could control the rate of flow for different lengths of day and night . With this arrangement no overflow tank was required , and the two attendants were warned when the clepsydra needed refilling . = = Clocks by type = = The term ' clock ' encompasses a wide spectrum of devices , ranging from wristwatches to the Clock of the Long Now . The English word clock is said to derive from the Middle English clokke , Old North French cloque , or Middle Dutch clocke , all of which mean bell , and are derived from the Medieval Latin clocca , also meaning bell . Indeed , bells were used to mark the passage of time ; they marked the passage of the hours at sea and in abbeys . Throughout history , clocks have had a variety of power sources , including gravity , springs , and electricity . Mechanical clocks became widespread in the 14th century , when they were used in medieval monasteries to keep the regulated schedule of prayers . The clock continued to be improved , with the first pendulum clock being designed and built in the 17th century . = = = Candle clocks = = = The earliest mention of candle clocks comes from a Chinese poem , written in 520 CE by You Jianfu . According to the poem , the graduated candle was a means of determining time at night . Similar candles were used in Japan until the early 10th century . The candle clock most commonly mentioned and written of is attributed to King Alfred the Great . It consisted of six candles made from 72 pennyweights of wax , each 12 inches ( 30 cm ) high , and of uniform thickness , marked every inch ( 2 @.@ 54 cm ) . As these candles burned for about four hours , each mark represented 20 minutes . Once lit , the candles were placed in wooden framed glass boxes , to prevent the flame from extinguishing . The most sophisticated candle clocks of their time were those of Al @-@ Jazari in 1206 . One of his candle clocks included a dial to display the time and , for the first time , employed a bayonet fitting , a fastening mechanism still used in modern times . Donald Routledge Hill described Al @-@ Jazari 's candle clocks as follows : The candle , whose rate of burning was known , bore against the underside of the cap , and its wick passed through the hole . Wax collected in the indentation and could be removed periodically so that it did not interfere with steady burning . The bottom of the candle rested in a shallow dish that had a ring on its side connected through pulleys to a counterweight . As the candle burned away , the weight pushed it upward at a constant speed . The automata were operated from the dish at the bottom of the candle . No other candle clocks of this sophistication are known . A variation on this theme were oil @-@ lamp clocks . These early timekeeping devices consisted of a graduated glass reservoir to hold oil — usually whale oil , which burned cleanly and evenly — supplying the fuel for a built @-@ in lamp . As the level in the reservoir dropped , it provided a rough measure of the passage of time . = = = Incense clocks = = = In addition to water , mechanical , and candle clocks , incense clocks were used in the Far East , and were fashioned in several different forms . Incense clocks were first used in China around the 6th century ; in Japan , one still exists in the Shōsōin , although its characters are not Chinese , but Devanagari . Due to their frequent use of Devanagari characters , suggestive of their use in Buddhist ceremonies , Edward H. Schafer speculated that incense clocks were invented in India . Although similar to the candle clock , incense clocks burned evenly and without a flame ; therefore , they were more accurate and safer for indoor use . Several types of incense clock have been found , the most common forms include the incense stick and incense seal . An incense stick clock was an incense stick with calibrations ; most were elaborate , sometimes having threads , with weights attached , at even intervals . The weights would drop onto a platter or gong below , signifying that a certain amount of time had elapsed . Some incense clocks were held in elegant trays ; open @-@ bottomed trays were also used , to allow the weights to be used together with the decorative tray . Sticks of incense with different scents were also used , so that the hours were marked by a change in fragrance . The incense sticks could be straight or spiraled ; the spiraled ones were longer , and were therefore intended for long periods of use , and often hung from the roofs of homes and temples . In Japan , a geisha was paid for the number of senkodokei ( incense sticks ) that had been consumed while she was present , a practice which continued until 1924 . Incense seal clocks were used for similar occasions and events as the stick clock ; while religious purposes were of primary importance , these clocks were also popular at social gatherings , and were used by Chinese scholars and intellectuals . The seal was a wooden or stone disk with one or more grooves etched in it into which incense was placed . These clocks were common in China , but were produced in fewer numbers in Japan . To signal the passage of a specific amount of time , small pieces of fragrant woods , resins , or different scented incenses could be placed on the incense powder trails . Different powdered incense clocks used different formulations of incense , depending on how the clock was laid out . The length of the trail of incense , directly related to the size of the seal , was the primary factor in determining how long the clock would last ; all burned for long periods of time , ranging between 12 hours and a month . While early incense seals were made of wood or stone , the Chinese gradually introduced disks made of metal , most likely beginning during the Song dynasty . This allowed craftsmen to more easily create both large and small seals , as well as design and decorate them more aesthetically . Another advantage was the ability to vary the paths of the grooves , to allow for the changing length of the days in the year . As smaller seals became more readily available , the clocks grew in popularity among the Chinese , and were often given as gifts . Incense seal clocks are often sought by modern @-@ day clock collectors ; however , few remain that have not already been purchased or been placed on display at museums or temples . = = = Sundials = = = Sundials had been used for timekeeping since Ancient Egypt . Ancient dials were nodus @-@ based with straight hour @-@ lines that indicated unequal hours — also called temporary hours — that varied with the seasons . Every day was divided into 12 equal segments regardless of the time of year ; thus , hours were shorter in winter and longer in summer . The sundial was further developed by Muslim astronomers . The idea of using hours of equal length throughout the year was the innovation of Abu 'l @-@ Hasan Ibn al @-@ Shatir in 1371 , based on earlier developments in trigonometry by Muhammad ibn Jābir al @-@ Harrānī al @-@ Battānī ( Albategni ) . Ibn al @-@ Shatir was aware that " using a gnomon that is parallel to the Earth 's axis will produce sundials whose hour lines indicate equal hours on any day of the year " . His sundial is the oldest polar @-@ axis sundial still in existence . The concept appeared in Western sundials starting in 1446 . Following the acceptance of heliocentrism and equal hours , as well as advances in trigonometry , sundials appeared in their present form during the Renaissance , when they were built in large numbers . In 1524 , the French astronomer Oronce Finé constructed an ivory sundial , which still exists ; later , in 1570 , the Italian astronomer Giovanni Padovani published a treatise including instructions for the manufacture and laying out of mural ( vertical ) and horizontal sundials . Similarly , Giuseppe Biancani 's Constructio instrumenti ad horologia solaria ( c . 1620 ) discusses how to construct sundials . = = = Clocks with gears and escapements = = = The earliest instance of a liquid @-@ driven escapement was described by the Greek engineer Philo of Byzantium ( fl . 3rd century BCE ) in his technical treatise Pneumatics ( chapter 31 ) where he likens the escapement mechanism of a washstand automaton with those as employed in ( water ) clocks . Another early clock to use escapements was built during the 7th century in Chang 'an , by Tantric monk and mathematician , Yi Xing , and government official Liang Lingzan . An astronomical instrument that served as a clock , it was discussed in a contemporary text as follows : [ It ] was made in the image of the round heavens and on it were shown the lunar mansions in their order , the equator and the degrees of the heavenly circumference . Water , flowing into scoops , turned a wheel automatically , rotating it one complete revolution in one day and night . Besides this , there were two rings fitted around the celestial sphere outside , having the sun and moon threaded on them , and these were made to move in circling orbit ... And they made a wooden casing the surface of which represented the horizon , since the instrument was half sunk in it . It permitted the exact determinations of the time of dawns and dusks , full and new moons , tarrying and hurrying . Moreover , there were two wooden jacks standing on the horizon surface , having one a bell and the other a drum in front of it , the bell being struck automatically to indicate the hours , and the drum being beaten automatically to indicate the quarters . All these motions were brought about by machinery within the casing , each depending on wheels and shafts , hooks , pins and interlocking rods , stopping devices and locks checking mutually . Since Yi Xing 's clock was a water clock , it was affected by temperature variations . That problem was solved in 976 by Zhang Sixun by replacing the water with mercury , which remains liquid down to − 39 ° C ( − 38 ° F ) . Zhang implemented the changes into his clock tower , which was about 10 metres ( 33 ft ) tall , with escapements to keep the clock turning and bells to signal every quarter @-@ hour . Another noteworthy clock , the elaborate Cosmic Engine , was built by Su Song , in 1088 . It was about the size of Zhang 's tower , but had an automatically rotating armillary sphere — also called a celestial globe — from which the positions of the stars could be observed . It also featured five panels with mannequins ringing gongs or bells , and tablets showing the time of day , or other special times . Furthermore , it featured the first known endless power @-@ transmitting chain drive in horology . Originally built in the capital of Kaifeng , it was dismantled by the Jin army and sent to the capital of Yanjing ( now Beijing ) , where they were unable to put it back together . As a result , Su Song 's son Su Xie was ordered to build a replica . The clock towers built by Zhang Sixun and Su Song , in the 10th and 11th centuries , respectively , also incorporated a striking clock mechanism , the use of clock jacks to sound the hours . A striking clock outside of China was the Jayrun Water Clock , at the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus , Syria , which struck once every hour . It was constructed by Muhammad al @-@ Sa 'ati in the 12th century , and later described by his son Ridwan ibn al @-@ Sa 'ati , in his On the Construction of Clocks and their Use ( 1203 ) , when repairing the clock . In 1235 , an early monumental water @-@ powered alarm clock that " announced the appointed hours of prayer and the time both by day and by night " was completed in the entrance hall of the Mustansiriya Madrasah in Baghdad . The first geared clock was invented in the 11th century by the Arab engineer Ibn Khalaf al @-@ Muradi in Islamic Iberia ; it was a water clock that employed a complex gear train mechanism , including both segmental and epicyclic gearing , capable of transmitting high torque . The clock was unrivalled in its use of sophisticated complex gearing , until the mechanical clocks of the mid @-@ 14th century . Al @-@ Muradi 's clock also employed the use of mercury in its hydraulic linkages , which could function mechanical automata . Al @-@ Muradi 's work was known to scholars working under Alfonso X of Castile , hence the mechanism may have played a role in the development of the European mechanical clocks . Other monumental water clocks constructed by medieval Muslim engineers also employed complex gear trains and arrays of automata . Like the earlier Greeks and Chinese , Arab engineers at the time also developed a liquid @-@ driven escapement mechanism which they employed in some of their water clocks . Heavy floats were used as weights and a constant @-@ head system was used as an escapement mechanism , which was present in the hydraulic controls they used to make heavy floats descend at a slow and steady rate . A mercury clock , described in the Libros del saber de Astronomia , a Spanish work from 1277 consisting of translations and paraphrases of Arabic works , is sometimes quoted as evidence for Muslim knowledge of a mechanical clock . However , the device was actually a compartmented cylindrical water clock , which the Jewish author of the relevant section , Rabbi Isaac , constructed using principles described by a philosopher named " Iran " , identified with Heron of Alexandria ( fl . 1st century AD ) , on how heavy objects may be lifted . = = = Astronomical clocks = = = During the 11th century in the Song Dynasty , the Chinese astronomer , horologist and mechanical engineer Su Song created a water @-@ driven astronomical clock for his clock tower of Kaifeng City . It incorporated an escapement mechanism as well as the earliest known endless power @-@ transmitting chain drive , which drove the armillary sphere . Contemporary Muslim astronomers also constructed a variety of highly accurate astronomical clocks for use in their mosques and observatories , such as the water @-@ powered astronomical clock by Al @-@ Jazari in 1206 , and the astrolabic clock by Ibn al @-@ Shatir in the early 14th century . The most sophisticated timekeeping astrolabes were the geared astrolabe mechanisms designed by Abū Rayhān Bīrūnī in the 11th century and by Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr in the 13th century . These devices functioned as timekeeping devices and also as calendars . A sophisticated water @-@ powered astronomical clock was built by Al @-@ Jazari in 1206 . This castle clock was a complex device that was about 11 feet ( 3 @.@ 4 m ) high , and had multiple functions alongside timekeeping . It included a display of the zodiac and the solar and lunar paths , and a pointer in the shape of the crescent moon which travelled across the top of a gateway , moved by a hidden cart and causing doors to open , each revealing a mannequin , every hour . It was possible to reset the length of day and night in order to account for the changing lengths of day and night throughout the year . This clock also featured a number of automata including falcons and musicians who automatically played music when moved by levers operated by a hidden camshaft attached to a water wheel . = = = Hourglass = = = Since the hourglass was one of the few reliable methods of measuring time at sea , it is speculated that it was used on board ships as far back as the 11th century , when it would have complemented the magnetic compass as an aid to navigation . However , the earliest unambiguous evidence of their use appears in the painting Allegory of Good Government , by Ambrogio Lorenzetti , from 1338 . From the 15th century onwards , hourglasses were used in a wide range of applications at sea , in churches , in industry , and in cooking ; they were the first dependable , reusable , reasonably accurate , and easily constructed time @-@ measurement devices . The hourglass also took on symbolic meanings , such as that of death , temperance , opportunity , and Father Time , usually represented as a bearded , old man . Though also used in China , the hourglass 's history there is unknown . The Portuguese navigator Ferdinand Magellan used 18 hourglasses on each ship during his circumnavigation of the globe in 1522 . = = = Mechanical clocks = = = = = = = Use in Medieval churches = = = = The earliest medieval European clockmakers were Christian monks . Medieval religious institutions required clocks because they regulated daily prayer- and work @-@ schedules strictly , using various types of time @-@ telling and recording devices , such as water clocks , sundials and marked candles , probably in combination . When mechanical clocks came into use , they were often wound at least twice a day to ensure accuracy . Monasteries broadcast important times and durations with bells , rung either by hand or by a mechanical device , such as by a falling weight or by rotating beater . Although the mortuary inscription of Pacificus , archdeacon of Verona , records that he constructed a night clock ( horologium nocturnum ) as early as 850 , his clock has been identified as being an observation tube used to locate stars with an accompanying book of astronomical observations , rather than a mechanical or water clock , an interpretation supported by illustrations from medieval manuscripts . The religious necessities and technical skill of the medieval monks were crucial factors in the development of clocks , as the historian Thomas Woods writes : The monks also counted skillful clock @-@ makers among them . The first recorded clock was built by the future Pope Sylvester II for the German town of Magdeburg , around the year 996 . Much more sophisticated clocks were built by later monks . Peter Lightfoot , a 14th @-@ century monk of Glastonbury , built one of the oldest clocks still in existence , which now sits in excellent condition in London 's Science Museum . The appearance of clocks in writings of the 11th century implies that they were well known in Europe in that period . In the early 14th @-@ century , the Florentine poet Dante Alighieri referred to a clock in his Paradiso ; the first known literary reference to a clock that struck the hours . Giovanni da Dondi , Professor of Astronomy at Padua , presented the earliest detailed description of clockwork in his 1364 treatise Il Tractatus Astrarii . This has inspired several modern replicas , including some in London 's Science Museum and the Smithsonian Institution . Other notable examples from this period were built in Milan ( 1335 ) , Strasbourg ( 1354 ) , Lund ( 1380 ) , Rouen ( 1389 ) , and Prague ( 1462 ) . Salisbury cathedral clock , dating from about 1386 , is one of the oldest working clocks in the world , and may be the oldest . It still has most of its original parts , although its original verge and foliot timekeeping mechanism is lost , having been converted to a pendulum , which was replaced by a replica verge in 1956 . It has no dial , as its purpose was to strike a bell at precise times . The wheels and gears are mounted in an open , box @-@ like iron frame , measuring about 1 @.@ 2 metres ( 3 @.@ 9 ft ) square . The framework is held together with metal dowels and pegs . Two large stones , hanging from pulleys , supply the power . As the weights fall , ropes unwind from the wooden barrels . One barrel drives the main wheel , which is regulated by the escapement , and the other drives the striking mechanism and the air brake . Note also Peter Lightfoot 's Wells Cathedral clock , constructed c . 1390 . The dial represents a geocentric view of the universe , with the Sun and Moon revolving around a central fixed Earth . It is unique in having its original medieval face , showing a philosophical model of the pre @-@ Copernican universe . Above the clock is a set of figures , which hit the bells , and a set of jousting knights who revolve around a track every 15 minutes . The clock was converted to pendulum @-@ and @-@ anchor escapement in the 17th century , and was installed in London 's Science Museum in 1884 , where it continues to operate . Similar astronomical clocks , or horologes , survive at Exeter , Ottery St Mary , and Wimborne Minster . One clock that has not survived is that of the Abbey of St Albans , built by the 14th @-@ century abbot Richard of Wallingford . It may have been destroyed during Henry VIII 's Dissolution of the Monasteries , but the abbot 's notes on its design have allowed a full @-@ scale reconstruction . As well as keeping time , the astronomical clock could accurately predict lunar eclipses , and may have shown the Sun , Moon ( age , phase , and node ) , stars and planets , as well as a wheel of fortune , and an indicator of the state of the tide at London Bridge . According to Thomas Woods , " a clock that equaled it in technological sophistication did not appear for at least two centuries " . Giovanni de Dondi was another early mechanical clockmaker whose clock did not survive , but his work has been replicated based on the designs . De Dondi 's clock was a seven @-@ faced construction with 107 moving parts , showing the positions of the Sun , Moon , and five planets , as well as religious feast days . Around this period , mechanical clocks were introduced into abbeys and monasteries to mark important events and times , gradually replacing water clocks which had served the same purpose . During the Middle Ages , clocks primarily served religious purposes ; the first employed for secular timekeeping emerged around the 15th century . In Dublin , the official measurement of time became a local custom , and by 1466 a public clock stood on top of the Tholsel ( the city court and council chamber ) . It was the first of its kind to be clearly recorded in Ireland , and would only have had an hour hand . The increasing lavishness of castles led to the introduction of turret clocks . A 1435 example survives from Leeds castle ; its face is decorated with the images of the Crucifixion of Jesus , Mary and St George . Clock towers in Western Europe in the Middle Ages were also sometimes striking clocks . The most famous original still standing is possibly St Mark 's Clock on the top of St Mark 's Clocktower in St Mark 's Square in Venice , assembled in 1493 by the clockmaker Gian Carlo Rainieri from Reggio Emilia . In 1497 , Simone Campanato moulded the great bell on which every definite time @-@ lapse is beaten by two mechanical bronze statues ( h . 2 @,@ 60 m . ) called Due Mori ( Two Moors ) , handling a hammer . Possibly earlier ( 1490 ) is the Prague Astronomical Clock by clockmaster Jan Růže ( also called Hanuš ) – according to another source this device was assembled as early as 1410 by clockmaker Mikuláš of Kadaň and mathematician Jan Šindel . The allegorical parade of animated sculptures rings on the hour every day . Early clock dials showed hours : the display of minutes and seconds evolved later . A clock with a minutes dial is mentioned in a 1475 manuscript , and clocks indicating minutes and seconds existed in Germany in the 15th century . Timepieces which indicated minutes and seconds were occasionally made from this time on , but this was not common until the increase in accuracy made possible by the pendulum clock and , in watches , by the spiral balance spring . The 16th @-@ century astronomer Tycho Brahe used clocks with minutes and seconds to observe stellar positions . The Ottoman engineer Taqi al @-@ Din described a weight @-@ driven clock with a verge @-@ and @-@ foliot escapement , a striking train of gears , an alarm , and a representation of the moon 's phases in his book The Brightest Stars for the Construction of Mechanical Clocks ( Al @-@ Kawākib al @-@ durriyya fī wadh ' al @-@ bankāmat al @-@ dawriyya ) , written around 1556 . = = = = Pendulum clock = = = = Innovations to the mechanical clock continued , with miniaturization leading to domestic clocks in the 15th century , and personal watches in the 16th . In the 1580s , the Italian polymath Galileo Galilei investigated the regular swing of the pendulum , and discovered that it could be used to regulate a clock . Although Galileo studied the pendulum as early as 1582 , he never actually constructed a clock based on that design . The first pendulum clock was designed and built by Dutch scientist Christiaan Huygens , in 1656 . Early versions erred by less than one minute per day , and later ones only by 10 seconds , very accurate for their time . In England , the manufacturing of pendulum clocks was soon taken up . The longcase clock ( also known as the grandfather clock ) was first created to house the pendulum and works by the English clockmaker William Clement in 1670 or 1671 ; this became feasible after Clement invented the anchor escapement mechanism in about 1670 . Before then , pendulum clocks used the older verge escapement mechanism , which required very wide pendulum swings of about 100 ° . To avoid the need for a very large case , most clocks using the verge escapement had a short pendulum . The anchor mechanism , however , reduced the pendulum 's necessary swing to between 4 ° to 6 ° , allowing clockmakers to use longer pendulums with consequently slower beats . These required less power to move , caused less friction and wear , and were more accurate than their shorter predecessors . Most longcase clocks use a pendulum about a metre ( 39 inches ) long to the center of the bob , with each swing taking one second . This requirement for height , along with the need for a long drop space for the weights that power the clock , gave rise to the tall , narrow case . Clement also introduced the pendulum suspension spring in 1671 . The concentric minute hand was added to the clock by Daniel Quare , a London clock @-@ maker , and the Second Hand was introduced . The Jesuits were another major contributor to the development of pendulum clocks in the 17th and 18th centuries , having had an " unusually keen appreciation of the importance of precision " . In measuring an accurate one @-@ second pendulum , for example , the Italian astronomer Father Giovanni Battista Riccioli persuaded nine fellow Jesuits " to count nearly 87 @,@ 000 oscillations in a single day " . They served a crucial role in spreading and testing the scientific ideas of the period , and collaborated with contemporary scientists , such as Huygens . = = = = Pocket watch = = = = In 1675 , Huygens and Robert Hooke invented the spiral balance , or the hairspring , designed to control the oscillating speed of the balance wheel . This crucial advance finally made accurate pocket watches possible . This resulted in a great advance in accuracy of pocket watches , from perhaps several hours per day to 10 minutes per day , similar to the effect of the pendulum upon mechanical clocks . The great English clockmaker , Thomas Tompion , was one of the first to use this mechanism successfully in his pocket watches , and he adopted the minute hand which , after a variety of designs were trialled , eventually stabilised into the modern @-@ day configuration . The Rev. Edward Barlow invented the rack and snail striking mechanism for striking clocks , which was a great improvement over the previous mechanism . The repeating clock , that chimes the number of hours ( or even minutes ) was invented by either Quare of Barlow in 1676 . George Graham invented the deadbeat escapement for clocks in 1720 . = = = = Equation clock = = = = In the late 17th and 18th Centuries , equation clocks were made , which allowed the user to see or calculate apparent solar time , as would be shown by a sundial . Before the invention of the pendulum clock , sundials were the only accurate timepieces . When good clocks became available , they appeared inaccurate to people who were used to trusting sundials . The annual variation of the equation of time made a clock up to about 15 minutes fast or slow , relative to a sundial , depending on the time of year . Equation clocks satisfied the demand for clocks that always agreed with sundials . Several types of equation clock mechanism were devised. which can be seen in surviving examples , mostly in museums . = = = = Chronometer = = = = Marine chronometers are clocks used at sea as time standards , to determine longitude by celestial navigation . A major stimulus to improving the accuracy and reliability of clocks was the importance of precise time @-@ keeping for navigation . The position of a ship at sea could be determined with reasonable accuracy if a navigator could refer to a clock that lost or gained less than about 10 seconds per day . The marine chronometer would have to keep the time of a fixed location — usually Greenwich Mean Time — allowing seafarers to determine longitude by comparing the local high noon to the clock . This clock could not contain a pendulum , which would be virtually useless on a rocking ship . After the Scilly naval disaster of 1707 where four ships ran aground due to navigational mistakes , the British government offered a large prize of £ 20 @,@ 000 , equivalent to millions of pounds today , for anyone who could determine longitude accurately . The reward was eventually claimed in 1761 by Yorkshire carpenter John Harrison , who dedicated his life to improving the accuracy of his clocks . In 1735 Harrison built his first chronometer , which he steadily improved on over the next thirty years before submitting it for examination . The clock had many innovations , including the use of bearings to reduce friction , weighted balances to compensate for the ship 's pitch and roll in the sea and the use of two different metals to reduce the problem of expansion from heat . The chronometer was trialled in 1761 by Harrison 's son and by the end of 10 weeks the clock was in error by less than 5 seconds . = = = = Wristwatch = = = = The concept of the wristwatch goes back to the production of the very earliest watches in the 16th century . Elizabeth I of England received a wristwatch from Robert Dudley in 1571 , described as an arm watch . From the beginning , wrist watches were almost exclusively worn by women , while men used pocket @-@ watches up until the early 20th century . This was not just a matter of fashion or prejudice ; watches of the time were notoriously prone to fouling from exposure to the elements , and could only reliably be kept safe from harm if carried securely in the pocket . When the waistcoat was introduced as a manly fashion at the court of Charles II in the 17th century , the pocket watch was tucked into its pocket . Prince Albert , the consort to Queen Victoria , introduced the ' Albert chain ' accessory , designed to secure the pocket watch to the man 's outergarment by way of a clip . By the mid nineteenth century , most watchmakers produced a range of wristwatches , often marketed as bracelets , for women . Wristwatches were first worn by military men towards the end of the nineteenth century , when the importance of synchronizing manoeuvres during war without potentially revealing the plan to the enemy through signalling was increasingly recognized . It was clear that using pocket watches while in the heat of battle or while mounted on a horse was impractical , so officers began to strap the watches to their wrist . The Garstin Company of London patented a ' Watch Wristlet ' design in 1893 , although they were probably producing similar designs from the 1880s . Clearly , a market for men 's wristwatches was coming into being at the time . Officers in the British Army began using wristwatches during colonial military campaigns in the 1880s , such as during the Anglo @-@ Burma War of 1885 . During the Boer War , the importance of coordinating troop movements and synchronizing attacks against the highly mobile Boer insurgents was paramount , and the use of wristwatches subsequently became widespread among the officer class . The company Mappin & Webb began production of their successful ' campaign watch ' for soldiers during the campaign at the Sudan in 1898 and ramped up production for the Boer War a few years later . These early models were essentially standard pocket @-@ watches fitted to a leather strap , but by the early 20th century , manufacturers began producing purpose @-@ built wristwatches . The Swiss company , Dimier Frères & Cie patented a wristwatch design with the now standard wire lugs in 1903 . In 1904 , Alberto Santos @-@ Dumont , an early aviator , asked his friend , a French watchmaker called Louis Cartier , to design a watch that could be useful during his flights . Hans Wilsdorf moved to London in 1905 and set up his own business with his brother @-@ in @-@ law Alfred Davis , Wilsdorf & Davis , providing quality timepieces at affordable prices – the company later became Rolex . Wilsdorf was an early convert to the wristwatch , and contracted the Swiss firm Aegler to produce a line of wristwatches . His Rolex wristwatch of 1910 became the first such watch to receive certification as a chronometer in Switzerland and it went on to win an award in 1914 from Kew Observatory in Greenwich . The impact of the First World War dramatically shifted public perceptions on the propriety of the man 's wristwatch , and opened up a mass market in the post @-@ war era . The creeping barrage artillery tactic , developed during the War , required precise synchronization between the artillery gunners and the infantry advancing behind the barrage . Service watches produced during the War were specially designed for the rigours of trench warfare , with luminous dials and unbreakable glass . Wristwatches were also found to be needed in the air as much as on the ground : military pilots found them more convenient than pocket watches for the same reasons as Santos @-@ Dumont had . The British War Department began issuing wristwatches to combatants from 1917 . The company H. Williamson Ltd . , based in Coventry , was one of the first to capitalize on this opportunity . During the company 's 1916 AGM it was noted that " ... the public is buying the practical things of life . Nobody can truthfully contend that the watch is a luxury . It is said that one soldier in every four wears a wristlet watch , and the other three mean to get one as soon as they can . " By the end of the War , almost all enlisted men wore a wristwatch , and after they were demobilized , the fashion soon caught on – the British Horological Journal wrote in 1917 that " ... the wristlet watch was little used by the sterner sex before the war , but now is seen on the wrist of nearly every man in uniform and of many men in civilian attire . " Within a decade , sales of wristwatches had outstripped those of pocket watches . = = = = Clockmaking industry = = = = The first professional clockmakers came from the guilds of locksmiths and jewellers . Clockmaking developed from a specialized craft into a mass production industry over many years . Paris and Blois were the early centers of clockmaking in France . French clockmakers such as Julien Le Roy , clockmaker of Versailles , were leaders in case design and ornamental clocks . Le Roy belonged to the fifth generation of a family of clockmakers , and was described by his contemporaries as " the most skillful clockmaker in France , possibly in Europe " . He invented a special repeating mechanism which improved the precision of clocks and watches , a face that could be opened to view the inside clockwork , and made or supervised over 3 @,@ 500 watches . The competition and scientific rivalry resulting from his discoveries further encouraged researchers to seek new methods of measuring time more accurately . Between 1794 and 1795 , in the aftermath of the French Revolution , the French government briefly mandated decimal clocks , with a day divided into 10 hours of 100 minutes each . The astronomer and mathematician Pierre @-@ Simon Laplace , among other individuals , modified the dial of his pocket watch to decimal time . A clock in the Palais des Tuileries kept decimal time as late as 1801 , but the cost of replacing all the nation 's clocks prevented decimal clocks from becoming widespread . Because decimalized clocks only helped astronomers rather than ordinary citizens , it was one of the most unpopular changes associated with the metric system , and it was abandoned . In Germany , Nuremberg and Augsburg were the early clockmaking centers , and the Black Forest came to specialize in wooden cuckoo clocks . The English became the predominant clockmakers of the 17th and 18th centuries . The main centres of the British industry were in the City of London , the West End of London , Soho where many skilled French Huguenots settled and later in Clerkenwell . The Worshipful Company of Clockmakers was established in 1631 as one of the Livery Companies of the City of London . Thomas Tompion was the first English clockmaker with an international reputation and many of his pupils went on to become great horologists in their own right , such as George Graham who invented the deadbeat escapement , orrery and mercury pendulum , and his pupil Thomas Mudge who created the first lever escapement . Famous clockmakers of this period included Joseph Windmills , Simon de Charmes who established the De Charmes clockmaker firm and Christopher Pinchbeck who used the Pinchbeck alloy . Later famous horologists included John Arnold who made the first practical and accurate modern watch by refining Harrison 's chronometer , Thomas Earnshaw who was the first to make these available to the public , Daniel Quare , who invented a repeating watch movement , a portable barometer and introduced the concentric minute hand . Quality control and standards were imposed on clockmakers by the Worshipful Company of Clockmakers , a guild which licensed clockmakers for doing business . By the rise of consumerism in the late 18th century , clocks , especially pocket watches , became regarded as fashion accessories and were made in increasingly decorative styles . By 1796 , the industry reached a high point with almost 200 @,@ 000 clocks being produced annually in London , however by the mid @-@ 19th century the industry had gone into steep decline from Swiss competition . Switzerland established itself as a clockmaking center following the influx of Huguenot craftsmen , and in the 19th century , the Swiss industry " gained worldwide supremacy in high @-@ quality machine @-@ made watches " . The leading firm of the day was Patek Philippe , founded by Antoni Patek of Warsaw and Adrien Philippe of Bern . = = = Electric clock = = = In 1814 , Sir Francis Ronalds ( 1788 ) of London invented the forerunner of an electric clock , the electrostatic clock . His prototype was powered with a dry pile battery . It proved unreliable in timekeeping , however , because of a strong dependence on a stable room temperature and ' weather conditions ' . Alexander Bain , a Scottish clock and instrument maker , was the first to invent and patent the electric clock in 1840 . On January 11 , 1841 , Alexander Bain along with John Barwise , a chronometer maker , took out another important patent describing a clock in which an electromagnetic pendulum and an electric current is employed to keep the clock going instead of springs or weights . Later patents expanded on his original ideas . = = = Quartz clock = = = The piezoelectric properties of crystalline quartz were discovered by Jacques and Pierre Curie in 1880 . The first quartz crystal oscillator was built by Walter G. Cady in 1921 , and in 1927 the first quartz clock was built by Warren Marrison and J. W. Horton at Bell Telephone Laboratories in Canada . The following decades saw the development of quartz clocks as precision time measurement devices in laboratory settings — the bulky and delicate counting electronics , built with vacuum tubes , limited their practical use elsewhere . In 1932 , a quartz clock able to measure small weekly variations in the rotation rate of the Earth was developed . The National Bureau of Standards ( now NIST ) based the time standard of the United States on quartz clocks from late 1929 until the 1960s , when it changed to atomic clocks . In 1969 , Seiko produced the world 's first quartz wristwatch , the Astron . Their inherent accuracy and low cost of production has resulted in the subsequent proliferation of quartz clocks and watches . = = = Atomic clock = = = Atomic clocks are the most accurate timekeeping devices known to date . Accurate to within a few seconds over many thousands of years , they are used to calibrate other clocks and timekeeping instruments . The idea of using atomic transitions to measure time was first suggested by Lord Kelvin in 1879 , although it was only in the 1930s with the development of Magnetic resonance that there was a practical method for doing this . A prototype ammonia maser device was built in 1949 at the U.S. National Bureau of Standards ( NBS , now NIST ) . Although it was less accurate than existing quartz clocks , it served to demonstrate the concept . The first accurate atomic clock , a caesium standard based on a certain transition of the caesium @-@ 133 atom , was built by Louis Essen in 1955 at the National Physical Laboratory in the UK . Calibration of the caesium standard atomic clock was carried out by the use of the astronomical time scale ephemeris time ( ET ) . The International System of Units standardized its unit of time , the second , on the properties of cesium in 1967 . SI defines the second as 9 @,@ 192 @,@ 631 @,@ 770 cycles of the radiation which corresponds to the transition between two electron spin energy levels of the ground state of the 133Cs atom . The cesium atomic clock , maintained by the National Institute of Standards and Technology , is accurate to 30 billionths of a second per year . Atomic clocks have employed other elements , such as hydrogen and rubidium vapor , offering greater stability — in the case of hydrogen clocks — and smaller size , lower power consumption , and thus lower cost ( in the case of rubidium clocks ) .
= French ironclad Jeanne d 'Arc = The French ironclad Jeanne d 'Arc was a wooden @-@ hulled armored corvette built for the French Navy in the late 1860s . She was named for Joan of Arc , a Roman Catholic saint and heroine of the Hundred Years War . Jeanne d 'Arc participated in the Franco @-@ Prussian War of 1870 – 71 and remained in commission afterwards , unlike many of her sisters . The ship was condemned in 1883 , but nothing further is known as to her disposition . = = Design and description = = The Alma @-@ class ironclads were designed as improved versions of the armored corvette Belliqueuse suitable for foreign deployments . Unlike their predecessor the Alma @-@ class ships were true central battery ironclads as they were fitted with armored transverse bulkheads . Like most ironclads of their era they were equipped with a metal @-@ reinforced ram . Jeanne d 'Arc measured 68 @.@ 9 meters ( 226 ft 1 in ) between perpendiculars , with a beam of 14 @.@ 08 meters ( 46 ft 2 in ) . She had a mean draft of 6 @.@ 37 meters ( 20 ft 11 in ) and displaced 3 @,@ 675 metric tons ( 3 @,@ 617 long tons ) . Her crew numbered 316 officers and men . = = = Propulsion = = = The ship had a single horizontal return connecting @-@ rod steam engine driving a single propeller . Her engine was powered by four oval boilers . On sea trials the engine produced 1 @,@ 884 indicated horsepower ( 1 @,@ 405 kW ) and the ship reached 11 @.@ 75 knots ( 21 @.@ 76 km / h ; 13 @.@ 52 mph ) . Unlike all of her sisters except Thétis , she had two funnels , mounted side @-@ by @-@ side . Jeanne d 'Arc carried 250 metric tons ( 250 long tons ) of coal which allowed the ship to steam for 1 @,@ 710 nautical miles ( 3 @,@ 170 km ; 1 @,@ 970 mi ) at a speed of 10 knots ( 19 km / h ; 12 mph ) . She was barque @-@ rigged and had a sail area of 1 @,@ 454 square meters ( 15 @,@ 650 sq ft ) . = = = Armament = = = Jeanne d 'Arc mounted four of her 194 @-@ millimeter ( 7 @.@ 6 in ) Modèle 1864 breech @-@ loading guns in the central battery on the battery deck . The other two 194 @-@ millimeter guns were mounted in barbettes on the upper deck , sponsoned out over the sides of the ship . The four 120 @-@ millimeter ( 4 @.@ 7 in ) guns were also mounted on the upper deck . She may have exchanged her Mle 1864 guns for Mle 1870 guns . The armor @-@ piercing shell of the 20 @-@ caliber Mle 1870 gun weighed 165 @.@ 3 pounds ( 75 @.@ 0 kg ) while the gun itself weighed 7 @.@ 83 long tons ( 7 @.@ 96 t ) . The gun fired its shell at a muzzle velocity of 1 @,@ 739 ft / s ( 530 m / s ) and was credited with the ability to penetrate a nominal 12 @.@ 5 inches ( 320 mm ) of wrought iron armour at the muzzle . The guns could fire both solid shot and explosive shells . = = = Armor = = = Jeanne d 'Arc had a complete 150 @-@ millimeter ( 5 @.@ 9 in ) wrought iron waterline belt , approximately 2 @.@ 4 meters ( 7 @.@ 9 ft ) high . The sides of the battery itself were armored with 120 millimeters ( 4 @.@ 7 in ) of wrought iron and the ends of the battery were closed by bulkheads of the same thickness . The barbette armor was 100 millimeters ( 3 @.@ 9 in ) thick , backed by 240 millimeters ( 9 @.@ 4 in ) of wood . The unarmored portions of her sides were protected by 15 @-@ millimeter ( 0 @.@ 6 in ) iron plates . = = Service = = Jeanne d 'Arc was laid down at Cherbourg in 1865 and launched on 28 September 1867 . The ship began her sea trials on 9 March 1868 and was put into reserve at Brest in 1869 . She was commissioned on 12 April 1870 , shortly before the Franco @-@ Prussian War began , and assigned to the Northern Squadron . On 24 July 1870 she departed Cherbourg in company with the rest of the Northern Squadron and they cruised off the Danish port of Frederikshavn between 28 July and 2 August until they entered the Baltic Sea . The squadron , now renamed the Baltic Squadron , remained in the Baltic , attempting to blockade Prussian ports on the Baltic until ordered to return to Cherbourg on 16 September . On 1 August 1873 Jeanne d 'Arc was in Málaga , Spain and departed later that day bound for Cadiz . In 1875 she accidentally rammed and sank the dispatch vessel Forfait . On 3 December 1875 she became the flagship of Rear Admiral Bonie , but was placed in reserve on 1 January 1876 at Brest . Jeanne d 'Arc was recommissioned on 12 April 1879 for service with the Levant Squadron . She was condemned on 28 August 1883 and nothing further is known of her fate .
= Thiruvilaiyadal = Thiruvilaiyadal ( English : The Divine Game ) is a 1965 Indian Tamil @-@ language Hindu devotional film written , directed , produced , and distributed by A. P. Nagarajan . The film features Sivaji Ganesan , Savitri , and K. B. Sundarambal in the lead roles with T. S. Balaiah , R. Muthuraman , Nagesh , T. R. Mahalingam , S. V. Sahasranamam , Devika , Manorama , and Nagarajan himself playing pivotal roles . The film 's soundtrack and score were composed by K. V. Mahadevan , while the lyrics of the songs were written by Kannadasan and Sankaradas Swamigal . The story of Thiruvilaiyadal was conceived by A. P. Nagarajan , who was inspired by the Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam , a collection of sixty @-@ four Shaivite , devotional , epic stories written in the 16th century by the saint , Paranjothi Munivar , which record the actions and antics of Lord Shiva appearing on Earth in various disguises to test his devotees . Four of the sixty @-@ four stories are depicted in the film . The first is about the poet Dharumi ; the second concerns Dhatchayini ( Sati ) . The third recounts how Shiva 's future wife Parvati is born as a fisherwoman and how Shiva , in the guise of a fisherman , finds and remarries her . The fourth story is that of the singer Banabhathirar . The soundtrack was received positively and songs from it like " Pazham Neeyappa " , " Oru Naal Podhuma " , " Isai Thamizh " , and " Paattum Naane " remain popular today among the Tamil diaspora . Thiruvilaiyadal was released on 31 July 1965 to critical acclaim , with praise directed at the film 's screenplay , dialogue , direction , music , and the performances of Ganesan , Nagesh , and Balaiah . The film was a commercial success , running for over twenty @-@ five weeks in theatres , and became a trendsetter for devotional films as it was released at a time when Tamil cinema primarily produced social melodramas . It won the Certificate of Merit for the Second Best Feature Film in Tamil at the 13th National Film Awards , and the Filmfare Award for Best Film – Tamil . The film was dubbed into Kannada as Shiva Leela Vilasa , the first Tamil film to be dubbed into Kannada in ten years . A digitally restored version of Thiruvilaiyadal was released in September 2012 , which was also a commercial success . = = Plot = = Lord Shiva gives a sacred Mango fruit , brought by the sage Narada , to his elder son Vinayaka as a prize for outsmarting his younger brother Muruga in a competition to win it . Angered by his father 's decision , Muruga , dressed as a hermit , goes to Palani , despite Avvaiyar 's attempts to convince him to return to Mount Kailash . His mother , goddess Parvati , arrives there and narrates the stories of four of Shiva 's divine games to calm Muruga . The first story is about the opening of Shiva 's third eye when he visits Madurai , the capital city of the Pandya Kingdom , ruled at that time by Shenbagapandian . Shenbagapandian wants to find the answer to a question posed by his wife — whether the fragrance from a woman 's hair is natural or artificial — and announces a reward of 1000 gold coins to anyone who can come up with the answer . A poor poet named Dharumi desperately wants the reward and starts to break down in the Meenakshi Amman Temple . Shiva , hearing his cries , takes the form of a poet and gives Dharumi a poem containing the answer . Overjoyed , Dharumi takes the poem to Shenbagapandian 's court and recites it , but Nakkeerar , the court 's head poet , claims the poem 's meaning is incorrect . On hearing this , Shiva argues with Nakkeerar about the poem 's accuracy , burning him to ashes when he refuses to relent . Later , Shiva revives Nakkeerar , and says that he only wanted to test his knowledge . Nakkeerar asks the king to give the reward to Dharumi . The second story focuses on Shiva marrying Dhatchayini against the will of her father Dhatchan . Dhatchan performs a Mahayajna without inviting his son @-@ in @-@ law . Dhatchayini asks Shiva 's permission to go to the ceremony , but Shiva refuses to let her go as he feels no good will come from it . Dhatchayini disobeys him and goes only to be insulted by Dhatchan . Dhatchayini curses her father and returns to Shiva who is angry with her . Dhatchayini asserts that they are one and without her , there is no Shiva . He refuses to agree with her and burns her to ashes . He then performs his Tandava , which is noticed by the Devas , who pacify him . Shiva then restores Dhatchayini to life and accepts that they are one . The third story describes Parvati being banished by Shiva when she becomes momentarily distracted while listening to his explanation of the Vedas . Parvati , now born as Kayarkanni , is the daughter of a fisherman . When playing with her friends , Shiva approaches in the guise of a fisherman and flirts with her , despite her disapproval . The fishermen often face problems due to a giant shark that disrupts their way of life . Shiva asserts that he alone can defeat the shark . After a long battle , Shiva subdues the shark ( which is actually Nandi in disguise ) and remarries Parvati . The last story is that of Banabathirar , a devotional singer . Hemanatha Bhagavathar , a skilled singer , tries to conquer the Pandya Kingdom when he challenges the kingdom 's musicians . The King 's minister advises him to seek Banabathirar 's help to challenge Hemanatha Bhagavathar . When all the musicians reject the competition , the King orders Banabathirar to compete against Hemanatha Bhagavathar . Knowing that he cannot win , the troubled Banabathirar prays to Shiva who shows up outside Hemanatha Bhagavathar 's house in the form of a firewood vendor the night before the competition , and shatters his arrogance by singing the song " Paattum Naane " . Shiva introduces himself to Hemanatha Bhagavathar as Banabathirar 's student . Sheepish upon hearing this , Bhagavathar leaves the kingdom immediately , informing Banabathirar of his departure with a note . Shiva gives the letter to Banabathirar and reveals his true identity to him . Banabathirar thanks Shiva for helping him . After listening to these stories , Muruga 's rage finally subsides and he reconciles with his family . The film ends with Avvaiyar singing " Vaasi Vaasi " and " Ondraanavan Uruvil " in praise of both Shiva and Parvati . = = Cast = = Lead actors Sivaji Ganesan as Shiva Savitri as Parvati ( also referred to as Uma , Sakthi , Dhatchayini and Kayarkanni in the film ) K. B. Sundarambal as Avvaiyar Male supporting actors T. S. Balaiah as Hemanatha Bhagavathar R. Muthuraman as Shenbagapandian Nagesh as Dharumi O. A. K. Thevar as King Dhatchan A. Karunanithi as Ponna / Sovai T. R. Mahalingam as Banabhathirar A. P. Nagarajan as Nakkeerar S. V. Sahasranamam as Kayarkanni 's father Female supporting actors Devika as Shenbagapandian 's wife Manorama as Ponni = = Production = = = = = Development = = = The first film where Sivaji Ganesan and A. P. Nagarajan collaborated was Naan Petra Selvam ( 1956 ) . The scene where the Tamil poet Nakkeerar confronts Shiva over an error in his poem , effectively exaggerating his sensitivity to right and wrong , laid the foundation for Thiruvilaiyadal . The story of Thiruvilaiyadal was conceived by Nagarajan . The film was inspired from the Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam , a collection of sixty @-@ four Shaivite devotional epic stories written in the 16th century by the saint Paranjothi Munivar , which record the actions and antics of Shiva appearing on Earth in various disguises to test his devotees . Four of the sixty @-@ four stories are depicted in the film . Nagarajan produced and distributed the film under the banner of Sri Vijayalakshmi Pictures . He wrote the screenplay in five parts , and made an appearance in the film as Nakeerar . M. N. Rajan and T. R. Natarajan were the editors , while K. S. Prasad , Ganga and R. Rangasamy were the film 's cinematographer , art director and Ganesan 's make @-@ up artist respectively . Savitri 's portrayal of Goddess Parvati was the first instance of the deity being seen onscreen in a South Indian film . Ganesan was cast as Shiva , while K. B. Sundarambal was chosen to play Avvaiyyar , reprising her role from the 1953 film of the same name . Nagesh , R. Muthuraman and T. S. Balaiah were cast as Dharumi , Shenbagapandian and Hemanatha Bhagavathar respectively , while T. R. Mahalingam was cast as Banabhathirar . Other supporting actors include Devika , Manorama , S. V. Sahasranamam and O. A. K. Thevar . = = = Filming = = = Thiruvilaiyadal was entirely shot in a specially erected set at Vasu Studios in Madras ( now Chennai ) . It was filmed in Eastmancolor and was Nagarajan 's first colour film . The scenes featuring the conversations between Shiva and Dharumi were not scripted by Nagarajan but were improvised during filming by Nagesh and Ganesan . Due to his busy schedule at that time , Nagesh had a call sheet of one and a half days to finish his portions . When he learned that Ganesan 's arrival was delayed because his make @-@ up had not been completed , he asked Nagarajan whether they could film any solo sequences , which included a scene where Dharumi rants about his misfortune in the Meenakshi Amman Temple . While filming , Nagesh spontaneously came up with the dialogue , " Varamaattan . Varamaattan . Avan nichchaiyam varamaattan . Enakku nalla theriyum . Varamaattan " ( English : He won 't come . He won 't come . He will definitely not come . I know . He won 't come ) . According to Nagesh , he was inspired by two incidents : one that involved two assistant directors discussing whether Ganesan would be ready before or after lunch — one said he would be ready while the other said he would not . The other was when Nagesh happened to notice a passerby talking to himself about how the world had fallen on bad times . The dubbing for the scenes featuring Nagesh and Ganesan was completed after the footage was shot . After viewing the sequences twice , Ganesan requested Nagarajan not to remove a single frame of Nagesh 's portions from the final version of the film as he felt that they , along with Balaiah 's scenes , would become a major highlight of the film . Thiruvilaiyadal was the first Tamil film since P. U. Chinnappa 's Jagathalaprathapan ( 1944 ) to have the lead actor play five roles in one sequence . Ganesan does so in the song " Paattum Naane " where he plays the Veena , Mridangam , flute and Jathi ; the fifth role has him singing . R. Bharathwaj , writing for The Times of India , believes the story of the competition between Hemanatha Bhagavathar and Banabathirar to be comparable to a contest between Carnatic music composer Syama Sastri and Kesavvaya , a singer from Bobbili . Sastri had sought divine intervention from the Goddess Kamakshi to defeat Kesavayya , mirroring Banabathirar 's plea for Shiva 's help . When asked by his biographer T. S. Narayanawami about the Tandava he performed in the film , Ganesan simply replied that he learned the movements necessary for that particular situation and performed according to the choreographer 's instructions . The final length of the film was 4 @,@ 450 metres ( 14 @,@ 600 ft ) . = = Themes = = The title of the film , Thiruvilaiyadal , is justified in the beginning of the film as a voiceover . It begins with salutation to the fans , and it quotes the literary epic of Shiva , Thiruvilaiyadal . The narrator briefs that whatever Shiva does , it is to test the patiece of his disciples and the god plays games which invokes more devotion in the minds of his worshippers . Hence the title symbolically means the games played by Shiva . By opening in media res , the film follows a nonlinear narrative . = = Music = = The soundtrack and score were composed by K. V. Mahadevan , while the lyrics of the songs were written by Kannadasan , with the exception of the first portions of " Pazham Neeyappa " , which were penned by Sankaradas Swamigal . The soundtrack was released on the Saregama music label . Every line in the song " Oru Naal Podhuma " belongs to a different raga . Some of them include Darbar , Todi , Neelambari , Mohanam and Kalyani . " Pazham Neeyappa " is based on three ragas — Darbari Kanada , Shanmukhapriya and Kambhoji . " Isai Thamizh " , " Paattum Naane " and " Illadhathondrillai " are based on the Abheri , Gourimanohari and Simhendramadhyamam ragas respectively . Vikku Vinayakram and Cheena Kutty were the Ghatam and Mridangam players for " Paattum Naane " respectively . The " Macha Veena " seen in " Paattum Naane " was made by Subbiah Asari ; the crew of Thiruvilaiyadal purchased it from him for ₹ 10 @,@ 000 ( equivalent to ₹ 470 @,@ 000 or US $ 6 @,@ 900 in 2016 ) . The album received positive reviews from critics , and the songs " Pazham Neeyappa " , " Oru Naal Podhuma " , " Isai Thamizh " and " Paattum Naane " still remain popular among the Tamil diaspora . Film historian Randor Guy , in his 1997 book Starlight , Starbright : The Early Tamil Cinema , identifies " Pazham Neeyappa " in particular , performed by Sundarambal , as the " favourite of millions " . The singer Charulatha Mani , writing for The Hindu , believed that Sundarambal had produced a " pure and pristine depiction " of the Neelambari raga in " Vaasi Vaasi " , and expressed approval of M. Balamuralikrishna 's rendition of " Oru Naal Podhuma " . Mana Baskaran of The Hindu Tamil described the album as : " an attractive package for all to listen to . " Following T. M. Soundararajan 's death in May 2013 , M. Ramesh of Business Line wrote , " The unforgettable sequences from ... Thiruvilaiyaadal ... has forever divided the world of Tamil music lovers into two : those who believe that the Oru naal poduma of the swollen @-@ headed Hemanatha Bhagavathar could not be bested , and those who believe that Lord Shiva ’ s Paattum Naane Bhavamum Naane won the debate hands down . " He praised Soundararajan 's performance in " Paattum Naane " , which he described as " stupefying " . = = Release = = Thiruvilaiyadal was released on 31 July 1965 . During the screening in a Madras cinema house several women went into a religious frenzy during a sequence with Avvaiyar and Murugan . This led to the projection being temporarily suspended so that the women could be attended to . According to artist V. Jeevananthan , the management of the Raja Theatre erected a set of Mount Kailash to promote the film . The film was a commercial success ; it ran for 25 weeks in Shanti , a theatre owned by Ganesan , and ran for the same duration in the Crown and Bhuvaneshwari theatres in Madras and in theatres across South India . It went on to have a total theatrical run of 26 weeks , thereby becoming a silver jubilee film . The film contributed to Ganesan 's long string of successful films . Thiruvilaiyadal was dubbed into Kannada as Shiva Leela Vilasa , making it the first Tamil film to be dubbed in the language since 1955 as there was a ban on dubbing other language films into Kannada . = = = Critical reception and accolades = = = Thiruvilayadal received critical acclaim , garnering the Certificate of Merit for the Second Best Feature Film in Tamil at the 13th National Film Awards . It also won the Filmfare Award for Best Film – Tamil . Critics applauded the screenplay , dialogue , direction , music , and the performances of Ganesan , Nagesh and Balaiah . The Tamil magazine Kalki , in a review dated 22 August 1965 , considered the film to be " a victory for Tamil cinema " , while Mana Baskaran of The Hindu Tamil appreciated the way Nagarajan blended contemporary social issues into a devotional film , opining that the costume and set designs " gave a new dimension to film making in Tamil cinema . " Ananda Vikatan , in a review dated 28 August 1965 , appreciated the film and noted : " When social films have started dominating Tamil Cinema , it is a welcome change to see a very good devotional film like this which made everyone happy . The film deserves another viewing . " M. Suganth and Karuna Amarnath of The Times of India praised Ganesan for displaying versatility through Shiva 's various appearances in the film , and called it a " must watch " . The actor and film historian Mohan V. Raman was enthusiastic about Balaiah 's performance in " Oru Naal Podhuma " , believing his screen presence to have been instrumental in the success of the film . S. Theodore Baskaran gave a rather mixed review , describing his experience seeing the film as " watching a merely photographed drama " , but appreciated Nagesh 's performance : " If there is just one role that he is remembered for , it is this . " Baskaran also appreciated Ganesan 's dialogue delivery during the scene where his character argues with Nakkeerar . Subha J. Rao and K. Jeshi of The Hindu , in their article " Laughter lines " , highlighted the way that Nagesh " brings the house down as the impoverished poet . " Following Manorama 's death in October 2015 , The New Indian Express ranked Thiruvilaiyadal eighth in their list of " Top Movies " featuring her . = = Legacy and influence = = Thiruvilaiyadal has attained cult status in Tamil cinema . It was a landmark film in reviving public interest in devotional films and became the definitive film of the genre at a time when social melodramas dominated Tamil cinema . Many critics consider Thiruvilaiyadal to be Nagarajan 's greatest work , with film critic Baradwaj Rangan calling it " the best " of the epic Tamil films . Nagarajan and Ganesan went on to collaborate on several more films in the same genre , including Saraswati Sabatham ( 1966 ) , Thiruvarutchelvar ( 1967 ) , Kandhan Karunai ( 1967 ) and Thirumal Perumai ( 1968 ) , Other notable films that followed the trend set by Thiruvilaiyadal include Sri Raghavendrar ( 1985 ) and Meenakshi Thiruvilayadal ( 1989 ) . Thiruvilaiyadal became a milestone in Nagesh 's career and the character of Dharumi is cited as one of his best roles to date . Director Boopathy Pandian 's Thiruvilaiyaadal Aarambam ( 2006 ) was initially titled Thiruvilayadal , but this was changed after an outburst of objections from Ganesan 's fans . In July 2007 , when S. R. Ashok Kumar of The Hindu asked eight acclaimed directors to list ten films they liked most , Thiruvilaiyadal was chosen by C. V. Sridhar and Ameer . The latter found the film to be " imaginative " and that it depicted the mythological genre in " an interesting way . " Ameer concluded by calling it " one of the best films in the annals of Tamil cinema . " Following Nagesh 's death in 2009 , Sify ranked Thiruvilaiyadal fifth in its list , " 10 Best Films of late Nagesh " , commenting that he " was at his comic best in this film " . Thiruvilaiyadal is included along with other Sivaji Ganesan films in 8th Ulaga Adhisayam Sivaji , a compilation DVD featuring Ganesan 's " iconic performances in the form of scenes , songs and stunts " which was released in May 2012 . Thiruvilaiyadal has been parodied and referenced in various media such as cinema , television and theatre . Notable films that allude to Thiruvilaiyadal include Netrikkann ( 1981 ) , Poove Unakkaga ( 1996 ) , Mahaprabhu ( 1996 ) , Kaathala Kaathala ( 1998 ) , Vanna Thamizh Pattu ( 2000 ) , Middle Class Madhavan ( 2001 ) , Kamarasu ( 2002 ) , Vanakkam Thalaiva ( 2005 ) , Kanthaswamy ( 2009 ) , and Oru Kal Oru Kannadi ( 2012 ) . In his review of Oru Kanniyum Moonu Kalavaanikalum ( 2014 ) , Baradwaj Rangan likened the way Shiva plays his divine games by intervening in human affairs in Thiruvilaiyadal to the use of touchscreen human face icons on mobile apps . The Star Vijay comedy series Lollu Sabha made two parodies on the film ; once in an episode of the same name , and a contemporary version titled " Naveena Thiruvilayaadal " . In April 2008 , Raadhika Sarathkumar launched a television series titled Thiruvilaiyadal , which covers all sixty @-@ four stories in the Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam , unlike the film which covered only four . In April 2012 , Pavithra Srinivasan of Rediff included the film in her list , " The A to Z of Tamil Cinema " . The character of Dharumi was parodied in Iruttula Thedatheenga , a theatrical play performed in November 2013 . In a January 2015 interview with The Times of India , playwright Y. G. Mahendra said , " most character artists today lack variety [ ... ] Show me one actor in India currently who can do a [ Veerapandiya ] Kattabomman , a VOC , a Vietnam Veedu , a Galatta Kalyanam and a Thiruvilayadal [ sic ] . " In October 2014 , The Times of India ranked Thiruvilaiyadal fourth in its list , " Top 5 Sivaji Ganesan films on his birthday " , appreciating the performances of Ganesan and Nagesh . = = Re @-@ release = = In mid @-@ 2012 , legal issues arose when attempts were made to digitally re @-@ release the film . G. Vijaya of Vijaya Pictures had filed a lawsuit against Gemini Colour Laboratory and Sri Vijayalakshmi Pictures for attempting to re @-@ release the film without her production company 's permission . The reason for the suit was that in December 1975 , Sri Vijayalakshmi Pictures had transferred the entire rights of the film to Movie Film Circuit , which in turn had transferred them to Vijaya Pictures on 18 May 1976 . Vijaya Pictures approached the Gemini Colour Laboratory to digitise the film for re @-@ release , however Sri Vijayalakshmi Pictures asked laboratory officials not to release the film without their prior consent . Sri Vijayalakshmi Pictures also disputed Vijaya 's claim by running an advertisement in a Tamil newspaper on 18 May 2012 , stating that it was the owner of the film 's rights and anybody who wished to exhibit it in digital format should only do so with their permission . R. Subbiah , the judge who presided over the case , ordered the status quo to be maintained by both parties . Bolstered by the success of the re @-@ release of Karnan ( 1964 ) , Nagarajan 's son and present head of Sri Vijayalakshmi Pictures , C. N. Paramasivam , found film negatives of Thiruvilayadal in a storage facility at Gemini Films . Paramasivam restored the film and re @-@ released it in September 2012 in CinemaScope format . The digitised version had its premiere at the Woodlands Theater in Royapettah , Chennai . Despite being a re @-@ release , the film earned public acclaim and was a commercial success . Of the digitised version , Ganesan 's son , producer Ramkumar said , " It was like watching a new film " .
= Benet Academy = Benet Academy ( / ˈbɛnɛt / BEN @-@ et ; often shortened to Benet ) is a co @-@ educational , college @-@ preparatory , Benedictine high school in Lisle , Illinois , United States , overseen by the Diocese of Joliet . Founded in 1887 , the school was initially established in Chicago as the all @-@ boys St. Procopius College and Academy by Benedictine monks , who also operated the St. Joseph Bohemian Orphanage . In 1898 , the orphanage moved to Lisle , about 25 miles ( 40 km ) west of Chicago , to be joined by St. Procopius three years later . In 1926 Benedictine nuns constructed the all @-@ girls Sacred Heart Academy near the orphanage and school in Lisle . The orphanage closed in 1956 to make room for St. Procopius Academy , which separated from the college in 1957 . Due to rising costs and waning enrollment , Sacred Heart merged with St. Procopius Academy in 1967 to form Benet Academy on the St. Procopius campus . Since then , numerous building projects have been undertaken to expand Benet 's athletics , music , and science programs . As of 2016 it is considered the second best Catholic highschool in Illinois , and eighth best private high school . Admission is competitive and relies primarily on test scores . All students complete a college @-@ preparatory curriculum and may earn college credit through programs including Advanced Placement . As of 2009 , Benet 's average ACT test score regularly exceeds state and national averages , and more than 99 percent of students go on to college after graduation . The school 's academic program has been featured in reports by the Chicago Sun @-@ Times and U.S. News & World Report . The athletic program has fielded several teams that have placed fourth or higher in state tournaments . In the 2014 @-@ 2015 school year the girls ' volleyball team and the girls ' basketball team both won IHSA state titles , which makes Benet only the second school in IHSA history and the first large ( 4A ) school to win titles for both these sports in the same season . The boys ' basketball team has broken two state records , including a 102 home @-@ game winning streak . In the 2015 @-@ 2016 year the boys ' basketball team ended up getting second in the state , with the girls taking first , along with many other state titles in other sports . Other activities include the annual Christmas Drive fundraiser and over 30 clubs and organizations , including the Math Team and Science Olympiad team , both of which have won awards in their state tournaments . Benet 's performing arts program is highly praised and competitive and stages an annual winter musical , which often sells out quickly . Many performers have been nominated for state @-@ wide awards . Other productions include the fall play , one @-@ act plays , variety show , and spring play . The band program performed in state @-@ wide events in 1998 and 2002 . Notable alumni of the school include NBA player Frank Kaminsky , former Illinois Attorney General Jim Ryan , and Grammy @-@ winning singer Dave Bickler . = = History and facilities = = = = = Founding in Chicago = = = In the aftermath of the Great Chicago Fire , Chicago 's working @-@ class Pilsen neighborhood , a predominantly Czech enclave , expanded quickly . To serve this growing ethnic population , St. Procopius parish was founded in the summer of 1875 , near the intersection of 18th and Allport Streets . The parish was named for Saint Procopius of Sázava , who founded a monastery in Bohemia in the eleventh century and became the first saint from Czechoslovakia . Vilém Čoka served as the first pastor . Planning to build a school , Čoka left it to the community to decide if the school would be secular or Catholic . They chose a Catholic school , despite the fact that only 25 percent of Pilsen 's Czech population was Catholic . As the parish outgrew his capacity to serve them , Čoka turned for help to the Order of St. Benedict . Rev. John Nepomucene Jaeger , the first Bohemian abbot in the United States , was urged to establish a monastic community to teach at parochial schools in Bohemian as well as English . He founded St. Procopius priory in 1885 . The priory took control of St. Procopius parish in January 1886 , and Jaeger became the pastor . Jaeger also founded a convent in 1895 , consisting of nuns brought from St. Mary 's Convent in Pittsburgh and headed by Jaeger 's biological sister , Mother Mary Nepomucene Jaeger . The Czech @-@ American media had pushed for a convent to prepare Czech @-@ speaking nuns for teaching positions in Czech parochial schools , which had previously hired mostly lay teachers trained in Austrian normal schools . The nuns were transferred from Pittsburgh to St. Scholastica 's Convent on Chicago 's north side , but later that same year moved to an old parish building at Ashland and 19th Streets , where they would remain until 1912 . A section of the convent was converted into a music school . Graduates taught in parishes throughout the nation . The priory was elevated to the status of abbey by Pope Leo XIII in 1894 , and the monks founded a school for lay monks to help build a self @-@ sustaining source of revenue . Failing to attract a single prospective applicant in over seven years , they expanded enrollment to students with no intention of joining the clergy . The two groups would eventually be taught separately , and the monastic students were trained to become priests fluent in Bohemian , German , and English and prepared to preach to ethnically diverse congregations . Lay students were trained for employment in the business world . In 1900 , Chicago had one of the largest Czech populations of any city in the world , with approximately 75 @,@ 000 – 100 @,@ 000 Czechs living in the city 's 10 Czech communities . Some 50 @,@ 000 Czech immigrants were served by the three Czech parishes of Chicago — 16 @,@ 000 to 20 @,@ 000 of them by St. Procopius . These Czech immigrants wanted to assimilate into American society , but also wanted to pass their language on to their children . The abbey established St. Procopius College and Academy in 1887 as a school that taught men of Czech and Slovak descent . It became the first Czech institution of higher learning in the nation , and in 1920 it remained the only Czech college . Rev. Procopius Neuzil was named the first teacher and director . Classes began on March 2 , 1887 , when Neuzil taught a remedial course to two students in two small rooms at 704 Allport Street . Enrollment grew to 20 within the week , taught by three instructors during the four @-@ month term . The first full year of classes began in the fall of 1887 . The college was chartered by the State of Illinois in 1890 ; only a two @-@ year high school program was offered at the time . In 1893 the college published its first catalog , which urged Czech parents to enroll their 13 @-@ year @-@ old boys . The academic curriculum included a preparatory year to teach elementary school subjects to remedial students . The two high school years were referred to as " Latin years " , and included required courses in Czech , English , Latin , math , orthography , history , and religion ; optional courses included German and bookkeeping . Following the Latin years , students were enrolled in the business course , which included math , bookkeeping , economics , composition , history , oratory , and religion . = = = Orphanage = = = The Benet Academy campus in Lisle began as an orphanage . On March 14 , 1899 , the abbey founded St. Joseph 's Orphanage on a farm in Lisle purchased from one Serafin Rott , and transferred 10 Czech orphans there from St. Hedwig 's Polish Orphanage , which charged the parishes more for housing non @-@ Polish orphans . It opened under the supervision of the Sisters of St. Benedict . Abbot Jaeger allowed the orphanage to use the land for free until more satisfactory housing could be constructed . The orphanage lacked stoves , fuel , adequate bedding , decent food , and any stable source of income . Neuzil , then editor @-@ in @-@ chief of the Czech Benedictine Press , raised $ 80 @,@ 000 within 12 years from the generally impoverished Czech immigrant community through local publications . A new building was commissioned in 1899 to accommodate the increasing number of applicants for admission , including orphans from out @-@ of @-@ state . The new building was dedicated on July 2 , 1900 , at the same time as the cornerstone was laid for St. Procopius College , about .25 miles ( 0 @.@ 40 km ) away . Due to increasing applications for admission , still more space was required , and William Schwartz sold the abbey 40 acres ( 16 ha ) of land in Lisle . On July 16 , 1911 , a new building was dedicated on the grounds of what is now Benet Academy , the same day the cornerstone was laid for the nearby Sacred Heart Convent . A girls ' dormitory building was built in 1923 . It was later converted into classrooms and renamed Benet Hall ) . A power plant , a larger chapel , and additional classrooms were dedicated in 1926 . A gym was built in 1936 ; at that time the facility housed approximately 400 orphans . Twenty @-@ three headstones from that period can be found in a small cemetery on the northwest side of the school , where orphans as young as three , one of the workmen , and several former orphans who had been raised at St. Joseph are buried . According to school lore , ghosts of orphans still haunt the fourth floor of St. Joseph Hall and the basement of Benet Hall , where the nursery of the orphanage once was . Elementary schooling at the orphanage featured better equipped classrooms than the original building . A few years after operations moved in 1911 , the school offered a two @-@ year business program . By 1948 the orphanage comprised the Lisle Manual Training School for Boys and the Lisle Industrial School for Girls , both of which were managed by the Sisters of St. Benedict and run by the Archdiocese of Chicago . In the 1950s Petru Hall was built as an annex on the east side of the dormitory building . The archdiocese assumed control of the orphanage in 1920 , and began accepting orphans from the Juvenile Court of Cook County , most of whom came from broken homes whose parents did not pay the fines imposed by the court . This discouraged donations and strained the orphanage financially . Archbishop Samuel Cardinal Stritch , discovering that only 12 of the 255 children were actually orphans and only five of them were Slavs , closed the orphanage in 1956 . The 12 true orphans were moved to Holy Angels Orphanage in Des Plaines . Bishop of Joliet Martin Dewey McNamara gave the former orphanage buildings to St. Procopius Academy , which was at that time still combined with the college . = = = College in Lisle = = = As enrollment increased to 46 in 1891 , it became obvious that St. Procopius College 's enrollment would soon outstrip its facilities in Pilsen . Neuzil was replaced as rector by Rev. Ildephonse Wittman , also a Benedictine , in 1894 . In 1896 , the Abbey bought a 104 @-@ acre ( 42 ha ) farm in Lisle from Morris Neff to provide more space and a " better atmosphere " . On March 12 , 1900 , a new building was approved , to be built at the southwest corner of Maple and College Avenues . The groundbreaking was held on April 19 , 1900 , the school moved in May , and the new facility was dedicated on July 1 , 1901 , by Peter Muldoon , Bishop of the Diocese of Chicago . Classes began in September with six faculty and 11 students . Atheists in Chicago vehemently objected to the Catholic church @-@ run school , but the Czech community came to the school 's defense . Limited financial aid for the generally poor Czech immigrants led to meager enrollment . Attendance grew from 13 in 1901 to 100 in 1908 . The academy offered its first four @-@ year high school program in 1904 , with both " classical " , or college @-@ preparatory , and " commercial " , or vocational , programs . Students enrolled in the commercial track studied for three years , the first two being identical to the classical track and the third consisting of specialized coursework . The commercial program was dropped in 1915 . Tuition for a semester cost $ 80 ; it was increased to $ 100 in 1909 . As of 1921 , the school enrolled only men of Bohemian or Slovak ancestry . Income and enrollment fell during the Great Depression . Between 1917 and 1930 , enrollment fell from 205 students to 140 . The school sought accreditation from the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools , but the application was denied because the college and academy could not be accredited as a single institution , and financial constraints prevented their separation . In 1932 the abbey and the school lost most of their money when the Kaspar American Bank in Chicago failed . Academic programs and student activities were not greatly affected , in part because the faculty was mainly clergymen , who were not highly paid . Still unaccredited , the school was certified by the state of Illinois in September 1934 . Students , faculty , and clergymen sustained themselves with food produced on the 365 @-@ acre ( 148 ha ) Abbey Farm , which they maintained until the 1970s . Approximately 1 @,@ 500 chickens provided eggs , while Brown Swiss cattle provided milk . Meat came from the farm 's supply of bulls , hogs , and heifers . Bee hives produced honey and wax , while a cannery produced more than 12 @,@ 000 US gallons ( 45 @,@ 000 L ) of food products . World War II caused enrollment to decline and the student body consisted mainly of high school students and seminarians . Following the war , new students enrolled , and the school built a temporary facility in 1947 to accommodate them . Students from Illinois began to replace out @-@ of @-@ state students , the percentage of day , or commuting , students rose , and the school employed more lay teachers . After the war , the previously ethnic Czech college acquired a more diverse student body , due to rising enrollment caused by the G.I. Bill . By 1947 the high school enrolled 30 students . Better times and higher birth rates led to growing enrollment at St. Procopius in the 1950s and 1960s . With the gift of the former orphanage facility , the academy began to operate independently from the college in 1957 . It was accredited on March 28 , 1958 . St. Procopius College was renamed Illinois Benedictine College in 1971 , and Benedictine University in 1996 . Under the leadership of its first principal , Rev. Thomas J. Havlik , the academy added new classrooms and St. Martin Hall to its facilities . = = = Convent in Lisle = = = By 1912 , the community of nuns had outgrown their convent in Chicago , and relocated to the new Convent of the Sacred Heart in Lisle . They had prospered there as a teaching order educating Slovak @-@ speaking nuns and organized two Slovak schools . In 1926 , under the leadership of Mother Mary Genevieve , the convent founded a day and boarding high school for girls — the Sacred Heart Academy . The academy outgrew its space and in 1929 the convent was expanded to accommodate rising enrollment . The annexed facilities reserved for the school included a Renaissance @-@ style chapel , an auditorium , and a gymnasium . The Academy was later expanded to include the Jaeger Junior College . The academy was primarily a boarding school . Students came from Illinois , the surrounding states , Texas , and Mexico . A few day students came from the Lisle area . In 1947 enrollment averaged 75 students . Enrollment grew from 120 in 1953 to 300 in 1958 , and remained at that level until 1966 . Day student enrollment also grew and in 1962 the academy stopped accepting boarding school students . By 1964 , the last year in which boarding school students were enrolled , alumni had hailed from all US states , South America , France , Mexico , and Guam . Day students from 1964 to 1968 came from Lisle and the neighboring communities . Unlike St. Procopius Academy , Sacred Heart Academy offered a business curriculum from 1953 to 1966 . Courses included shorthand , typewriting , and bookkeeping . The students and nuns were supplied with food by the convent 's 476 @-@ acre ( 193 ha ) Benedale Farm . Cattle provided both dairy products and meat , while poultry provided eggs and their feathers were used to stuff pillows as another source of income . The nuns also raised rabbits and bees , and grew grain , hay , vegetables , grapes , and apples . The farm was closed in the late 1950s for financial reasons and the convent sold most of the land so a school could be built for the growing village of Lisle . = = = Merger and expansion = = = In the 1960s , St. Procopius Academy faced dwindling enrollment and funding . The Benedictines threatened to close the boys ' school , but were dissuaded by Abbot Daniel W. Kucera , who had graduated from St. Procopius in 1941 . Under Abbot Kucera 's leadership , St. Procopius Academy and Sacred Heart Academy merged to form Benet ( an anglicized form of " Benedict " ) Academy in 1967 , on the former St. Procopius campus . Enrollment in 1968 was at 875 students , including 575 boys and 300 girls . The business education program from Sacred Heart was continued at the new school ; three teachers taught courses in consumer economics , typewriting , shorthand , and bookkeeping . St. Thomas Hall , funded by a private donor , was erected to house a library and physical sciences facilities in 1975 . A major construction project was launched in 1993 , in response to increasing enrollment and a growing athletic program . The $ 5 million building plan included a new 1 @,@ 800 @-@ seat gymnasium , a new boiler system and a new roof for the cafeteria and the existing gymnasium . New parking areas were planned and St. Mary 's Hall was to be demolished . Neighborhood residents , concerned about the impact on property values , traffic , and aesthetics , opposed the project . The Lisle Village Board blocked construction , charging that Benet had not notified the local community of the pending construction , to which Benet replied that " the school was there prior to the homes being constructed " . The plan was approved in April , but the Board designated the entire 42 @-@ acre ( 17 ha ) campus a " planned @-@ unit development " , requiring Board approval for all future modifications . The new facilities included zoned lighting areas , which allowed for multipurpose use for assemblies , performances , sporting events , and graduation ceremonies . Construction was completed in May 1994 , and applications increased in the years that followed . The gym was later named as the St. Ronald Gymnasium to honor former principal Rev. Ronald Rigovsky . In June 2000 , a need for more performance space became apparent ; the school 's music groups used small , crowded rehearsal rooms and drama students performed in the old chapel or across the street at Sacred Heart Monastery . Benet began construction of a new 22 @,@ 000 @-@ square @-@ foot ( 2 @,@ 000 m2 ) performing arts center at the east end of the campus to replace the 190 @-@ seat Assembly Hall on the third floor of St. Joseph Hall , originally a chapel for the St. Joseph Bohemian Orphanage . As part of the project , the room was converted back into a chapel , named the Chapel of St. Therese . Petru Hall , which was used for the annual school auction after the orphans left , was demolished to make way for the new performing arts center , named St. Daniel Hall , after Abbot Daniel Kucera and Saint Daniel . Constructed of brick and pre @-@ cast concrete , the design includes arched entrances to match the other buildings on campus . The facility features a 369 @-@ seat auditorium , an outdoor theater complex , a rehearsal room for bands and choirs , a set @-@ construction area , and storage areas . In addition to plays and concerts , St. Daniel Hall is also used for assemblies , lectures , and masses , which had previously been held in the gymnasium . In May 2007 , the school broke ground on a new $ 16 million science and student activity center . The 50 @,@ 000 @-@ square @-@ foot ( 4 @,@ 600 m2 ) building includes extra corridors to ease hall traffic , a larger cafeteria , and additional storage space , along with four combination classrooms and laboratories for biology and earth science , three chemistry classrooms , and two chemistry labs . = = Admissions = = Admission is competitive and primarily based on the High School Placement Test , a standardized test by Scholastic Testing Service , taken in January of applicants ' eighth grade year ( around age 13 ) . According to the Daily Herald , schools like Benet hope to accept the top 40 percent of students taking the exam . Seventh grade ( around age 12 ) transcripts and a student essay are also factors in admission . In 2003 – 04 , 600 students applied for admission , 387 were accepted , and 338 enrolled . As of the 2010 admissions cycle , 70 percent of applicants were accepted . Preference is given to siblings of current or former Benet students . In 1993 the average admitted eighth grader scored in the 87th percentile on the placement test . Applicants without siblings at the school were admitted only with scores above the 75th percentile ; applicants with siblings at Benet were admitted with scores as low as the 50th percentile on a case @-@ by @-@ case basis . = = Academics = = As of the 2009 – 10 school year , students are required to complete 23 Carnegie units of a college @-@ preparatory curriculum to graduate , including 4 units of English , 2 units of foreign language , 3 units of math , 1 unit of world history , 1 unit of US history , 3 units of lab science , 4 units of religion , 1 @.@ 5 units of physical education , and 5 five units of electives . Spanish , French , German , and Latin are offered as foreign languages . Every summer since 1997 , an English teacher has offered a one @-@ week summer course in writing and photography . The school offers neither vocational nor remedial courses . College credit is available through participation in 11 Advanced Placement courses ; the Program for Advanced College Credit ( PACC ) offered through St. Mary 's University of Minnesota , which offers advanced courses in English , math , government , and history ; and the Benedictine University Future Scholars Program , which offers college @-@ level work in multivariable calculus and finite mathematics . The Chicago Sun @-@ Times ranked Benet one of the top ten high schools in the Chicago area in 2003 , based on graduate enrollment rates at four @-@ year colleges and test scores over a four @-@ year period . In 1999 Benet was also one of two high schools in DuPage County , and 100 high schools nationwide , featured as an " Outstanding American High School " by US News and World Report . The study , conducted in conjunction with the National Opinion Research Center at the University of Chicago , identified schools " where students progress steadily toward high academic standards and where every student matters . " Benet has credited the school 's academic success to Rev. Ronald Rigovsky , who served as principal for 23 years and as president from 1987 to 1992 . During his tenure , said the Chicago Tribune , Rigovsky developed the school into " one of the highest scoring and most scholastically respected high schools in the Chicago area . " Benet Academy is accredited by the North Central Association of Colleges and Secondary Schools , the Illinois State Board of Education , and the National Catholic Educational Association . = = Students and faculty = = Benet enrolled 1 @,@ 333 students in 2009 – 10 . Most students come from Catholic families with professional and college @-@ educated parents . In 2003 – 04 , 97 percent of students were Roman Catholic ; two percent received financial aid , which totaled $ 3 @,@ 000 . Tuition was $ 6 @,@ 000 . The average class size was 27 students . Most students come from Lisle , Downers Grove , and Naperville , but students in the class of 2013 came from 65 different schools and 34 different municipalities in DuPage and surrounding counties . The Benet graduating class of 2010 achieved an average composite score of 28 @.@ 4 ( above the 92nd percentile ) on the ACT , a standardized college admission test , which was the seventh straight year average score topped 28 , compared to a statewide average of 20 @.@ 7 and national average of 21 @.@ 0 . Over 42 percent of the class had a score of 30 ( above the 96th percentile ) or higher . In 2000 , Benet outscored all DuPage County high schools , which then @-@ Principal Ernest Stark attributed to its closed campus policy , silent study halls , and " more focused " and " not very fancy " curriculum . In 1993 , Benet 's average ACT score exceeded those of 195 public high schools in northern Illinois , second only to the Illinois Mathematics and Science Academy , a selective residential school for gifted students . In 2008 , Benet had nine National Merit Semi @-@ Finalists , 34 National Merit Commended Scholars , and 5 National Merit Hispanic Scholars in the National Merit Scholarship Program and 137 students were named Illinois State Scholars , an honor awarded to top ten percent of seniors in the state and based on test scores , class rank , or both . In 2010 , 332 students took Advanced Placement exams and 86 percent of them scored at least a three out of five . Two National AP Scholar awards were granted to students who averaged a 4 on all exams taken and received at least a 4 on eight or more exams , 28 AP Scholar with Distinction awards were granted to students who averaged at least 3 @.@ 5 on all exams taken and scored at least a 3 on five or more exams , 51 AP Scholar awards were granted to students who scored at least a 3 on three or more exams . 76 students received other AP Scholar awards . Benet does not report class rankings . More than 99 percent of Benet graduates go to college ; roughly 1 percent serve in the military . Benet students were implicated in the University of Illinois clout scandal , in which some applicants were given preferential admission to the University of Illinois at Urbana @-@ Champaign ( UIUC ) despite having sub @-@ par qualifications . The Chicago Tribune , investigating the scandal , reported that a majority of students who were admitted to UIUC through political favors came from elite , affluent high schools such as Benet , where families were politically connected with elected officials and university trustees . An email between admissions officers revealed that a female Benet student was admitted to the university 's College of Liberal Arts and Sciences , despite the fact that she had ranked lower than 27 of her classmates who were put on a waiting list or denied admission . Between 2005 and 2009 , thirteen applicants from Benet were alleged to have had political connections ; eight of them were admitted to UIUC . In 2010 Benet employed 76 faculty , 26 of whom were alumni of the school . The average tenure was 17 @.@ 6 years ; 25 current or former faculty members served for 25 years or more . Tim White , an English teacher , completed his 50th consecutive year of teaching at Benet in the 2008 – 09 school year and was featured in an ABC 7 News segment entitled " Someone You Should Know " . = = Activities = = = = = Sports = = = The St. Procopius Academy football team played its first game against Downers Grove High School on Thanksgiving Day , 1917 . At first some faculty members did not approve of American football , but it became respected on campus in the 1920s under the direction of Rev. Benedict Bauer . Bauer served as Athletic Director until 1927 while also coaching basketball , baseball , and football , and planned the construction of a new gymnasium in 1925 . The college 's varsity baseball team won conference championships in 1924 and 1925 , and the football team defeated the University of Notre Dame freshman team in 1925 . Benet competes in the East Suburban Catholic Conference ( ESCC ) , part of the Illinois High School Association ( IHSA ) . The school sponsors teams , named the Benet Academy Redwings , for men and women in basketball , cross country , golf , lacrosse , soccer , swimming and diving , tennis , track and field , volleyball , and bass fishing . Only men compete in baseball , football , and ice hockey . Only women compete in cheerleading and softball . Since 1978 , Benet has placed in the top four at least once in state tournaments in basketball , cross country , football , soccer , and tennis . In 2000 @-@ 01 and 2001 @-@ 02 seasons the boys ' soccer team were state champions , and in 2000 they were ranked 11th in the nation . In 2008 – 09 , the girls ' volleyball team finished second in the state . In November 2010 six student @-@ athletes signed letters of intent to play at NCAA Division I universities . The school 's boys ' basketball team was also ranked sixth in the nation in February 2011 by USA Today . In 2014 the basketball team finished second in state . Benet 's boys ' basketball team has set several state records , including a 102 home @-@ game winning streak between November 26 , 1975 and January 24 , 1987 . The streak ended when Benet lost to Naperville North High School 46 – 47 . The team compiled a 96 game in @-@ conference winning streak from January 21 , 1977 , to February 24 , 1984 . The team recorded twelve consecutive seasons with at least 20 wins from 1975 to 1987 , tied for the ninth longest streak in state history . The basketball team honors these school records by playing one home game each year in the Alumni Gym , where the streaks were recorded . Benet 's chess team , founded in 2012 , has won every Far Side Suburban Chess Conference champion ship since the team 's inception . In 2014 the chess team took 2nd place at the IHSA state tournament . = = = Performing arts = = = The theater department has staged annual musicals since 1997 . Shows have included 42nd Street , Bye Bye Birdie , Guys and Dolls , and Hello , Dolly ! In 2000 , the department began depicting works that were " not quite so fluffy and light " , including Children of Eden , West Side Story , Fiddler on the Roof , The Pirates of Penzance , and Into the Woods . In 2006 , the department celebrated its tenth anniversary of musical performances with a production of The Music Man . Benet 's band program , practically nonexistent in the late 1950s , was revitalized by director Andy Marchese in the mid @-@ 1960s , who introduced new uniforms , regularly scheduled concerts , and marching band trophies . Participation in the marching band also increased after the school became coeducational , since there were more musicians willing to play instruments male students saw as feminine . Out of 1 @,@ 275 students at Benet in 1999 – 00 , 130 were choir students and 115 were band students . Instrumental groups include two concert bands , three jazz bands , a marching band , and a pep band . In 1998 the pep band was one of eight schools chosen from a pool of 58 to perform at the state basketball tournament . In 2002 , the school 's symphonic band was one of three high school bands invited to play at the Illinois Music Educators Association All @-@ State Conference in Peoria . Vocal music groups include five choirs , one of which is a student @-@ led mass choir that participates in school liturgies . = = = Clubs and organizations = = = Student clubs and organizations include the National Honor Society and Model United Nations , and a Campus Ministry geared towards fostering the students ' Catholic faith . Campus Ministry assists in coordinating several three @-@ day retreats held throughout the year , through which students are encouraged to reexamine their faith . Club activities include the Outreach Society service organization , Medical Club , and foreign language clubs . Student Government , in addition to coordinating the Christmas Drive , organizes student activities like prom , film festivals , and male beauty contests . Benet 's Math Team won third place in its division in 2004 , first place in 2005 , and fourth place in 2006 in the state math competition sponsored by the Illinois Council of Teachers of Mathematics . Benet 's Science Olympiad team won second place in its division at the state tournaments in 2008 and 2010 . In February 2010 , the Law Club participated in its first mock trial , sponsored by the Illinois State Bar Association , which is expected to become an annual event . = = = Christmas Drive = = = The annual Christmas Drive takes place in December , during the two weeks prior to Christmas vacation . The fundraiser is a school @-@ wide effort , jointly coordinated by Student Government , National Honor Society , and the Outreach Society . The fundraising efforts are varied and creative ; boys donate money to remain unshaven ( a violation of school policy ) , the National Honor Society sells baked goods , the Mother 's Club serves breakfast , and each class competes to gather the most pennies in the school @-@ wide " penny wars " . The Christmas Drive was featured in the cover story of the December 2010 issue of Christ is our Hope , the official magazine of the Diocese of Joliet . In the previous year the school had raised $ 54 @,@ 500 . The money was used to support a mission trip in Appalachia , and also to provide food , school supplies , blankets , and gifts to local families in the Chicago area . In 2010 , the student body raised $ 66 @,@ 200 . In 2014 , they set the school record by raising over $ 86 @,@ 000 . = = Notable alumni = = Benet alumni include Olympic air rifle gold medalist Nancy Johnson ; National Football League players Steve Baumgartner , Dan LeFevour , and Justin McCareins ; professional boxer Mike Lee ; Charlotte Hornets basketball player Frank Kaminsky ; investment banker Dan " Fuego " Donofrio ; and professional poker player and Positively Fifth Street author James McManus . Grammy @-@ winning rock singer Dave Bickler , former lead singer of the group Survivor , and Diablo Cody , Oscar @-@ winning screenwriter of Juno , graduated from Benet , as did former Illinois Attorney General and gubernatorial candidate Jim Ryan .
= The Boat Race 1955 = The 101st Boat Race took place on 26 March 1955 . Held annually , the Boat Race is a side @-@ by @-@ side rowing race between crews from the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge along the River Thames . The race , in which the Cambridge crew was substantially heavier than their opponents and where there were more non @-@ British participants than ever before , was umpired by former Oxford rower Gerald Ellison . Cambridge won by sixteen lengths , the second largest margin of victory in the history of the Boat Race , in a time of 19 minutes 10 seconds . It was their second win in three years and took the overall record in the event to 55 – 45 in their favour . = = Background = = The Boat Race is a side @-@ by @-@ side rowing competition between the University of Oxford ( sometimes referred to as the " Dark Blues " ) and the University of Cambridge ( sometimes referred to as the " Light Blues " ) . First held in 1829 , the race takes place on the 4 @.@ 2 @-@ mile ( 6 @.@ 8 km ) Championship Course on the River Thames in southwest London . The rivalry is a major point of honour between the two universities ; it is followed throughout the United Kingdom and , as of 2014 , broadcast worldwide . Oxford went into the race as reigning champions , having won the 1954 race by four @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half lengths , while Cambridge led overall with 54 victories to Oxford 's 45 ( excluding the " dead heat " of 1877 ) . Cambridge were coached by J. R. F. Best , G. Bogland @-@ Wood , Thom Langton ( who had rowed in the 1937 and 1938 races ) , Derek Mays @-@ Smith and James Owen . Oxford 's coaches were Christopher Davidge ( who rowed in the 1949 , 1951 and 1952 races and was non @-@ rowing president for the 1951 race ) , Hugh Edwards ( a Blue in 1926 and 1930 ) , W. J. Llewellyn @-@ Jones and A. D. Rowe ( who had represented Oxford in the 1948 and 1949 races ) . The race was umpired by former Oxford rower Gerald Ellison , the Bishop of Willesden , who had rowed for Oxford in the 1932 and 1933 races . Prior to the race , the rowing correspondent for The Times suggested " it must be rare for two Boat Race crews to be as dissimilar as are the Oxford and Cambridge crews " who were to race against one another . Oxford were the lighter crew yet demonstrated uniformity and excellent watermanship . Cambridge 's style was diverse but demonstrated a " tremendous zest for hard work and hard rowing . " = = Crews = = The Cambridge crew weighed an average of 13 st 2 @.@ 5 lb ( 83 @.@ 5 kg ) , 11 pounds ( 5 @.@ 0 kg ) per rower more than their opponents . Six of the Oxford crew had previous Boat Race experience including their bow James A. Gobbo . Cambridge saw two rowers return , in bow D. K. Hill and number four K. A. Masser . The race saw more non @-@ British participants than ever before : Oxford 's crew included four Australians in Gobbo , E. V. Vine , J. G. McLeod and Edward Pain , while Cambridge 's had two Harvard University rowers in P. du Bois and Robert Monks . Oxford 's Pain was an Olympic bronze medallist in the men 's eights at the 1952 Summer Olympics . = = Race = = Oxford won the toss and elected to start from the Surrey station , handing the Middlesex side of the river to Cambridge . The umpire Ellison started the race at 2 : 20 p.m. whereupon Oxford made the better start , rating 40 strokes per minute , and taking a slight lead . Maintaining the higher stroke rate , the Dark Blues passed Craven Steps with a canvas @-@ length lead in a record time . Taking advantage of the bend in the river , Cambridge first drew level before holding a quarter @-@ length lead by the time the crews passed the Mile Post . By Harrods Furniture Depository the lead was just back to a canvas before a mistake in the steering from Oxford 's cox Watson on the approach to Hammersmith Bridge saw Cambridge leading by a few feet . A spurt from Oxford 's stroke G. Sorrell went unanswered by his crew , and in response , the Light Blue stroke pushed on , taking the Cambridge boat away . By Chiswick Eyot the Light Blues held a three @-@ length lead which they extended to over five lengths by Chiswick Steps . Rough water in Corney Reach meant both crews had reduced to 28 strokes per minute but Oxford were tiring : their number six McLeod " stopped rowing ... he kept some sort of time , but barely dipping his blade into the water " . The rowing correspondent for The Manchester Guardian suggested that he had " got his oar buried , was pounded in the stomach by its handle and virtually stopped rowing " . Cambridge passed below Barnes Bridge thirty seconds ahead and had reduced their rating to 26 strokes per minute , 6 fewer than Oxford who continued to struggle . Cambridge won by sixteen lengths , the second largest margin of victory in the history of the Boat Race , bettered only by their twenty @-@ length victory in the 1900 race . The winning time was 19 minutes 10 seconds . It was their second win in three years and took the overall record in the event to 55 – 45 in their favour .
= The Twisted World of Marge Simpson = " The Twisted World of Marge Simpson " is the eleventh episode of The Simpsons ' eighth season . It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on January 19 , 1997 . It was written by Jennifer Crittenden and directed by Chuck Sheetz . The episode guest stars Jack Lemmon as Frank Ormand and Joe Mantegna as Fat Tony . Over the course of the episode , Marge sets up her own business , selling pretzels . = = Plot = = At a meeting of the Springfield Investorettes , Marge admits that she is reluctant to invest money in high @-@ risk ventures and is ejected from the group . After some consideration , Lisa convinces Marge to buy her own franchise . During a Franchise Expo , the Investorettes become members of the glamorous " Fleet @-@ A @-@ Pita " franchise , in return prompting Marge to join a much smaller one called " Pretzel Wagon " , owned by a man named Frank Ormand . After watching a promotional video , Marge sets up a makeshift office in her garage , distributes flyers , and with Homer , Bart and Lisa 's help , proceeds to make pretzels . To begin with , Marge sets up shop outside the Springfield Power Plant , with Homer convincing his colleagues to each try the new snack . However , the Investorettes ' Fleet @-@ A @-@ Pita van rolls up , and within a few seconds , converts Marge 's customers . Lisa suggests that Marge " think big " , and so the family offer " Free Pretzel Day " at the Springfield Isotopes baseball stadium . Before the crowd has a chance to consume their complimentary pretzel , it is announced that Mr. Burns has won a 1997 Pontiac Astrowagon in the day 's give @-@ away competition . The supporters react angrily to the news and bombard the field with the pretzels , knocking out Whitey Ford in the process . No one tries the food , and Marge 's efforts end in vain once again , with her about to give up . Homer , seeing Marge depressed , decides to take matters into his own hands and searches for someone who can help Marge . After discovering that Frank Ormand has died in a car accident , as has the executor of his estate , Homer establishes a " business agreement " with Fat Tony . The following day , Marge surprisingly receives a large order for pretzels and the business is reinvigorated . Many snack @-@ food vendors , such as Luigi Risotto 's restaurant and the Girl Scouts are intimidated by the mob , culminating with the Investorettes ' Fleet @-@ A @-@ Pita van being detonated . Shortly after , Fat Tony greets Homer and demands he pay for his " favors " , but he promptly refuses . As a result , Marge is given an order to be delivered to a remote location on the outskirts of the town , where she is approached by Fat Tony and his gang . He informs her of the deal he made with Homer and claims that he is entitled to a 100 percent stake of Marge 's profits as a result . Marge confronts Homer about this and he comes clean , explaining that he was only trying to help her . Marge decides to refuse to pay any money to the mafia and to go on making pretzels . The following morning the mob arrives and Marge makes her decision clear to them . As the mob advances on her , the Investorettes arrive with the Japanese Yakuza . The rival gangs begin to fight and the Simpsons retreat to the house . = = Production = = The main plot of the episode concerning the two rival snack food franchises was selected because at the time of production , pita bread and pretzels were " becoming popular . " Josh Weinstein expressed his wish that the ideas had been changed to something more " fun " , as both snacks have since " gone out of fashion . " The Fleet @-@ A @-@ Pita chef was an early version of the " Khlav @-@ Kalash " man from " The City of New York vs. Homer Simpson . " At the Expo , many of the franchises were based on real franchises and get @-@ rich @-@ quick schemes . In the scene where Homer is inspecting pretzels , there was originally a shot where he gave a thumbs down to Maggie 's pretzel . The episode was written by Jennifer Crittenden who wrote four other episodes . Homer 's line " Yeah , Homer 's right " during the scene where the pretzel wagon arrives was ad @-@ libbed by Dan Castellaneta . In another scene , Cletus calls for his many children to come out of the house ; the names of which were all " trendy names from the nineties " . The 1997 Pontiac Astrowagon that Mr. Burns wins was designed to accurately resemble one . The episode 's final scene , the mob war , was conceived by Matt Groening as no one else could come up with an ending . = = Cultural references = = The scene in which the Springfield Mafia destroy all of the competition to " Pretzel Wagon " is based on a scene from Goodfellas . Frank Ormand 's " You 'll be there " speech mirrors that of Tom Joad from John Steinbeck 's The Grapes of Wrath . Lemmon 's portrayal of Frank Ormand is based on the character Shelley Levene from the film Glengarry Glen Ross , also played by Lemmon . The character Gil Gunderson , who would not be introduced until the episode " Realty Bites " , was also based on Levene . Rumer and Scout , two of Cletus 's children , are named after Bruce Willis and Demi Moore 's children . The song used during the montage of Fat Tony destroying Marge 's competitors in the snack market is The Lineman composed by Ralph Dollimore and produced by Sam Spence for NFL Films . = = Reception = = In its original broadcast , " The Twisted World of Marge Simpson " finished 55th in ratings for the week of January 13 – 19 , 1997 , with a Nielsen rating of 8 @.@ 2 , equivalent to approximately 8 @.@ 0 million viewing households . It was the fifth @-@ highest @-@ rated show on the Fox network that week , following The X @-@ Files , King of the Hill , Melrose Place and Beverly Hills , 90210 . The authors of the book I Can 't Believe It 's a Bigger and Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide , Warren Martyn and Adrian Wood , called it " A clever , and rather unusual , idea for an episode that shows a frightening bitchiness beneath the middle @-@ class veneer of smalltown businesswomen . " The scene with Cletus 's children is one of two scenes from this episode that Josh Weinstein considers to be " classic " , with the second being the sequence when the crowd throw their free pretzels onto the baseball field , knocking Whitey Ford unconscious . The Ford scene was placed 24th on ESPN.com 's list of the " Top 100 Simpsons sport moments " , released in 2004 . Greg Collins , the author of the list , added that " Every time it looks like a fight is about to start at a baseball game , I start quoting this scene . " The A.V. Club named the baseball commentator 's line " Aaaannnd heeerrre come the pretzels " one of the quotes from The Simpsons that can be used in everyday situations .
= Ontario Highway 417 = King 's Highway 417 , commonly referred to as Highway 417 and the Queensway through Ottawa , is a 400 @-@ series highway in the Canadian province of Ontario . It connects Montreal ( via A40 ) with Ottawa , and is the backbone of the transportation system in the National Capital Region . Within Ottawa , it forms part of the Queensway ( along with Ottawa Regional Road 174 east to Trim Road ) west to Highway 7 . Highway 417 extends from the Quebec border ( near Hawkesbury ) to Arnprior , where it continues westward as Highway 17 . Aside from the urban section through Ottawa , Highway 417 passes through farmland that dominates much of the fertile Ottawa Valley . Within Ottawa , the Queensway was built as part of a grand plan for the city between 1957 and 1966 , and later reconstructed to its present form throughout the 1980s . The eastern section , from Gloucester to the Quebec border , opened in 1975 in preparation for the 1976 Montreal Olympics . Sections west of Ottawa have been under construction since the mid @-@ 1970s , with the latest section bypassing Arnprior opening on November 29 , 2012 . = = Route description = = Highway 417 is a 181 @.@ 4 km ( 112 @.@ 7 mi ) controlled @-@ access highway that traverses the lower Ottawa Valley and upper St. Lawrence Valley , bypassing the generally two @-@ lane Highway 17 and providing a high @-@ speed connection between Montreal and Ottawa via A @-@ 40 . The freeway has also gradually been extended northwest from Ottawa alongside the old highway to its current terminus in Arnprior . Highway 417 currently has 42 interchanges from the Quebec border to Arnprior , with more planned as the highway is extended westward . Unlike other highways in Ontario and most of North America , exits are numbered from east to west . While a significant portion of Highway 417 is a rural four lane freeway divided by a grass median , the section within urban Ottawa is a busy commuter route as wide as eight lanes . The portion of the route from the Highway 7 interchange east to the Split – a large four @-@ way interchange between Highway 417 , Ottawa Regional Road 174 and the Aviation Parkway – is known formally as the Queensway , although no indication of this name appears on any signage . = = = Quebec to Ottawa = = = Highway 417 begins at the border between the provinces of Ontario and Quebec , east of which the four lane freeway continues as Autoroute 40 . The route proceeds west along the former alignment of Highway 17 , which it has served to replace . It passes through a forested and agricultural landscape en route to Ottawa , serving the communities of Hawkesbury , Vankleek Hill , Casselman , Limoges and Vars . After approximately 9 km ( 5 @.@ 6 mi ) the route curves southwest while ramps provide access from the westbound lanes to Prescott and Russell County Road 17 and from County Road 17 to the eastbound lanes of Highway 417 . The route later meets the southern terminus of Highway 34 at Exit 27 . Continuing southwest , the route meanders along the boundary between The Nation and North Glengarry , eventually encountering the northern terminus of Highway 138 — a highway built to connect Highway 417 with Highway 401 and Cornwall — east of Casselman . At this point , the freeway enters The Nation and diverges from the boundary . After crossing a Via Rail line , the route dips south of Casselman and curves to the west at Exit 66 ( County Road 7 ) . It roughly parallels the Via Rail line several kilometres north of the freeway , though significant deviations bypass the communities of Benoit and Limoges ; the latter is served by Exit 79 ( County Road 5 ) . Near Limoges is the Larose Forest , a man @-@ made forest planted between 1928 and 1980 over the Bourget Desert , itself created as the result of clear cutting in the 19th century . At Exit 88 , Highway 417 enters the city of Ottawa , though the surroundings remain unchanged until Exit 110 ( Walkley Road ) , near Ramsayville . North of Ramsayville , the route jogs abruptly to the west as it crosses Greens Creek and enters the suburbs of Ottawa ; an interchange with Innes Road divides the countryside to the south and east from the city to the north and west . The freeway merges with the Queensway at a large multi @-@ level interchange known locally as the Split , curving to the west and into downtown Ottawa . The interchange also provides access to Aviation Parkway from westbound Highway 417 and from the parkway to eastbound Highway 417 . = = = Queensway = = = Within Ottawa , the Queensway extends from Orleans in the east and passes just south of downtown through central Ottawa to Kanata in the west . Two major interchanges anchor either end of this section : in the east , Highway 417 diverges south towards Montreal at The Split , while the Queensway continues east as Ottawa Regional Road 174 and Aviation Parkway branches north ; in the west , Highway 416 travels south to Highway 401 . The core section of the Queensway is eight lanes wide , four per carriageway . The freeway is elevated on a berm along some central portions of the route , providing views of downtown and the Gatineau Hills to the north . This section was constructed along a former Canadian National Railway railbed . The route bisects central Ottawa with downtown and the Parliament Buildings lay to the north of the highway and residential neighbourhoods including the Glebe to the south . Towards the Richmond Road interchange , the original western terminus of the Queensway , both sides of the freeway are lined by residential subdivisions . Between Eagleson / March Road and Moodie Drive in the west and between Blair Road and Place d 'Orléans Drive in the east , a bus @-@ only shoulder is used by OCTranspo 's Transitway rapid @-@ transit network . Several closely spaced exits serve the downtown core of Ottawa , including Nicholas Street , Bronson Avenue and Metcalfe Street ; the former was once designated as various provincial highways , most recently Highway 31 . = = = West of Highway 416 = = = West of the interchange with Highway 416 , the freeway enters the suburb of Kanata — an independent city until the formation of the new City of Ottawa in 2001 — and travels through it in an east – west direction . At Exit 145 , the route encounters the eastern terminus of Highway 7 , which travels southwest to Peterborough , Ontario and the GTA and provides an alternative route to Highway 401 via Highway 416 . Highway 417 makes a broad 90 @-@ degree curve to the north to meet with the midpoint of the Carp Bypass at the former Highway 44 ( now Ottawa Regional Road 49 ) . The Carp Bypass was built in the mid @-@ 1960s as a bypass of the existing Highway 17 , which meandered through the communities of Carp , Kinburn and Antrim ; the former highway is now Donald B. Munro Drive , and lies to the east of Highway 417 . The bypass was built as a two lane road with full control of access , avoiding existing properties and easily facilitating the upgrade to a freeway . North of Antrim , Highway 417 travels in a straight line parallel to old Highway 17 as far as Arnprior , where it curves to cross the Madawaska River . The divided freeway ends east of Campbell Drive , northwest of the town . = = History = = = = = Queensway = = = Highway 417 was initially constructed as a connection between the existing Queensway and Autoroute 40 in Quebec , the latter being constructed in advance of Expo 1967 and opening December 17 , 1966 . However , the designation has since been applied to the Queensway west of the interchange between the two freeways . Construction of the Queensway was driven by the Greber Plan , which was produced by Jacques Gréber under the direction of Prime Minister Mackenzie King in the late 1940s . Although Gréber had been corresponding with King as early as 1936 , World War II halted any plans from reaching fruition at that time . Following the war , Gréber was again contacted and his expertise requested . He arrived on October 2 , 1945 and began working almost immediately . The Greber Plan , as it came to be known , was released in 1950 and presented to the House of Commons on May 22 , 1951 . The plan called for the complete reorganization of Ottawa 's road and rail network , and included amongst the numerous parkways was an east to west expressway along what was then a Canadian National Railway line . With the rail lines removed , construction of the new expressway got underway in 1957 when Queen Elizabeth visited Ottawa to open the first session of the 23rd Parliament . On October 15 , the Queen detonated dynamite charges from the Hurdman Bridge , which now overlooks the highway as it crosses the Rideau River , and formally dedicated the new project as the Queensway . At the ceremony , premier Leslie Frost indicated that the entire project would cost C $ 31 million and emphasized the importance of the link to the Trans @-@ Canada Highway . The Queensway was constructed in four phases , each opening independently : phase one , from Alta Vista Drive ( now Riverside Drive ) east to Highway 17 ( Montreal Road ) ; phase two , from Highway 7 and Highway 15 ( Richmond Road ) to Carling Avenue ; phase three , from Carling Avenue to O 'Connor Street ; and , phase four , from O 'Connor Street to Alta Vista Drive , crossing the Rideau Canal and Rideau River . Phase one opened to traffic on November 25 , 1960 , extending up to the Rideau River . On the western side of Ottawa , phase two opened a year later in October , 1961 . The central section presented the greatest challenge , as an embankment was built to create grade @-@ separations . In addition , the structures over the Rideau Canal and river required several years of construction . On May 15 , 1964 , the majority of the third phase was ceremonially opened , completing the Carling Avenue interchange and extending the freeway as far as Bronson Avenue . Several months later , on September 17 the short but complicated section east to O 'Connor Street was opened . This left only phase four , the central section of the Queensway , which was opened in three segments . On November 26 , 1965 , the structures over the Rideau Canal were opened to traffic . At the same time , the westbound lanes of the Queensway were extended to Concord Street , located west of the Nicholas Street interchange . The interchange opened on January 1 , 1966 , allowing travel in both directions over the canal . The final segment , linking the two section of the Queensway , was placed into service on October 28 , 1966 . Following this , the Highway 17 designation was applied along the Queensway and the old routing renumbered as Highway 17B . = = = New freeway = = = Planning was underway on a new freeway , Highway 417 , that would run east of Ottawa from the Queensway , connecting with A @-@ 40 to provide a high @-@ speed route to Montreal . Highway 17 , closely following the shore of the Ottawa River as it meanders towards Pointe @-@ Fortune , was dangerous , narrow , and accident prone , earning it the nickname of " the killer strip " . The awarding of the 1976 Summer Olympics to Montreal on May 12 , 1970 resulted in an accelerated construction schedule due to the anticipated high volume of traffic that would be travelling the corridor between Ottawa and Montreal during the games . Contracts to construct the new route were opened to bidding on November 15 , 1968 ; construction began in May 1969 starting at Base Line Road ( now Ramsayville Road ) and proceeding easterly . The new freeway was built under a continuous construction program over the following 6 years , opening progressively as each segment of roadway was completed . The first 16 km ( 9 @.@ 9 mi ) segment , from Ramsayville Road to Rockdale Road , near Vars , opened on September 21 , 1972 . By the end of that month , the easternmost 9 km ( 5 @.@ 6 mi ) of Highway 17 had been converted into a divided freeway , and construction was progressing on the remainder of the route . On October 1 , 1973 , a 14 km ( 8 @.@ 7 mi ) section of freeway opened between Vars and Limoges . On July 15 , 1974 , Minister of Transportation and Communications John Rhodes ceremonially opened the next section of Highway 417 , between Limoges Road and Highland Road . The section between Highland Road and Highway 17 opened on November 8 , 1974 , connecting with the existing section leading from the Quebec border . The final segment of the new route , connecting the section east of Ramsayville with the Queensway , was opened to traffic on December 2 , 1975 . The cost of the entire eastern segment was $ 77 million ( $ 314 million in 2016 dollars ) . = = = Extensions and expansions = = = Meanwhile , to the west of Ottawa , planning got underway on a continuation of the Queensway . This extension was designed to connect with the Carp Bypass – a portion of Highway 17 designed to bypass the old meandering route ( now known as Donald B. Munro Drive ) through Carp , Marathon and Antrim that opened November 9 , 1965 – with an interchange and connection to Highway 7 . Prior to the completion of this section of freeway , Highway 17 followed Carling Avenue and March Road from Ottawa to west of Carp . Construction began in the west end of Ottawa in 1967 . On October 31 , 1969 , a short extension to Moodie Drive was completed , including the realignment of that road for continuity north and south of Highway 417 . The following year , the freeway was extended to March Road . Construction halted at the eastern edge of Kanata for several years while a study was conducted into the merits of building the highway in a trench through the established city . During this time , construction began in 1974 on the future Queensway and Highway 7 interchange . Work also began on the two lane connections to Highway 7 as well as to the Highway 17 and Highway 44 junction west of Carp at the same time . Upon the completion of the Ottawa – Quebec section of freeway , the Queensway was designated as Highway 417 west of The Split . With the completion of the Kanata study during early 1976 , work began to build the route through the city @-@ centre in a depressed @-@ grade ; as a result all the crossings though that section pass over the freeway . By early 1978 , the western extension was opened to traffic , providing four lanes between Richmond Road and Highway 7 / 417 . The two legs beyond the interchange were initially constructed as two @-@ lane undivided roads , and remained as such for over a decade . Throughout the 1980s , work on Highway 417 shifted from extensions to expansions . Within Ottawa , the initially four lane route , separated by a wide grass median , was expanded to eight lanes with paved shoulders and centre @-@ mounted lighting beginning in 1982 . To reduce weaving , the exit at Kent Street was removed during this work . Expansion of the two lane Highway 17 west of the interchange with Highway 7 got underway in 1991 ; this section was renumbered as Highway 417 as construction progressed westward . The construction saw a second two lane roadway built parallel to the existing route to create a divided freeway , a process known as twinning . When the twinning of Highway 17 reached March Road , new contracts were tendered to continue the process northward . Bot Construction was awarded the contract for the section north to Panmure Road on December 9 , 1998 . On February 16 , 2000 , the Ministry of Transportation of Ontario ( MTO ) officially announced that Highway 417 would be extended to Arnprior over the next several years . A contract to build the freeway from north of Panmure Road to south of Arnprior was tendered in early 2002 . This work was completed and the extension opened to traffic on September 24 , 2004 . Concurrent with the twinning of Highway 7 between Carleton Place and Ottawa , the interchange with Highway 417 was upgraded to support the divided traffic flows ; a new flyover ramp was built connecting westbound Highway 417 with westbound Highway 7 . Construction began on August 22 , 2006 , and was opened in June 2008 along with the Highway 7 expansion . Construction to twin the Arnprior Bypass portion of Highway 17 , which included a new interchange at White Lake Road , began during the spring of 2009 . The bypass was originally built in 1981 as one of a number of upgrades to Highway 17 between Ottawa and North Bay . It was intended for directing through traffic around downtown Arnprior and was designed for an eventual upgrade to a divided freeway . The major structure in this project was a second crossing of the Madawaska River . Work was completed in late 2012 ; the new 5 @.@ 6 km ( 3 @.@ 5 mi ) section was opened ceremonially on November 29 and cost $ 63 million , $ 7 million less than projected . Highway 417 was widened from 4 lanes to 8 lanes between Eagleson Road / March Road in Kanata and Palladium Drive ( including HOV lanes ) , and from 4 lanes to 6 lanes between Carp Road and Highway 7 . The work on the westbound lanes was completed in late @-@ October 2014 , with the eastbound lanes completed in mid @-@ November 2014 . Highway 417 was recently expanded to 8 lanes between Moodie Drive and Eagleson Road / March Road to relieve congestion , especially when events occur at Canadian Tire Centre . = = Future = = The MTO plans to further extend Highway 417 westerly through the Ottawa Valley by twinning and realigning the existing route to a four @-@ lane freeway beyond Arnprior , where it currently merges into a two @-@ laned Highway 17 . Route planning has been completed to Pembroke , with a bypass to the east of the Cobden area . The second phase of the extension to be built ( phase 1 was the section around Arnprior ) is a 5 @.@ 3 km ( 3 @.@ 3 mi ) extension past Campbell Drive to Scheel Drive northwest of Arnprior , under construction as of June 26 , 2014 and scheduled to be completed in 2016 . Phases 3 and 4 total 22 @.@ 5 kilometres ( 14 @.@ 0 mi ) and will take the 417 from Scheel Drive to a point 5 kilometres ( 3 @.@ 1 mi ) west of Renfrew . Planning and construction efforts to upgrade Highway 17 through Sudbury and east of North Bay have prompted speculation that Highway 417 will continue to be extended west through Northern Ontario ; although no comprehensive conversion plan has been announced to date , Sault Ste . Marie MPP David Orazietti has spearheaded a petition to have the entire highway four @-@ laned from Arnprior to Sault Ste . Marie , similar to the campaign previously undertaken by his caucus colleague Rick Bartolucci regarding the extension of Highway 400 . Cheryl Gallant , the federal Member of Parliament for Renfrew — Nipissing — Pembroke , has also advocated the four @-@ laning of the highway through the Ottawa Valley toward North Bay , and ultimately the entire length of the highway throughout Northern Ontario . A widening project was recently completed between Nicholas Street and Ottawa Road 174 . The segment was widened from 6 lanes to 8 lanes . Construction began in 2013 and was completed on @-@ time in 2015 . The additional pair of lanes will be used as bus lanes temporarily , until 2018 , at which point they will become general traffic lanes . = = Exit list = = The following table lists the major junctions along Highway 417 , as noted by the Ministry of Transportation of Ontario . Unlike other highways in Ontario , Highway 417 is measured from east to west , and as such this table is presented in that order .
= Eliab Harvey = Admiral Sir Eliab Harvey GCB ( 5 December 1758 – 20 February 1830 ) was an eccentric and hot @-@ tempered officer of the Royal Navy during the French Revolutionary and the Napoleonic Wars who was as distinguished for his gambling and dueling as for his military record . Although Harvey was a significant naval figure for over twenty years , his martial reputation was largely based on his experiences at the Battle of Trafalgar , when he took his ship HMS Temeraire into the thick of the action . Harvey used Temeraire to force the surrender of two French ships of the line and later created his family motto from the names of his opponents in the engagement ; " Redoutable et Fougueux " . In his civilian life , Harvey pursued political interests and spent three spells as a Member of Parliament for Maldon and later Essex . During this period he was also knighted . However , Harvey was not a peaceable man and his life both in and out of the Navy was frequently punctuated by disputes with fellow officers and politicians . One such dispute , a consequence of the Battle of Basque Roads , eventually cost Harvey his career ; a bitter exchange with Lord Gambier forcing Harvey into early retirement in 1809 . Although reinstated a year later , Harvey was never again employed in an official capacity and further promotions were only bestowed as a matter of seniority . Harvey was also notable in his time for his extravagant lifestyle . The deaths of his father and elder brother while he was still a young man provided Harvey with a considerable fortune , much of which he squandered gambling in London . Harvey 's exploits at the gaming tables became legendary , one story claiming that he once bet £ 100 @,@ 000 on a single game of chance and lost , only to win most of it back on the following throw . Despite his dissolute lifestyle , Harvey was married and had numerous children ; he was survived by six daughters and had three sons who predeceased him . = = Early life = = Eliab Harvey was born in Chigwell , Essex to William and Emma Harvey . His father William Harvey was a Member of Parliament for Essex , but died when Harvey was only five years old , in 1763 . Until 1768 , Harvey was raised at the family estate of Rolls Park in Chigwell , which had passed to his elder brother William on the death of their father . Harvey then attended Westminster School for two years before moving to Harrow School in 1770 . At the age of thirteen in 1771 , Harvey was entered onto the books of the naval schooner HMS Mary , although he did not actually serve aboard the ship . Utilising a standard legal fiction of the time , Harvey 's name was entered on the ship 's books without his actual presence , a ruse that would provide him with sufficient seniority to gain rapid promotion when he did enter the Navy . In his summer holidays from school , Harvey served at sea , joining HMS Orpheus in 1773 . Entering the Navy fully in May 1774 , Harvey became a midshipman aboard the sloop HMS Lynx and spent the next two years in the West Indies . Briefly returning to Britain at the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War , Harvey returned to the eastern seaboard of North America late in 1776 aboard HMS Mermaid , before transferring to the flagship of the North America Station HMS Eagle . From there Harvey joined HMS Liverpool on temporary assignment , only to be wrecked on Long Island aboard the frigate in 1778 . Harvey rejoined Eagle after the wreck and returned to Britain in her . He was promoted to lieutenant on 25 February 1779 . Following his promotion , Harvey took a leave of absence from the Navy which would last three years . He stood for parliament in the seat of Maldon in Essex , which he won in 1780 and represented for the next four years . In 1781 Harvey briefly commanded HMS Dolphin , but took leave once again four months later . In 1782 Harvey again returned to the Navy just as peace was agreed and was promoted to commander on 21 March 1782 , briefly taking over the sloop HMS Otter before rapidly making the jump to Post Captain less than a year later , on 20 January 1783 . = = Civilian life = = With the peace of 1783 , Harvey again took leave from the Navy , seeing out his parliamentary term and continuing his notorious lifestyle of gambling and debauchery . The young death of Harvey 's elder brother William Harvey , MP in April 1779 had provided Harvey with a substantial fortune , which he immediately began squandering in epic nights at London 's fashionable drinking and gambling establishments . Harvey gained a reputation among this crowd for playing exceptionally high stakes ; one often repeated story concerns his loss , on his 21st birthday in 1779 , of over £ 100 @,@ 000 in a single game of hazard to a Mr O 'Byrne . O 'Byrne , recognising that such a sum would bankrupt his opponent , refused to take more than £ 10 @,@ 000 , insisting that they roll the dice again to determine the fate of the remaining £ 90 @,@ 000 . Harvey won and kept his fortune , but reportedly still failed to pay the £ 10 @,@ 000 . Despite this riotous lifestyle , Harvey married Lady Louisa Nugent in 1784 . Louisa was a daughter of Robert Nugent , 1st Earl Nugent and co @-@ heir to his substantial wealth . The couple had nine children , eight of whom survived infancy and six of whom , all daughters , outlived their father . Harvey 's eldest son was killed in action serving in the British Army under the Marquess of Wellington at the Siege of Burgos in 1812 . Harvey remained in semi @-@ retirement until 1790 , dividing his time between London and Rolls Park . = = Return to service = = In 1790 , Harvey was recalled up to the Navy during the Spanish armament and commanded the frigate HMS Hussar for six months , until the Navy returned to its peacetime complement . Three years later , Harvey was once again recalled to the Navy with the outbreak of the French Revolutionary Wars . Harvey would remain in service for the next 16 years , only briefly taking leave in 1802 during the Peace of Amiens . In 1793 , Harvey became captain of the frigate HMS Santa Margarita in the West Indies . There he participated in the successful campaigns against the French colonies of Guadeloupe and Martinique under Admiral John Jervis . In May 1794 Harvey returned to Britain and served in the squadron under Sir John Borlase Warren which raided the French coast with great success in 1794 and 1795 . In August 1795 , Harvey took command of the ship of the line HMS Valiant , initially in the Channel Fleet and later in the West Indies under Sir Hyde Parker . In 1797 Harvey returned to Britain due to ill @-@ health , and was given command of the Essex sea fencibles during the next year . In 1800 Harvey returned to sea in command of HMS Triumph , which he retained until the Peace of Amiens . During the peace he again dabbled in politics , becoming MP for Essex in 1802 . Even after returning to the Navy in 1803 as captain of the second rate HMS Temeraire , Harvey remained in parliament , serving until 1812 . = = Trafalgar = = With the resumption of the war against France , Temeraire was attached to the Channel Fleet and blockaded ports in eastern France until 1805 , when Harvey was sent to join Horatio Nelson 's blockade off Cadiz . When the Battle of Trafalgar was joined on 21 October , Harvey 's Temeraire was the second ship in Nelson 's division and was a faster and more agile ship than HMS Victory , Nelson 's flagship . As a result , Temeraire began to pull ahead of Victory as the division closed on the Franco @-@ Spanish fleet and Harvey was consequently reprimanded by Nelson , who hailed Temeraire : " I will thank you Captain Harvey , to keep your proper station which is astern of the Victory " . During the combat that followed , Harvey was heavily engaged with the enemy , passing behind Bucentaure and astern of Redoutable . The broadside fired into Redoutable reduced the French ship to a wreck and forced its surrender soon afterwards when it became tangled with Victory and Temeraire . The three ships then drifted into the following French Fougueux , British fire disabling her and giving cover to a boarding party led by Temeraire 's first @-@ lieutenant , Thomas Fortescue Kennedy , which forced the surrender of Fougueux 's crew . In later years Harvey would use this incident for his personal motto " Redoutable et Fougueux " . Once the fleet had returned to port , controversy erupted concerning Harvey 's role in the battle . Although his bravery and skill were not questioned , his prominence in the dispatch sent home by Cuthbert Collingwood was . In the dispatch , Harvey was singled out over the other captains for his bravery , Collingwood writing : " I have not words in which I can sufficiently express my admiration of it " . As a result of this special mention , Harvey was promoted to rear @-@ admiral on 9 November 1805 , and given the honour of being one of Nelson 's pallbearers at the admiral 's funeral despite their short acquaintance . Harvey 's new motto and his penchant for " bragging " further alienated him from his fellow officers . = = Retirement = = Returning to naval service some months after the action , Harvey was given the 80 @-@ gun HMS Tonnant as his first flagship , in which he remained until 1809 . Serving under Lord Gambier in the Channel Fleet , Harvey was outraged not to be given command of the British ships in action at the Battle of Basque Roads . Harvey expressed his disgust that command had been given to the more junior Lord Cochrane in no uncertain terms to Gambier , and was dismissed from the admiral 's council as a result . When the operation was initially successful , Gambier refused to support Cochrane and as a result an opportunity to annihilate the French Atlantic Fleet was lost . The ensuing dispute lasted years and involved a court martial that eventually acquitted Gambier , and only ended with Cochrane 's dismissal from the service five years later . Harvey was not embroiled in the political arguments surrounding the action , as he had resigned his commission on 23 May 1809 , before the attack went ahead , in protest at Cochrane 's preferment . Returning to the Navy a year later on 21 March 1810 , Harvey was never again called to active service , Gambier blocking his efforts to obtain gainful employment . Despite his failure to return to the sea , Harvey 's seniority brought more promotions ; he made vice @-@ admiral in 1810 and finally became a full admiral in 1819 . He was also made a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath in 1815 when the order was reformed , becoming a Knight Grand Cross in 1825 . Harvey 's retirement included a further period in politics , returning to his seat as MP for Essex between 1820 and 1830 . Harvey died in 1830 at his family estate of Rolls Park and was buried in the Harvey family crypt at St Andrews Church at Hempstead in Essex , which contains the remains of over 50 family members , including his ancestor 's brother , Dr. William Harvey . His coffin is still in the crypt , and can be viewed on request . On the wall of church is a hatchment in his honour originally placed shortly after his death and restored in 1958 after it was destroyed in the partial collapse of the church in 1884 . A large wall memorial to him is also visible in the church , which also commemorates his youngest son William , who died in 1823 aged 22 . The crest of the Harvey Grammar School of Folkestone bears Harvey 's motto as well as his ship 's name ' Temeraire ' . The crest was designed by Eliab Harvey . = = Ancestry = =
= SMS Emden = SMS Emden ( " His Majesty 's Ship Emden " ) was the second and final member of the Dresden class of light cruisers built for the Imperial German Navy ( Kaiserliche Marine ) . Named for the town of Emden , she was laid down at the Kaiserliche Werft ( Imperial Dockyard ) in Danzig in 1906 . Her hull was launched in May 1908 , and completed in July 1909 . She had one sister ship , Dresden . Like the preceding Königsberg @-@ class cruisers , Emden was armed with ten 10 @.@ 5 cm ( 4 @.@ 1 in ) guns and two torpedo tubes . Emden spent the majority of her career overseas in the German East Asia Squadron , based in Tsingtao , in the Kiautschou Bay concession in China . In 1913 , she came under the command of Karl von Müller , who would captain the ship during World War I. At the outbreak of hostilities , Emden captured a Russian steamer and converted her into the commerce raider Cormoran . Emden rejoined the East Asia Squadron , after which she was detached for independent raiding in the Indian Ocean . The cruiser spent nearly two months operating in the region , and captured nearly two dozen ships . In late October 1914 , Emden launched a surprise attack on Penang ; in the resulting Battle of Penang , she sank the Russian cruiser Zhemchug and the French destroyer Mousquet . Müller then took Emden to raid the Cocos Islands , where he landed a contingent of sailors to destroy British facilities . There , Emden was attacked by the Australian cruiser HMAS Sydney . The more powerful Australian ship quickly inflicted serious damage and forced Müller to run his ship aground to prevent her from sinking . Out of a crew of 376 , 133 were killed in the battle . Most of the survivors were taken prisoner ; the landing party , led by Hellmuth von Mücke , commandeered an old schooner and eventually returned to Germany . Emden 's wreck was quickly destroyed by wave action , and was broken up for scrap in the 1950s . = = Design = = Emden was 118 @.@ 3 meters ( 388 ft 1 in ) long overall and had a beam of 13 @.@ 5 m ( 44 ft 3 in ) and a draft of 5 @.@ 53 m ( 18 ft 2 in ) forward . She displaced 4 @,@ 268 t ( 4 @,@ 201 long tons ) at full combat load . Her propulsion system consisted of two triple @-@ expansion steam engines , designed to give 13 @,@ 315 indicated horsepower ( 9 @,@ 929 kW ) for a top speed of 23 @.@ 5 knots ( 43 @.@ 5 km / h ; 27 @.@ 0 mph ) . The engines were powered by twelve coal @-@ fired Marine @-@ type water @-@ tube boilers and drove a pair of screw propellers . Emden carried up to 860 tonnes ( 850 long tons ) of coal , which gave her a range of 3 @,@ 760 nautical miles ( 6 @,@ 960 km ; 4 @,@ 330 mi ) at 12 knots ( 22 km / h ; 14 mph ) . She had a crew of 18 officers and 343 enlisted men . Emden was the last German cruiser to be equipped with triple @-@ expansion engines ; all subsequent cruisers used the more powerful steam turbines . The ship was armed with ten 10 @.@ 5 cm SK L / 40 guns in single mounts . Two were placed side by side forward on the forecastle , six were located amidships , three on either side , and two were placed side by side aft . The guns could engage targets out to 12 @,@ 200 m ( 40 @,@ 000 ft ) . They were supplied with 1 @,@ 500 rounds of ammunition , for 150 shells per gun . She carried a secondary battery of eight 5 @.@ 2 cm ( 2 @.@ 0 in ) SK L / 55 guns , also in single mounts . She was also equipped with two 45 cm ( 17 @.@ 7 in ) torpedo tubes with four torpedoes , mounted in the hull below the waterline . She was also fitted to carry fifty naval mines . The ship was protected by an armored deck that was up to 80 mm ( 3 @.@ 1 in ) thick . The conning tower had 100 mm ( 3 @.@ 9 in ) thick sides , and the guns were protected by 50 mm ( 2 @.@ 0 in ) thick shields . = = Service history = = The contract for Emden , ordered as ersatz ( replacement ) SMS Pfeil , was placed on 6 April 1906 at the Kaiserliche Werft ( Imperial Dockyard ) in Danzig ( now Gdańsk , Poland ) . Her keel was laid down on 1 November 1906 . She was launched on 26 May 1908 and christened by the Oberbürgermeister ( Lord Mayor ) of her namesake city , Dr. Leo Fürbringer . After fitting @-@ out work was completed by 10 July 1909 , she was commissioned into the fleet . The new cruiser began her sea trials that day ; they were interrupted from 11 August to 5 September when she participated in the annual autumn maneuvers of the main fleet . During this period , she also served as the escort for Kaiser Wilhelm II aboard his yacht Hohenzollern . Emden was decommissioned in September after she completed her trials . On 1 April 1910 Emden was reactivated and assigned to the Ostasiengeschwader ( East Asia Squadron ) , based at Tsingtao in Germany 's Kiautschou concession in China . The concession had been seized in 1897 in retaliation for the murder of German nationals in the area . Emden left Kiel on 12 April 1910 , bound for Asia by way of a goodwill tour of South America . A month later , on 12 May , she stopped in Montevideo and met with the cruiser Bremen , which was assigned to the Ostamerikanischen ( East American ) Station . Emden and Bremen stayed in Buenos Aires from 17 to 30 May to represent Germany at the celebrations of the hundredth anniversary of Argentinian independence . The two ships then rounded Cape Horn ; Emden stopped in Valparaíso , Chile , while Bremen continued on to Peru . The cruise across the Pacific was delayed because of a lack of good quality coal . Emden eventually took on around 1 @,@ 400 t ( 1 @,@ 400 long tons ; 1 @,@ 500 short tons ) of coal at the Chilean naval base at Talcahuano and departed on 24 June . The cruise was used to evaluate the ship on long @-@ distance voyages for use in future light cruiser designs . Emden encountered unusually severe weather on the trip , which included a stop at Easter Island . She anchored at Papeete , Tahiti to coal on 12 July , her bunkers nearly empty after crossing 4 @,@ 200 nautical miles ( 7 @,@ 800 km ; 4 @,@ 800 mi ) . The ship then proceeded to Apia in German Samoa , arriving on 22 July . There , she met the rest of the East Asia Squadron , commanded by Konteradmiral ( Rear Admiral ) Erich Gühler . The squadron remained in Samoa until October , when the ships returned to their base at Tsingtao . Emden was thereafter sent to the Yangtze River from 27 October to 19 November , which included a visit to Hankou . The ship visited Nagasaki , Japan , before returning to Tsingtao on 22 December for her annual refit . The repair work was not carried out , since the Sokehs Rebellion erupted on Ponape in the Carolines , which required Emden 's presence ; she departed Tsingtao on 28 December , and Nürnberg left Hong Kong to join her . The two cruisers reinforced German forces at Ponape , which included the old unprotected cruiser Cormoran . The ships bombarded rebel positions and sent a landing force , which included men from the ships along with colonial police troops , ashore in mid @-@ January 1911 . By the end of February the revolt had been suppressed , and on 26 February the unprotected cruiser Condor arrived to take over the German presence in the Carolines . Emden and the other ships held a funeral the following day for those killed in the operation , before departing on 1 March for Tsingtao via Guam . After arriving on 19 March , she finally began her yearly overhaul . In mid @-@ 1911 , the ship went on a cruise to Japan ; while there she accidentally rammed a Japanese steamer during a typhoon . The collision caused significant damage and necessitated another trip to the drydock in Tsingtao . She thereafter returned to the Yangtze to protect Europeans during the Chinese Revolution that broke out on 10 October . In November , Vizeadmiral ( Vice Admiral ) Maximilian von Spee replaced Gühler as the commander of the East Asia Squadron . At the end of the year , Emden won the Kaiser 's Schießpreis ( Shooting Prize ) for excellent gunnery in the East Asia Squadron . In early December , Emden steamed to Incheon to assist the grounded German steamer Deike Rickmers . In May 1913 , Korvettenkapitän ( Lieutenant Commander ) Karl von Müller became the ship 's commanding officer ; he was shortly thereafter promoted to Fregattenkapitän ( Commander ) . In mid @-@ June , Emden went on a cruise to the German colonies in the Central Pacific , after which she was stationed off Nanjing , as fighting between Qing and revolutionary forces raged there . During this period , on 26 August , rebels attacked the ship , and Emden 's gunners immediately returned fire , silencing her attackers . Emden moved to Shanghai on 14 August . = = = World War I = = = Emden spent the first half of 1914 on the normal routine of cruises in Chinese and Japanese waters without incident . During the July Crisis that followed the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria , Emden was the only German cruiser in Tsingtao ; Spee 's two armored cruisers , Scharnhorst and Gneisenau , were cruising in the South Pacific and Leipzig was en route to replace Nürnberg off the coast of Mexico . On 31 July , with war days away , Müller decided to put to sea to begin commerce raiding once war had been formally declared . Two days later , on 2 August , Germany declared war on Russia , and the following day , Emden captured the Russian steamer Ryazan . The Russian vessel was sent back to Tsingtao , where she was converted into the auxiliary cruiser Cormoran . On 5 August , Spee ordered Müller to join him at Pagan Island in the Mariana Islands ; Emden left Tsingtao the following day along with the auxiliary cruiser Prinz Eitel Friedrich and the collier Markomannia . The ships arrived in Pagan on 12 August . The next day , Spee learned that Japan would enter the war on the side of the Triple Entente and had dispatched a fleet to track his squadron down . Spee therefore decided to take the East Asia Squadron to South America , where it could attempt to break through to Germany , harassing British merchant traffic along the way . Müller suggested that one cruiser be detached for independent operations in the Indian Ocean , since the squadron would be unable to attack British shipping while it was crossing the Pacific . Spee agreed , and allowed Müller to operate independently , since Emden was the fastest cruiser in the squadron . = = = = Independent raider = = = = On 14 August , Emden and Markomannia left the company of the East Asia Squadron , bound for the Indian Ocean . Since the cruiser Königsberg was already operating in the western Indian Ocean around the Gulf of Aden , Müller decided he should cruise in the shipping lanes between Singapore , Colombo and Aden . Emden steamed toward the Indian Ocean by way of the Molucca and Banda Seas . While seeking to coal off Jampea Island , the Dutch coastal defense ship Tromp stopped Emden and made clear that she would enforce Dutch neutrality . Müller therefore decided to steam into the Lombok Strait . There , Emden 's radio @-@ intercept officers picked up messages from the British armored cruiser HMS Hampshire . To maintain secrecy , Emden 's crew rigged up a dummy funnel to give her the appearance of a British light cruiser . She then steamed up the coast of Sumatra toward the Indian Ocean . On 5 September , Emden entered the Bay of Bengal , achieving complete surprise , since the British assumed she was still with Spee 's squadron . She operated on shipping routes there without success , until 10 September , when she moved to the Colombo – Calcutta route . There , she captured the Greek collier Pontoporros , which was carrying equipment for the British . Müller took the ship into his service and agreed to pay the crew . Emden captured five more ships ; four were sunk , and the fifth , a steamer named Kabinga , was used to carry the crews from the other vessels . On 13 September , Müller released Kabinga and sank two more British prizes . Off the Ganges estuary , Emden caught a Norwegian merchantman ; upon searching her , the Germans determined she was not carrying contraband and therefore released her . The Norwegians informed Müller that Entente warships were operating in the area , and so he decided to return to the eastern coast of India . Emden thereafter stopped and released an Italian freighter , whose crew relayed news of the incident to a British vessel , which in turn informed British naval authorities in the region . The result was an immediate cessation of shipping and the institution of a blackout . Vice Admiral Martyn Jerram ordered Hampshire , Yarmouth , and the Japanese protected cruiser Chikuma to search for Emden . The British armored cruiser Minotaur and the Japanese armored cruiser Ibuki were sent to patrol likely coaling stations . In late September , Müller decided to bombard Madras . Müller believed the attack would demonstrate his freedom of maneuver and decrease British prestige with the local population . At around 20 : 00 on 22 September , Emden entered the port , which was completely illuminated , despite the blackout order . Emden closed to within 3 @,@ 000 yards ( 2 @,@ 700 m ) from the piers before she opened fire . She set fire to two oil tanks and damaged three others , and damaged a merchant ship in the harbor . In the course of the bombardment , Emden had fired 130 rounds . The following day , the British again mandated that shipping stop in the Bay of Bengal ; during the first month of Emden 's raiding career in the Indian Ocean , the value of exports there had fallen by 61 @.@ 2 percent . From Madras , Müller had originally intended to rendezvous with his colliers off Simalur Island in Indonesia , but instead decided to make a foray to the western side of Ceylon . On 25 September , Emden sank a pair of British merchantmen and two days later , captured the collier Buresk , which was carrying a cargo of high @-@ grade coal . A German prize crew went aboard Buresk and she was thereafter used to support Emden 's operations . Later that day , the German raider sank two more British vessels . Low on fuel , Emden proceeded to the Maldives to coal . She arrived there on 29 September and remained for a day while her crew replenished her coal stocks . The raider then cruised the routes between Aden and Australia and between Calcutta and Mauritius for two days without success . Emden thereafter steamed to Diego Garcia for engine maintenance and to rest her crew . The British garrison at Diego Garcia had not yet learned of the state of war between Britain and Germany , and so treated Emden to a warm reception . She remained there until 10 October , during which time her bottom was cleaned of fouling . She then resumed searching for merchant ships in the area west of Colombo . While operating there , Emden picked up Hampshire 's wireless signals again , and so departed for the Chagos Archipelago on 13 October . Meanwhile , the British had captured Markomannia on 12 October , depriving Emden of one of her colliers . On 15 October , Emden captured a British steamer off Minikoi and sank her the next day . Over the next five days , she captured five more vessels ; one was used as a collier , three were sunk , and the fifth was sent to port with the crews of the other vessels . On 20 October , Müller decided it was time to move to a new area of operations . = = = = Attack on Penang = = = = Müller decided his next course of action would be a surprise attack on Penang in British Malaya . Emden coaled in the Nicobar Islands and departed for Penang on the night of 27 October , with the departure timed to allow her to arrive off the harbor at dawn . She approached the harbor entrance at 03 : 00 on 28 October , steaming at a speed of 18 kn ( 33 km / h ; 21 mph ) , with her fourth dummy funnel erected to disguise her identity . Emden 's lookouts quickly spotted a warship in the port with her lights on ; it turned out to be the Russian protected cruiser Zhemchug , a veteran of the Battle of Tsushima . Zhemchug had put into Penang for repairs to her boilers ; only one was in service , which meant that she could not get under way , nor were her ammunition hoists powered . Only five rounds of ready ammunition were permitted for each gun , with a sixth chambered . Emden pulled alongside Zhemchug at a distance of 300 yards ( 270 m ) ; Müller ordered a torpedo to be fired at the Russian cruiser . Immediately thereafter , he gave the order for the 10 @.@ 5 cm guns to open fire . Emden quickly inflicted grievous damage on her adversary ; she turned around to make another pass at Zhemchug . One of the Russian gun crews managed to get their weapon into action , but scored no hits . Müller ordered a second torpedo to be fired into the burning Zhemchug while his guns continued to batter her . The second torpedo caused a tremendous explosion that tore the ship apart . By the time the smoke cleared , Zhemchug had already slipped beneath the waves , her masts the only parts of the ship still above water . The destruction of Zhemchug killed 81 Russian sailors and wounded 129 , of whom seven later died of their injuries . The elderly French cruiser D 'Iberville and the destroyer Fronde opened wildly inaccurate fire on Emden . Müller then decided to depart , owing to the risk of encountering superior warships . Upon leaving the harbor , he encountered a British freighter , SS Glen Turret , loaded with ammunition , that had already stopped to pick up a harbor pilot . While preparing to take possession of the ship , Emden had to recall her boats when she spotted an approaching ship . This proved to be the French destroyer Mousquet , and the unprepared ship was quickly destroyed . Emden stopped to pick up survivors from Mousquet and departed at around 08 : 00 as the other French ships were raising steam in preparation to get underway . One officer and thirty @-@ five sailors were plucked from the water . Another French destroyer tried to follow , but lost sight of the German raider in a rainstorm . On 30 October , Emden stopped the British steamer Newburn and put the French sailors aboard her after they signed statements promising not to return to the war . The attack on Penang was a significant shock to the Entente powers , and caused them to delay the large convoys from Australia , since they would need more powerful escorts . = = = = Battle of Cocos = = = = After releasing the British steamer , Emden turned south to Simalur , where she met the captured collier Buresk . Müller then decided to attack the British coaling station in the Cocos Islands ; he intended to destroy the wireless station there and draw away British forces searching for him in the Indian Ocean . While en route to the Cocos , Emden spent two days combing the Sunda Strait for merchant shipping without success . She thereafter proceeded to the Cocos , arriving off Direction Island at 06 : 00 on the morning of 9 November . Since there were no British vessels in the area , Müller sent ashore a landing party led by Kapitänleutnant ( First Lieutenant ) Hellmuth von Mücke , Emden 's executive officer . The party consisted of another two officers , six non @-@ commissioned officers , and thirty @-@ eight sailors . Emden was using jamming , but the British wireless station was able to transmit the message " Unidentified ship off entrance . " The message was received by the Australian light cruiser HMAS Sydney , which was 52 nautical miles ( 96 km ; 60 mi ) away , escorting a convoy . Sydney immediately headed for the Cocos Islands at top speed . Emden picked up wireless messages from the then unidentified vessel approaching , but believed her to be 250 nautical miles ( 460 km ; 290 mi ) away , giving them much more time than they actually had . At 09 : 00 , lookouts aboard Emden spotted a smoke cloud on the horizon , and thirty minutes later identified it as a warship approaching at high speed . Mücke 's landing party was still ashore , and there was no time left to recover them . Sydney closed to a distance of 9 @,@ 500 yards ( 8 @,@ 700 m ) before turning to a parallel course with Emden . The German cruiser opened fire first , and straddled the Australian vessel with her third salvo . Emden 's gunners were firing rapidly , with a salvo every ten seconds ; Müller hoped to overwhelm Sydney with a barrage of shells before her heavier armament could take effect . Two shells hit Sydney , one of which disabled the aft fire control station ; the other failed to explode . It took slightly longer for Sydney to find the range , and in the meantime , Emden turned toward her opponent in an attempt to close to torpedo range . Sydney 's more powerful 6 in ( 152 mm ) guns soon found the range and inflicted serious damage . The wireless compartment was destroyed and the crew for one of the forward guns was killed early in the engagement . At 09 : 45 , Müller turned his ship toward Sydney in another attempt to reach a torpedo firing position . Five minutes later , a shell hit disabled the steering gear , and other fragments jammed the hand steering equipment . Emden could only be steered with her propellers . Sydney 's gunfire also destroyed the rangefinders and caused heavy casualties amongst Emden 's gun crews . Müller made a third attempt to close to torpedo range , but Sydney quickly turned away . Shortly after 10 : 00 , a shell from Sydney detonated ready ammunition near the starboard No. 4 gun and started a serious fire . A fourth and final attempt to launch a torpedo attack was made shortly thereafter , but Sydney was able to keep the range open . By 10 : 45 , Emden 's guns had largely gone silent ; her superstructure had been shredded and the two rear @-@ most funnels had been shot away , along with the foremast . Müller realized that his ship was no longer able to fight , and so he decided to beach Emden on North Keeling Island to save the lives of his crew . At 11 : 15 , Emden was run onto the reef , and her engines and boilers were flooded . Her breech blocks and torpedo aiming gear were thrown overboard to render the weapons unusable , and all signal books and secret papers were burned . Sydney turned to capture the collier Buresk , whose crew scuttled her when the Australian cruiser approached . Sydney then returned to the wrecked Emden and inquired if she surrendered . The signal books had been destroyed by fire and so the Germans could not reply , and since her flag was still flying , Sydney resumed fire . The Germans quickly raised white flags and the Australians ceased fire . In the course of the action , Emden scored sixteen hits on Sydney , killing three of her crew and wounding another thirteen . A fourth crewman died later from his injuries . Sydney had meanwhile fired some 670 rounds of ammunition , with around 100 hits claimed . Emden had suffered much higher casualties : 133 officers and enlisted men died , out of a crew of 376 . Most of her surviving crew , including Müller , were taken into captivity the following day . The wounded men were sent to Australia , while the uninjured were interned at a camp in Malta ; the men were returned to Germany in 1920 . Mücke 's landing party evaded capture . They had observed the battle , and realized that Emden would be destroyed . Mücke therefore ordered the old 97 @-@ metric @-@ ton ( 95 @-@ long @-@ ton ) schooner Ayesha to be prepared for sailing . The Germans departed before Sydney reached Direction Island , and sailed to Padang in the Dutch East Indies . From there , they traveled to Yemen , which was then part of the Ottoman Empire , an ally of Germany . They then traveled overland to Constantinople , arriving in June 1915 . There , they reported to Vizeadmiral Wilhelm Souchon , the commander of the ex @-@ German battlecruiser Goeben . In the meantime , the British sloop Cadmus arrived at the Cocos Islands about a week after the battle to bury the sailors killed in the battle . = = = Legacy = = = Over a raiding career spanning three months and 30 @,@ 000 nautical miles ( 56 @,@ 000 km ; 35 @,@ 000 mi ) , Emden had destroyed two Entente warships and sank or captured sixteen British steamers and one Russian merchant ship , totaling 70 @,@ 825 gross register tons ( GRT ) . Another four British ships were captured and released , and one British and one Greek ship were used as colliers . In 1915 , a Japanese company proposed that Emden be repaired and refloated , but an inspection by the elderly flat @-@ iron gunboat HMAS Protector concluded that wave damage to Emden made such an operation unfeasible . By 1919 , there were reports that the wreck had almost completely broken up and disappeared beneath the waves . The wreck was eventually broken up in situ in the early 1950s by a Japanese salvage company ; parts of the ship remain scattered around the area . Following the destruction of Emden , Kaiser Wilhelm II awarded the Iron Cross to the ship and announced that a new Emden would be built to honor the original cruiser . Wilhelm II ordered that the new cruiser wear a large Iron Cross on her bow to commemorate her namesake ship . The third cruiser to bear the name Emden , built in the 1920s for the Reichsmarine , also carried the Iron Cross , along with battle honors for the Indian Ocean , Penang , Cocos Islands , and Ösel , where the second Emden had engaged several Russian destroyers and torpedo boats . Two further vessels have been named for the cruiser in the West German Bundesmarine : the Köln @-@ class frigate Emden laid down in 1959 , and the Bremen @-@ class frigate Emden laid down in 1979 . Three of the ship 's 10 @.@ 5 cm guns were removed from the wreck three years after the battle . One is preserved in Hyde Park in Sydney , a second is located at the Royal Australian Navy Heritage Centre in HMAS Kuttabul , the main naval base in Sydney , and the third is on display at the Australian War Memorial in Canberra . In addition , Emden 's bell and stern ornament were recovered from the wreck and both are currently in the collection of the Australian War Memorial . A number of other artifacts , including a damaged 10 @.@ 5 cm shell case , an iron rivet from the hull , and uniforms were also recovered and are held in the Australian War Memorial . A number of films have been made about Emden 's wartime exploits , including the 1915 movies How We Beat the Emden and How We Fought the Emden and the 1928 The Exploits of the Emden , all produced in Australia . German films include the 1926 silent film Unsere Emden , footage from which was incorporated in Kreuzer Emden of 1932 , and Heldentum und Todeskampf unserer Emden , produced in 1934 . All three films were directed by Louis Ralph . More recently , in 2012 , Die Männer der Emden ( The men of the Emden ) was released , which was made about how the crew of Emden made their way back to Germany after the Battle of Cocos . After the bombardment of Madras , Emden 's name , as " Amdan " , entered the Sinhala and Tamil languages meaning " someone who is tough , manipulative and crafty . " In the Malayalam language the word " Emadan " means " a big and powerful thing " or " as big as Emden " .
= Miniopterus tao = Miniopterus tao is a fossil bat in the genus Miniopterus from the Pleistocene of Zhoukoudian in China . It is known from a number of mandibles ( lower jaws ) , which were initially identified as the living species Miniopterus schreibersii in 1963 before being recognized as a separate species , M. tao , in 1986 . Miniopterus tao is larger than living M. schreibersii and has more closely spaced lower premolars and more robust talonids ( back groups of cusps ) on the lower molars . The back part of the mandible is relatively low and on it , the coronoid and condyloid processes are about equally high . The average length of the mandible is 12 @.@ 0 mm . = = Taxonomy = = In 1934 , Chinese paleontologist C.C. Young was the first to describe fossil bats from the fossil site of Zhoukoudian Locality 1 , which is famous for Peking Man . However , he did not mention Miniopterus , which was first recorded by Kazimierz Kowalski and Chuan @-@ kuei Li in 1963 in a description of new material from layer 8 of the cave site . They identified the Miniopterus as the widespread living species Miniopterus schreibersii on the basis of 48 mandibles ( lower jaws ) from layer 8 and reassigned another mandible that had previously been identified as Myotis to Miniopterus . In a 1986 paper , however , Bronisław Wołoszyn described the population as a new species , Miniopterus tao , after examining two mandibles in the collections of the Polish Academy of Sciences . He did place the species in the " schreibersii group " of Miniopterus , but considered it unlikely to be ancestral to living M. schreibersii . The specific name , tao , refers to the Chinese philosophical concept , the Tao . = = Description = = Wołoszyn described the species on the basis of two mandibles , one damaged and with the third premolar ( p3 ) through third molar ( m3 ) , and the other intact and with the fourth premolar ( p4 ) through second molar ( m2 ) . Miniopterus tao is a large member of the " schreibersii group " and about as large as Miniopterus rummeli from the Miocene of Germany . The mandible is robust and generally resembles M. schreibersii . The mental foramen ( an opening at the outer side of the jaw ) is located between the lower canine and second lower premolar ( p2 ) . The coronoid process ( a projection at the back of the mandible ) is low and rounded and is connected to the condyloid process behind it by a nearly horizontal ridge , which contains a slight raising at its back . Compared to M. schreibersii , the condyloid process is more slender , but the base of the angular process ( at the lower back corner of the jaw ) is more robust . In M. rummeli , the back part of the mandible is higher and the coronoid process is distinctly higher than the condyloid process . The preserved alveoli show that p2 is about as large as p3 , not smaller as in the " tristis group " of Miniopterus . The premolars in M. tao are placed closely together , which distinguishes the species from M. schreibersii and fossil European species , including M. rummeli . The p3 is robust and surrounded by a well @-@ developed cingulum ( shelf ) . The crown is trapezoid in shape . In p4 , there is a clear cingulum at the front and labial ( outer ) margins . The crown is triangular and the back edge is straight , not saddle @-@ shaped as in M. schreibersii . The molars resemble those of M. schreibersii , but are more robust , particularly the talonids ( the cusp groups at the back of the teeth ) . The total length of the mandible ranges from 11 @.@ 6 to 12 @.@ 4 mm and averages 12 @.@ 0 mm in ten specimens , the coronoid process is 3 @.@ 1 to 3 @.@ 3 mm high , averaging 3 @.@ 2 mm , and the length of the molar row is 4 @.@ 0 to 4 @.@ 4 mm , averaging 4 @.@ 2 mm . = = Range = = Miniopterus tao has only been recorded from Locality 1 at Zhoukoudian ; Locality 3 contains a smaller Miniopterus identified as M. schreibersii . Locality 1 is Pleistocene in age ( between about 2 million and 10 @,@ 000 years old ) and also contains Ia io and species of Rhinolophus and Myotis among bats , in addition to Homo erectus .
= Down and Dirty Duck = Down and Dirty Duck , promoted under the abbreviated title Dirty Duck , is a 1974 American adult animated comedy film directed by Charles Swenson and starring Mark Volman and Howard Kaylan ( Flo & Eddie ) as the voices of a strait @-@ laced , low @-@ level white collar worker named Willard and an unnamed duck , among other characters . The plot consists of a series of often abstract sequences , including plot material created by stars Kaylan , Volman , Robert Ridgely , and , according to the film 's ending credits , various people Swenson encountered during the making of the film . Dirty Duck received mostly negative reviews , with many criticizing it for its crude humor and others seeing the film as an attempt to cash in on the success of Ralph Bakshi 's Fritz the Cat . Dirty Duck fared better on home video and is now considered a cult film . = = Plot = = Willard Isenbaum , a lonely insurance man with wild sexual fantasies , decides to propose to the new secretary , Susie , whom he has only known for a day and to whom he has never spoken . He spends the entire morning before work fantasizing about having sex with her , but his attempts to approach her fails . His female boss sends him to investigate a claim filed by Painless Martha , an aging tattoo artist , who works in a prison . Martha believes in a Ouija board message saying that she will be killed by a wizard on a Tuesday . When Willard tells her that the insurance company won 't pay until her death , she dies of a heart attack . Her will stipulates that her killer must take care of her duck . After the duo spend a night in jail , the duck takes Willard to a brothel . After a wild night of partying , they wind up in the desert , where the duck dresses Willard in women 's clothing in an attempt to get a ride . After several encounters with an old prospector dying of thirst , a racist police officer , two lesbians , and a short Mexican man , they are finally picked up by a trucker . Back at his apartment , Willard creates a makeshift sex object , which the duck eats . Shortly after , Willard discovers that the duck is a girl , and has sex with her . The following morning , Willard and the duck go to Willard 's job , where Willard has sex with his female boss , and quits his job shortly after . Willard and the duck leave , and the movie ends with Willard saying that the duck was a good duck after all . = = Cast = = Howard Kaylan - Willard Isenbaum / Negro Lady / Side Hack Rider Mark Volman - Duck / Side Hack Rider Robert Ridgely - Car Salesman / Man at Bus Stop / Negro Gentleman / Big Fag / Police Officer / Tank Walker Edmiston - Bus Driver / Jail Orator / Small Fag / Prospector / Mexican Official / President / Man in Elevator Lurene Tuttle - Duck 's Mother Aynsley Dunbar - Additional Voices Cynthia Adler - Lady In Car / Boss Lady / Small Dyke / Lady In Elevator Joëlle Le Quément - Land Lady / Lady at Bus Stop / Madam / Big Dyke Jerry D. Good - Transvestite Fag = = Production = = After the release and success of Fritz the Cat , several animated films meant for adults rather than children enjoyed success . Fritz , a film based on a character created by artist and illustrator Robert Crumb , was the first animated movie to receive an X rating in the United States . Charles Swenson developed Down and Dirty Duck as a project for former The Mothers of Invention band members Kaylan and Volman under the title Cheap ! Had the film been released under this title , as director Mick Garris notes , the title would have been Roger Corman 's Cheap ! However , Roger Corman observed the title as a shot at his production techniques , and asked that the title be changed . The film 's production budget was $ 110 @,@ 000 . According to Swenson , he created almost all of the animation himself , although publicity attributed the animation work to the Murakami @-@ Wolf Production Company . Although the film was promoted as an X @-@ rated animated film , New World Pictures had not actually submitted it to the Motion Picture Association of America ( MPAA ) . The film was also promoted as Dirty Duck , although the title on the film itself reads Down and Dirty Duck . Despite the use of the title Dirty Duck , the film has nothing to do with the Dirty Duck character created by Bobby London and published in National Lampoon and Playboy magazines . = = Reception = = When the film was released , the distributor did not promote it heavily , and most reviewers disliked it . Because the film was X @-@ rated , The New York Times refused to run the film 's advertisement . This was a somewhat awkward situation , as the ad included a positive review from The New York Times . According to Swenson , " it didn 't have a big following , ... but it is still in video stores . " The film played for about two weeks in New York City . Jerry Beck wrote a review in which he called the film " raunchier than Ralph Bakshi 's films . " He went on to say that the humor of the film " is good , but the design and drawing is downright awful . It seems to be sort of a cross between Jules Feiffer and Gahan Wilson , if that can be imagined . " Beck also stated that the film was " very similar to R. Crumb 's Mr. Natural and Flakey Foont . There is no reason that the duck should be a duck . Every character in the film is human , and he just seems to be a duck just to give the film a catchy title . There are some highly imaginative animated ideas here , but the film 's entertainment value is at a minimum . " Beck later called the film " one of the most overlooked animated features of the 1970s , a glorious experimental mess of a film , which , from today ’ s vantage point , looks incredibly creative and daring , and something current Hollywood studios would never attempt . " Playboy noted that the advertisements for the film said , " this film has no socially redeeming value " and continued " well , that 's dead right , yet this movie has some value as a promising X @-@ rated cartoon in the tradition of Ralph Bakshi 's Fritz the Cat . The New York Times called it a " zany , lively , uninhibited , sexual odyssey that manages to mix a bit of Walter Mitty and a touch of Woody Allen with some of the innocence of Walt Disney [ and the ] urban smarts of Ralph Bakshi " . Charles Solomon of The Los Angeles Times gave the film an extremely negative review , calling " a sprawling undisciplined piece of sniggering vulgarity that resembles nothing so much as animated bathroom graffiti . [ The film is ] degrading to women , blacks , Chicanos , gays , cops , lesbians , and anyone with an IQ of more than 45 " . Variety commented that the film " has little to recommend . "
= Marty Hogan = Martin Francis Hogan ( October 25 , 1869 – August 15 , 1923 ) , nicknamed " The Indianapolis Ringer " , was an Anglo @-@ American right fielder in Major League Baseball who played for the Cincinnati Reds ( 1894 ) and St. Louis Browns ( 1894 – 1895 ) . After leaving the National League , Hogan moved on to the minor league Indianapolis Hoosiers . Some sources suggest he set a national baserunning record in the 1890s . When his playing career ended , he worked as a minor league baseball manager in Ohio , Pennsylvania , and Wisconsin . As a manager , Hogan groomed several pitchers who excelled in the major leagues . He signed future stars Stan Coveleski and Sam Jones to their first professional contracts and helped launch the career of Roy Castleton , the first native of Utah to play in the major leagues . In 1912 , Hogan was among a select group of veteran managers invited to participate in the United States Baseball League , which was treated by the baseball establishment as an " outlaw league " . For reasons that are unclear , he did not actually manage a franchise in the short @-@ lived alternative league and resumed his career as a minor league manager . Hogan eventually settled in his adopted hometown of Youngstown , Ohio , where he died in 1923 . = = Early years = = Hogan was born to Patrick J. Hogan , Sr. , and his wife , the former Margaret Gillen , in the West Midlands industrial town of Wednesbury , Staffordshire , England . When he was still a child , his parents , both natives of Ireland , relocated the family from England to Youngstown , Ohio , a steel @-@ production center near the Pennsylvania border . Although Hogan is routinely identified as Anglo @-@ American ( given his English birth ) , baseball historians Joel Zoss and John Bowman wrote that he probably regarded himself as an Irish American . The Hogan family settled on Youngstown 's near west side , in a working @-@ class district known as Westlake 's Crossing . In Youngstown , Hogan 's father , Patrick J. Hogan , Sr. , secured employment as a steelworker , while his older brother , Patrick J. Hogan , Jr . , worked his way up to the position of " roller " at the Union Steel Company ( later consolidated with U.S. Steel ) . Martin Hogan moved in the direction of an athletic career , gaining early recognition as a " foot racer " . His interest in sports was evidently encouraged by his father , who closely followed his son 's baseball career even in later life . Patrick J. Hogan , Sr. ' s obituary described him as " a great baseball fan " , who " was as quick to appreciate a clever ' steal ' or a ' heady ' play as any one of the younger generation " . While little is known about Martin Hogan 's early years in Youngstown , there is evidence he was popular among local residents . His obituary referred to him as an individual " of pleasing personality " who " made many friends during his long residence in Youngstown " . Another newspaper article described him as " a good fellow " , and a third indicated he was well liked among players with whom he worked . At the same time , Hogan was reportedly quick to comment when he felt he was treated unfairly . = = Playing career = = Before joining the major leagues , Hogan played for minor league baseball teams in the northeastern United States , including the Akron ( Ohio ) Summits and Scranton ( Pennsylvania ) Miners . He began his career as a major league player with the Cincinnati Reds , on August 4 , 1894 , but played only six games before switching to the St. Louis Browns ( later known as the Cardinals ) . By this time , St. Louis had been eliminated from league championship contention , after being tied with Cleveland and Boston for first place in April . Hogan participated in 29 games with St. Louis in the 1894 season . According to the 1895 edition of Spalding 's Official Baseball Guide , he ranked tenth among league outfielders with a percentage of .941 for put @-@ outs , assists , and errors . Among his teammates , Hogan held the second highest percentage of stolen bases for games played . In March 1895 , a reporter for Sporting Life praised the Browns ' decision to retain Hogan in center field and emphasized the young outfielder 's potential . " On the bases and in the field the lad is a wonder " , the paper stated . " His only fault is weakness at the bat , but increasing confidence and familiarity with [ National ] League players will undoubtedly improve him in this respect " . Despite Hogan 's physical speed , however , his overall performance with the Browns proved uneven , and his two @-@ season batting average was just .241 . On May 17 , 1895 , the Youngstown Daily Vindicator reported that Hogan had been " farmed out " as a center fielder to the Indianapolis Hoosiers , a club connected to the well @-@ organized Western League , the predecessor of the American League . The Vindicator added , " At any time by giving a proper notification the St. Louis team , of which club Hogan is a member , can again secure his services " . Yet , for reasons that are unclear , Hogan never returned to the St. Louis Browns . He played his last game with the team on April 24 , 1895 , concluding a major @-@ league career that comprised 40 games over two seasons . At Indianapolis , Hogan led at the bat , and contemporary sources indicate his performance improved . " Marty Hogan , who is playing temporarily in middle field for the Indianapolis team of the western league ... is covering himself in glory with his superb playing " , the Vindicator reported on June 4 , 1895 . " The Indianapolis Sentinel of May 31st says : Hogan made a great record at the bat yesterday morning " , the newspaper added . " One of the drives was for a home run and three of the hits were bunts " . In addition , the article credited Hogan with four runs , five base hits , and two put outs in a late morning game against a rival team from St. Paul , Minnesota . The Vindicator went on to quote the Indianapolis Journal as follows : " Among the features of the forenoon game was Hogan 's batting . He got five hits , one a home run , and his bunting was even cleverer than usual , and that is saying a great deal " . The article concluded , " If he keeps up this gait , it will not be long before [ St. Louis Browns owner Chris ] Von der Ahe reclaims his pet " . Hogan 's obituary stated that , at some point in his playing career , he set a record for baserunning . Several sources trace this record to a field day event held in Indianapolis in 1895 , when he reportedly rounded the bases in 13 @.@ 2 seconds . The World Almanac and Encyclopedia 1906 , for instance , reported that Hogan " lowered the base @-@ running record " in 1895 , noting that " [ t ] he distance around the bases is 120 yards " . In January 1906 , Sporting Life reported that Hogan had " taken steps to have the base running record awarded to him " . The report added , " Under proper conditions [ Hogan ] turned the route in 13 1 – 5 seconds at Indianapolis in 1895 " . Some observers questioned the veracity of the record , however . In 1907 , for instance , Washington Post sports columnist J. Ed Grillo conceded that " Hogan was a great sprinter " but described his unofficial record as " out of reason " . Grillo , who argued that " the fastest runners in baseball failed to come anywhere near the mark " , lent his support to an official record of 14 @.@ 1 that had been set more recently by Eastern League player Wally Clement . An article published in the Washington Herald days earlier also raised questions about Hogan 's baserunning record . In this case , however , the writer claimed that the most " authentic " record had been set by Harry Berthrong in the 1860s . The article stated that , while Hogan was " said to have beaten Berthrong 's base @-@ circling record of 13 2 – 5 seconds by a fifth of a second " , this alleged feat was not " performed under official sanction " . One year earlier , in 1906 , Berthrong , himself , weighed in on the debate . According to an article that appeared in Sporting Life in March of that year , Berthrong disputed Hogan 's claim . " My time ... around the bases was made in Washington , D.C. , in July 1868 , after the old Nationals of Washington , D.C. , had played a game with the Pastimes of Baltimore , Md . " , Berthrong was quoted as saying in an interview . " Three stop watches were held over me , the slowest giving me 14 1 / 4 " . The retired player added : " I am skeptical about this man Hogan doing the bases in 13 1 @-@ 5 : nobody but an Arthur Duffey could possibly do it , and I doubt if he could " . For reasons that are unclear , the article indicated that Hogan claimed to round the bases in 1889 , six earlier than other reports . ( A similar description of Hogan 's claim appeared elsewhere in the same edition of Sporting Life ; a brief news item suggested he claimed to set the record " in Indianapolis in the 80 's " . ) Baseball historian Jon Daly traced Hogan 's contested record to 1898 ; he speculated that Ben Morgan , an official of the National Association , " disputed that claim when doing a study of field day records " . The most widely accepted national baserunning record was set by Evar Swanson , who rounded the bases in 13 @.@ 4 seconds in 1929 . Despite questions surrounding Hogan 's baserunning record , he became popularly known as the " Indianapolis Ringer " . Newspaper reports suggest he defended his position as baserunning champion of the Western League in various pre @-@ game competitions . On August 2 , 1895 , the Vindicator noted that the outfielder had " a rival for the base running honors in the western league in George Nichol of the Milwaukees who , it is claimed , can get down to first quicker than Hogan " . The article added , " A race between the two is talked of " . Then , on August 17 , 1895 , the Vindicator reported that Hogan had defeated Detroit outfielder Frank Tower in a baserunning contest . " The Hoosiers have in Mart Hogan a pretty good extra card " , the article added . " Indianapolis goes around the land , and their sprinting outfielder meets all comers in foot races before the game . He has not yet been defeated " . Several days earlier , the same newspaper quoted a journalist from Sporting Life , who reportedly commented : " Mart Hogan , the Indianapolis outfielder , is showing such astonishing speed that he will probably be taken to England next year for the Sheffield Handicap " . In February 1896 , Hogan received an offer to manage the Youngstown ( Ohio ) Puddlers , a minor league team associated with the Interstate League . The Vindicator reported that the outfielder refused the offer . " Hogan expects to play again with the St. Louis team in the National League " , the Vindicator stated . The paper went on to quote an article that supposedly appeared in the Cincinnati @-@ based Commercial Gazette : " St. Louis fans are opposed to the idea of selling Marty Hogan , the fast out @-@ fielder , who played with the Indianapolis team last season , having been loaned by the Browns " . In the spring of 1896 , however , Hogan attempted to extricate himself from remaining contractual obligations to the St. Louis Browns . Sporting Life reported , in May 1896 , that Hogan was unsuccessful in his efforts to obtain a final release from the Browns , who retained him as an " extra " right fielder . " Marty has not been given any kind of trial by the manager of the Browns , although he stood high in batting and base running in the Western League last year " , the article stated . " He is in fine condition , and is anxious to play , but does not prepare to be shifted about at the will of alleged managers " . The paper added that Hogan had returned to St. Louis in March 1896 , prepared to " purchase " his release , " but he has been held onto until now , when he could have secured $ 1550 for his services in the Western League " . Hogan appeared especially confident of his baserunning abilities . The article noted that the outfielder had " offered to match himself to run 100 yards for $ 500 a side against any player in the National League " . Meanwhile , his batting evidently continued to improve . On May 24 , 1896 , an article in the St. Paul ( Minnesota ) Globe indicated Hogan performed exceptionally well at the bat during a contest between the Hoosiers and the St. Paul Saints . " Marty Hogan ... through an inadvertent mix @-@ up of pugilism and baseball ... tried to hammer the face off the ball , which had tantalized the other Hoosiers " , the article stated , " and when Marty 's work was done , the ball was out of the lot and he was on second base " . At some point in the 1896 season , Hogan apparently secured his release from the Browns . Once again , however , his physical speed offered no guarantee of consistency on the playing field . On July 21 , 1896 , the St. Paul ( Minneapolis ) Globe reported that Hogan had performed poorly in a contest between the Hoosiers and the local ball club . " Marty Hogan ... made a bad fumble , and then looked up at the sky to see if it had moved while he was locating the ball " , the paper reported . " It was a good bluff , but the crowd discovered Marty 's weakness before the end of the game " . In January 1897 , the Vindicator reported that the Hoosiers had sold Hogan to a club in Grand Rapids , Michigan . The article called Hogan " one of the fastest outfielders and baserunners in the Western League " and predicted he would " greatly strengthen the Grand Rapids outfield " . The following month , however , the paper described the previous report as a " mistake " , indicating instead that Hogan had signed a contract with baseball executive John T. Brush to play with the Hoosiers for another year . The paper also reported that the contract granted Hogan " the largest salary he has ever drawn " . Despite this lucrative contract , Hogan established and maintained his own advertising distribution agency in Indianapolis . " He goes about the streets dressed much like an English costermonger " , Sporting Life reported in January 1897 . " Marty can be seen with a little red wagon full of signs and advertising matter chasing up and down streets nailing the signs to buildings and convenient places and distributing advertising literature in the reel @-@ dance portion of Indianapolis " . Less than four months later , in May 1897 , he was released by the Indianapolis ball club . In June 1897 , the Kansas City Journal indicated Hogan had moved on to the Dayton ( Ohio ) Old Soldiers , a team affiliated with the Class B Interstate League , where he was " playing a sensational center field " . In October of the same year , Sporting Life speculated Hogan would remain with Dayton during the upcoming 1898 season . " Marty Hogan 's contract with Dayton is such that he cannot be reserved , as are the rest of the players " , the article stated . " Unless Marty has a better offer to play with some other team it is safe to say that he will be with Dayton next year " . Further research is required to determine how long Hogan continued to play as an outfielder in the minor leagues . ( His obituary indicated that he also worked as a major league trainer . ) During his playing career , he apparently received at least one serious injury . In February 1903 , Sporting Life reported that the former baseball player 's friends were " anxious to get him appointed on the staff of American League umpires " . The article added , " Hogan has suffered from operations to remove portions of his breast bone , which was injured in a collision during a baseball game " . = = Managing career = = = = = Youngstown Ohio Works = = = After retiring as a baseball player , Hogan settled in Youngstown and went into business . At some point , Sam Wright , then sports editor of The Youngstown Daily Vindicator , encouraged him to manage the city 's baseball team . In 1902 , Hogan was hired as manager of the Youngstown Ohio Works , an independent ball club sponsored by Joseph A. McDonald , superintendent of the Ohio Works of the Carnegie Steel Company . The club did not immediately become associated with an independent league , however . On April 5 , 1902 , Sporting Life noted that Hogan represented the Youngstown club at a poorly attended meeting of the Western Association , a short @-@ lived independent league based in Cleveland . " Marty Hogan arrived at noon and wanted a franchise for Youngstown " , the paper reported , " but Zanesville , Springfield and South Bend , who had asked to be admitted to membership , had no representatives present " . Then , in January 1904 , Sporting Life reported that Hogan had " declined the proposition to put a Central League into Youngstown " . In May 1905 , however , the Youngstown club was one of eleven teams to join the Protective Association of Independent Clubs , which formed the basis of the Class C Division Ohio – Pennsylvania League . Ultimately , the league trimmed down to eight teams from the following cities : Akron , Ohio ; Homestead , Pennsylvania ; Lancaster , Pennsylvania ; Newark , Ohio ; Niles , Ohio ; Sharon , Pennsylvania ; Youngstown , and Zanesville , Ohio . That September , the Youngstown Ohio Works won the league championship , although sources disagree on the team 's final record . As baseball researcher John Zajc writes : " The Reach Guide ( 1906 ) credits Youngstown with an 84 – 32 won @-@ lost record where the Spalding Guide of the same year lists a 90 – 35 record . The Encyclopedia of Minor League Baseball ( 1993 ) tells a third story , giving Youngstown an 88 – 35 mark " . On the heels of this achievement , Hogan reportedly " lost his entire infield " , when several players moved on to more established minor league and major league teams . " [ Billy ] Phyle will go to the [ outlaw leagues ] , Starr will be traded by [ American League manager James ] McAleer , Whitney goes to Buffalo and Burton will likely return to Central League ball " , Sporting Life reported . The manager had no difficulty compensating for these losses , however . The sports paper reported , in October 1905 , that future major @-@ leaguer Louis " Lew " Schettler , " the star twirler of the Sharon team " , was anxious to join the Ohio Works team . The paper added that Schettler " would like a year under Marty Hogan " . In December 1905 , the paper confirmed that Hogan had secured catcher Lee Fohl and pitcher Schettler , " the star battery of this league for last season " . The paper added that the manager had " signed two young Cleveland players in outfielder Hugh Donovan and first baseman Harry [ Schwartz ] " . In addition , Hogan attempted to sign on as pitcher Walter Purdue , " second rush of the Youngstown polo team " . Meanwhile , Hogan reportedly " sold out his cafe at Youngstown " in order to " devote his entire time to base ball " . According to Sporting Life , the manager even planned to challenge former major @-@ leaguer Charlie Morton for the presidency of the Ohio @-@ Pennsylvanie League , a bid that evidently proved unsuccessful . In January 1906 , Morton , as league president , called a meeting of the Ohio – Pennsylvania League . According to Sporting Life , representatives of the clubs were scheduled to meet at Zanesville 's Hotel Rogge on January 16 . " Assurances have been received that representatives from Akron , Youngstown , Zanesville , Newark , Lancaster , Mansfield , New Castle , East Liverpool , Steubenville and Erie , Pa . , will be present " , the paper reported , " and from there an eight or ten club circuit will probably be formed , with McKeesport , Butler and Ashtabula as applicants also " . ( The league eventually formed an eight @-@ team circuit that included teams from Akron , Lancaster , Mansfield , Newark , New Castle , Sharon , Youngstown and Zanesville . ) The paper also noted that William J. Maloney , the center fielder for the Ohio Works club during the previous season , would sign a contract and serve as team captain . Among others , Hogan announced the " engagement " of Utah @-@ born pitcher Roy Castleton . The Ohio Works team opened the 1906 season with 16 players , three of whom had been part of the club during the 1905 season . According to Sporting Life , Hogan predicted the club would win the pennant at the close of the upcoming season . He expressed confidence in a lineup that included Maloney of Bradford , Kentucky ; Will M. Thomas of Morristown , Pennsylvania ; Tommy Thomas of Piqua , Ohio ; Fohl of Allegheny , Pennsylvania ; Schettler of Pittsburgh ; " Dotty " Freck of Columbus , Ohio ; A. C. McClintock of Columbus ; Castleton of Salt Lake City ; Lewis Groh of Rochester , New York ; John Kennedy of Youngstown , Charles Crouse of Detroit ; Roy Chase of Andover , Ohio ; Forrester J. Dressner of Garrettsville , Pennsylvania ; Schwartz of Cleveland ; and Roy Gould of Middlesex , Pennsylvania . Indeed , in 1906 , the Ohio Works team took the league championship once again , with an 84 – 53 record , while new player Roy Castleton gained national recognition by pitching a perfect game against a rival club in Akron . On October 1 , 1906 , Hogan and members of the Ohio Works team were honored at a banquet held at the Elks ' Club in downtown Youngstown . Sporting Life reported that the keynote address was delivered by Father M. T. Kinkead , " who declared himself a fan of Sunday baseball playing " . The article added that Hogan " was presented with a ring and each player was given a pair of gold cuff link inscribed ' O. & P. Champs 1906 ' " . On October 6 , 1906 , Sporting Life summarized the league 's most recent season , reporting that the Ohio Works team had " held the lead continually after the first months of the season and at one time threatened a walkover " . The following month , in November 1906 , Hogan responded to rumors that Walter East , manager of the Akron Rubbernecks , had agreed to " lay down " to the Youngstown club , enabling them to win the pennant . " Instead of laying down to us , Akron loaded up with catcher [ Red ] Munson and pitcher Bob Spade " , Hogan said in an interview with the Pittsburgh Press . " They worked their heads off to down us , but could not do so " . Hogan went on to assert that the Akron club , and its manager , received generous incentives to defeat Youngstown . " The Akron owner offered the players a bonus of $ 500 if they would beat us out in addition to a $ 300 wad for East " , Hogan said . Then , he accused East himself of attempting to " fix " a game during the 1906 season , claiming that the Akron manager had " tried to get another club to take things easy against Akron so that Akron could beat us for the pennant " . In the wake of the Ohio Works ' second league championship , steps were taken to incorporate the club . In December 1906 , Sporting Life reported that the team 's backers , Joseph and Thomas McDonald , who served as superintendent and assistant superintendent , respectively , of the Ohio Works of the Carnegie Steel Company , were compelled to invite additional investors because of planned ( and costly ) improvements at the steel plant . " The incorporators of the club will be Thomas McDonald , Joseph McDonald , Thomas Carr , Thomas Carter and Marty Hogan " , the paper stated . " Manager Hogan will be given even more control of the team next season than he has had . Heretofore he has had the entire control of the team and transacted most of the business " . Sporting Life predicted that , in the wake of the team 's incorporation , " everything will fall absolutely on [ Hogan 's ] shoulders " . The paper added that the Ohio Works team intended to build a new ballpark on the south side of Youngstown , near the corner of Glenwood and Parkview avenues . " One of the largest grand stands in the minor leagues will be put up and the grounds will be in every way modern " , the article stated . Differences between Hogan and the McDonald brothers , however , had already surfaced in the autumn of 1906 . Although a sports writer for The Youngstown Daily Vindicator predicted in October 1906 that the " popular " Hogan would serve a fourth season as manager of the club , the Ohio Works manager appeared unwilling to negotiate the terms of a new contract without leverage . According to the Vindicator , Hogan publicly mulled an offer presented by a team in Nashville , whose representatives followed him to the train station . The same newspaper article indicated that Hogan later reached a verbal agreement with Ohio Works co @-@ owners Joseph and Thomas McDonald , announcing soon afterwards that he would remain with the local ball club . Yet , by January 1907 , the Newark Advocate reported that Hogan wanted to sell the Youngstown franchise . The paper observed that " a move in offering the Youngstown franchise for sale had created a furor in the league " . On January 8 , 1907 , Hogan and Joseph McDonald attended the annual meeting of the National Association of Professional Baseball Clubs in New York City , while the fate of the club remained uncertain . Then , on January 13 , The New York Times reported that the Youngstown team would participate in an eight @-@ team " outlaw league " comprising clubs from Elmira , New York ; Lancaster , Pennsylvania ; Pittsburgh , Reading , Pennsylvania ; Scranton , Pennsylvania ; Wilkes @-@ Barre , Pennsylvania ; and Williamsport , Ohio . The Times described the envisioned league as " the most powerful ' outlaw ' league the National Association of Professional Baseball Clubs was ever called upon to oppose " , and stated that Hogan would " be at the head of " the Youngstown team . These rather confusing reports were followed by the abrupt sale and relocation of the Ohio Works team in February 1907 . = = = Zanesville = = = On February 18 , 1907 , the Zanesville Signal reported that Hogan had received permission from the McDonald brothers to negotiate a $ 3 @,@ 000 deal for the sale of the Youngstown club , including its players , to a group of investors in Zanesville , Ohio . In an interview with the Signal , the manager expressed frustration with the team 's former backers , when he said , " Youngstown couldn 't or didn 't raise enough money to cover a sparrow 's blanket " . The Zanesville investors reportedly raised an additional $ 15 @,@ 000 to enter the team into the Ohio – Pennsylvania League , although they were forced to settle for the less prestigious Pennsylvania – Ohio – Maryland League . The eight @-@ team P @-@ O @-@ M league included clubs from Braddock , Pennsylvania ; Charleroi , Pennsylvania ; East Liverpool , Ohio ; McKeesport , Pennsylvania ; Steubenville , Ohio ; Uniontown , Pennsylvania ; and Washington , Pennsylvania . Meanwhile , Hogan reportedly had some difficulty securing new players for the team . In June 1907 , the Marion Daily Mirror described Zanesville 's efforts to sign Bill Dithridge , a player in the Baltimore Eastern League , as " merely another of the pipe dreams of one Marty Hogan " . The article added , " Dithridge is not to be sold to Zanesville , and he has informed Hogan that he will play with his team under no conditions whatever " . The paper did observe , however , that Hogan had signed a Cleveland player named Tate and planned to secure another outfielder , " when three members of the present team will be canned " . After settling in Zanesville , Hogan apparently received offers from other teams . Sporting Life reported in June 1907 that Hogan was invited to manage a team in Rochester , New York , but had turned down the offer . Then , in October , Hogan was offered management of yet another league franchise in South Bend , Indiana , but , once again , he declined . He managed the Zanesville ball club for two seasons . During its first season , the team placed first in the eight @-@ team P @-@ O @-@ M League , with a record of 15 wins and seven losses . In 1908 , his final season , the team was christened as the Zanesville Infants and joined the Central League . According to Sporting Life , the " schedule meeting " for the Central League that year was to be held in Zanesville on March 17 ( St. Patrick 's Day ) . " According to the plans of the magnates the season this year will consist of 140 games , not any of the club owners being willing to return to the 154 @-@ game schedule " , the paper reported . The paper added that Hogan was " making light of his task " of signing up players for his team . " His acquaintance with players , especially in the independent ranks , gives him an advantage which few managers have " . Sporting Life also reported that by March , Hogan had " signed his outfield , the players accepting terms being [ Curt ] Elson , Blount , and Miller " . Further research is needed to determine the Zanesville Infants ' league ranking at the close of the 1908 season , but available information shows that the team neither won the championship nor placed as a runner @-@ up . More information is available on Hogan 's dissatisfaction with his situation in Zanesville , which evidently stemmed from increasing limits on his control over the club . An article that appeared in The ( Pittsburgh ) Gazette Times in December 1908 described Hogan 's reasons for leaving the organization . " There were too many directors connected with the Zanesville club to suit Hogan , as each one had his own idea of how a club should be run " , the paper reported . " As Hogan has his own , which did not exactly coincide with the numerous directors , he resigned " . The Gazette Times praised Hogan 's performance in Zanesville , stating that his club " was a pennant contender at all stages of the championship race " . The paper added : " He did not have a very good team , but kept the men playing the game at all times and was really the wonder of the [ P.O.M. ] league " . = = = Lancaster Red Roses = = = The following year , in 1909 , Hogan relocated to Lancaster , Pennsylvania , where he replaced local ball club manager Clarence " Pop " Foster , who had managed the Red Roses since 1907 . Once Hogan signed a contract , Foster moved on to lead another club in Trenton , New Jersey . The Lancaster team 's momentum escalated during the 1909 season , and in July of that year , Sporting Life reported that the Red Roses club was drawing positive attention . " The fast pace at which the Lancaster bunch has been going lately has been the talk of the league " , the paper stated . " Marty Hogan was not given much consideration as a pennant aspirant when the season opened , but the plucky Red Roses manager has been ' sawing wood ' and not talking " . Indeed , by the close of the 1909 season , the Lancaster Red Roses had worked up a 75 – 39 record , seizing the championship of the Tri @-@ State League . As Spalding 's Baseball Guide ( 1910 ) reported : " Lancaster , under manager Marty Hogan , won its first pennant in the league , and the top rung of the ladder was only gained by the hardest kind of fighting " . Sporting Life indicated that Hogan was confident of the outcome early in the season . " After his return from the first trip around the circuit " , wrote reporter G. H. Hartley , " Marty said to your correspondent that he saw nothing in the league that was better than his team " . Hartley noted that , on the closing day of the season , Hogan accepted the Farnsworth Cup , " the Tri @-@ State trophy " , on behalf of his team . " Between the first and second innings the [ Lancaster ] players presented Manager Marty Hogan with a beautiful silver set and a silver loving cup " , he added . The inscribed silver cup reportedly left Hogan " so surprised that he was unable to respond " . On September 7 , 1909 , one day after the contest , the Reading Eagle stated , " A great crowd witnessed the final game , in which Hogan 's gallant band trimmed the Trenton wanderers " . The newspaper added , " The real enthusiasm was awakened , however , by the floating of the championship pennant , awarded by a Phila . [ sic ] paper " . A key participant in the team 's successful performance was a young pitcher named Stan Coveleski , who went on to post a record of 53 wins and 38 losses during his three seasons with Lancaster . He made his professional debut with the Philadelphia Athletics three seasons later . Indeed , the Ogden Standard had praised Hogan as a " live wire " back in February 1909 , when he " grabbed up the three brothers of Harry Coveleski of the Phillies , and had them all sign contracts " . Highlights of the season may have included an exhibition game with the Philadelphia Phillies , which was scheduled to be held in Lancaster on April 2 , 1909 . The following year , however , the Red Roses ' performance fell short of the previous season when it placed second , with 63 wins and 47 losses . According to Spalding 's Baseball Guide ( 1911 ) , the Lancaster organization was one of several teams in the league caught off guard by a surprisingly strong new club from Altoona , Pennsylvania , which was " sent along at a clip that practically clinched the season " . While the Red Roses pulled out of a mid @-@ season slump , the " Altoonas " prevailed with a 72 – 38 record . In an article regarding this outcome , Sporting Life stated that " nothing can be found to cast discredit upon the Lancaster team or its popular manager , Marty Hogan " . The paper added , " With a team that never stood high in club hitting or fielding , Marty pulled them through and anchored them in second place , which position they attained more by dint of their cleverness in inside work than with their prowess with the stick or in the field " . In December 1910 , a little more than two months after the article appeared , Hogan reportedly set down roots in Lancaster , opening a cigar shop and billiard hall in the city . His relationship with the Red Roses would not last more than another season , however . In 1911 , Hogan 's final year as manager of the Lancaster team , the club placed fourth in the eight @-@ team league , with 54 wins and losses , respectively . Sporting Life reported that Hogan began the 1911 season with relatively modest expectations . The paper stated , " Hogan is not promising a pennant @-@ winning team ... but he does promise a good team and means to fight hard for the pennant again " . The team 's challenges included salary limits that sharply limited its capacity to attract more experienced players . Earlier that year , the Tri @-@ State League 's imposition of $ 1 @,@ 900 limits for individual salaries had created a stir throughout Lancaster , where fans resented the fact that outgoing clubs had been permitted to vote on an issue that would not affect them . Club president John H. Myers ' efforts to persuade the league to " advance the individual salary limit " proved unsuccessful , and Hogan " was directed to secure the best team that can be secured " under the circumstances . In January 1911 , Hogan had announced he would " cut out exhibition games and devote the entire preparatory season to hard practice " . Hogan added that " the exhibitions do not pay the club , and do harm to the unseasoned players " . Ultimately , the 1911 league championship went to a franchise from Reading , Pennsylvania , which " took the lead at the beginning of the season and never was headed until the finish " , closing with a record of 74 – 35 . = = = United States Baseball League = = = In March 1912 , organizers of a proposed United States Baseball League – described by members of the sports establishment as an " outlaw league " – met in New York City 's Hotel Imperial . The league is widely viewed as " a major precursor to the Federal League of 1914 – 1915 " . Hogan , who attended the New York meeting , was named as manager of a Cincinnati @-@ based franchise scheduled to compete in the league . ( The U.S. Baseball League also established teams in Chicago , Cleveland , Pittsburgh , New York City , Reading , Pennsylvania ; Richmond , Virginia ; and Washington , D.C. ) The following month , however , Hogan was evidently replaced by Hugh McKinnon , who was described in an April New York Times article as manager of the league 's Cincinnati franchise . An article that appeared in The New York Times several weeks earlier suggested that McKinnon was originally tapped as manager of the league 's Washington franchise . The same article also pointed out that ex @-@ major leaguer George Browne " had been approached by the Washington Club " . In the end , Browne was named as head of the Washington team when McKinnon was appointed manager of the Cincinnati club . While these developments shed some light on the outcome , the reasons for Hogan 's replacement as manager of the Cincinnati franchise remain uncertain . In any event , the league did not survive for long . Sports historian Rudolf K. Haerle observed that the U.S. Baseball League " stressed the inherent ' good ' of baseball for all individuals and communities , and indicated that it wished to conduct its business in the accepted capitalist style – free competition in the marketplace " . The new league , however , quickly incurred the scorn and hostility of the baseball establishment . Burdened with weak leadership , limited financing , poor attendance , and a lack of skillful players , the U.S. Baseball League " folded after about one month of action " . In June 1912 , when the league ceased operation , the Cincinnati team that Hogan was supposed to manage ranked fourth in the eight @-@ team roster , earning 12 wins and 10 losses . The following year , former players of the Cincinnati club successfully sued the team 's owner , John J. Ryan , for unpaid wages . Sporting Life reported that the club 's members " received their money in Cincinnati on February 12 " . = = = Zanesville Flood Sufferers = = = In November 1912 , The Youngstown Daily Vindicator reported that Hogan would once again manage a local minor league ball club . The paper added , however , that the former Ohio Works manager was also considering an offer in Zanesville . Hogan evidently led the Zanesville team the previous season . In November 1912 , Sporting Life reported that the manager was still mulling his next move when he attended the annual meeting of the National Association in New York . " Marty Hogan , the veteran minor league manager , who is known from end to end of the land as a developer of minor league talent and winner of pennants , could not bear to miss meeting his old friends " , the paper stated . " Marty wound up the season with Zanesville and has not definitely decided upon his plans for the coming season " . Ultimately , Hogan went to Zanesville , where he managed the Zanesville Flood Sufferers in 1913 . The team 's nickname was evidently inspired by a massive flood that had devastated cities and towns throughout central and southern Ohio – including Zanesville – in the spring of 1913 . In April 1913 , Sporting Life noted that the Zanesville club would " stick to the circuit " , despite the fact that the city was " hit hard by the recent floods " . According to the paper , Zanesville 's ballpark was " completely destroyed , but the games will be played at the Fair Grounds " . Earlier , in January 1913 , the Flood Sufferers pulled out from the 12 @-@ team Central League and joined the newly formed Interstate League , which included eight clubs . According to Sporting Life , the new league was expected to include teams from Akron , Youngstown , Canton , Steubenville , Wheeling , and either Johnstown or McKeesport . In February , the paper confirmed that the Interstate League ( which included Johnstown , not McKeesport ) had achieved Class B status on the basis of the eight cities ' combined populations . Sporting Life , which estimated the total population of the league 's participating cities at 412 @,@ 415 , noted that Youngstown ( with a population of 79 @,@ 066 ) was the largest city in the Interstate League . Later that month , the paper reported that the new league 's " salary limit of $ 2000 makes it imperative for each club to hold down expenses in every way ; consequently Marty Hogan , of the Zanesville Club , will be the only bench manager in the league , and he knows how to save his salary in various ways " . During Hogan 's tenure as manager of the Zanesville Flood Sufferers , the club took advantage of at least one opportunity to test their skills against a major league club . Sports writer Walter LeConte observed that , on June 15 , 1913 , the Zanesville team participated in an in @-@ season exhibition game with the New York Giants . When the umpire declared the game forfeited after a disagreement with Giants player Fred Merkle , Hogan " ordered the game continued so the fans could see a 9 @-@ inning baseball game " . LeConte added that " Hogan even assumed umpiring duties and the game was then concluded " . The Giants won the game , with a score of 5 – 4 . Reliable information on the Zanesville club 's overall performance is currently unavailable , but an Associated Press report indicated the team had disbanded by late July 1913 . At Zanesville , Hogan signed future Cleveland Indians pitcher Samuel Pond ( " Sad Sam " ) Jones to his first professional contract . Baseball historian Alexander Edelman noted that Jones gained valuable experience as a member of the Zanesville club ( including a chance to play against the Giants in an exhibition game ) , but he added that the player " was only 20 years old and very homesick " . When Jones was faced with the prospect of a pay cut , he approached Hogan on the street and demanded that he be released from his contract immediately . Edelman wrote : " In what Sam 's son , Paul , would later call ' probably the craziest release in baseball history , ' Hogan obliged , writing Jones ' release in pencil on the inside of a chewing tobacco packet " . = = = Fond du Lac Molls = = = On July 20 , 1913 , The New York Times reported that Hogan left Zanesville to manage a Fond du Lac franchise in the Illinois @-@ Wisconsin League . According to the article , he planned to bring with him five players from the defunct Zanesville club . Reliable information on the Fond du Lac Molls ' overall performance is currently unavailable . In February 1914 , Sporting Life reported that Hogan was considering a return to the Tri @-@ State League . " In a letter to a friend in Lancaster [ Pennsylvania ] the former Lancaster manager stated that the Trenton [ New Jersey ] Club was after him and that there was [ sic ] good prospects of both sides coming to terms " , the paper stated . " Marty is anxious to get back in the Tri @-@ State , where he won fame as a manager " . The paper added that Hogan , at that point , was working as a " successful businessman " in Youngstown , Ohio . The same edition of Sporting Life , however , carried a wire report noting that the Trenton club 's new owner , W. J. Morris , had signed Zeke Wrigley as team manager . The report observed , " Manager Wrigley was strongly recommended to the club by Connie Mack " . ( Wrigley , a former major league infielder , had earlier pursued a position on the Tri @-@ State League 's umpire staff , and he was not initially in the running for the position of Trenton club manager . ) Further research will be required to determine whether Hogan 's career as a minor league manager continued after this point . = = Personal life = = Hogan was married to the former Agnes Daugherty on October 28 , 1896 , in St. Columba Church , in Youngstown , Ohio . After a wedding trip , the couple initially settled in Indianapolis . Although Hogan 's obituary makes no reference to children , he and his wife evidently raised an adopted child , Amy M. Hogan ( born Amy Deagon ) , who died at the age of 16 in a 1921 automobile accident . A front @-@ page article in the Vindicator reported that Amy Hogan was one of three passengers in an automobile whose driver had failed to slow down at a curve in the road and skidded into a telephone pole near Hubbard , Ohio . The article noted that Amy Hogan had recently graduated from Ursuline Academy and described her as " a girl of exceptional talents , being especially prominent in local amateur theatricals and entertainments " . Records at Youngstown 's Calvary Cemetery show that Amy Hogan was buried in the same plot as her adoptive parents . Published cemetery records also suggest that Martin Hogan 's wife , Agnes Hogan , gave birth to an unnamed infant , who died on September 6 , 1898 . The infant was buried in a section of the cemetery usually reserved for unbaptized children and the indigent . Agnes ( Hogan ) Moreland died on February 7 , 1950 , in Salem , Ohio . Throughout his sports career , Hogan 's pastimes included trap shooting . In July 1911 , when he was manager of the Lancaster Red Roses , Sporting Life reported , " Marty shoots targets very well and can be looked to for high scores once he gets a little shooting " . Hogan 's obituary noted that , at some point , he helped to organize the Youngstown Gun Club . Upon returning to Youngstown , Hogan supervised the athletic training of his youngest nephews , Edward and Raymond Hogan , who became sports stars at Rayen High School . In the early 1920s , Edward Hogan emerged as a track and field standout at the University of Notre Dame , where he trained under coach Knute Rockne . = = Final years = = In the mid @-@ 1910s , Hogan permanently resettled in Youngstown , where he became athletic director of Thomas Field , a ballpark owned by the local Brier Hill Industrial Works . Prior to the enforcement of the Volstead Act , he was also employed as a clerk at Buckley & Hogan , a downtown saloon operated by his older brother , Patrick J. Hogan , Jr . , and his business partner , John J. Buckley , Sr. Further research will be required to determine Martin Hogan 's level of involvement , if any , in local baseball during the last decade of his life . Martin F. Hogan was only 54 years old when he died at his north side home from injuries sustained months earlier in an auto accident . Several blood transfusions failed to revive him , and a bout with pneumonia proved fatal . Funeral services for Hogan were held at St. Columba Church , and he was buried at Youngstown 's Calvary Cemetery . His wife , Agnes , survived him along with his brother , Patrick . A sister , Mrs. John Dillon , had died several years earlier . Hogan 's obituary in The Youngstown Daily Vindicator highlighted his contributions to organized sports , observing that many young athletes he trained and managed went on to careers in major league baseball . Major league players who worked with Hogan during his years as a minor league manager included Roy Castleton , Stan Coveleski , Lee Fohl , Sam Jones , Billy Phyle , and Louis Schettler . His disputed baserunning record remains a curious footnote in American baseball history .
= Teddy Air = Teddy Air AS was a regional airline , based at Skien Airport , Geiteryggen , in Norway . Operating between 1989 and 2004 , the company operated Britten @-@ Norman Islander , Embraer 110 and Saab 340 aircraft . The company started by providing a scheduled service between Skien and Oslo in 1990 , followed by services to Stavanger in 1993 and Bergen in 1994 . In 1996 , it won a contract with the Ministry of Transport from Oslo to Fagernes . It was involved in intense competition with other regional airlines , notably Coast Air and Guard Air , following the deregulation of the aviation market . It also had a single international service to Gothenburg , and from 1999 it served Stord Airport , Sørstokken . From 1999 , the company was transformed to a virtual airline , which wet leased aircraft from Golden Air . The company ceased operations in 2004 . = = History = = = = = Establishment = = = In April 1988 , Norwegian regional airline Norving terminated all scheduled services in Southern Norway . As a consequence , airports such as Skien Airport , Geiteryggen , were left without an airline and services to the capital , Oslo . Teddy Air was subsequently established as a Skien @-@ based company to provide an air route between Skien and Oslo Airport , Fornebu . Founded by Harald Sørensen in 1989 , the largest owners were Skien Business Development Fund and Telemark Business Development Fund . It would provide four round trips with a Britten @-@ Norman Islander . The company stated that it needed 8 @,@ 000 passengers annually to cover costs , with the ticket price set at about 500 Norwegian krone ( NOK ) . The fiercest competition would come from the Vestfold Line of the Norwegian State Railways , where a train from Skien to Oslo ran each hour . The three @-@ hour train trip cost NOK 167 , compared to the 25 @-@ minute flight . Concession was granted by the Ministry of Transport and Communications in August 1989 , but the airline did not commence operations until 18 July 1990 . In Grenland , the metropolitan area surrounding Skien , there was a lot of opposition to the airline , and several local businesspeople claimed that it would be better if Norsk Air was awarded the contract , or Skien Airport was closed and locals instead used the nearby Sandefjord Airport , Torp . Norsk Air stated that it would not be possible for them to make money on the Skien – Oslo route ; despite that , it operated from Skien to Bergen Airport , Flesland and Stavanger Airport , Sola . In 1993 , Norsk Air announced that it would no longer fly from Skien , and would focus all their operations at Sandefjord . Teddy Air subsequently took over the Stavanger route , while the Bergen route was granted to Air Stord , despite Teddy Air having applied for the concession . In 1994 , the company had a revenue of NOK 7 @.@ 5 million , and a NOK 1 million profit . = = = Expansion = = = Following the deregulation of the airline market in 1994 , which allowed any European Economic Area @-@ airline to operate any route they wished , Teddy Air tried to start services at Moss Airport , Rygge . Since it at the time was the military @-@ only Rygge Air Station , with no passenger facilities , the airline was not successful in receiving permission . However , it did choose to start competing with Air Stord on the Skien – Bergen route , starting 8 May 1995 . Using its Embraer 110 aircraft , it launched tickets for under NOK 1000 , compared with the NOK 1290 price offered by Air Stord . The latter had aircraft half the size , but offered 31 flights per week , compared to the 16 offered by Teddy Air . In addition , Coast Air launched two weekly round trips . The routes were mainly used by commuters working on offshore oil platforms in the North Sea . By 1995 , 60 percent of the airline had been bought by Hermann Løvenskiold . In 1996 , the company won the first public service obligation tender that was issued by the Ministry of Transport and Communications . Starting 1 August , Teddy Air started serving Fagernes Airport , Leirin , with routes to Oslo and Bergen . The contract gave a subsidy of NOK 23 @.@ 7 million for three years , and was 15 percent lower than what Coast Air had been receiving . On 20 May 1997 , Teddy Air started its first international route , from Stavanger to Gothenburg in Sweden . After the 1998 opening of Oslo Airport , Gardermoen , which is located 50 kilometers ( 31 mi ) north of Oslo , both Teddy Air and Guard Air announced they would start routes to the new airport . Both established six daily round trips — Teddy Air using an Embraer 110 and Guard Air using a Dornier 228 . The new airport would make driving to the Oslo Airport about an hour longer from Grenland , and both airlines hoped to create a feeder service . Teddy Air withdrew from the route after one month , after having lost more than NOK 1 million . In February 1999 , Air Stord filed for bankruptcy . On 21 February , Teddy Air launched a route between Stord Airport , Sørstokken , and Oslo , using Saab 340 aircraft . This allowed four daily round trips during the week , and two on Sundays . Other airlines saw the route as attractive , and Coast Air launched eight daily round trips between the two airports . Teddy Air was soon forced to withdraw from the route , after it was unable to make any profits from it . The Fagernes routes were lost from 1 August 1999 , when the contract was won by Widerøe . = = = Virtual airline = = = Following the steep decline in routes , the company was reorganized into a virtual airline in 1999 . All operations were taken over by the Swedish airline Golden Air , who would operate the Saab 340 aircraft . At the same time , Golden Air bought half of Teddy Air . In October , Coast Air announced that they had too few aircraft to continue flying from Stord , and would terminate operations . Teddy Air became the only airline to serve Stord . 1999 returned a loss of NOK 6 @.@ 9 million . In 2004 , Teddy Air terminated all services . The contract with Golden Air was discontinued , and the hangar at Geiteryggen was sold . The company remained on paper until 2005 , when the equity was gone and the entity was dissolved . = = Destinations = = The following is a list of destinations served by Teddy Air :
= New York State Route 186 = New York State Route 186 ( NY 186 ) is a short east – west state highway in northern New York in the United States . The highway is located entirely within the town of Harrietstown in the southwest part of Franklin County . The western terminus is at NY 30 and the eastern terminus is at NY 86 . NY 186 lies south of , and serves , the Adirondack Regional Airport . The current alignment of NY 186 was designated in 1989 to follow a former routing of NY 86 . = = Route description = = In the west , NY 186 begins at NY 30 in Harrietstown , near the eastern bank of Lake Clear . Known as Lake Clear Road , NY 186 heads east @-@ northeastward , crossing a pair of train tracks and later a creek . Situated within the forested terrain of the Adirondack State Park , the highway passes to the south of , and serves , the Adirondack Regional Airport . South of the airport NY 186 intersects several local roads . The highway turns more towards the northeast upon passing the airport , and proceeds uneventfully . Subsequent to turning towards the east , NY 186 terminates at NY 86 , still within Harrietstown . = = History = = The modern routing of NY 186 was originally designated as part of NY 10 when the first set of posted routes in New York were assigned in 1924 . In the 1930 renumbering , NY 10 was rerouted east of Lake Clear to follow modern NY 30 north to the Canadian border . The former routing of NY 10 between Lake Clear and Harrietstown was incorporated into NY 86 , a new route extending from Lake Clear to Jay . NY 86 remained on this alignment until March 28 , 1989 , when the NY 192 designation was deleted . NY 86 was then rerouted to follow the former routing of NY 192 northwestward to Paul Smiths . The Lake Clear – Harrietstown roadway , vacated by NY 86 , was redesignated as NY 186 . = = Major intersections = = The entire route is in Harrietstown , Franklin County .
= Die Himmel erzählen die Ehre Gottes , BWV 76 = Die Himmel erzählen die Ehre Gottes ( English : The heavens are telling the glory of God ) , BWV 76 , is a cantata by Johann Sebastian Bach . He composed the church cantata in Leipzig for the second Sunday after Trinity within the liturgical year and first performed it on 6 June 1723 . Bach composed the cantata at a decisive turning point in his career . Moving from posts in the service of churches and courts to the town of Leipzig on the first Sunday after Trinity , 30 May 1723 , he began the project of composing a new cantata for every occasion of the liturgical year . He began his first annual cycle of cantatas ambitiously with Die Elenden sollen essen , BWV 75 , in an unusual layout of 14 movements in two symmetrical parts , to be performed before and after the sermon . Die Himmel erzählen die Ehre Gottes has the same structure . The unknown poet begins his text with a quotation from Psalm 19 and refers to both prescribed readings from the New Testament , the parable of the great banquet as the Gospel , and the First Epistle of John . Bach scored Part I with a trumpet as a symbol of God 's Glory . In Part II , performed after the sermon and during communion , he wrote chamber music with oboe d 'amore and viola da gamba , dealing with " brotherly devotion " . Both parts are closed with a stanza of Martin Luther 's hymn Es woll uns Gott genädig sein ( 1524 ) . = = Background = = Johann Sebastian Bach had served in several churches as Kantor and organist , and at the courts of Weimar and Köthen , when he applied for the post of Thomaskantor in Leipzig . He was 38 years old and had a reputation as an organist and organ expert . He had composed church cantatas , notably the funeral cantata Actus tragicus around 1708 . In Weimar , he had begun a project to cover all occasions of the liturgical year by providing one cantata a month for four years , including works such as Weinen , Klagen , Sorgen , Zagen , BWV 12 , and Nun komm , der Heiden Heiland , BWV 61 . = = History and words = = Bach composed the cantata for the Second Sunday after Trinity and first performed it in a service in the Thomaskirche , Leipzig , on 6 June 1723 , a week after he took up position as cantor in Leipzig with Die Elenden sollen essen . The cantata is similar in many respects to the earlier work . While BWV 75 was probably begun in Köthen , this cantata may have been composed in Leipzig , according to a manuscript with many corrections . The two cantatas mark the beginning of Bach 's first " annual cycle " : he started to compose one cantata for each Sunday and holiday of the liturgical year , a project described by Christoph Wolff as " an artistic undertaking on the largest scale " . The prescribed readings for the Sunday were from the First Epistle of John , " Whoever doesn 't love , remains in Death " ( 1 John 3 : 13 – 18 ) , and from the Gospel of Luke , the parable of the great banquet ( Luke 14 : 16 – 24 ) . The unknown poet was likely the same as for the first cantata for Leipzig , also in 14 movements , also arranged in two symmetrical parts to be performed before and after the sermon . Again the cantata begins with words from a Psalm , Psalms 19 : 1 @,@ 3 ( verses 2 and 4 in the Luther Bible ) , " The heavens declare the glory of God , and the firmament shows His handiwork . There is no speech or language , where their voice is not heard " , connecting the Gospel to the Old Testament . The poet first expands in movements 2 and 3 the thought of the Universe praising God 's creation . In the following two movements he deplores , following the Gospel , that nonetheless people did not follow the invitation of God , therefore he had to invite " von allen Straßen " ( from all streets ) and bless those , as movement 6 says . Part I closes with the first stanza of Martin Luther 's chorale Es woll uns Gott genädig sein ( 1524 ) , a paraphrase of Psalm 67 . Part I was to be performed before the sermon , Part II after the sermon and during communion . Part II talks about the duties of those who follow God 's invitation , to pass the love of Christ in order to achieve heaven on earth , a thought also expressed in the Epistle reading . The third stanza of Luther 's chorale closes the work . John Eliot Gardiner , who conducted the Bach Cantata Pilgrimage with the Monteverdi Choir in 2000 , evaluated the work , connected to Bach 's first cantata for Leipzig : this cantata is clearly more than just a sequel to the previous Sunday 's Die Elenden sollen essen ... together they form a diptych revealing a thematic continuity extended over two weeks , with plentiful cross @-@ referencing between the two set Gospels and Epistles beyond the obvious parallels between the injunction to give charitably to the hungry ( BWV 75 ) and of brotherly love manifested in action ( BWV 76 ) . He described the works as featuring " a characteristically Lutheran interpretation " of the First Epistle of John . He also noted the depth of metaphorical uses of " eating and drinking " , highlighting " the rich man 's table , from which Lazarus tried to gather fallen crumbs ( BWV 75 ) , standing in opposition to the " great supper " and God 's invitation through Christ to the banquet of eternal life ( BWV 76 ) " . Summarising both pieces , Gardiner wrote : evidently a lot of thought and pre @-@ planning had gone on while Bach was still in Köthen , as well as discussions with his unknown librettist and possibly with representatives of the Leipzig clergy , before he could set the style , tone and narrative shaping of these two impressive works . = = Scoring and structure = = The cantata is structured in two parts of seven movements each , to be performed before and after the sermon . It is scored for four vocal soloists ( soprano ( S ) , alto ( A ) , tenor ( T ) and bass ( B ) ) , a four @-@ part choir SATB , trumpet ( Tr ) , two oboes ( Ob ) , oboe d 'amore ( Oa ) , two violins ( Vl ) , viola ( Va ) , viola da gamba ( Vg ) and basso continuo ( Bc ) . The two parts of seven movements each are composed as the same arrangement of alternating recitatives and arias with a concluding chorale , only Part II is opened by a sinfonia instead of a chorus . The duration is given as 35 minutes . In the following table of the movements , the scoring follows the Neue Bach @-@ Ausgabe . The keys and time signatures are taken from Alfred Dürr , using the symbol for common time ( 4 / 4 ) . The instruments are shown separately for winds and strings , while the continuo , playing throughout , is not shown . = = Music = = Similar to the opening chorus of BWV 75 , Bach sets the psalm in two sections , comparable to a prelude and fugue on a large scale . An instrumental concerto unites the complete " prelude " , the trumpet " calls " to tell the glory of God . The fugue in C major is a permutation fugue , which develops the subject twice , starting with the voices , up to a triumphal entrance of the trumpet , similar in development to the first chorus of Wir danken dir , Gott , wir danken dir , BWV 29 , composed much later and used twice in the Mass in B minor . Joseph Haydn later set the same words , also in C major , in his oratorio The Creation . In the first recitative the strings accompany the voice , most keenly in motifs in the arioso middle section , in Gardiner 's words " to evoke the spirit of God moving upon the face of the waters " . Trumpet and bass voice are used to convey the call " to banish the tribe of idolaters " , while the strings possibly illustrate " the hordes of infidels " . The last recitative leads in an arioso to the chorale . In the chorale , Bach has the violin play an obbligato part to the four @-@ part setting of the voices and separates the lines by interludes , with the trumpet anticipating the line to follow . The continuo plays ostinato a motif which is derived from the first line of the chorale . Whereas Part I begins with a trumpet announcing ( " erzählen " ) God 's glory , Part II starts on an intimate chamber music scale with oboe d 'amore and viola da gamba , concentrating on " brotherly devotion " ( brüderliche Treue ) . A sinfonia in E minor for these two instruments is reminiscent both of Bach 's compositions for the court in Köthen and of a French overture , marked " adagio " , then " vivace " . Bach used the music of this movement later in his organ trio , BWV 528 . Gardiner calls the movement " in effect a sonata da chiesa " . The tenor aria illustrates the " masochistic " " Hate me , then , hate me with all your might , o hostile race ! " by a first dissonant entry on an ostinato bass line full of chromatic , leaps and interrupting rests . Oboe d 'amore and viola da gamba return to accompany the last aria , and " the sombre qualities of both voice and instruments create a feeling of peace and introspection " . The music of the closing chorale is identical to that of Part I. = = Selected recordings = = The sortable listing is taken from the selection provided by Aryeh Oron on the Bach @-@ Cantatas website . The type of choir and orchestra is roughly shown as a large group by red background , and as an ensemble with period instruments in historically informed performance by green background .
= Oslo Metro = The Oslo Metro ( Norwegian : Oslo T @-@ bane or Oslo Tunnelbane or simply T @-@ banen ) is the rapid transit system of Oslo , Norway , operated by Sporveien T @-@ banen on contract from the transit authority Ruter . The network consists of five lines that all run through the city centre , with a total length of 85 kilometres ( 53 mi ) , serving 101 stations of which 17 are underground or indoors . In addition to serving 14 out of the 15 boroughs of Oslo ( all except St. Hanshaugen ) , two lines run to Bærum . In 2015 , the system had an annual ridership of 94 @.@ 4 million . The first rapid transit line , the Holmenkoll Line , opened in 1898 , with the branch Røa Line opening in 1912 . It became the first Nordic underground railway in 1928 when the underground line to Nationaltheatret was opened . The Sognsvann Line opened in 1934 and the Kolsås Line in 1942 . The opening of the upgraded T @-@ bane system on the east side of town occurred in 1966 , after the conversion of the 1957 Østensjø Line , followed by the new Lambertseter Line , the Grorud Line and the Furuset Line ; in 1993 trains ran under the city between the two networks in the Common Tunnel , followed by the 2006 opening of the Ring Line . All the trains are operated with MX3000 stock . These replaced the older T1000 stock between 2006 and 2010 . = = History = = = = = Suburban lines in the west = = = Rail transport in Oslo started in 1854 , with the opening of Hoved Line to Eidsvoll , through Groruddalen . In 1872 , Drammen Line , going through Oslo West , and in 1879 , Østfold Line going through Nordstrand opened , offering a limited rail service to those parts of the city . By 1875 , Kristiania Sporveisselskab ( KSS ) opened the first horsecar trams . In 1894 electric trams were in service by Kristiania Elektriske Sporvei ( KES ) . The first suburban tram line was the Holmenkoll Line that was opened by Holmenkolbanen in 1898 ; like all the later suburban tram line these were electric trams with a grade @-@ separated right @-@ of @-@ way and proper stations instead of tram stops , making it the first rapid transit in Oslo . Unlike the other suburban tram lines that were built later , the Holmenkollen Line was not extended into the city as a streetcar — instead passengers had to change at Majorstuen to the streetcars , though the system did not take into use wider suburban stock ( 3 @.@ 1 metres ( 10 ft ) ) until 1909 . A branch line was opened in 1912 , to Smestad , and in 1916 the Holmenkollen Line was extended to Tryvann , with the last part from Frognerseteren single track and used for freight , and removed in 1939 . In 1912 , the construction of the first underground railway in the Nordic Countries started , when A / S Holmenkolbanen started construction of an extension of their line from Majorstuen to Nationaltheatret ; the 2 @.@ 0 kilometres ( 1 @.@ 2 mi ) line was opened in 1928 ( and was then only the second underground railway to be opened in the Nordic countries after Boulevardtunnlen in Copenhagen which opened in July 1918 ) , with one intermediate station at Valkyrie Plass , giving the two suburban lines access to the central business district of Oslo . The success of the suburban lines tempted KES to extend their streetcar service west from Skøyen as a suburban line ; the Lilleaker Line opened to Lilleaker in 1919 , to Avløs in 1924 and to Kolsås in 1930 . A new section from Jar to Sørbyhaugen opened in 1942 , connecting the line from Jar to Kolsås to Nationaltheatret , and making it a rapid transit and the replacement of stock with wide suburban standard . This service remained part of the municipal Oslo Sporveier , that had bough all the streetcar companies in 1924 . Compensation for large amounts of damage to houses along the route during construction , along with higher construction costs than calculated was a heavy burden on the company , and in 1934 , the municipality of Aker took over the common stock , though the preferred stock remained listed on the Oslo Stock Exchange until 1975 , as Oslo Sporveier gradually took over the operation of the western suburban lines . Akersbanerne opened the connecting Sognsvann Line in 1934 . = = = Metro = = = The first idea to launch a city @-@ wide rapid transit was launched in 1912 with the construction of the Ekeberg Line ; constructed with the same width profile as the Holmenkollen Line , the plan was to build a tunnel under the city center and run through trains , but large cost expenditures on the first section of the Common Tunnel ceased the plans . As part of the rebuilding after World War II a planning office for a T @-@ bane was established in 1949 , with the first plans launched in 1951 ; in 1954 , the city council decided to build the T @-@ bane network in Eastern Oslo with four branches . The system would feature improvements over the suburban lines in having a third rail power supply , cab signaling with Automatic Train Protection , stations long enough for six @-@ car trains and level crossings replaced by bridges and underpasses — specifications christened metro standard . At the time there were two suburban tramways on the east side , the Ekeberg Line ( opened in 1919 ) and the Østensjø Line ( 1923 ) . Only the latter would be connected to the T @-@ bane ; the Ekeberg Line would remain a tramway , but three new lines were to be built — the Grorud Line on the north side and the Furuset Line on the south side of Groruddalen and the Lambertseter Line on the east of Nordstrand . These areas were all chosen as new suburbs for Oslo , and would quickly need a good public transport system ; suburban lines would first be built out extending from the existing tramway , and later a final section with tunnel to the central station would be built . The Lambertseter Line was opened in 1957 , from Brynseng to Bergkrystallen while the Østensjø Line was extended to Bøler in 1958 . The metro opened on 22 May 1966 , when the Common Tunnel opened from Brynseng to the new downtown station of Jernbanetorget , located beside the Oslo East Railway Station . In October the Grorud Line opened to Grorud while the Østensjø Line was connected to the system in 1967 when the line also was extended to Skullerud . In 1970 , the Furuset Line opened to Haugerud and extended to Trosterud in 1974 , at the same time as the Grorud Line was extended to Vestli . By 1981 , the Furuset Line had reached Ellingsrudåsen . The metro took delivery of T1000 rolling stock from Strømmens Værksted ; from 1964 to 1978 , 162 cars in three @-@ car configurations were delivered for the eastern network . = = = One tunnel = = = The eastern network was extended from Jernbanetorget to Sentrum in 1977 . This station was forced to close in 1983 , due to water leakage , and when it opened again in 1987 , renamed Stortinget , the west network tunnel had also been extended there . Through services were not possible at the time because of incompatibility of signaling and power equipment . Not until 1993 did the first trains run through the station , after the Sognsvann Line had been rebuilt to " metro standard " ; the Røa Line followed in 1995 . The Holmenkoll and Kolsås Lines remained non @-@ metro , using dual mode trains that switch to overhead lines at Frøen and Montebello . The western network took delivery of 33 T1300 cars in 1978 – 81 , with an additional 16 converted from T1000 . In 1994 twelve T2000 cars were delivered for the Holmenkollen Line . In 2003 the Ring Line opened , connecting Ullevål stadion to Storo . The following year , construction work caused a tunnel to collapse on the Grorud Line — the system 's busiest — forcing a shutdown of the line until December , and creating a havoc of overcrowded replacement buses . In 2006 the ring was completed , to Carl Berners plass . At the same time the Kolsås Line was closed for upgrade to metro standard . In 2003 the section of the Kolsås Line in Bærum closed due to budget disagreements between the two counties ; after a year of unpopular replacement buses , the line was reopened , only to close again in 2006 for upgrade to metro standard . Disagreements between the two counties means the upgrade will be done separately on the two sides of the municipal boundary , with the Oslo side opening first . In 2006 the replacement of existing rolling stock with new MX3000 units commenced . The history of the metro and public transport in Oslo is celebrated at the Oslo Tramway Museum in Majorstuen . = = Network = = The current route network was introduced on 3 April 2016 , with the opening of the connection tunnel from Økern to Sinsen and the new Løren station . The Oslo Metro operates in all fifteen boroughs of Oslo , as well as reaching a bit inside the neighbouring municipality of Bærum . There are five lines , numbered 1 through 5 , each color @-@ coded . They all pass through the Common Tunnel , serving eight branch lines . In addition two lines operate to the Ring Line . Two branches are served by two lines each : the Grorud branch is served by both lines 4 and 5 , while the Lambertseter branch has full @-@ time service by line 4 and limited service by line 1 . The Grorud and Furuset Line head northeast into Groruddalen , while the other two eastern branches head south into Nordstrand . On the west side , the Holmenkoll and Sognsvann Line cover the northern boroughs of Oslo , along with the Ring Line that connects the northeastern and northwestern parts of town . The Kolsås and Røa Line reach deep into the neighbouring municipality of Bærum . All the lines run through the Common Tunnel before reaching out to different lines , or into the Ring . All lines have a base service of four trains per hour while line 2 and the eastern section of line 3 have eight trains per hour weekdays 7 @-@ 19 . The eastern section of line 2 also has eight trains per hour Saturdays 10 @-@ 19 . A reduced half @-@ hourly service operates on all lines during early weekend mornings . Trains run from about 05 : 00 ( 06 : 00 at weekends ) to 01 : 00 the next morning . = = = Lines = = = = = = = Line 1 = = = = = = = = Line 2 = = = = = = = = Line 3 = = = = = = = = Line 4 = = = = = = = = Line 5 = = = = = = = Stations = = = The system consists of 101 stations , of which 17 are underground or indoors . The only underground station on the pre @-@ metro western network was Nationaltheatret , and most of the underground station are in the common tunnel under the city center , or in shorter tunnel sections on the eastern network ; in particular the Furuset Line runs mainly underground , with all but Haugerud built in or at the opening of a tunnel . Stations in the city center are located close to large employment centers as well as connection possibilities to other modes of transport , such as tram , rail and bus . All stations can be identified at ground level by signs with a blue T in a circle . Stations outside the center are unmanned since the 1995 , with ticket machines for fare purchase ; some stations feature kiosks . A system of turnstiles have been installed , but will never be activated due to security issues . All stations have step @-@ free accessibility through at least one entrance ( except the inbound platform at Frøen ) , and the platform height is aligned with the train cars . = = = Intermodality = = = The metro is integrated into the public transport system of Oslo and Akershus through the agency Ruter , allowing tickets to also be valid on the Oslo Tramway , city buses , ferries , and the Oslo Commuter Rail operated by Norwegian State Railways . A new , wireless ticketing system , Reisekort , has in the recent years been implemented . From 31 January 2016 a single ticket for one zone ( the entire metro system is in zone 1 ) cost NOK 32 for adults ( NOK 50 if purchased onboard ) , for 30 @-@ day ticket , it costs NOK 690 for adults . This includes all means of public transport within the zone where the ticket is first activated ( again , for the metro , zone 1 ) . There is a fine of NOK 950 , or NOK 1150 , for not having a valid ticket , depending on if the fine is paid on location or not . Oslo maintains a street tram system with six lines , of which two are suburban lines . The street trams operate mostly within the borders of the Ring Line , providing a frequent service in the city centre , with lower average speeds but with more stops . There are major transfer points to the tramway at Majorstuen , Jernbanetorget , Jar , Storo and Forskningsparken . The commuter train serves suburbs further away from Oslo , though some of the commuter rail services remind of a rapid transit service , in particular line 400 and line 500 , to Lillestrøm , Asker and Ski , with higher service frequency through the continual populated area of Oslo . Transfer to railway services is available at Jernbanetorget ( to Oslo S ) and Nationaltheatret , the latter with a considerably shorter walk . Bus services are provided to numerous stations . Most bus services provide feeding to the metro system where possible , and then do not continue into town . However , since the metro operates solely into town , instead of across it , many buses operate between stations on different lines , or provide alternative routes across town . = = Future expansion = = Between 2006 and 2014 the Kolsås Line was upgraded to metro standard . As part of the political compromise Oslo Package 3 a number of changes have been proposed for the Oslo Metro.Expansion of the Furuset Line to Lørenskog with stations at Skårer , Lørenskog Centre and a new terminus at Akershus University Hospital , with travel time to Jernbanetorget of 27 minutes . The frequency on the eastern lines will be increased . Grorudbanen , Lambertseterbanen , Østensjøbanen and Furusetbanen will get eight departures per hour , with half ( B @-@ routes ) terminating at Majorstuen for Lambertseterbanen and Furusetbanen . This will reduce the capacity in the Common Tunnel . The construction of the Løren Line will connect the Ring Line with the Grorud Line , allowing trains to run from Grorudbanen directly to the Ring . In addition a new station at Løren would be built . This will not increase the load on the Common Tunnel since it is an extension of the current line that terminates at Storo , and will also make way for eight departures per hour on the Østensjø line . This will also give all stations except Hasle and Løren eight departures per hour . A new station , Homansbyen , on the Common Tunnel between Majorstuen and National Theatre . Although not part of Oslo Package 3 , the Fornebu Line , which has been variously proposed as a light rail , metro and an automated train line since 1997 , is planned to run from Majorstuen to the old airport area at Fornebu . = = Rolling stock = = The trains on the Oslo metro are currently exclusively the MX3000 , ordered in 2003 to replace the oldest T1000 stock . Delivery started in 2006 , and unlike older stock the MX3000 units are painted white instead of red . 83 three @-@ car units were ordered in 2006 ; a further 32 were ordered in December 2010 . A number of versions of the T1000 stock have earlier been used on the Oslo metro . This includes 146 cars of the types T1 through T4 , that have third @-@ rail only operation , and thus did not run on the Holmenkollen and Kolsås lines . These ran usually in units of three or six ( sometimes four or five ) cars . Types T5 to T8 , 49 in total , delivered with both third @-@ rail and overhead wire equipment , normally ran on the Holmenkollen line ( two cars ) and Kolsås line ( three cars ) . When the Holmenkollen Line was connected to the T @-@ bane it was still using old teak cars ; to allow through services the T2000 , capable of dual @-@ system running , was delivered in 1993 . They were not particularly successful and only 12 units were delivered , operating in pairs on the Holmenkollen line sometimes connecting with the Lambertseter line , and scrapped in 2010 . = = Depots and facilities = = Avløs Depot – located near Avløs station on the Kolsås Line , it has been closed for refurbishment since 2011 and is expected to reopen in May 2015 . Etterstad Depot – located on the shared section of the Østensjø Line , Furuset Line and the Lambertseter Line before Brynseng station , it is used as the main operations centre for the Oslo Metro and has a yard for maintenance of way equipment . Majorstuen Depot – a small yard used mainly for storing trains , located just beside the Oslo Tramway Museum . Ryen Depot – the main storage and maintenance yard for all Oslo Metro trains , located on the Lambertseter Line near Ryen station . = = = Inline references = = =
= Tupolev Tu @-@ 80 = The Tupolev Tu @-@ 80 was a Soviet prototype for a longer @-@ ranged version of the Tupolev Tu @-@ 4 bomber built after World War II . It was canceled in 1949 in favor of the Tupolev Tu @-@ 85 program which offered even more range . The sole prototype was used in various test programs before ending its days as a target . = = Development = = The Tu @-@ 80 was designed as a modernized and enlarged Tu @-@ 4 with greater range . This was to be achieved by the use of more fuel @-@ efficient engines , better aerodynamics and adding fuel tanks . It was intended to have a range of 7 @,@ 000 – 8 @,@ 000 kilometres ( 4 @,@ 300 – 5 @,@ 000 mi ) and carry a maximum bomb load of 12 @,@ 000 kilograms ( 26 @,@ 000 lb ) with a top speed of 620 kilometres per hour ( 390 mph ) . Work began on the design in February 1948 and this was confirmed by a Council of Ministers order of 12 June that required the prototype be ready for State acceptance trials in July 1949 . The forward portion of the fuselage was redesigned with an airliner @-@ style stepped windscreen and the fuselage was lengthened by almost 4 m ( 13 ft ) which allowed the bomb bays and their doors to be lengthened . The radar and its operator were moved into the forward pressurized compartment and the radar itself was located in the " chin " position in a new streamlined fairing . The wings were enlarged to a total of 173 square metres ( 1 @,@ 860 sq ft ) and the rubber deicing boots were replaced by more efficient and aerodynamic bleed air deicers . The engine nacelles were redesigned with smaller cross @-@ sections with less drag . Originally Shvetsov ASh @-@ 2TK or Dobrynin VD @-@ 3TK engines were considered , but neither engine was ready so the Shvetsov ASh @-@ 73TKFN was used . Fully feathering propellers were also used . All of these changes increased the lift / drag ratio to 18 from the 17 @.@ 0 of the Tu @-@ 4 . Construction of the Tu @-@ 80 began in November 1948 , using as many Tu @-@ 4 components as possible to speed up construction , but the first flight wasn 't until 1 December 1949 , after the Council of Ministers had canceled the program on 16 September 1949 in favor of the Tu @-@ 85 which was expected to have much better performance . The Tu @-@ 80 became a research aircraft , testing reversible @-@ pitch propellers and structural deformation in heavy aircraft . It eventually became a target on a bombing and gunnery range . = = Specifications = = Data from The Osprey Encyclopedia of Russian Aircraft 1975 – 1995 General characteristics Length : 34 @.@ 32 m ( 112 ft 7 ¼ in ) Wingspan : 43 @.@ 45 m ( 142 ft 6 ⅝ in ) Height : 8 @.@ 91 m ( 29ft 3 in ) Wing area : 167 @.@ 0 m ² ( 1 @,@ 798 ft ² ) Empty weight : 37 @,@ 850 kg ( 83 @,@ 444 lb ) Loaded weight : 51 @,@ 500 kg ( 113 @,@ 536 lb ) Max. takeoff weight : 60 @,@ 600 kg ( 133,598lb ) Powerplant : 4 × Shvetsov ASh @-@ 73FN 18 @-@ cylinder two @-@ row radial engine , 1 @,@ 977 kW ( 2 @,@ 650 hp ) each Performance Maximum speed : 545 km / h ( 295 kn , 339 mph ) Range : 8 @,@ 214 km ( 4 @,@ 436 nmi , 5 @,@ 104 mi ) Service ceiling : 11 @,@ 180 m ( 36 @,@ 680 ft ) Wing loading : 363 kg / m ² ( 74 @.@ 3 lb / ft ² ) Power / mass : 0 @.@ 13 kW / kg ( 0.079hp / lb ) Armament Bombs : 12 @,@ 000 kg ( 26 @,@ 500 lb ) bombs
= Thomas Farrell ( general ) = Major General Thomas Francis Farrell ( 3 December 1891 – 11 April 1967 ) was the Deputy Commanding General and Chief of Field Operations of the Manhattan Project , acting as executive officer to Major General Leslie R. Groves , Jr . Farrell graduated from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute with a degree in civil engineering in 1912 . During World War I , he served with the 1st Engineers on the Western Front , and was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross and the French Croix de guerre . After the war , he was an instructor at the Engineer School , and then at the United States Military Academy at West Point . He resigned from the Regular Army in 1926 to become Commissioner of Canals and Waterway for the State of New York from 1926 to 1930 , and head of construction and engineering of the New York State Department of Public Works from 1930 until 1941 . During World War II he returned to active duty as Groves ' executive officer in the Operations Branch of the Construction Division under the Office of the Quartermaster General . He went to the China @-@ Burma @-@ India theater to help build the Ledo Road . In January 1945 , Groves chose Farrell as his second @-@ in @-@ command of the Manhattan Project . Farrell observed the Trinity test at the Alamogordo Bombing and Gunnery Range with J. Robert Oppenheimer . In August 1945 , he went to Tinian to supervise the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki . Afterwards he led teams of scientists to inspect the effects of the atomic bombs . In 1946 he was appointed chairman of the New York City Housing Authority . He subsequently worked as a consultant for the Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority on projects such as the Cross Bronx Expressway . He was a member of the evaluation board for Operation Crossroads , and was an advisor to Bernard Baruch , the United States representative on the United Nations Atomic Energy Commission . During the Korean War , Farrell returned to active duty once more , serving with the Defense Production Administration , and then with the Atomic Energy Commission as its Assistant General Manager for Manufacturing . He oversaw a vast increase in the Commission 's production capabilities before retiring again in 1951 . From 1960 to 1964 , he worked on the preparations for the 1964 New York World 's Fair . = = Early life = = Thomas Francis Farrell was born on 3 December 1891 in Brunswick , New York , the fourth of nine children of John Joseph Farrell , Sr. , a farmer , and his wife Margaret née Connolly . Farrell was raised on the family 's 200 @-@ acre ( 81 ha ) farm , where his father had an apple orchard , and raised pigs and dairy cattle . The children helped with the farm chores , and delivering the milk , but none stayed on as adults . Farrell graduated from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in 1912 . His first professional job was working on the New York State Barge Canal . Seeing Irish workers being mistreated by bosses made him a staunch supporter of organized labor . He worked on the Panama Canal from 1913 to 1916 . Farrell joined the Corps of Engineers Officers Reserve Corps in 1916 . He married Maria Ynez White in 1917 before departing for France with the American Expeditionary Force ( AEF ) . He joined the 1st Engineers with the rank of second lieutenant , and departed from Hoboken , New Jersey on the USAT Finland on 6 August as the assistant supply officer with the rank of first lieutenant . He became a captain and regimental supply officer in October , and subsequently , with the rank of major , commanded the 2nd Battalion from January to May 1918 , Company F from May to July , and finally the 1st Battalion from July 1918 . Farrell participated in the Battle of Cantigny , the Aisne @-@ Marne Offensive , the Battle of Montdidier @-@ Noyon and the Meuse @-@ Argonne Offensive . The 1st Engineers ' main role was maintenance of the roads and construction of bridges in the 1st Division area , although detachments also employed Bangalore torpedoes to clear paths through barbed wire . However , during the Argonne battle , Farrell 's 1st Battalion was committed to the line as infantry . For his leadership in the action that followed , he was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross . His citation read : for extraordinary heroism in action while serving with 1st Engineers , 1st Division , A.E.F. , at Bois @-@ de @-@ Moncy , France , October 8 – 9 , 1918 . On October 8 when ordered to take and hold Hill 269 , which was strongly held by enemy forces , Major Farrell with great skill and with undaunted courage and determination led his battalion to the attack , seized and held this vital point despite the fact that he was attacked by greatly superior numbers on three sides and nearly surrounded by strong enemy forces who showed extraordinary determination to regain this highly important position . He held the hill until reinforcements could reach him after darkness had fallen on 9 October 1918 . His fearless leadership , utter disregard for his own safety , and complete devotion to duty raised the morale of his battalion to a high pitch and inspired them to acts of great endeavor . Farrell was also awarded the Croix de guerre with palm for his actions , and the 1st Battalion received a citation from Major General Charles Summerall , the commander of V Corps . After the Armistice with Germany in November 1918 , the 1st Engineers participated in the occupation of the Rhineland , with Farrell 's 1st Battalion basing itself at Ebernhahn . The 1st Engineers returned to the United States in August and September 1919 . After the war , Farrell joined the Regular Army . He served as an instructor at the Engineer School at Camp A. A. Humphreys from 1921 to 1924 , and then at the United States Military Academy at West Point until 1926 . Farrell resigned from the Regular Army in 1926 , but remained in the reserves . The Governor of New York , Al Smith , appointed Farrell as Commissioner of Canals and Waterway for the State of New York . He was head of construction and engineering of the New York State Department of Public Works from 1930 until 1941 . He was considered as a possible candidate to replace Frederick Stuart Greene as Superintendent of Public Works , but Greene did not retire . The Great Depression led to a vast expansion of public works activity , both nationally and in New York . Major projects in New York included the 1939 New York World 's Fair and the construction of LaGuardia Airport . = = World War II = = = = = Construction in the United States = = = Farrell returned to active duty in February 1941 with the rank of lieutenant colonel to act as then @-@ Colonel Leslie R. Groves , Jr . ' s executive officer in the Operations Branch of the Construction Division under the Office of the Office of the Quartermaster General . At this point , the US Army was about to embark on a national mobilization , and it was the task of the Construction Division of the Quartermaster Corps to prepare the necessary accommodations and training facilities for the vast army that would be created . The enormous construction program had been dogged by bottlenecks , shortages , delays , spiralling costs , and poor living conditions at the construction sites . Newspapers began publishing accounts charging the Construction Division with incompetence , ineptitude , and inefficiency . Farrell and Groves worked out new , simplified procedures for centralized procurement that provided the flexibility needed to get projects done on time with the accountability that such enormous expenditures demanded . He was awarded the Legion of Merit for his services . = = = China @-@ Burma @-@ India = = = In September 1943 , the Chief of Army Service Forces , Lieutenant General Brehon B. Somervell , created a special India Committee to coordinate activities in the China @-@ Burma @-@ India theater with those of Army Service Forces back home . Farrell , now a colonel , was appointed to the committee to oversee construction . The creation of a line of communications from India to China would be the largest engineer undertaking of the war . A number of new units were trained in the United States specifically for the task . In a reorganization later that year , Farrell became Chief Engineer of the Services of Supply in the China @-@ Burma @-@ India theater . In December he also became head of its Construction Division . Farrell , who was promoted to brigadier general in January 1944 , organized his command into two divisions and six districts . He was in charge of the work inside India ; construction of the Ledo Road itself was the responsibility of Colonel Lewis A. Pick . In addition to this work , Farrell had to support Operation Matterhorn , the deployment of B @-@ 29 bombers to China and India , which involved the construction and expansion of a series of air bases . The B @-@ 29s required runways that were almost twice the size of those for the older B @-@ 17s , and he was forced to divert his resources to construct a 6 @-@ inch ( 150 mm ) oil pipeline to the Matterhorn airfields . To bridge the fast @-@ following rivers of northern Burma , Pick and Farrell selected the H @-@ 20 Portable Steel Highway Bridge . Production of these had been discontinued in favor of the Bailey bridge , but Farrell 's technical arguments won out and the Corps of Engineers had to reinstate production of the H @-@ 20 . In view of these difficulties , Farrell obtained Bailey bridges from British sources . In the end , all the major bridges beyond the Irrawaddy River would be Baileys . He also made the decision , controversial in Washington , to shift the terminus of the 6 @-@ inch ( 150 mm ) oil pipeline from Calcutta to Chittagong in order to avoid crossing the Ganges and Brahmaputra Rivers , and the dangers of concentrating too many vulnerable installations in the Calcutta area . He was awarded the Distinguished Service Medal . = = = Manhattan Project = = = In December 1944 , the Secretary of War , Henry L. Stimson , ordered Groves , now the Director of the Manhattan Project , to find a deputy . Stimson was concerned about what would happen if Groves became incapacitated . " You can have any officer in the Army , " Stimson told Groves , " no matter who he is , or what duty he is on . " Groves told Colonel Kenneth Nichols , the commander of the Manhattan District , that his first choice would be Farrell . Nichols replied : " He would be my first choice too . " " Site Y " was the code name for the remote Los Alamos County , New Mexico facilities that housed the main group of researchers and was responsible for final assembly of the bombs . Farrell was briefed on the physics of the atomic bomb by Robert Oppenheimer , and he made several extended tours of the Alamogordo Bombing and Gunnery Range , which had been chosen as the site for the Trinity test . On signing a receipt for the plutonium from Oak Ridge , Farrell commented : I recall that I asked them if I was going to sign for it shouldn 't I take it and handle it . So I took this heavy ball in my hand and I felt it growing warm , I got a certain sense of its hidden power . It wasn 't a cold piece of metal , but it was really a piece of metal that seemed to be working inside . Then maybe for the first time I began to believe some of the fantastic tales the scientists had told about this nuclear power . Farrell observed the Trinity ( nuclear test ) with Oppenheimer from the control dugout located 10 @,@ 000 yards ( 9 @,@ 100 m ) from the test tower . In his report on the test to President Truman on 21 July 1945 , Farrell stated : The effects could well be called unprecedented , magnificent , beautiful , stupendous , and terrifying . No man @-@ made phenomenon of such tremendous power had ever occurred before ... It lit every peak , crevasse and ridge of the nearby mountain range with a clarity and beauty that cannot be described but must be seen to be imagined . Seconds after the explosion came , the air blast pressed hard against the people watching , to be followed almost immediately by the strong , sustained , awesome roar which warned of doomsday and made us feel we puny things were blasphemous to dare tamper with the forces previously reserved for the Almighty . Words are inadequate tools for the job of acquainting those not present with the physical , mental and psychological effects . It had to be witnessed to be realized . . Farrell assumed special responsibility for combat operations . He served on the target committee , acting as its chairman when Groves was absent . In July 1945 , Farrell arrived on Guam to coordinate the project with the local commanders . One of his tasks was to brief General of the Army Douglas MacArthur . Farrell was joined by Rear Admiral William R. Purnell , who represented the Military Liaison Committee , and Captain William S. Parsons , the commander of Project Alberta . They became , informally , the " Tinian Joint Chiefs " , with decision @-@ making authority over the nuclear mission . Farrell notified Groves that the Little Boy bomb would be ready for use on or about 3 August , weather permitting . In the space of a week on Tinian , four B @-@ 29s crashed and burned on the runway . Parsons became very concerned . If a B @-@ 29 crashed with a Little Boy , the fire could cook off the explosive and detonate the weapon , with catastrophic consequences . Parsons raised the possibility of arming the bomb in flight with Farrell , who agreed that it might be a good idea . Farrell asked Parsons if he knew how to do it . " No sir , I don 't " , Parsons conceded , " but I 've got all afternoon to learn . " After the bombing of Hiroshima on 6 August , Farrell , along with Generals Carl Spaatz , Nathan Twining , Barney Giles and James H. Davies , debriefed Parsons , the aircrews and the observers , and sent Groves a detailed report . Farrell brought forward the date for the next attack because good weather was only predicted until 9 August . He signed the Fat Man bomb , " To Hirohito , with love and kisses , T. F. Farrell . " The bomb was loaded on the B @-@ 29 Bockscar . During pre @-@ flight inspection , a fuel pump was found to be faulty , meaning that 800 US gallons ( 3 @,@ 000 l ; 670 imp gal ) of fuel in the bomb bay tank could not be used , although it would have to be carried . Farrell took the difficult decision to continue the mission , in view of the worsening weather . This was only the first of a number of problems that faced the mission crews that day , but the mission was carried out successfully . The surrender of Japan on 14 August precluded further attacks . Groves had already directed Farrell to prepare teams to inspect the effects of the atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki , and Farrell had begun assembling the required personnel and equipment . Farrell arrived in Hiroshima by air on 8 September as part of a group , equipped with portable geiger counters , that was headed by himself , and also included Brigadier General James B. Newman , Jr from the US Army Air Forces , Japanese Rear Admiral Masao Tsuzuki , who acted as a translator , and Colonel Stafford L. Warren , the head of the Manhattan District 's Medical Section . They remained in Hiroshima until 14 September and then surveyed Nagasaki from 19 September to 8 October . They were greatly impressed by both the damage done by the atomic bombs , and the extensive Japanese preparations for the Allied invasion that had been planned prior to the surrender . = = Post @-@ war = = Farrell was promoted to the rank of major general in October 1945 . He remained Deputy Commander of the Manhattan Project until he retired from active service in April 1946 . He was appointed chairman of the New York City Housing Authority by Mayor William O 'Dwyer on Robert Moses 's recommendation . In the aftermath of the war , providing public housing , especially for returning veterans , was a major priority for the city . Unlike other projects of the time , New York City public housing was not racially segregated . Writing in 1950 , Farrell declared , " New York 's public housing projects demonstrate that Negroes and whites can live together . " He served as a member of the evaluation board for Operation Crossroads , and was an advisor to Bernard Baruch , the United States ' representative on the United Nations Atomic Energy Commission . In 1950 , during the Korean War , Farrell returned to active duty with the Army once more , and served with the Defense Production Administration . In July 1951 , he was transferred to the Atomic Energy Commission ( AEC ) , the successor organization to the Manhattan Project , where he became the Assistant General Manager for Manufacturing . In this role , he oversaw a vast increase in the Commission 's production capabilities . The construction of new reactors at the Hanford and Savannah River Sites would eventually triple the production of nuclear weapons . Farrell left the AEC and active duty Army again in February 1952 . He subsequently worked as a consultant for the Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority on projects such as the Cross Bronx Expressway . From 1960 to 1964 , he worked on the preparations for the 1964 New York World 's Fair . His children were Thomas , Barbara , Peter , Patricia , and Stephen . Thomas graduated from West Point in the class of 1942 , received the Silver Star Medal and the Distinguished Service Cross , and reached the rank of captain before being killed at Anzio on 25 February 1944 . An Army port repair ship , the Thomas F. Farrell Jr . , was named in his honor . Peter graduated from West Point in the class of 1950 . He served with the Army in the Vietnam War , where he commanded the 6th Battalion , 56th Air Defense Artillery during the Tet Offensive . He retired from the Army in 1978 with the rank of colonel . Farrell 's daughter , Barbara Vucanovich , was the first woman from Nevada to be elected to the United States House of Representatives , serving from 1983 to 1997 . His granddaughter , Patricia Dillon Cafferata , served as Nevada State Treasurer from 1983 to 1987 . Farrell died at Saint Mary 's Hospital in Reno , Nevada , on 11 April 1967 . His wife Ynez had died the year before . Ironically , the man who had spent a lifetime building things was principally remembered for the destruction of Hiroshima and Nagasaki .
= Bill Willis = William Karnet Willis ( October 5 , 1921 – November 27 , 2007 ) was an American football defensive lineman who played eight seasons for the Cleveland Browns in the All @-@ America Football Conference ( AAFC ) and the National Football League ( NFL ) . Known for his quickness and strength despite his small stature , Willis was one of the dominant defensive football players of the 1940s and early 1950s . He was named an All @-@ Pro in every season of his career and reached the NFL 's Pro Bowl in three of the four seasons he played in the league . His techniques and style of play were emulated by other teams , and his versatility as a pass @-@ rusher and coverage man influenced the development of the modern @-@ day linebacker position . When he retired , Cleveland coach Paul Brown called him " one of the outstanding linemen in the history of professional football " . Willis was also one of the first African Americans to play professional football in the modern era , signing with the Browns a year before Jackie Robinson broke the color barrier in Major League Baseball with the Brooklyn Dodgers . Born in Columbus , Ohio , Willis attended Ohio State University , where he joined the track and football teams . He was part of a Buckeyes football team that won the school 's first national championship in 1942 . After graduating in 1944 , Willis heard about a new AAFC club in Cleveland led by his old Ohio State coach , Paul Brown . He got a tryout and made the team . With Willis as a defensive anchor , the Browns won all four AAFC championships between 1946 and 1949 , when the league dissolved . The Browns were then absorbed by the NFL , where Willis continued to succeed . Cleveland won the NFL championship in 1950 . Willis retired in 1954 to focus on helping troubled youth , first as Cleveland 's assistant recreation commissioner and later as the chairman of the Ohio Youth Commission . He remained in that position until his death in 2007 . Willis was inducted into both the College Football Hall of Fame and Pro Football Hall of Fame in the 1970s . He married Odessa Porter and had three sons , William , Jr . , Clement and Dan . = = Early life = = Willis was born in Georgia , the son of Clement and Williana " Anna " Willis . The family moved to Columbus , Ohio about 1922 . His father died of pneumonia on April 10 , 1923 , and he was raised by his grandfather and mother amid the financial hardships of the Great Depression . He ran dashes and threw the shot put on the track team and played on the football team at Columbus East High School . Worried about being compared to his older brother Claude , who had been an All @-@ State fullback at the same school a few years earlier , Willis eschewed the backfield to play tackle and end . He had a successful three years on the high school team , winning Honorable Mention All @-@ State honors as a senior . After graduating from high school , Willis took a year off and worked . Willis 's high school coach wrote to Paul Brown , the Ohio State University football coach , saying the school should recruit him because he matched the type of player Brown liked : large , but more importantly , quick . He enrolled at Ohio State in 1941 . = = College career = = Willis was small for a lineman at 202 pounds , and despite signing up to play for Brown he was initially expected to focus on track and the 60 @-@ yard and 100 @-@ yard dashes . Brown , however , brought him onto the football team as a sophomore in 1942 . Willis played middle guard , a defensive position opposite the center . That year , the Buckeyes posted a 9 – 1 record and won the Big Ten Conference . The team was voted national champion by the Associated Press , a first for the school . Before the following season , scores of Ohio State players left the school to join the military as American involvement in World War II intensified . Willis volunteered for the U.S. Army , but was classified as 4 @-@ F , or only available for service in case of a national emergency , due to varicose veins . With many stars gone , however , Brown fielded a team composed mostly of 17 @-@ year @-@ olds who were not yet eligible for military service . The " Baby Bucks " , as they were called , fell to 3 – 6 , although Willis was named a first @-@ team All Conference selection in the Big Ten . By the 1944 season , Brown had joined the military and was coaching a team at Great Lakes Naval Training Station outside Chicago . Under his substitute , coach Carroll Widdoes , the Buckeyes completed an undefeated season . Willis was named to the United Press International and Look magazine All @-@ America teams . He played in the 1944 College All @-@ Star Game at Chicago , and was named the game 's outstanding player . = = Professional career = = A professional football career was unlikely for Willis when he graduated from Ohio State in 1945 . While the exclusion of black players was not a written rule , no African @-@ American had played in the National Football League since 1933 . The gentlemen 's agreement had been in effect ever since segregationist George Preston Marshall entered the league as owner of the Boston Redskins . In his physical prime but with no real prospect of playing professionally , Willis took a job as the head football coach at Kentucky State College in the fall of 1945 . Kentucky State , an historically black school , played against other small black schools near its campus in Frankfort . Willis , however , still wanted to play football . " My heart was not really in coaching " , he later said . He read that Paul Brown was coaching a team in the newly formed All @-@ America Football Conference ( AAFC ) , and he gave Brown a call . Brown said he would get back to Willis on a possible tryout . In the meantime , Willis was recruited by the Montreal Alouettes , a team in the Canadian Football League . Not hearing back from Brown , he planned to go play in Canada . Willis was about to leave for Montreal when Paul Hornung , a sportswriter for the Columbus Dispatch , called with a message from Brown . Hornung told Willis to go for a tryout in Bowling Green , Ohio , where the new team , the Cleveland Browns , was holding its training camp . Willis went to the camp and impressed Brown with his speed and reflexes , as he had at Ohio State . Brown lined him up against center Mo Scarry in practice on his first day . Willis beat him every time . Scarry complained that Willis was coming across the line before he snapped the ball . On one snap , Scarry stepped on quarterback Otto Graham 's foot as he backpedaled to handle Willis . Brown took a look himself : Willis was not offside . He was getting a jump by watching for the center 's fingers to tighten on the ball . " He was quick " , said Alex Agase , who later joined the Browns as a guard . " I don 't think there was anybody as quick at that position , or any position for that matter . He came off that ball with that ball as quick as anything you would want to see . " Willis made the team , and 10 days later the Browns signed a second African @-@ American player , fullback Marion Motley . Willis played middle guard for the Browns , lining up opposite the center but often dropping back into coverage to defend the pass . He had a playing style and physique similar to that of the modern @-@ day linebacker . For Brown , signing Willis and Motley was nothing unusual . Brown had black players on his teams from the time he coached at Massillon Washington High School in Massillon , Ohio . The coach did not care about race one way or the other ; he wanted to field the best team he could . " I never considered football players black or white , nor did I keep or cut a player just because of his color " , Brown wrote in his autobiography . In joining the Browns in 1946 , Willis and Motley were two of four professional football players who broke the color barrier in 1946 , a year before Jackie Robinson became Major League Baseball 's first black player in the modern era . Brown later added other black players to the team , including Horace Gillom and Len Ford . With the Browns , Willis became an anchor on defense as the team dominated the AAFC . The team won each of the league 's four championship games before the AAFC folded and the Browns , along with two other teams , were absorbed by the National Football League ( NFL ) following the 1949 season . Willis was named to all @-@ AAFC teams in every year of its existence . While the team was a success , Willis and Motley contended with their share of racism . They were taunted , stepped on and insulted on the field . Off @-@ the @-@ field incidents also occurred . In their first season in 1946 , Willis and Motley did not travel to a game against the Miami Seahawks after they received threatening letters and Miami officials said they would invoke a Florida law that forbade black players from competing against whites . Another time , a hotel where the team was staying asked Willis and Motley to leave . Brown threatened to move the entire team , and the hotel 's management backed down . Willis and Motley were forced to stay in a separate hotel for a 1949 AAFC all @-@ star game in Houston , Texas . The Browns ' success continued when the team entered the NFL in 1950 . In a playoff game that year against the New York Giants , Willis caught up with running back Gene " Choo @-@ Choo " Roberts on a breakaway reception in the fourth quarter to prevent the touchdown and ensure a Browns victory . " I knew it meant the ball game " , he said . " I just had to catch him . " The Browns beat the Giants 8 – 3 and went on to win the NFL championship in 1950 . Willis was one of seven Browns players chosen for the first @-@ ever Pro Bowl that year . The 1951 and 1952 seasons were equally successful for Willis , although the Browns lost in the NFL championship to the Los Angeles Rams and Detroit Lions . He was an all @-@ pro selection and was named to the Pro Bowl in both years . In 1953 , when the Browns lost a third championship game in a row , Willis was named an all @-@ pro but did not make the Pro Bowl . Both Willis and Motley retired after the 1953 season . Willis was 32 years old and had played eight seasons for the Browns , earning all @-@ pro honors every year he played . He was the best player on a strong defense that was crucial to Cleveland 's success in the AAFC and NFL . He was also the embodiment of what Brown looked for in his players : speed and intelligence instead of size . At around 210 pounds , he was small for a lineman , even in his era . Willis 's play as a powerful but quick middle guard influenced the development of the modern linebacker position . " In my opinion Bill ranks as one of the outstanding linemen in the history of professional football " , Brown said when he retired . " He certainly was the fastest and many coaches use his technique as a model in teaching line play . " = = Later career and death = = Willis retired because he wanted to concentrate on other activities ; he had become a popular figure in Ohio and worked with youth in Cleveland and Columbus . He accepted a $ 6 @,@ 570 @-@ a @-@ year job as Cleveland 's assistant recreation commissioner . " This is the type of work I want to do , working with kids " , he said . By the late 1970s , he was the chairman of the Ohio Youth Commission , a state agency created to combat criminality among young people . He died in 2007 . He was married to Odessa Porter until her death in 2002 . The couple had three sons , William , Jr . , Clement and Dan . = = Honors and legacy = = Willis was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1971 . In 1977 he was inducted as a charter member of the Ohio State Varsity O Hall of Fame . He was elected the same year to the Pro Football Hall of Fame . Ohio State University honored Willis on November 3 , 2007 by retiring his # 99 jersey .
= Bali Nine = The Bali Nine is the name given to a group of nine Australians arrested 17 April 2005 , and convicted for smuggling 8 @.@ 3 kg ( 18 lb ) of heroin valued at around A $ 4 million ( US $ 3 @.@ 1 million ) from Indonesia to Australia . Ringleaders Andrew Chan and Myuran Sukumaran were sentenced to death and were executed on 29 April 2015 . Other members Si Yi Chen , Michael Czugaj , Renae Lawrence , Tan Duc Thanh Nguyen , Matthew Norman , Scott Rush , and Martin Stephens were sent to prison . Australian authorities contacted their Indonesian counterparts with the tip @-@ off that precipitated these arrests . On 13 February 2006 , Lawrence and Rush , the first of the nine to face sentencing , were sentenced to life imprisonment . The next day , Czugaj and Stephens were sentenced to life imprisonment , and the group ringleaders , Chan and Sukumaran , were sentenced to death by firing squad , the first ever death sentences imposed by the Denpasar District Court . The other three , Norman , Chen and Nguyen , were all sentenced to life imprisonment on 15 February 2006 . On 26 April 2006 , Lawrence , Nguyen , Chen , and Norman appealed and had their sentences reduced to 20 years , while the life sentences for Czugaj and Stephens were upheld . Prosecutors launched appeals against the changes in their sentences . On 6 September 2006 , it was revealed that as a result of appeals brought by prosecutors and heard by the Supreme Court , Chen had the death penalty reimposed after his reduced sentence of life imprisonment was overturned . Rush , Nguyen and Norman also had their appeal verdicts overturned and the death penalty imposed . The new death sentences were unexpected . Prosecutors , in their appeals against the 20 @-@ year terms faced by most of the nine , had only called for them to be upgraded to life imprisonment . Czugaj 's life sentence , after being reduced to 20 years on appeal , was reinstated . Stephens ' life sentence was upheld on appeal as were Sukumaran 's and Chan 's death sentences . Lawrence had not lodged a further appeal to her 20 @-@ year sentence , so her sentence was not rejudged . On 6 March 2008 , it was revealed that three of the four Bali 9 ( Norman , Chen and Nguyen ) who were issued death sentences on appeal had their sentences reduced to life imprisonment . The reduction has not been officially announced but court sources have confirmed that the judges have decided to spare their lives . In August 2010 , Rush launched his final appeal to overturn the death penalty , and was granted a judicial review , which commenced on 18 August 2010 . On 10 May 2011 , Rush 's appeal was successful as his sentence was reduced to life imprisonment . On 21 September 2010 , the leaders of the drug smuggling ring , Chan and Sukumaran , appealed against their pending death @-@ row sentence and to reduce their jail time to 20 years , instead of the previous life sentence . On 17 June 2011 , it was announced that Chan 's final judicial appeal was rejected on 10 May . On 7 July 2011 , it was announced that Sukumaran 's final judicial appeal was dismissed . On 10 December 2014 , the President of Indonesia Joko Widodo stated in a speech that he will not approve any clemencies for drug offences . On 30 December , Sukumaran 's plea for clemency was rejected ; and Chan 's plea for clemency was rejected on 22 January 2015 . After being moved to the prison island Nusa Kambangan , and following numerous legal appeals that were rejected and pleas from the Australian government for clemency , the execution of Sukumaran and Chan by firing squad took place on 29 April 2015 . = = Background and arrests = = Australian police were unclear how the two groups from Sydney and Brisbane were linked , but did establish the movements of members of the group before their departure for Indonesia . Several of the Bali Nine were employed by Eurest Australia , a multinational catering company with more than 9000 employees . Norman , Lawrence , Martin , Stephens and Chan , a supervisor with the company , all worked for Eurest , which provided hospitality services to the Sydney Cricket Ground , where the group was employed . Rush and Czugaj alleged they were recruited by Tan Duc Thanh Nguyen , their co @-@ defendant and the alleged financier of the smuggling plan , while socialising at a karaoke bar in Brisbane . Evidence was heard that Rush had met Nguyen six months earlier while fishing . He then travelled to Sydney with Nguyen to attend a 21st birthday party where he was introduced to Sukumaran , who called himself " Mark " . It was alleged Nguyen offered them free trips to Bali . Several days later Rush and friend Czugaj returned to Sydney , where arrangements were made for them to travel to Indonesia . The Australian Federal Police ( AFP ) concluded that Sukumaran , Chan , Lawrence and Norman were part of a larger syndicate that successfully imported a commercial quantity of heroin into Australia from Indonesia on 23 October 2004 . Other members of the syndicate were arrested in 14 AFP raids in Sydney and Brisbane on the same day in early May 2005 . = = = Arrests in Indonesia = = = Lawrence and Stephens arrived in Indonesia on 6 April , followed by Rush and Czugaj , old school friends from Brisbane , who arrived two days later . The group was introduced at a hotel where Chan and Sukumaran were staying , having arrived in Bali , earlier . The group was highly organised by Chan and Sukumaran who split it apart . Some of the Bali 9 did not even meet each other until they were arrested . Chan and Sukumaran handed out SIM cards , to stay in contact . During their stay police noted the group would spend a large amount of time indoors in their hotel rooms , although Rush and Czugaj did make the most of their time in Bali and went shopping , eating , drinking and playing water sports . The group met again on 16 April for what police allege was a final briefing , before meeting for their final time at the airport before their 17 April arrest . After receiving information from the AFP about the group , including the names , passport numbers and information relating to their links to possible illegal drug trade , Indonesian police placed the group under constant surveillance for a week before their arrest . Indonesian police believe a 22 @-@ year @-@ old Thai woman , Cherry Likit Bannakorn , supplied Chen with the heroin . She is wanted by Interpol . Likit was believed to have left Bali on 18 April 2005 , a day after the nine Australians were arrested , and was briefly detained at the Thai @-@ Malaysian border until Indonesian police arrived . She was released when her paperwork was determined not to be in order for her to be extradited to Indonesia . Head of the surveillance team I Nyoman Gatra later testified in court during trials for the accused that police were initially unaware Sukumaran was part of the group , because original information obtained from the AFP did not mention him by name . Indonesian police assumed Sukumaran was Chan 's bodyguard as he was seen to accompany Chan in Bali . [ 1 ] Four of the nine , friends Czugaj and Rush , and co @-@ workers Stephens and Lawrence were arrested at Bali 's Ngurah Rai International Airport as they prepared to board an Australia @-@ bound flight . Between them , all were found to have been carrying more than 8 @.@ 3 kilograms ( 18 lb ) of heroin in plastic bags strapped to their bodies . On the same evening , Chan was removed from Australian Airlines about to depart Ngurah Rai for Australia . Chan had several mobile phones in his possession , but was carrying no drugs when arrested . He was believed to be the person responsible for collecting the heroin from the couriers upon their arrival in Australia . [ 2 ] Four others , Nguyen , Sukumaran , Chen and Norman were arrested at Melasti Beach Bungalows near Kuta Beach in possession of 350 grams ( 12 oz ) of heroin and strapping equipment . = = Criminal proceedings = = = = = Pre @-@ trial investigation = = = Indonesian law does not require that arrested people be immediately charged with an offence , and by 22 April 2005 no charges had yet been laid . Police indicated that the five arrested at the airport would be charged with drug trafficking , which carries the death penalty , while those arrested in the hotel would be charged with the lesser offence of drug possession , which carries a maximum penalty of ten years ' imprisonment . It was suggested that Andrew Chan recruited the other eight to act as drug mules – couriers who would not arouse suspicion while carrying heroin to Australia – and offered them A $ 10 @,@ 000 to A $ 15 @,@ 000 each to carry out this task , and given A $ 5000 spending cash . On 27 April 2005 , Colonel Bambang Sugiarto , head of the Bali police drug squad , said police would seek to have all nine charged with offenses which carry the death penalty . He revealed that several of the nine had previously visited Bali using false passports , suggesting that they had acted as drug couriers before . Indonesian police released video evidence showing heroin being removed from the bodies of the four arrested at the airport . Indonesian police initially maintained that Chan was the " mastermind " of the importation plan . Australian police said that they believed that an Australian drug syndicate was behind the plan . It was soon decided that Myuran Sukumaran , not Chan , was the real leader of the smuggling plot . Defense lawyers conceded that the four arrested at the airport were acting as drug couriers , but said they did it for the money to help their low @-@ income families and because they were threatened with physical harm if they did not comply . They also said they did not know what they were transporting and did not know that drug trafficking in Indonesia carries the death penalty . Investigations closed in August 2005 and briefs handed prosecutors in Denpasar ready for trial . = = = Reactions in Australia = = = The parents of Rush and Lawrence criticised the AFP for allowing the Indonesian police to arrest the nine rather than allowing them to fly to Australia and arresting them in Sydney upon their return . On 24 April 2005 , AFP Commissioner Mick Keelty said the AFP would hand over all evidence it had obtained against the Bali Nine : " The policy is that we will not give evidence that will , or information that will , directly cause or result in somebody receiving the death penalty , but the reality is in this case , it would appear , on the allegation , that these people have been caught red @-@ handed with heroin in Indonesia . " Lawrence 's father , Bob Lawrence , said in October 2005 that he wanted to meet Keelty face to face after learning of the comments made by Lee Rush : " As far as I 'm concerned , and excuse the expression , [ Keelty ] is an arsehole . These kids were forced into this ... they should have been either arrested at the airport here or followed to get the big guys . I don 't know how they can sleep at night ... even if [ the Bali Nine ] were guilty of doing it willingly , it still doesn 't deserve the death penalty . " On 13 February 2006 , Rush 's parents gave an interview to the ABC TV program Australian Story , speaking out against AFP actions . Rush 's parents were quoted as saying : " I was informed at 1 @.@ 30 in the morning that Scott would be spoken to and asked not to board the flight to Bali . It wasn 't until about mid @-@ morning that I received a call from Bob ( Rush 's lawyer ) and a distressed tone in his voice he said ' Mate , we could not stop him , they have let him go through and he 's on his way to Bali . ' Under no circumstances do I condone the trafficking of drugs – I particularly dislike drugs of any nature , always have . When I received a call from the Australian Government authorities that Scott had been detained in Indonesia for attempting to export heroin , I was speechless , sickened to the gut . " " I feel very let down by our Australian Federal Police – we tried to lawfully stop our son leaving the country , it wasn 't done ..... " The Federal Police can do , go wherever they want , do anything , anytime without supervision from the Australian Attorney @-@ General or from the Justice Minister . " ..... " This is not good for Australians and our laws need to be changed to protect our citizens and this must not happen to any Australian citizen again . " In an interview aired on the same episode of Australian Story , Mike Phelan of the AFP responded to the Rush family 's criticisms and said : " Even with the aid of hindsight , should the same set of circumstances present themselves again with another syndicate or other people , we would do exactly the same thing ... there have also been a large number of young lives on the other side of the ledger that have been saved as a result of the AFP 's operations over many years . " Keelty went on to state that " if someone went back to Lee Rush and assured him that Scott would not be able to travel then that is their call . " " We would never have given any assurance , because there was no lawful reason to prevent him from travelling . My sympathy is with Lee Rush because somebody has misled him . Whoever gave Lee Rush the assurance that his son would be prevented from travelling acted dishonourably . There is no way anyone in the AFP would have provided that assurance because there was simply no power to detain him . He was not wanted on warrants , there were no conditions of his bail that prevented him from travelling overseas . " Federal justice minister Chris Ellison , defended the AFP 's actions : " What we have are serious allegations as to criminal activity which allegedly occurred on Indonesian soil and the Indonesian police acted accordingly . We would expect the same of Australian police if the situation was reversed . " The Foreign Minister , Alexander Downer , said that Australia opposed the death penalty and would seek clemency for the group if they were convicted . Philip Ruddock , a federal MP , was quoted as saying : " We will not provide co @-@ operation in relation to criminal matters unless there is an assurance that a death penalty will not be sought . If there was further information that had to be obtained from here through the Australian Federal Police , we would seek an assurance that Indonesia would not be wanting a death penalty in each of those cases . " Rush , Lawrence , Stephens and Czugaj began legal proceedings in the Federal Court of Australia against the AFP , arguing that it had acted illegally by tipping off Indonesian police with information leading to the arrests in Bali and knowingly exposed the Australians to the death penalty . Federal Court judges dismissed the claims in January 2006 . = = = Criminal trials = = = Criminal trials for the accused commenced in the Denpasar District Court on 11 October 2005 . Three of the four arrested at the Melasti Bungalows , Nguyen , Chen and Norman , were tried together , with the remaining six defendants tried separately . All defendants faced a maximum penalty of death by firing squad if found guilty . The trials were often delayed due to the defendants complaining of illness , headaches and nausea . Australia 's prime minister , John Howard , said the Australian government would oppose any death sentences imposed . On 6 December 2005 , Australian lawyers Robert Richter QC and Brian Walters QC called for the Commonwealth Director of Public Prosecutions to extradite the nine to Australia on heroin conspiracy @-@ related charges . On 7 December 2005 , Denpasar District Court judge I Wayan Yasa Abadhi called for Australians not to interfere in the legal proceedings in Indonesia , saying : " Criticism from outside is expected , but Indonesian courts will only adhere to the laws applied in this country , and that includes the death penalty . The judges will not budge , we will not be affected by public opinion or the media . " Sukumaran remained mostly silent throughout the proceedings and blamed amnesia for his poor recollections of events leading to his arrest . Trials were scheduled to be completed with verdicts announced before 23 February 2006 , before a legal deadline for the group 's detention expired . Lawrence claimed that she received threats of harm against herself and her family if she did not proceed with the plan to import heroin into Australia ; she gave evidence in the Denpasar District Court , that she was ordered to book a flight to Bali . She claimed she did not know why she was ordered to travel and her colleague Stephens claims he was also ordered with threats to travel to Bali by Chan , who showed him some photographs of his family , as they were going about their daily lives , saying that they would be killed if he did not co @-@ operate . The Indonesian judges found no evidence of threats , with Judge I Gusti Ngurah Astawa saying during the sentencing of Lawrence . Rush further accused Chan of strapping the heroin to his body wearing rubber gloves . Chan protested his innocence and defending his silence during his final plea , reading from a two @-@ page statement : " I didn 't say anything in court because if I did , I 'd be lying . The truth is , I know nothing . A lot of lies have been said against me , but the true reality is I 'm not what people put me out to be . I 've never threatened anybody in my life . The outcome I wish , of course , and my family is that you find that you would release me , for I had nothing to participate in this . " In sentencing Lawrence , the judges found no evidence to support her claim that her life was threatened and although the prosecutors requested a lighter 20 @-@ year sentence due to her early cooperation with police , the judges sentenced her to life imprisonment . On the next day , the remaining three defendants , Chen , Nguyen and Norman , were sentenced to life imprisonment as well . On 24 January 2006 , the prosecutors demanded the death penalty for Sukumaran , this being the first time that a demand of death was put forward for any of the Bali Nine . They told the Bali court that there was no reason to show any leniency to the 24 @-@ year @-@ old , because he helped organize the heroin smuggling operation . The prosecutors also claim that it was Sukumaran who strapped heroin to the bodies of his fellow accused . Indonesian police identified Sukumaran as one of the main players , in what they said to be a major smuggling ring . On 26 January , it was also recommended that Andrew Chan receive the death penalty . On 14 February 2006 , after learning of his fate , Sukumaran attacked photographers and threw water bottles at protesters and onlookers gathered outside the court building . After news that the death penalty had been handed down , then @-@ Australian Prime Minister John Howard , noting that the death penalty warnings had been in place in Indonesia for decades , implored the youth of Australia to take notice and not take such " terrible risks " . The death sentences were criticised by some Australians , who compared them to the light sentence given to Abu Bakar Bashir , the Indonesian leader of the terrorist group which carried out the 2002 Bali bombings that killed more than 200 people including 88 Australians . Both death sentences were cheered by some of those in court . Allegations of bribery were made on 27 April 2015 relating to Indonesian judicial authorities , in order to reduce sentences to less than 20 years in prison . A former lawyer for Chan and Sukumaran declared that the original amount demanded was more than 1 billion rupiah ( A $ 133 @,@ 000 ) , but two weeks before they were due to be sentenced , the " deal " failed and backfired , triggering a request for the death penalty . Julie Bishop , Australia 's Minister for Foreign Affairs expressed her concern over the allegations involving the questioning of the integrity of the judicial process . = = = Summary of sentences = = = All of the Bali Nine were convicted of drug trafficking of heroin . = = = Appeals = = = There were several avenues of appeal available to the Bali Nine . Lawyers had seven days post @-@ sentencing to lodge appeals . There is no time limit for those convicted to request clemency from the President of Indonesia , Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono , but this requires an admission of guilt and had never been granted for a drug crime until 2009 . All appealed to overturn their sentence . The sentences of Chen , Czugaj , Nguyen , Norman and Stephens stand at life imprisonment and Lawrence 's sentence remains at 20 years after appeal . In May 2011 , Rush 's death sentence was reduced to life after he launched a final appeal in August 2010 . Chan and Sukumaran launched final appeals to have their death sentences reduced in August 2010 . Chan lost his appeal to the Indonesian Supreme Court on 10 May 2011 and Sukumaran 's appeal was dismissed on 6 July 2011 . Both made pleas for clemency to the Indonesian President that were rejected in December 2014 and January 2015 . In late January 2015 , lawyers for Chan and Sukumaran filed an application for a judicial review into their cases ; which was rejected by the Denpasar District Court a few days later . Meanwhile , with a spokesperson for the Indonesian Attorney General stating that requests for judicial review did not preclude the execution process proceeding , Indonesian officials continued planning for the imminent execution of Chan and Sukumaran : On 9 February 2015 , the lawyers for Chan and Sukumaran launched a rare challenge against the Indonesian president 's refusal to grant them pardons ; which was dismissed by the Indonesian government a day later . On 6 April 2015 , an Indonesian court rejected an appeal by Chan and Sukumaran , ruling that they could not challenge the decision by the Indonesian president to grant them clemency in court . One of their lawyers announced that a further appeal would be lodged with the Indonesian Constitutional Court to examine Widodo 's refusal to give clemency . However , the Indonesian Attorney @-@ General accused the lawyers of simply trying to buy time , and announced that there would be no more delays to the executions . = = = Execution of duo = = = Chan and Sukumaran were executed by firing squad early on 29 April 2015 in the Nusa kambangan prison island , along with six other prisoners convicted for drug offences . Six other men who were convicted and executed for similar offenses were : Zaenal ( or Zainal ) Abidin ( an Indonesian ) , Rodrigo Gularte ( a Brazilian ) , and four Nigerians : Sylvester Obiekwe Nwolise , Raheem Agbaje Salami , Okwudily ( or Okwudili ) Oyatanze and Martin Anderson . Filipina Mary Jane Veloso was given a last @-@ minute stay of execution following a pending investigation initiated in her home country about a drug trafficking syndicate in which she is expected to testify . The executions were widely supported among the Indonesian public , while foreign diplomats protested against them . = = = Reaction in Australia = = = A candlelight vigil hosted by the Mercy Campaign , entitled Music for Mercy , was held in Sydney 's Martin Place on the evening of 29 January 2015 in support of Chan and Sukumaran . The concert featured performances by Archibald Prize artist Ben Quilty , musicians Megan Washington , Josh Pyke , Kate Miller @-@ Heidke , Paul Mac , Glenn Richards from Augie March , and The Presets ' and Julian Hamilton ; with media personalities Andrew Denton and his partner Jennifer Byrne and musician Missy Higgins who recorded video messages of support for Chan and Sukumara . Amnesty International organised similar vigils in Federation Square , Melbourne , Adelaide , Canberra , and Byron Bay . Not everyone was sympathetic , however . A SMS opinion poll of 2 @,@ 123 people was conducted by Roy Morgan Research over the 26 January 2015 Australia Day weekend and the results were broadcast on ABC 's Triple J radio network . The poll revealed that 52 per cent of people agreed that Australians convicted of drug trafficking in another country and sentenced to death should be executed . Muhammad Prasetyo , Indonesia 's attorney general , was reported as saying that there was strong support in Australia for the death penalty . = = = Related arrests = = = On 27 April 2005 , Indonesian police shot and killed Man Singh Ghale , a known major Indonesian drug trafficker believed to be directly connected to the Bali Nine . Ghale , of Nepali origin , was killed when police stormed his Jakarta home . Australian Federal Police commissioner Mick Keelty said Ghale was " directly linked " to the Bali Nine . Six men aged between 19 and 25 were arrested and released on bail in Brisbane on drug trafficking charges believed to be associated with the Bali Nine . On 12 February 2006 , police arrested Do Hyung Lee , a 25 @-@ year @-@ old of South Korean origin , at Brisbane Airport after arriving on a flight from South Korea . Lee was charged with drug trafficking and importation offences and appeared in the Brisbane Magistrates Court on 13 February 2006 , the same day the first of the nine accused in Indonesia learned of their fate . Lee was bailed to reappear in court with the five others on 3 April 2006 . Keelty told a Senate estimates committee hearing that more arrests were expected . = = Prior criminal records and charges = = Details of previous criminal convictions of some of the accused were not published during the trial to avoid harming legal defences in Indonesia . Once the Denpasar District court reached guilty verdicts and issued sentences it was reported in the Australian media that members of the group had been convicted of offences in Australia before their arrests in Indonesia . In December 2004 Rush pleaded guilty at the Inala Magistrates ' Court in Queensland to 16 offences including drug possession , fraud , theft and drunk @-@ driving . A warrant for his arrest in Australia remains in place over the theft of $ A4,797 from the Commonwealth Bank via a forged cheque . Czugaj , also of Brisbane , has 14 convictions for offences including theft , wilful damage , traffic offences and fare evasion . Lawrence and Norman were arrested on 26 March 2005 , while travelling along the Pacific Highway in a stolen Ford Laser after police used road spikes to intercept the stolen vehicle . Both were due to appear in the Gosford Magistrates Court to face car theft- and traffic @-@ related charges . On 26 April 2005 , they failed to appear due to their imprisonment in Indonesia a week earlier on 17 April 2005 . Lawrence admitted , after her arrest in Indonesia on 17 April 2005 , of having visited Bali twice before : in October and November 2004 . She and Chan had made an earlier successful run with heroin from Bali to Australia during their October visit . The second delivery , scheduled for December 2004 , was aborted when the heroin suppliers failed to deliver . She provided a statement to police saying she was paid $ A10,000 for the successful heroin delivery but later retracted her statement . = = Reaction after execution = = Amnesty International strongly condemned the executions of Chan and Sukumaran together with six other drug @-@ related convicts on 29 April 2015 . Diana Sayed , Human Rights Lawyer and Crisis Campaigner , said " The death penalty is always a human rights violation , but there are a number of factors that make today 's executions even more distressing . " The Australian ambassador to Indonesia was recalled after Chan and Sukumaran were executed . Australian Prime Minister Tony Abbott stated that the executions were " cruel and unnecessary " , claiming both men had been " fully rehabilitated " during their detention in prison . Opposition leader Bill Shorten agreed , saying he was " disgusted " at the execution . However , the majority of the Australian public believed these people were criminals , and criminals for life who deserved their punishment .
= Ontario Highway 3 = King 's Highway 3 , commonly referred to as Highway 3 , is a provincially maintained highway in the Canadian province of Ontario which travels parallel to the northern shoreline of Lake Erie . It has three segments , the first of which travels from the Ambassador Bridge in Windsor to Highway 77 in Leamington . The second portion begins at Talbotville Royal outside of St. Thomas at Highway 4 , and travels to the western city limits of Port Colborne . The road is regionally maintained within Port Colborne as Niagara Regional Road 3 , but regains its provincial designation at Highway 140 . Its third and final terminus is at Edgewood Park , within the Fort Erie town limits . From there , the road continues as Niagara Regional Road 3 to the Peace Bridge , where drivers can cross to the United States . The total length of Highway 3 is 259 @.@ 2 km ( 161 @.@ 1 mi ) , consisting of 50 @.@ 2 km ( 31 @.@ 2 mi ) from Windsor to Leamington , 187 @.@ 9 km ( 116 @.@ 8 mi ) from Talbotville Royal to Port Colborne and 21 @.@ 1 km ( 13 @.@ 1 mi ) from Port Colborne to Edgewood Park . Until the late 1990s , Highway 3 formed a single continuous 413 @.@ 2 km ( 256 @.@ 8 mi ) route from the Ambassador Bridge to near the Peace Bridge , but since then has had significant portion transferred to regional and county governments . A large segment of the route follows the historic Talbot Trail , a settlement road following the northern shore of Lake Erie constructed by Colonel Talbot in the early 1800s as part of a grand settlement plan along the lake front . East of Canborough , the road generally follows older settlement trails : Forks Road , connecting Dunnville with Wainfleet , portions of Sherk 's Road , through Port Colborne to Gasline , and the Garrison Road , a military road built west from Fort Erie . The highway was initially designated in 1920 , but not numbered until five years later . It originally connected to Niagara Falls , but was rerouted to Fort Erie following completion of the Peace Bridge in the late 1920s . Although a few portions of Highway 3 were upgraded in the years since , the highway generally follows the same route as it did in 1930 . However , in 1997 , segments through Port Colborne and Fort Erie were decommissioned as a provincial highway , followed by a segment of the route from Leamington to Talbotville Royal in 1998 . All three now exist as county / regional roads . The portion of Highway 3 along Huron Church Road in Windsor was reconstructed as part of the Windsor – Essex Parkway project between 2011 and 2015 . = = Route description = = Highway 3 follows the route of the historic Talbot Trail for most of its length . Abutting the northern shore of Lake Erie between Windsor and Fort Erie , the route deviates in places to bypass towns and to avoid the less than direct trail laid nearly two centuries ago . Prior to 1998 , the highway spanned this entire distance , but has since then been divided into three discontinuous sections . The western section travels 50 @.@ 2 km ( 31 @.@ 2 mi ) from Windsor to Leamington . From there , a 145 @.@ 0 km ( 90 @.@ 1 mi ) gap separates the western and central sections . Highway 3 resumes near St. Thomas at the southern end of Highway 4 and travels 187 @.@ 9 km ( 116 @.@ 8 mi ) east to Port Colborne . The central and eastern sections are divided by a 3 @.@ 4 km ( 2 @.@ 1 mi ) Connecting Link through Port Colborne . The eastern section begins at Highway 140 and travels 21 @.@ 1 km ( 13 @.@ 1 mi ) to Fort Erie . It ends at Rosehill Road , a short distance west of the Peace Bridge crossing into New York . = = = Western segment = = = The western segment of Highway 3 begins at the Ambassador Bridge , which connects Canada with the U.S. state of Michigan over the Detroit River . The five lane highway travels southeast through Windsor along Huron Church Road , surrounded by residential subdivisions , then curves east to meet the western end of Highway 401 . The section through Windsor to Cabana Road is maintained under a Connecting Link agreement . Between the E. C. Row Expressway and Highway 401 , construction is ongoing as of 2015 on the Windsor – Essex Parkway , which will displace Highway 3 from its former alignment . At Essex County Road 11 , Highway 3 enters rural southwestern Ontario , and is dominated by farmland for much of its length through Essex County . The now four @-@ laned route becomes divided as it follows the Essex Bypass around the southern edge of Essex , with commercial services lining the highway , primarily on the north side . Returning to farmland and narrowing to a two lane undivided road , the highway continues southeast , passing nearby , but avoiding , several small communities that the original highway travelled through . After passing Essex County Road 18 , the route curves eastward , passing north of Ruthven before entering Leamington along its northern fringe . The western section ends at the southern terminus of Highway 77 , where the provincially built but county maintained Leamington Bypass continues east to meet the Talbot Road just east of the town . = = = Central segment = = = The central segment is the longest of the three , at 187 @.@ 9 km ( 116 @.@ 8 mi ) . It begins at the southern terminus of Highway 4 at Talbotville Royal in Elgin County , just northwest of St. Thomas and south of London . The route travels east into St. Thomas , becoming a two @-@ laned expressway aptly named the St. Thomas Expressway . This expressway begins at Wellington Road ( Elgin County Road 25 / 26 ) and travels through St. Thomas to Centennial Road , featuring a single interchange . However , the right @-@ of @-@ way is wide enough to accommodate any future upgrade to a divided expressway . At the eastern end , Highway 3 turns south onto Centennial Road and then east onto Talbot Line , following the historic Talbot Trail to east of Aylmer . This mostly straight and rural portion passes through several small villages before the Talbot Trail splits from it to follow Elgin / Norfolk County Road 38 through Straffordville . Highway 3 meanwhile curves northeast and passes through Tillsonburg , encountering Highway 19 . It then curves east and travels parallel to the St. Thomas and Eastern Railway to Courtland , remerging with the Talbot Trail and snaking towards Delhi , now within Norfolk County . At Delhi , Highway 3 turns south for 4 km ( 2 @.@ 5 mi ) before returning to its eastward orientation . It continues through farmland to the town of Simcoe , where it meets Highway 24 . From Simcoe to Canborough , the highway is nearly straight as an arrow , with an occasional jog to the northeast . It enters Haldimand County and intersects Highway 6 in Jarvis . At Cayuga it crosses the Grand River ; until 2014 , a five @-@ span steel girder bridge crossed the river , but it has since been replaced by a concrete structure . At Canborough , the historic Talbot Trail ends and Highway 3 veers south to Dunnville , briefly travelling along the northern bank of the Grand River and gradually curving back eastward . East of Dunnville , the route follows Forks Road into Wainfleet and the Niagara Region . At Chambers Corners it turns south and passes through Wainfleet village , crossing the old Feeder Canal which once supplied the Welland Canal with water from the Grand River . Just north of Lake Erie , Highway 3 turns east and travels straight towards Port Colborne , passing just south of the Wainfleet Bog . At Townline Road , the boundary between Wainfleet and Port Colborne , the central section ends and the roadway continues as Niagara Regional Road 3 through the city , meeting the southern end of Highway 58 . Portions of the central segment of Highway 3 through several towns are maintained under Connecting Link agreements , including within Aylmer , Delhi , Simcoe , Cayuga and Dunnville . The combined length of these segments is 15 @.@ 9 kilometres ( 9 @.@ 9 mi ) . = = = Eastern segment = = = The final and shortest section of Highway 3 begins at Highway 140 on the eastern fringe of Port Colborne and lies entirely within Niagara Region . The 21 @.@ 1 km ( 13 @.@ 1 mi ) segment travels several kilometres inland to Lake Erie , as well as parallel to it . From there it mostly travels along a straight line eastward through generally rural areas . The notable exception is the village of Gasline , where the Niagara Speedway stands on the northern side of the highway . At the Fort Erie boundary , the route widens to four lanes and jogs northeast to align with the old Garrison Road . As the highway progresses eastward into the town , the surroundings gradually become more urbanized before it ends at Rosehill Road . The roadway continues east through Fort Erie to the foot of the Peace Bridge as Niagara Regional Road 3 , connecting with the Queen Elizabeth Way to provide access to the United States . = = = Connections with the United States = = = Highway 3 was the only Ontario provincial highway to start and end at bridges ( the Ambassador Bridge leading into Detroit , Michigan and the Peace Bridge leading into Buffalo , New York ) with both termini at international crossings . A quick link from Chicago , Toledo , and Detroit to Buffalo and Western New York , Highway 3 was shorter and more direct than any American route ( including Interstate 90 ) , because the Lake Erie shoreline dips south along Ohio , Pennsylvania , and New York . After the 1954 New York State Thruway opened from Buffalo to New York City , Michigan officials had encouraged Ontario to replace Highway 3 with a turnpike from Detroit to Buffalo . Highway 3 has been largely replaced as a Detroit – Buffalo truck route by Highway 401 , Highway 403 and the Queen Elizabeth Way . The last section of Highway 403 opened in August 1997 , leaving a local section of Highway 3 on Windsor surface streets as a bottleneck to be bypassed by the Windsor – Essex Parkway and Gordie Howe International Bridge to Detroit in 2020 . When the Michigan Department of Transportation discontinued US 25 in 1973 , much of it through Detroit was redesignated as M @-@ 3 , whose southern terminus came at Clark Street in Detroit , at the junction of I @-@ 75 by the Ambassador Bridge . This provided a connection between Michigan 's M @-@ 3 and Ontario 's Highway 3 until 2001 , when jurisdictional changes within downtown Detroit created a discontinuous segment of M @-@ 3 , and this international Route 3 connection was lost when the portion of M @-@ 3 along Fort Street was redesignated M @-@ 85 . = = History = = = = = Talbot Trail = = = The history of Highway 3 dates back over 200 years to the pioneering settlement era of Upper Canada following the American Revolution and the resulting influx of United Empire Loyalists . Thomas Talbot , an influential scion who joined the British army at the age of 11 , would challenge the government , the terrain , and the forces of nature to see to it that his road be built . Due to his family legacy , Talbot worked through the ranks quickly and found himself a personal aide to John Graves Simcoe , the first Lieutenant Governor of Upper Canada . He returned to England after Simcoe fell ill , but vowed to return to the hinterland he had come to love . After completing his military commission , Talbot returned to Upper Canada in 1801 at the age of 30 . Although Simcoe had promised Talbot 5 @,@ 000 acres ( 20 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 m2 ) of land in Yarmouth Township on the shoreline of Lake Erie , he had not made it official . Talbot returned to England in 1802 and spoke to the legislature , promoting his concept of a vibrant farming settlement . The government granted Talbot his land and promised an additional 200 acres ( 81 ha ) for each family that settled a 50 acres ( 20 ha ) lot in the original grant . Talbot returned to Upper Canada in 1803 with four families and a letter from Lord Hobart authorizing his grant , and established what is now the town of Port Stanley . Wishing to expand his grant and create his ideal colony , Talbot sought out new settlers ; a road was required . Talbot received a grant of $ 250 in September 1804 for the construction of a road between Brantford and Delhi . John Bostwick would survey the route that year ; however , funding shortages would halt construction in 1806 . Talbot approached the new Lieutenant Governor – Francis Gore – in 1808 with the intent of persuading him to fund the building of the road . He insisted that a road would increase the value of the land in the surrounding townships , as well as providing a greater incentive for newcomers to settle in what was otherwise a desolate wilderness . Gore instructed deputy surveyor Mahlon Burwell to " Build a road one chain wide , laid out on the principle of Yonge Street with lots on each side . " Burwell began this work in 1809 westward from Delhi . In 1811 , he was tasked with surveying the West Talbot Road from Talbotville Royale to Amherstburg . By then , a road was already opened between Port Talbot and Talbotville Royale . Construction of the new road proved far more difficult than first imagined . Workers followed an old Native American trail , wholly consumed by nature , between Delhi and Port Talbot . To get across the numerous swamps , felled trees were laid across the path to create a corduroy road , much to the chagrin of settlers . The outbreak of the War of 1812 would temporarily halt further construction . When it resumed in 1816 , Talbot himself began directing the surveyor , ordering that the road remain on the highest ground possible . This led to an irregular and winding route between Aylmer and Delhi . By 1830 , the corduroy logs had been removed and the road improved and extended from Amherstburg to Canborough . = = = Niagara trails = = = East of Canborough , Highway 3 follows several early settlement trails : Forks Road between Dunnville and Chambers Corners , Sherk 's Road through Port Colborne to Gasline , and the military Garrison Road through Fort Erie . These roads predate the land survey grid of concession roads and sidelines , which would be used by the provincial government to make Highway 3 a continuous route through the Niagara Peninsula where none previously existed . Forks Road , a river road following Forks Creek , served to connect the Grand River at Dunnville with the Welland River west of Welland . Like many early roads in Upper Canada , it was built along a river bank . It can therefore be assumed that this trail was built prior to the completion of the Feeder Canal in 1832 . Sherk 's Road was built at the request of Elias Sherk ( d . 1893 ) in 1858 to connect his house ( the historic Danner House ) with his and Michael Gondor 's properties . The irregular road connected the Welland Canal at Humberstone ( now Port Colborne ) to the community of Ridgeway , where it met the west end of the Garrison Road . That road was built due to the threat of American attack to provide quick access from Fort Erie , and , like other military roads in Upper Canada ( e.g. Dundas Street or Yonge Street ) , it travelled in a straight line , in this case parallel to the Lake Erie shoreline . = = = Provincial Highway Network = = = Until 1918 , the majority of the primary roads through southern Ontario formed part of the County Road System . The Department of Public Works and Highways paid up to 60 % of the construction and maintenance costs for these roads , while the counties were responsible for the remaining 40 % . In 1919 , the federal government passed the Canada Highways Act , which provided $ 20 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 to provinces under the condition that they establish an official highway network ; up to 40 % of construction costs would be subsidized . The first network plan was approved on February 26 , 1920 , and included the Talbot Road . The majority of what would soon become Highway 3 was designated several months later in August . However , it would not receive a route number until the summer of 1925 . Four significant changes to Highway 3 have taken place since the designation of the route in 1920 . The first was an adjustment to the eastern terminus . The second was the Essex Bypass , built through the 1970s between Windsor and Leamington . The third was the St. Thomas Expressway , a super two highway built in the late 1970s . The final change was the provincial highway transfers conducted in 1997 and 1998 that resulted in three segments of Highway 3 being decommissioned : between Leamington and Talbotville Royale , through Port Colborne and within Fort Erie . Highway 3 originally ended at the Honeymoon Bridge in Niagara Falls ; it continued east of Chambers Corners along Forks Road ( Regional Road 23 ) rather than south through Wainfleet as it does today . It then travelled north through Welland and east along Lundys Lane . Highway 58 and Highway 20 would later follow portions of this route . As part of the " spirit of cooperation " that inundated Canada and the US following World War I , as well as to celebrate a century of peace , a new bridge was planned between Fort Erie and Buffalo alongside the international railway crossing . Construction began in 1925 ; the completed bridge opened to traffic on June 1 , 1927 . Two months later , on August 7 , the bridge was formally dedicated as the Peace Bridge by US Vice President Charles Dawes , and Edward , Prince of Wales . Traffic patterns quickly shifted to take advantage of the new crossing and the bypass of Niagara Falls that it provided . In foresight of this , the Department of Public Highways took control of a Welland County road between Chambers Corners and Fort Erie on May 11 , 1927 . This roadway , which followed a significant portion of Sherk 's Road and the Garrison Road , in addition to a concession road built west from Port Colborne and north through Wainfleet village , was designated as Highway 3A . The following year it was surfaced with concrete and a new bridge built over the Welland Canal in Port Colborne . The new route became so popular that in 1929 the Highway 3 and Highway 3A designations were swapped . In the early 1970s , as part of a review to determine the future route of Highway 406 south of Welland , proposals arose for a bypass of Highway 3 from east of Dunnville to Port Colborne near Highway 58 . = = = Essex Bypass and St. Thomas Expressway = = = The Essex Bypass was opened in stages in the 1970s and early 1980s . Plans were completed in 1968 as part of a province @-@ wide program to bypass small towns on busy provincial highways . The first stage , opened by 1972 , began west of Maidstone and passed south of Essex , where it then routed along Malden Road to its former alignment ( now Essex County Road 34 ) . Construction of an eastward extension to Ruthven was underway by 1982 , and completed in 1983 , with the road following Union Road to the old alignment . Construction of a final extension , from Union Road north of Ruthven to past Highway 77 on the northern fringe of Leamington , was underway in late 1998 ; it opened in early December 1999 . Although the Leamington Bypass was constructed by the Ministry of Transportation ( MTO ) , the 1 @.@ 1 @-@ kilometre ( 0 @.@ 68 mi ) segment east of Highway 77 to County Road 34 ( Talbot Road ) was never a part of Highway 3 or the provincial highway network . It is signed as Essex County Road 33 , as Leamington is planning to link the discontinuous segments of County Road 33 with the East Side Arterial Road . The St. Thomas expressway was built along the northern edge of that city beginning in 1974 . It features six overpasses and a single interchange , at First Avenue . A ribbon cutting ceremony was held on September 7 , 1981 to officially open the new route , which bypassed the former Highway 3 alignment along Talbot Street and the short concurrency with Highway 4 ( Sunset Drive ) . The bypass cost C $ 16 @.@ 5 million to construct , and features a two @-@ lane roadway with allotted space on the north side for a second two @-@ lane roadway . Plans originally called for the expressway to extend further east to New Sarum and later even as far as Aylmer , but these have never materialized . = = = Downloads and changes since = = = Aside from the Essex Bypass and St. Thomas Expressway , Highway 3 remained generally unchanged between the 1930s and late 1990s . However , budget constraints brought on by a recession in the 1990s resulted in the Mike Harris provincial government forming the Who Does What ? committee to determine cost @-@ cutting measures in order to balance the budget after a deficit incurred by former premier Bob Rae . It was determined that many Ontario highways no longer served long @-@ distance traffic movement and should therefore be maintained by local or regional levels of government . The MTO consequently transferred many highways to lower levels of government in 1997 and 1998 , removing a significant percentage of the provincial highway network . Despite once serving as one of the principal highways through southwestern Ontario , Highway 3 had been largely supplanted by Highway 401 , the QEW and later Highway 403 as a through @-@ route . As a result , portions of the route through the Regional Municipality of Niagara were transferred to the region on April 1 , 1997 , including a 3 @.@ 4 kilometres ( 2 @.@ 1 mi ) segment through Port Colborne ( most of which had existed as a Connecting Link ) and a 5 @.@ 6 kilometres ( 3 @.@ 5 mi ) segment in Fort Erie . To the west , a segment of the route paralleling Highway 401 between Leamington and Talbotville Royal was decommissioned on January 1 , 1998 and transferred to Essex County , Chatham – Kent and Elgin County . It has since been designated as Essex County Road 34 , Chatham – Kent Road 3 and Elgin County Road 3 . In 2001 , the MTO considered renumbering the western segment of Highway 3 as Highway 103 to avoid confusion . However , this never came to pass . = = Future = = At the western end of Highway 3 , two major traffic concerns have been the focus of controversy since the mid @-@ 1990s and early 2000s : the Essex Bypass and the approach to the Ambassador Bridge . Numerous attempts by local and provincial politicians since then have led the MTO to begin remedying the situation by upgrading the bypass to a divided four lane road and constructing the Windsor – Essex Parkway to a new international crossing . The Essex Bypass , completed around the village of Essex in 1972 , was designed to accommodate future widening to a divided four lane road when traffic volumes warranted . By the mid @-@ 1990s , a regular pattern of fatalities were occurring , prompting local politicians and Essex Member of Provincial Parliament ( MPP ) Bruce Crozier to lobby the MTO widen the route . It was announced in June 2006 that the entire 33 kilometres ( 21 mi ) bypass would be widened to four lanes with a grassy median separating the opposing flows of traffic . The three phase project began in September 2007 with a 6 @.@ 4 kilometres ( 4 @.@ 0 mi ) stretch between Maidstone and County Road 8 west of Essex . The four @-@ laned highway opened in June 2009 at a cost of C $ 20 @.@ 7 million . The C $ 22 @.@ 1 million second phase involved widening the highway between Walker Road and Maidstone to a five lane cross @-@ section , and began in mid @-@ November 2009 . It was completed in early 2012 . Despite concerns raised by Crozier in 2006 that the project would be halted after the first phase , which were dismissed at the time , no further work has actually been completed on the Essex Bypass since 2012 , and the section between Essex and Ruthven remains a two lane highway . It is still considered as a future project by the MTO , with no time line set . Three months after Crozier 's unexpected death on June 3 , 2011 , the entire Essex Bypass was renamed the Bruce Crozier Way in honour of his commitment to the widening of the highway . In 2004 , a joint announcement by the federal government of the United States and Government of Canada confirmed that a new border crossing would be constructed between Detroit and Windsor . The Detroit River International Crossing ( DRIC ) was formed as a bi @-@ national committee to manage the project . The MTO took advantage of this opportunity to extend Highway 401 to the international border and began an environmental assessment on the entire project in late 2005 . The new parkway will be below @-@ grade and have six through @-@ lanes . It will follow ( but not replace ) Talbot Road and Huron Church Road from a new interchange at the current end of Highway 401 to the E. C. Row Expressway , where it will run concurrently westward for 2 km ( 1 @.@ 2 mi ) . From there , it will turn northwest and follow a new alignment to the border . Initial construction of a noise barrier from North Talbot Road to Howard Avenue began in March 2010 . Full construction began on August 19 , 2011 , with an expected completion date of mid @-@ 2015 for the first phase and 2015 @-@ 16 for the remainder of the parkway . In early 2015 , it was announced that the parkway would open to traffic between Highway 3 and Labelle Street ( near the E.C. Row Expressway ) in the spring . Work is ongoing in Cayuga to install a new crossing over the Grand River , replacing the five @-@ span steel structure that previously served traffic since 1924 . The new concrete structure was opened to traffic on June 20 , 2014 , and the former structure was demolished after that . On November 4 and December 4 of that year , construction on the bridge was halted by the Haudenosaunee Confederacy Chiefs Council on the claim that the structure impeded on land reserved for a towpath along the Grand River by the Six Nations of the Grand River First Nation . The remaining work includes a scheduled three @-@ day closure during which the new bridge will be jacked 5 metres ( 16 ft ) north to align with the former structure , as well as decorative work . Work is scheduled for completion in the autumn of 2015 . = = Major intersections = = The following table lists the major junctions along Highway 3 , as noted by the Ministry of Transportation of Ontario .
= Background of the Winter War = The background of the Winter War covers the period before the outbreak of the Winter War between Finland and the Soviet Union in 1939 – 1940 , stretching from Finland 's Declaration of Independence in 1917 to the Soviet @-@ Finnish negotiations in 1938 – 1939 . Before its independence , Finland was an autonomous grand duchy inside Imperial Russia . During the ensuing Finnish Civil War , the Red Guards , supported by the Russian Bolsheviks , were defeated . Fearful of Soviet designs , during the 1920s and 1930s , the Finns were constantly attempting to align themselves with Scandinavian neutrality , particularly with regard to Sweden . Furthermore , the Finns engaged in secret military co @-@ operation with Estonia in the 1930s . While during the late 1920s and early 1930s relations with the Soviet Union became normalized to a degree , from 1938 on , the Soviets , anxious that Finland could be used as a springboard for an invasion , started negotiations to conclude a military agreement . At the same time , Soviet leader Joseph Stalin 's desire to recover the territories of Tsarist Russia lost during the chaos of the October Revolution and the Russian Civil War made Finland an obvious target . Due to the nature of Soviet demands , which included the installation of Soviet military facilities on Finnish soil , these negotiations went nowhere . In August 1939 , the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany signed the Molotov – Ribbentrop Pact , in which Eastern European countries were divided into spheres of interest ; Finland belonged to the Soviet sphere of interest . In October 1939 , Stalin gained control of the Baltic states and turned his sights on Finland , confident that control could be gained without great effort . The Soviet Union demanded territories on the Karelian Isthmus , the islands of the Gulf of Finland and a military base near the Finnish capital Helsinki , similar to the demands presented in the previous years . The Finns again refused , and the Red Army attacked on 30 November 1939 . Simultaneously , Stalin set up a puppet government for the Finnish Democratic Republic , headed by the Finnish communist Otto Wille Kuusinen . = = Finnish politics before the war = = = = = First steps of the Republic = = = Finland had been the eastern part of the Swedish kingdom for centuries until 1809 , during the Napoleonic Wars , when Imperial Russia conquered and converted it into an autonomous buffer state within the Russian Empire to protect Saint Petersburg , the imperial capital . Finland enjoyed wide autonomy and its own Senate until the turn of the century , when Russia began attempts to assimilate Finland as part of a general policy to strengthen central government and unify the Empire by Russification . These attempts ruined relations and increased the support of Finnish movements vying for self @-@ government . The outbreak of the First World War gave Finland a window of opportunity to achieve this . The Finns sought aid from both the German Empire and the Bolsheviks to that end , and on 6 December 1917 , the Senate of Finland declared the country 's independence . The new Bolshevik Russian government was weak , and soon the Russian Civil War would break out . Bolshevik leader Vladimir Lenin could spare no troops or attention for Finland , and consequently , Soviet Russia recognized the new Finnish government just three weeks after the declaration of independence . In 1918 , the Finns fought a short civil war , where the pro @-@ Bolshevik Red Guards were armed by 7 @,@ 000 to 10 @,@ 000 Russian troops stationed in Finland . After the First World War , an inter @-@ governmental organization , the League of Nations was founded . The League 's goals included preventing war through collective security and settling disputes between countries through negotiation and diplomacy . Finland joined the League in 1920 . In 1920s and 1930s Finland was politically diverse . The Communist Party of Finland was declared illegal in 1931 , and the far @-@ right Patriotic People 's Movement ( IKL ) had a minor presentation of fourteen seats in the 200 @-@ seat parliament . The middle ground , occupied by Conservatives , Liberals , Agrarians and Swedish People 's Party , tended to cluster with the Social Democratic Party , whose leader , Väinö Tanner , was a strong proponent of the parliamentary system . By the late 1930s the Finnish export @-@ oriented economy was growing , the country had almost solved its " right @-@ wing problem " and Finland was preparing for the 1940 Summer Olympics . = = = Finnish – German relations = = = During the closing stages of World War I , German @-@ trained Finnish Jäger troops played a key role in the Finnish Civil War , while the German Baltic Sea Division also intervened late in the civil war . Jäger troops were volunteers from German @-@ influenced circles , such as university students . This participation in the Finnish struggle for independence created close ties with Germany , but after the German defeat in the World War , Scandinavian relations became more important and the main goal of the Finnish foreign policy . Finnish @-@ German relations cooled after the National Socialists rose to power in 1933 — Finns admired Imperial Germany , not the radical and anti @-@ democratic Nazi regime . Finnish conservatives did not accept the state violence and anti @-@ church policies of the Nazis . Still , there was sympathy for German aims to revise the Treaty of Versailles , although the official Finnish policy was reserved , especially after the German occupation of Czechoslovakia . Finland even recalled its ambassador for a short period . Finnish Nazis and ultranationalist parties such as the IKL achieved only minor support in several elections , especially in the aftermath of the failed Mäntsälä rebellion in 1932 . = = = Finnish – Swedish co @-@ operation = = = After the 1917 Finnish independence and the Civil War , the other Scandinavian countries would have been the best candidates for a political alliance . Swedo @-@ Finnish cooperation represented a rich vein of shared history in the culture of both nations , and the Swedish @-@ speaking Finns had a common language with Swedes . During the Civil War , however , Sweden briefly occupied the Åland Islands and later supported the local movement that wanted to secede from Finland and join the islands to Sweden . The dispute was resolved by the League of Nations in 1921 and the Åland remained Finnish , but were granted autonomy . Other obstacles to closer relations were the ongoing language strife on the status of the Swedish language in Finland . Sweden had also opposed the upper @-@ class resistance movement against Russification . As a result , young Finnish men received their military training in Germany , generating the Jäger Movement . Nevertheless , Finnish – Swedish relations improved considerably before the Winter War . Finland sought security guarantees from the League of Nations , but did not have high expectations . Sweden was one of the founding members of the League , and consequently framed its military policies based on the League 's principles of disarmament and sanctions . In the mid @-@ 1920s the Finns established a special planning committee , called the Committee of Erich after its chairman Rafael Erich , which consisted of top politicians and officers , with the aim of exploring a possible military collaboration of Finland with other nations . The prime goal was co @-@ operation with the Scandinavian countries , amongst which Sweden was the most important prospective partner . The Finnish and Swedish militaries engaged in wide @-@ ranging co @-@ operation , but it was more focused on the exchange of information and defence planning for the Åland islands than on military exercises or materiel . The Finnish objective was to commit the Swedes by establishing a military @-@ political joint venture in the Åland : if the Swedes would undertake to assist Finland in fortifying the islands , then an important and useful precedent might be set . The Government of Sweden was aware of the military co @-@ operation , but carefully avoided committing itself to Finnish foreign policy . = = = Secret military co @-@ operation with Estonia = = = Finnish – Estonian relations were closest diplomatically after the Estonian Freedom War in the 1920s , but cooled afterwards . Military relations however remained close . From the Finnish point of view , the close relations with Estonia did not exclude the Scandinavian neutrality policy . Nevertheless , the military relations were top secret , and the countries held joint military exercises . The central aim was to prevent the Soviet Baltic Fleet from freely using its strength in the Gulf of Finland against either country . Estonia also sought public security guarantees and signed the Baltic Entente in 1934 with Latvia and Lithuania . = = = Relations with the United Kingdom and France = = = After the collapse of Imperial Germany in November 1918 , the Finns sought new political partners . The United Kingdom had been a significant trading partner since the 18th century , and the Finns worked to improve the relations for the next two decades . In the 1930s Finland purchased Thornycroft torpedo boats from the United Kingdom , and also refrained from buying bomber aircraft from Germany because of British protests , purchasing instead modern Bristol Blenheims , which later served successfully during the Winter War . Relations with France were important after World War I and in the 1920s , as France played a leading role in the new European security arrangements . In the 1930s France started to fear the rise of Nazi Germany and initiated a rapprochement with the Soviet Union , which strained Franco @-@ Finnish relations . However , during the Winter War France was one of the most important suppliers of military materiel . = = = Finnish defence plans = = = The Finnish Defence Forces ' military operation plan against the Soviet Union was named Venäjän keskitys ( " Russian Concentration " ; VK ) in the 1920s . In the latest 1934 plan , the Finns saw two possible scenarios . In the VK1 scenario , the Soviets would mobilize all along their western border , and would deploy only limited forces against Finland . In this case the Finns would make counterattacks across the border . The VK2 scenario envisaged a much more unfavourable situation for the Finns . The main defense line would be on the Karelian Isthmus , the Finnish forces would repel Soviet attacks in favourable positions , and destroy the enemy by counterattacks . In the Winter War , the VK2 scenario was flexible and its basis proved correct , but the Finnish General staff badly underestimated the numerical superiority of the Red Army . Finland had a limited defence budget after its independence and especially in the 1930s . Consequently , the Finnish Defence Forces were lacking military materiel in almost all branches . Much of the military 's materiel was outdated , and even proved unsuitable for the field during the Winter War . During the Winter War the material situation improved , but it still lagged behind the more modern and well @-@ equipped Red Army . = = Soviet – Finnish relations = = = = = Diplomatic relations = = = The relationship between the Soviet Union and Finland had been tense — a legacy of the two periods of forced Russification at the turn of the century and the failed Soviet @-@ backed socialist rebellion in Finland , as well as incursions by groups of Finnish nationalists — the Viena expedition in 1918 and the Aunus expedition of 1919 — into Russian East Karelia . On 14 October 1920 , Finland and Soviet Russia signed the Treaty of Tartu , confirming the new Finnish @-@ Soviet border as the old border between the autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland and Imperial Russia proper . In addition , Finland received Petsamo , with its ice @-@ free harbour on the Arctic Ocean . The treaty did not prevent the Finnish government from allowing volunteers to cross the border to support the East @-@ Karelian Uprising in 1921 however , nor expatriate Finnish communists from causing disturbances in Finland . In 1923 both countries signed the Border Peace Agreement , which normalized the border . In 1928 , the Soviet Union began collectivization in Ingria . During the collectivization and ethnic cleansing , the Soviets captured , killed and deported Ingrian peasants , provoking widespread criticism by the Finnish media in 1930 . Two years later , the nationalist Lapua Movement unsuccessfully attempted to overthrow the Finnish government in the Mäntsälä rebellion . Nevertheless , during the 1930s , the diplomatic climate between Finland and the Soviet Union gradually improved . From the 1920s , the Soviet Union had offered different non @-@ aggression pacts with Finland but they were all rejected . Now the offer was renewed as part of a series of agreements with the countries on the Soviet Union 's western border . In 1932 , the Soviet Union signed a non @-@ aggression pact with Finland , re @-@ affirmed in 1934 for ten years . Relations between the two countries remained largely de minimis however . While foreign trade in Finland was booming , less than one percent of it was with the Soviet Union . In 1934 , the Soviet Union joined the League of Nations , and later accepted other " progressive forces " beside Communist parties . This change in Soviet attitudes , as well as internal politics in Finland , enabled a short thaw in relations in 1937 . = = = Stalin and the protection of Leningrad = = = After the Russian civil war , Joseph Stalin was disappointed at the Soviet Union 's inability to foment a successful revolution in Finland , and furthermore , the Bolsheviks struggle with national sentiments inside the Soviet Union . In 1923 , Stalin proclaimed that the main danger in national relations was Great @-@ Russian chauvinism . He started the policy of Korenizatsiya , indigenisation , to promote national communist cadres for every nationality . However , from 1937 Stalin encouraged Russian chauvinism , implying the Russians were politically and culturally superior . The Soviet diplomacy turned towards the recovery of the territories of the Tsarist state . The Soviet Union used the Comintern to announce a doctrine where bourgeoisie equaled Fascism , and that Communism was the natural agency of the proletariat . In practice , this meant that anything other than Communism would be considered anti @-@ Soviet and fascist . The Soviet foreign policy was a mixture of the ideology of world revolution and the traditional concerns of Russian national security . During the Stalin era , the Soviet agriculture production collapsed causing famines in 1932 – 1933 . Official output numbers of industrial production were used as propaganda to portray the Soviet Union as an economic miracle . Soviet propaganda also used cross @-@ border comparisons with Finland , to represent the country as a " vicious and reactionary Fascist clique " . The Finnish Marshal C.G.E. Mannerheim and the leader of the Finnish Social Democrat Party Väinö Tanner were particular hate figures . Stalin gained near @-@ absolute power in 1935 – 1936 , leaving only army as self @-@ governing , but its officers also became the target of purges during the Great terror in 1937 – 1938 . In the late 1930s , Stalin 's Soviet Union was no longer satisfied with the status quo in its relations with Finland . This came as a result of a change in Soviet foreign policy , which now pursued the aim of recovering the provinces of Tsarist Russia lost during the chaos of the October Revolution and the Russian Civil War . The Soviets considered the old Empire to have had an optimal balance of security and territory , and their thoughts were shaped by a historical precedent : as the Treaty of Nystad of 1721 was intended to protect Tsarist Saint Petersburg from the Swedes , the re @-@ acquisition of Finland would protect the now Bolshevik Leningrad from the rising power of Nazi Germany . While in 1938 Sweden was no longer a major threat against Russia , the Soviets had not forgotten the role that the Finnish @-@ controlled Åland islands had played as a base of operations for the German Expeditionary Force in the Finnish Civil War . = = Finnish – Soviet negotiations = = = = = Negotiations from 1938 to early 1939 = = = In April 1938 , a junior diplomatic official named Boris Yartsev contacted the Finnish foreign minister Rudolf Holsti and prime minister Aimo Cajander , stating that the Soviets did not trust Germany and war was considered possible between the two countries . In such a war Germany might use Finland as a base for operations against the Soviet Union . The Red Army would not wait passively behind the border , but would rather " advance to meet the enemy " . If Finland were to fight against Germany , then the Soviet Union would offer all possible economic and military assistance . The Soviets would also accept the fortification of Åland islands , but demanded " positive guarantees " on Finland 's position . The Finns assured Yartsev that Finland was committed to a policy of neutrality , and the country would resist any armed incursion . Yartsev was not satisfied with the reply , given Finland 's military weakness . He suggested that Finland could cede , or lease , some islands in the Gulf of Finland along the seaward approaches to Leningrad , a suggestion the Finns rejected . Earlier in the mid @-@ 1930s , the Soviet ambassador in Helsinki , Eric Assmus , and the Leningrad Bolshevik party leader Andrei Zhdanov , had presented a similar proposal . Negotiations continued during autumn 1938 . The Soviets reduced their demands : a Red Army operation was not an option anymore and the focus was shifted on securing the Gulf of Finland . The Soviets wanted to be informed of key elements of the Finnish – Estonian Gulf blockade , the secret military plan against the Baltic Fleet . Furthermore , Yartsev suggested that the Finns fortify the Suursaari island , but that the Soviets would take care of its defence . During the negotiations , Rudolf Holsti resigned as foreign minister , although not for reasons associated with the negotiations , and his place was taken by Eljas Erkko . Holsti was rather anti @-@ German , so the resignation set off rumours , quickly quelled by the Finnish government , that he had been forced to resign by a Finnish government sympathetic to the Germans . The Finns attempted to appear even @-@ handed , and the interior ministry issued an order banning the extreme @-@ right IKL . The ban was reversed by the Finnish courts as being unconstitutional . Many years later , the minister in charge at that time , Urho Kekkonen , admitted that this was a simple gesture , to suggest to Moscow that Finland did not harbour a German fifth column . By the winter of 1939 , the Soviets further reduced their demands and sent Boris Stein to negotiate . Stein and Erkko met five times . Erkko rejected the Soviet proposals , saying that the Soviet demands would mean the end of the Finnish neutrality policy and displease the Germans . When the chairman of the Finnish Defense Council C.G.E. Mannerheim was informed of the negotiations , he opined that Finland should give up the Suursaari islands because their defence would anyway be impossible during a war , but his arguments did not persuade the majority of the Finnish government . Stein departed Helsinki empty @-@ handed on 6 April . The Finns had many reasons to turn down the Soviet proposals . Finland had started negotiations for a military co @-@ operation with Sweden , and the Finns had great hopes for the joint Finnish – Swedish defense for the Ålands islands and did not want to jeopardize these negotiations . In addition , the violent collectivization , purges , show trials and executions in Stalin 's Soviet Union had given the country a bad reputation . Furthermore , most of the Finnish Communist leadership in the Soviet Union was executed during the Great Purge . The Soviet Union did not therefore seem to be a reliable contracting party . The Soviet envoys sent to negotiate with Finns were officially of relatively low rank , but as Väinö Tanner put it later , the Finns assumed rightly that they represented of some higher organ of State , probably the Soviet secret police NKVD . = = = Soviet – German pact = = = On 23 August 1939 , the Soviet Union and Germany signed the Molotov – Ribbentrop Pact . Nominally , the pact was a non @-@ aggression treaty , but it included a secret protocol in which the independent countries of Finland , Estonia , Latvia , Lithuania , Poland and Romania were divided into spheres of interest , with Finland falling to the Soviet sphere of interest . In the immediate aftermath of the Pact , the Scandinavian countries and Finland were relieved . The Germans and Soviets were now allies , and there was no German threat against the Soviet Union . But shortly afterwards , Germany invaded Poland and Great Britain and France declared war against Germany . Next , the Soviets invaded eastern Poland , and later Moscow requested that the Baltic states allow the establishment of Soviet military bases and the stationing of troops on their soil . The government of Estonia accepted the ultimatum , signing the corresponding agreement in September , while Latvia and Lithuania followed suit in October . = = = Soviet demands in late 1939 = = = On 5 October the Soviet Union invited Finland to negotiations in Moscow . The Finnish government did not hasten to comply , like the Estonian government had earlier . Unlike the Baltic countries , the Finns started a gradual mobilization under the guise of " additional refresher training " . The Finnish government did not send the foreign minister , but its ambassador in Stockholm , J.K. Paasikivi . This was done on purpose , to limit his powers as a negotiator . In Moscow , Paasikivi met both Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov and Stalin . The Soviets demanded that the frontier between the USSR and Finland on the Karelian Isthmus be moved westward to a point only 30 kilometres ( 19 mi ) east of Viipuri , Finland 's second @-@ largest city , to the line between Koivisto and Lipola . In addition , the Finns would have to destroy all existing fortifications on the Karelian Isthmus . Finland should also cede to the Soviet Union the islands of Suursaari , Tytärsaari , and Koivisto in the Gulf of Finland . In the north , the Soviets demanded the Kalastajansaarento peninsula . Furthermore , the Finns should lease the Hanko Peninsula to the Soviets for thirty years , and permit the Soviets to establish a military base there . In exchange the Soviet Union would cede Repola and Porajärvi from Eastern Karelia , an area twice as large as the territories demanded from the Finns . The Soviet offer divided the Finnish government . The foreign minister Eljas Erkko and the defence minister Juho Niukkanen rejected the offer , backed by the president Kyösti Kallio . J.K. Paasikivi and C.G.E. Mannerheim , together with Väinö Tanner — who was later appointed one of the Finnish negotiators — wanted to accept the Soviet offer . The Finns relied on military assistance from Sweden , and Eljas Erkko took part in the Stockholm assembly of Scandinavian leaders between 18 October and 19 October . There , Erkko met the Swedish foreign minister Rickard Sandler in private , and Sandler assured him that he would persuade the Swedish government to assist Finland during a possible war . During the actual war , however , Sandler failed in this task and resigned . Finland was totally isolated by a German and Soviet blockade , and attempted in October to obtain arms and ammunition in absolute secrecy by enlisting the German arms dealer Josef Veltjens . On 31 October , Molotov announced the Soviet demands in public , during a session of the Supreme Soviet . The Finns made two counteroffers — the first on 23 October and the second on 3 November . In both offers Finland would cede the Terijoki area to the Soviet Union , which was far less than the Soviets had demanded . The Finnish delegation returned home on November 13 , taking for granted that the negotiations would continue in the future . = = Beginning of war = = = = = Military preparations = = = The Soviet Union had started an intensive rearmament near the Finnish border in 1938 – 1939 . Finnish students and volunteers had spent the late summer 1939 improving the defensive structures across the Karelian Isthmus . On the Soviet side of the border , penal labour worked hard in order to add some density to sparse road and rail networks . In summer 1939 was an important phase of Soviet planning , told by Aleksandr Vasilevsky and Kirill Meretskov in their memoirs . The Supreme Council of War ordered the Commander of Leningrad Military District Merestkov to draft an invasion plan , instead of Chief of Staff Boris Shaposhnikov . The plan was adopted in July . Necessary assault troop deployments and commands were not initiated until October 1939 , though operational plans made in September called for the invasion to start in November . Stalin however was certain that the Finns would change their opinion under Soviet pressure and cede the demanded territories . The invasion plans were laid down by the Soviet General Staff under Boris Shaposhnikov and Alexander Vasilevsky . The Soviet timetable was clearly and rigidly defined , with little or no margin for error . The key date was 21 December , Stalin 's sixtieth birthday . By then , the Finnish capital Helsinki would have been " freed of the Fascist oppression " . Andrei Zhdanov had already commissioned a celebratory piece from Dmitri Shostakovich , entitled " Suite on Finnish Themes " to be performed as the marching bands of the Red Army would be parading through Helsinki . On 26 November , the Soviets staged the shelling of Mainila , an incident in which Soviet artillery shelled area near the Russian village of Mainila and then announced that a Finnish artillery attack had killed Soviet soldiers . The Soviet Union demanded that the Finns apologize for the incident and move their forces 20 – 25 kilometres from the border . The Finns denied any responsibility for the attack and rejected the demands , calling for a joint Finnish @-@ Soviet commission to examine the incident . The Soviet Union claimed that the Finnish response was hostile , and used it as an excuse to withdraw from the non @-@ aggression pact . = = = The Red Army assaults = = = On 30 November , Soviet forces invaded Finland with 27 divisions , totalling 630 @,@ 000 men , bombed civilian boroughs of Helsinki and quickly reached the Mannerheim Line . The shelling of Mainila was a casus belli of the Soviet Union as it had withdrawn from non @-@ aggression pacts on 28 November . Earlier , Nazi Germany had staged a similar incident to have an excuse to withdraw from the nonaggression pact with Poland . Later , the Soviet Union would used the Orzeł incident to challenge the neutrality of Estonia . Later , the Finnish statesman J.K. Paasikivi commented that the Soviet attack , without a declaration of war , violated three different non @-@ aggression pacts : the Treaty of Tartu of 1920 , the Non @-@ aggression Pact between Finland and the Soviet Union signed 1932 and again in 1934 , and further the Charter of the League of Nations . The invasion was judged as illegal by the League of Nations , which expelled the Soviet Union on December 14 . Following the Soviet attack , C.G.E. Mannerheim was appointed Commander @-@ in @-@ Chief of the Finnish Defense Forces . Furthermore , the Finnish government changed as Risto Ryti was appointed the new prime minister and Väinö Tanner as foreign minister . On 1 December , the Soviet Union created a new government for Finland , henceforth to be called the Finnish Democratic Republic . It was a puppet regime headed by O. W. Kuusinen , and became known as the " Terijoki Government " , since the village of Terijoki was the first place " liberated " by the Red Army . The puppet regime was unsuccessful , and it was quietly discarded during the winter of 1940 . Contrary to Soviet expectations , from the beginning of the conflict , the working @-@ class Finns stood behind the legal government . This national unity against the Soviet invasion was later called the " spirit of the Winter War " .
= Watchmen ( film ) = Watchmen is a 2009 American epic neo @-@ noir superhero film directed by Zack Snyder , based on the 1986 – 87 DC Comics limited series of the same name by Alan Moore and Dave Gibbons . It stars an ensemble cast of Malin Åkerman , Billy Crudup , Matthew Goode , Carla Gugino , Jackie Earle Haley , Jeffrey Dean Morgan , and Patrick Wilson . A dark satirical take on the superhero genre , the film is set in an alternate history in the year 1985 at the height of the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union , as a group of mostly retired American superheroes investigates the murder of one of their own before uncovering an elaborate and deadly conspiracy , while their moral limitations are challenged by the complex nature of the circumstances . From October 1987 until October 2005 , a live @-@ action film adaptation became stranded in development hell : Producer Lawrence Gordon began developing the project at 20th Century Fox and Warner Bros. , parent company of Watchmen publisher DC Comics , with producer Joel Silver and director Terry Gilliam , the latter eventually deeming the complex comic " un @-@ filmable " ; During the 2000s , Gordon and Lloyd Levin collaborated with Universal Studios and Paramount Pictures to produce a script by David Hayter ; Darren Aronofsky and Paul Greengrass were also attached to the project before it was canceled over budget disputes ; and , in October 2005 , the project returned to Warner Bros. , where Snyder was hired to direct — Paramount remained as international distributor . Fox sued Warner Bros for copyright violation arising from Gordon 's failure to pay a buy @-@ out in 1991 , which enabled him to develop the film at the other studios . Fox and Warner Bros settled this before the film 's release with Fox receiving a portion of the gross . Principal photography began in Vancouver , September 2007 . As with his previous film 300 , Snyder closely modelled his storyboards on the comic , but chose not to shoot all of Watchmen using green screens and opted for real sets instead . Following its world premiere at Odeon Leicester Square on February 23 , 2009 , the film was released in both conventional and IMAX theaters on March 6 , 2009 , grossing $ 55 million on the opening weekend , and over $ 185 million at the worldwide box office . The film 's reception has been polarized between positive and negative reactions . A DVD based on elements of the Watchmen universe was released , including an animated adaptation of the comic Tales of the Black Freighter within the story , starring Gerard Butler , and the fictional biography Under the Hood , detailing the older generation of superheroes from the film 's back @-@ story . A director 's cut with 24 minutes of additional footage was released in July 2009 . The " Ultimate Cut " edition incorporated the Tales of the Black Freighter content into the narrative as it was in the original graphic novel , lengthening the runtime to 215 minutes , and was released on November 3 , 2009 . = = Plot = = The " Minutemen , " a team of costumed crime fighters , was formed in 1939 in response to a rise in costumed gangs and criminals ; the " Watchmen " was similarly formed decades later . Their existence has dramatically affected world events : Doctor Manhattan 's powers have helped the United States win the Vietnam War , and given the West a strategic advantage over the Soviet Union , which by 1985 threatens to escalate the Cold War into a nuclear war . Growing anti @-@ vigilante sentiment leads to masked crime @-@ fighters being outlawed . While many of the heroes retire , Dr Manhattan and The Comedian operate as government @-@ sanctioned agents , and Rorschach continues to operate outside the law . While investigating the murder of government agent Edward Blake , Rorschach discovers that Blake was the Comedian , and theorizes that someone may be attempting to eliminate former costumed heroes . He warns his retired comrades — Daniel Dreiberg ( Nite Owl II ) , Dr Manhattan , and the latter 's lover Laurie Jupiter ( Silk Spectre II ) . Dr Manhattan ignores Rorschach , and Dreiberg is skeptical , but relays this information to vigilante @-@ turned @-@ billionaire Adrian Veidt ( Ozymandias ) , who also dismisses it . Following a backlash , Dr Manhattan exiles himself to Mars , giving the Soviet Union the confidence to invade Afghanistan . Rorschach 's theory appears to be justified when Veidt narrowly avoids an assassination attempt , and Rorschach finds himself framed for the murder of a former villain named Moloch . When Rorschach is arrested , his identity is revealed to be Walter Kovacs , and he is sent to jail . Jupiter goes to stay with Dreiberg after breaking up with Manhattan . The two become lovers and decide to come out of retirement . After helping Rorschach break out of prison , Jupiter is confronted by Manhattan , who transports her to Mars . As he probes her memories , he discovers that she is Blake 's daughter , and realizes the miracle of her life , created in spite of her parents ' turbulent relationship . He then returns to Earth with her . Investigating the conspiracy , Rorschach and Dreiberg discover that Veidt is behind everything . Rorschach records his suspicions in his journal , which he drops off at the publication office of the New Frontiersman , a right @-@ wing tabloid . Rorschach and Dreiberg confront Veidt at his Antarctic retreat . Veidt admits to being responsible for Blake 's murder , Manhattan 's exile , Rorschach 's framing , and his own assassination attempt , which he staged to divert suspicion . He explains that his plan is to unify the United States and the Soviet Union by destroying the world 's main cities with exploding energy reactors infused with energy from Manhattan . Rorschach and Dreiberg attempt to stop him , but Veidt subdues them both and reveals that his plan has already been set into motion : the reactors have been detonated , and the energy signatures are recognized as Manhattan 's . Jupiter and Manhattan arrive in a destroyed New York City and determine that Veidt is responsible . They teleport to his base , causing him to retreat and attempt to kill Manhattan . Unsuccessful , he shows them a televised news report in which Nixon states that the United States and Soviet Union have allied against their new " common enemy " : Dr Manhattan . Although his allies realize that revealing the truth would only disrupt this new peace , Rorschach , refuses to compromise , and attempts to return to America to expose Veidt . Manhattan intervenes , and Rorschach demands that Manhattan kill him to keep him from revealing the truth . Manhattan complies . Manhattan shares a final kiss with Jupiter before departing permanently to another galaxy , while an enraged Dreiberg attacks Veidt , who makes no effort to defend himself . Nevertheless , he defends his actions , claiming that for world peace to be possible , there had to be sacrifice . Dreiberg rejects his logic declaring that Veidt has deformed and mutilated humanity . Dreiberg and Jupiter return to New York with plans to continue fighting crime . Later , an editor of the New Frontiersman tells a young employee that , as the world is at peace , there is nothing to report on . The editor gives the employee permission to print the contents of a collection of crank mailings , among which is Rorschach 's journal . = = Cast and characters = = Production for Watchmen began casting in July 2007 for look @-@ alikes of the era 's famous names for the film — something Snyder declared would give the film a " satirical quality " and " create this ’ 80s vibe " — including Richard Nixon , Leonid Brezhnev , Henry Kissinger , H. R. Haldeman , Ted Koppel , John McLaughlin , Annie Leibovitz , John Lennon and Yoko Ono , Fidel Castro , Albert Einstein , Norman Rockwell , John F. Kennedy and Jackie Kennedy , Andy Warhol , Truman Capote , Elvis Presley , Mao Zedong , Larry King , David Bowie , Mick Jagger , Lee Iacocca , and the Village People . Snyder said he wanted younger actors because of the many flashback scenes , and it was easier to age actors with make @-@ up rather than cast two actors in the same role . Snyder 's son cameos as a young Rorschach , while the director himself appears as an American soldier in Vietnam . Actor Thomas Jane was invited by Snyder , but declined to work in the film due to being too busy . Jackie Earle Haley as Walter Kovacs / Rorschach : A masked vigilante who continues his extralegal activities after they are outlawed . He takes his name from the Rorschach test , as the shifting black @-@ and @-@ white patterns on his mask resemble its inkblots . Unlike the principal actors , Haley had read the comic as a young adult and was keen to pursue the role when he heard he had become a favorite candidate among fans . Rorschach wears a mask with ink blots : motion capture markers were put on the contours of Haley 's blank mask , for animators to create his ever @-@ changing expressions . Haley has a black belt in Kenpō , but described Rorschach 's attack patterns as sloppier and more aggressive due to the character 's boxing background . Rorschach appears several times in the movie without his mask before he is apprehended , carrying a placard sign proclaiming , " The End is Nigh , " but not until he is unmasked by the police is it made apparent that the sign bearer is Rorschach . Eli Snyder as young Walter Kovacs Patrick Wilson as Daniel Dreiberg / Nite Owl II : A retired superhero with technological expertise . Snyder cast Wilson after watching 2006 's Little Children , which also co @-@ starred Haley . Wilson put on 25 lbs. to play the overweight Dreiberg . He compared Dreiberg to a soldier who returns from war unable to fit into society . Both Joaquin Phoenix and John Cusack ( another fan of the novel ) were involved in previous attempts at making the film . Billy Crudup as Jon Osterman / Dr. Manhattan : A superhero with genuine superpowers who works for the U.S. government . Crudup plays Osterman in flashbacks as a human and is replaced for his post @-@ accident scenes with a motion @-@ capture CG version of himself . During filming , Crudup acted opposite his co @-@ stars , wearing a white suit covered in blue LEDs , so he would give off an otherworldly glow in real life , just as the computer @-@ generated Manhattan does in the movie . His body was modeled on that of fitness model and actor Greg Plitt . The crew then 3D @-@ digitized Crudup 's head and " frankensteined it onto Greg Plitt 's body . " Snyder chose not to electronically alter Crudup 's voice for Manhattan , explaining the character " would try and put everyone as much at ease as he could , instead of having a robotic voice that I think would feel off @-@ putting . " Jaryd Heidrick as young Jon Osterman Malin Åkerman as Laurie Jupiter / Silk Spectre II : Åkerman described her character as the psychology and the emotion of the film due to being the only woman among the men . The actress worked out and trained to fight for her portrayal of the crime fighter . Haley Guiel as young Laurie Jupiter Jeffrey Dean Morgan as Edward Morgan Blake / The Comedian : A superhero who is commissioned by the U.S. government as a black @-@ ops specialist . When reading the comic for the part , Morgan stopped when he saw his character was killed off three pages in . When telling his agent he did not want the part , he was told to continue reading it and find out how important his character was . Morgan found the role a challenge , explaining , " For some reason , in reading the novel , you don 't hate this guy even though he does things that are unmentionable . [ ... ] My job is to kind of make that translate , so as a viewer you end up not making excuses to like him , but you don 't hate him like you should for doing the things that he does . " Of his casting , Snyder said , " It 's hard to find a man 's man in Hollywood . It just is . And Jeffrey came in and was grumpy and cool and grizzled , and I was , like , ' OK , Jeffrey is perfect ! ' " Matthew Goode as Adrian Veidt / Ozymandias : A retired superhero who has since made his identity public . At first Snyder wanted Jude Law ( a big fan of the character ) for the part , but said that Goode was " big and tall and lean , " which aided in bringing " this beautiful ageless , German superman " feel to the character . Goode interpreted Veidt 's back @-@ story to portray him with a German accent in private and an American one in public ; Goode explained Veidt gave up his family 's wealth and traveled the world , becoming a self @-@ made man because he was ashamed of his parents ' Nazi past , which in turn highlighted the themes of the American Dream and the character 's duality . Snyder said Goode " fit the bill .... We were having a hard time casting [ the role ] , because we needed someone handsome , beautiful and sophisticated , and that 's a tough combo . " Carla Gugino as Sally Jupiter / Silk Spectre : A retired superheroine , mother of Laurie Juspeczyk , former member of the now @-@ defunct superhero team , The Minutemen , and the first Silk Spectre . Gugino 's character ages from 25 years old in the 1940s to 67 years old in the 1980s , and the 37 @-@ year @-@ old actress wore prosthetics to reflect the aging process . Gugino described her character 's superhero outfit as " Bettie Page meets Alberto Vargas . " Dan Payne as William Brady / Dollar Bill : A deceased member of the now @-@ defunct superhero team , The Minutemen . Brady was a bank @-@ sponsored member of The Minutemen who was created for publicity purposes . He dies during a bank robbery in 1947 when his cape is caught in the bank 's revolving doors , allowing the robbers to shoot him at point @-@ blank range . Niall Matter as Byron Lewis / Mothman : A former member of the now @-@ defunct superhero team , The Minutemen . Lewis had a privileged upbringing and sought to help the less fortunate and fight oppression and corruption as a crime @-@ fighter . To this end Lewis created a costume with special wings that helped him glide . His mental stability ultimately deteriorated after he was called before HUAC , leading to him being forcibly brought to a mental asylum . Apollonia Vanova as Ursula Zandt / The Silhouette : A deceased member of the now @-@ defunct superhero team , The Minutemen . A gun @-@ toting vigilante , motivated by the deaths of her parents and sister at the hands of the Nazis in their native Austria . Zandt is killed along with her lesbian lover in what is implied to be a hate @-@ crime . Glenn Ennis as Jacob Müller / Hooded Justice : A deceased former member of the now @-@ defunct superhero team , The Minutemen . H.J. was a violent vigilante , who was trained in hand @-@ to @-@ hand combat . Darryl Scheelar as Nelson Gardner / Captain Metropolis : A retired former member and leader of the now @-@ defunct superhero team , The Minutemen . A former Marine Lieutenant . He was one of the more active members of the Minutemen , having organized its formation . He died in a car accident in 1974 that left him decapitated , and is believed by some to be a form of suicide . Stephen McHattie as Hollis Mason / Nite Owl : A retired former member of the now @-@ defunct superhero team The Minutemen . Mason now works in an auto shop . Clint Carleton as young Hollis Mason / Nite Owl : Carleton appears in The Minutemen flashback scenes only . Matt Frewer as Edgar Jacobi / Moloch : A former supervillain . Moloch was jailed for a time during the 1970s . He is dying of cancer which he received from Adrian Veidt . Moloch was later murdered by Adrian who frames Rorschach . Mike Carpenter as young Edgar Jacobi / Moloch Danny Woodburn as Big Figure : A jailed dwarfish crime boss and former adversary of Nite Owl and Rorschach . He tries to get revenge when Rorschach is imprisoned in the same jail as he is . Robert Wisden as President Richard Nixon = = Production = = In 1986 , producers Lawrence Gordon and Joel Silver acquired film rights to Watchmen for 20th Century Fox . After author Alan Moore declined to write a screenplay based on his story , Fox enlisted screenwriter Sam Hamm . Hamm took the liberty of re @-@ writing Watchmen 's complicated ending into a " more manageable " conclusion involving an assassination and a time paradox . Fox put the project into turnaround in 1991 , and the project was moved to Warner Bros. , where Terry Gilliam was attached to direct and Charles McKeown to rewrite it . Due to lack of funding — Gilliam and Silver were only able to raise $ 25 million for the film ( a quarter of the necessary budget ) because their previous films had gone overbudget — and Gilliam 's belief that the comic would have been unfilmable , Gilliam eventually left Watchmen and Warner Bros. dropped the project . In October 2001 , Gordon partnered with Lloyd Levin and Universal Studios , hiring David Hayter to write and direct . Hayter and the producers left Universal due to creative differences , and Gordon and Levin expressed interest in setting up Watchmen at Revolution Studios . The project did not hold together at Revolution Studios and subsequently fell apart . In July 2004 , it was announced Paramount Pictures would produce Watchmen , and Michael Bay was considered to direct . Eventually , they attached Darren Aronofsky to direct Hayter 's script . Producers Gordon and Levin remained attached , collaborating with Aronofsky 's producing partner , Eric Watson . Paul Greengrass replaced Aronofsky when he left to focus on The Fountain . Ultimately , Paramount placed Watchmen in turnaround . In October 2005 , Gordon and Levin met with Warner Bros. to develop the film there again . Tim Burton at one point expressed interest in directing the film but ultimately turned it down . Impressed with Zack Snyder 's work on 300 , Warner Bros. approached him to direct an adaptation of Watchmen . Screenwriter Alex Tse drew from his favorite elements of Hayter 's script , but also returned it to the original Cold War setting of the Watchmen comic . Similar to his approach to 300 , Snyder used the comic book as a storyboard . Following negotiations , Paramount , which had already spent $ 7 million in their failed project , earned the rights for international distribution of Watchmen and 25 % of the film 's ownership . The fight scenes were extended , and a subplot about energy resources was added to make the film more topical . Although he intended to stay faithful to the look of the characters in the comic , Snyder intended Nite Owl to look scarier , and made Ozymandias ' armor into a parody of the rubber muscle suits from 1997 's Batman & Robin . Production took place in Vancouver , where a New York City back lot was built . Sound stages were used for apartments and offices , while sequences on Mars and Antarctica were shot against green screens . Filming started on September 17 , 2007 , and ended on February 19 , 2008 , on an estimated $ 120 million budget . To handle the 1 @,@ 100 shots featuring visual effects , a quarter of them being computer @-@ generated imagery , ten different effects companies were involved with Watchmen . While 20th Century Fox filed a lawsuit to block the film 's release , the studios eventually settled , and Fox received an upfront payment and a percentage of the worldwide gross from the film and all sequels and spin @-@ offs in return . Dave Gibbons became an adviser on Snyder 's film , but Moore has refused to have his name attached to any film adaptations of his work . Moore has stated he has no interest in seeing Snyder 's adaptation ; he told Entertainment Weekly in 2008 , " There are things that we did with Watchmen that could only work in a comic , and were indeed designed to show off things that other media can 't . " While Moore believes that David Hayter 's screenplay was " as close as I could imagine anyone getting to Watchmen , " he asserted he did not intend to see the film if it were made . = = Music = = Both a soundtrack and excerpts from Tyler Bates ' film score were released as albums on March 3 , 2009 . The soundtrack features three songs written by Bob Dylan — " Desolation Row " , " All Along the Watchtower " and " The Times They Are a @-@ Changin ' " — with only the latter performed by Dylan on the soundtrack . It includes some songs mentioned in the comic , such as Simon and Garfunkel 's " The Sound of Silence " and Leonard Cohen 's " Hallelujah " . Dylan 's " The Times They Are a @-@ Changin ' " and " All Along the Watchtower " are also quoted in the graphic novel . Music by Philip Glass from Koyaanisqatsi plays when Dr. Manhattan is looking back on his life when he arrives on Mars . The Introitus of Mozart 's Requiem appears at the end of the film . " Desolation Row " was covered by My Chemical Romance especially for the film , and the song plays in the end credits . = = Release = = = = = Marketing = = = Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment published a USA @-@ only episodic video game to be released alongside the film called Watchmen : The End Is Nigh . Warner Bros. took this low @-@ key approach to avoid rushing the game on such a tight schedule , as most games adapted from films are panned by critics and consumers . The game is set in the 1970s , and is written by Len Wein , the comic 's editor ; Dave Gibbons is also an advisor . On March 4 , 2009 Glu Mobile released Watchmen : The Mobile Game , a beat ' em up mobile game featuring Nite Owl and The Comedian fighting enemies in their respective settings of New York City and Vietnam . On March 6 , 2009 , a game for the Apple Inc. iPhone and iPod Touch platform was released , titled Watchmen : Justice is Coming . Though highly anticipated , this mobile title suffered from serious game play and network issues which have yet to be resolved . As a promotion for the film , Warner Bros. Entertainment released Watchmen : Motion Comic , a series of narrated animations of the original comic book . The first chapter was released for purchase in the summer of 2008 on digital video stores , such as iTunes Store and Amazon Video on Demand . DC Direct released action figures based on the film in January 2009 . Director Zack Snyder also set up a YouTube contest petitioning Watchmen fans to create faux commercials of products made by the fictional Veidt Enterprises . The producers also released two short video pieces online , which were intended to be viral videos designed as fictional backstory pieces , with one being a 1970 newscast marking the 10th anniversary of the public appearance of Dr. Manhattan . The other was a short propaganda film promoting the Keene Act of 1977 , which made it illegal to be a superhero without government support . An official viral marketing web site , The New Frontiersman , is named after the tabloid magazine featured in the graphic novel , and contains teasers styled as declassified documents . After the trailer to the film premiered in July 2008 , DC Comics president Paul Levitz said that the company had had to print more than 900 @,@ 000 copies of Watchmen trade collection to meet the additional demand for the book that the advertising campaign had generated , with the total annual print run expected to be over one million copies . DC Comics reissued Watchmen # 1 for the original cover price of $ 1 @.@ 50 on December 10 , 2008 ; no other issues are to be reprinted . = = = Home media = = = Tales of the Black Freighter , a fictional comic within the Watchmen limited series , was adapted as a direct @-@ to @-@ video animated feature from Warner Premiere and Warner Bros. Animation , and released on March 24 , 2009 . It was originally included in the Watchmen script , but was changed from live @-@ action footage to animation because of the $ 20 million it would have cost to film it in the stylized manner of 300 that Snyder wanted ; this animated version , originally intended to be included in the final cut , was then cut because the film was already approaching a three @-@ hour running time . Gerard Butler , who starred in 300 , voices the Captain in the animated feature , having been promised a role in the live @-@ action film that never materialized . Jared Harris voices his deceased friend Ridley , whom the Captain hallucinates is talking to him . Snyder had Butler and Harris record their parts together . International rights to Black Freighter are held by Paramount . The Tales of the Black Freighter DVD also includes Under the Hood , a fictional in @-@ universe documentary detailing the characters ' backstories , which takes its title from that of Hollis Mason 's memoirs in the comic book . Under the Hood is rated PG because it is meant to resemble a behind @-@ the @-@ scenes television news magazine profile of the characters . The actors were allowed to improvise during filming interviews in character . Bolex cameras were even used to film " archive " footage of the Minutemen . The film itself was scheduled to be released on DVD four months after Tales of the Black Freighter , and Warner released a director 's cut on July 21 , 2009 , and the extended version with the animated film edited back into the main picture was scheduled to be released on November 3 , 2009 , but did not hit the shelves until November 10 , 2009 . Snyder said if the film did well enough , a theatrical release of the director 's cut would be shown at theaters in New York and Los Angeles simultaneously . In addition , the Watchmen : Motion Comic , was released in digital video stores and DVD on March 3 . It included an exclusive scene from the movie but as of press time ( prior to the disc 's release ) the scene had yet to be added . The film was released on DVD and Blu @-@ ray on July 21 , 2009 . The Blu @-@ ray version contains " Maximum Movie Mode " , which plays the film along with a video presentation by director Snyder , and includes behind @-@ the @-@ scenes footage , comic comparisons , trivia , and more . In November 2009 , an " Ultimate Collector 's Edition " was released . The five @-@ disc set includes the director 's cut of the film with Tales of the Black Freighter woven in , new commentaries by Zack Snyder and Dave Gibbons , the complete Watchmen : Motion Comic , and over 3 hours of bonus content including Under the Hood , which was previously released on the Tales of the Black Freighter DVD . A special Blu @-@ ray included the director 's cut of Watchmen along with both parts of the game Watchmen : The End is Nigh for PlayStation 3 . Watchmen debuted at the top of the rental , DVD , and Blu @-@ ray charts . First week sales of the DVD stood at 1 @,@ 232 @,@ 725 copies , generating $ 24 @,@ 597 @,@ 425 in sales revenue . As of November 1 , 2009 the DVD has sold a total of 2 @,@ 510 @,@ 321 copies and $ 46 @,@ 766 @,@ 383 in revenue . = = = Director 's cut = = = A director 's cut of the film running at 186 minutes held a limited release in Los Angeles , Dallas , Minneapolis , and New York City . The director 's cut was released on DVD in the United States , along with the theatrical version . The director 's cut was also released on Blu @-@ ray , but not the theatrical cut . The theatrical version was released on DVD and Blu @-@ ray in the European area , later on , the director 's cut was also released , exclusively on the Blu @-@ ray format . This is the preferred version of the film by director Zack Snyder . = = = Ultimate cut = = = In November 2009 , a four @-@ disc set was released as the " Ultimate Cut " . This version included the director 's cut of the film re @-@ edited to contain Tales of the Black Freighter into the story as it is featured in the graphic novel , bringing the run time of the film to 215 minutes . The set also included two additional hours of bonus features including Under the Hood and The Complete Motion Comic . Originally released only on DVD , the set later became available on Blu @-@ ray . = = Reception = = = = = Box office = = = Watchmen was released at midnight on March 5 , 2009 , and earned an estimated $ 4 @.@ 6 million for the early showing , which is approximately twice as much as 300 , Snyder 's previous comic book adaptation . The film earned $ 24 @,@ 515 @,@ 772 in 3 @,@ 611 theaters its first day , and later finished its opening weekend grossing $ 55 @,@ 214 @,@ 334 . Watchmen 's opening weekend is the highest of any Alan Moore adaptation to date , and the income was also greater than the entire box office take of From Hell , which ended its theatrical run with $ 31 @,@ 602 @,@ 566 . Although the film finished with $ 55 million for its opening , while Snyder 's previous adaptation 300 earned $ 70 million in its opening weekend , Warner Bros. ' head of distribution , Dan Fellman , believes that the opening weekend success of the two films cannot be compared due to the extended running time of Watchmen — the film comes in at 2 hours and 45 minutes , while 300 is just under 2 hours — provides the 2009 film with fewer showings a night than 300 . Next to the general theaters , Watchmen pulled in $ 5 @.@ 4 million at 124 IMAX screens , which is the fifth largest opening behind Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen , Star Trek , Avatar , and The Dark Knight . Following its first week at the box office , Watchmen saw a significant drop in attendance . By the end of its second weekend , the film brought in $ 17 @,@ 817 @,@ 301 , finishing second on that weekend 's box office . The 67 @.@ 7 % overall decrease is one of the highest for a major comic book film . Losing two @-@ thirds of its audience from its opening weekend , the film finished second for the weekend of March 13 – 15 , 2009 . The film continued to drop about 60 % in almost every subsequent weekend , leaving the top ten in its fifth weekend , and the top twenty in its seventh . Watchmen crossed the $ 100 million mark on March 26 , its twenty @-@ first day at the box office , and finished its theatrical run in the United States on May 28 , having grossed $ 107 @,@ 509 @,@ 799 in 84 days . The film had grossed one @-@ fifth of its ultimate gross on its opening day , and more than half of that total by the end of its opening weekend . Watchmen currently sits tenth in all time March openings , as well as the twelfth largest opening for an R @-@ rated film in North American history . It was the sixth highest grossing R @-@ rated film of 2009 , behind The Hangover , Inglourious Basterds , District 9 , Paranormal Activity , and It 's Complicated . On the North American box office , Watchmen currently sits as the twelfth highest grossing film based on a DC Comics comic book ( narrowly ahead of 1997 's Batman & Robin ) , and the thirty @-@ first highest @-@ grossing film of 2009 . Watchmen earned $ 26 @.@ 6 million in 45 territories overseas ; of these , Britain and France had the highest box office with an estimated $ 4 @.@ 6 million and $ 2 @.@ 5 million , respectively . Watchmen also took in approximately $ 2 @.@ 3 million in Russia , $ 2 @.@ 3 million in Australia , $ 1 @.@ 6 million in Italy , and $ 1 @.@ 4 million in Korea . The film collected $ 77 @,@ 743 @,@ 688 in foreign box office , bringing its worldwide total to $ 185 @,@ 253 @,@ 487 . = = = Critical reaction = = = Watchmen received a polarizing reaction from both audiences and critics . Some critics gave it overwhelmingly positive reviews for the dark and unique take on the superhero genre , the cast , and the visual effects ; while others derided it for the same reasons , as well as the R @-@ rating ( for " strong graphic violence , sexuality , nudity , and language " ) , the running time , and the much @-@ publicized fidelity to the graphic novel . On Rotten Tomatoes , Watchmen currently has a 65 % ' fresh ' approval rating , based on 294 reviews , with an average rating of 6 @.@ 3 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , " Gritty and visually striking , Watchmen is a faithful adaptation of Alan Moore 's graphic novel , but its complex narrative structure may make it difficult for it to appeal to viewers not already familiar with the source material . " By comparison , on Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating reviews from mainstream critics , the film has a score of 56 out of 100 , based on 39 critics , indicating " mixed or average reviews " . CinemaScore polls reported that the average grade cinemagoers gave the film was B on an A + to F scale , and that the primary audience was older men . Patrick Kolan of IGN Australia gave the film an enormous amount of praise , awarding it a perfect 10 / 10 and saying " It 's the Watchmen film you always wanted to see , but never expected to get . " Also praising the film along with another perfect score ( 4 / 4 ) was Kyle Smith of the New York Post , comparing it to some of Stanley Kubrick 's films . " Director Zack Snyder 's cerebral , scintillating follow @-@ up to 300 seems , to even a weary filmgoer 's eye , as fresh and magnificent in sound and vision as 2001 . " Roger Ebert gave it four out of four stars . " It 's a compelling visceral film — sound , images and characters combined into a decidedly odd visual experience that evokes the feel of a graphic novel . " Richard Corliss of Time concluded " this ambitious picture is a thing of bits and pieces , " yet " the bits are glorious , the pieces magnificent . " Total Film awarded it 4 / 5 stars , stating : " It 's hard to imagine anyone watching the Watchmen as faithfully as Zack Snyder 's heartfelt , stylised adap . Uncompromising , uncommercial , and unique . " When comparing the film to the original source material , Ian Nathan of Empire felt that while " it isn 't the graphic novel ... Zack Snyder clearly gives a toss , creating a smart , stylish , decent adaptation . " Nick Dent of Time Out Sydney gave the film 4 / 6 in his review of February 25 , praising the film 's inventiveness but concluding , " While Watchmen is still as rich , daring , and intelligent an action film as there 's ever been , it also proves Moore absolutely right [ that Watchmen is inherently un @-@ filmable ] . As a comic book , Watchmen is an extraordinary thing . As a movie , it 's just another movie , awash with sound and fury . " The negative reviews generally disliked the film 's Cold War @-@ period setting , using various adjectives to describe it such as " stuffy " , " stiff " , " bor [ ing ] " , " oddly hollow " , " embalmed " , " truncated " , and " psychic suffocation " . They cited the film 's much @-@ advertised reverence of the source material as a fault , referring to the story as " trapped " in a faithful representation of Alan Moore 's graphic novel . " Watchmen is a bore [ ... ] It sinks under the weight of its reverence for the original , " wrote Philip Kennicott of The Washington Post . Devin Gordon wrote for Newsweek , " That 's the trouble with loyalty . Too little , and you alienate your core fans . Too much , and you lose everyone — and everything — else . " Owen Gleiberman 's Entertainment Weekly review reads , " Snyder treats each image with the same stuffy hermetic reverence . He doesn 't move the camera or let the scenes breathe . He crams the film with bits and pieces , trapping his actors like bugs wriggling in the frame . " " [ Snyder ] never pause [ s ] to develop a vision of his own . The result is oddly hollow and disjointed ; the actors moving stiffly from one overdetermined tableau to another , " said Noah Berlatsky of the Chicago Reader . David Edelstein of New York agrees : " They 've made the most reverent adaptation of a graphic novel ever . But this kind of reverence kills what it seeks to preserve . The movie is embalmed . " A reviewer in The Wall Street Journal wrote , " Watching ' Watchmen ' is the spiritual equivalent of being whacked on the skull for 163 minutes . The reverence is inert , the violence noxious , the mythology murky , the tone grandiose , the texture glutinous . " Donald Clarke of The Irish Times was similarly dismissive : " Snyder , director of the unsubtle 300 , has squinted hard at the source material and turned it into a colossal animated storyboard , augmented by indifferent performances and moronically obvious music cues . " The trade magazines Variety and The Hollywood Reporter were even less taken with the film . Variety 's Justin Chang commented that , " The movie is ultimately undone by its own reverence ; there 's simply no room for these characters and stories to breathe of their own accord , and even the most fastidiously replicated scenes can feel glib and truncated , " and Kirk Honeycutt of The Hollywood Reporter writing , " The real disappointment is that the film does not transport an audience to another world , as 300 did . Nor does the third @-@ rate Chandler @-@ esque narration by Rorschach help ... Looks like we have the first real flop of 2009 . " Analyzing the divided response , Geoff Boucher of the Los Angeles Times felt that , like Eyes Wide Shut , The Passion of the Christ , or Fight Club , Watchmen would continue to be a talking point among those who liked or disliked the film . Boucher felt in spite of his own mixed feelings about the finished film , he was " oddly proud " that the director had made a faithful adaptation that was " nothing less than the boldest popcorn movie ever made . Snyder somehow managed to get a major studio to make a movie with no stars , no ' name ' superheroes and a hard R @-@ rating , thanks to all those broken bones , that oddly off @-@ putting Owl Ship sex scene and , of course , the unforgettable glowing blue penis . " = = = Awards = = = Watchmen was nominated for one award at the 2009 VES Awards , seven awards at the 36th Saturn Awards , and 13 awards at the 2009 Scream Awards . The film was also pre @-@ nominated for the Academy Award for Best Visual Effects , although it did not make the final shortlist . = = TV series = = On October 1 , 2015 , it was reported that HBO is in talks with Snyder to make a TV series based on the comics with no word about it being a sequel to the film .
= Honoré de Balzac = Honoré de Balzac ( / ˈbɔːlzæk , ˈbæl- / ; French : [ ɔ.nɔ.ʁe d ( ə ) bal.zak ] , born Honoré Balzac , 20 May 1799 – 18 August 1850 ) was a French novelist and playwright . The novel sequence La Comédie Humaine , which presents a panorama of post @-@ Napoleonic French life , is generally viewed as his magnum opus . Owing to his keen observation of detail and unfiltered representation of society , Balzac is regarded as one of the founders of realism in European literature . He is renowned for his multi @-@ faceted characters ; even his lesser characters are complex , morally ambiguous and fully human . Inanimate objects are imbued with character as well ; the city of Paris , a backdrop for much of his writing , takes on many human qualities . His writing influenced many famous writers , including the novelists Émile Zola , Charles Dickens , Gustave Flaubert , Jack Kerouac and Henry James , as well as important philosophers such as Friedrich Engels . Many of Balzac 's works have been made into films , and they continue to inspire other writers . An enthusiastic reader and independent thinker as a child , Balzac had trouble adapting to the teaching style of his grammar school . His willful nature caused trouble throughout his life and frustrated his ambitions to succeed in the world of business . When he finished school , Balzac was apprenticed in a law office , but he turned his back on the study of law after wearying of its inhumanity and banal routine . Before and during his career as a writer , he attempted to be a publisher , printer , businessman , critic , and politician ; he failed in all of these efforts . La Comédie Humaine reflects his real @-@ life difficulties , and includes scenes from his own experience . Balzac suffered from health problems throughout his life , possibly due to his intense writing schedule . His relationship with his family was often strained by financial and personal drama , and he lost more than one friend over critical reviews . In 1850 , Balzac married Ewelina Hańska , a Polish aristocrat and his longtime love ; he died in Paris five months later . = = Biography = = = = = Family = = = Honoré de Balzac was born into a family which through its industry and efforts aspired to achieve respectability . His father , born Bernard @-@ François Balssa , was one of eleven children from an artisan family in Tarn ( Occitanie ) , a region in the south of France . In 1760 he set off for Paris with only a Louis coin in his pocket , intent on improving his social standing ; by 1776 he had become Secretary to the King 's Council and a Freemason ( he had also changed his name to the more noble sounding " Balzac , " his son later adding — without official recognition — the nobiliary particle : " de " ) . After the Reign of Terror ( 1793 – 94 ) , François Balzac was despatched to Tours to coordinate supplies for the Army . Balzac 's mother , born Anne @-@ Charlotte @-@ Laure Sallambier , came from a family of haberdashers in Paris . Her family 's wealth was a considerable factor in the match : she was eighteen at the time of the wedding , and François Balzac fifty . As the author and literary critic Sir Victor Pritchett explained , " She was certainly drily aware that she had been given to an old husband as a reward for his professional services to a friend of her family and that the capital was on her side . She was not in love with her husband " . Honoré ( named after Saint @-@ Honoré of Amiens , who is commemorated on 16 May , four days before Balzac 's birthday ) was actually the second child born to the Balzacs ; exactly one year previous , Louis @-@ Daniel had been born , but he lived for only a month . Honoré 's sisters Laure and Laurence were born in 1800 and 1802 , and his younger brother Henry @-@ François in 1807 . = = = Early life = = = As an infant Balzac was sent to a wet @-@ nurse ; the following year he was joined by his sister Laure and they spent four years away from home . ( Although Genevan philosopher Jean @-@ Jacques Rousseau 's influential book Émile convinced many mothers of the time to nurse their own children , sending babies to wet @-@ nurses was still common among the middle and upper classes . ) When the Balzac children returned home , they were kept at a frosty distance from their parents , which affected the author @-@ to @-@ be significantly . His 1835 novel Le Lys dans la Vallée features a cruel governess named Miss Caroline , modeled after his own caregiver . At age ten Balzac was sent to the Oratorian grammar school in Vendôme , where he studied for seven years . His father , seeking to instill the same hardscrabble work ethic which had gained him the esteem of society , intentionally gave little spending money to the boy . This made him the object of ridicule among his much wealthier schoolmates . Balzac had difficulty adapting to the rote style of learning at the school . As a result , he was frequently sent to the " alcove " , a punishment cell reserved for disobedient students . ( The janitor at the school , when asked later if he remembered Honoré , replied : " Remember M. Balzac ? I should think I do ! I had the honour of escorting him to the dungeon more than a hundred times ! " ) Still , his time alone gave the boy ample freedom to read every book which came his way . Balzac worked these scenes from his boyhood — as he did many aspects of his life and the lives of those around him — into La Comédie Humaine . His time at Vendôme is reflected in Louis Lambert , his 1832 novel about a young boy studying at an Oratorian grammar school at Vendôme . The narrator says : " He devoured books of every kind , feeding indiscriminately on religious works , history and literature , philosophy and physics . He had told me that he found indescribable delight in reading dictionaries for lack of other books . " Balzac often fell ill , finally causing the headmaster to contact his family with news of a " sort of a coma " . When he returned home , his grandmother said : " Voilà donc comme le collège nous renvoie les jolis que nous lui envoyons ! " ( " Look how the academy returns the pretty ones we send them ! " ) Balzac himself attributed his condition to " intellectual congestion " , but his extended confinement in the " alcove " was surely a factor . ( Meanwhile , his father had been writing a treatise on " the means of preventing thefts and murders , and of restoring the men who commit them to a useful role in society " , in which he heaped disdain on prison as a form of crime prevention . ) In 1814 the Balzac family moved to Paris , and Honoré was sent to private tutors and schools for the next two and a half years . This was an unhappy time in his life , during which he attempted suicide on a bridge over the Loire River . In 1816 Balzac entered the Sorbonne , where he studied under three famous professors : François Guizot , who later became Prime Minister , was Professor of Modern History ; Abel @-@ François Villemain , a recent arrival from the Collège Charlemagne , lectured on French and classical literature ; and , most influential of all , Victor Cousin 's courses on philosophy encouraged his students to think independently . Once his studies were completed , Balzac was persuaded by his father to follow him into the Law ; for three years he trained and worked at the office of Victor Passez , a family friend . During this time Balzac began to understand the vagaries of human nature . In his 1840 novel Le Notaire , he wrote that a young person in the legal profession sees " the oily wheels of every fortune , the hideous wrangling of heirs over corpses not yet cold , the human heart grappling with the Penal Code . " In 1819 Passez offered to make Balzac his successor , but his apprentice had had enough of the Law . He despaired of being " a clerk , a machine , a riding @-@ school hack , eating and drinking and sleeping at fixed hours . I should be like everyone else . And that 's what they call living , that life at the grindstone , doing the same thing over and over again .... I am hungry and nothing is offered to appease my appetite " . He announced his intention to become a writer . The loss of this opportunity caused serious discord in the Balzac household , although Honoré was not turned away entirely . Instead , in April 1819 he was allowed to live in the French capital – as English critic George Saintsbury describes it – " in a garret furnished in the most Spartan fashion , with a starvation allowance and an old woman to look after him " , while the rest of the family moved to a house twenty miles [ 32 km ] outside Paris . = = = First literary efforts = = = Balzac 's first project was a libretto for a comic opera called Le Corsaire , based on Lord Byron 's The Corsair . Realizing he would have trouble finding a composer , however , he turned to other pursuits . In 1820 Balzac completed the five @-@ act verse tragedy Cromwell . Although it pales by comparison with his later works , some critics consider it a quality text . When he finished , Balzac went to Villeparisis and read the entire work to his family ; they were unimpressed . He followed this effort by starting ( but never finishing ) three novels : Sténie , Falthurne , and Corsino . In 1821 Balzac met the enterprising Auguste Le Poitevin , who convinced the author to write short stories , which Le Poitevin would then sell to publishers . Balzac quickly turned to longer works , and by 1826 he had written nine novels , all published under pseudonyms and often produced in collaboration with other writers . For example , the scandalous novel Vicaire des Ardennes ( 1822 ) — banned for its depiction of nearly @-@ incestuous relations and , more egregiously , of a married priest — attributed to a " Horace de Saint @-@ Aubin " . These books were potboiler novels , designed to sell quickly and titillate audiences . In Saintsbury 's view , " they are curiously , interestingly , almost enthrallingly bad " . Saintsbury indicates that Robert Louis Stevenson tried to dissuade him from reading these early works of Balzac . American critic Samuel Rogers , however , notes that " without the training they gave Balzac , as he groped his way to his mature conception of the novel , and without the habit he formed as a young man of writing under pressure , one can hardly imagine his producing La Comédie Humaine " . Biographer Graham Robb suggests that as he discovered the Novel , Balzac discovered himself . During this time Balzac wrote two pamphlets in support of primogeniture and the Society of Jesus . The latter , regarding the Jesuits , illustrated his lifelong admiration for the Catholic Church . In the preface to La Comédie Humaine he wrote : " Christianity , above all , Catholicism , being ... a complete system for the repression of the depraved tendencies of man , is the most powerful element of social order " . = = = " Une bonne spéculation " = = = In the late 1820s Balzac dabbled in several business ventures , a penchant his sister blamed on the temptation of an unknown neighbour . His first enterprise was in publishing which turned out cheap one @-@ volume editions of French classics including the works of Molière . This business failed miserably , with many of the books " sold as waste paper " . Balzac had better luck publishing the Memoirs of the Duchess of Abrantès , with whom he also had a love affair . Balzac borrowed money from his family and friends , and tried to build a printing business , then a typefounder enterprise . His inexperience and lack of capital caused his ruin in these trades . He gave the businesses to a friend ( who made them successful ) but carried the debts for many years . As of April 1828 Balzac owed 50 @,@ 000 francs to his mother . Balzac never lost his penchant for une bonne spéculation . It resurfaced painfully later when — as a renowned and busy author — he traveled to Sardinia in the hopes of reprocessing the slag from the Roman mines there . Near the end of his life Balzac was captivated by the idea of cutting 20 @,@ 000 acres ( 81 km2 ) of oak wood in Ukraine and transporting it for sale in France . = = = La Comédie Humaine and literary success = = = After writing several novels , in 1832 Balzac conceived the idea for an enormous series of books that would paint a panoramic portrait of " all aspects of society " . The moment the idea came to him , Balzac raced to his sister 's apartment and proclaimed : " I am about to become a genius " ! Although he originally called it Etudes des Mœurs ( Study of Mores ) , it eventually became known as La Comédie Humaine , and he included in it all the fiction that he had published in his lifetime under his own name . This was to be Balzac 's life work and his greatest achievement . After the collapse of his businesses , Balzac traveled to Brittany and stayed with the De Pommereul family outside Fougères . There he drew inspiration for Les Chouans ( 1829 ) , a tale of love gone wrong amid the Chouan royalist forces . Although Balzac was a supporter of the Crown , Balzac paints the counter @-@ revolutionaries in a sympathetic light — even though they are the center of the book 's most brutal scenes . This was the first book Balzac released under his own name , and it gave him what one critic called " passage into the Promised Land " . It established him as an author of note ( even if its historical fiction @-@ genre imitates that of Sir Walter Scott ) and provided him with a name outside his past pseudonyms . Soon afterwards , around the time of his father 's death , Balzac wrote El Verdugo — about a 30 @-@ year @-@ old man who kills his father ( Balzac was 30 years old at the time ) . This was the first work signed " Honoré de Balzac " . He followed his father in the surname Balzac but added the aristocratic @-@ sounding nobiliary particle to help him fit into respected society , a choice based on skill rather than by right . " The aristocracy and authority of talent are more substantial than the aristocracy of names and material power " , he wrote in 1830 . The timing of the decision was also significant ; as Robb explained : " The disappearance of the father coincides with the adoption of the nobiliary particle . A symbolic inheritance . " Just as his father had worked his way up from poverty into respectable society , Balzac considered toil and effort his real mark of nobility . When the July Revolution overthrew Charles X in 1830 , Balzac declared himself a Legitimist , supporting King Charles ' Royal House of Bourbon , but not without qualifications . He felt that the new July Monarchy ( which claimed widespread popular support ) was disorganized and unprincipled , in need of a mediator to keep the political peace between the King and insurgent forces . He called for " a young and vigorous man who belongs neither to the Directoire nor to the Empire , but who is 1830 incarnate .... " He planned to be such a candidate , appealing especially to the higher classes in Chinon . But after a near @-@ fatal accident in 1832 ( he slipped and cracked his head on the street ) , Balzac decided not to stand for election . 1831 saw the success of La Peau de chagrin ( The Wild Ass 's Skin or The Magic Skin ) , a fable @-@ like tale about a despondent young man named Raphaël de Valentin who finds an animal skin which promises great power and wealth . He obtains these things , but loses the ability to manage them . In the end , his health fails and he is consumed by his own confusion . Balzac meant the story to bear witness to the treacherous turns of life , its " serpentine motion " . In 1833 Balzac released Eugénie Grandet , his first best @-@ seller . The tale of a young lady who inherits her father 's miserliness , it also became the most critically acclaimed book of his career . The writing is simple , yet the individuals ( especially the bourgeois title character ) are dynamic and complex . Le Père Goriot ( Old Father Goriot , 1835 ) was his next success , in which Balzac transposes the story of King Lear to 1820s Paris in order to rage at a society bereft of all love save the love of money . The centrality of a father in this novel matches Balzac 's own position — not only as mentor to his troubled young secretary , Jules Sandeau , but also the fact that he had fathered a child , Marie @-@ Caroline Du Fresnay , with his otherwise @-@ married lover , Maria Du Fresnay , who had been his source of inspiration for Eugénie Grandet . In 1836 Balzac took the helm of the Chronique de Paris , a weekly magazine of society and politics . He tried to enforce strict impartiality in its pages and a reasoned assessment of various ideologies . As Rogers notes , " Balzac was interested in any social , political , or economic theory , whether from the right or the left . " The magazine failed , but in July 1840 he founded another publication , the Revue Parisienne . It produced three issues . These dismal business efforts — and his misadventures in Sardinia — provided an appropriate milieu in which to set the two @-@ volume Illusions perdues ( Lost Illusions , 1843 ) . The novel concerns Lucien de Rubempré , a young poet trying to make a name for himself , who becomes trapped in the morass of society 's darkest contradictions . Lucien 's journalistic work is informed by Balzac 's own failed ventures in the field . Splendeurs et misères des courtisanes ( The Harlot High and Low , 1847 ) continues Lucien 's story . He is trapped by the Abbé Herrera ( Vautrin ) in a convoluted and disastrous plan to regain social status . The book undergoes a massive temporal rift ; the first part ( of four ) covers a span of six years , while the final two sections focus on just three days . Le Cousin Pons ( 1847 ) and La Cousine Bette ( 1848 ) tell the story of Les Parents Pauvres ( The Poor Relations ) . The conniving and wrangling over wills and inheritances reflect the expertise gained by the author as a young law clerk . Balzac 's health was deteriorating by this point , making the completion of this pair of books a significant accomplishment . Many of his novels were initially serialized , like those of Dickens . Their length was not predetermined . Illusions Perdues extends to a thousand pages after starting inauspiciously in a small @-@ town print shop , whereas La Fille aux yeux d 'or ( The Girl with the Golden Eyes , 1835 ) opens with a broad panorama of Paris but becomes a closely plotted novella of only fifty pages . = = = Work habits = = = Balzac 's work habits are legendary — he did not work quickly , but toiled with an incredible focus and dedication . His preferred method was to eat a light meal at five or six in the afternoon , then sleep until midnight . He then rose and wrote for many hours , fueled by innumerable cups of black coffee . He would often work for fifteen hours or more at a stretch ; he claimed to have once worked for 48 hours with only three hours of rest in the middle . Balzac revised obsessively , covering printer 's proofs with changes and additions to be reset . He sometimes repeated this process during the publication of a book , causing significant expense both for himself and the publisher . As a result , the finished product quite often was different from the original text . Although some of his books never reached completion , some — such as Les employés ( The Government Clerks , 1841 ) — are nonetheless noted by critics . Although Balzac was " by turns a hermit and a vagrant " , he managed to stay in tune with the social spheres which nourished his writing . He was friends with Théophile Gautier and Pierre @-@ Marie @-@ Charles de Bernard du Grail de la Villette , and he was acquainted with Victor Hugo . Nevertheless , he did not spend as much time in salons and clubs of Paris like many of his characters . " In the first place he was too busy " , explains Saintsbury , " in the second he would not have been at home there .... [ H ] e felt it was his business not to frequent society but to create it " . However he often spent long periods at the Château de Saché , near Tours , the home of his friend Jean de Margonne , his mother 's lover and father to her youngest child . Many of Balzac 's tormented characters were conceived in the chateau 's small second @-@ floor bedroom . Today the chateau is a museum dedicated to the author 's life . = = = Marriage and sentimental life = = = In 1833 , as he revealed in a letter to his sister , Balzac entered into an illicit affair with fellow writer Maria Du Fresnay , who was then aged 24 . Her marriage to a considerably older man ( Charles du Fresnay , Mayor of Sartrouville ) had been a failure from the outset . In this letter , Balzac also reveals that the young woman had just come to tell him she was pregnant with his child . In 1834 , 8 months after the event , Maria Du Fresnay 's daughter by Balzac , Marie @-@ Caroline Du Fresnay , was born . This revelation from French journalist Roger Pierrot in 1955 confirmed what was already suspected by several historians : the dedicatee of the novel Eugénie Grandet , a certain " Maria " , turns out to be Maria Du Fresnay herself . In February 1832 Balzac received an intriguing letter from Odessa — with no return address and signed simply " L 'Étrangère " ( " The Foreigner " ) — expressing sadness at the cynicism and atheism in La Peau de Chagrin and its negative portrayal of women . His response was to place a classified advertisement in the Gazette de France , hoping that his anonymous critic would see it . Thus began a fifteen @-@ year correspondence between Balzac and " the object of [ his ] sweetest dreams " : Ewelina Hańska . Ewelina ( née Rzewuska ) was married to a nobleman twenty years her senior , Marshal Wacław Hański , a wealthy Polish landowner living near Kiev . It had been a marriage of convenience to preserve her family 's fortune . In Balzac Countess Ewelina found a kindred spirit for her emotional and social desires , with the added benefit of feeling a connection to the glamorous capital of France . Their correspondence reveals an intriguing balance of passion , propriety and patience ; Robb says it is " like an experimental novel in which the female protagonist is always trying to pull in extraneous realities but which the hero is determined to keep on course , whatever tricks he has to use " . Marshal Hański died in 1841 , and his widow and her admirer finally had the chance to pursue their affections . A rival of the Hungarian composer Franz Liszt , Balzac visited Countess Hańska in St. Petersburg in 1843 and won her heart . After a series of financial setbacks , health problems and objections from Tsar Nicholas I , the couple finally received permission to wed . On 14 March 1850 , with Balzac 's health in serious decline , they travelled by carriage from her family seat at Verhivnya Park in Volhynia to St. Barbara 's Catholic Church in Berdychiv ( Russia 's former banking city in present @-@ day Ukraine ) , where they were married by Abbot Ożarowski . The ten @-@ hour journey to and from the ceremony took a toll on both husband and wife : her feet were too swollen to walk , and he endured severe heart trouble . Although he married late in life , Balzac had already written two treatises on marriage : Physiologie du Mariage and Scènes de la Vie Conjugale . These works lacked firsthand knowledge ; Saintsbury points out that " cœlebs cannot talk of [ marriage ] with much authority " . In late April the newly @-@ weds set off for Paris . His health deteriorated on the way , and Ewelina wrote to her daughter about Balzac being " in a state of extreme weakness " and " sweating profusely " . They arrived in the French capital on 20 May , his fifty @-@ first birthday . Five months after his wedding , on Sunday , 18 August 1850 , Balzac died . His mother was the only one with him when he expired ; Eve de Balzac ( formerly Countess Hańska ) had gone to bed . He had been visited that day by Victor Hugo , who later served as a pallbearer and the eulogist at Balzac 's funeral . Balzac is buried at Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris . At his memorial service , Victor Hugo pronounced " Today we have people in black because of the death of the man of talent ; a nation in mourning for a man of genius " . The funeral was attended by " almost every writer in Paris " , including Frédérick Lemaître , Gustave Courbet , Dumas père and Dumas fils , as well as representatives of the Légion d 'honneur and other dignitaries . Later , a statue ( called the Monument à Balzac ) was created by the celebrated French sculptor Auguste Rodin . Cast in bronze , the Balzac Monument has stood since 1939 nearby the intersection of Boulevard Raspail and Boulevard Montparnasse at Place Pablo @-@ Picasso . Rodin featured Balzac in several of his smaller sculptures as well . = = Writing style = = The Comédie Humaine remained unfinished at the time of his death — Balzac had plans to include numerous other books , most of which he never started . He frequently flitted between works in progress , and " finished articles " were frequently revised between editions . This piecemeal style is reflective of the author 's own life , a possible attempt to stabilize it through fiction . " The vanishing man " , wrote Sir Victor Pritchett , " who must be pursued from the rue Cassini to ... Versailles , Ville d 'Avray , Italy , and Vienna can construct a settled dwelling only in his work " . = = = Realism = = = Balzac 's extensive use of detail , especially the detail of objects , to illustrate the lives of his characters made him an early pioneer of literary realism . While he admired and drew inspiration from the Romantic style of Scottish novelist Walter Scott , Balzac sought to depict human existence through the use of particulars . In the preface to the first edition of Scènes de la Vie privée , he wrote : " the author firmly believes that details alone will henceforth determine the merit of works " . Plentiful descriptions of décor , clothing , and possessions help breathe life into the characters . For example , Balzac 's friend Henri de Latouche had a good knowledge of hanging wallpaper . Balzac transferred this to his descriptions of the Pension Vauquer in Le Père Goriot , making the wallpaper speak of the identities of those living inside . Some critics consider Balzac 's writing exemplary of naturalism — a more pessimistic and analytical form of realism , which seeks to explain human behavior as intrinsically linked with the environment . French novelist Émile Zola declared Balzac the father of the naturalist novel . Zola indicated that whilst the Romantics saw the world through a colored lens , the naturalist sees through a clear glass — precisely the sort of effect Balzac attempted to achieve in his works . = = = = Characters = = = = Balzac sought to present his characters as real people , neither fully good nor fully evil , but completely human . " To arrive at the truth " , he wrote in the preface to Le Lys dans la vallée , " writers use whatever literary device seems capable of giving the greatest intensity of life to their characters " . " Balzac 's characters " , Robb notes , " were as real to him as if he were observing them in the outside world " . This reality was noted by playwright Oscar Wilde , who said : " One of the greatest tragedies of my life is the death of [ Illusions Perdues protagonist ] Lucien de Rubempré .... It haunts me in my moments of pleasure . I remember it when I laugh " . At the same time , the characters depict a particular range of social types : the noble soldier , the scoundrel , the proud workman , the fearless spy , the alluring mistress . That Balzac was able to balance the strength of the individual against the representation of the type is evidence of the author 's skill . One critic explained that " there is a center and a circumference to Balzac 's world " . Balzac 's use of repeat characters , moving in and out of the Comédie 's books , strengthens the realist representation . " When the characters reappear " , notes Rogers , " they do not step out of nowhere ; they emerge from the privacy of their own lives which , for an interval , we have not been allowed to see " . He also used a realist technique which French novelist Marcel Proust later termed " retrospective illumination " , whereby a character 's past is revealed long after she or he first appears . A nearly infinite reserve of energy propels the characters in Balzac 's novels . Struggling against the currents of human nature and society , they may lose more often than they win — but only rarely do they give up . This universal trait is a reflection of Balzac 's own social wrangling , that of his family , and an interest in the Austrian mystic and physician Franz Mesmer , who pioneered the study of animal magnetism . Balzac spoke often of a " nervous and fluid force " between individuals , and Raphaël de Valentin 's decline in La Peau de Chagrin exemplifies the danger of withdrawing from other people 's company . = = = = Place = = = = Representations of the city , countryside , and building interiors are essential to Balzac 's realism , often serving to paint a naturalistic backdrop before which the characters ' lives follow a particular course ; this gave him a reputation as an early naturalist . Intricate details about locations sometimes stretch for fifteen or twenty pages . As he did with the people around him , Balzac studied these places in depth , traveling to remote locations and comparing notes that he had made on previous visits . The influence of Paris permeates La Comédie : nature defers to the artificial metropolis , in contrast to descriptions of the weather and wildlife in the countryside . " If in Paris " , Rogers says , " we are in a man @-@ made region where even the seasons are forgotten , these provincial towns are nearly always pictured in their natural setting " . Balzac said , " the streets of Paris possess human qualities and we cannot shake off the impressions they make upon our minds . " His labyrinthine city provided a literary model used later by English novelist Charles Dickens and Russian author Fyodor Dostoevsky . The centrality of Paris in La Comédie Humaine is key to Balzac 's legacy as a realist . " Realism is nothing if not urban " , notes critic Peter Brooks ; the scene of a young man coming into the city to find his fortune is ubiquitous in the realist novel , and appears repeatedly in Balzac 's works , such as Illusions Perdues . = = = Perspective = = = Balzac 's literary mood evolved over time from one of despondency and chagrin to that of solidarity and courage — but not optimism . La Peau de Chagrin , among his earliest novels , is a pessimistic tale of confusion and destruction . But the cynicism declined as his oeuvre developed , and the characters of Illusions Perdues reveal sympathy for those who are pushed to one side by society . As part of the 19th @-@ century evolution of the novel as a " democratic literary form " , Balzac wrote that " les livres sont faits pour tout le monde " ( " books are written for everybody " ) . Balzac concerned himself overwhelmingly with the darker essence of human nature and the corrupting influence of middle and high societies . His mission was to observe humankind in its most representative state , frequently wandering through the streets incognito among the masses of Parisian society to undertake his research . He used incidents from his life and the people around him , in works like Eugénie Grandet and Louis Lambert . = = = Politics = = = Balzac was a legitimist ; in many ways , his views are the antithesis of Victor Hugo 's democratic republicanism . Nevertheless , his keen insight regarding working @-@ class conditions earned him the esteem of many Socialists and Marxists . Engels declared that Balzac was his favorite writer . Marx 's work Das Kapital also makes constant reference to the works of Balzac and urged Engels to read Balzac 's work The Unknown Masterpiece . = = Legacy = = Balzac influenced writers of his time and beyond . He has been compared to Charles Dickens and is considered one of Dickens ' significant influences . Literary critic W. H. Helm calls one " the French Dickens " and the other " the English Balzac " , while another critic , Richard Lehan , states that " Balzac was the bridge between the comic realism of Dickens and the naturalism of Zola " . Gustave Flaubert was also substantially influenced by Balzac . Praising his portrayal of society while attacking his prose style , Flaubert once wrote : " What a man he would have been had he known how to write ! " While he disdained the label of " realist " , Flaubert clearly took heed of Balzac 's close attention to detail and unvarnished depictions of bourgeois life . This influence shows in Flaubert 's work L 'éducation sentimentale which owes a debt to Balzac 's Illusions Perdues . " What Balzac started " , observes Lehan , " Flaubert helped finish " . Marcel Proust similarly learned from the Realist example ; he adored Balzac and studied his works carefully , although he criticised what he perceived as Balzac 's " vulgarity " . Balzac 's story Une Heure de ma Vie ( An Hour of my Life , 1822 ) , in which minute details are followed by deep personal reflections , is a clear forebear of the style which Proust used in À la recherche du temps perdu . However , Proust wrote later in life that the contemporary fashion of ranking Balzac higher than Tolstoy was " madness . " Perhaps the author most affected by Balzac was American expatriate novelist Henry James . In 1878 James wrote with sadness about the lack of contemporary attention paid to Balzac , and lavished praise on him in four essays ( in 1875 , 1877 , 1902 , and 1913 ) . In 1878 James wrote : " Large as Balzac is , he is all of one piece and he hangs perfectly together " . He wrote with admiration of Balzac 's attempt to portray in writing " a beast with a hundred claws " . In his own novels James explored more of the psychological motives of the characters and less of the historical sweep exhibited by Balzac — a conscious style preference ; he stated : " the artist of the Comédie Humaine is half smothered by the historian " . Still , both authors used the form of the realist novel to probe the machinations of society and the myriad motives of human behavior . Balzac 's vision of a society in which class , money and personal ambition are the key players has been endorsed by critics of both left @-@ wing and right @-@ wing political persuasions . Marxist Friedrich Engels wrote : " I have learned more [ from Balzac ] than from all the professional historians , economists and statisticians put together " . Balzac has received high praise from critics as diverse as Walter Benjamin and Camille Paglia . He was also praised by James Baldwin , who said 1984 : " I ’ m sure that my life in France would have been very different had I not met Balzac . [ He taught me ] the way that country and its society works . " In 1970 Roland Barthes published S / Z , a detailed analysis of Balzac 's story Sarrasine and a key work in structuralist literary criticism . Balzac has also influenced popular culture . Many of his works have been made into popular films and television serials , including : Travers Vale 's Père Goriot ( 1915 ) , Les Chouans ( 1947 ) , Le Père Goriot ( 1968 BBC mini @-@ series ) , and La Cousine Bette ( 1974 BBC mini @-@ series , starring Margaret Tyzack and Helen Mirren ; 1998 film , starring Jessica Lange ) . He is included in François Truffaut 's 1959 film , The 400 Blows . Truffaut believed Balzac and Proust to be the greatest French writers . = = Works = =
= U.S. Route 6 in Iowa = U.S. Highway 6 ( US 6 ) is an east – west U.S. Highway which runs 319 miles ( 513 km ) across the U.S. state of Iowa . The route is signed in places as the Grand Army of the Republic Highway . Like all state highways in Iowa , it is maintained by the Iowa Department of Transportation . The route begins at the Missouri River crossing at Council Bluffs . From there , it travels east through Oakland and Atlantic . North of Atlantic , the highway overlaps Interstate 80 ( I @-@ 80 ) until De Soto . Between De Soto and Adel , the highway overlaps US 169 before splitting off to the east towards Des Moines . Through the Des Moines area , the highway runs about one mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) north or south of the I @-@ 35 / I @-@ 80 corridor . At Altoona , the route again overlaps I @-@ 80 until Newton , where it splits away from I @-@ 80 . The highway passes near or through the cities of Kellogg , Grinnell , Victor , Marengo , the Amana Colonies , and Tiffin before entering the Coralville / Iowa City area . Through Coralville and Iowa City , US 6 has no direct access to I @-@ 80 , I @-@ 380 , or US 218 ; other routes like Iowa Highway 1 ( Iowa 1 ) and Iowa 965 provide direct access . From Iowa City , the highway heads to the east @-@ southeast through West Liberty and Atalissa . Near Wilton , the route heads north to I @-@ 80 where it again overlaps to Davenport . At Davenport , US 6 then follows I @-@ 280 and US 61 before entering the city . On the eastern side of Davenport , it joins I @-@ 74 and enters Bettendorf before leaving Iowa for Illinois . Dating back to 1910 , the route US 6 follows was originally the Great White Way and River @-@ to @-@ River Road . Both were auto trails which connected Council Bluffs and Davenport . When the U.S. Highway System was created in 1926 , the highway was designated U.S. Highway 32 . US 32 was renumbered in 1931 as US 6 was extended to the west coast . As the Interstate Highway System expanded in the 1950 @-@ 1970s , US 6 's importance as a cross @-@ state route was diminished by I @-@ 80 . As a result , the least @-@ traveled sections of the route were moved onto I @-@ 80 and control of the vacated sections of highway was given to local jurisdictions . = = Route description = = US 6 is a cross @-@ state route that connects Council Bluffs and Davenport by way of Des Moines and Iowa City . The route parallels I @-@ 80 for most of its length ; however nearly one @-@ third of the route overlaps the Interstate Highway . While the route is away from I @-@ 80 , US 6 is a two @-@ lane highway with a rural speed limit of 55 miles per hour ( 90 km / h ) . However , between Adel and Waukee , the roadway is a four @-@ lane divided highway that has a speed limit of 65 mph ( 105 km / h ) . = = = Western Iowa = = = US 6 crosses the Missouri River via the Grenville Dodge Memorial Bridge into Council Bluffs with I @-@ 480 . Just three @-@ quarters mile ( 1 @.@ 2 km ) into the state , I @-@ 480 ends at an interchange with I @-@ 29 . US 6 heads east along Broadway , where it is overlapped by Iowa 192 for just over 1 @.@ 5 miles ( 2 @.@ 4 km ) . On the eastern side of Council Bluffs , it intersects I @-@ 80 and continues due east . Near Oakland , the highway follows the north – south US 59 for two miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) . Near Lewis , the road turns to the north @-@ northeast until it reaches Atlantic . In Atlantic , the route turns back to the east and heads towards downtown where it meets Iowa 83 . US 6 / Iowa 83 travel together to the eastern side of Atlantic where they meet US 71 . The three routes run together for four miles ( 6 @.@ 4 km ) , when US 6 / US 71 split away from Iowa 83 and continue north to I @-@ 80 . At I @-@ 80 , US 6 leaves US 71 and joins I @-@ 80 . At this point , US 6 begins the first of three instances when its traffic is routed along I @-@ 80 . In the eastern part of Cass County , the two routes meet the northern end of Iowa 148 . As I @-@ 80 and US 6 approach Adair , and the highways curve slightly to the south to bypass the community . There are two interchanges in Adair ; both of the intersecting roads , at one time or another , carried US 6 . County Road G30 ( CR G30 ) , the White Pole Road , was the original alignment of US 6 , while CR N54 has not carried US 6 since 1980 . Further east is an interchange with Iowa 25 . About one mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) south of the interchange is Freedom Rock . Each year for Memorial Day , the rock is repainted with a patriotic scene by local artist Ray " Bubba " Sorenson II . Near Dexter , I @-@ 80 and US 6 graze the northwestern corner of Madison County . After two miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) , the routes enter Dallas County and meet CR F60 , another former alignment of US 6 . Near the CR F90 / CR P58 interchange , they start heading northeast towards Des Moines . At De Soto , US 6 splits away from I @-@ 80 at the interchange with US 169 . = = = Central Iowa = = = At De Soto , US 6 turns to the north , overlapping US 169 for five miles ( 8 @.@ 0 km ) to Adel . East of Adel , US 6 is a four @-@ lane divided highway for 14 miles ( 23 km ) , during which , it passes through Waukee , Clive , and Urbandale along Hickman Road , and intersects I @-@ 35 / I @-@ 80 . Over the next two miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) , it serves as the border between Urbandale and Windsor Heights . At 63rd Street in Des Moines , US 6 intersects Iowa 28 . For one @-@ half mile ( 800 m ) , US 6 / Iowa 28 run together on Hickman Road . Turning north , they run together for another mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) along Merle Hay Road . At Douglas Avenue , US 6 splits away from Iowa 28 and continues east , becoming Euclid Avenue just west of the Des Moines River . In north @-@ central Des Moines , it intersects US 69 and I @-@ 235 . In northeast Des Moines , it turns to the northeast along Hubbell Avenue , which takes US 6 to Altoona . West of Altoona , it intersects US 65 and continues northeast passing Adventureland theme park and Prairie Meadows casino . In northwest Altoona , US 6 intersects I @-@ 80 and US 65 . Here , US 6 rejoins I @-@ 80 for the second time . After a third exit for Altoona , the interstate resumes its 70 mph ( 115 km / h ) rural limit . Near Colfax , the highways cross the South Skunk River . After an interchange with Iowa 117 , the highway is forced to the north to avoid crossing the river multiple times . As the roadway returns south to its original line , it meets CR F48 , which was another former alignment of US 6 . At Newton , US 6 splits away from I @-@ 80 at the Iowa 14 interchange . US 6 overlaps Iowa 14 for one @-@ third mile ( 540 m ) . It turns off of Iowa 14 and enters the western side of Newton where it passes the Jasper County courthouse located in the downtown area . Between Newton and Grinnell , the route has more hills and curves . The highway crosses the North Skunk River near Kellogg . At Grinnell , it intersects Iowa 146 southwest of the Grinnell College campus . East of Grinnell , the route straightens out and is overlapped by US 63 for two miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) and by Iowa 21 for four miles ( 6 @.@ 4 km ) . Near Victor , US 6 takes a northeasterly course through Ladora towards Marengo . At Marengo , it intersects the eastern end of Iowa 212 . Five miles ( 8 @.@ 0 km ) east of Marengo is the western end of Iowa 20 . Here , US 6 forms the southern leg of the Amana Colonies Trail . Three miles ( 4 @.@ 8 km ) later , it 's joined by US 151 for two miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) . US 6 heads to the southeast towards Tiffin and passes underneath I @-@ 380 , but does not have direct access . = = = Eastern Iowa = = = At Coralville , US 6 passes underneath I @-@ 80 , but one @-@ half mile ( 800 m ) to the east , Coral Ridge Avenue provides direct access to I @-@ 80 . Entering Iowa City , the highway passes the campus of the University of Iowa , its main hospital , and VA Hospital . US 6 curves to the south to be adjacent to the Iowa River , where it meets and overlaps Iowa 1 for one @-@ half mile ( 800 m ) . US 6 and Iowa 1 go in separate directions at a signal controlled intersection , where , less than one @-@ quarter mile ( 400 m ) away , US 6 crosses the Iowa River . From Iowa City , it heads in an east @-@ southeast direction towards West Liberty . The highway enters West Liberty from the northwest corner and curves southward . At the northern end of Iowa 70 , it turns to the east again towards Atalissa and Wilton . Ten miles ( 16 km ) southwest of Wilton , the road crosses the Cedar River . Three miles ( 4 @.@ 8 km ) south of Wilton , the highway overlaps Iowa 38 and the two routes head towards I @-@ 80 . At the Wilton interchange along I @-@ 80 , Iowa 38 turns west and US 6 turns east onto the interstate , respectively . As I @-@ 80 and US 6 approach the Quad Cities metropolitan area , the speed limit drops again to 65 mph ( 105 km / h ) . Just within the city limits of Davenport is the I @-@ 280 interchange . US 6 exits to the south to join I @-@ 280 . US 61 also joins I @-@ 280 at this interchange , but from the opposite direction . US 6 only overlaps I @-@ 280 / US 61 for four @-@ fifths mile ( 1 @.@ 3 km ) before exiting onto Kimberly Road . Heading southeast into Davenport , US 6 is a two @-@ lane highway for three miles ( 4 @.@ 8 km ) . At Fairmount Street , it becomes a four @-@ lane divided highway and straightens out to head due east . Near Northpark Mall , it intersects Northwest Boulevard , which becomes Iowa 130 at I @-@ 80 , and both one @-@ way legs , Welcome Way southbound and Brady Street northbound , of US 61 Business , which prior to 2010 was US 61 . US 6 briefly dips to the southeast and straightens out again towards I @-@ 74 . The highway joins I @-@ 74 and heads to the south towards Moline , Illinois . For about one mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) , I @-@ 74 / US 6 forms the boundary of Davenport and Bettendorf . The two routes completely enter Bettendorf and descend into the Mississippi River valley , where they meet US 67 at a complex series of exit and entrance ramps . They then ascend the Iowa @-@ Illinois Memorial Bridge , known locally as the I @-@ 74 Bridge , and cross the Mississippi River into Illinois . = = History = = Before the U.S. Highway System came into being in 1926 , roads in Iowa were maintained and promoted by local organizations which sought to drive traffic into their communities . Two such organizations created virtually parallel routes connecting Council Bluffs and Davenport via Des Moines . The routes , the southern Great White Way and northern River @-@ to @-@ River Road , eventually merged into the Whiteway @-@ 7 @-@ Highway . The new route followed the Great White Way from Council Bluffs to Des Moines and the River @-@ to @-@ River Road from Des Moines to Davenport . In 1926 , the Whiteway @-@ 7 @-@ Highway became US 32 , which itself became US 6 in 1931 . For a time , US 6 was the busiest highway in the state . After I @-@ 80 was built near US 6 , portions of the U.S. Highway were moved onto the Interstate Highway . Interest in the original US 6 corridor has grown in the 21st century by people who seek to drive traffic back into their communities . = = = Great White Way = = = The Great White Way was formed in 1910 by the White Pole Auto Club . The route was built along the Chicago , Rock Island & Pacific Railroad between Council Bluffs and Des Moines . Members of the auto club painted poles along the route white , which lead the route to be known as the White Pole Road . The Great White Way passed through Oakland , Atlantic , Adair , De Soto , and Valley Junction . In late 1912 , the Great White Way was extended east to Davenport , passing through Pella , Oskaloosa , Washington , and Muscatine . In 1913 , when the Iowa State Highway Commission began registering named trails longer than 25 miles ( 40 km ) , the Great White Way Association paid the $ 5 @.@ 00 fee ( $ 120 @.@ 00 in 2016 dollars ) to become the first official registered highway route on July 30 , 1914 . When the primary highway system was created , the Great White Way was assigned Primary Road No. 2 . In 2002 , a group of residents from Adair , Casey , Menlo , Stuart , and Dexter formed a new group to promote the White Pole Road . Their intention was to bring visitors to their towns by diverting some traffic from the nearby I @-@ 80 / US 6 corridor to the south and onto the historic road . Poles painted white up to nine feet ( 2 @.@ 7 m ) high line the 26 @-@ mile ( 42 km ) drive . White Pole Road logo signs in each town give a short history of the town and their founders . = = = River @-@ to @-@ River Road = = = The River @-@ to @-@ River Road ( RRR ) was also created in 1910 and also connected Council Bluffs and Davenport via Des Moines . This route , however , traveled a more northern route than the Great White Way . The route passed through Neola , Elk Horn , Guthrie Center , Adel , Des Moines , Newton , Marengo , Iowa City , and Wilton . The route 's origins trace back to the 1909 – 10 winter season which brought , on average , 11 inches ( 28 cm ) of snow more than the previous year , which was followed by an unusually dry spring . Coupled with the advent of the Ford Model T , many Iowans complained about the lack of good roads in the state . Governor B.F. Carroll convened a Good Roads convention on March 8 – 9 , 1910 , to discuss the condition of roads in his state . It was then that the route of the RRR was decided among the convention delegates . Further influencing the River @-@ to @-@ River corridor was an announcement from the American Automobile Association that the annual Glidden Tour would pass through Iowa . Gov. Carroll arranged for farmers who lived along the route to drag all 380 miles ( 610 km ) of the road on the Saturday prior to the tour 's arrival at precisely 9 am . Work was finished in one hour . When the highway commission started accepting registered routes , the RRR association planned to register their route as soon as possible . But miscommunication between association members and with the highway commission delayed the actual registration for years . The route became official on April 16 , 1918 . When the primary highway system was created , the River @-@ to @-@ River Road was assigned Primary Road No. 7 . = = = Whiteway @-@ 7 @-@ Highway = = = In 1922 , the Whiteway @-@ 7 @-@ Highway Association filed an application to register the Whiteway @-@ 7 @-@ Highway with the Iowa State Highway Commission . The commission was concerned with the Whiteway @-@ 7 's similarity to the Great White Way 's name and route markings . The Great White Way was marked with a 6 @-@ foot @-@ wide ( 1 @.@ 8 m ) stripe , while the Whiteway @-@ 7 would be marked with a 4 @-@ foot ( 1 @.@ 2 m ) stripe with a black circle containing a white seven . Another concern with the new route was since its name contained the number seven , the route would be assigned along Primary Road Nos. 2 and 7 . On September 25 , 1922 , the highway commission gave the Great White Way from Des Moines to Council Bluffs , which would become part of the Whiteway @-@ 7 @-@ Highway , the number 7 and gave the River @-@ to @-@ River Road 's western half number 2 . Eight months later , the Iowa State Highway Commission reversed course and restored Primary Road Nos. 2 and 7 to their original roadways . Although disappointed , the Whiteway @-@ 7 @-@ Highway Association responded by removing the number from their name . On November 27 , 1925 , the route officially became the Whiteway Highway . = = = U.S. Numbered Highways = = = On November 11 , 1926 , members of the American Association of State Highway Officials approved the plan to create a system of interstate highways across the country . Iowa 's Whiteway Highway would take on the designation of US 32 . For four @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half years , US 32 spanned from Chicago to Council Bluffs . Meanwhile , Roosevelt Highway Association was pushing to have US 6 extended westward . On June 8 , 1931 , all of the Iowa portion of US 32 was absorbed into a newly extended US 6 , which had previously connected Erie , Pennsylvania , and Cape Cod . The new US 6 also replaced US 38 in Nebraska and Colorado . By the end of 1937 , US 6 extended from coast to coast . At the time , it and US 30 were the only cross country highways to bear a single route number across the country . When the last segment of highway between Adel and Des Moines was paved in 1931 , US 6 became the fourth paved road to cross the state . In the early 1940s , US 6 was the most heavily traveled route in the state . The state highway commission recorded that on average , over 1900 vehicles using the road at any rural point . That compares to nearly 3000 vehicles using US 6 daily in 2012 . On April 29 , 1947 , the Iowa General Assembly approved an act designating US 6 as the Grand Army of the Republic Highway , a distinction the route shares in other states . Governor Robert D. Blue dedicated the G.A.R. Highway at the Old Capitol on September 28 , 1947 . In attendance were the last two surviving Iowa veterans of the Civil War . In the 1950s , the Iowa State Highway Commission began to straighten the route . A section of the highway between Grinnell and Ladora was straightened , which resulted in Brooklyn and Victor being bypassed . Between Dexter and West Des Moines , US 6 swapped alignments with Iowa 90 in 1958 . In 1961 , US 6 was routed onto the new Interstate 80 from the Iowa 90 interchange to the Baxter exit , currently exit 159 . Iowa 90 was extended onto the old US 6 alignment . However , in 1967 , those changes were reversed and US 6 was taken off I @-@ 80 and put back on the road which had been Iowa 90 . Iowa 90 was assigned the section of US 6 between what 's now exit 106 along I @-@ 80 and exit 69 along I @-@ 35 . = = = Abandoned sections = = = Since the 1970s , portions of US 6 have been moved permanently onto I @-@ 80 . The first section , between US 71 and Adair , was rerouted in 1972 . The abandoned section became an extended Iowa 83 and CR G30 in Adair County . In 1980 , three lengthy sections were moved onto the Interstate : 26 miles ( 42 km ) in western Iowa between Adair and Dexter , 25 miles ( 40 km ) in central Iowa between Altoona and Newton , and 20 miles ( 32 km ) in eastern Iowa between Wilton and Davenport . All three sections were originally kept as state highways , but in 1991 , when the Iowa Department of Transportation first showed the new state highways ' designations on the state highway map , the central section already had been turned over to Polk and Jasper counties . The western segment was numbered Iowa 925 and the eastern segment Iowa 927 . On July 1 , 2003 , 15 miles ( 24 km ) between Dexter and Adel were turned over to Dallas County . US 6 , which had previously split away from I @-@ 80 at the Dexter exit , was continued along I @-@ 80 to the US 169 interchange at De Soto , and then along US 169 to Adel . The former segments , Iowa 925 and Iowa 927 , were turned over to their respective counties as well . = = Major intersections = =
= Tyler Lockett = Tyler Deron Lockett ( born September 28 , 1992 ) is an American football wide receiver and return specialist for the Seattle Seahawks of the National Football League ( NFL ) . He was drafted by the Seahawks in the third round of the 2015 NFL Draft . He played college football at Kansas State . Lockett is the son and nephew of professional football players , and was a prominent member of three state high school championship teams — two in football and a third in basketball . In college he set numerous Kansas State football records and was both a 2011 All @-@ American ( as a kickoff returner ) & 2014 College Football All @-@ America Team consensus All @-@ American selection ( as a punt returner ) . In college , he totaled 6586 career all @-@ purpose yards and 35 touchdowns , including 3710 yards and 29 touchdowns as a receiver . Through the first nine games of his freshman college season for the 2011 Wildcats , Lockett led the nation in average yards per kickoff return , but he was injured and missed the rest of the season . Nonetheless , he was afterward recognized as an All @-@ American return specialist . In 2012 , he was an honorable mention All @-@ Big 12 performer for the 2012 team . In 2013 , he was a first team All @-@ Big 12 performer for the 2013 team at both wide receiver and all @-@ purpose receiver . That season he established Kansas State school records for single @-@ game receiving yards , single game all @-@ purpose yards and career kickoff return yards . As a senior for the 2014 team , he surpassed his own father 's school records for career receiving yards , career receptions and career receiving touchdowns . As a senior , he was the Big 12 Conference leader in receiving yards and the national leader in punt return average . A two @-@ time Big 12 Special Teams Player of the Year , Lockett began his NFL career as NFC Special Teams Player of the Month for September 2015 when he posted both a punt and kickoff return touchdown in his first three games . He became the second rookie to win multiple Special Teams Player Of The Month awards and was the only rookie to be named 1st team All Pro for the 2015 NFL season . He was selected to the 2015 Pro Football Writers Association ( PFWA ) NFL All @-@ Rookie Team at three positions . = = Early years = = Lockett was born in Tulsa , Oklahoma . He attended Booker T. Washington High School in Tulsa , where he was a three @-@ sport star in football , basketball and track . He helped lead the Booker T. Washington Hornets to Oklahoma Secondary School Activities Association ( OSSAA ) championships in both football and basketball . As a sophomore , he had several notable contributions to the team on its way to the school 's first football OSSAA championship in 24 years . As a junior , Lockett played most of the year with a broken wrist that had at first been diagnosed as a severe sprain . He suffered the injury in the second game of the football season and did not have a screw put in his wrist until after basketball season . Booker T. Washington compiled a 13 – 1 record and won the 2010 OSSAA 5A championship in football his senior year . Lockett played several positions in high school , and he was voted All @-@ State by the Oklahoma Coaches Association as a defensive back and Class 5A All @-@ State as a wide receiver . His All @-@ State selection got him invited to the state East – West All @-@ Star game . In addition to football , Lockett also was a top competitor in basketball and track . In basketball , he reached the state championship game in basketball , where Booker T. Washington defeated El Reno High School 72 – 59 to win the 2011 OSSA 5A Championship . He was voted to the all @-@ tournament second team . In track & field , Lockett was one of the state 's top sprinters . He captured a regional title in the 100 @-@ meter dash at the 2011 State 5A Regional , placing first with a time of 10 @.@ 85 seconds . He earned third @-@ place finishes in both the 100 @-@ meter dash ( 10 @.@ 95 s ) and the 200 @-@ meter dash ( 21 @.@ 90 s ) at the 5A state finals . = = = Recruiting = = = Regarded as a three @-@ star recruit by Rivals.com , Lockett was ranked as the No. 16 wide receiver in the state of Oklahoma , and the No. 170 nationally by ESPN.com. According to Scout.com , he was ranked as the No. 115 cornerback in the nation . He was rated as the 16th best high school football player in the state of Oklahoma class of 2011 by Rivals.com , the 115th best cornerback in the national class of 2011 by Scout.com , and the 170th best wide receiver in the class by ESPN.com. He chose Kansas State over a scholarship offer from Kansas . = = College career = = Lockett received an athletic scholarship to attend Kansas State University , where he played for coach Bill Snyder 's Kansas State Wildcats football team from 2011 to 2014 . Both his father Kevin and uncle Aaron played wide receiver for the K @-@ State Wildcats under Snyder . The Wildcats ' receivers coach , Michael Smith , has also coached Lockett , his father and his uncle . = = = Freshman ( 2011 ) = = = He had hoped to redshirt during the 2011 season , which was his freshman year , so that he could add size . He played in 2011 as a true freshman and got off to a modest start . Lockett only recorded four receptions for 50 yards , three rushes for nine yards , one kickoff return for ten yards and two punt returns for a total of 13 yards in his first five games through October 8 . Things started to turn around on October 15 when he posted a 100 @-@ yard return of a kickoff for a touchdown against Texas Tech . Over the ensuing weeks , he earned numerous Big 12 Conference honors for the 2011 team , including becoming a two @-@ time Big Special Teams Player of the Week . His first Player of the Week recognition came on October 24 after he produced a 251 @-@ yard all @-@ purpose yards performance on October 22 against Kansas in the Governor 's Cup that included posting a 97 @-@ yard kickoff return touchdown while becoming the first player in school history to return kickoffs for touchdowns in consecutive games and having a career high five @-@ reception 110 @-@ yard receiving day . His other Player of the Week recognition that season came on November 7 after a 315 @-@ yard all @-@ purpose yard November 5 game against Oklahoma State that included an 80 @-@ yard kickoff return and three rushes for 84 yards as well as three receptions for 32 yards and a touchdown . Due to what was at first an undisclosed injury , he did not play in the final three games of Kansas State 's regular season . Later , the injury was determined to be a lacerated kidney . In the four games before the injury , he had at least three receptions and 125 all @-@ purpose yards in each game . He was the Big 12 Offensive Freshman of the Year , a second @-@ team All @-@ Big 12 selection as a kickoff returner / punt returner , and an honorable mention selection as a wide receiver . He was a first @-@ team All @-@ American selection by Sporting News and the Walter Camp Football Foundation , and a second @-@ team All @-@ American selection by CBS Sports and Sports Illustrated . As a result of the extent of his honors , he was recognized as a consensus All @-@ American by the NCAA . He also picked up numerous All @-@ Freshman honors from Sporting News , Football Writers Association of America ( FWAA ) , CBS Sports , Rivals.com ( 2nd team ) and College Football News ( honorable mention , WR ) . Lockett failed to play in 75 percent of the Wildcats ' games in order to be eligible to be the NCAA statistical leader for average kickoff return yardage . Although Lockett averaged 35 @.@ 19 yards per return ( 16 returns for 563 yards ) , another freshman , Raheem Mostert of Purdue , led the NCAA statistical category with a 33 @.@ 48 average . = = = Sophomore ( 2012 ) = = = Lockett entered the season as a preseason All @-@ Big 12 first team selection by the Big 12 media as a kickoff returner , but ESPN only listed him as an honorable mention selection , giving the first team honor to Justin Gilbert . On September 15 , Lockett posted his third career kickoff return touchdown against North Texas , by returning a first quarter kickoff 96 yards . He earned Big 12 Conference Special Teams Player of the Week honors on September 17 . On October 20 , he posted career highs in receptions ( 9 ) , receiving yards ( 194 ) and receiving TDs ( 2 ) against West Virginia , giving him the fifth highest single @-@ game receiving yardage total in school history . His fourth career kickoff return touchdown occurred on November 3 against Oklahoma State . This earned Lockett another Big 12 Special Teams Player of the Week . On November 15 , Lockett earned a second team Academic All @-@ Big 12 selection . Lockett was a 2012 All @-@ Big 12 honorable mention selection both at wide receiver and special teams . He was also an honorable mention All @-@ American return specialist selection by Sports Illustrated . = = = Junior ( 2013 ) = = = Prior to the season , Lockett was recognized as a 2013 Allstate / American Football Coaches Association ( AFCA ) Good Works Team nominee . He opened the season with 7 receptions for 113 yards , including a 56 @-@ yard touchdown pass , against North Dakota State on August 30 . The following week , he added 111 yards against Louisiana – Lafayette on 8 receptions . On September 21 , he connected with quarterback Jake Waters for 13 receptions for 237 yards against Texas in the 2013 Big 12 Conference season opener and had an additional 96 return yards on kickoffs . 237 receiving yards is a Kansas State single @-@ game record , surpassing Jordy Nelson 's 214 yards against Iowa State on November 3 , 2007 . This receiving yardage total was the 2nd highest in the first four weeks of the season behind Texas A & M wideout Mike Evans ' 297 yards . Lockett suffered a hamstring injury in the first half of the October 5 contest against Oklahoma State . He returned to the lineup on October 26 , to post three touchdowns and 111 yards on 8 receptions and help Kansas State achieve its first Big 12 win of the season against West Virginia . On November 16 , Lockett posted 8 receptions for 123 yards , including a 74 @-@ yard touchdown reception against TCU . One week later , Lockett caught 12 passes for 278 yards and 3 touchdowns against Oklahoma . He also returned 5 kickoffs for 162 yards . Lockett broke his own Kansas State single @-@ game record for receiving yards and surpassed Darren Sproles for the Kansas State single @-@ game all @-@ purpose yards record ( 440 ) . Tyler Lockett was named the Big 12 Conference Special Teams Player of the Week on November 25 upon becoming the all @-@ time Kansas state leader in career kickoff return yards with 1780 . His 278 single @-@ game receiving yards was fourth in Big 12 history and his 440 single @-@ game all @-@ purpose yards ranked second in Big 12 history and fifth in FBS history . Following the season , he was recognized as an All @-@ Big 12 Conference first team selection as both a wide receiver and an all @-@ purpose player . FWAA named him second team All @-@ American at wide receiver and Sports Illustrated gave him honorable mention All @-@ American recognition as an all @-@ purpose player . In the December 28 , 2013 Buffalo Wild Wings Bowl , Lockett had 10 receptions for 116 yards and 3 touchdowns . It marked the most receptions by any receiver in a Buffalo Wild Wings Bowl and the most receptions in a Bowl game by a Kansas State receiver . = = = Senior ( 2014 ) = = = Lockett entered his senior season as a preseason All @-@ Big 12 selection as well as a Walter Camp Award , Maxwell Award , Paul Hornung Award and Biletnikoff Award watchlist candidate . On September 25 , he was named one of 62 FBS semifinalists for the William V. Campbell Trophy . He posted his first 100 @-@ yard game of the season against Iowa State on September 6 , in Kansas State 's second game when he tallied 136 receiving yards on 6 receptions . On September 18 , he was named one of 30 candidates for the Senior CLASS Award . On September 27 , Lockett posted two 50 @-@ plus @-@ yard punt returns including a 58 @-@ yard touchdown against UTEP . On September 29 , Lockett earned his sixth career Big 12 player of the week recognition when he was named Big 12 Special Teams Player of the Week . The following week he posted 12 receptions for 125 yards and 2 touchdowns against Texas Tech on October 4 , and he added 103 yards on 8 receptions against Texas on October 25 . On October 30 , he earned an $ 18 @,@ 000 postgraduate scholarship as one of 16 finalists for the Campbell Trophy . On November 8 , he posted 196 yards and a touchdown on 11 receptions against the number 6 ranked TCU . The effort boosted Lockett 's career receiving yardage total to 3 @,@ 073 yards , surpassing his father 's school record total of 3 @,@ 032 set in 1996 . Then , he was named as one of 10 finalists for the Senior CLASS Award and one of 10 semi @-@ finalists for the Biletnikoff Award . On November 20 , he was recognized as a first team Academic All @-@ Big 12 honoree . Lockett had 10 receptions for 196 yards and a 43 @-@ yard punt return touchdown against West Virginia on November 20 and 9 receptions for 119 yards and 2 touchdowns against Kansas on November 29 . In the Kansas – Kansas State rivalry game , Lockett passed his father 's school record for receptions and tied his school record for touchdown receptions . In his final regular season game against # 5 Baylor , Lockett posted 14 receptions for 158 yards and a touchdown , which gave him 27 career touchdown receptions and broke a tie with his father for the school record . With just a bowl game remaining , Lockett 's career total of 3 @,@ 546 receiving yards ranked 6th in Big 12 Conference history . He added 13 receptions for 164 receiving yards and 2 touchdowns against UCLA in the January 2 , 2015 Alamo Bowl . In the game Lockett had a 41 @-@ yard punt return and had a 72 @-@ yard punt return touchdown negated due to a holding penalty . He established Alamo Bowl records for receptions ( 13 ) and all @-@ purpose yards ( 249 ) . He was recognized as the game 's Sportsmanship MVP . On December 10 , the Big 12 coaches selected Lockett as a repeat All Big 12 Special Teams Player of the Year and as a first team wide receiver . ESPN selected Lockett as the All @-@ Big 12 first team all purpose player while the Associated Press named him a first team All @-@ Big 12 wide receiver . Lockett was an all @-@ purpose first team selection to the 2014 College Football All @-@ America Team by ESPN , CBS Sports , Scout.com , American Football Coaches Association , and Sports Illustrated . He was a first team punt returner selection by the Football Writers Association of America . He was a second team selection by USA Today at wide receiver , Walter Camp Foundation at return specialist , and Associated Press as an all @-@ purpose player . He earned the school 's eleventh consensus All @-@ American recognition . Lockett was selected to play in the 2015 Senior Bowl . He was recognized as the 2014 Big 12 Football Scholar @-@ Athlete of the Year . He was recognized as one of five First team Senior All @-@ Americans from the 2014 Senior CLASS Award candidates . Lockett was recognized with the Jet Award . Lockett finished his college career with 249 receptions for 3 @,@ 710 yards and 29 touchdowns as a receiver ; 77 kickoff returns for 2196 yards and 4 touchdowns ; 32 punt returns for 488 yards and 2 touchdowns ; and 22 rushes for 192 yards as well as 6 career tackles . This totals 6586 career All @-@ purpose yards . Although the National Collegiate Athletic Association officially recognizes 1 @.@ 2 punt returns per game as the qualifying minimum threshold , some sources consider 1 punt return per game as the qualifying minimum , and thus Richard Leonard of Florida International is the 2014 punt return average leader by those sources . Lockett 's senior season totals led the Big 12 Conference in receiving yards and the nation in punt return average . = = = Pre @-@ draft = = = = = Professional career = = = = = Seattle Seahawks = = = Lockett was drafted in the third round of the 2015 NFL Draft with the 69th overall selection by the Seattle Seahawks after the team traded third- , fourth- , fifth- , and sixth @-@ round picks ( 95th , 112th , 167th , and 181st overall ) to the Washington Redskins in order to move up to # 69 in order to select Lockett . = = = = 2015 : Rookie Year = = = = In his first NFL appearance , Lockett had a 103 @-@ yard kick return touchdown against the Broncos in Seattle 's preseason opener , marking the first touchdown of the season for the team . Four weeks later , in his NFL regular season debut , Lockett returned a 57 @-@ yard punt for a touchdown on his first career return , against the Rams . He also posted 4 receptions for 34 yards in his debut . The following week he made his first career regular season start against Green Bay . Lockett returned a 105 @-@ yard kick return in week 3 against the Bears , setting a new franchise record . His performance for the first three weeks of the season earned him recognition as NFC Special Teams Player of the Month for September 2015 . Lockett was the first Seahawks rookie to win the award since Joey Galloway . Lockett posted his first career touchdown reception on Thursday Night Football against the San Francisco 49ers on October 22 , 2015 . On November 22 against the San Francisco 49ers Lockett scored 2 receiving touchdowns . On December 6 against the Minnesota Vikings who were 8 @-@ 3 at the time , Lockett had 7 receptions for 90 yards , both new career highs . One week later , Lockett had his first 100 @-@ yard receiving game and his second multi touchdown game with 104 @-@ yards , and a 2 @-@ touchdown winning effort against the Baltimore Ravens . Lockett was named Pepsi NFL Rookie of the Week for his performance vs the Ravens . On December 22 , 2015 , Lockett was selected to be part of the 2016 Pro Bowl . Lockett was one of only three rookies to be selected to the Pro Bowl , along with Rams running back Todd Gurley and Chiefs cornerback Marcus Peters . In the final week of the season on January 3 against the Arizona Cardinals , Lockett set up several scores by the Seahawks with long punt returns and receptions . His 139 punt return yards on 4 punt returns set a Seahawks single @-@ game punt return yardage record and earned Lockett NFC special teams player of the week recognition for week 17 . Three punt returns of at least 30 yards in the same game had not been accomplished by an NFL returner in at least 10 seasons . For his performance over the last 5 weeks of the season in which he amassed 759 all @-@ purpose yards , he earned the NFC ’ s Special Teams Player of the Month for December / January , making him the second rookie to win the award twice ( Tamarick Vanover , 1995 ) . He joined Gale Sayers as the only rookie to record at least 5 receiving touchdowns , a punt return touchdown and a kickoff return touchdown . He was the only rookie to be named to the Associated Press All @-@ Pro 1st team . He was also voted along with teammate Thomas Rawls to be in the Pro Football Writers Association NFL All @-@ Rookie Team ( 2015 ) . Lockett was selected to the team at three positions : wide receiver , punt returner and kickoff returner . = = Personal = = Tyler was born to Nicole Edwards and Kevin Lockett who , having played at K @-@ State from 1993 to 1996 , was the school 's all @-@ time leading receiver before being passed by Tyler , and also played in the NFL for the Kansas City Chiefs . His uncle , Aaron , who played at K @-@ State from 1998 to 2001 , was their fourth all @-@ time leading receiver as well as their second all @-@ time leading punt returner . Aaron also holds Big 12 Conference records and set the school record in the 60 meters . Kansas State head coach Bill Snyder had coached his father and uncle . His paternal grandparents are John and Beatrice Lockett and his maternal grandparents are Marvin D. Hopson and Shirley Edwards .
= My World ( EP ) = My World is the debut extended play ( EP ) by Canadian recording artist Justin Bieber . It was released on 17 November 2009 , by Island Records . The album is considered the first half of a two @-@ piece project , later being supplemented by his debut studio album My World 2 @.@ 0 ( 2010 ) . After signing a recording contract in light of his growing popularity on YouTube , Bieber worked with collaborators including his mentor Usher , in addition to producers Tricky Stewart , The @-@ Dream , and Midi Mafia . Its music incorporates pop and R & B styles , and lyrically discusses teen romance and coming of age situations . Upon its release , My World received generally favorable reviews from music critics , who complimented its production . It debuted at number six on the US Billboard 200 with first @-@ week sales of 137 @,@ 000 copies . In doing so , it became the strongest @-@ debuting release for a new artist in 2009 , though it was topped the following week by I Dreamed a Dream by Susan Boyle , which moved 701 @,@ 000 units . Upon the release of My World 2 @.@ 0 in March 2010 , its predecessor peaked at number five . Less than two months after its release , the record was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) for sales exceeding one million copies . Internationally , the extended play attained similar success . It debuted atop the Canadian Albums Chart , where it was later certified double platinum . It additionally attained double platinum recognition in the United Kingdom . Two singles were released from My World , both of which became international successes . Its lead single " One Time " reached the top twenty in five countries ' singles charts , while its follow @-@ up " One Less Lonely Girl " peaked within the top ten in Canada and top fifteen in the United States . The promotional singles " Love Me " and " Favorite Girl " peaked in the top forty of the US Billboard Hot 100 . The project was additionally promoted through television appearances and the My World Tour in 2010 . The remix album My Worlds Acoustic and compilation album My Worlds : The Collection were released later that November ; the latter packaged My World , My World 2 @.@ 0 , and My Worlds Acoustic into a two @-@ disc set . On February 12 , 2016 , the EP was released on vinyl for the first time . = = Background and composition = = Bieber first began his career through YouTube , posting videos of his performances in singing competitions for family members who could not attend . As his popularity on the website grew , he was discovered by his eventual manager Scooter Braun , who flew Bieber to Atlanta , Georgia to consult with recording artist Usher . He provided him with an audition for L.A. Reid of Island Records , and signed a recording contract in October 2008 . In April 2009 , after recording his debut single " One Time " , Usher described Bieber as a " young phenomenon " and " definitely a priority for me and Island Def Jam . " Bieber later described the record 's title as " the only way [ he ] could really describe it " , adding that it represented " so many elements of [ his ] world " . When recording My World , Bieber expressed a desire to " grow as an artist " and have " [ his ] fans grow with [ him ] " . Musically , the project incorporates pop and R & B styles , similar to the catalogs of Michael Jackson , Stevie Wonder , Chris Brown , Usher , and Ne @-@ Yo . Entertainment Weekly described the record as featuring " sugary puppy @-@ love ballads and dinky dance @-@ pop confections " . Bieber looked to address a variety of lyrical themes , which he described as " songs that teens can relate to " and " just stuff that happens in everyday life " . The introductory track " One Time " discusses an admiration of a female and a desire to become her significant other . " Favorite Girl " shares a similar sentiment , describing the object of his affection as his " prized possession " . The ballad " Down to Earth " was inspired by the divorce of Bieber 's parents , and was written to reassure fans in a similar situation " that it wasn 't because of something they did " . " Bigger " details an aspiration to work past the difficulties a relationship experiences . It was noted for experimenting with New jack swing elements that were prominent in Michael Jackson 's eighth studio album Dangerous , and was also described as a " P.Y.T. rip " . Bieber felt that " One Less Lonely Girl " was " really important [ that ] these girls have something so they can be one less lonely girl " . The track was compared to Chris Brown 's " With You " and Beyoncé 's " Irreplaceable " . " First Dance " features vocals from Usher , and garnered comparisons to Jackson 's " You Are Not Alone " . My World closes with " Love Me " , which samples The Cardigans ' " Lovefool " and was described by MTV News as a " widescreen club track that is full of bubbly synths and Bieber 's now @-@ signature croon " . = = Singles = = " One Time " was released on 7 July 2009 , as the lead single from My World . It received generally favorable reviews from music critics , who complimented Bieber 's vocals , but noted a lack of originality . The track peaked at number seventeen on the US Billboard Hot 100 , and was later certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) for sales exceeding one million copies . Internationally , it peaked at number twelve of the Canadian Hot 100 , where it was later certified platinum for sales over 10 @,@ 000 units . The song also reached number eleven on the UK Singles Chart . It attained moderate success in other European territories , peaking within the top thirty in singles charts in Austria , Belgium , and Germany . An accompanying music video was released on 24 November 2009 , and depicted Bieber throwing a party in Usher 's house in his absence . " One Less Lonely Girl " was released on 30 November 2009 , as the second single from My World . It was met with a generally positive response , where Bieber 's vocals were deemed strong enough to overshadow generic lyrical content . The track peaked at numbers ten and fifteen in the United States and Canada , respectively , and was certified platinum in the former country . Internationally , the song charted in the top thirty in Belgium and Germany . Its accompanying music video was released on 30 November 2009 , and depicts Bieber searching for his crush , who had left her scarf at the local laundromat . " Love Me " and " Favorite Girl " were released as promotional singles to the iTunes Store prior to the release of My World . They peaked at numbers thirty @-@ seven and twenty @-@ six on the Billboard Hot 100 , respectively . = = Promotion = = Bieber originally promoted My World through a series of radio and television appearances . In summer 2009 , he was featured on the radio stations Z100 and Radio Disney . In September , he appeared as a presenter during the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards , and performed " One Time " at the network 's mtvU VMA Tour . In Canada , he performed " One Time " and " One Less Lonely Girl " during the finale of The Next Star at the end of the month . In October , Bieber performed " One Time " , " One Less Lonely Girl " and " Favorite Girl " on Today 's Toyota Concert Series ; the crowd was the program 's largest of the year , surpassing that of an earlier Miley Cyrus performance . He also appeared on It 's On with Alexa Chung , The Ellen DeGeneres Show , Good Morning America , Lopez Tonight , Chelsea Lately , The Wendy Williams Show , and 106 and Park throughout November . Bieber also held a guest role on the Nickelodeon television series True Jackson , VP . During the winter , Bieber performed at several " Jingle Ball " holiday concerts . A performance as the Roosevelt Fields Mall in Long Island , New York was scheduled , but was cancelled after it was deemed an unsafe environment due to the exceptionally large crowd of 3 @,@ 000 people . On 31 December , Bieber performed during the Dick Clark 's New Year 's Rockin ' Eve with Ryan Seacrest . In November 2009 , Bieber collaborated with clothing retailer Urban Behavior to host the Urban Behavior Tour . It consisted of performances at five locations across five days . The first event was held on 1 November , at the Metropolis at Metrotown in Vancouver . The tour resumed on 3 November and continued through 6 November , during which dates he appeared at the West Edmonton Mall in Edmonton ; the Centre Eaton in Montreal ; the White Oaks Mall in London ; and Vaughan Mills in Toronto . In December , Bieber traveled to Foxborough , Massachusetts and was featured as a guest performer for two dates of Taylor Swift 's Fearless Tour . Bieber announced his My World Tour in March 2010 , held in support of My World and his debut studio album My World 2 @.@ 0 . It started on 23 June at the XL Center in Hartford , Connecticut and concluded on 4 September at the Great Allentown Fair in Allentown , Pennsylvania . Bieber performed eighty @-@ eight shows , sixty @-@ seven of which became sold @-@ out . In total , nearly 1 @.@ 4 million tickets were sold , generating a revenue of over $ 53 million by its conclusion . = = Critical reception = = At Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics , My World received an average score of 65 , based on six reviews , indicating " generally favorable reviews " . Andy Kellman from Allmusic complimented the material as being " the kind of age @-@ appropriate content that would fill out a release from a younger Chris Brown or a junior version of Ne @-@ Yo " , adding that his charisma made up for lacking lyrical depth . Writing for Billboard , a reviewer opined that the strength of the material opened the possibility of Bieber " racking up more hits in the next decade to come " . Mikael Wood of Entertainment Weekly commended " Love Me " as a " killer electro @-@ glam groove " and expressed a desire to see Bieber 's " swagger " advance with age . The New York Times 's Jon Caramanica provided a favorable review , describing " One Less Lonely Girl " as an " uncomplicatedly beautiful and earnest " track . Rob Sheffield of Rolling Stone selected " First Dance " , " Bigger " , and " Love Me " as his personal stand @-@ out tracks from the project . Toronto Star 's Ashante Infantry described Bieber 's vocals as those of a " young Chris Brown with overdubbed New Edition @-@ style harmonies " , adding that the production and songwriting worked well with his " earnest pubescent vocals " . Writing for The Boston Globe , Marc Hirsch provided a mixed review , commenting that Bieber was " indistinguishable " from the popular mainstream artists , but noted " Down to Earth " as an " essential " track from the record . Alison Stewart from The Washington Post was pleased that Bieber co @-@ wrote several of the tracks , but was less optimistic of the prominent use of Auto @-@ Tune . At the Juno Awards of 2010 , My World was nominated for the Album of the Year and the Pop Album of the Year , but lost to Crazy Love by Michael Bublé in both categories . = = Commercial performance = = In the United States , My World debuted at number six on the Billboard 200 with first @-@ week sales of 137 @,@ 000 copies . In doing so , it became the strongest @-@ debuting release for a new artist in 2009 . However , it was topped the following week by I Dreamed a Dream by Susan Boyle , which moved 701 @,@ 000 units . In its sixth week of availability , the record moved 157 @,@ 000 copies , displaying stronger sales than its debut week . It was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) on 14 December 2009 , for sales exceeding 500 @,@ 000 copies . It attained platinum recognition on 8 January 2010 , after moving over one million units . After his debut studio album My World 2 @.@ 0 debuted at number one in March 2010 , its predecessor reached a new peak at number five , making Bieber the first artist since Nelly in 2004 to have two titles in the top five of the Billboard 200 . Internationally , My World enjoyed similar success . The extended play debuted at number one on the Canadian Albums Chart , where it was later certified double @-@ platinum for sales of 160 @,@ 000 copies . In Austria , the record peaked at number two , and eventually earned a platinum certification for sales of 6 @,@ 000 copies . The project reached number seven in Germany , and was later recognized as a platinum @-@ selling release after moving 200 @,@ 000 units . In the United Kingdom , it peaked at number three , and attained double @-@ platinum recognition for sales of 600 @,@ 000 copies . In Japan , My World was certified gold after selling 100 @,@ 000 units . = = Acoustic and The Collection = = The remix album My Worlds Acoustic was released on 22 November 2010 . It was originally distributed as a Walmart @-@ exclusive release , but was made available through the iTunes Store on 8 February 2011 . The track list consisted of four re @-@ recorded tracks each from My World and My World 2 @.@ 0 , in addition to the then @-@ recently recorded songs " Pray " and " Never Say Never " . Music critics appreciated Bieber 's increasingly maturing vocals , but felt that the set lacked fully acoustic material , making its title misleading . Having only been released in North America , the record debuted at numbers four and seven in Canada and the United States , respectively . International territories were provided with the compilation album My Worlds : The Collection on 19 November 2010 . The first disc featured an expanded version of My World Acoustic , while the second disc consolidated My World and My World 2 @.@ 0 into one track listing . Music critics reinforced previous compliments of the individual albums , but questioned if his modestly sized catalog warranted the need for a reissue . The compilation charted modestly in Europe , peaking in the lower positions of album charts in Finland , Greece , and Sweden and in the top twenty in Denmark and the Netherlands . = = Track listings = = Credits adapted from liner notes of My World . = = Personnel = = Credits adapted from liner notes of My World . = = Charts = = = = Certifications = = = = Release history = =
= Wallkill Valley Rail Trail = The Wallkill Valley Rail Trail is a 23 @.@ 7 @-@ mile ( 38 @.@ 1 km ) rail trail and linear park that runs along the former Wallkill Valley Railroad rail corridor in Ulster County , New York . It stretches from Gardiner through New Paltz , Rosendale , and Ulster to the Kingston city line . The trail is separated from the Walden – Wallkill Rail Trail by two state prisons in Shawangunk , though there have been plans to bypass these facilities , and to connect the Wallkill Valley Rail Trail with other regional rail trails . Plans to create the rail trail began as early as 1983 , when New Paltz considered uses for the then @-@ defunct Wallkill Valley corridor ; the railroad had ceased regular traffic in 1977 , and by 1983 had begun to remove its tracks . In 1991 , a local land trust purchased the 12 @-@ mile ( 19 km ) section of the former rail corridor between New Paltz and Gardiner , and conveyed the New Paltz section to the town and village of New Paltz . The trail was formally opened between New Paltz and Gardiner in 1993 , though Gardiner did not purchase its section from the trust until 2007 . The length of the trail was effectively doubled by a county land seizure in 2009 , extending the walkway north from Rosendale through Ulster to Kingston . The extension included the Rosendale trestle , a 940 @-@ foot ( 290 m ) bridge across the Rondout Creek . There are several other bridges that carry the trail , though none are as long . The trail serves hikers , joggers , bikers , horseback riders , and cross @-@ country skiers . It passes through several historic districts , such as Huguenot Street in New Paltz , and the Binnewater Historic District and Snyder Estate in Rosendale . The trail also traverses U.S. Route 44 ( concurrent with State Route 55 ) , and state routes 299 and 213 . Several natural features are visible from clearing along the trail , such as the Shawangunk Ridge to the west , and the Plattekill Creek between New Paltz and Gardiner . The trail passes through dense vegetation , and is frequented by many types of animals and overwintering birds . = = History = = Stretching 33 miles ( 53 km ) from Montgomery to Kingston , the Wallkill Valley Railroad operated from 1866 until its last regular freight run on December 31 , 1977 . During the 1980s , its owner , Conrail , began to salvage the former corridor 's steel rails and sell off sections of the rail bed . State law mandated that in such sales , offers be made first to the state , then to the involved counties and municipalities . The state bought a 1 @.@ 4 @-@ mile ( 2 @.@ 3 km ) portion of rail bed between Shawangunk and Gardiner in November 1985 for the construction of the Shawangunk Correctional Facility in the hamlet of Wallkill . While Montgomery and Shawangunk purchased their sections of the railroad – 2 @.@ 0 and 2 @.@ 3 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 and 3 @.@ 7 km ) , respectively – in 1985 , eventually creating the 3 @.@ 22 @-@ mile ( 5 @.@ 18 km ) Walden – Wallkill Rail Trail , the towns of New Paltz , Gardiner and Rosendale initially declined to purchase their sections of the rail line . The town of Shawangunk has been evaluating plans to bypass the state prison to connect the Walden – Wallkill and Wallkill Valley trails since 2004 , and such a connection was listed as a project in a 2008 county @-@ wide transportation plan . The latest proposal involves diverting the trail along Birch Road . The Wallkill Valley Rail Trail was the seventeenth rail trail created in New York state , and became a National Recreation Trail in 2007 . = = = New Paltz and Gardiner = = = Converting the former corridor to a rail trail was first considered in a 1983 environmental report commissioned by the town of New Paltz . The study considered repurposing the corridor as a road for cars , but determined that the right @-@ of @-@ way , " lend [ ing ] itself to multiple and simultaneous ' people @-@ oriented ' transit " , was " ideally suited for use as a trail for hiking , strolling , running , cycling and cross @-@ country skiing " . In 1988 , New Paltz invited a local non @-@ profit , the Wallkill Valley Land Trust , to acquire the portion of the rail line between New Paltz and Gardiner . The Wallkill Valley Land Trust in turn requested assistance from The Trust for Public Land , and the purchase was completed on January 18 , 1991 . While the town and village of New Paltz immediately purchased their sections from the Wallkill Valley Land Trust – roughly 4 and 3 miles ( 6 @.@ 4 and 4 @.@ 8 km ) , respectively – Gardiner did not purchase its 6 @-@ mile ( 9 @.@ 7 km ) section until much later . Portions of the New Paltz – Gardiner section were informally open since June 1991 , but the formal opening ceremony of the full 12 @.@ 2 @-@ mile ( 19 @.@ 6 km ) trail between New Paltz and Gardiner took place on October 9 , 1993 . The Gardiner section was in such a state of disrepair in 2004 that the Wallkill Valley Land Trust almost closed it . Gardiner received a $ 100 @,@ 000 grant from the New York State Office of Parks , Recreation and Historic Preservation in December 2006 , and the purchase was completed in 2007 . The state provided an additional $ 5 @,@ 000 to maintain the trail . Purchasing the section allowed Gardiner to fix the drainage problems that had deteriorated the surface of the trail , and to ban the use of motor vehicles , something the Wallkill Valley Land Trust had not done . Though the section was worth $ 307 @,@ 300 , the Wallkill Valley Land Trust sold it to Gardiner for $ 70 @,@ 000 . In 2009 and 2010 , the Tea Party movement held protests along the Gardiner section of the trail . In November 2009 , New Paltz received grants from the Greenway Conservancy , a state organization , to fund several rail trail – related projects . This included $ 17 @,@ 750 to create a link between the New Paltz section of the trail and the Hudson Valley Rail Trail in nearby Lloyd , which was in turn being extended eastward to the Poughkeepsie Bridge ; the connection with the bridge was completed in October 2010 . The Wallkill Valley Railroad had considered such a connection after the bridge opened in 1889 , but never built one . The grants also included $ 7 @,@ 000 to create 400 feet ( 120 m ) of ADA @-@ accessible trail , to connect the parking area of a local park , named after Sojourner Truth , with the rail trail . The town had intended to connect the parking area with the trail since the late 1990s , but concerns over traffic , as well as state requirements , had added to the time and cost of the path ; it was completed by June 2010 . The connections are part of a county @-@ wide plan to create a bicycle path along NY 299 , to link regional rail trails . = = = Rosendale = = = The Rosendale portion of the rail bed runs 11 @.@ 5 miles ( 18 @.@ 5 km ) from Rosendale through Ulster to Kingston and contains the 940 @-@ foot ( 290 m ) Rosendale trestle . The trestle rises 150 feet ( 46 m ) above the Rondout Creek and State Route 213 , and also spans the former Delaware and Hudson Canal . At the time of its construction it was the highest span bridge in the United States . Conrail sold the Rosendale section , including the bridge , in 1986 to a private businessman , John E. Rahl , for one dollar . Rahl maintained that the purchase granted him the right to " restore rail service on the whole Wallkill line " , and to joint ownership of Conrail . Between 1989 and 1991 , Rahl installed planking and guard rails on the southern half of the bridge , which was then opened to the public . He intended to allow bungee jumping off the bridge , and did so until a January 1992 court order held that it violated zoning laws . Douglas Hase , an entrepreneur who had run both bungee jumping and hot air ballooning companies , tried unsuccessfully in 2003 and 2004 to get a variance for such a venture . After Rahl failed to pay $ 13 @,@ 716 in property taxes over a period of three years , Ulster County foreclosed on the 63 @.@ 34 @-@ acre ( 25 @.@ 63 ha ) property on April 15 , 2009 . The Wallkill Valley Land Trust and Open Space Conservancy placed a bid on the land parcels comprising the Rosendale section on April 22 , 2009 , and agreed to pay all outstanding taxes before receiving full ownership on July 8 , 2009 , with the intention of adding it to the Wallkill Valley Rail Trail . Following an engineering survey , the bridge was closed to the public in June 2009 for repairs . Renovations are now compete ( 2013 ) and the full length of the bridge is now open . Canopy Development , a green development company from Northampton , Massachusetts , owns a portion of the former rail bed in Rosendale . It has agreed to establish a right @-@ of @-@ way , rerouting the trail to allow public access . Another obstruction between Rosendale and Ulster is a private swimming pool , which will be bypassed . The Mohonk Preserve and Open Space Conservancy were given a $ 20 @,@ 000 state grant in March 2011 to maintain the portion of the trail by Kingston . By the end of summer 2013 , the last outstanding trail segment along the Rosendale @-@ Kingston extension was opened to the public , completing the entire 23 @.@ 7 mile rail trail . A regional business association has proposed a link between the trail , in Rosendale , and a series of regional rail trails . The proposal would create a 35 @-@ mile ( 56 km ) network of rail trails across the towns of Marbletown , Rochester , and Wawarsing . Several involved towns have been working toward accomplishing such a connection . = = Route = = The trail begins at Denniston Road , in the southern part of the town of Gardiner . Movement farther south is impossible , because the corridor south of Denniston Road is fenced off by barbed wire . After roughly 1 1 ⁄ 2 miles ( 2 @.@ 4 km ) , it crosses Sand Hill Road before approaching the hamlet of Gardiner at the 2 1 ⁄ 2 @-@ mile ( 4 @.@ 0 km ) mark . Once in the hamlet , the trail intersects U.S. Route 44 ( concurrent with State Route 55 ) . Located within the hamlet are a defunct , former dairy creamery and the site of the former Gardiner railroad station . Built in 1881 and opened the following year , the creamery was one of the dairies that transported its products to New York City by way of the Wallkill Valley Railroad . It was originally the property of the Borden family , but closed in the 1920s , and has since been renovated as an apartment complex . The former Gardiner railroad station ceased operations when the rail line closed . It became a sporting goods store by 1981 , a video store by the early 1990s , and an antique store by 1995 . The station burned down on October 10 , 2002 . The trail crosses Phillies Bridge Road 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) north of the hamlet , with an overpass carrying the trail over Forest Glen Road 3 ⁄ 4 mile ( 1 @.@ 2 km ) farther . The road overlies the Catskill Aqueduct and Delaware Aqueduct . Originally supported by trestles and a stone foundation , the overpass was rebuilt in 1910 during the construction of the Catskill Aqueduct . The reconstruction removed the trestles and added a concrete foundation . Though a local legend holds that the bridge was originally built in response to the death of a prominent woman at the Forest Glen railroad crossing , it is more likely that it was built to maintain the rail line at a consistent grade . A little over 1 ⁄ 10 mile ( 0 @.@ 16 km ) from the bridge is the site of the former Forest Glen station . The trail crosses Bridge Creek Road and Old Ford Road about 1 ⁄ 4 and 1 mile ( 0 @.@ 40 and 1 @.@ 61 km ) from the Forest Glen bridge , respectively , before entering the town of New Paltz . Shortly after entering New Paltz , the trail crosses a bridge over Plattekill Creek . The masonry for the bridge was completed by late June 1870 , and trestle work was done by July . Originally made of wood , the bridge was accidentally set on fire in 1880 by ashes or sparks from a passing train . This prompted the railroad to coat its rail ties with tin while replacing its wooden bridges with ones made of stone . The bridge 's original abutments were made of Shawangunk conglomerate . It was rebuilt in 1912 , and crosses the Plattekill Creek at a height of 35 feet ( 11 m ) . The Shawangunk Ridge is visible from the bridge . Plains Road is shortly after the bridge , and the trail continues for 3 ⁄ 10 mile ( 0 @.@ 48 km ) before crossing Cedar Lane . It crosses Plains Road again after another 1 1 ⁄ 5 miles ( 1 @.@ 9 km ) , reaching the Sojourner Truth park in the village of New Paltz . The trail is connected to the park via a small footbridge constructed in 2010 by the Alexandria , Minnesota – based construction company Contech . It has a weight limit of 5 short tons ( 4 @.@ 5 t ) and is able to withstand earthquakes . At the edge of the park , the trail crosses Water Street and enters the Water Street Market , a " restored area of boutiques , galleries , and cafés " . It then crosses State Route 299 and passes La Stazione , the former railroad station . The refurbished depot had been originally built in 1870 , rebuilt after a 1907 fire , and sold to private interests in 1959 . The building was in a state of disrepair by the early 1980s , but renovated in 1988 and converted to an Italian restaurant in 1999 . Over the next 1 ⁄ 2 mile ( 0 @.@ 80 km ) , the trail passes North Front Street , Broadhead Avenue , and Mulberry Street . After another 1 ⁄ 2 mile ( 0 @.@ 80 km ) the trail traverses Huguenot Street , a historic district containing colonial @-@ era stone houses . Some of the houses date to the late 1600s . About 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) from Huguenot Street , the trail reaches the 413 @-@ foot ( 126 m ) Springtown bridge spanning the Wallkill River . The bridge was originally made of wood and completed by the middle of December 1870 , but was rebuilt between 1880 and 1881 , using iron , by Clarke , Reeves & Co . It was rated by the superintendent of the Wallkill Valley Railroad to be safe for rail traffic as fast as 40 miles per hour ( 64 km / h ) . The bridge 's decking and benches were put in place in 1993 by volunteers and members of the nearby Hutterite community in the hamlet of Rifton . The design of the bridge 's railings was influenced by equestrians to better accommodate horses . Immediately after the bridge is Springtown Road . The trail continues west of the Wallkill River . Roughly 1 1 ⁄ 2 miles ( 2 @.@ 4 km ) from the Springtown bridge , the trail crosses Cragswood Road . Another 3 ⁄ 10 mile ( 0 @.@ 48 km ) farther , it reaches the New Paltz – Rosendale boundary line , continuing another 3 miles ( 4 @.@ 8 km ) on formerly private property to Mountain Road in the hamlet of Rosendale . Restorations to the Rosendale trestle were completed , and the bridge was opened to the public in June , 2013 . This added 11 1 ⁄ 2 miles ( 18 @.@ 5 km ) over the Rondout Creek to Kingston , crossing Interstate 87 and terminating by State Route 32 . The extension passes through the town of Ulster and includes four small bridges between Rosendale and Kingston . = = Recreation = = The road between the former railroad station and Water Street Market was the first site of a new town crosswalk system that opened on March 29 , 2008 . Under the new system , pedestrians can use flags placed in roadside containers to signal traffic . The trail connects with the Sojourner Truth park , which has had access to the Wallkill River for kayaking and canoeing since April 27 , 2003 . The Minnewaska Preserve and Mohonk Preserve , featuring 60 miles ( 97 km ) of combined walkways , can be reached through New Paltz . In the past , students at nearby SUNY New Paltz have used the trail for " legend [ ary , ] massive keg parties [ and ] ... opportunities to be romantic " . As part of an August 2010 art exhibit depicting concealed weapons laws , the Samuel Dorsky Museum of Art placed pieces of the exhibit throughout areas of New Paltz expected to have heavy pedestrian traffic , including the rail trail . The trail connects to the Binnewater Historic District in Rosendale . The district was the location of several local quarries which opened throughout the region after the 1825 discovery of rocks capable of producing Rosendale cement in the nearby hamlet of High Falls . At its peak , the district was producing 4 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 barrels a year and employed 5 @,@ 000 people . Though the Binnewater rail station was once part of the historic district , it was located too close to Binnewater Road and was hit repeatedly by trucks until it fell apart in May 1989 . The station was subsequently demolished by the county highway department . Another historic district , the Snyder Estate , runs along the Rosendale section . The Snyder Estate is a former mining site once used by all four major regional cement producers . The Rosendale trestle has been the site of numerous picnics , barbecues , and at least one wedding . One person has tried bungee jumping off the bridge without a restraining cord . Several shale outcrops are visible along the trail , with views of the Shawangunk Ridge to the west ; the skytop tower of the Mohonk Mountain House is visible on one of the cliffs . Parking for the trail is provided at a municipal lot on Farmers Turnpike in Gardiner . In New Paltz , there are parking lots at the Sojourner Truth park , off Springtown Road , at the Huguenot Historical Society , and at a Board of Cooperative Educational Services ( BOCES ) conference center . The trail runs parallel to state routes 208 and 32 ; there are two park and rides on Route 32 , a 63 @-@ spot lot in New Paltz , and a 58 @-@ spot lot in Rosendale . There are two bicycle shops along the trail in both Gardiner and New Paltz . = = Flora and fauna = = Flora along the northern end of the trail includes sumac ( Rhus ) and honeysuckle ( Lonicera ) shrubs , American elm ( Ulmus americana ) , bigtooth aspen ( Populus grandidentata ) and quaking aspen ( Populus tremuloides ) . As the trail approaches Gardiner to the south , there are occurrences of sugar maple ( Acer saccharum ) , American beech ( Fagus grandifolia ) , tulip @-@ tree ( Liriodendron tulipifera ) and black birch ( Betula lenta ) . Other trees common on the trail include red maple ( Acer rubrum ) , shagbark hickory ( Carya ovata ) , northern pin oak ( Quercus ellipsoidalis ) , eastern red cedar ( Juniperus virginiana ) , white ash ( Fraxinus americana ) and eastern white pine ( Pinus strobus ) . Many animals pass through the trail unobserved , leaving behind tracks . This includes bears , deer , coyotes , dogs , bobcats , cats , skunks and rabbits . Several bird species overwinter in the region and can be observed from the trail , such as the mourning dove ( Zenaida macroura ) , blue jay ( Cyanocitta cristata ) , bluebird ( Sialia ) , cardinal ( Cardinalis cardinalis ) , starling ( Sturnus vulgaris ) , downy woodpecker ( Picoides pubescens ) , American goldfinch ( Spinus tristis ) , tufted titmouse ( Baeolophus bicolor ) , black @-@ capped chickadee ( Poecile atricapillus ) , sparrow ( Passer ) and purple finch ( Carpodacus purpureus ) .
= I Am Your Leader = " I Am Your Leader " is a song recorded by Trinidadian @-@ American recording artist Nicki Minaj for her second studio album Pink Friday : Roman Reloaded ( 2012 ) . The song features additional rap vocals from hip hop artists Rick Ross and Cam 'ron . Production of the song was handled by Fernando Garibay & Chauncey " Hit @-@ Boy " Hollis , with writing coming from Minaj , Garibay , Hollis , Ross , and Cam 'ron . Musically , " I Am Your Leader " is a midtempo hardcore hip hop and electro hop song that contains sparse beats , minimal instrumentation , repetitive , high @-@ pitched , off @-@ pitch synth hooks , and a booming , static bass . Lyrically , Minaj " dishes boast @-@ heavy verses about how she ’ s better than all these other bitches " , according to Adam Fleischer of XXL Magazine . " I Am Your Leader " garnered praise from contemporary music critics , with the majority praising the songs production , Minaj 's vocal delivery , and the appearances of Cam 'ron and Ross . To promote the song , an accompanying music video for the song was released on August 24 , 2012 . It features Minaj inside a brightly colored playhouse dressed in eccentric clothing , while sequences show Minaj , Ross and Cam 'ron in different rooms such as the bathroom , the staircase , and the dining room . Fellow rapper Tyga also makes a brief cameo appearance . Despite not being released as a single , " I Am Your Leader " peaked at number 71 on the US Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Songs chart . Minaj briefly performed a part of the song on The Today Show 's summer concert series . = = Background = = Following the success of Minaj 's debut album , Pink Friday , Cash Money co @-@ CEO , Brian " Birdman " Williams announced to Billboard that Minaj was aiming to release her second album within the first quarter of 2012 . In November 2011 , Minaj announced on Twitter that the album would be released on February 14 , 2012 , though it was later delayed to April 3 , 2012 . The album focuses on Roman Zolanski , one of Minaj 's alter egos that was first featured on Pink Friday . On May 24 , 2012 , a poll was posted on Minaj 's official website asking fans to choose the next single ( s ) . The poll was divided into three categories : The second category asked fans to choose between " Champion " , " HOV Lane " , and " I Am Your Leader " . " Champion " had the most votes and won the poll ; " HOV Lane " came in second , and " I Am Your Leader " came in third . On June 6 , 2012 , Minaj announced through her official Twitter that " Champion " would be the next urban single . = = Composition = = " I Am Your Leader " is a hardcore hip @-@ hop and electro @-@ hop song that runs for three minutes and thirty @-@ three seconds . The production consists of a " chilled @-@ out , humming beat punctuated on the chorus with a blunted fake @-@ horn hook — halfway between classic @-@ era Neptunes and Look At Me Now " according to Andrew Unterberger of Popdust . It also contains repetitive , high @-@ pitched , off @-@ pitch synth hooks , and a booming , static bass . " I Am Your Leader " makes use of sparse beats , frills , minimal instrumentation , and allows Minaj ’ s rhymes to be the focal point , all of which gives the song " something of a mixtape feel " according to Joe Rivers of No Ripcord . In his review of the song , Unterberger of Popdust noted Hit @-@ Boy 's modern hip hop production , saying " Diplo and Bangladesh might have to watch their back after the up @-@ and @-@ comers contributions to this album . " Adam Fleischer of XXL said " Nicki dishes boast @-@ heavy verses about how she ’ s better than all these other bitches . " = = Critical reception = = " I Am Your Leader " gained positive reviews . Andrew Unterberger of Popdust gave it a 4 @-@ star rating , complimenting Minaj 's rapping as well as the guest verses of Cam 'ron and Rick Ross . However , Unterberger felt that Minaj was overshadowed by the guest verses . Andrew Hampp of Billboard echoed Unterberger 's sentiments , saying " The nostalgia of Cam 's return trumps the overall catchiness of the song . " XXL Magazine stated that " Though many of the early songs [ on the album ] lack real substance , the records remain generally exciting - “ I Am Your Leader , ” alongside Rick Ross and Cam ’ ron , “ Beez In The Trap ” with 2 Chainz , and the triumphant “ Champion ” featuring Nas , Drake and Young Jeezy are all memorable moments " . Joe Rivers No Ripcord praised " I Am Your Leader " along with " Beez in the Trap " for being " thrilling " and making " good use of cameos " . Stephen Deusner of Paste Magazine said that " On the nursery rhyming “ I Am Your Leader , ” [ Minaj ] spits yet another dick joke like a playground jeer , slyly undermining hip @-@ hop ’ s traditionally male @-@ centric braggadocio . She ’ s not only participating in phallocentric boasting ; she ’ s also inflating the convention with a Swedish penis pump until it ’ s just shy of bursting " . David Jeffries of Allmusic listed it as one of the best tracks on the album . Matthew Cole of Slant Magazine stated that " ' I Am Your Leader ' and ' Beez in the Trap ' [ are ] two excellent tracks which manage to sound both bubbly and heavy as Minaj delivers her most effortlessly entertaining shit @-@ talk to date " . Ryan Dombal of Pitchfork called " Come On A Cone " and " I Am Your Leader " " two brilliantly off @-@ kilter songs " . Tom Ewing of The Guardian said that " On " I Am Your Leader " , [ Minaj ] drops a couple of octaves to gleefully pompous effect " . Kevin Ritchie of NOW Magazine named it the top track of the album . Kyle Anderson of Entertainment Weekly named it one of the best tracks on the album along with " Champion " . = = Promotion = = = = = Music video = = = The video begins with a pink mailbox with the song 's title on the front written in different fonts . The video is set in a playhouse esque brightly coloured house . Minaj spits her first verse in a spacious room filled with antler heads and wacky windows , Minaj is seen standing on a zebra print carpet . Minaj 's second appearance saw her in a bathtub , partially clothed - wearing only Alexander McQueen “ Armadillo ” jewel encrusted 12 @-@ inch stiletto shoes . She also wore a green , Marilyn Monroe inspired wig . There is also a scene with all three rappers . After the hook , Rick Ross is seen sitting at a gold banquet table reciting his rap , shirtless , whilst gold maniquins ascend behind him . For Cam 'ron 's verse the scene is located on a staircase of moving photos of the three rappers . Nicki 's Young Money labelmate , Tyga also made a brief cameo appearance in the video . The video garnered positive reviews from critics , noting its high energy , fun and wackiness . MTV 's Rob Markman gave the video a positive review saying , " Only in a Nicki Minaj video can you find two of rap 's hardest street figures performing in such a wacky setting , but it 's the juxtaposition that " I Am Your Leader " offers which makes it so fun . " = = = Live performances = = = Minaj performed the song for the first time on The Today Show 's summer concert series on August 14 , 2012 . = = Credits and personnel = = Recording Recorded at : Conway Studios in Los Angeles , California . Personnel Credits adapted from Pink Friday : Roman Reloaded liner notes . = = Charts = =
= Evolution of lemurs = The evolutionary history of lemurs occurred in isolation from other primates , on the island of Madagascar , for at least 40 million years . Lemurs are primates belonging to the suborder Strepsirrhini , which branched off from other primates less than 63 mya ( million years ago ) . They share some traits with the most basal primates , and thus are often confused as being ancestral to modern monkeys , apes , and humans . Instead , they merely resemble ancestral primates . Lemurs are thought to have evolved during the Eocene or earlier , sharing a closest common ancestor with lorises , pottos , and galagos ( lorisoids ) . Fossils from Africa and some tests of nuclear DNA suggest that lemurs made their way to Madagascar between 40 and 52 mya . Other mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequence comparisons offer an alternative date range of 62 to 65 mya . An ancestral lemur population is thought to have inadvertently rafted to the island on a floating mat of vegetation , although hypotheses for land bridges and island hopping have also been proposed . The timing and number of hypothesized colonizations has traditionally hinged on the phylogenetic affinities of the aye @-@ aye , the most basal member of the lemur clade . Having undergone their own independent evolution on Madagascar , lemurs have diversified to fill many niches normally filled by other types of mammals . They include the smallest primates in the world , and once included some of the largest . Since the arrival of humans approximately 2 @,@ 000 years ago , lemurs are now restricted to 10 % of the island , or approximately 60 @,@ 000 square kilometers ( 23 @,@ 000 square miles ) , and many face extinction . = = Evolutionary history = = Lemurs are primates belonging to the suborder Strepsirrhini . Like other strepsirrhine primates , such as lorises , pottos , and galagos , they share ancestral traits with early primates . In this regard , lemurs are popularly confused with ancestral primates ; however , lemurs did not give rise to monkeys and apes , but evolved independently on Madagascar . Primates first evolved sometime between the Middle Cretaceous and the early Paleocene periods on either the supercontinent of Laurasia or in Africa . According to molecular clock studies , the last common ancestor of all primates dates to around 79 @.@ 6 mya , although the earliest known fossil primates are only 54 – 55 million years old . The closest relatives of primates are the extinct plesiadapiforms , the modern colugos ( commonly and inaccurately named " flying lemurs " ) , and treeshrews . Some of the earliest known true primates are represented by the fossil groups Omomyidae , Eosimiidae , and Adapiformes . The relationship between known fossil primate families remains unclear . A conservative estimate for the divergence of haplorhines ( tarsiers , monkeys , apes , and humans ) and strepsirrhines is 58 to 63 mya . A consensus is emerging that places omomyids as a sister group to tarsiers , eosimids as a stem group to simians ( non @-@ tarsier haplorhines ) , and Djebelemur , an African genus likely to be related to an early Asian branch of cercamoniine adapiforms , as a stem group to modern strepsirrhines , including lemurs . In 2009 , a highly publicized and scientifically criticized publication proclaimed that a 47 @-@ million @-@ year @-@ old adapiform fossil , Darwinius masillae , demonstrated both adapiform and simian traits , making it a transitional form between the prosimian and simian lineages . Media sources inaccurately dubbed the fossil as a " missing link " between lemurs and humans . Lemurs were traditionally thought to have evolved during the Eocene ( 55 to 37 mya ) based on the fossil record , although molecular tests suggest the Paleocene ( 66 to 56 mya ) or later . Until recently , they were thought to have descended directly from the diverse group of adapiforms due to several shared postcranial traits , as well as long snouts and small brains . Although adapiforms also had lemur @-@ like auditory bullae , a prosimian characteristic , they had smaller brains and longer snouts than lemurs . There are also several other morphological differences . Most noticeably , adapiforms lack a key derived trait , the toothcomb , and possibly the toilet @-@ claw , found not only in extant ( living ) strepsirrhines but also in tarsiers . Unlike lemurs , adapiforms exhibited a fused mandibular symphysis ( a characteristic of simians ) and also possessed four premolars , instead of three or two . Comparative studies of the cytochrome b gene , which are frequently used to determine phylogenetic relationships among mammals — particularly within families and genera — have been used to show that lemurs share common ancestry with lorisoids . This conclusion is also corroborated by the shared strepsirrhine toothcomb , an unusual trait that is unlikely to have evolved twice . If adapiforms were the ancestors of the living strepsirrhines , then the last common ancestor of modern strepsirrhines would have to predate the early Eocene , a view supported by molecular phylogenetic studies by Anne D. Yoder and Ziheng Yang in 2004 , which showed that lemurs split from lorises approximately 62 to 65 mya . These dates were confirmed by more extensive tests by Julie Horvath et al. in 2008 . These molecular studies also showed that lemuroids diversified before the modern lorisoids . Using a more limited data set and only nuclear genes , another study in 2005 by Céline Poux et al. dated the split between lemurs and lorises at 60 mya , lemur diversification at 50 mya , and the lemur colonization of Madagascar somewhere between these two approximate dates . However , the 2003 discovery of fossil lorisoids at the Fayum Depression in Egypt pushed the date of lorisoid divergence back to the Eocene , matching the divergence dates predicted by Yoder and Horvath . The fossil record tells a different story . Although it cannot show the earliest possible date for the appearance of a taxonomic group , other concerns have arisen about these vastly earlier divergence dates predicted independently of the fossil record . First , palaeontologists have expressed concerns that if primates have been around for significantly more than 66 million years , then the first one @-@ third of the primate fossil record is missing . Another problem is that some of these molecular dates have overestimated the divergence of other mammalian orders , such as Rodentia , suggesting primate divergence might also be overestimated . One of the oldest known strepsirrhines , Djebelemur , dates from the early Eocene of northern Africa and lacks a fully differentiated toothcomb . Based on fossils and other genetic tests , a more conservative estimate dates the divergence between lemurs and lorises to around 50 to 55 mya . To complicate the ancestry puzzle , no terrestrial Eocene or Paleocene fossils have been found on Madagascar , and the fossil record from both Africa and Asia around this time is not much better . Fossil sites in Madagascar are restricted to only five windows in time , which omit most of the Cenozoic , from 66 mya to ~ 26 @,@ 000 years ago . What little fossil @-@ bearing rock exists from this vast span of time is dominated by marine strata along the west coast . The oldest lemur fossils on Madagascar are actually subfossils dating to the Late Pleistocene . = = = Colonization of Madagascar = = = Once part of the supercontinent Gondwana , Madagascar broke away from eastern Africa , the likely source of the ancestral lemur population , about 160 mya and then from Antarctica between 80 and 130 mya . Initially , the island drifted south from where it split from Africa ( around modern Somalia ) until it reached its current position between 80 and 90 mya . Around that time , it split with India , leaving it isolated in the Indian Ocean and separated from nearby Africa by the Mozambique Channel , a deep channel with a minimum width of approximately 560 km ( 350 mi ) . These separation dates and the estimated age of the primate lineage preclude any possibility that lemurs could have been on the island before Madagascar pulled away from Africa , an evolutionary process known as vicariance . In support of this , mammalian fossils on Madagascar from the Cretaceous ( see Mesozoic mammals of Madagascar ) include gondwanatheres and other mammalian groups that would not have been ancestral to lemurs or the other endemic mammals present on the island today . With Madagascar already geographically isolated by the Paleocene and lemur diversification dating to the same time , an explanation was needed for how lemurs had made it to the island . In the 19th century , prior to the theory of continental drift , scientists including Philip Sclater , Étienne Geoffroy Saint @-@ Hilaire , and Ernst Haeckel suggested that Madagascar and India were once part of a southern continent — named Lemuria by Sclater — that has since disappeared under the Indian Ocean . By the early 20th century , oceanic dispersal emerged as the most popular explanation for how lemurs reached the island . The idea first took shape under the anti @-@ plate tectonics movement of the early 1900s , when renowned paleontologist William Diller Matthew proposed the idea in his influential article " Climate and Evolution " in 1915 . In the article , Matthew could only account for the presence of lemurs in Madagascar by " rafting " . In the 1940s , American paleontologist George Gaylord Simpson coined the term " sweepstakes dispersal " for such unlikely events . As plate tectonics theory took hold , oceanic dispersal fell out of favor and was even considered by many researchers to be " miraculous " if it occurred . Despite the low likelihood of its occurrence , oceanic dispersal remains the most accepted explanation for numerous vertebrate colonizations of Madagascar , including that of the lemurs . Although unlikely , over long periods of time terrestrial animals can occasionally raft to remote islands on floating mats of tangled vegetation , which get flushed out to sea from major rivers by floodwaters . Any extended ocean voyage without fresh water or food would prove difficult for a large , warm @-@ blooded ( homeothermic ) mammal , but today many small , nocturnal species of lemur exhibit heterothermy , which allows them to lower their metabolism and become dormant while living off fat reserves . Such a trait in a small , nocturnal lemur ancestor would have facilitated the ocean voyage and could have been passed on to its descendants . However , this trait has not been observed in the closely related lorisoids studied to date , and could have evolved on Madagascar in response to the island 's harsh environmental conditions . Because only five terrestrial orders of mammals have made it to the island , each likely to have derived from a single colonization , and since these colonizations date to either the early Cenozoic or the early Miocene , the conditions for oceanic dispersal to Madagascar seem to have been better during two separate periods in the past . A report published in January 2010 supported this assumption by demonstrating that both Madagascar and Africa were 1 @,@ 650 km ( 1 @,@ 030 mi ) south of their present @-@ day positions around 60 mya , placing them in a different ocean gyre and reversing the strong current that presently flows away from Madagascar . The currents were even shown to be stronger than they are today , shortening the rafting time to approximately 30 days or less , making the crossing much easier for a small mammal . Over time , as the continental plates drifted northward , the currents gradually changed , and by 20 mya the window for oceanic dispersal had closed . Since the 1970s , the rafting hypothesis has been called into question by claims that lemur family Cheirogaleidae might be more closely related to the other Afro @-@ Asian strepsirrhines than to the rest of the lemurs . This idea was initially based on similarities in behavior and molar morphology , although it gained support with the 2001 discovery of 30 ‑ million @-@ year @-@ old Bugtilemur in Pakistan and the 2003 discovery of 40 ‑ million @-@ year @-@ old Karanisia in Egypt . Karanisia is the oldest fossil found that bears a toothcomb , whereas Bugtilemur was thought to have a toothcomb , but also had even more similar molar morphology to Cheirogaleus ( dwarf lemurs ) . If these relationships had been correct , the dates of these fossils would have had implications on the colonization of Madagascar , requiring two separate events . The most parsimonious explanation , given the genetic evidence and the absence of toothcombed primates in European fossil sites , is that stem strepsirrhines evolved on the Afro @-@ Arabian landmass , dispersing to Madagascar and more recently from Africa to Asia . More recently , the structure and general presence of the toothcomb in Bugtilemur has been questioned , as well as many other dental features , suggesting it is most likely an adapiform . An alternative form of oceanic dispersal that had been considered was island hopping , where the lemur ancestors might have made it to Madagascar in small steps by colonizing exposed seamounts during times of low sea level . However , this is unlikely since the only seamounts found along the Davie Ridge would have been too small in such a wide channel . Even though the Comoro Islands between Africa and Madagascar are significantly larger , they are too young , having been formed by volcanic activity only around 8 mya . A land bridge between Madagascar and Africa has also been proposed , but a land bridge would have facilitated the migration of a much greater sampling of Africa 's mammalian fauna than is endemic to the island . Furthermore , deep trenches separate Madagascar from the mainland , and prior to the Oligocene , sea level was significantly higher than today . A variant of the land bridge hypothesis has been proposed in an attempt to explain both how a land bridge could have formed , and why other mammalian orders failed to cross it . Geological studies have shown that following the collision of India and Asia , the Davie Fracture Zone had been pushed up by tectonic forces , possibly high enough to create a land bridge . Indeed , core samples along the Davie Fracture Zone suggest that at least parts of the Mozambique Channel were above sea level between 45 and 26 mya , or possibly as early as 55 mya . Following the Indian @-@ Asian collision , the fault type changed from a strike @-@ slip fault to a normal fault , and seafloor spreading created compression along the Davie Fracture Zone , causing it to rise . By the early Miocene , the East African Rift created tension along the fault , causing it to subside beneath the ocean . The divergence dates of many Malagasy mammalian orders formerly fell within this window . Old World monkeys , dogs , and cats did not diverge or arrive in Africa until later in the Miocene . However , more recent dating of divergence of the Malagasy mammalian clades falls outside of this land bridge window , and a much greater diversity of mammal groups would be expected on Madagascar had the land bridge been present during that stretch of time . The dating of the lemur colonization is controversial for the same reasons as strepsirrhine evolution . Using both mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences , a single colonization has been estimated at 62 to 65 mya based on the split between the aye @-@ aye and the rest of the lemurs . On the other hand , the sparse fossil record and some estimates based on other nuclear genes support a more recent estimate of 40 to 52 mya . Furthermore , a fossil strepsirrhine primate from Africa , Plesiopithecus , may suggest that the aye @-@ aye and the rest of the lemurs diverged in Africa , which would require at least two colonization events . Once safely established on Madagascar , with its limited mammalian population , the lemurs were protected from the increasing competition from evolving arboreal mammalian groups . Monkeys had evolved by the Oligocene , and their intelligence , aggression , and deceptiveness may have given them the advantage in exploiting the environment over the diurnal adapiform primates in Africa and Asia , ultimately driving them to extinction and leaving only the nocturnal lorisoids . = = = Diversification = = = The ancestral lemur that colonized Madagascar is thought to have been small and nocturnal . More specifically , it is thought to have had adapiform @-@ like cranial anatomy — particularly the cranial foramina and the middle ear — comparable to that of lemurids , while being similar to cheirogaleids in dentition and postcranial anatomy . Nothing definitive is known about the island 's biogeography at the time of the colonization , however , the paleoclimate ( ancient weather patterns ) may have been affected by Madagascar 's location below the subtropical ridge at 30 ° S latitude and disruption of the weather patterns by India as it drifted northward . Both would have created a drying effect on Madagascar , and as a result , the arid spiny bush that is currently found in the south and southwest of Madagascar would have dominated the island . This would have placed strong selection pressure for drought tolerance on the inhabitants of the island between the Cretaceous and the Eocene . As Madagascar edged above the subtropical ridge and India moved closer to Asia , the climate became less dry and the arid spiny bush retreated to the south and southwest . Lemurs have diversified greatly since first reaching Madagascar . The aye @-@ aye and its extinct relations are thought to have diverged first , shortly after colonization . According to molecular studies , there have since been two major episodes of diversification , from which all other known extant and extinct family lineages emerged . The remaining families diverged in the first diversification episode , during a 10 to 12 million @-@ year window between the Late Eocene ( 42 mya ) and into the Oligocene ( 30 mya ) . The dates for this divergence window span the Eocene – Oligocene extinction event , during which time climate cooling took place and changes in ocean currents altered weather patterns . Outside of Madagascar , these dates also coincide with the divergence of the lorisoid primates and five major clades of squirrels , all occupying niches similar to those of lemurs . The dates do not suggest that increased predation drove family @-@ level divergence since the first carnivores arrived on the island between 24 and 18 mya . The precise relationship between the four of the five families of lemurs is disputed since they diverged during this narrow and distant window . Although all studies place Cheirogaleidae and Lepilemuridae as a sister clade to Indriidae and Lemuridae , some suggest that Cheirogaleidae and Lepilemuridae diverged first , while others suggest that Indriidae and Lemuridae were the first to branch off . The second major episode of diversification occurred during the Late Miocene , approximately 8 to 12 mya , and included the true lemurs ( Eulemur ) and the mouse lemurs ( Microcebus ) . This event coincided with the beginning of the Indian monsoons , the last major change in climate to affect Madagascar . The populations of both the true lemurs and mouse lemurs were thought to have diverged due to habitat fragmentation when humans arrived on the island roughly 2 @,@ 000 years ago . Only recently has molecular research shown a more distant split in these genera . Most surprising were the mouse lemurs , a group which is now thought to contain cryptic species , meaning they are indistinguishable from each other based solely on appearance . In contrast , true lemurs are easier to distinguish and exhibit sexual dichromatism . Studies in karyology , molecular genetics , and biogeographic patterns have also assisted in understanding their phylogeny and diversification . Although the divergence estimates for these two genera are imprecise , they overlap with a change to a wetter climate in Madagascar , as new weather patterns generated monsoons and likely influenced the plant life . This difference in evolutionary divergence between the two genera may be due to differences in their activity patterns . True lemurs are often diurnal , allowing potential mates to distinguish each other as well as other related species visually . Mouse lemurs , on the other hand , are nocturnal , reducing their ability to use visual signals for mate selection . Instead , they use olfactory and auditory signaling . For these reasons , true lemurs may have evolved sexual dichromatism while mouse lemurs evolved to be cryptic species . = = Distribution and diversity = = Since their arrival on Madagascar , lemurs have diversified both in behavior and morphology . Their diversity rivals that of the monkeys and apes found throughout the rest of the world , especially when the recently extinct subfossil lemurs are considered . Ranging in size from the 30 g ( 1 @.@ 1 oz ) Madame Berthe 's mouse lemur , the world 's smallest primate , to the extinct 160 – 200 kg ( 350 – 440 lb ) Archaeoindris fontoynonti , lemurs evolved diverse forms of locomotion , varying levels of social complexity , and unique adaptations to the local climate . They went on to fill many niches normally occupied by monkeys , squirrels , woodpeckers , and large grazing ungulates . In addition to the incredible diversity between lemur families , there has also been great diversification among closely related lemurs . Yet despite separation by geographical barriers or by niche differentiation in sympatry , occasionally hybridization can occur . Lemur diversification has also created generalist species , such as the true lemurs of northern Madagascar , which are very adaptable , mostly nondescript , and found throughout most of the island 's forests . Most of the 99 living lemur taxa are found only on Madagascar . Two species , the common brown lemur ( Eulemur fulvus ) and the mongoose lemur ( Eulemur mongoz ) , can also be found on the Comoro Islands , although it is assumed that both species were introduced to the islands from northwestern Madagascar by humans within the last few hundred years . Molecular studies on Eulemur fulvus fulvus ( from the mainland ) and E. f. mayottensis ( from the Comoro Islands ) and on Comoro and mainland mongoose lemurs have supported this assumption by showing no genetic differences between the two populations . Because all lemurs , including these two brown lemur species , are only native to the island of Madagascar , they are considered to be endemic . Historically , lemurs ranged across the entire island inhabiting a wide variety of habitats , including dry deciduous forests , lowland forests , spiny thickets , subhumid forests , montane forest , and mangrove . Today , their collective range is restricted to 10 % of the island , or approximately 60 @,@ 000 km2 ( 23 @,@ 000 sq mi ) . Most of the remaining forests and lemurs are found along the periphery of the island . The center of the island , the Hauts @-@ Plateaux , was converted by early settlers to rice paddies and grassland through slash @-@ and @-@ burn agriculture , known locally as tavy . As erosion depleted the soil , the cyclical forest regrowth and burning ended as the forest gradually failed to return . Today , the level of floral diversity increases with precipitation , from the dry southern forests to the wetter northern forests to the rainforests along the east coast . Increased foliage corresponds to increased faunal diversity , including the diversity and complexity of lemur communities . Having evolved in Madagascar 's challenging environment , replete with poor soils , extreme shifts in poor , seasonal plant productivity , and devastating climatic events such as extended droughts and annual cyclones , lemurs have adopted unique combinations of unusual traits to survive , distinguishing them significantly from other primates . In response to limited , seasonal resources , lemurs may exhibit seasonal fat storage , hypometabolism ( including torpor and hibernation in some cheirogaleids ) , small group sizes , low encephalization ( relative brain size ) , cathemerality ( activity both day and night ) , and / or strict breeding seasons . Secondarily , extreme resource limitations and seasonal breeding are thought to have resulted in three other relatively common lemur traits : female dominance , sexual monomorphism ( lack of size differences between the sexes ) , and male – male competition for mates involving low levels of agonism ( conflict ) , such as sperm competition . The arrival of humans on the island 1 @,@ 500 to 2 @,@ 000 years ago has taken a significant toll , not only on the size of lemur populations , but also on their diversity . Due to habitat destruction and hunting , at least 17 species and 8 genera have gone extinct and the populations of all species have decreased . A couple of species once thought to have gone extinct have since been rediscovered . The hairy @-@ eared dwarf lemur ( Allocebus trichotis ) was only known from five museum specimens , most collected in the late 19th century and one in 1965 . It was rediscovered in 1989 and has since been identified in five national parks , although it is very rare within its range . Likewise , the greater bamboo lemur ( Prolemur simus ) was thought to be extinct as recently as the late 1970s , but a population was located near Ranomafana National Park in the late 1980s . Historically , it had a much wider geographic distribution , shown by subfossil remains , but today it remains one of the world 's 25 most endangered primates . One distinctive morph ( possibly a species or subspecies ) of sifaka , has not been so fortunate , having been extirpated from all known localities . Unless trends change , extinctions are likely to continue . Until recently , giant species of lemur existed on Madagascar . Now represented only by recent or subfossil remains , they were modern forms and are counted as part of the rich lemur diversity that evolved in isolation . Some of their adaptations were unlike those seen in lemurs today . All 17 extinct lemurs were larger than the extant forms , some weighing as much as 200 kg ( 440 lb ) , and are thought to have been active during the day . Not only were they unlike the living lemurs in both size and appearance , they also filled ecological niches that no longer exist or are now left unoccupied . Large parts of Madagascar , which are now devoid of forests and lemurs , once hosted diverse primate communities that included more than 20 species covering the full range of lemur sizes .
= The One with the Cast of Night Court = " The One with the Cast of Night Court " is the third episode of the third season of the American television comedy series 30 Rock . It was written by co @-@ executive producer Jack Burditt , and directed by Gail Mancuso . The episode originally aired on the National Broadcasting Company ( NBC ) in the United States on November 13 , 2008 . The episode received mixed reception from television critics . According to the Nielsen ratings system , it was watched by 7 @.@ 5 million households during its original broadcast , and received a 4 @.@ 6 rating / 7 share among viewers in the 18 – 49 demographic . For her performance in this episode , Aniston received a Primetime Emmy Award nomination in the category for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series . = = Plot = = Liz Lemon ( Tina Fey ) and Jenna Maroney ( Jane Krakowski ) await the arrival of their old Chicago roommate , Claire Harper ( Jennifer Aniston ) . The two are not thrilled with her visit as they find her exhausting to be around . Immediately , their boss Jack Donaghy ( Alec Baldwin ) is attracted to Claire , but Liz tells him not to get involved with her . Jack , however , reveals to Liz that the two have already slept together . At a General Electric formal function , Claire surprises Jack by singing " Happy Birthday " to him . He tells her that she needs to leave , so Claire loudly threatens to kill herself . To help Jack , Liz gets Claire to abandon her plans with Jack and instead go out nightclubbing with her and Jenna . At the club , Claire does not show up , which prompts Liz to call Jack to warn him about potential danger . He finds Claire inside his apartment and ends up sleeping with her again . When asked to choose between Liz and Claire , Jack chooses Claire , but Claire , thinking that the relationship has gotten boring , turns on Jack . Meanwhile , NBC page Kenneth Parcell ( Jack McBrayer ) is not happy with the new page uniforms . Wanting to see Kenneth happy again , Tracy Jordan ( Tracy Morgan ) gets actors Harry Anderson , Markie Post , and Charlie Robinson from the television show , Night Court . Kenneth is excited when he finds out that he can watch the Night Court wedding between the Anderson and Post 's characters , Judge Harry Stone and Christine Sullivan , before the show is canceled by the network . When a conflict between Anderson and Post ensues , it seems that the wedding will not take place . However , Anderson and Post make up and rehearse . As Tracy and Kenneth finish taping the final scenes of Harry and Christine 's wedding , Harry declares it illegal to wear the new page uniforms and demands the old ones be brought back . Tracy tells Kenneth that he added that part in the script as he complained to Kenneth 's superiors to bring back the old uniforms , which makes Kenneth happy . = = Production = = " The One with the Cast of Night Court " was written by co @-@ executive producer Jack Burditt , and directed by Gail Mancuso . This was Burditt 's eighth writing credit , and was Mancuso 's fourth directed episode . It originally aired on NBC in the United States on November 13 , 2008 , as the third episode of the show 's third season . Its title , " The One ... " , is the convention used to name episodes of guest star Jennifer Aniston 's prior sitcom Friends . In August 2008 , it was announced that actress Jennifer Aniston would guest star on 30 Rock . The following month it was confirmed by NBC that she would play a woman obsessed with Alec Baldwin 's character , Jack Donaghy . She filmed her scenes on August 29 and September 4 , 2008 . In November 2008 , it was announced that actors Markie Post , Harry Anderson and Charles Robinson , the cast of the situation comedy show Night Court , would make a cameo on the show . Two filmed scenes from " The One with the Cast of Night Court " were cut out from the airing . Instead , the scenes were featured on 30 Rock 's season 3 DVD as part of the deleted scenes in the Bonus feature . In the first scene , Liz and Jenna recall their wild nights with Claire , including when Jenna and Claire danced around an opened fire hydrant , while Liz tells them that she does not feel safe . They also remember when they crashed a Polish wedding , in which Claire is seeing dancing around a group of men . In the second scene , Harry Anderson is in Tracy 's dressing room , after leaving rehearsal . Tracy enters to convince him to make up with Markie Post . In another room , Kenneth is seen with Markie Post . Anderson complains to Tracy about Post , as does Post about Anderson to Kenneth . Tracy tells him to forget about the past and fulfill Kenneth 's dreams of a Night Court wedding to make Kenneth happy , as he is displeased with the new page uniforms he is forced to wear . = = Reception = = In its original American broadcast , " The One with the Cast of Night Court " was watched by 7 @.@ 5 million households , according to the Nielsen ratings system . It received a 4 @.@ 6 rating / 7 share among viewers in the 18 – 49 demographic , meaning that 4 @.@ 6 % of all people in that group , and 7 % of all people from that group watching television at the time , watched the episode . This was a decrease from the previous episode , " Believe in the Stars " , which was watched by 8 @.@ 0 million American viewers . This episode was the tenth highest @-@ rated show on the NBC network during the week of November 10 – 16 , 2008 . Jennifer Aniston received a Primetime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series at the 61st Primetime Emmy Awards for her work in this episode , but lost to Tina Fey for her satirical portrayal of Sarah Palin on Saturday Night Live . Since airing , " The One with the Cast of Night Court " has received mixed reception from television critics . Nathan Rabin of The A.V. Club wrote that the episode was " kooky , ooky and over @-@ the @-@ top " and enjoyed every minute of it . " For the more esoteric viewer , it 's a milestone episode " , said The Age 's Farah Farouque . Cameron Adams for the Herald Sun called the episode hilarious , while The Boston Globe 's Matthew Gilbert felt that it was flaccid and cliched . IGN contributor Robert Canning said that the episode " did have its moments " and that the storylines " had their potential , and their share of laughs , but I can 't help but feel they both could have been so much more . " He opined that the Kenneth and Tracy story was " more up 30 Rock 's style " but that it was a shame that the story could not " quite knock the concept out of the park . " Overall , Canning rated " The One with the Cast of Night Court " a 7 @.@ 9 out of 10 . Jeff Labrecque for Entertainment Weekly reported that the episode fell flat . Critical opinion was divided on Aniston 's performance as Claire . TV Guide 's Matt Mitovich wrote that Aniston " looked sweet , but the role was juuuuust [ sic ] a bit much ... [ and ] over @-@ the @-@ top . " Jeremy Medina of Paste said that the show did not really seem to know what to do with Aniston in this episode . Tom Stempel for Slant Magazine said 30 Rock was " smart enough " not to make Claire resemble Aniston 's former television character , Rachel , from Friends . Further in his review , Stempel said that Claire was a " great choice of character " for Aniston to play , and praised her for knocking the role " out of the park . " Kerrie Murphy for The Australian was equally positive noting that Aniston fits in smoothly as Liz 's former roommate . Murphy added , " Not only is it a reminder that Aniston is a gifted comic actor [ ... ] With her , the show 's regular cast easily hold their own . " Bob Sassone of AOL 's TV Squad enjoyed the cameos of Harry Anderson , Markie Post , and Charles Robinson in the episode . Robert Philpot for the Fort Worth Star @-@ Telegram wrote that the Night Court cast stole the show from Aniston . Television columnist Alan Sepinwall for The Star @-@ Ledger wrote that he " got a much bigger kick out " of the Night Court story . Medina , who wrote that the episode was " mostly a success " , disliked the Night Court subplot , claiming it was not funny .
= 2015 Monaco Grand Prix = The 2015 Monaco Grand Prix , formally known as the Grand Prix de Monaco 2015 , was a Formula One motor race that was held on 24 May 2015 at the Circuit de Monaco , a street circuit that runs through the principality of Monaco . It was the sixty @-@ second running of the race as a World Championship event , and seventy @-@ third running overall . Mercedes driver Lewis Hamilton entered the race with a twenty @-@ point lead over teammate and defending race winner Nico Rosberg in the Drivers ' Championship , with Mercedes having a seventy @-@ point lead over Ferrari in the Constructors ' Championship . World Champion Lewis Hamilton secured his first ever Monaco pole position during Saturday 's qualifying . In the race , Nico Rosberg took his third consecutive win at Monaco , second win of the season , and the tenth of his career , while Sebastian Vettel finished second . Championship leader Hamilton , who had led for most of the race , moved from first into third place following a " pit stop misjudgement " during a late safety car period , for which his team , Mercedes , later apologised . The renewed McLaren @-@ Honda partnership scored its first points since Honda 's return to the sport . With Rosberg 's victory , he was able to reduce his deficit in the World Drivers ' Championship to ten points . = = Report = = = = = Background = = = Ahead of the race weekend , Mercedes announced they had extended their contract with world champion Lewis Hamilton for three additional years , keeping him at the team until the end of the 2018 season . Revisions to the Tabac corner at the harbour section of the race track meant that the drivers now entered the turn slightly earlier , shortening the track by 3 metres ( 9 @.@ 8 ft ) compared to previous years , and making the corner slightly tighter and slower . The corner had seen a race @-@ stopping accident involving Pastor Maldonado and Max Chilton in 2013 , leading to the changes being made . This resulted in the circuit being officially classified as a new layout . The barrier on the right of the swimming pool chicane was moved back , with new kerbs , to allow for a better view of the corner . Much of the track was resurfaced before the event . As in Australia and Singapore , the pit lane speed limit for the duration of the event was reduced to 60 km / h ( 37 mph ) , instead of the standard 80 km / h ( 50 mph ) , due to the confined nature of the circuit . The race schedule for the weekend was different in Monaco compared to the other races on the calendar . The first two free practice sessions were held on Thursday instead of Friday . Tyre supplier Pirelli brought its yellow @-@ marked soft compound tyre as the harder " prime " tyre and the red @-@ marked super @-@ soft compound tyre as the more elastic " option " tyre , just as they did the previous three seasons . It was the first time in the 2015 season that the super @-@ soft compound would be used at a race weekend . = = = Free practice = = = As per the regulations for 2015 , three practice sessions were held , two one and a half @-@ hour sessions on Thursday and another one @-@ hour session on Saturday morning . After a thunderstorm on Wednesday night , the first of the two free practice sessions held on Thursday morning , started with every driver setting their installation laps on intermediate tyres . The track soon dried up , and the cars changed to slick tyres . Nico Rosberg had an early shunt when he clipped his front wing exiting the Tabac corner though he did not sustain considerable damage to his car . The two Mercedes drivers swapped places at the top of the time sheets for most of the session , until late improvements pushed Rosberg down the order to finish ninth , more than a second off his team @-@ mate Lewis Hamilton . Rookie Max Verstappen surprised the paddock by finishing second , two @-@ tenths of a second down on Hamilton . The Renault @-@ powered cars all finished within the top seven , while the Williams team ended the session in tenth and seventeenth , owing to the car not being well suited for wet and low @-@ temperature conditions . The second session on Thursday afternoon saw considerably less running than the first . A red flag was shown ten minutes into practice after Roberto Merhi crashed on the exit of the tunnel . During the stoppage , rain began to fall , keeping most drivers in the garage when practice was restarted . It was not until ten minutes from the end of the session that the drivers took to the track again , but under damp conditions they managed times that were slower than the pace set at the beginning . Lewis Hamilton finished the session fastest , more than seven @-@ tenths of a second in front of his team mate . Toro Rosso confirmed their high pace with Carlos Sainz , Jr. and Max Verstappen in sixth and seventh respectively , while McLaren proved they might challenge for points as predicted , with Fernando Alonso in eighth place . The third practice on Saturday morning was interrupted midway through the session when Kimi Räikkönen crashed his Ferrari at Sainte Dévote . His team mate Sebastian Vettel set the fastest lap during the session , ahead of the Mercedes ' of Rosberg and Hamilton . Hamilton reported problems with his car , believed by his race engineer to be caused by over @-@ pressured tyres . The two Renault @-@ powered teams , Red Bull and Toro Rosso , confirmed their strong pace by placing all four cars in the top ten . = = = Qualifying = = = Qualifying consisted of three parts , 18 , 15 and 12 minutes in length respectively , with five drivers eliminated from competing after each of the first two sessions . The first part ( Q1 ) saw a " a surprise casualty " when Valtteri Bottas failed to cross the line for his final lap in time , leaving him seventeenth on the grid . The two Manor Marussias finished last , as they had in every qualifying session they participated in up to that point during the 2015 season . Joining them on the sidelines were the two Saubers of Felipe Nasr and Marcus Ericsson , split by Bottas . While McLaren once again succeeded in advancing both cars into Q2 , Fernando Alonso 's car stopped in the first corner due to an electrical fault at the start of the second session , and he took no further part in qualifying . Team mate Jenson Button was more successful , missing out on Q3 when his second fast lap was interrupted by Nico Rosberg going off at Sainte Dévote . The second Williams of Felipe Massa completed a problematic Saturday for the team , claiming only 14th on the grid , while Nico Hülkenberg and Romain Grosjean also did not make it into Q3 . The third part of qualifying , contested by the top ten drivers , started with drops of rain falling , meaning all drivers took to the track quickly . Sergio Pérez , who made his first Q3 appearance of the 2015 season , had only one set of super @-@ soft tyres left and finished seventh . Lewis Hamilton took an early lead with his first run and team mate Nico Rosberg was denied a chance to challenge him for pole position when he made a mistake in turn one during his second fast lap . The two Red Bulls separated the two Ferraris , leaving Kimi Räikkönen with another disappointing qualifying performance down in sixth . It was the first pole position for Hamilton in Monaco , who called it " incredibly special " . Carlos Sainz , Jr . , who had qualified in eighth position , was adjudged to have missed a call to go to the weigh bridge during the first part of qualifying . Following the session , he was given a penalty which required him to start the race from the pit lane . = = = Race = = = At the start of the race Hamilton , Rosberg and Vettel maintained their grid positions into the first corner , while Daniil Kvyat managed to overtake team @-@ mate Daniel Ricciardo for fourth . Trying to get past Nico Hülkenberg on the inside of turn five , Fernando Alonso made contact with Hülkenberg , who hit the wall but was able to continue , though at the back of the field . Alonso was reprimanded with a five @-@ second penalty to serve at his first pit stop . Meanwhile , Felipe Massa made contact with Pastor Maldonado , damaging his front wing . Massa came into the pits for a new wing and equipped the harder tyre compound . Maldonado suffered from brake problems in the early laps , eventually retiring on lap seven . By lap ten , Hamilton had built a three @-@ second lead over his teammate Rosberg , who was an additional 1 @.@ 7 seconds ahead of Vettel . While some drivers came into the pits for their first regular stop as early as lap 13 , the top runners stayed out until lap 37 , when Vettel was the first to come in , followed by Rosberg and Hamilton one lap later respectively . Following the stops , Hamilton led Rosberg by seven seconds . Max Verstappen dropped down the order when a problem at the rear of the car caused him to be stationary for 31 seconds during his stop on lap 30 . Fernando Alonso , who had been running in ninth place , retired from the race with a gearbox failure on lap 43 . By lap 45 , Hamilton had extended his lead to ten seconds , while Rosberg remained two seconds ahead of Sebastian Vettel . By lap 59 , Verstappen on the fast super @-@ soft tyres was chasing Lotus ' Romain Grosjean for tenth position , with Verstappen making several attempts to pass over the following laps . At the beginning of lap 64 , coming into turn one , Verstappen crashed into the back of the Lotus , sending him flying into the barriers . While he was able to walk away from the accident without injuries , a " Virtual Safety Car " condition was called by the race director to allow marshals to safely recover the damaged car . This was the first time a Virtual Safety Car had been used in Formula One . Shortly thereafter , the regular safety car was sent out on track . Lewis Hamilton , who had been leading the race by almost twenty seconds , was pitted apparently with the intention of returning him to the track ahead of his pursuers . The Mercedes pitwall crew , however , miscalculated the gap allowing Rosberg to take the lead while Hamilton emerged from the pit exit lane marginally behind Vettel who had stayed out under the safety car behind Rosberg . With the safety car coming into the pits on lap 70 of 78 , Rosberg retained the lead unchallenged going on to win the Monaco Grand Prix for a third consecutive time whereas Hamilton finished third , unable to overtake Vettel for second position . Daniel Ricciardo had also pitted under the safety car , and on fresh tyres he was able to pass Kimi Räikkönen in controversial circumstances . His teammate Kvyat then let him past in order to give him the chance to try and pass third @-@ placed Hamilton . When Ricciardo was unable to overtake , he handed fourth place back to Kvyat . Ricciardo set the fastest lap of the race in the process . Jenson Button finished eighth , scoring four championship points for himself and the McLaren team , the first points for the renewed McLaren @-@ Honda partnership since their return at the start of the 2015 season . = = = Post @-@ race = = = Following the race , Mercedes apologised to Hamilton for the pit call , which commentators such as F1Fanatic 's Keith Collantine , Formula One correspondent for The Guardian Paul Weaver , and former Formula One driver David Coulthard felt cost him the victory . Team boss Toto Wolff told the press : " We got our numbers wrong . We thought we had the gap for Lewis to take fresh tyres and come back out in the lead behind the safety car , ahead of Nico and covering off any risk of another competitor taking fresh tyres . But the calculation was incorrect and he came out in third place . " Indeed , more than half of the teams pitted at least one car when the safety car was deployed , just as Hamilton did . However , he as race leader caught up with the safety car quicker and lost a considerably larger amount of time on his way into the pits , leading to him coming out behind Rosberg and Vettel . During the post @-@ race press conference , Hamilton revealed the decision to pit him was made after he had voiced concern over the heat in his tyres , being under the false impression that his rivals behind had already pitted for the softer compound . When asked whether he would have full confidence in the team 's strategy decisions in the future , he answered " yes " . At the podium interviews , conducted by Martin Brundle , Rosberg admitted his victory " was just a lot of luck " and added that " Lewis drove brilliantly and he would have also deserved the win for sure " . Rosberg became the fourth driver overall , and the first since Ayrton Senna , to win the Monaco Grand Prix three times in a row . Following the accident with Romain Grosjean , the race stewards handed Max Verstappen a five @-@ place grid penalty for the next race , the Canadian Grand Prix . For the first time in his Formula One career , Verstappen also had two penalty points added to his FIA Super Licence . Verstappen was criticised for his actions by fellow driver Felipe Massa , who said that he deserved the penalty . Verstappen reacted by insisting that he had done nothing wrong , instead pointing to Massa 's own accident at the 2014 Canadian Grand Prix , where Massa had crashed into the back of Sergio Pérez in similar fashion . Immediately following the race , Verstappen had accused Grosjean of " brake @-@ testing " him , a claim denied by Grosjean , who insisted that he had braked even later than the lap before . The race results meant that Nico Rosberg moved closer towards his teammate 's championship lead , now ten points behind Hamilton . Sebastian Vettel followed another 18 points behind . Meanwhile , in the Constructors ' Championship , Mercedes extended their lead over Ferrari to 84 points . = = Classification = = = = = Qualifying = = = Notes ^ 1 — Romain Grosjean received a five place grid penalty for an unscheduled gearbox change . ^ 2 — Carlos Sainz , Jr. was penalised with a pit lane start for bypassing a weight request following Q1 . = = = Race = = = = = = Championship standings after the race = = = Note : Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings .
= Randy Pausch = Randolph Frederick " Randy " Pausch ( October 23 , 1960 – July 25 , 2008 ) was an American professor of computer science , human – computer interaction , and design at Carnegie Mellon University ( CMU ) in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . Pausch learned that he had pancreatic cancer in September 2006 , and in August 2007 he was given a terminal diagnosis : " 3 to 6 months of good health left " . He gave an upbeat lecture titled " The Last Lecture : Really Achieving Your Childhood Dreams " on September 18 , 2007 , at Carnegie Mellon , which became a popular YouTube video and led to other media appearances . He then co @-@ authored a book called The Last Lecture on the same theme , which became a New York Times best @-@ seller . Pausch died of complications from pancreatic cancer on July 25 , 2008 . = = Early life = = Pausch was born in Baltimore , Maryland , and grew up in Columbia , Maryland . After graduating from Oakland Mills High School in Columbia , Pausch received his bachelor 's degree in computer science from Brown University in May 1982 and his Ph.D. in computer science from Carnegie Mellon University in August 1988 . While completing his doctoral studies , Pausch was briefly employed at Xerox Palo Alto Research Center and Adobe Systems . = = Computer science career = = Pausch was an assistant and associate professor in the Department of Computer Science at the University of Virginia 's School of Engineering and Applied Science from 1988 until 1997 . While there , he completed sabbaticals at Walt Disney Imagineering and Electronic Arts ( EA ) . In 1997 , Pausch became Associate Professor of Computer Science , Human @-@ Computer Interaction , and Design at Carnegie Mellon University . In 1998 , he was a co @-@ founder , along with Don Marinelli , of CMU 's Entertainment Technology Center ( ETC ) , and he started the Building Virtual Worlds course at CMU , which he taught for 10 years . He consulted with Google on user interface design and also consulted with PARC , Imagineering , and Media Metrix . Pausch is also the founder of the Alice software project . He received the National Science Foundation Presidential Young Investigator Award and was a Lilly Foundation Teaching Fellow . Pausch was the author or co @-@ author of five books and over 70 articles . Pausch received two awards from ACM in 2007 for his achievements in computing education : the Karl V. Karlstrom Outstanding Educator Award and the ACM Special Interest Group on Computer Science Education Award for Outstanding Contributions to Computer Science Education . He was also inducted as a Fellow of the ACM in 2007 . = = Cancer and death = = Pausch was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer and underwent a Whipple procedure ( pancreaticoduodenectomy ) on September 19 , 2006 , in an unsuccessful attempt to halt the disease . He was told in August 2007 to expect a remaining three to six months of good health . He soon moved his family to Chesapeake , Virginia , a suburb near Norfolk , to be close to his wife 's family . On March 13 , 2008 , Pausch advocated for greater federal funding for pancreatic cancer before the United States Senate Appropriations Subcommittee on Labor , Health and Human Services , Education , and Related Agencies . In the week prior to this , he had been hospitalized in order to have needle aspiration of pleural effusion in his right lung . On May 2 , 2008 , a positron emission tomography ( PET ) scan showed that he had very tiny ( 5 millimetres ( 0 @.@ 20 in ) or less ) metastases in his lungs and in some of the lymph nodes in his chest . He also had metastases in his peritoneal and retroperitoneal cavities . On June 26 , 2008 , Pausch indicated that he was considering stopping further chemotherapy because of the potential adverse side effects . He was , however , considering some immuno @-@ therapy @-@ based approaches . On July 24 , on behalf of Pausch , a friend anonymously posted a message on Pausch 's webpage stating that a biopsy had indicated that the cancer had progressed farther than had been indicated by recent PET scans and that Pausch had " taken a step down " and was " much sicker than he had been " . The friend also stated that Pausch had then enrolled in a hospice program designed to provide palliative care to those at the end of life . Pausch died from pancreatic cancer at his family 's home in Chesapeake , Virginia on July 25 , 2008 , at the age of 47 . He is survived by his wife , Jai , and their three children , Dylan , Logan , and Chloe . = = " Really Achieving Your Childhood Dreams " = = Pausch delivered his " Last Lecture " , titled " Really Achieving Your Childhood Dreams " , at CMU on September 18 , 2007 . He gave an abridged version of his speech on The Oprah Winfrey Show in October 2007 . The talk was modeled after an ongoing series of lectures where top academics are asked to think deeply about what matters to them , and then give a hypothetical " final talk " , with a topic such as " what wisdom would you try to impart to the world if you knew it was your last chance ? " Before speaking , Pausch received a long standing ovation from a large crowd of over 400 colleagues and students . When he motioned them to sit down , saying , " Make me earn it " , someone in the audience shouted back , " You did ! " During the lecture , Pausch offered inspirational life lessons , and performed push @-@ ups on stage . He also commented on the irony that the " Last Lecture " series had recently been renamed as " Journeys " , saying , " I thought , damn , I finally nailed the venue and they renamed it . " After Pausch finished his lecture , Steve Seabolt , on behalf of Electronic Arts — which is now collaborating with CMU in the development of Alice 3 @.@ 0 — pledged to honor Pausch by creating a memorial scholarship for women in computer science , in recognition of Pausch 's support and mentoring of women in CS and engineering . CMU president Jared Cohon spoke emotionally of Pausch 's humanity and called his contributions to the university and to education " remarkable and stunning " . He then announced that CMU will celebrate Pausch 's impact on the world by building and naming after Pausch a raised pedestrian bridge to connect CMU 's new Computer Science building and the Center for the Arts , symbolizing the way Pausch linked those two disciplines . Brown University professor Andries van Dam followed Pausch 's last lecture with a tearful and impassioned speech praising him for his courage and leadership , calling him a role model . The Randy Pausch Memorial Footbridge was dedicated on October 30 , 2009 , with Jai , Dylan , Logan , and Chloe Pausch cutting the ribbon . = = = The Last Lecture = = = The Disney @-@ owned publisher Hyperion paid $ 6 @.@ 7 million for the rights to publish a book about Pausch called The Last Lecture , co @-@ authored by Pausch and Wall Street Journal reporter Jeffrey Zaslow . The book became a New York Times best @-@ seller on April 28 , 2008 . The Last Lecture expands on Pausch 's speech . The book 's first printing had 400 @,@ 000 copies , and it has been translated into 46 languages . It has spent more than 85 weeks on the New York Times bestseller list , and there are now more than 4 @.@ 5 million copies in print in the U.S. alone . Despite speculation that the book would be made into a movie , Pausch had denied these rumors , stating that " there 's a reason to do the book , but if it 's telling the story of the lecture in the medium of film , we already have that . " = = = Media coverage = = = Pausch was named " Person of the Week " on ABC 's World News with Charles Gibson on September 21 , 2007 . His " Last Lecture " attracted wide attention from the international media , became an Internet hit , and was viewed over a million times in the first month after its delivery . On October 22 , 2007 , Pausch appeared on The Oprah Winfrey Show where he discussed his situation and summarized his " Last Lecture " . On October 6 , 2007 , Pausch joined the Pittsburgh Steelers for the day during their regular practice , after the organization learned that one of his childhood dreams mentioned in his " Last Lecture " was to play in the NFL . On April 9 , 2008 , the ABC network aired an hour @-@ long Diane Sawyer feature on Pausch titled " The Last Lecture : A Love Story For Your Life " . On July 29 , 2008 , ABC aired a follow @-@ up to the Last Lecture special , remembering Pausch and his famous lecture . = = = Other lectures and appearances = = = Pausch gave a lecture about time management on November 27 , 2007 at the University of Virginia , to an audience of over 850 people . In March 2008 , Pausch appeared in a public service announcement video and testified before Congress in support of cancer research . On May 18 , 2008 , Pausch made a surprise return appearance at Carnegie Mellon , giving a speech at the commencement ceremony , as well as attending the School of Computer Science 's diploma ceremony , and on May 19 Pausch appeared on the show Good Morning America . His lecture , " Really Achieving Your Childhood Dreams " , was nominated at the 2007 YouTube Video Awards . A devoted Star Trek fan , Pausch was invited by film director J. J. Abrams to film a role in Star Trek . Abrams heard of Pausch 's condition and sent a personal e @-@ mail inviting Pausch to the set . Pausch accepted and traveled to Los Angeles , California to shoot his scene . In addition to appearing in the film , he also has a line of dialogue at the beginning of the film ( " Captain , we have visual . " ) and donated the $ 217 @.@ 06 paycheck to charity . = = Honors = = The Pittsburgh City Council declared November 19 , 2007 to be " Dr. Randy Pausch Day " . In May 2008 , Pausch was listed by Time as one of the World 's Top @-@ 100 Most Influential People . Randy was named Pittsburgher of the Year 2008 . On May 30 , 2008 , Randy received a letter from then President George W. Bush thanking him for his commitment to the Nation 's youth . On February 4 , 2009 , The Walt Disney Company dedicated a tribute plaque at Walt Disney World near the " Mad Tea Party " attraction with a quote by Randy that reads " Be good at something ; It makes you valuable ... Have something to bring to the table , because that will make you more welcome . " The Walt Disney Company also created the Disney Memorial Pausch Fellowship at Carnegie Mellon University , which will support two graduate students . Per Jared Cohon 's announcement on the day of the Last Lecture , a raised pedestrian bridge at CMU that connects the Gates Computer Science building and the Purnell Center for the Arts is named after Pausch , symbolizing the way he linked the two disciplines . = = Other publications = = Adding input and output to the transactional model ( Research paper , CMU ) , 1988 Dann , Wanda P. ; Cooper , Stephen ; Pausch , Randy ( 2005 @-@ 07 @-@ 25 ) . Learning to Program with Alice . Prentice Hall . ISBN 0 @-@ 13 @-@ 187289 @-@ 3 .
= Public Relations Society of America = The Public Relations Society of America ( PRSA ) is a nonprofit trade association for public relations professionals headquartered in New York City . It was founded in 1947 by combining the American Council on Public Relations and the National Association of Public Relations Councils . That year it had its first annual conference and award ceremony . In the 1950s and 1960s , the society created its code of conduct , accreditation program and a student society called the Public Relations Student Society of America . In the 1970s and 1980s , its membership attained a stronger female demographic and the society had its first female Presidents . PRSA created a definition of public relations in 1982 , which was updated with a crowd @-@ sourced version in 2011 . PRSA is governed by a Leadership Assembly that consists of delegates representing its membership , a board of directors and various committees and task forces . Positions are elected and served on a volunteer basis . PRSA hosts an accreditation program , industry awards , networking events and a code of conduct . PRSA also advocates on behalf of the public relations industry for changes in education and for the credibility of the profession . = = History = = The Public Relations Society of America was formed in 1947 by combining the American Council on Public Relations and the National Association of Public Relations Councils . The society had its first annual conference in Philadelphia , where Richard Falk was given PRSA 's first " annual citation " for advancing the field of public relations . Several ethical violations in the field led to discussions about ethics within the society . At the 1952 annual conference , a speaker used Adolf Hitler as an example of the potential abuse of communications . The society published its first code of conduct and its first Anvil awards two years later . The code of conduct was later ratified in 1959 and again in 1963 . PRSA merged with the American Public Relations Association in 1961 and started its accreditation program for public relations professionals the next year . The Public Relations Student Society of America ( PRSSA ) was created in 1967 based on suggestions by Professor Walter Seifer of Ohio State University . In the 1970s to early 1980s , PRSA 's female membership base increased , coinciding with more women pursuing a career in the field . PRSA had its first female President in 1972 and a second female President in 1983 . In 1981 , 78 percent of PRSA 's student society were women , up from 38 percent in 1968 . The society grew to 9 @,@ 000 members by 1981 , up from 4 @,@ 500 members in 1960 . In 1977 , the Federal Trade Commission ( FTC ) said PRSA 's code of conduct inhibited fair competition by requiring members not to solicit clients from other members . It issued a consent order that required PRSA to remove content from its code of conduct that contained sexist language , discouraged soliciting clients from other members or encouraged price @-@ fixing activities . PRSA 's first definition of public relations was created in 1982 as " Public relations helps an organization and its publics adapt mutually to each other . ” In 1986 , PRSA 's then President Anthony Franco resigned from his post after it was revealed he was accused of insider trading by the Securities Exchange Commission . The PRSA 's philanthropy arm , the PRSA Foundation , was founded in 1990 . In 1994 O 'Dwyer from the O 'Dwyer 's PR trade journal alleged that PRSA was violating copyright laws by lending articles from USA Today , The New York Times , O 'Dwyer 's and others to members . Although O 'Dwyer has been a critic of PRSA since the 1970s , this is often considered the beginning of a long @-@ term dispute between PRSA and O 'Dwyer that PR News described as a " never @-@ ending back @-@ and @-@ forth . " In 1996 and 2011 O 'Dwyer criticized PRSA on issues such as financial transparency , auditing and spending in the context of proposed increases in membership dues . PRSA said the increases were caused by an increase in services to members . In 2000 , PRSA and the Institute of Public Relations signed a mutual declaration saying the two would work together in areas like ethics , education , accreditation , professional development and new media . The society started two efforts to revise its definition of public relations in 2003 and 2007 , but neither moved forward . In November 2011 , PRSA led an initiative called Public Relations Defined , in order to create a crowd @-@ sourced definition of public relations . 927 submissions were made on PRSA 's website filling in the blanks to the statement : " Public relations ( does what ) with or for ( whom ) to ( do what ) for ( what purpose ) . ” The winning definition was : " a strategic communication process that builds mutually beneficial relationships between organisations and their bodies . " According to the Chartered Institute of Public Relations ( CIPR ) " reactions to the new PRSA definition were mixed and views vigorously debated . " In 2011 PRSA publicized accusations that O 'Dwyer had been eavesdropping on PRSA 's conference calls . Later that year PRSA started refusing O 'Dwyer entrance to their events and sent a 23 @-@ page letter to O 'Dwyer describing his behavior as disruptive and unethical . The National Press Club tried to negotiate his entrance unsuccessfully . = = Organization = = PRSA is organized as a 501 ( c ) ( 6 ) not @-@ for @-@ profit organization and governed by a set of bylaws . A Chair is nominated each year and elected based on a vote of the Leadership Assembly . The Leadership Assembly consists of one delegate for every 100 members , as well as anyone that holds an elected office . Elected positions within PRSA are held on a volunteer @-@ basis . A Board of Directors can propose membership fee changes that must be approved by the assembly . The board has the authority to create or dissolve task forces and committees as well as revoke or reward membership status . PRSA 's Board of Ethics and Professional Standards and the Universal Accreditation Board make recommendations on the code of conduct and accreditation programs respectively . PRSA has more than 100 chapters in ten districts , 300 student chapters and 14 interest groups . Since the 1970s , the PRSA had restricted the right to sit in the group 's national assembly or to seek election to the national board to those possessing an APR certification . The requirement for the assembly was dropped in 2004 , but was maintained for those seeking board membership . In 2010 a revolt led by Richard Edelman and a group calling itself " the Committee for a Democratic PRSA " called for the restriction to be scrapped . The attempt to overturn the rule was defeated in a vote during that year 's session of the assembly . In 2003 a proposal to amend the society 's bylaws to allow non @-@ accredited professionals to run for PRSA 's offices was defeated , but the motion passed the following year . = = Services = = PRSA hosts an accreditation program called APR ( accreditation in public relations ) that evaluates a PR professional in four categories : research , planning , implementation and evaluation . Accreditation is usually granted to candidates with five to seven years of experience upon completion of written and oral examinations . About 20 percent of PRSA 's members are accredited . PRSA hosts the Anvil awards , which are issued based on four components : research , planning , execution and evaluation . The Gold Anvil is awarded to individuals . The Silver Anvil is awarded for strategy and the Bronze for tactics . It also issues awards such as Grand Gold Pick , Rookie of the Year , Lifetime Achievement and PR person of the year . PRSA 's Public Relations Journal was published from October 1945 to 1995 . Its original mission statement was " to carry articles that deal with fundamental public relations problems , as they currently press for solution . " The journal was comparable to a text @-@ heavy academic periodical . PRSA still publishes The Strategist and Tactics . The Strategist is a quarterly glossy magazine intended for executives , while Tactics is a monthly news tabloid . The Public Relations Society of America publishes a code of ethics . Members that violate the code may have their membership revoked , usually under its mandate that members " not engage in any practice which tends to corrupt the integrity of channels of public communication " and that members act " in accord with public welfare . " The code also expects PRSA members to identify the source of their communications , avoid derogatory methods and avoid abusing insider information . According to the code of conduct , members should " protect and advance the free flow of accurate and truthful information ; foster informed decision @-@ making through open communication ... and work to strengthen the public 's trust in the profession . " The code states that members " adhere to the highest standards of accuracy and truth . " A story in CBS criticized the code : " Show me a PR person who is ' accurate ' and ' truthful , ' and I 'll show you a PR person who is unemployed . " The code of ethics has been revised in 1954 , 1959 , 1963 , 1977 , 1983 , 1988 and 2000 . = = Research and advocacy = = The Public Relations Society of America and the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication commissioned studies in 1975 and 1987 on the state of public relations in education . They found that too many classes were taught by educators with little or no experience in the field and that most didn 't have a post @-@ graduate degree . Several standards in education were established by the studies , including that 75 percent of coursework for PR professionals be outside the major . In 1991 , PRSA hosted a Task Force on the Structure and Role on Public Relations , which found that public relations teachers still lacked practical experience . In 1993 PRSA published a Professional Career Guide , which classified skills and knowledge that were needed at five different levels of someone 's career . PRSA also advocates that MBA programs include communications programs , so business executives will be more prepared for a crisis . PRSA advocates for the trust , credibility and respect of public relations as a profession , believing that PR can facilitate open communication that allows for an informed public and supports the democratic process . In 1999 , a National Credibility Index from PRSA found that PR professionals were among the least credible of professions as a spokesperson . The PRSA objected to the actions of the Redner Group in 2011 , when the PR firm threatened to blacklist media that gave Duke Nukem negative reviews . In 2012 a Senate subcommittee investigated the communications and advertising spend of eleven government agencies . PRSA opposed the investigation , presenting that the effort dismissed the value of public relations in government .
= Thumbelina = " Thumbelina " ( Danish : Tommelise ) is a literary fairy tale by Hans Christian Andersen first published by C. A. Reitzel on 16 December 1835 in Copenhagen , Denmark with " The Naughty Boy " and " The Traveling Companion " in the second installment of Fairy Tales Told for Children . " Thumbelina " is about a tiny girl and her adventures with appearance- and marriage @-@ minded toads , moles , and cockchafers . She successfully avoids their intentions before falling in love with a flower @-@ fairy prince just her size . " Thumbelina " is chiefly Andersen 's invention , though he did take inspiration from tales of miniature people such as " Tom Thumb " . " Thumbelina " was published as one of a series of seven fairy tales in 1835 which were not well received by the Danish critics who disliked their informal style and their lack of morals . One critic , however , applauded " Thumbelina " . The earliest English translation of " Thumbelina " is dated 1846 . The tale has been adapted to various media including television drama and animated film . = = Plot = = In the first English translation of 1847 by Mary Howitt , the tale opens with a beggar woman giving a peasant 's wife a barleycorn in exchange for food . Once planted , a tiny girl , Thumbelina ( Tommelise ) , emerges from its flower . One night , Thumbelina , asleep in her walnut @-@ shell cradle , is carried off by a toad who wants the miniature maiden as a bride for her son . With the help of friendly fish and a butterfly , Thumbelina escapes the toad and her son , and drifts on a lily pad until captured by a stag beetle who later discards her when his friends reject her company . Thumbelina tries to protect herself from the elements , but when winter comes , she is in desperate straits . She is finally given shelter by an old field mouse and tends her dwelling in gratitude . The mouse suggests Thumbelina marry her neighbor , a mole , but Thumbelina finds repulsive the prospect of being married to such a creature because he spent all his days underground and never saw the sun or sky . The field mouse keeps pushing Thumbelina into the marriage , saying the mole is a good match for her , and does not listen to her protests . At the last minute , Thumbelina escapes the situation by fleeing to a far land with a swallow she nursed back to health during the winter . In a sunny field of flowers , Thumbelina meets a tiny flower @-@ fairy prince just her size and to her liking , and they wed . She receives a pair of wings to accompany her husband on his travels from flower to flower , and a new name , Maia . In Hans Christian Andersen 's version of the story , a bluebird had been viewing Thumbelina 's story since the beginning and had been in love with her since . In the end , the bird is heartbroken once Thumbelina marries the flower @-@ fairy prince , and flies off eventually arriving at a small house . There , he tells Thumbelina 's story to a man who is implied to be Andersen himself and chronicles the story in a book . = = Background = = Hans Christian Andersen was born in Odense , Denmark on 2 April 1805 to Hans Andersen , a shoemaker , and Anne Marie Andersdatter . An only and a spoiled child , Andersen shared a love of literature with his father who read him The Arabian Nights and the fables of Jean de la Fontaine . Together , they constructed panoramas , pop @-@ up pictures , and toy theatres , and took long jaunts into the countryside . Andersen 's father died in 1816 , and from then on , Andersen was left to his own devices . In order to escape his poor , illiterate mother , he promoted his artistic inclinations and courted the cultured middle class of Odense , singing and reciting in their drawing @-@ rooms . On 4 September 1819 , the fourteen @-@ year @-@ old Andersen left Odense for Copenhagen with the few savings he had acquired from his performances , a letter of reference to the ballerina Madame Schall , and youthful dreams and intentions of becoming a poet or an actor . After three years of rejections and disappointments , he finally found a patron in Jonas Collin , the director of the Royal Theatre , who , believing in the boy 's potential , secured funds from the king to send Andersen to a grammar school in Slagelse , a provincial town in west Zealand , with the expectation that the boy would continue his education at Copenhagen University at the appropriate time . At Slagelse , Andersen fell under the tutelage of Simon Meisling , a short , stout , balding thirty @-@ five @-@ year @-@ old classicist and translator of Virgil 's Aeneid . Andersen was not the quickest student in the class and was given generous doses of Meisling 's contempt . " You 're a stupid boy who will never make it , " Meisling told him . Meisling is believed to be the model for the learned mole in " Thumbelina " . Fairy tale and folklorists Iona and Peter Opie have proposed the tale as a " distant tribute " to Andersen 's confidante , Henriette Wulff , the small , frail , hunchbacked daughter of the Danish translator of Shakespeare who loved Andersen as Thumbelina loves the swallow ; however , no written evidence exists to support the theory . = = Publication and critical reception = = Andersen published two installments of his first collection of Fairy Tales Told for Children in 1835 , the first in May and the second in December . " Thumbelina " was first published in the December installment by C. A. Reitzel on 16 December 1835 in Copenhagen . " Thumbelina " was the first tale in the booklet which included two other tales : " The Naughty Boy " and " The Traveling Companion " . The story was republished in collected editions of Andersen 's works in 1850 and 1862 . The first reviews of the seven tales of 1835 did not appear until 1836 and the Danish critics were not enthusiastic . The informal , chatty style of the tales and their lack of morals were considered inappropriate in children ’ s literature . One critic however acknowledged " Thumbelina " to be “ the most delightful fairy tale you could wish for . ” The critics offered Andersen no further encouragement . One literary journal never mentioned the tales at all while another advised Andersen not to waste his time writing fairy tales . One critic stated that Andersen " lacked the usual form of that kind of poetry [ ... ] and would not study models " . Andersen felt he was working against their preconceived notions of what a fairy tale should be , and returned to novel @-@ writing , believing it was his true calling . The critical reaction to the 1835 tales was so harsh that he waited an entire year before publishing " The Little Mermaid " and " The Emperor 's New Clothes " in the third and final installment of Fairy Tales Told for Children . = = English translations = = Mary Howitt was the first to translate " Tommelise " into English and published it as " Thumbelina " in Wonderful Stories for Children in 1846 . However , she did not approve of the opening scene with the witch , and , instead , had the childless woman provide bread and milk to a hungry beggar woman who then rewarded her hostess with a barleycorn . Charles Boner also translated the tale in 1846 as " Little Ellie " while Madame de Chatelain dubbed the child ' Little Totty ' in her 1852 translation . The editor of The Child 's Own Book ( 1853 ) called the child throughout , ' Little Maja ' . H. W. Dulcken was probably the translator responsible for the name , ' Thumbelina ' . His widely published volumes of Andersen 's tales appeared in 1864 and 1866 . Mrs. H.B. Paulli translated the name as ' Little Tiny ' in the late @-@ nineteenth century . In the twentieth century , Erik Christian Haugaard translated the name as ' Inchelina ' in 1974 , and Jeffrey and Diane Crone Frank translated the name as ' Thumbelisa ' in 2005 . Modern English translations of " Thumbelina " are found in the six @-@ volume complete edition of Andersen 's tales from the 1940s by Jean Hersholt , and Erik Christian Haugaard ’ s translation of the complete tales in 1974 . = = Commentaries = = For fairy tale researchers and folklorists Iona and Peter Opie , " Thumbelina " is an adventure story from the feminine point of view with its moral being people are happiest with their own kind . They point out that Thumbelina is a passive character , the victim of circumstances whereas her male counterpart Tom Thumb ( one of the tale ’ s inspirations ) is an active character , makes himself felt , and exerts himself . Folklorist Maria Tatar sees “ Thumbelina ” as a runaway bride story and notes that it has been viewed as an allegory about arranged marriages , and a fable about being true to one ’ s heart that upholds the traditional notion that the love of a prince is to be valued above all else . She points out that in Hindu belief , a thumb @-@ sized being known as the innermost self or soul dwells in the heart of all beings , human or animal , and that the concept may have migrated to European folklore and taken form as Tom Thumb and Thumbelina , both of whom seek transfiguration and redemption . She detects parallels between Andersen ’ s tale and the Greek myth of Demeter and her daughter , Persephone , and , notwithstanding the pagan associations and allusions in the tale , notes that " Thumbelina " repeatedly refers to Christ ‘ s suffering and resurrection , and the Christian concept of salvation . Andersen biographer Jackie Wullschlager indicates that “ Thumbelina ” was the first of Andersen 's tales to dramatize the sufferings of one who is different , and , as a result of being different , becomes the object of mockery . It was also the first of Andersen 's tales to incorporate the swallow as the symbol of the poetic soul and Andersen ’ s identification with the swallow as a migratory bird whose pattern of life his own traveling days were beginning to resemble . Roger Sale believes Andersen expressed his feelings of social and sexual inferiority by creating characters that are inferior to their beloveds . The Little Mermaid , for example , has no soul while her human beloved has a soul as his birthright . In “ Thumbelina ” , Andersen suggests the toad , the beetle , and the mole are Thumbelina ’ s inferiors and should remain in their places rather than wanting their superior . Sale indicates they are not inferior to Thumbelina but simply different . He suggests that Andersen may have done some damage to the animal world when he colored his animal characters with his own feelings of inferiority . Jacqueline Banerjee views the tale as a failure story . “ Not surprisingly , “ she writes , “ ” Thumbelina “ is now often read as a story of specifically female empowerment . “ Susie Stephens believes Thumbelina herself is a grotesque , and observes that “ the grotesque in children ’ s literature is [ ... ] a necessary and beneficial component that enhances the psychological welfare of the young reader “ . Children are attracted to the cathartic qualities of the grotesque , she suggests . Sidney Rosenblatt in his essay " Thumbelina and the Development of Female Sexuality " believes the tale may be analyzed , from the perspective of Freudian psychoanalysis , as the story of female masturbation . Thumbelina herself , he posits , could symbolize the clitoris , her rose petal coverlet the labia , the white butterfly " the budding genitals " , and the mole and the prince the anal and vaginal openings respectively . = = Adaptations = = = = = Animation = = = The earliest animated version of the tale is a silent , black @-@ and @-@ white release by director Herbert M. Dawley in 1924 . Lotte Reiniger released a 10 @-@ minute cinematic adaptation in 1954 featuring her " silhouette " puppets . Dyuymovochka was a Russian popular animation version from 1964 of a film studio " Soyuzmultfilm " . One of the best statements of the director Leonid Amalrik : in " Thumbelina " Andersen 's heroes loved by all play the pressing history of sufferings of the least girl on the earth . In 1983 , a Japanese version was released called Oyayubihime ( Princess Thumb ) ; 世界名作童話おやゆび姫 ( Sekai Meisaku Dōwa Oyayubi @-@ hime ; World Classic Fairytale Princess Thumb ) , a Toei Animation anime movie , with character designs by Tezuka Osamu from 1978 . In 1992 , The Golden Films released of Thumbelina ( 1992 ) , and Tom Thumb Meets Thumbelina afterwards . An animated , Japanese series adapted the plot , Thumbelina : A Magical Story ( 1992 ) and made it into a movie , released in 1993 . In 1994 , Warner Brothers released Thumbelina ( 1994 ) , directed by Don Bluth and Gary Goldman , with Jodi Benson as the voice of Thumbelina . The 2002 direct @-@ to @-@ DVD animated movie , The Adventures of Tom Thumb and Thumbelina , brought together the two most famous tiny people of literature , with Thumbelina voiced by Jennifer Love Hewitt . In 2005 , there was H.C. Andersens eventyrlige verden : Tommelise ( 2005 ) , The 2009 direct @-@ to @-@ DVD animated movie , Barbie Presents Thumbelina , where Barbie tells the story of the Twillerbees , with Thumbelina as the main character. in a modern @-@ day tale . She meets Makena , the daughter of a wealthy couple , who became the Twillerbees ' only hope for saving their home ( which was being torn due to a building construction by Makena 's parents ) . At the end , Barbie waves at Thumbelina and her friends before the Twillerbees magically make a plant grow in the sight of a little girl , revealing it is a true story . In 2015 , a modernized version of Thumbelina appears in the Disney Junior series , Goldie and Bear . In the episode , Thumbelina 's Wild Ride , Thumbelina is hired to babysit for Goldie and Bear . The two friends are initially put off by her small stature , thinking she 's almost helpless . When she tries getting the kids a snack , she falls down the kitchen sink and slides into the river behind the house . Goldie and Bear try to save her , but soon see that Thumbelina is resourceful , agile , and can lift several times her own weight . She saves herself from the river and even rescues the kids when they fall in trying to save her . The kids take an instant liking to her and can 't wait for the next time she babysits . Thumbelina is voiced by Debby Ryan . = = = Live action = = = On June 11 , 1985 , a television dramatization of the tale was broadcast as the 12th episode of the anthology series Faerie Tale Theatre . The production starred Carrie Fisher . A version of the tale was filmed in 1970 as an advertisement for " Pirates World " , a now @-@ defunct Florida theme park . Directed by Barry Mahon and with Shay Garner in the title role , this version was reused in its entirety as filler material for " Santa Claus and the Ice Cream Bunny " , a rival to such films as " Plan 9 from Outer Space " and " Manos : the Hands of Fate " for the title of most inept film ever made .
= The Rain King = " The Rain King " is the eighth episode of the sixth season of the American science fiction television series The X @-@ Files . It premiered on the Fox network on January 10 , 1999 . " The Rain King " was written by Jeffrey Bell and directed by Kim Manners . The episode is a " Monster @-@ of @-@ the @-@ Week " story , unconnected to the series ' wider mythology . " The Rain King " earned a Nielsen household rating of 12 @.@ 5 , being watched by 21 @.@ 2 million people in its initial broadcast . Critical reception to the episode was mostly mixed , with results ranging from negative to positive . The show centers on FBI special agents Fox Mulder ( David Duchovny ) and Dana Scully ( Gillian Anderson ) who work on cases linked to the paranormal , called X @-@ Files . Mulder is a believer in the paranormal , while the skeptical Scully has been assigned to debunk his work . In the episode , Mulder and Scully are asked to investigate the strange weather phenomena occurring in a small town . They find a man , Daryl Mootz , who claims to produce the rain . " The Rain King " was written by Jeffrey Bell , his first script for the show . The episode was originally purchased as a freelance script , but Bell was later hired on as a full @-@ time writer . Grapevine , Piru , and Culver City , California stood in for the fictional town of Kroner , Kansas during filming . The episode required several elaborate special effect sequences to create heart @-@ shaped hail as well as to simulate a flying cow . = = Plot = = On Valentine 's Day in Kroner , Kansas , Sheila Fontaine and Daryl Mootz get into an argument . Fontaine had put their engagement news in the paper , but Mootz had wanted to keep it a secret for as long as the drought makes business poor . After the argument , Mootz goes for a drunken drive but crashes after heart @-@ shaped hailstones wreck his car . Six months later , Mulder and Scully arrive in Kroner by request of the mayor . For several months a terrible drought has plagued the region . However , Mootz , now styling himself as " The Rain King " , seems to have the power to control the weather . For a hefty sum , he is able to make it rain . Mulder and Scully obtain a client list and head to the local television station to talk to the weatherman , Holman Hardt . Hardt admits that while Mootz 's talents are odd , he appears to truly have the power to control the weather . Mulder and Scully , both skeptical , attend one of Mootz 's rituals . Despite their preconceived notions , Mulder and Scully witness Mootz bring rain to a dry farm . Mulder and Scully check into a motel , where a cow crashes through the roof of Mulder 's room . After the incident , a tearful Sheila confesses that the cow might have been her fault . She admits that she 's experienced a strange history of weather @-@ related phenomena , and believes that she can unconsciously control the weather . Mulder assures her otherwise . During the conversation , Hardt over @-@ hears that Mootz was drunk the night of the accident , and is relieved . Immediately , Mootz 's rain powers seem to disappear . It is revealed that Holman Hardt is actually the one controlling the weather . All of the bizarre weather was the side @-@ effect of his long @-@ silent love for Sheila . He felt guilty that his weather @-@ related problem caused Mootz to crash his car , so he would cause it to rain for Mootz . Once he realized Mootz had been drunk the night of the accident , however , he stopped . Unfortunately , Mulder begins to unintentionally attract Sheila , resulting in a massive thunderstorm that materializes due to the meteorologist 's emotions . At the town 's high school reunion , however , Hardt admits his love for Sheila , who accepts him . The storm stops , and Hardt and Sheila live happily ever after . = = Production = = = = = Writing = = = " The Rain King " was the first episode written by then @-@ new X @-@ Files writer Jeffrey Bell . Bell , who never intended to work in television , sent the production staff three script ideas because he was a fan of the show . The staff agreed to buy one — which eventually became " The Rain King " — as a freelance script . Bell worked with Frank Spotnitz , John Shiban , and Vince Gilligan to edit the script by " boarding " it , a process where note cards are used to flesh out the story . The group of men pitched the story idea to series creator Chris Carter in August , and Bell was later hired as a show writer . The script went through considerable changes . Bell was unaware that his character of Daryl Mootz would " steal the show " . In addition , the relationship between Holman and the FBI agents grew stronger in subsequent drafts . In the final draft , Bell attempted to parallel the emotional state of Mulder and Scully with Hardt . He said , " Here you have a guy who 's affecting the weather because he 's repressing his emotions [ ... ] and who better to help him than two people whose emotions are repressed and never express their feelings for each other ? " = = = Filming = = = The scene in which Daryl Mootz crashes his car after being hit with heart @-@ shaped hail was filmed on a " lonely road " near Grapevine , California . The road was so seldom used that the Caltrans highway officials reportedly had no problem shutting down the entire road for the crew to film the scene . Director Kim Manners was very happy with the way the filming turned out , although he did note that the hardest shot to get was of the car crashing into the pole , because the car kept correcting itself and crashing at an undesired angle . Ilt Jones , the series ' location manager , decided to use Piru , California as a stand @-@ in for Kroner , Kansas — a fictitious city named after Bell 's college roommate . " How the Ghosts Stole Christmas " would later be filmed in the same town . The climactic scenes in Kroner 's high school were filmed at an actual abandoned high school in Culver City , California . Corey Kaplan and her art team were tasked with turning the derelict gym into a believable reunion set . = = = Effects = = = Property master Tom Day and costume designer Christine Peters were tasked with making a one @-@ legged version of Clayton Rohner , who portrayed Mootz . Day constructed a fake prosthetic leg and Peters created a harness that pulled Rohner 's actual leg out of the camera 's sight . The harness was later described as " painful " . The scene that featured a cow crashing through Mulder 's roof was elaborately orchestrated . Initially , Jones approached the owner of a motel called the Sierra Palona Motel and requested that it be used in the episode . A deal was made that stated that the production staff could cut a hole in the roof for the episode in exchange for a brand @-@ new roof after the episode was filmed . Duke Tomasick , The X @-@ Files construction coordinator , later said that the " fun part " was " calling local roofers and explaining just what kind of damage they 'd be repairing for us " . Special effects producer Bill Millar acquired several cows , put them in a field , and photographed them for reference . Using digital technology he animated one of the cows to create the effect of it being sucked upwards . Finally , a " cow puppet " was dropped on a re @-@ creation of Mulder 's motel room at Fox Studios . Millar noticed that the cow puppet 's color was different than his computer generated cow , forcing him to quickly change the color . Kim Manners later stated that his biggest regret with the episode is that he did not have David Duchovny respond " Got milk ? " after the cow crashed through his roof . = = Broadcast and reception = = " The Rain King " premiered on the Fox network on January 10 , 1999 . Following its initial American broadcast , the episode earned a Nielsen household rating of 12 @.@ 5 , with an 18 share — meaning that roughly 12 @.@ 5 percent of all television @-@ equipped households , and 18 percent of households watching television , were tuned in to the episode . It was viewed by 21 @.@ 20 million viewers . " The Rain King " was both the highest rated episode of Season 6 and the last episode of The X @-@ Files to be viewed by more than 20 million viewers . The episode aired in the United Kingdom and Ireland on Sky1 on April 25 , 1999 and received 0 @.@ 75 million viewers , making it the third most watched episode that week . Fox promoted the episode with the tagline " Mulder 's been abducted , infected , and discredited . Tonight , he faces his greatest peril ever ... a woman in love . " Critical reception was mostly mixed , with results ranging from negative to positive . Tom Kessenich , in his book Examination : An Unauthorized Look at Seasons 6 – 9 of the X @-@ Files wrote positively of the episode , saying , " ' The Rain King ' was cute . Very cute . [ … ] And yet I never found myself suffering from cuteness overload . In fact , I laughed and smiled the entire way through . " Starpulse named " The Rain King " as the ninth best X @-@ Files episode and praised the lighter approach to the paranormal , saying that the episode was an " ingenious way to use the paranormal motif of the show for something other than thrills " . Zack Handlen of The A.V. Club awarded the episode a " B + " grade . Despite criticizing the show for " filming in the land of sunshine and lemon drops " and " border [ ing ] on that overly twee independent movie vibe " , Handlen noted that " the episode ’ s essential sweetness has enough snarky asides from our heroes [ … ] that it never goes completely off the rails . " He did , however , note that the episode 's placement , after a string of several humorous episodes , hurt its reception ; he argued that , had it appeared in an earlier , darker season , the entry would now be viewed as " a cock @-@ eyed classic " . Robert Shearman and Lars Pearson , in their book Wanting to Believe : A Critical Guide to The X @-@ Files , Millennium & The Lone Gunmen , gave the episode a mixed review and rated the episode three out of five . The two praised the scene featuring the cow getting sucked up by the tornado , calling it " really , very funny " and " comic genius " , but noted that " a romantic comedy cannot work by flying cows alone . " Shearman and Pearson cited casting flaws as to why the episodes as not able to live up to its potential . Other reviews were more negative . In a review of the seventh season episode " Brand X " , Sarah Kendzior from 11th Hour Magazine cited " The Rain King " as one of the worst episodes of The X @-@ Files . Paula Vitaris from Cinefantastique gave the episode a mixed review and awarded it two stars out of four . Vitaris heavily criticized the " flying cow " scene — noting that the scene was both " poorly executed " and " offensive " for turning the death of a creature into a joke — as well as the final scene , which , according to her , featured a " false pastel sky " . Andy Meisler , in The End and the Beginning noted that the episode was poorly received by fans on the Internet .
= Blair Wark = Blair Anderson Wark , VC , DSO ( 27 July 1894 – 13 June 1941 ) was an Australian recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest decoration for gallantry " in the face of the enemy " that can be awarded to members of the British and other Commonwealth armed forces . A quantity surveyor and member of the Citizens Military Force , Wark enlisted in the Australian Imperial Force on 5 August 1915 , for service in the First World War . After initially being employed in the defence of the Suez Canal , his battalion was shipped to the Western Front ; it was here that Wark would be twice decorated for his bravery and leadership . Having received the Distinguished Service Order in 1917 for his actions at the Battle of Polygon Wood , Wark was awarded the Victoria Cross in 1918 for his leadership and gallantry when in temporary command of his battalion over a three @-@ day period , while conducting operations against the Hindenburg Line . Returning to Australia after the war , Wark resumed work as a quantity surveyor and established his own business . A respected member of Australian society , he held several positions and directorships in various companies and charities , before re @-@ enlisting for service in the Second World War . Promoted to lieutenant colonel , Wark assumed command of the 1st Battalion ( City of Sydney 's Own Regiment ) , but died suddenly at Puckapunyal Camp , Victoria , of coronary heart disease at the age of 46 . = = Early life = = Wark was born in Bathurst , New South Wales , on 27 July 1894 , the fourth child of Alexander Wark , a gas engineer from Scotland , and his native @-@ born wife Blanche Adelaide Maria ( née Forde ) . He was educated at Fairleigh Grammar School , Bathurst , and St. Leonard 's Superior Public School before attending Sydney Technical College , where he studied quantity surveying . In the twelve months prior to July 1912 , Wark was a senior cadet in the Australian Army Cadets , rising to the rank of sergeant within his unit . During this time , he was working as a quantity surveyor before he enlisted in the 18th North Sydney Infantry , Citizen Military Force . Promoted to corporal in early 1913 , he received a commission as a second lieutenant on 16 August , and for the subsequent year was assigned to full @-@ time defence duties in the port of Sydney . = = First World War = = = = = Enlistment , August 1915 , to Western Front , September 1918 = = = On 5 August 1915 , Wark enlisted in the Australian Imperial Force , and was posted as a lieutenant to C Company of the newly raised 30th Battalion . He proceeded to the Sydney suburb of Liverpool , where he attended an infantry school before training at the Royal Military College , Duntroon . On 9 November , the 30th Battalion embarked for Egypt aboard the troopship HMAT A72 Beltana . Upon arrival in December , the battalion was tasked with the defence of the Suez Canal where , on 20 February 1916 , Wark was promoted to captain . In June 1916 , the battalion departed from Alexandria to join the British Expeditionary Force in France for service on the Western Front ; they arrived at Marseilles on 23 June . The 30th Battalion 's first major action began with the outbreak of the Battle of Fromelles on 19 July 1916 . The unit was originally designated with providing carrying parties for supplies and ammunition during the battle , but was subsequently pulled into the fighting . Wark commanded a company during the action , until being evacuated to the 7th Stationary Hospital with a gunshot wound to his leg . He was transferred to the 3rd London General Hospital in England three days later , and moved again to the 5th Australian Auxiliary Hospital , Digswell House , Welwyn , on 7 August . Recovered by September , Wark was discharged and granted leave before returning to France and the 30th Battalion later that month . On 9 October 1916 , Wark was attached to the 32nd Battalion , a position that became permanent on 18 November . The 32nd Battalion saw no major offensive action for the remainder of the year , and on 2 January 1917 , Wark gained admission to the Army Infantry School . By February he was back with the 32nd Battalion , and took part in actions at Sunray Trench during March . For these , and further actions at Fromelles , Wark was recommended for the Distinguished Service Order , but the award was never made . He was promoted to major on 27 April , and in June was granted six days of leave to Paris . In late September and early October , Wark commanded a company in the Ypres sector of Belgium during the Battle of Polygon Wood . On 29 September — the first day of the battle — Wark 's men successfully repelled the leading waves of a German counter @-@ attack and , with artillery support , drove off the remainder . Over the following three days , his constant patrolling and personal reconnaissance of the German positions enabled him to ascertain when they were massing for further counter @-@ attacks ; on one occasion he dispersed the assembling German troops with rifle fire and grenades . For his actions during the battle , Wark was awarded the Distinguished Service Order , the details of which were published in a supplement to the London Gazette on 3 June 1918 . Granted sixteen days leave to the United Kingdom from 3 November , Wark was selected for a senior officers ' course at Aldershot , England , in January 1918 . On graduation he rejoined the 32nd Battalion in March as its second @-@ in @-@ command , and was Mentioned in the Despatches of Field Marshal Sir Douglas Haig on 7 April . Throughout June and July , Wark temporarily commanded the 32nd Battalion , which had played little part in the German Spring Offensive . The battalion took part in the Battle of Amiens on 8 August , and " was subsequently involved in the operations that continued to press the retreating Germans through August and into September " . = = = Victoria Cross , September 1918 , to repatriation , September 1919 = = = From 29 September to 1 October 1918 , Wark assumed temporary command of the 32nd Battalion , leading the unit in the 5th Division 's attack against the Hindenburg Line at Bellicourt , and the subsequent advance through Nauroy , Etricourt , Magny La Fosse and Joncourt . This series of battles became the 32nd Battalion 's final actions for the war , and it was during this period that Wark earned his Victoria Cross . The 32nd Battalion was to commence its attack at Bellicourt at 09 : 00 on 29 September , and move south through the village . Due to mist and smoke from a preceding artillery barrage , visibility was poor . When the advance was held up by two German machine guns , Wark ordered a tank to neutralise them . On reaching the southern end of St Quentin Canal tunnel , Wark came across two hundred troops of the American 117th Infantry Regiment who appeared to be leaderless , and attached them to his own command . A short time later , with visibility still poor , he appropriated armoured reinforcements and began an advance on the village of Nauroy . As the fog began to lift , Wark organised his troops for an attack on the village from a southerly direction . By 11 : 30 , the battalion had taken the village , along with forty Germans as prisoners of war . Shortly afterwards , Wark observed a battery of German 77 mm guns firing on his rear companies , causing heavy casualties . Collecting a party of his men , he rushed the battery and succeeded in capturing four guns in conjunction with ten crewmen . With only two men , he pushed forward and surprised fifty Germans near Magny @-@ la @-@ Fosse who subsequently surrendered . At 15 : 00 , he halted his battalion near Joncourt , and sent out patrols which found the town still occupied by enemy forces . The 32nd Battalion responded by withdrawing slightly and strengthening its line . At 17 : 30 , the Germans launched a counter @-@ attack that was repulsed with the assistance of the 31st Battalion , together with some men from the 46th Infantry Division . At 07 : 00 the next day , the 32nd Battalion attacked once more , advancing 1 @,@ 500 metres ( 1 @,@ 600 yd ) to a point just north of Etricourt . Under heavy shelling and machine gun fire , they established a line between Joncourt and Etricourt . On 1 October , at 06 : 00 , with a company attached from the 30th Battalion , the 32nd Battalion launched an attack that cut through Joncourt . Leading from the front , Wark dashed forward and silenced machine guns that were causing heavy casualties ; this enabled the 5th Division to complete its task of forcing through to the Beaurevoir Line . The full citation for Wark 's Victoria Cross appeared in a supplement to the London Gazette on 26 December 1918 , reading : War Office , 26th December , 1918 His Majesty the KING has been graciously pleased to approve of the award of the Victoria Cross to the undermentioned Officers , N.C.O. ' s and Men : — Maj. Blair Anderson Wark , D.S.O. , 32nd Bn . , A.I.F. For most conspicuous bravery , initiative and control during the period 29th Sept. to 1st Oct. 1918 , in the operations against the Hindenburg Line at Bellicourt and the advance through Nauroy , Etricourt , Magny La Fosse and Joncourt . On 29th Sept . , after personal reconnaissance under heavy fire , he led his command forward at a critical period and restored the situation . Moving fearlessly at the head of , and at times far in advance of , his troops , he cheered his men on through Nauroy , thence towards Etricourt . Still leading his assaulting companies , he observed a battery of 77mm. guns firing on his rear companies and causing heavy casualties . Collecting a few of his men , he rushed the battery , capturing four guns and ten of the crew . Then moving rapidly forward with only two N.C.O.s , he surprised and captured fifty Germans near Magny La Fosse . On 1st Oct. , 1918 , he again showed fearless leading and gallantry in attack , and without hesitation and regardless of personal risk dashed forward and silenced machine guns which were causing heavy casualties . Throughout he displayed the greatest courage , skilful leading and devotion to duty , and his work was invaluable . The 32nd Battalion was resting and retraining away from the frontline when the Armistice was signed on 11 November 1918 . On 5 January 1919 , Wark was granted leave to the United Kingdom , where he accepted his Victoria Cross from King George V on 13 February . Returning to his unit six days later , Wark was then assigned to the 30th Battalion , and sent back to England in preparation for demobilisation . On 31 May 1919 , Wark married Phyllis Marquiss Munro at St George 's Parish Church , Worthing , Sussex ; ten days later , he boarded HT Port Lyttleton to return to Australia , where he was discharged from the Australian Imperial Force on 28 September 1919 . Two of Wark 's brothers also served in the First World War , both in the 56th Battalion ; Alexander was a sergeant , while Keith , a recipient of the Distinguished Conduct Medal , rose to the rank of lieutenant . = = Later life = = On demobilisation Wark resumed business as a quantity surveyor in Sydney , later becoming a principal of Thompson & Wark , quantity surveyors . In June 1920 , he was in charge of ten fellow Victoria Cross recipients when they were introduced to the Prince of Wales at Government House , during the latter 's visit to Australia . Wark became a respected member of Australian society , holding several honorary public positions , including director of the Royal North Shore Hospital , life governor of the New South Wales Benevolent Society , and a councillor of the National Roads and Motorists ' Association of New South Wales . He was a committee member of the Hawkesbury River Race Club , as well as holding directorships in various insurance and petroleum companies . In 1922 , Wark and Phyllis divorced ; five years later , on 10 December 1927 , he married Catherine Mary Davis at St Stephen 's Presbyterian Church , Sydney . The pair later had one son and two daughters . On 17 April 1940 , Wark returned to active duty in the Second World War , and was appointed to the 1st Battalion ( City of Sydney 's Own Regiment ) as a major . On 26 July , he was promoted to temporary lieutenant colonel and assumed command of the battalion . While bivouacked at Puckapunyal Camp , Victoria , he died suddenly of coronary heart disease on 13 June 1941 . The medical officer attending later concluded : " The cause of death in my opinion was angina pectoris , the fatal attack having been brought on by physical exertion during a night exercise under very cold conditions . " He was cremated on 16 June at Eastern Suburbs Crematorium , Sydney , after a full military funeral , and his ashes were interred at Woronora Cemetery , Sydney . Wark 's Victoria Cross is currently on display at the Queensland Museum , South Bank .
= Pilot ( American Horror Story ) = " Pilot " is the first episode and the series premiere of the television series American Horror Story , which premiered on the network FX on October 5 , 2011 . The episode was co @-@ written by series creators Ryan Murphy and Brad Falchuk and directed by Murphy . Falchuk and Murphy had previously collaborated on the Fox musical comedy @-@ drama Glee . In this episode , the Harmon family – Ben ( Dylan McDermott ) , Vivien ( Connie Britton ) and Violet ( Taissa Farmiga ) – move from Boston to Los Angeles after Vivien gives birth to a stillborn baby and Ben has an affair with one of his students . The family moves to a restored mansion , unaware that the home is haunted . While Vivien tries to deal with intrusive neighbor Constance ( Jessica Lange ) , Violet connects with troubled teenager Tate ( Evan Peters ) . In the United States , the series premiere achieved a viewership of 3 @.@ 18 million . The episode garnered a 1 @.@ 6 rating in the 18 – 49 demographic , translating to 2 @.@ 0 million viewers according to Nielsen Media Research . This made the episode the network 's best series premiere ever . Critical reviews of the pilot episode were mostly positive , with Metacritic awarding it 62 out of 100 points . Pilot was nominated for a Primetime Emmy award for Outstanding Art Direction for a Minseries or Movie in 2012 . This episode is rated TV @-@ MA ( LSV ) . = = Plot = = = = = 1978 = = = A young Addie ( Katelyn Reed ) stares up at an old mansion when two troublesome twins Brian and Troy ( Kai and Bodhi Schulz ) arrive , planning to enter the house . Addie warns them not to enter the house , but they ignore her warning and enter the house anyway . While they wreak havoc , Brian discovers a dying animal and the twins find an open door to the basement . They enter the basement where they find jars containing animal remains and human fetuses . After complaining about the smell , Brian leaves the basement only to find that his brother has gone silent . He searches for him and finds him with his throat slit , gasping for air . The Infantata ( Ben Woolf ) appears behind him and kills him off screen . = = = 2011 = = = Having previously suffered a miscarriage , Vivien ( Connie Britton ) visits a fertility doctor . Arriving home , Vivien hears a noise and immediately dials 911 to report a burglary but when she investigates , she finds her husband Ben ( Dylan McDermott ) having sexual intercourse with Hayden ( Kate Mara ) one of his students . Nine months later , the family leaves Boston and drive to Los Angeles . Their teenage daughter Violet ( Taissa Farmiga ) is unhappy about the move . They come across a newly restored mansion where they are taken on a tour by the real estate agent Marcy ( Christine Estabrook ) . She mentions the deaths of the previous owners , a gay couple named Chad and Patrick who died from an apparent murder / suicide . The family decides to buy the house and move in . On the first day , Vivien meets next door neighbour Constance ( Jessica Lange ) and her daughter Adelaide ( Jamie Brewer ) who has Down syndrome . She also comes across the house 's maid Moira O ' Hara ( Frances Conroy ) who appears to be a young , seductive maid ( Alexandra Breckenridge ) in Ben 's mind . Vivien re @-@ hires Moira . On that same night , Ben fights with Vivien , trying to apologize for his infidelity . Afterwards the two make love . On her first day of school , Violet is harassed by a bully named Leah ( Shelby Young ) with her friends , Abby ( Bianca Lawson ) and Becca ( Christian Serratos ) who later fight her in the cafeteria . Ben begins therapy sessions with a possibly psychotic boy named Tate ( Evan Peters ) , who begins a relationship with Violet . To help Violet with her bullying problem , he suggests scaring her in the house . After his shower , Ben finds Moira masturbating . He does the same thing but is caught by a burnt Larry ( Denis O 'Hare ) . Bringing Leah to the house for drugs , Violet leads her into the basement where Tate sits on a rocking chair . He and the Infantata attack Leah and scare Violet who is terrified of Tate and tells him to leave . In the attic , Vivien finds a latex gimp suit . While in bed , she finds a man in the gimp suit who she believes to be Ben but is in fact the " Rubber Man " , and the two have sex . Downstairs a sleepwalking Ben is drawn to the stove and tries to burn the house down , but Constance stops him . The next day , Larry approaches Ben . He tells him that he killed his family by setting them on fire , and warns Ben that if his family doesn 't leave the house , they will die . Ben declines and tells him to stay away from him . At the house , Vivien announces to Ben that she is pregnant . = = Production = = = = = Conception and development history = = = Series co @-@ creators Ryan Murphy and Brad Falchuk began working on American Horror Story before their Fox series Glee began production . Murphy wanted to do the opposite of what he 'd done previously and thus began his work on the series . He stated : " We 're doing some squeaky clean , sweet , optimistic , non @-@ cynical piece , I wanted to do something that sorta tapped into the different side of my personality . " Falchuk was intrigued by the idea of putting a different angle on the horror genre , stating that their main goal in creating the series was to scare viewers . He said : " You want people to be a little bit off balance afterwards . " The dark tone of the series was influenced by the 1970s ABC soap opera Dark Shadows , which Murphy 's grandmother forced him to watch when he was younger to toughen him up . In addition , the series draws inspiration from classic horror films such as Roman Polanski 's Rosemary 's Baby and Stanley Kubrick 's The Shining . In February 2011 , FX officially announced that it had ordered a pilot for a possible series from Murphy and Falchuk , with both as episode writers and Murphy as director . Dante Di Loreto was announced as executive producer . Production on the series began in April 2011 . On July 18 , 2011 , FX officially announced the project had been picked up to series . On August 3 , 2011 , it was announced that Tim Minear , Jennifer Salt , James Wong and Jessica Sharzer had joined the series as writers . = = = Casting and filming = = = Casting announcements began in March 2011 , with Connie Britton first to be cast , portraying female lead Vivien Harmon . Britton stated that she took a risk in taking the role of Vivien . When Ryan Murphy presented the role to her he said : " This is something we 've never seen you do before . It will be turning what you 've just been doing on its ear . " She was intrigued by what he had presented her and ultimately decided to take the part . Denis O 'Hare joined the cast in late March as Larry Harvey . Jessica Lange joined the cast in April as Constance , marking her first regular role on television . Lange was attracted to the role because it didn 't require a 22 episode commitment . " That was huge for me ! " she said . " I wasn 't about to commit to , you know , six months . It was cable , rather than network ... I 've been offered network [ shows ] before , and determined not to do it , just because I can 't make that kind of time commitment . " Dylan McDermott was cast as the lead , Ben Harmon , in late April 2011 . His character was initially described as " a handsome and masculine but sensitive therapist who loves his family but has hurt his wife . " McDermott stated that he wanted to do the role to break away from his previous role as Bobby Donnell in the ABC series The Practice . " This was exactly why I wanted to do this show – to change it up and do a different kind of character , " he said . " People think of me as the guy from The Practice ... I wanted to turn that [ notion ] on its head and hopefully I 'm doing that [ with this show ] . " In May 2011 , Taissa Farmiga and Evan Peters were the last lead actors to be cast , portraying Violet Harmon and Tate Langdon , respectively . Farmiga said that she loved Violet " immediately " and that " she had spunk to her , she had attitude . " Ryan Murphy has described Tate as the " true monster " of the series , adding : " To Evan 's great credit and the credit of the writers , I think Evan 's done an amazingly difficult job making a monster sympathetic . " The pilot episode was shot on location in a house in Country Club Park , Los Angeles , California , which serves as the haunted house and crime scene in the series . Designed and built around 1908 by Alfred Rosenheim , the president of the Los Angeles chapter of the American Institute of Architects , the Tudor or Collegiate Gothic @-@ style single family home was previously used as a convent . The series is filmed on sets that are an exact replica of the house . Details such as Lewis Comfort Tiffany stained glass windows , and hammered bronze light fixtures , were re @-@ created to preserve the look of the house . = = Promotion = = As part of the promotion for the series , FX launched a " House Call " campaign , in which viewers at home could sign up and come face @-@ to @-@ face with a character from the series . Prior to the series premiere , FX released several clues to shine light on the series . They were offered on the show 's official YouTube channel . Ten clues were released , entitled " Cello " , " Baby " , " Couples " , " Coffin " , " Lying Down " , " Fire " , " Stairs " , " Melt " , " Red Cello " and " Rubber Bump " . = = Reception = = In its original American broadcast , the premiere of American Horror Story was seen by an estimated 3 @.@ 18 million household viewers and gained a 1 @.@ 6 ratings share among adults aged 18 – 49 , according to Nielsen Media Research . These were the best numbers FX had ever received for a series premiere . Taken together with equally strong numbers for the station 's returning original series – Sons of Anarchy , It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia and The League – the episode helped make October the most @-@ watched month on FX ever . The pilot episode aired on November 7 , 2011 across Europe and Latin America on Fox International Channels , ranking # 1 or # 2 among all Pay @-@ TV in most metered markets across Latin America and Europe for its time slot . In the UK , it premiered on non @-@ terrestrial channel FX , with 128 @,@ 200 viewers . The episode was seen by 3 @.@ 2 million viewers total in 59 countries . The pilot episode scored 62 out of 100 on Metacritic based on 30 reviews . Ken Tucker from Entertainment Weekly awarded the pilot episode a B + , stating : " American Horror Story is pretty much all scare , all the time : a whole lotta screams , sex , jolts , mashed faces , psychotic behavior , and dead babies . " Chuck Barney of the San Jose Mercury News said : " Most TV shows , after all , quickly fade from memory . This one will haunt your dreams . " Hank Stuever from The Washington Post said in his review that " overdoing things is one of Murphy 's trademark flaws , but this show has a captivating style and giddy gross @-@ outs . " IGN TV 's Matt Fowler wrote that the pilot episode contained a lot of " style over substance " but that it was also " totally watchable . " Fowler went on to write that it was a " haunting , subversive television experiment " and enjoyed the references to Amityville Horror , The Shining and Twin Peaks . Not all reviews were favorable . Alan Sepinwall of HitFix gave the series a D- , saying : " It is so far over the top that the top is a microscopic speck in its rearview mirror , and so full of strange sounds , sights and characters that you likely won 't forget it — even though many of you will wish you could . "
= Ultime grida dalla savana = Ultime grida dalla savana ( 1975 ) ( English : Final Cry of the Savanna ) , also known as La Grande caccia and by its English title Savage Man Savage Beast , is a Mondo documentary directed by Antonio Climati and Mario Morra . Filmed all around the world , its central theme focuses on hunting and the interaction between man and animal . More specifically , the film documents various forms of hunting that can be found in the world and how humans and animals can both become the hunter or prey . Like many Mondo films , the filmmakers claim to document real , bizarre and violent behavior and customs , although some scenes were actually staged . It is narrated by Italian novelist Alberto Moravia . This was the first film of Climati 's and Morra 's Savage Trilogy , which also includes Savana violenta ( This Violent World ) and Dolce e selvaggio ( Sweet and Savage ) . The best known film of the trilogy , Ultime grida dalla savana became influential in exploitation cinema by use of cinematographic techniques that were repeated in numerous subsequent Mondo films . Two scenes in particular , a lion attack on a tourist in Namibia and the murder of an indigenous man by a group of mercenaries in South America , have gained notoriety as genuine footage of human death . The film also sparked a rivalry between the team of Climati and Morra and the brothers Alfredo and Angelo Castiglioni . These two teams became the forerunners of the second generation of Mondo cinema . = = Synopsis = = The film is a depiction of various scenes , usually violent or bizarre , that somehow relate to hunting . Each scenario is presented one after the other with little regard for narrative continuity . The opening scene introduces a Patagonian hunter who hunts stags to survive . The opening credits play over as he chases after a stag , which he ultimately shoots , kills , and beheads . Afterwards , one of the numerous scenes of anti @-@ hunting gatherings is shown , this one in Cape Cod . The attention quickly shifts to wildlife hunting , where a monkey is killed by a leopard , and then a squirrel monkey by an anaconda . The theme changes again to the social hunt of wild game in Australia and Africa . Aborigines hunt kangaroos and other large marsupials with spears and giant bats with boomerangs . Indigenous tribes of Africa hunt large game , including antelope , buffalo , and elephants , in the savanna . Religious ceremonies are also shown , where the African hunters proceed to suck fresh blood from the entrails of an antelope , and the Australian aborigines symbolically bury their prey in dust to placate the spirits of the animals . Lastly , two brothers are arrested after partaking in a form of ritual post @-@ mortem cannibalism of three of their relatives to acquire the hunting skills of the dead . Other hunting traditions then follow , again rooted in religion . The warriors of the Kuru tribe in Africa commit a sacred act in which they copulate with the ground in belief that it will make the Earth fertile and produce animals for the hunt , and a stag hunt in France , rooted in ancient pagan beliefs of the Gauls , is blessed by a mass before the hunt takes place , during which the hunters and dogs chase and ultimately kill a fleeing stag . In a fox hunt , the Wild Fox Association sabotages the hunting efforts by serving wine laced with a laxative to the hunters and distracting the dogs with an Afghan bitch in heat . Their efforts are then connected to species conservation , and to exemplify that hunters are truly concerned in wildlife conservation , Argentine hunters capture an Andean condor to sell to a zoo . A collage of other conservation efforts is shown , including the tagging of white rhinoceroses , grizzly bears and elephants , which are shot with morphine darts . Argentinian deer and elephant seals are physically subdued and marked . Tourists on Africans safaris then come to view the conservation efforts , which the narrator claims to have seemingly negated the animals ' violent instincts . This deception is demonstrated with the mauling of a tourist named Pit Dernitz by lions . Another anti @-@ hunting demonstration becomes the film 's focus , this time on the Isle of Wight . Nudity and intercourse are practiced freely amongst the demonstrators , and this is contrasted with ancient hunter @-@ gathering groups , who had strict rules concerning nudity . The narrator argues that once hunting had left this group of people , so did their rules toward nudity . Also highlighted is the contradiction that though this people are against hunting , thousands of farm @-@ raised animals had to die to support them . The focus changes to Humboldt penguins , which cannot hunt because of polluted waters , and thus seem detached and without focus . This effect is compared to modern day Eskimos , who no longer hunt since the discovery of oil in their homeland and have fallen into depression and melancholy . To reverse the process , several groups of men go out and revive their hunting ways . Reflected in this is a montage of gun ownership , which the film relates to feelings of masculinity , followed by shots of illegal elephant poaching from Africa . To offset the dwindling number of game due to poaching , warriors from the Lobi tribe celebrate the " Ceremony of Life " , in which they masturbate with ceremonial rods and pour the product into the river , hoping the animals will drink the semen and multiply . Attention shifts to large electronic probes in the Peruvian savanna used to measure the winds of El Niño for optimal fishing conditions . Fishing birds are also electronically tagged so the prime fishing areas can be located based on the birds ' fishing habits . This fish frenzy in South America is reflected in the salmon run in Alaska , where kodiak bears hunt and fight for prey . An examination of a hunting tradition in northern Europe follows , where falcons assist humans in hunting by catching wild game , such as rabbits and pheasants . Further collaboration with man and animal is highlighted , this time with cheetahs . To demonstrate the cheetah 's speed and effectiveness , a chase between a group of cheetahs and ostriches is arranged , in which the birds are hunted down and killed . The next animal collaborators are dogs , which hunt wild boar in Patagonia and a puma which has attacked a herd of sheep and a shepherd . In cities , however , stray dogs are the ones hunted by dog catchers , which the narrator claims demonstrates that the hunt is still active , but the prey has changed . Indios also use dogs to hunt monkeys , but their efforts are compared to mercenaries hunting the Indios themselves to clear them from their native land for development . In one such instance , mercenaries retaliate against a death of a workman by hunting down a group of Indios , one of which they torture , castrate and murder . Various scenes of wildlife are then shown , after which orangutans are hunted to be sold to zoos . The film then ends with the coexistence of man and animal between Erik Zimen , an ecologist , and wolves , the group of animals he wishes to save . = = Production = = = = = Direction = = = As their former cinematographer , Climati drew influence from the Mondo films of Gualtiero Jacopetti and Franco Prosperi . The cinéma vérité styled camera work used in Ultime grida dalla savana was previously used in Africa addio in a scene in which the film crew is nearly killed during an uprising in newly independent Ethiopia . The inclusion of lingering Technicolor shots and violence towards animals is also a feature of Jacopetti 's Mondo cane series . Some scenes were also directly lifted from Africa addio and reused in Ultime grida dalla savana . David Kerekes and David Slater , authors of Killing for Culture : An Illustrated History of Death Film from Mondo to Snuff , also note that , " Savage Man Savage Beast is a slight return to the more encyclopaedic world view of mondo cinema which was prevalent in the 60s , " demonstrating Climati 's early roots in Mondo cinema . = = = Music = = = The songs and musical score used in the film were composed and written by Carlo Savina and Gilbert Kaplan . The songs were sung by Kaplan and Ann Collin . The music resembles Riz Ortolani 's score from Africa addio , as most tracks are of a light and upbeat nature , particularly during the opening and closing credits . The arrangement of music to enhance atmosphere and create comic effect also mimics the compositions in Africa addio . = = Reaction = = The film was released in Italy on 24 October 1975 , and internationally in 1976 . The film fared well in Asia ; in 1976 , Ultime grida dalla savana was outgrossed in Hong Kong only by Jaws . Despite this , reception to the film from mainstream movie critics is almost completely negative , although it is well accepted by critics in exploitation film circles : Mark Goodall calls the film a " remarkable , pseudo @-@ philosophical mondo examination of hunting fixated on the cyclical , the ( inter ) relationship of the hunter and the hunted " , and Kerekes & Slater also comment that it was , " The success of Savage Man ... Savage Beast [ that ] inaugurated the ' savage ' trilogy . " = = = Criticism = = = The content of the film , particularly the graphic violence and human death , has been criticized as too explicit and exploitative . Robert Firsching of Allmovie states : The reason for the film 's notoriety , however , is a collection of grainy 16 mm images depicting the horrific round @-@ up , mutilation , castration , and slaughter of a group of tribesmen by white mercenaries . As appalling and revolting a sequence as ever depicted in a documentary film , the massacre footage marked something of a turning point in the development of the mondo subgenre , which moved increasingly toward snuff @-@ like collections of death and mutilation . Time Out Film Guide made similar criticisms of the film 's content , calling it " [ a ] bloody , blatantly exploitative mess of a movie " , and says it is " just another opportunity to gawp at raw scenes of sex and ( more especially ) violence " . Due to its graphic content , the film was also used by James Ferman at the British Academy of Film and Television Arts as an example of the need for film censorship . The inclusion of several staged or scripted scenes has made the film a target for critical condemnation . Numerous scenes have been proven fake , including the anti @-@ fox hunting campaign involving the fictional " Wild Fox Association " and the murder of the indigenous men by mercenaries . During another wildlife rally , the fabrication of the scene is apparent with the presence of Italian porn star Ilona Staller . The lion attack on Pit Dernitz is also suspected of being a fabrication by film historians . Although staged footage has been included since the early history of Mondo cinema , these scenes are nonetheless targets for critical abashment . Kerekes and Slater call the anti @-@ fox hunt sequence " self @-@ parody " , and Goodall labels the same scene as " ludicrous " . The staged scenes of human death have also been criticized for being more exploitative than educational . Aside from his criticism of the film 's staged footage , Goodall also points out the reuse of sequences of African tribal hunting and poaching from Africa addio as a flaw of the film . = = Controversy = = Due to its graphic content , Ultime grida dalla savana has encountered censorship issues with certain countries ' film boards . In Australia , the Office of Film and Literature Classification ( OFLC ) banned both an uncut and cut version of the film in 1976 . An appeal filed later that year was denied . Ten years later , the home video distributor Palace Video brought the same cut print before the film board and it received an R18 + rating . The cuts include segments from the lion attack , the torture and murder of the indigenous man by mercenaries , the death of a fox by a pack of hounds , and the death of a stag by a hunter in the opening scene . The film faced similar censorship problems for its theatrical release in the United Kingdom , where it was released as Zumbalah . In 1976 , nearly 10 minutes were cut before it was passed with an X @-@ rating by the British Board of Film Classification ( BBFC ) . Various scenes of animal cruelty , a race between cheetahs and ostriches , the lion attack , and the mercenaries ' hunt of Amazonian natives were all cut from the British release . The scenes of animal cruelty were targeted by the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals ( RSPCA ) to be cut from the film , specifically the hunt and disembowelment of a puma . Also in 1976 , the Valtion elokuvatarkastamo , the Finnish film classification board , banned the film in Finland in its entirety for the inclusion of scenes of genuine human death . = = Influence = = The release of Ultime grida dalla savana initiated a rivalry between Climati and Morra and two other Italian Mondo film makers , Angelo and Alfredo Castiglioni . These two filmmaking teams became the frontrunners of the Mondo genre in the late seventies and early eighties . The Castiglionis had made two previous Mondo films , Africa segreta and Africa ama , before the release of Ultime grida dalla savana . They later released three additional films : Magia nuda in 1975 , Addio ultimo uomo in 1978 , Africa dolce e selvaggio in 1982 . Climati and Morra made two follow @-@ up films to Ultime grida dalla savana . The first followup , Savana violenta , also known as Savage Man Savage Beast no . 2 , was released in 1976 . Savana violenta was slightly less graphic in its depiction of violence . The last film , Dolce e selvaggio , was released in 1983 and consisted partly of outtakes and recycled footage from Climati and Morra 's two previous films . Each subsequent release by the two parties would attempt to outperform the previous films with more explicit and shocking content . The scenes of human death , which were shot in a manner that resembled an observational documentary , became influential in exploitation cinema , as several subsequent films would use similar filming techniques to lend certain scenes a sense of increased realism . The Mondo film Addio ultimo uomo , directed by the brothers Angelo and Alfredo Castiglioni , includes a scene of " amateur footage " that mimics the scene in which mercenaries hunt natives in Ultime grida dalla savana . This scene , in which an African bushman is captured , tortured , and castrated by a rival tribe , has also been proven staged . Again in 1978 , the death film Faces of Death included fabricated " amateur footage " that is a reenactment of the death of Pit Dernitz , replacing lions with a bear . Firsching and Goodall also note that Ultime grida dalla savana was a transitional film within the genre , as it , " provided a vital link between the ' classic ' shockumentaries of the early @-@ mid 1960s and the much crueller mondos of the mid 1970s and beyond . " Director Ruggero Deodato also used this camera style prolifically in his film Cannibal Holocaust , in which a group of filmmakers goes missing after they head into the South American rain forest to make a documentary on local cannibal tribes . In the film , only the team 's footage is recovered , which is all shot in the cinéma vérité style that resembles the " amateur footage " in Ultime grida dalla savana . The footage from Cannibal Holocaust proved so realistic that Deodato was arrested for making a snuff film . Charges were ultimately dropped when he produced the supposedly slain actors for the courts .
= Victoria Rooms , Bristol = The Victoria Rooms , also known as the Vic Rooms , houses the University of Bristol 's music department in Clifton , Bristol , England , on a prominent site at the junction of Queens Road and Whiteladies Road . The building , originally assembly rooms , was designed by Charles Dyer and was constructed between 1838 and 1842 in Greek revival style , and named in honour of Queen Victoria , who had acceded to the throne in the previous year . An eight column Corinthian portico surmounts the entrance , with a classical relief sculpture designed by Musgrave Watson above . The construction is of dressed stonework , with a slate roof . A bronze statue of Edward VII , was erected in 1912 at the front of the Victoria Rooms , together with a curved pool and several fountains with sculptures in the Art Nouveau style . The Victoria Rooms contain a 665 @-@ seat auditorium , a lecture theatre , recital rooms , rehearsal rooms and a recording studio . Jenny Lind and Charles Dickens performed at the Victoria Rooms . It was also the venue for important dinners and assemblies , including banquets to commemorate the opening of the Clifton Suspension Bridge and the quatercentennial anniversary of Cabot 's discovery of North America , meetings which led to the establishment of the University College , Bristol , an early congress of the British Association for the Advancement of Science and sufragettes " at @-@ homes " . The building was purchased and given to the University in 1920 as a home for the student union and , circa 1924 , it spent a brief period as a cinema . Following a fire in 1934 , the building was refurbished by the University . It remained as the base of the student union until purpose built facilities were opened in Queens Road in the 1960s . The Victoria Rooms then became an exhibition and conference centre , before housing the music department in 1996 . They remain in use in the 21st century for concerts , exhibitions , plays , recitals and lectures . = = The building = = The Victoria Rooms , also known colloquially as the Vic Rooms , are situated at the junction of Queen 's Road and Whiteladies Road , in Clifton , Bristol , " occupying one of the finest sites in Clifton , " according to a 1906 visitor 's guide . Gomme , in Bristol : an architectural history ( 1979 ) , described it as a key building on a prominent intersection . The building was designed as assembly rooms by Charles Dyer . The foundation stone was laid on 24 May 1838 , the 19th birthday of Queen Victoria , in whose honour the building was named . Building works in the Greek revival style , incorporating an eight @-@ columned Corinthian portico which is 30 feet ( 9 @.@ 1 m ) tall , were completed in 1842 . It is constructed of ashlar ( dressed stone work ) with steps leading up to the portico . The roof is of slate . Two sloping ramps were built to allow the passage of carriages into the building . The pediment in the blind attic above the columns has a relief carving attributed to Musgrave Watson " depicting Wisdom in her chariot ushering in the morning , and followed by the Three Graces " , according to Andrew Foyle in Pevsner 's Guide . He adds that the main hall was disappointingly remodelled in 1935 , following a fire the previous year . In 1838 , the design of the interior was described as " nothing either particularly remarkable or new in regard to design " in the Civil Engineer and Architects ' Journal . In 1849 , the interior of the hall was described by Chilcott , in his Descriptive history of Bristol as being decorated in a Greek theme , to match the exterior of the building . Gomme describes the pediment sculpture as " Minerva in car driven by Apollo , accompanied by the Hours and Graces " , attributing the sculpture to Jabez Tyley . Henry Lonsdale , writing in 1866 , explains this anomaly by revealing that Tyley created the sculpture in Bath Stone from a plaster of paris model by Watson . The architecture of the building is described by English Heritage as " a product of European trends of the time , moving away from Neoclassicism and towards Roman Corinthian design . " It has been designated by English Heritage as a Grade II * listed building . Inside the main entrance is a vestibule which then leads via an octagonal room , with a bowed cast @-@ iron railed balcony and a domed ceiling , to the main auditorium . A correspondent of the Bristol Mercury , in 1846 , described an ingenious central heating system consisting of a cast iron stove which heated and circulated air , " using less than half a cwt . [ 25 kilograms ( 55 lb ) ] of Welsh anthracite in twenty @-@ four hours " , kept the interior of the building some 30 to 40 ° F ( 16 to 22 ° C ) higher than the external temperature . Much of the interior was remodelled in the mid @-@ 20th century , although some period plaster decorations remain in the Regency room . From 1873 the main auditorium housed a large organ originally built for the Royal Panopticon of Arts and Science in Leicester Square , from where it was removed to St Paul 's Cathedral and thence to the Victoria Rooms . In July 1899 it was decided to replace this with an electric organ , which could be played from a keyboard at a considerable distance from the organ itself . The organ was built by Norman & Beard , and was first played by Edwin Lemare on 31 October 1900 ; On 1 December 1934 , a fire started under the stage of the great hall or auditorium , quickly spreading . The Times reported that " The brigades were able to no more than prevent the fire from extending to the Lesser Hall and the recreation rooms . The fine electric organ was completely destroyed . " In the 21st century , the building houses a 665 @-@ seat auditorium and rehearsal rooms . The auditorium is approximately 418 square metres ( 4 @,@ 500 sq ft ) , with an adjacent lecture theatre of some 119 square metres ( 1 @,@ 280 sq ft ) and a recital room of 139 square metres ( 1 @,@ 500 sq ft ) . The purpose built composition and recording studios are in regular use for research and the creation of works . Other facilities include a bar , common rooms , a resource centre and practice rooms . = = Forecourt = = The building was originally surrounded by iron railings as shown in 19th century photographs , but these are no longer there , possibly removed during the Second World War as part of a nationwide scrap drive . A memorial statue of Edward VII , designed by Edwin Alfred Rickards and executed by Henry Poole RA , was erected in 1912 at the front of the Victoria Rooms , together with a curved pool , lamps , steps , balustrades , ornamental crouching lions and fountains with sculptures in the Art Nouveau style . Two sphinxes , which had previously guarded the building , were removed for these new works . The statue and fountains are regarded as fine examples of Rickards and Poole 's work and have been Grade II * listed . An interesting feature of the fountains is that the water flow is controlled by an anemometer " so that on windy days the pressure is reduced in order that the water does not blow across the adjacent roadway . " = = History = = The Victoria Rooms were opened on 24 May 1842 ; building had begun in 1838 , and cost £ 23 @,@ 000 . The money was raised by a " body of Conservative citizens " . Jenny Lind and Charles Dickens were just two of the artists known to have performed there . Numerous private subscription balls were held at the rooms , in competition with those organised at the assembly rooms in the Mall , Clifton . This rivalry occasioned disputes between the promoters and accusations of prejudice and snobbery . Other uses included what was the first public demonstration of electric lighting in Bristol in 1863 . It was also the scene for large banquets , such as that to celebrate the opening of the Clifton Suspension Bridge in 1864 , and the celebrations , in 1897 , of the four hundredth anniversary of John Cabot 's discovery of North America . On 11 June 1874 the Victoria Rooms hosted a meeting to promote what was described as a College of Science and Literature for the West of England and South Wales , which became University College , Bristol , an educational institution which existed from 1876 to 1909 . It was the predecessor institution to the University of Bristol , which gained a Royal Charter in 1909 . The meeting was attended by the then President of the British Association and Sir William Thompson ( later Lord Kelvin ) . This meeting has been described as a partial success , as it gained the support of Albert Fry and Lewis Fry , members of the influential Fry family ( the Fry name being known for the chocolate business set up by their grandfather and developed by their father Joseph Storrs Fry ) . Lewis Fry was a Quaker , lawyer and later a Liberal and Unionist Member of Parliament from 1885 – 1892 and 1895 @-@ 1890 for the constituency Bristol North . In 1898 the third congress of the British Association for the Advancement of Science was held at the rooms . In the early twentieth century , Annie Kenney and Clara Codd , local organisers of the Women 's Social and Political Union ( the suffragettes ) used the Victoria Rooms to host " at homes " , to which all were invited . In 1920 , the rooms were purchased from the original private company by wealthy local industrialist Sir George Wills and given to the University to house the students ' union . It appears that the University briefly leased the building for use as the Clifton Cinema which was situated there in March 1924 , when local photographer Reece Winstone took a photograph . All seats were priced at 1 / 3d . The Victoria Rooms remained the base for the student union until 1964 when a purpose @-@ built facility was constructed in nearby Queen 's Road . The building then became a conference and exhibition centre , hosting occasional concerts such as those by Pink Floyd in 1967 and 1969 . In 1987 the building housed the first incarnation of the Exploratory founded by Richard Gregory – a hands @-@ on science centre and precursor of At @-@ Bristol – until 1989 . The University Music Department was moved into the Victoria Rooms in 1996 . The venue , in the 21st century , has a regular programme of concerts , theatrical performances , lectures and conferences , serving a similar purpose to that for which the building was constructed in the nineteenth century .
= Election Special = Election Special is the fifteenth studio album by American musician Ry Cooder , released on August 16 , 2012 , by Perro Verde Records and Nonesuch Records . After his 2011 album Pull Up Some Dust and Sit Down , Cooder continued writing topical and storyline @-@ inspired songs . Displeased with the Republican Party and its financial supporters , he also wanted to write an album that would address listeners during the United States presidential election of 2012 , which he believed to be a critical event in the country 's history . Election Special was recorded mostly at Drive @-@ By Studios in North Hollywood and produced by Cooder . Election Special is an American roots and blues rock album of protest songs with music characterized by upbeat melodies , simple instrumentation , and sparse arrangements . Cooder played all of the instruments , including bass , guitar , and mandolin , with the exception of drums by his son Joachim . A deeply political album , it expands on the socio @-@ political musings and current event topics of Pull Up Some Dust and Sit Down with forthright , satirical lyrics and song @-@ form vignettes . Cooder 's songwriting exhibits liberal and populist sentiments and draws on older musical sources such as broadside ballads and country blues . Election Special was intended to be released a week before the 2012 Republican National Convention , and Cooder released two of its songs to political media outlets . He also felt cynical about the commercial aspect of making albums and did not tour for the album , citing disinterest in playing large concert venues . Upon its release , Election Special received generally positive reviews from music critics , who complimented its topical protest songs and Cooder 's musicianship . It peaked at number 164 on the Billboard 200 chart in the US , but charted significantly higher in other countries . = = Background = = In 2011 , Cooder recorded Pull Up Some Dust and Sit Down after being inspired by a headline about bankers and other affluent people profiting from bank bailouts and the resulting recession during the late @-@ 2000s . Released in August to critical acclaim , it showcased Cooder 's return to his early work 's musical style and told topical stories about political and social corruption , various economic victims , and an emerging class war . With the album finished , Cooder had developed a penchant for writing such songs and wanted to continue writing more storyline @-@ inspired songs . A month after the album 's release , Cooder had his first short @-@ story collection , Los Angeles Stories , published by City Lights Bookstore . In June 2012 , he joined Time political columnist Joe Klein on the latter 's road trip across the United States , speaking out to people in towns about the state of the nation and its forthcoming presidential election in 2012 . With Election Special , Cooder wanted to write an album with direct lyrics and encourage urgency in listeners during the US presidential election of 2012 . He felt that the election season was " the time of decision in this country ... the most critical time in the history of the country " . When asked about concerns over " preaching to the choir " , Cooder said in an interview for the Los Angeles Times , " I thought I should have a record that says , ' This here record is for you during election time . ' Rather than be vague and poetic , let 's just call this what it is . That way I may get people 's attention . That 's the idea . " Cooder drew on music he grew up listening to such as Depression @-@ era songs and sought to appropriate contemporary subject matter to them . When writing the album , he also touched on the Occupy movement , which he felt optimistic about , saying that " There 's a sign of something . Those people are having conversations , and the conversations become issues and the issues become talked about . Pretty soon , the rest of the world picks up on it , even the politicians . " Cooder 's displeasure with the Republican Party and its financial supporters , particularly the Koch Brothers , also inspired his songwriting . He found the party to be " insanely dangerous " to Barack Obama 's presidency and the US , and said of them in an interview for The Guardian , " in case anybody thinks Michele Bachmann or Sarah Palin are clowns because they misspeak or don 't know their history or they say silly things : that 's just an act , and it 's a useful act . Everything is a distraction from the core truths which are , first of all , that corporations have taken over the country . " He viewed that his songs for the album provide a more convenient alternative for citizens who do not research politicians , saying that " I don 't write books and give speeches but with a four @-@ minute song you can use allegory and other means to suggest a different point of view . It 's like looking around the corner , and that 's what songs are good at sometimes . They hit you with a new thought – assuming that people will listen . " Cooder recorded most of Election Special at Drive @-@ By Studios , the living room of engineer Martin Pradler 's house in North Hollywood . Sessions also took place at Wireland Studios in Chatsworth , California . Pradler later mixed and mastered the album at both recording locations . The album was produced entirely by Cooder . He performed most of the album himself , playing bass , guitar , and mandolin . His son Joachim contributed on drums , and session musician Arnold McCuller sung harmony vocals on the song " Take Your Hands off It " . At Drive @-@ By Studios , Cooder recorded songs in a series of unrehearsed , single @-@ take performances , which he felt helped him channel the songs ' respective characters more efficiently . He later said of his approach to developing the songs , " The way I think these songs can work is if you don 't ponder over it too hard , because the tunes wanna have a spontaneous @-@ combustion effect . What I want to do is get a certain attitude in the voice , and I can only do that once . By take two , I 'm startin ' to think about it . By take three , I 'm startin ' to map it out – it 's gone . It 's spoiled , y 'see ? So I need to get through this fast . " He first recorded the song " The Wall Street Part of Town " in November 2011 . On June 7 , 2012 , the album 's release was announced for a date in August , intended to be a week before the 2012 Republican National Convention . = = Music and lyrics = = Election Special is an American roots and blues rock album of protest songs . It is characterized by upbeat melodies , simple instrumentation , and swinging , sparse arrangements . Music journalist Robin Denselow describes Election Special as " musically ... very much a DIY album , " while Matt Snow of Mojo compares Cooder to Tom Waits as a " gloves @-@ off DIY soundscapist in wood , steel , and string . " The album 's music also incorporates folk , roots rock , and , most prominently , blues styles . Music writers compare the album 's mix of folk and blues styles to Cooder 's earlier , distinguishing albums . Zeth Lundy of the Boston Phoenix characterizes Cooder as a " Keith Richards / Woody Guthrie hybrid " on Election Special . The deeply political album expands on the socio @-@ political musings of Pull Up Some Dust and Sit Down . Cooder 's forthright lyrics exhibit satire , dark humor , and bitter , apprehensive feelings about current events , including Guantanamo Bay , the Occupy movement , the shooting of Trayvon Martin , Barack Obama 's plight as US President , and the election of 2012 . He addresses these topics through song @-@ form vignettes , which express his anti @-@ Republican party perspective . Cooder 's songwriting also reappropriates lyrics from older musical sources , including protest songs , broadside ballads , and country blues . Nick Coleman of The Independent describes it as " heartfelt and unencumbered with musicological pedantry " , while the newspaper 's Andy Gill comments that Cooder " employs demotic " language and " variations of the blues ... to carry his broadsides . " Jeff Schwager of PopMatters cites Robert Johnson and Woody Guthrie as influences on Cooder 's songcraft for the album . Music writers characterize Cooder 's sentiments and political stance on the album as liberal and populist . Joseph Jon Lanthier of Slant Magazine observes " liberal convictions " and a " bleeding heart " in his lyrics , which he says express " reductive sympathy for President Obama and suspicions that fat cats are perverting the Bill of Rights " . Music essayist Robert Christgau writes that Cooder " reappl [ ies ] the Popular Front mindset to the messy compromises of electoral politics , and all the must @-@ hears illuminate the 2012 presidential election rather than merely referencing it " . Bud Scoppa of Uncut calls the album " an impassioned screed against the dumbing down of America " and comments that Cooder eschews conventional " preaching " for " three @-@ dimensional characters whose beliefs and opinions span the political spectrum of America in 2012 . " Allmusic 's Thom Jurek cites it as " the most overtly political album of Cooder 's career " to due its " soapbox style " and feels that the songs " express what he considers to be , as both an artist and a pissed @-@ off citizen , the high @-@ stakes historical gamble of the 2012 presidential and congressional contest . " " Mutt Romney Blues " is a three @-@ chord , acoustic Delta blues song . Drawing parallels between the Mitt Romney dog incident and his political " plans and schemes " , the song criticizes Republican presidential nominee Mitt Romney and is sung from the perspective of the Romney family 's dog . Cooder was inspired by Al Sharpton 's quote " how he treated his dog tells you a lot about him " , and found the dog to be " a useful character ... when you view it in the light of the blues . Like a servant , a yardman , someone very low in the social order . He 's just begging to be let down [ from the car roof ] . " Bud Scoppa of Uncut characterizes the song as " the musical equivalent of a political cartoon " . " Brother Is Gone " is poignantly styled as a sad folktale and features a haunting mandolin riff , a rueful tone , and wounded vocals . Its lyrics attribute the conservative Koch Brothers to the Deal with the Devil myth , which Cooder adapted from Robert Johnson 's " Cross Road Blues " . The lyrics cite their " crossroads " as " the prairie town of Wichita " , where Koch Industries is headquartered . He said in an interview that " the only logical explanation for the Brothers I could come up with is , they made their deal at the crossroads with Satan . " AllMusic 's Thom Jurek cites it as " among the finest songs [ Cooder ] ' s written . " " The Wall Street Part of Town " incorporates mandolin , Americana guitar riffs , and offers encouragement to protesters . Literary journalist Alec Wilkinson writes that the song 's narrator is " looking for refuge in the part of town where the wind always blows at your back and the ground tilts in your favor . " " Guantanamo " features cascading guitar by Cooder and handclaps . The song is about the nadir of human depravity . A slow , 12 @-@ bar blues lament , " Cold Cold Feeling " features juke joint , bottleneck guitar , and lyrics placing Barack Obama as the narrator singing his blues in the White House . Cooder meant to draw sympathy from listeners for Barack Obama . Geoff Cowart of musicOMH draws similarities of the song to " the voodoo blues of Screaming Jay Hawkins " . " Going to Tampa " is a string band country song in Alla breve meter . Using scathing humor and burlesque lyrical elements , the song 's farcical lyrics depict a fictional hijacking of the 2012 Republican National Convention by the Tea Party , as Cooder accuses both parties of racism and social engineering . Titled after the " drinking the Kool @-@ Aid " metaphor , " Kool @-@ Aid " has a dark electric blues style , noir musical vibes , and lyrics about the politically misguided lower middle class who support Republican tax cuts for the rich . The song 's narrative follows a young American who accepts the Bush administration 's pro @-@ war stance , heads off to a foreign land willing to fight any person of color , and returns to his home jobless . According to writer James C. McKinley , Jr . , the song continues a theme Cooder established on Pull Up Some Dust and Sit Down : " the idea of poor whites who have been let down by the politicians they have supported . " It also paraphrases the lyrics to the Western swing standard " Cocaine Blues " , and touches on the controversial stand @-@ your @-@ ground law , which Cooder viewed as " new Jim Crow laws – the stand @-@ your @-@ ground law is already responsible for about 80 shooting deaths of African Americans . " " The 90 and the 9 " repurposes the gospel hymn of the same name and the worker songs of Joe Hill with apocalyptic themes , an anti @-@ war narrative , and a depiction of modern union workers as part of the lower 99 % of income distribution in the US . Cooder was inspired to write the song by military recruitment of high schoolers in his native Los Angeles . " Take Your Hands off It " has a defiant tone , prominent guitar , and lyrics that rousingly defend constitutional rights . = = Release and promotion = = Cooder 's fifteenth album , Election Special was first released in the Netherlands on August 16 , 2012 . It was subsequently released as a digital download to iTunes on August 17 by Perro Verde Records and Nonesuch Records . The album 's physical release in Germany was also on August 17 . It followed on August 20 in the United Kingdom and Ireland , and on August 21 in North America and Australia . Its pre @-@ order from Nonesuch Records ' website was bundled with a campaign button and bumper sticker designed similarly to the album artwork . Cooder released " The Wall Street Part of Town " as a free download on November 21 , 2011 . The song , which he wrote in support of the Occupy movement , was also aired that month on Democracy Now ! and Jon Wiener 's radio show on KPFK in Los Angeles . After reading her article on Larry McCarthy 's affiliation with the pro @-@ Romney Restore Our Future group , Cooder sent " Going to Tampa " to Jane Mayer of The New Yorker in February 2012 ; the song makes reference to McCarthy 's Willie Horton ad during the 1988 presidential campaign . Mayer subsequently posted the song on SoundCloud and the magazine 's website on February 10 . Cooder also sent " Mutt Romney Blues " to Brave New Films , who subsequently produced a music video for the song . Released virally on February 17 , the video features clips of Romney and a cartoonish depication of the 1983 incident with his dog , who is in a car rooftop carrier singing the song . Prior to the album 's release , Cooder played a union hall in San Francisco for a longshoremen 's union , which according to him , " got every turn of phrase . They 'd never heard of me before or any of my records , but they understood all of these lyric things immediately . Because they 've been educated in the union , you know what I mean ? Because they lived it . " On October 14 , Cooder performed at This Land Is Your Land , a concert at the Kennedy Center in Washington , D.C. in tribute to Woody Guthrie . Cooder did not tour in promotion of Election Special , as the Kennedy Center was his last show . In an interview for The Strand at the time , he expressed disinterest in playing larger concert venues for the album , finding them more suitable for " fame " purposes rather than spreading a political message . Cooder remarked on the album 's potential with listeners in general in an interview for Uncut , saying that : Election Special charted at number 164 on the US Billboard 200 , on which it spent one week . It was Cooder 's fourth @-@ highest charting album in the US . It attained higher charting in other countries . In the United Kingdom , the album debuted at number 41 on the UK Albums Chart , and at number five on the Official Record Store Chart . It also debuted at number 25 on the Scottish Albums Chart . Election Special reached its highest position in Norway , where it peaked at number nine . It has charted for four weeks and reached number 28 in the Netherlands . = = Critical reception = = Election Special received generally positive reviews from critics . At Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications , the album received an average score of 77 , based on 17 reviews . In Rolling Stone , David Fricke called the record a " vigorously partisan gem of gritty picking and black humor ... protest music delivered with a patriot 's gifts – the American @-@ roots beauty and expert fire in Ry Cooder 's playing – and long memory . " Desmond Traynor from State hailed Cooder as a " master craftsman " and declared , " social comment once again becomes high art , in the finest American tradition . " Nick Coleman of The Independent found the album engaging and stated , " You might even argue that this and its predecessors ... represent the most cogent work of [ Cooder 's ] long career . " Robin Denselow of The Guardian said that Cooder uses humor and melodies to complement his " anger , protest and concern " . Jeff Schwager of PopMatters found its stories " timeless " and commented that " it 's guaranteed to please anyone inclined to give it a sympathetic listen " . AllMusic 's Thomas Jurek wrote that the album " serves two purposes : one is that it is the most organic record he 's issued in almost two decades ; and , more importantly , it restores topical protest music to a bona fide place in American cultural life . " James C. McKinley , Jr. of The New York Times cited both Election Special and its predecessor as the " most topical " albums Cooder has recorded , while Bud Scoppa of Uncut asserted that he " has never before made an album as immediate as Election Special " because of immediate and cleverly written narratives . In a mixed review , Q criticized Cooder 's " means of conveying " his message and stated , " The fine lyrics have to fight against some weary @-@ sounding arrangements . " Slant Magazine 's Joseph Jon Lanthier called the lyrics " limp " and panned the album as " misfiring , wannabe agitprop " , writing that , " though Cooder 's clearly singing and playing from his bleeding heart on Election Special , the results make one wish that he 'd pass both his mic and his guitar back to his brain . " Geoff Cowart of musicOMH found its message and music to be " weak " and Cooder to be " overly preachy , " commenting that " despite some first @-@ class guitar playing ... the tunes come off second @-@ best to the partisan grudge match . " In his consumer guide for MSN Music , Christgau said protest songs in general are " hard to nail even in the moment " and felt that some of the album 's songs " just don 't twist the screw tight enough " , but quipped , " I give [ Cooder ] extra credit for both preaching to the converted and doing his damnedest to rally the holier @-@ than @-@ thou . " = = Track listing = = All songs were produced by Ry Cooder . = = Personnel = = Credits for Election Special adapted from liner notes . Joachim Cooder – composer , drums , photography Ry Cooder – art direction , bass , composer , guitar , mandolin , producer , vocals Arnold McCuller – harmony vocals Martin Pradler – engineer , mastering , mixing Al Quattrocchi – art direction Jeff Smith – art direction Tornado Design – design = = Charts = =
= Amos Lee = Amos Lee ( born Ryan Anthony Massaro , June 22 , 1977 ) is an American singer @-@ songwriter whose musical style encompasses folk , rock and soul . He was born in Philadelphia and graduated from the University of South Carolina with a degree in English . After working as a schoolteacher and bartender he began to pursue a career in music . His manager submitted a demo recording to Blue Note Records which resulted in a recording contract and an association with singer Norah Jones . Since that time Lee has recorded five albums on Blue Note Records and has toured as an opening act for Norah Jones , Bob Dylan , Elvis Costello , Paul Simon , Merle Haggard , Van Morrison , John Prine , Dave Matthews Band , Adele , the Zac Brown Band , Jack Johnson , The Avett Brothers , and David Gray . His music has appeared on the soundtracks of numerous TV shows and movies . He has performed on several late night TV shows and at a voter registration rally for Barack Obama . In 2011 , his album Mission Bell debuted at No. 1 on the Billboard 200 chart . = = Early life and education = = Lee was born as Ryan Anthony Massaro in 1977 and was raised in Kensington , Philadelphia . He moved to Cherry Hill , New Jersey at age 11 and graduated from Cherry Hill High School East . Lee attended the University of South Carolina and graduated with a degree in English and a minor in education . During his college years he developed an interest in music after being inspired by the John Prine album , Great Days . During this period he began playing the guitar and bass as part of a band ( Hot Lava Monster ) and listening to the music of Donny Hathaway , Joni Mitchell , Luther Vandross , Bill Withers and Otis Redding . = = Career = = After returning to Philadelphia , Lee worked as a second grade school teacher at the Mary McLeod Bethune School and as a bartender at local music venues . He performed at " open mic " events in the area and , through his contacts with promoters , was hired as an opening act for artists like Mose Allison and B.B. King . In 2003 , Lee 's manager sent a four @-@ song demo CD to several record labels , and the representative at Blue Note Records was " immediately struck by his [ Lee 's ] voice " . Afterwards , Norah Jones heard Lee 's music while visiting the record company and invited Lee to be the opening act for her 2004 tour . The friendship between Lee 's manager and the manager for Bob Dylan resulted in Lee touring with Dylan as his opening act in early 2005 . Later Lee began touring on his own and recorded his self @-@ titled and " widely praised " debut album of " subtle , folky soul " which included vocals and instrumentation by Norah Jones and members of her band . After it was released , the album peaked at No. 2 on the Billboard Top Heatseekers chart and Lee was named one of Rolling Stone 's " Top 10 Artists to Watch . " One song from the album , called " Colors " , appeared on the TV show Grey 's Anatomy and in the film Just Like Heaven . Lee 's music received additional media attention when he performed on late night TV shows such as the Late Show with David Letterman and The Tonight Show with Jay Leno . In 2006 , Lee recorded his second album , Supply and Demand which was produced by Barrie Maguire . An NPR Music reviewer described it as having " more complicated instrumentation and production " than his prior work . The song " Shout Out Loud " was released as a single and peaked at No. 76 on the Billboard 200 , and another song , called " Sweet Pea " , was used in an AT & T ad campaign . Lee 's third studio album , Last Days at the Lodge was released in 2008 and re @-@ emphasized " his grounding in folk and soul " . The album peaked at number 29 on the Billboard 200 chart and Lee performed at the Change Rocks , voter registration rally for Barack Obama , in Philadelphia that summer . In 2011 , Lee released his fourth album on Blue Note Records , entitled Mission Bell which was produced by Joey Burns of Calexico . The album debuted at No. 1 on the Billboard 200 chart , number one on the Digital Albums chart , number two on the Internet chart and number one on the Amazon Top @-@ Selling Albums and iTunes charts . The album 's single , " Windows are Rolled Down " , became a top 10 hit on USA Today 's adult @-@ alternative chart . However , the album also has the dubious distinction of being the lowest selling , number one Billboard album as of 2011 selling only 40 @,@ 000 copies . Guest artists on the album included Lucinda Williams , Willie Nelson , Priscilla Ahn , Pieta Brown , James Gadson , and Sam Beam . The album was described by critics as tunes placed in " a stark landscape , enveloped by rustling percussion and reverberant drones " with tones and lyrics that were more optimistic than prior albums . Other critics called it " a restless album with a gentle soul " and " another fine showcase for his [ Lee 's ] elegant , soothing songwriting " . Lee appeared at Farm Aid 2013 and on the compilation album , The Music Is You : A Tribute to John Denver . He released his fifth studio album , Mountains Of Sorrow , Rivers Of Song in October 2013 . = = Reception = = Lee 's " folksy , bluesy sound " has been compared to that of John Prine and Norah Jones . His music is said to utilize the " supple funk of his vocals and arid strum of his guitar " while recalling " the low @-@ volume , early- ' 70s acoustic soul of stars like Bill Withers and Minnie Ripperton " . A New York Times music critic described Lee as having a " honeyed singing voice – light amber , mildly sweet , a touch of grain " which he features " squarely , without much fuss or undue strain " in his " 1970s folk rock and rustic soul " musical song craft . According to a music writer at ABC News , Lee " has that folksy , bluesy vibe , with a bit of country twang " and a voice that is " ever soulful " . Simultaneously Lee has been both lauded and dismissed as the " male Norah Jones " and his lyrics are said to convey " the complexities of everyday emotions " without falling into flowery imagery . Lee 's songs have appeared on a number of TV shows including Parenthood . = = Personal life = = Lee describes himself as being of " mixed " ethnicity and maintains a residence in West Philadelphia . = = Discography = = = = = Studio albums = = = = = = Live albums = = = = = = Extended plays = = = = = = Singles = = = = = = Other charted songs = = = ADid not enter the Hot 100 but charted on Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles . = = = DVDs = = = Live From Austin , Texas - ( 2008 ) New West " Amos Lee : Live from the Artists Den " - ( 2013 )
= Roy Riegels = Roy " Wrong Way " Riegels ( April 4 , 1908 – March 26 , 1993 ) played for the University of California , Berkeley football team from 1927 to 1929 . His wrong @-@ way run in the 1929 Rose Bowl is often cited as the worst blunder in the history of college football . That one play overshadowed Riegels ' football talents , since he earned first team All @-@ America honors and served as team captain for the Bears in 1929 . Riegels ' notability has been shared by motivational speakers who use his life as an example of overcoming setbacks . = = Background = = The 1920s saw the first golden age of California football , as the Golden Bears went 50 straight games without a defeat from 1920 to 1925 , with a record of 46 wins and 4 ties . As of 2010 , this is the 3rd longest unbeaten ( not to be confused with winning ) streak in NCAA history . The 1920 – 1924 squads were so dominant that they were nicknamed " The Wonder Teams , " and were coached by Andy Smith . One of the stars during this era was Brick Muller and the University later established a freshman leadership group called the Brick Muller Society . Cal won four Pacific Coast Conference championships and made three trips to the Rose Bowl during this decade , in 1921 ( 28 – 0 win over Ohio State ) , 1922 ( 0 – 0 tie with Washington & Jefferson ) , and 1929 ( 8 – 7 loss to Georgia Tech ) . Riegels played center on the 1928 University of California football team which had 6 – 1 – 2 record going into the Rose Bowl game . Riegels led the Golden Bears in conference minutes played that season , and he was voted onto the All @-@ Coast team . He was a good blocker , but his strength was playing " roving center " on defense , similar to present day middle linebacker position . Cal 's coach Nibs Price gave credit to Riegels as the smartest player he ever coached . Cal 's Rose Bowl opponent was undefeated and had outscored its opponents 213 points to 40 after nine games played . The Rose Bowl game was broadcast nationally by radio during this time . = = The game = = On January 1 , 1929 , the Golden Bears faced the Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena , California , USA . Midway through the second quarter , Riegels , who played center on both offensive and defensive lines and who was then playing in a role similar to that of the modern defensive nose guard or nose tackle , picked up a fumble by Tech 's Jack " Stumpy " Thomason . Just 30 yards away from the Yellow Jackets ' end zone , Riegels was somehow turned around and ran 69 yards in the wrong direction . The following describes what transpired from Riegels perspective : I was running toward the sidelines when I picked up the ball , " Riegels told The Associated Press . " I started to turn to my left toward Tech 's goal . Somebody shoved me and I bounded right off into a tackler . In pivoting to get away from him , I completely lost my bearings . Teammate and quarterback Benny Lom chased Riegels , screaming at him to stop . Known for his speed , Lom finally caught up with Riegels at California 's 3 @-@ yard line and tried to turn him around , but he was immediately hit by a wave of Tech players and tackled back to the 1 @-@ yard line . The Bears chose to punt rather than risk a play so close to their own end zone , but Tech 's Vance Maree blocked Lom 's punt for a safety , giving Georgia Tech a 2 – 0 lead . During Roy 's wrong way run , Georgia Tech 's coach Bill Alexander said to his excited players who were jumping up and down near the Tech bench : " Sit down . Sit down . He 's just running the wrong way . Every step he takes is to our advantage " Broadcaster Graham McNamee , who was calling the game on the radio , said during Roy 's wrong way run : " What am I seeing ? What 's wrong with me ? Am I crazy ? Am I crazy ? Am I crazy ? " After the play , Riegels was so distraught that he had to be talked into returning to the game by coach Nibs Price for the second half . Roy said " Coach , I can 't do it . I 've ruined you , I 've ruined myself , I 've ruined the University of California . I couldn 't face that crowd to save my life . " Coach Price responded by saying " Roy , get up and go back out there — the game is only half over . " Riegels did play , and he turned in a stellar second half performance , including blocking a Tech punt . In addition , Lom passed for a touchdown and kicked the extra point , but that was not enough . Tech would ultimately win the game and their second national championship 8 – 7 . Georgia Tech 's safety score after the wrong way run made the difference in the outcome of the game , which increased the significance of Roy 's mistake . In spite of the loss , the example of how the distraught Riegels was persuaded to pick himself up , return to the field and play so hard during the second half is sometimes used by motivational speakers to illustrate overcoming setbacks . = = Aftermath = = After the game , coach Nibs Price defended Riegels , saying " It was an accident that might have happened to anyone . " That one play overshadowed Riegels ' football talents . Georgia Tech center and captain Peter Pund said Riegels was " the best center I have played against all year . He 's a battler , and he never quit . " Riegels would take his spot as team captain during his senior year , earning All @-@ America honors , and he helped the Bears to a 7 – 1 – 1 record during the following season . Later , the NCAA football rules committee would pass a rule barring a player from advancing a recovered fumble once it hits the ground , which remained in place for several decades . According to one contemporary article , there were approximately 4 @,@ 500 stories totaling an estimated 250 @,@ 000 column inches written about Riegels ' wrong way run in newspapers across the United States . Riegels gained notoriety from his wrong way run , but he was able to capitalize on his blunder , parodying his famous run in vaudeville acts . The opening sequence of the 1929 Frank Capra movie Flight is based on Riegels and uses photographs of him . In 1965 , the movie John Goldfarb , Please Come Home was released and the lead character performs a similar blunder in his college years , earning the name " Wrong Way " Goldfarb . In 2011 , a picture book written by Dan Gutman was published with title " The Day Roy Riegels Ran the Wrong Way , " which provides play @-@ by @-@ play description of this moment in sports history . Looking back on the play years later , Regiels said " I was embarrassed when I realized what I had done . I wanted a hole to open in the ground so I could jump in it . But that soon passed , and I reached a stage when mention of it would cause me to bristle . Soon that passed and it has never really bothered me since , except in cases when people tried to exploit it . " Riegels was reminded of his mistake throughout his life . Riegels once said : " All the times I 've run across or heard people saying ' wrong way , ' even though they weren 't referring to me , I immediately turned around to see if they were speaking about me . I still don 't understand how I did it . " Riegels dealt with his situation by laughing about what happened . Riegels once joked " If I had to do it again , I 'd still run in the same direction , for I surely thought I was going the right way . " Riegels also said " You run the wrong way with a football in front of 60 @,@ 000 people , and it 's pretty hard to lie out of it . " When presented his membership card into the Georgia Tech Lettermen 's Club 42 years later , Riegels quipped , " Believe me , I feel I 've earned this . " Riegels sent letters to athletes who made similar mistakes . For example , Riegels sent a letter to Paramount High School 's Jan Bandringa in 1957 , who had intercepted a pass only to run it 55 yards into his own end zone , resulting in a safety for Centennial High , who won the game 9 – 7 . Riegels wrote in the letter : " For many years I 've had to go along and laugh whenever my wrong @-@ way run was brought up , even though I 've grown tired listening and reading about it . But it certainly wasn 't the most serious thing in the world . I regretted doing it , even as you do , but you 'll get over it . " In addition , during an NFL game in 1964 between the Minnesota Vikings and San Francisco 49ers , Minnesota defensive end Jim Marshall ran a recovered fumble 66 yards into his own end zone ( resulting in a safety , but the Vikings won 27 – 22 ) . Riegels reportedly later sent Marshall a letter reading " Welcome to the club " . In later years , Riegels said his blunder made him a better person . " I gained true understanding of life from my Rose Bowl mistake , " he said in an interview with the Pasadena Star . " I learned you can bounce back from misfortune and view it as just something adverse that happened to you . " In 1991 , Riegels was inducted into the Rose Bowl Hall of Fame . He was posthumously elected to Cal 's Hall of Fame in 1998 . In 2003 , a panel from the College Football Hall of Fame and CBS Sports chose Riegels ' " Wrong way run in the Rose Bowl " one of six " Most Memorable Moments of the Century . " = = Family and personal life = = Riegels was born to Max Jakob Andreas Riegels and Beda Helena Nilsdotter . His father was from Denmark and his mother was from Sweden . Riegels had a sister named Dora . He was married to Barbara Bailey ( 1916 – 1985 ) . Riegels had four children : David , Richard , Alexa Richmond , and Helen Mackey . Riegels graduated from University of California in 1931 with a degree in agriculture . Riegels became a teacher and coached football at California and at the high school and junior college levels . He served as an officer in the United States Army Air Corps during World War II and later worked in the agriculture field and as a cannery executive . In 1955 Riegels started his own agricultural chemicals business in Woodland , California ( Roy Riegels Chemicals ) , earning plaudits for his contributions to California farming from the state legislature and governor . Riegels sold the company and retired in 1976 . He died in March 1993 in his sleep at his home at the age of 84 due to complications from Parkinson 's disease .
= Jharokha Darshan = Jharokha Darshan was a daily practice of addressing the public audience ( darshan ) at the balcony ( jharokha ) at the forts and palaces of medieval kings in India . It was an essential and direct way of communicating face @-@ to @-@ face with the public , and was a practice which was adopted by the Mughal emperors . The balcony appearance in the name of Jharokha Darshan also spelled jharokha @-@ i darshan was adopted by the 16th @-@ century Mughal Emperor Akbar , even though it was contrary to Islamic injunctions . Earlier , Akbar 's father Emperor Humayun had also adopted this Hindu practice of appearing before his subjects at the jharokha to hear their public grievances . Darshan is a Sanskrit word which means " sight " and " beholding " ( also means : " the viewing of an idol or a saint " ) which was adopted by Mughals for their daily appearance before their subjects . This also showed a Hindu influence , It was first practiced by Humayun before Akbar adopted it as a practice at sunrise . Jharokha is an easterly facing " ornate bay @-@ window " , canopied , throne @-@ balcony , the " balcony for viewing " ( an oriel window projecting out of the wall ) provided in every palace or fort where the kings or emperors resided during their reign . Its architecture served not only the basic need for lighting and ventilation but also attained a divine concept during the reign of Mughals . The jharokha appearances by the Mughals have been depicted by many paintings . Giving Jharokha Darshan from this jharokha was a daily feature . This tradition was also continued by rulers who followed Akbar ( r . 1556 – 1605 CE ) . Jahangir ( r . 1605 – 27 CE ) and Shah Jahan ( r . 1628 – 58 CE ) also appeared before their subjects punctiliously . However , this ancient practice was discontinued by Aurangzeb during his 11th year of reign as he considered it a non @-@ Islamic practice , a form of idol worship . In Agra Fort and Red Fort , the jharokha faces the Yamuna and the emperor would stand alone on the jharokha to greet his subjects . Mughal emperors during their visits outside their capital used to give Jharokha Darshan from their portable wooden house known as Do @-@ Ashiayana Manzil . During the Delhi Durbar held in Delhi on 12 December 1911 , King George V and his consort , Queen Mary , made a grand appearance at the jharokha of the Red Fort to give a " darshan " to 500 @,@ 000 common people . = = Practices by various rulers = = = = = During Humayun 's reign = = = The Hindu practice of appearing before the people at the jharokha was started by Humayun , though the practice is generally credited to Akbar . Humayun had fixed a drum beneath the wall so that the petitioners assembled below the jharokha could beat it to draw his attention . = = = During Akbar 's reign = = = Akbar 's daily practice of worshiping the sun in the early morning at his residence in Agra Fort led him to initiate the Jharokha Darshan . Hindus , who used to bathe in the river at that hour greeted Akbar when he appeared on the jharokha window for sun worship . It was also the period when Akbar was promoting his liberal religious policy , and in pursuance of this liberal approach he started the Jharokha Darshan . Thereafter , Akbar would religiously start his morning with prayers and then attend the Jharokha Darshan and greet the large audience gathered every day below the jharokha . He would spend about an hour at the jharokha " seeking acceptance of imperial authority as part of popular faith " , and after this he would attend the court at the Diwan @-@ i @-@ Aam for two hours attending to administrative duties . The crowd of people assembled below the balcony generally consisted of soldiers , merchants , craft persons , peasants , and women and sick children . As the balcony was set high , the king would stand on a platform so that people gathered below could reassure themselves that he was alive and that the empire was stable ; even when the sovereign was ill . He felt that it was necessary to see them publicly at least once a day in order to maintain his control , and guard against immediate anarchy . It also had a symbolic purpose . During this time people might make personal requests directly to Akbar , or present him with petitions for some cause . Akbar , therefore , began appearing at the jharokha twice a day and would hear the complaints of the people who wished to speak to him . Sometimes , while the emperor gave his Jharokha Darshan , he would let out a thread down the jharokha so that people could tie their complaints and petitions seeking his attention and justice . It was an effective way of communication and information exchange process , which Badauni , a contemporary of Akbar noted Jharokha Darshan worked effectively under Akbar who spent about four and half hours regularly in such darshan . Akbar 's paintings giving Jharokha Darshan are also popular . = = = During Jahangir 's reign = = = Akbar 's son , Emperor Jahangir , also continued the practice of Jharokha Darshan . In Agra Fort , the jharokha window is part of the structure which represents the Shah Burj , the Royal Tower . The tower is in the shape of an octagon and has a white marble pavilion . During Jahangir 's time and even more frequently under Shah Jahan 's rule this jharokha was used for giving darshan . During Jahangir 's Jharokha Darshan , hanging a string to tie petitions , was also practiced . This was also a Persian system under naushrwan . Jahangir elaborated on this system by adopting a golden chain to tie the petitions but Aurangzeb stopped it . Nur Jahan , Jahangir 's wife , was also known to have sat for the Jharokha Darshan and conducted administrative duty with the common people and hearing their pleas . Jahangir was fully dedicated to the practice and made it a point to conduct the Jharokha Darshan even if he was sick ; he had said " even in the time of weakness I have gone every day to the jharokha , though in great pain and sorrow , according to my fixed custom . " Jahangir 's painting giving Jharokha Darshan shows him sitting at the jharokha in a side profile , bedecked with jewelry and wearing a red turban in the background of a pale purple coloured cushion . = = = During Shah Jahan 's reign = = = Emperor Shah Jahan maintained a rigorous schedule during his entire thirty years rule and used to get up at 4 AM and , after ablutions and prayers , religiously appeared at the jharokha window to show himself to his subjects . During his stay in Agra or Delhi , huge crowds used to assemble to receive his darshan below the balcony . He would appear before the public 45 minutes after sunrise . His subjects would bow before him which he would reciprocate with his imperial salute . There was one particular group of people known as darshaniyas ( akin to the guilds of Augustales of the Roman Empire ) who were " servile " to the king and who would take their food only after they had a look at the face of the emperor which they considered as auspicious . More than half an hour had to be spent by the King at the balcony as it was the only time people could submit petitions to the king directly through the chain let down for the purpose ( which was drawn up by attendants ) of receiving such petitions by passing the nobles of the court . At one time in 1657 when Shah Jahan was sick he could not appear for the Jharokha Darshan which spread speculations of his death . There were times when people used to gather below the jharokha window to hold protest demonstrations to place their grievances before the emperor . One such incident occurred in 1641 in Lahore when people who were affected by famine and were starving pleaded before Shah Jahan to provide famine relief . It is also said of Shah Jehan that his Islamic orthodoxy was more than that of his father or his grandfather and that he was skeptical to carry out the function of Jharokha Darshan as it could be misconstrued as worship of the sun . However , this practice was so deep @-@ rooted with in the " Mughal Kingship and State " that he was compelled to continue this practice . = = = During Aurangzeb 's reign = = = There is a proof that Aurangzeb continued the Mughal practice of Jharokha Darshan in a painting dated 1710 in which he is shown at the jharokha with two noblemen in attendance in the foreground . In this painting , the emperor is painted in a side profile and has a white jama ( upper garment ) attire adorned with a turban in a background of blue colour . In 1670 , Hindus had assembled at the jharokha to protest against the jizya tax imposed on them by Aurangzeb . However , Aurangzeb who was a " puritanical " and practiced strict Islamic codes of conduct in his personal life , stopped this practice on the basis that it was idolization of human beings . He stopped this practice during the 11th year of his rule . He also felt that it was " savouring of the Hindu ceremony of darshan " . = = Do @-@ Ashiayana Manzil = = Do @-@ Ashiayana Manzil was a portable wooden house used by the Mughal emperors during their visits outside their capital . This was a double storied house built with a platform supported over 16 pillars , of 6 yards height . Pillars were 4 cubits in height joined with nuts and bolts which formed the upper floor . This functioned as a sleeping quarter for the king and also for worship and holding Jharokha Darshan , and considered it an emulation of Hindu practice . = = Delhi Durbar = = On the occasion of the Delhi Durbar that was held on 12 December 1911 , King George V and his consort , Queen Mary , made a grand appearance at the jharokha of the Red Fort to give a " darshan " to 500 @,@ 000 common people who had assembled there to greet them .
= Diversity Day ( The Office ) = " Diversity Day " is the second episode of the first season of the American comedy television series The Office , and the show 's second episode overall . Written by B. J. Novak and directed by Ken Kwapis , it first aired in the United States on March 29 , 2005 , on NBC . The episode guest stars Office consulting producer Larry Wilmore as Mr. Brown . In this episode , Michael 's ( Steve Carell ) controversial imitation of a Chris Rock routine forces the staff to undergo a racial diversity seminar . A consultant ( Larry Wilmore ) arrives to teach the staff about tolerance and diversity , but Michael insists on imparting his own knowledge — aggravating both the consultant and the entire office staff — and creates his own diversity seminar . He eventually assigns each staff member an index card with a different race on it , causing tempers to slowly simmer until they finally snap . Meanwhile , Jim struggles to keep hold of a lucrative contract extension , but Dwight makes the sale for himself . " Diversity Day " was the first episode of The Office to feature original writing , as the " Pilot " contained many jokes from the British series pilot . The episode guest starred Larry Wilmore , who plays the sensitivity trainer Mr. Brown . Wilmore , a writer for the show , had to formally audition with other actors because of stipulations with the Screen Actors Guild . The episode received a 2 @.@ 7 / 6 in the Nielsen ratings among people aged 18 – 49 garnered 6 @.@ 0 million viewers overall , losing almost half of its audience from the previous week . Despite this setback , the episode received positive reviews from television critics . NBC webcast this episode on March 16 , 2005 on MySpace to promote the show 's then @-@ upcoming premiere . This was NBC 's first @-@ ever online debut of a complete episode of a network series , and also included a trimmed @-@ down webisode version of the episode for on @-@ demand viewing on MySpace the following day . = = Plot = = In answer to Michael ’ s ( Steve Carell ) apparently constant recitation Chris Rock 's " Niggas Vs . Black People " routine , the corporate offices of Dunder Mifflin send a representative ( Larry Wilmore ) from Diversity Today to hold a meeting regarding diversity training . Michael finds it insulting and , as a response , holds his own diversity meeting . He shows a brief video that addresses nothing of significance , claims that his heritage is " two @-@ fifteenths Native American , " and instructs everyone to wear index cards with a certain race on it and to treat others however they might treat people of those races . Meanwhile , Jim ( John Krasinski ) desperately tries to re @-@ up an annual sale that will amount to a quarter of his yearly commission but is ultimately undercut by Dwight ( Rainn Wilson ) . = = Production = = Larry Wilmore , who plays the sensitivity trainer Mr. Brown , is a writer for the show . At the table @-@ read for this episode , they had not cast the part yet and Daniels had Wilmore read for the role to fill in . After the read , producer Greg Daniels thought he was perfect for the role . However , because of stipulations with the Screen Actors Guild , producers still had to have Wilmore formally audition with other actors for the role . Daniels was also not sure where to use Mindy Kaling on screen in the series until the point came in this episode 's script when Michael needed to be slapped by a minority . Her character in this episode , however , is far from the bubbly , chatty character that Kelly later becomes . The second episode of the series was the first to feature predominantly original writing , as the " Pilot " contained many jokes from the British series pilot . During one of Michael 's impersonations , a racial expletive spoken by Michael had to be censored by the producers for NBC . Daniels was terrified that the scene would leak unedited , so he personally oversaw the censoring of the master copy . The scene where Pam rests her head on Jim 's shoulder after Dwight has stolen his sale and Jim smiles and says " not a bad day after all " came about when Greg Daniels spoke to the writers about wanting to have small , happy interactions between Jim and Pam and mentioned the head @-@ on @-@ shoulder idea , which BJ Novak immediately wrote into his script . Paul Lieberstein did not want to appear in the episode and did so assuming it would be a one @-@ time event , but Kevin Reilly was impressed by his work and said the show should use him more , leading to the expansion of Paul 's work as Toby Flenderson . Two scenes that were cut involved Michael Scott responding to Mr. Brown 's " HERO " acronym by creating one that sounded good until everyone noticed the words created the acronym of " INCEST " , and Michael responded to Mr. Brown 's nixing of that idea by pointing out the links between incest and racism in some states , while another had Jim replacing Dwight 's " Asian " headband with " Dwight " and then having the other co @-@ workers complain to a clueless Dwight about how annoying his behavior was ( http : / / uproxx.com / tv / 2015 / 03 / feature @-@ the @-@ behind @-@ the @-@ scenes @-@ story @-@ of @-@ diversity @-@ day @-@ the @-@ episode @-@ that @-@ defined @-@ nbcs @-@ the @-@ office ) . = = Reception = = = = = Ratings = = = " Diversity Day " premiered on NBC on March 29 , 2005 . While the pilot episode garnered over eleven million viewers , the second episode lost over half its viewing audience from the previous episode . The episode received a 2 @.@ 7 / 6 in the Nielsen ratings among people aged 18 – 49 , meaning that 2 @.@ 7 percent of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds viewed the episode and six percent of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds watching TV viewed it . The episode garnered 6 @.@ 0 million viewers overall . The episode , airing after Scrubs , retained 90 % of its lead @-@ in 18 @-@ 49 audience . In addition , " Diversity Day , " along with the other first season episodes of The Office helped NBC score its highest @-@ rated Tuesday night slot since February 1 , 2005 . = = = Reviews = = = Contrary to the lukewarm response to the pilot , " Diversity Day " earned positive reviews from television critics . Entertainment Weekly gave the episode positive reviews , stating that : " Think of the toss @-@ off racism of the original , plopped into a PC @-@ gone @-@ wrong showcase that might be entitled The Accidental Bigot . As when the African @-@ American diversity trainer introduces himself as Mr. Brown , and Scott assures him , ' I will not call you that . ' " Ricky Gervais , who was the lead in the British series , stated that , in comparison to the British version , " It is as good . I love the fact that , apart from the first one , the scripts are all original . You 've gone back to the blueprint of what the characters are and you 've started from there , as opposed to copying anything . " Rolling Stone magazine named the scene wherein Michael shows the office his diversity video the third greatest Moment from The Office . The article particularly praised Michael 's line : " Abraham Lincoln once said , ' If you are a racist , I will attack you with the North . ' " Erik Adams of The A.V. Club awarded the episode a " B + " and felt that , as the show lost viewers in the first season , the stories got better , and that " Diversity Day " is an excellent example of this " unfortunate trend " . He noted that the episode " would go on to be one of the series ’ defining episodes , an installment that put a more hopeful spin on the original Office 's views on accepting the disparity between our dreams and our realities . " However , Adams noted that Carell 's character was still too aggressive for Michael Scott to be completely lovable , and that the second season episode " Sexual Harassment " would serve as " a gentler spiritual sequel " to this episode , featuring a similar premise , but with a softened Michael Scott . For his work on this episode , B. J. Novak was nominated for a Writers Guild of America Award for Best Screenplay – Episodic Comedy .
= Freedom of Speech ( painting ) = Freedom of Speech is the first of the Four Freedoms paintings by Norman Rockwell that were inspired by United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt in the State of the Union Address , known as Four Freedoms , he delivered on January 6 , 1941 . Freedom of Speech was published in the February 20 , 1943 Issue of The Saturday Evening Post with a matching essay by Booth Tarkington as part of the Four Freedoms series . Rockwell felt that this and Freedom to Worship were the most successful of the set . Since Rockwell liked to depict life as he experienced it or envisioned it , it is not surprising that this image depicts an actual occurrence . = = Background = = Freedom of Speech was the first of a series of four oil paintings , entitled Four Freedoms , painted by Norman Rockwell . The works were inspired by United States President , Franklin D. Roosevelt in a State of the Union Address , known as Four Freedoms , delivered to the 77th United States Congress on January 6 , 1941 . Of the Four Freedoms , the only two described in the United States Constitution were freedom of speech and freedom of worship . The Four Freedoms ' theme was eventually incorporated into the Atlantic Charter , and it became part of the charter of the United Nations . The series of paintings ran in The Saturday Evening Post accompanied by essays from noted writers on four consecutive weeks : Freedom of Speech ( February 20 ) , Freedom of Worship ( February 27 ) , Freedom from Want ( March 6 ) and Freedom from Fear ( March 13 ) . Eventually , the series became widely distributed in poster form and became instrumental in the U. S. Government War Bond Drive . = = Description = = Freedom of Speech depicts a scene of a local town meeting in which Jim Edgerton , the lone dissenter to the town councilors ' announced plans to build a new school , was accorded the floor as a matter of protocol . The old school had burned down . Once he envisioned this scene to depict freedom of speech , Rockwell decided to use his Vermont neighbors as models for a Four Freedoms series . The blue @-@ collar speaker wears a plaid shirt and suede jacket . He has dirty hands and a darker complexion than others in attendance . The other attendees are wearing white shirts , ties and jackets . Although one of the men is wearing a wedding band , the speaker is not . Edgerton 's youth and workmanlike hands are fashioned with a worn and stained jacket , while the other attendees , appear to be older and more neatly and formally dressed . He is shown " standing tall , his mouth open , his shining eyes transfixed , he speaks his mind , untrammeled and unafraid . " Edgerton is depicted in a way that resembles Abraham Lincoln . According to Bruce Cole of The Wall Street Journal , the closest figure in the painting is revealing a subject of the meeting as " a discussion of the town 's annual report " . According to John Updike , the work is painted without any painterly brushwork . According to Robert Scholes , the work shows audience members in rapt attention with a sort of admiration of this lone speaker . = = Production = = Rockwell 's final work was the result of four restarts and consumed two months . According to Scholes , the subject resembles a Gary Cooper or Jimmy Stewart character in a Frank Capra film . Each version depicted the blue @-@ collar man in casual attire standing up at a town meeting , but each was from a different angle . Earlier versions were troubled by the distraction of multiple subjects and the improper placement and perspective of the subject for the message to be clear . An Arlington , Vermont Rockwell neighbor , Carl Hess , stood as the model for the shy , brave young workman , and another neighbor , Jim Martin , who appeared in each painting in the series , is in the scene . Rockwell 's assistant , Gene Pelham , suggested Hess , who had a gas station in town and whose children went to school with the Rockwell children . According to Pelham , Hess " had a noble head " . Others in the work were Hess ' father Henry ( left ear only ) , Jim Martin ( lower right corner ) , Harry Brown ( right — top of head and eye only ) , Robert Benedict , Sr. and Rose Hoyt to the left . Rockwell 's own eye is also visible along the left edge . Hess was married at the time and Henry Hess was a German immigrant . Pelham was the owner of the suede jacket . Hess posed for Rockwell eight different times for this work and all other models posed for Rockwell individually . An early draft had Hess surrounded by others sitting squarely around him . Hess felt the depiction had a more natural look , Rockwell objected , " It was too diverse , it went every which way and didn 't settle anywhere or say anything . " He felt the upward view from the bench level was more dramatic . Rockwell explained to Yates at The Post that he had to start Freedom of Speech from scratch after an early attempt because he had overworked it . Twice he almost completed the work only to feel it was lacking . Eventually , he was able to produce the final version with the speaker as the subject rather than the assembly . For the accompanying essay , Post editor Ben Hibbs chose novelist and dramatist Tarkington who was a Pulitzer Prize winner . People who purchased war bonds during the Second War Bond Drive received a full @-@ color set of reproductions of the Four Freedoms that had a commemorative cover with Freedom of Speech on it . = = Essay = = Tarkington 's accompanying essay published in the February 20 , 1943 issue of The Saturday Evening Post was really a fable or parable in which youthful Adolf Hitler and youthful Benito Mussolini meet in The Alps in 1912 . During the fictional meeting both men describe plans to secure dictatorships in their respective countries via the suppression of freedom of speech . = = Critical review = = This image was praised for its focus , and the empty bench seat in front of the speaker is perceived as inviting to the viewer . The solid dark background of the blackboard helps the subject to stand out but almost obscures Rockwell 's signature . According to Deborah Solomon , the work " imbues the speaker with looming tallness and requires his neighbors to literally look up to him . " The speaker represents a blue @-@ collar unattached and sexually available , likely ethnic , threat to social customs who nonetheless is accorded the full respect from the audience . Some question the authenticity of white @-@ collar residents being so attentive to the comments of their blue @-@ collar brethren . The lack of female figures in the picture gives this an Elks club meeting feel rather than an open town meeting . Laura Claridge said , " The American ideal that the painting is meant to encapsulate shines forth brilliantly for those who have canonized this work as among Rockwell 's great pictures . For those who find the piece less successful , however , Rockwell 's desire to give concrete form to an ideal produces a strained result . To such critics the people looking up at the speaker have stars in their eyes , their posture conveying celebrity worship , not a room full of respectful dissent . " Cole describes this freedom as an " active and public " subject that Rockwell formulated " his greatest painting forging traditional American illustration into a powerful and enduring work of art . " He notes that Rockwell uses " a classic pyramidal composition " to emphasize the central figure , a standing speaker whose appearance is juxtaposed with the rest of the audience that by participating in democracy defends it . Cole describes Rockwell 's figure as " the very embodiment of free speech , a living manifestation of that abstract right — an image that transforms principle , paint and , yes , creed , into an indelible image and a brilliant and beloved American icon still capable of inspiring millions world @-@ wide " . He notes that the use of a New England town @-@ hall meetings incorporates the " long tradition of democratic public debate " into the work while the blackboard and pew represent church and school , which are " two pillars of American life . " Hibbs said of Speech and Worship " To me they are great human documents in the form of paint and canvas . A great picture , I think is one which moves and inspires millions of people . The Four Freedoms did — do so . " Westbrook notes that Rockwell presents " individual dissent " that acts to " protect private conscience from the state . " Another writer describes the theme of the work as " civility " , a theme of days gone by .
= Brian the Bachelor = " Brian the Bachelor " is the seventh episode from the fourth season of Family Guy . It originally broadcast on June 26 , 2005 and was written by Mark Hentemann and directed by Dan Povenmire . The episode sees Brian becoming a contestant on The Bachelorette and falling in love with the bachelorette , only to be let down by her ignoring him off – camera . Meanwhile , Chris discovers his pimple , " Doug , " can talk , and the pair cause mischief across the city . Overall , the episode was received with positive comments by critics and news sources . = = Plot = = Peter , Joe and Quagmire drag Cleveland to a bar to get him to meet some women , as he 's still reeling from him and Loretta getting a divorce . It doesn ’ t work so well , so when The Bachelorette comes to Quahog , Peter takes Cleveland to audition for the show . Cleveland gets nervous at the audition and in an effort to calm him , Peter removes Cleveland ’ s clothes and then his own . The producers see this and Brian apologizes for what happened with Peter and Cleveland--Brian begins to explain how Cleveland and his wife recently divorced and how Cleveland 's confused about what he really wants in a relationship . After meeting Brian , they recruit him to be a contestant . He signs up for the free martinis and food , but ends up falling in love with the reality starlet , Brooke Roberts . Quagmire and Brian are the final two contestants on The Bachelorette . When Brooke visits the Griffins , it is very catastrophic , but not nearly as bad as the dinner she had with Quagmire and his mom . Brian wins her heart and the final rose , but when the cameras are turned off , Brooke tells Brian that it was nice " working with him " , and it is apparent that the show really is scripted , as Brian thought . Brian quickly becomes obsessed with her and leaves several messages on Brooke ’ s answering machine , even though she never gets back to him . Brooke Roberts is angry at Brian for stalking her . Afterwards , he gets a guitar and sings to Brooke . He finally stops stalking her when she throws the phone at him after he shows up at her apartment , upset that he became the very thing he was mocking in the beginning . Meanwhile , Chris has a pimple on his face which he names “ Doug . ” Lois worries about Chris , as Doug tells Chris to make some mischief . He goes to the Swansons ' house and sets a bag of feces on fire on their porch , and writes “ That ’ s enough , John Mayer ” in spraypaint on the wall of the Quahog Mini @-@ Mart . Lois sees Chris sneaking back into his room and is going to punish him but Chris tells her that Doug said he does not have to listen to her . This outrages Lois , deciding to go to Goldman 's Pharmacy the next day and get some astringent to get rid of Doug . However , the next day , as Peter and Lois head to Goldman ’ s , they realize there has been a break @-@ in , and someone has destroyed Mort ’ s entire stock of acne medication . That night , when Brooke comes over for dinner to meet Brian ’ s family , Doug tells Chris to lift up Brooke ’ s shirt . He does this , shocking and offending the family . Joe comes in , saying he has proof that it was Chris who vandalized , broke into Goldman ’ s Pharmacy and stole Mort 's acne medication . Chris decides he no longer wants to listen to Doug after he made his mom cry , but Doug says he could make Chris punch himself , or even worse , shoot him in the brain . Chris finally winds up at the dermatology clinic , and a struggle ensues as Doug tries to shoot him in the brain , but Chris manages to overpower him and use cortisone on Doug , finally taking him out . = = Production = = When this episode was being produced , The Bachelorette was a bigger and more prolific program than when this episode was originally broadcast . In addition , ABC was not doing very well at the time of this episode 's production . The production staff encountered some trouble when deciding what Peter would be doing in the lobby with Cleveland during his Bachelorette audition ; although the series could never come up with ideas they deemed to be suitable , they intended for Peter to put his buttocks in an aquarium tank in order to embarrass Cleveland and make him want to leave . This scene was not used , and the production staff used a scene of Peter putting his naked buttocks on Cleveland 's naked buttocks ; they also shortened this more detailed version and used the less @-@ detailed current version . During Cleveland 's audition for The Bachelorette , an unused scene was created that showed both Peter and Cleveland naked , with Peter sitting on top of Cleveland and bouncing up and down , as if he and Cleveland were engaging in anal sex , but broadcasting standards prohibited the scene . Family Guy creator Seth MacFarlane comments in the DVD commentary that Walter Murphy , who composes much of the music for Family Guy , goes back and forth from standard Family Guy music to Bachelorette @-@ style music during the episode . During the sequence where Brian and Brooke are talking in the barn , originally , the two horses in the background were intended to begin mating , but the sketch was never used . Nancy Cartwright , voice actor of Bart Simpson on The Simpsons , and Michael Bell , voice actor of Chaz Finster on Rugrats , provided their voices for the Snorks reference . The name of Quagmire 's cat was originally " Pussy " , but broadcasting standards objected . The episode was originally to feature a sequence showing Chris breaking entry into Goldman 's Pharmacy in order to destroy the acne medication wearing a Balaclava , but the scene was never shown . The promo features Quagmire in a limo finding the girl of his dreams , but the scene was also cut . = = Cultural references = = According to the commentary from the DVD , Chris ' talking pimple is a reference to Little Shop of Horrors . Chris shown waving his shirt above his head and being watched by Herbert through the window is a reference to 1978 comedy film National Lampoon 's Animal House . He @-@ Man from the Masters of the Universe media franchise is shown at the ranch during Brian 's time on The Bachelorette . The sequence of Peter and Lois at Mort Goldman 's pharmacy after the store vandalism is a reference to Fast Times at Ridgemont High , with Jeff Spicoli coming out of the restroom . Brian 's phone call to Brooke after she selects him as a final contestant makes references to the Billy Vera song At This Moment . Disney CEO Michael Eisner is featured after Brooke reveals that " it 's just TV " . He comes out to give Brian a " consolation prize " , which turns out to be a bill for the Bachelorette mansion . = = Reception = = As the most @-@ watched Fox program that night , this episode had an audience of 7 @.@ 29 million . In a positive review of the episode in Family Guy , Volume 3 , Dan MacIntosh of PopMatters praised the performance of Chris : " Chris ' best scenes occur during " Brian The Bachelor " , where he is shown developing an unlikely friendship with one of his facial zits . " By contrast , Family Guy , Volume 3 , included a negative review by Francis Rizzo III ( aka Turdboy ) of DVD Talk : " Among the more frustrating trends in the series is its willingness to stretch an unfunny joke to its very limits . When Stewie berated Brian for not finishing his novel for nearly two minutes , not once , but twice , in " Brian the Bachelor " , it tested my patience severely , and didn 't even make me smile . "
= FreeSpace 2 = FreeSpace 2 is a 1999 space combat simulation computer game developed by Volition , Inc. as the sequel to Descent : FreeSpace – The Great War . It was completed ahead of schedule in less than a year , and released to very positive reviews . Engrossing gameplay , excellent sound effects in addition to the inclusion of vocal talent such as Robert Loggia and Ronny Cox led several gaming sites to proclaim it as the definitive simulation game for 1999 . The game continues on the story from Descent : FreeSpace , once again thrusting the player into the role of a pilot fighting against the mysterious aliens , the Shivans . While defending the human race and its alien Vasudan allies , the player also gets involved in putting down a rebellion . The game features large numbers of fighters alongside gigantic capital ships in a battlefield fraught with beams , shells and missiles in detailed star systems and nebulae . Free multiplayer games were available via Parallax Online which also ranked players by their statistics . A persistent galaxy was also available as SquadWar for players to fight with each other over territories . In 2002 , Volition released the source code for the game engine under a non @-@ commercial license . This code became the core of the FreeSpace 2 Source Code Project , which continuously improves it and enables new features . In cooperation with the FreeSpace Upgrade Project the game 's graphics are kept up to date . The improved game engine is also used by various mod projects , for example The Babylon Project and Diaspora which are based on the science fiction series Babylon 5 and Battlestar Galactica respectively . = = Gameplay = = FreeSpace 2 's gameplay involves the player piloting a starfighter using mounted weapons to destroy enemy starfighters , performing reconnaissance behind enemy lines , or escorting other starships . Its flight model is based on a looser interpretation of space physics instead of realistic Newtonian physics . Hence , the ships are weightless and feel more responsive , though they require constant application of engine power to move . The result is that the game plays more like a " WWII dogfight simulator " unaffected by gravity . Although joysticks are the recommended controller for this game , the mouse is a viable alternative . Single player mode is executed in the form of a campaign , which follows a story as a linear sequence of missions are executed . The pre @-@ mission briefing stage is where the player gets information on the background and objectives , and selects the ship and weapons . The choices of ships and weapons increase as the player proceeds further along the campaign . Certain missions , however , will dictate certain ships and weapons to be used . Weapons can be classified into primary weapons and secondary weapons . Primary weapons are kinetic and energy weapons , while missiles and torpedoes are classified as secondary weapons . Each weapon has its own specifications such as its rate of fire . They also inflict different damages on hulls ( body of the ships ) or shields ( the protective energy fields surrounding the ships ) , or possess special effects such as shutting down specific electronic systems or propulsion . The player flies around in a fighter with a first @-@ person , in @-@ cockpit view with a fully customizable fixed head @-@ up display ( HUD ) as the visual interface . The HUD displays video communications and relevant data on the ship 's status and performance , weapons , objectives , and targets . It can also warn players from which direction missiles are locking onto them from , thus becoming an aide for launching countermeasures or taking evasive maneuvers . Players have to maneuver into position and shoot through both shields and hull to destroy enemy ships . While hull damage is unrecoverable , shields recharge over time . With the game supporting force feedback technology , joystick players will find their controllers vibrating or putting up resistance when they engage the afterburners or collide with objects . Similarly , certain events , such as engaging afterburners and firing powerful weapons , will shake the screen as a form of visual feedback . FreeSpace 2 has many helpful features available . The player can target enemies attacking a protected objective or match speeds with them . Power can be shunted between shields , engines , and weapons , thereby allowing faster recharge of shields , afterburners , and weapons at the expense of other subsystems . These features can be ignored without any detrimental effects on gameplay . The mission parameters are not rigidly fixed , as there is an allowance for the failures of some primary objectives . When the mission is concluded , a post @-@ mission briefing will be conducted to discuss the mission , and the performance of the player , before the next mission can be taken on . FreeSpace 2 allows multiplayer games to be played across a local area network ( LAN ) or over the Internet via the free services provided by Parallax Online ( PXO ) . The player can communicate with the other network players vocally through FreeSpace 2 's own voice chat capability . LAN play allows the players to play the standard player versus player modes such as deathmatch , or cooperate to complete multiplayer missions . They can even join in games which are already underway . The same can be done over PXO but with the added incentive of having the players ' statistics of kills and deaths being tracked on a ladder ( ranking ) system . Players can also form up or join squadrons in SquadWar , an online persistent galaxy hosted by Volition on PXO , where squadrons fight each other for territories . = = Plot and setting = = FreeSpace 2 takes place entirely in outer space . The playing area is vast when compared to the small starfighters piloted by the player and the effective range they have . This space is populated with interstellar bodies such as stars , planets , asteroids , etc . The implementation of nebulae as an interactive environment is one of the most distinctive and crowning aspects of FreeSpace 2 . Flying through a nebula involves impaired vision , and occasional disruptions to flight electronics . Nebulae have become known as an eerie and suspenseful arena of play . Journeys between star systems are achieved by " jumping " through jump nodes and traveling through subspace , while shorter intra @-@ system distances are done by " hopping " into subspace at any time . All ships in a mission either " jump " or " hop " to make their entries and exits . The game 's starship designs are clearly distinguishable between the three races . Terran starships tend to be plain and practical , the Vasudans ' starships are artistic with sleek lines and curves , and the enemies ' ships — the Shivans — are sharp , pointy and asymmetrical in insidious black and red colors . FreeSpace 2 also features humongous capital ships , hundreds of times larger than the fighters , and armed to the teeth with beam weapons and flak guns . These ships are commonly scripted to seek each other out and engage in massive duels . FreeSpace 2 's story is brought out via narrative pre @-@ rendered cutscenes , the pre- and post @-@ mission briefings , as well as in @-@ game chatter between non @-@ player characters , and scripted mission events . The structure for the story is linear without any branching paths for alternate storylines , though there are optional covert missions which can further flesh out the story . The story can only be continued by clearing missions and progressing through the campaign . However , players are given the option to skip a mission if they have failed it five times in a row . This gives those who are interested in the story , but less skilled , the chance to continue on with the story without frustration . = = = Characters = = = The player takes the role of a pilot in the ranks of the Galactic Terran – Vasudan Alliance ( GTVA ) . While the appearance and name of the pilot can be customized by the player , the player never gets to personally interact with other characters in the game . The pilot is also never shown in the game 's cinematics or any other media . This distant approach led to complaints of the game failing to motivate the player into the story . However , the game 's writer , James Scott , has stated the approach was to preserve the feeling of being a " nameless cog in the great machine " as per the first game . Just like the player 's pilot , most of the other characters are low @-@ key . The non @-@ player character Admiral Aken Bosch , however , plays a crucial part in moving the story . As a prominent antagonist from the start , he sparks off a rebellion which escalates the scale of action , and brings in the other antagonist force , the Shivans , into the story . The storytelling took on a character @-@ driven approach with expositions taking the form of cutscenes in which Bosch gives out monologues , revealing the purpose and driving forces behind his actions . A few established voice actors were brought in to give a polished touch to the voices in the game . Academy Award nominee Robert Loggia voiced the player 's commanding officer , Admiral Petrarch , and Admiral Bosch was voiced by Ronny Cox . Kurtwood Smith and Stephen Baldwin participated in bit roles as well . = = = Story = = = The game begins 32 years after the events in Descent : FreeSpace . Following the end of the Great War , both the GTA and PVE cemented their alliance by combining together to form the Galactic Terran – Vasudan Alliance ( GTVA ) — a single entity formed to cement the alliance between the Terran and Vasudan races after the destruction of Vasuda Prime by the Lucifer and the subsequent collapse of all subspace nodes to the Sol system as a result of the superdestroyer 's destruction inside the Sol – Delta Serpentis jump node . Despite this alliance , however , opposition still exists to this union in the form of a faction of Terrans led by Great War veteran , Admiral Aken Bosch , who leads the rebel group under the banner of the Neo @-@ Terran Front ( NTF ) . The NTF 's rebellion led to the faction gaining control over the Sirius , Polaris and Regulus star systems , while engaging the GTVA for 18 months , before launching attacks on the Vasudan systems of Deneb and Alpha Centauri . Seeking to stop the NTF from securing Deneb , the GTVA launch a campaign in the star system , though they are shocked to find Bosch within . An effort to stop him fails badly , and so the GTVA focus on securing the star system , with great success . Just as further engagements against the NTF are about to commence , an incident in the Gamma Draconis system leads to the 3rd Fleet of the GTVA being reassigned to the star system , where they learn that the Shivans have returned , along with the discovery of an artificial jump gate that leads to Shivan space . After securing the device and passing through it , the GTVA discover a nebula along with more Shivans , and a cruiser of the NTF , the Trinity . Despite efforts to secure and recover the cruiser , the Trinity is destroyed , and the GTVA fleet focus on dealing with the Shivans , before returning to Gamma Draconis for reassignment . The NTF rebellion soon becomes the focus of attention once again after attacks intensify , eventually leading the GTVA to quell an attack on a space station with their latest ship , the enormous capital ship GTVA Colossus . Dwarfing all other capital ships , this juggernaut @-@ class ship 's power proves more than a match to many NTF ships , defeating a major officer in the rebellion . Seeking to captalize on this , the GTVI ( Galactic Terran – Vasudan Intelligence ) organise an operation with their SOC ( Special Operation Command ) to investigate and uncover information on Bosch 's ETAK project , which is nearly wrecked when a Vasudan admiral attempts to hit Bosch 's flagship , the Iceni . Following the latest campaign against the NTF , GTVA forces re @-@ engage Shivan forces in the nebula , while testing out new weapon and technology prototypes such as an AWACS cruiser that enables better vision in the nebula , a TAG missile that enables friendly capital ships to instantly lock on to the " tagged " enemy ship , and the Pegasus @-@ class stealth fighter . With the aid of these new technologies , the Alliance destroys a Shivan Ravana @-@ class destroyer . The 3rd Fleet soon return to GTVA space , where Bosch launches an assault to get the NTF to the Jump Gate . While the NTF loses many ships , the Iceni escapes with Bosch on board , thanks to sabotage preventing the GTVA Colossus from firing on it . While pursuing Bosch into the nebula , the GTVA attack Shivan nebular gas mining operations , only for the Shivans to retaliate with a juggernaut @-@ class warship of their own , dubbed the Sathanas . The Sathanas enters Terran – Vasudan space , despite an effort to destroy the jump gate linking the nebula to Gamma Draconis ; the node between the two system had stabilised at some point . With the Shivans encroaching on GTVA space , the Sathanas is engaged by the Colossus as it enters the densely populated Capella system and , thanks to the player 's efforts in disabling its beam turrets , is destroyed in the engagement . The Alliance Fleet soon resumes it efforts to track down Bosch , and discover that Bosch had built a device that enables him to communicate with the Shivans , which was the purpose of ETAK ; the Alliance realise the jump gate was activated by Bosch , who had been stealing artefacts from archaeological sites looking into the Ancients , and had been hoping to meet and contact the Shivans . The Shivans respond to his transmission , and in turn board his command frigate , the Iceni , and capture him and fifteen other crewmen before attempting to destroy it . The GTVA manage to save the surviving crew of the Iceni and the ETAK device , but as they try to intercept the Shivan transport carrying Bosch , they discover a second jump gate in the nebula , which the Alliance destroyer , the GVD Psamtik , attempts to secure . However , it is destroyed by another Sathanas juggernaut shortly afterwards , forcing the GTVA to pull out . During this time , the GTVI and SOC launch a secret operation within the nebula , at great risk , to recover an operative and check the other side of the gate , discovering the threat posed to the GTVA by the Shivans is much greater than they had thought . The Alliance devises a plan to halt the Shivan invasion while evacuating civilians and others from the Capella star system , by collapsing the two jump nodes from Capella to the rest of GTVA space . The Alliance plans to recreate the same conditions that collapsed the Sol jump nodes — namely a sufficiently powerful meson explosion , using a number of Great War @-@ era destroyers , including the Bastion , which the GTVA send out to collapse the Capella – Epsilon Pegasi node by detonating its payload while it is within the node . The plan works but it is pyrrhic victory , as the GTVA loses the Colossus , their only match for Shivan juggernauts , in a diversionary engagement at the other end of the Capella system . With not much left to do but escort the remaining evacuation convoys to the Capella – Vega jump node while a second payload is sent to the jump node , the GTVA soon begins to detect activity from the system 's star , which is being bombarded with an intense subspace field by numerous Sathanas @-@ class ships . This causes the star to goes supernova , destroying the fighting GTVA and Shivans in system . The player can choose to flee the scene when the warning is given or stay and die defending the remaining ships , which affects the ending slightly . In the ending cutscene the player 's commanding officer , Admiral Petrarch , delivers a speech about everything the Alliance has lost , speculating on the nature of the Shivans and why they destroyed the Capella star , and if the player decides to stay , a small tribute is paid to the player 's heroic actions as Petrarch informs his wingmen of his sacrifice . The Admiral concludes by saying that the Alliance now has the means to recreate the Ancient subspace gate , implying that there 's a chance the node to Earth can be restored and that this conflict didn 't bring only sorrow , before signing off . = = Development = = The news of FreeSpace 2 being in development was confirmed in a chat on November 6 , 1998 . The Volition team revealed they had written up a deep story and will be targeting high @-@ end hardware with dogfights for a greater number of ships and even larger and more deadly capital ships . The team set themselves the goals of setting new standards for both single @-@ player and multiplayer space combat simulations , and started to modify the FreeSpace game engine for FreeSpace 2 . This team was the same team which had worked on Descent : FreeSpace , plus several new members . In order to flesh out the story , Volition hired Jason Scott as a full @-@ time writer before work even started . The linear mission structure was adopted as it was decided it would help the immersion factor of the story greatly . As the relations between the Terrans and Vasudans dominated the first game , it was decided to scale the focus down to a personal level with Admiral Bosch and his decisions to rebel . Scott 's close work with the designers , and co @-@ ordination of the voice recording process helped to tightly integrate the story into the missions , giving a more sophisticated feel to the story . Due to time constraints , a lot of the initial ideas were dropped from the final version of the game , such as atmospheric battles , and new weapons types like a " subspace missile artillery strike " . The team made major improvements to the same FreeSpace engine from the first game . By revamping the core of the graphical engine , and adding 32 @-@ bit support , they sped up the interface screens and graphic processing . Hardware acceleration for the graphics was also decided to be a requirement to target the high @-@ end machines of 1999 . This allowed for a greater number of ships visibly active on the battlefield , satisfying the team 's penchant of having great numbers of fighters and capitals ships duking it out in a big battlefield , instead of " multiple small @-@ ass " battles . The shifting of their target focus to higher end machines also fulfilled their top priority of having capital ships many times larger than fighter crafts . The team also followed real world concepts for some of their designs . The Pegasus stealth fighter was modeled on the stealth technology of the 1990s for people to relate to it easily . The game was restrained from becoming too realistic by the team 's recognition that most gamers only want believable worlds to have a blast flying around in and blowing things up . Compared to the graphical changes , the artificial intelligence ( AI ) of the computer @-@ controlled characters was only slightly changed . The justification given was that the team felt the AI worked very well for the first game . All they had to do was to tweak it a little and fix some bugs . There was , however , a lot of work done in improving the multiplayer portion of the game . For FreeSpace 2 , the player 's personal computer was assigned a greater role in predicting the possible consequences for other players ' actions . This reduced the amount of data needed to be transferred between the computers , which would result in a smoother playing experience . Beta testers were recruited to stress test and troubleshoot the multiplayer mode as well . SquadWar was implemented as an attempt to establish a sense of continuity among the players in the form of a persistent online territorial fight , along with pilot statistics and ladder rankings . Volition hoped this concept would help to establish a strong , online community and build up the game 's lifespan . The process of fixing the bugs detected was even publicly published on the game 's official website as the " Bug Fix of the Day " feature . FreeSpace 2 was released on September 30 , 1999 , one month ahead of schedule . However , the team had to quickly come up with and release a patch ( version 1 @.@ 01 ) for a software bug which prevented recognition of a CD during the installation process . Three months later , they released the next and final patch ( version 1 @.@ 20 ) to fix several other bugs . The release of FreeSpace 2 was considerably muted compared to its predecessor Descent : FreeSpace . Its publisher , Interplay , did not organize contests for it , nor did they generate pre @-@ release hype up with the same drive as before . They also posted the incorrect system requirements for the game on their site . FreeSpace 2 was also placed on less @-@ visible shelves than Descent 3 . However , when GameSpot awarded FreeSpace 2 the " Sci @-@ Fi Simulation of the Year " award , Interplay pushed out the " Sci @-@ Fi Sim of the Year Edition " to capitalize on it . Despite Volition 's interest and desire to develop add @-@ ons and expansions for FreeSpace 2 , Interplay told them to stop . Volition was then acquired by THQ in 2000 . As Interplay owns the rights to the FreeSpace series ( as well as the Descent series ) and Volition 's owners , THQ , is only interested in pursuing development on what they own , Volition was unable to continue developing the FreeSpace franchise . Faced with source code which became practically useless to them , Volition released the source code for only game engines to the public under a noncommercial license on April 25 , 2002 . Mike Kulas , the President of Volition , said this was to give those outside the game industry a chance to look at the code of a commercial software product , a desire he and Matt Toschlog had when they were not yet in the industry . In the years since , no sequels to FreeSpace 2 have been made and Interplay has only published a limited re @-@ release of it on February 2 , 2004 , to commemorate the company 's 20th anniversary . Interplay , by that time , was in financial trouble , failing to pay rent and wages to its workers . Seeking investors to inject it with funds , Interplay changed business strategies : instead of developing and publishing single @-@ player games , it sold licenses to those games and looked towards developing massive multi @-@ player online games . Derek Smart , creator of Battlecruiser 3000AD , had casually mentioned his interest in the Freespace license , but nothing significant came out of this . In 2013 , Interplay acquired the remaining rights to the FreeSpace franchise for $ 7 @,@ 500 after THQ went to bankruptcy court . = = Reception = = FreeSpace 2 has garnered high praise from most established reviewers . FreeSpace 2 received numerous " Game of the Year " awards for 1999 , and was nominated for " Computer Simulation Game of the Year " in the 3rd Annual Interactive Achievement Awards , 2000 . Every review praised FreeSpace 2 's graphics . From the ships to the backgrounds , the reviewers were pleased with the details Volition had paid attention to , such as the thematic differences in the ship designs between the races , the textures and clarity of the backdrops , and even the realism of the explosions , though FiringSquad pointed out explosions from torpedo strikes were lower in quality . The nebulae feature was also praised for its rendered atmosphere , which reviewers described as tense and paranoia @-@ inducing as they keep expecting enemy ships to appear out of the gases in a deadly ambush . Even though a couple of reviewers wrote that the nebulae made them dizzy , they still liked the feature . Combatsim even claimed FreeSpace 2 was unrivaled among its space combat peers in the graphics department . The graphical standards were such that when XGP reviewed the Anniversary Edition in 2004 , Wehbi found the graphics to stand up quite well to the recent games then . GameSpot felt FreeSpace 's story was " both deeper and darker " than either the Wing Commander and X @-@ Wing series , establishing invincible foes who never lost their stature despite the player learning of plausible ways to defeat them . Game Revolution felt the story was " first rate " for being able to " build several different conflicts into an unforgettable climax " , nicely presented by the emphasis of story telling by means of in @-@ game events . While Eurogamer supported the story as intriguing , it also marked down its rating of the game for the way the story was told . The reviewer felt the " just a cog in the machine " story @-@ telling approach left him apathetic towards the non @-@ player characters and missions in the game . FiringSquad , however , said it created a " very believable military atmosphere , " which helped to show how things revolve around big events , instead of just around a single person . Combatsim.com offered another angle ; Reynolds said the gameplay elements of FreeSpace 2 are " light years beyond the competition " and more than offsets the loss of being personally immersed in the game 's universe . FreeSpace 2 's key attraction is its dogfights . CNN.com said the close @-@ ranged dogfights make for engrossing , and exciting skirmishes . FiringSquad described it as a " total thrill " to be among 20 fighters flying in between opposing capital ships with beams , missiles , and flak all around and warnings going off , as they try to seek out and destroy their opposite numbers , a view which GameSpot agreed with . The game 's AI was judged adequate to provide for such fights , being cunning enough to trick others to crash into the walls of narrow openings , and good enough to detect and warn their wingmen of enemies coming up directly behind them . There are those who expressed minor disappointments with the AI tending to collide too often with other objects . While the dynamic mission objectives were celebrated for coming up with twists and turns to spice up the story , there were a few who found these " in @-@ game red herrings " overused instead . Sharky Extreme praised FreeSpace 2 for having the enormous capital ships , as this burst the " trapped in a bubble " trend in Wing Commander- and X @-@ Wing- type games . Instead of the action simply coming to the player , it flows all around , and the player is the one who has to go and seek it . The scenes of these giant ships duking it out , with many gnat @-@ like fighters swarming around in their little dances of death , have led reviewers to feel a sense of epicness , comparable to reliving battles in science fiction series like Babylon 5 and Star Wars . Similarly , PC Gamer praised the scaling of ships and battles and said that they " [ came ] as close to creating the feeling of a World War II naval battle in space as any game has ever come " and that " That 's what fighter combat , in space or on Earth , should be all about . " . Opinions were generally favorable towards FreeSpace 2 's multiplayer implementation . SquadWar received favorable responses from the reviewers who were impressed by its persistent nature and statistics tracking . While the required registration with PXO was considered a troublesome process by a few , the gameplay itself was a smooth experience with no lag at all . Other reviewers ' experiences with lag were different . Reynolds of Combatsim.com said Internet gaming was laggy with ships jumping places , but LAN gaming was smooth sailing . GameSpy 's reviewer said lag became more apparent on a dial @-@ up connection during a multiplayer mission with four or more players . FiringSquad 's reviewer 's experience was similar but he said the lag was not enough to hinder his enjoyment of the multiplayer action . GameSpot , in electing FreeSpace 2 as one of the " Greatest Games of All Time " , pointed out that while most of the game 's features could be found in its predecessor or peers , its " sheer quality of presentation and gameplay " was the key reason for their choice . Computer and Video Games has acknowledged it as offering the best dogfighting among the space combat classics . Ars Technica also posed FreeSpace 2 as the last significant stage in evolution of the space combat genre as of 2005 . Despite all the glowing reviews , FreeSpace 2 sold poorly . The April 2000 issue of PC Gamer stated that only 26 @,@ 983 copies had been sold in the first six months of its release . These figures were acknowledged as disappointing , and described as awful by Kulas . He , however , stated that as the team had stayed within budget by sticking to schedule , Volition should at least be breaking even with the estimated final sales of the game . In NowGamer 's interview with Jim Boone , a producer at Volition Inc . , he stated that this could have been due to joysticks ' being sold poorly because they were " going out of fashion " because more modern first @-@ person shooters , such as Quake , were " very much about the mouse and [ the ] keyboard " . He went further on to state " Before that , when we did Descent for example , it was perfectly common for people to have joysticks – we sold a lot of copies of Descent . It was around that time [ when ] the more modern FPS with mouse and keyboard came out , as opposed to just keyboard like Wolfenstein [ 3D ] or something . " . Fans of the FreeSpace series have created modifications ( mods ) of FreeSpace 2 . The first mods were just custom campaigns , with series of missions created through FRED2 , the mission editor freely packaged with FreeSpace 2 . One such mod which gained notability was Inferno , which sets its story decades after the conclusion of FreeSpace 2 . Released in July 2003 , the mod was hosted on established sites , such as GameSpot and CNET , as part of their FreeSpace 2 contents . = = Source code project = = With the release of the game engine 's source code , the possibilities of changing the game greatly opened up , and the fan community made use of the code to update the game using recent technology . Led by Edward Gardner and Ian Warfield , the FreeSpace 2 Source Code Project was formed to standardize changes and maintain a core engine for others to take advantage of . Using the new fan @-@ updated engine , projects such as Beyond the Red Line , based on the new Battlestar Galactica , and The Babylon Project , based on Babylon 5 , have become possible . PXO , the free Internet gaming service handling SquadWar , was initially acquired by THQ in their 2002 acquisition of Outrage Entertainment ( renamed as Outrage Games ) . The service was continued until July 2003 , when Outrage Games was dissolved and PXO terminated . The components of its website were , however , later handed over to the FreeSpace 2 Source Code Project to help them create a similar service in tracking statistics and rankings .
= Demosthenes = Demosthenes ( / dɪˈmɒs.θəniːz / ; Greek : Δημοσθένης Dēmosthénēs [ dɛːmostʰénɛːs ] ; 384 – 322 BC ) was a Greek statesman and orator of ancient Athens . His orations constitute a significant expression of contemporary Athenian intellectual prowess and provide an insight into the politics and culture of ancient Greece during the 4th century BC . Demosthenes learned rhetoric by studying the speeches of previous great orators . He delivered his first judicial speeches at the age of 20 , in which he argued effectively to gain from his guardians what was left of his inheritance . For a time , Demosthenes made his living as a professional speech @-@ writer ( logographer ) and a lawyer , writing speeches for use in private legal suits . Demosthenes grew interested in politics during his time as a logographer , and in 354 BC he gave his first public political speeches . He went on to devote his most productive years to opposing Macedon 's expansion . He idealized his city and strove throughout his life to restore Athens ' supremacy and motivate his compatriots against Philip II of Macedon . He sought to preserve his city 's freedom and to establish an alliance against Macedon , in an unsuccessful attempt to impede Philip 's plans to expand his influence southward by conquering all the other Greek states . After Philip 's death , Demosthenes played a leading part in his city 's uprising against the new king of Macedonia , Alexander the Great . However , his efforts failed and the revolt was met with a harsh Macedonian reaction . To prevent a similar revolt against his own rule , Alexander 's successor in this region , Antipater , sent his men to track Demosthenes down . Demosthenes took his own life , in order to avoid being arrested by Archias , Antipater 's confidant . The Alexandrian Canon compiled by Aristophanes of Byzantium and Aristarchus of Samothrace recognised Demosthenes as one of the ten greatest Attic orators and logographers . Longinus likened Demosthenes to a blazing thunderbolt , and argued that he " perfected to the utmost the tone of lofty speech , living passions , copiousness , readiness , speed " . Quintilian extolled him as lex orandi ( " the standard of oratory " ) , and Cicero said about him that inter omnis unus excellat ( " he stands alone among all the orators " ) , and he also acclaimed him as " the perfect orator " who lacked nothing . = = Early years and personal life = = = = = Family and personal life = = = Demosthenes was born in 384 BC , during the last year of the 98th Olympiad or the first year of the 99th Olympiad . His father — also named Demosthenes — who belonged to the local tribe , Pandionis , and lived in the deme of Paeania in the Athenian countryside , was a wealthy sword @-@ maker . Aeschines , Demosthenes ' greatest political rival , maintained that his mother Kleoboule was a Scythian by blood — an allegation disputed by some modern scholars . Demosthenes was orphaned at the age of seven . Although his father provided well for him , his legal guardians , Aphobus , Demophon and Therippides , mishandled his inheritance . As soon as Demosthenes came of age in 366 BC , he demanded they render an account of their management . According to Demosthenes , the account revealed the misappropriation of his property . Although his father left an estate of nearly fourteen talents , ( equivalent to about 220 years of a labourer 's income at standard wages , or 11 million dollars in terms of median US annual incomes ) Demosthenes asserted his guardians had left nothing " except the house , and fourteen slaves and thirty silver minae " ( 30 minae = ½ talent ) . At the age of 20 Demosthenes sued his trustees in order to recover his patrimony and delivered five orations : three Against Aphobus during 363 and 362 BC and two Against Onetor during 362 and 361 BC . The courts fixed Demosthenes ' damages at ten talents . When all the trials came to an end , he only succeeded in retrieving a portion of his inheritance . According to Pseudo @-@ Plutarch , Demosthenes was married once . The only information about his wife , whose name is unknown , is that she was the daughter of Heliodorus , a prominent citizen . Demosthenes also had a daughter , " the only one who ever called him father " , according to Aeschines in a trenchant remark . His daughter died young and unmarried a few days before Philip II 's death . In his speeches , Aeschines uses pederastic relations of Demosthenes as a means to attack him . In the case of Aristion , a youth from Plataea who lived for a long time in Demosthenes ' house , Aeschines mocks the " scandalous " and " improper " relation . In another speech , Aeschines brings up the pederastic relation of his opponent with a boy called Cnosion . The slander that Demosthenes ' wife also slept with the boy suggests that the relationship was contemporary with his marriage . Aeschines claims that Demosthenes made money out of young rich men , such as Aristarchus , the son of Moschus , whom he allegedly deceived with the pretence that he could make him a great orator . Apparently , while still under Demosthenes ' tutelage , Aristarchus killed and mutilated a certain Nicodemus of Aphidna . Aeschines accused Demosthenes of complicity in the murder , pointing out that Nicodemus had once pressed a lawsuit accusing Demosthenes of desertion . He also accused Demosthenes of having been such a bad erastes to Aristarchus so as not even to deserve the name . His crime , according to Aeschines , was to have betrayed his eromenos by pillaging his estate , allegedly pretending to be in love with the youth so as to get his hands on the boy 's inheritance . Nevertheless , the story of Demosthenes ' relations with Aristarchus is still regarded as more than doubtful , and no other pupil of Demosthenes is known by name . = = = Education = = = Between his coming of age in 366 BC and the trials that took place in 364 BC , Demosthenes and his guardians negotiated acrimoniously but were unable to reach an agreement , for neither side was willing to make concessions . At the same time , Demosthenes prepared himself for the trials and improved his oratory skill . According to a story repeated by Plutarch , when Demosthenes was an adolescent , his curiosity was noticed by the orator Callistratus , who was then at the height of his reputation , having just won a case of considerable importance . According to Friedrich Nietzsche , a German philologist and philosopher , and Constantine Paparrigopoulos , a major modern Greek historian , Demosthenes was a student of Isocrates ; according to Cicero , Quintillian and the Roman biographer Hermippus , he was a student of Plato . Lucian , a Roman @-@ Syrian rhetorician and satirist , lists the philosophers Aristotle , Theophrastus and Xenocrates among his teachers . These claims are nowadays disputed . According to Plutarch , Demosthenes employed Isaeus as his master in rhetoric , even though Isocrates was then teaching this subject , either because he could not pay Isocrates the prescribed fee or because Demosthenes believed Isaeus 's style better suited a vigorous and astute orator such as himself . Curtius , a German archaeologist and historian , likened the relation between Isaeus and Demosthenes to " an intellectual armed alliance " . It has also been said that Demosthenes paid Isaeus 10 @,@ 000 drachmae ( somewhat over 1 @.@ 5 talents ) on the condition that Isaeus should withdraw from a school of rhetoric which he had opened , and should devote himself wholly to Demosthenes , his new pupil . Another version credits Isaeus with having taught Demosthenes without charge . According to Sir Richard C. Jebb , a British classical scholar , " the intercourse between Isaeus and Demosthenes as teacher and learner can scarcely have been either very intimate or of very long duration " . Konstantinos Tsatsos , a Greek professor and academician , believes that Isaeus helped Demosthenes edit his initial judicial orations against his guardians . Demosthenes is also said to have admired the historian Thucydides . In the Illiterate Book @-@ Fancier , Lucian mentions eight beautiful copies of Thucydides made by Demosthenes , all in Demosthenes ' own handwriting . These references hint at his respect for a historian he must have assiduously studied . = = = Speech training = = = According to Plutarch , when Demosthenes first addressed himself to the people , he was derided for his strange and uncouth style , " which was cumbered with long sentences and tortured with formal arguments to a most harsh and disagreeable excess " . Some citizens , however , discerned his talent . When he first left the ecclesia ( the Athenian Assembly ) disheartened , an old man named Eunomus encouraged him , saying his diction was very much like that of Pericles . Another time , after the ecclesia had refused to hear him and he was going home dejected , an actor named Satyrus followed him and entered into a friendly conversation with him . As a boy Demosthenes had a speech impediment : Plutarch refers to a weakness in his voice of " a perplexed and indistinct utterance and a shortness of breath , which , by breaking and disjointing his sentences much obscured the sense and meaning of what he spoke . " There are problems in Plutarch 's account , however , and it is probable that Demosthenes actually suffered rhotacism , mispronouncing ρ ( r ) as λ ( l ) . Aeschines taunted him and referred to him in his speeches by the nickname " Batalus " , apparently invented by Demosthenes ' pedagogues or by the little boys with whom he was playing . Demosthenes undertook a disciplined programme to overcome his weaknesses and improve his delivery , including diction , voice and gestures . According to one story , when he was asked to name the three most important elements in oratory , he replied " Delivery , delivery and delivery ! " It is unknown whether such vignettes are factual accounts of events in Demosthenes ' life or merely anecdotes used to illustrate his perseverance and determination . = = Career = = = = = Legal career = = = To make his living , Demosthenes became a professional litigant , both as a " logographer " , writing speeches for use in private legal suits , and advocate ( " synegoros " ) speaking on another 's behalf . He seems to have been able to manage any kind of case , adapting his skills to almost any client , including wealthy and powerful men . It is not unlikely that he became a teacher of rhetoric and that he brought pupils into court with him . However , though he probably continued writing speeches throughout his career , he stopped working as an advocate once he entered the political arena . Judicial oratory had become a significant literary genre by the second half of the fifth century , as represented in the speeches of Demosthenes ' predecessors , Antiphon and Andocides . Logographers were a unique aspect of the Athenian justice system : evidence for a case was compiled by a magistrate in a preliminary hearing and litigants could present it as they pleased within set speeches ; however , witnesses and documents were popularly mistrusted ( since they could be secured by force or bribery ) , there was little cross @-@ examination during the trial , there were no instructions to the jury from a judge , no conferencing between jurists before voting , the juries were huge ( typically between 201 and 501 members ) , cases depended largely on questions of probable motive , and notions of natural justice were felt to take precedence over written law — conditions that favoured artfully constructed speeches . Since Athenian politicians were often indicted by their opponents , there wasn 't always a clear distinction between " private " and " public " cases , and thus a career as a logographer opened the way for Demosthenes to embark on his political career . An Athenian logographer could remain anonymous , which enabled him to serve personal interests , even if it prejudiced the client . It also left him open to allegations of malpractice . Thus for example Aeschines accused Demosthenes of unethically disclosing his clients ' arguments to their opponents ; in particular , that he wrote a speech for Phormion ( 350 BC ) , a wealthy banker , and then communicated it to Apollodorus , who was bringing a capital charge against Phormion . Plutarch much later supported this accusation , stating that Demosthenes " was thought to have acted dishonorably " and he also accused Demosthenes of writing speeches for both sides . It has often been argued that the deception , if there was one , involved a political quid pro quo , whereby Apollodorus secretly pledged support for unpopular reforms that Demosthenes was pursuing in the greater , public interest ( i.e. the diversion of Theoric Funds to military purposes ) . = = = Early political activity = = = Demosthenes was admitted to his deme as a citizen with full rights probably in 366 BC , and he soon demonstrated an interest in politics . In 363 and 359 BC , he assumed the office of the trierarch , being responsible for the outfitting and maintenance of a trireme . He was among the first ever volunteer trierarchs in 357 BC , sharing the expenses of a ship called Dawn , for which the public inscription still survives . In 348 BC , he became a choregos , paying the expenses of a theatrical production . Between 355 and 351 BC , Demosthenes continued practising law privately while he was becoming increasingly interested in public affairs . During this period , he wrote Against Androtion and Against Leptines , two fierce attacks on individuals who attempted to repeal certain tax exemptions . In Against Timocrates and Against Aristocrates , he advocated eliminating corruption . All these speeches , which offer early glimpses of his general principles on foreign policy , such as the importance of the navy , of alliances and of national honour , are prosecutions ( graphē paranómōn ) against individuals accused of illegally proposing legislative texts . In Demosthenes ' time , different political goals developed around personalities . Instead of electioneering , Athenian politicians used litigation and defamation to remove rivals from government processes . Often they indicted each other for breaches of the statute laws ( graphē paranómōn ) , but accusations of bribery and corruption were ubiquitous in all cases , being part of the political dialogue . The orators often resorted to " character assassination " ( diabolē , loidoria ) tactics , both in the courts and in the Assembly . The rancorous and often hilariously exaggerated accusations , satirised by Old Comedy , were sustained by innuendo , inferences about motives , and a complete absence of proof ; as J. H. Vince states " there was no room for chivalry in Athenian political life " . Such rivalry enabled the " demos " or citizen @-@ body to reign supreme as judge , jury and executioner . Demosthenes was to become fully engaged in this kind of litigation and he was also to be instrumental in developing the power of the Areopagus to indict individuals for treason , invoked in the ecclesia by a process called " ἀπόφασις " . In 354 BC , Demosthenes delivered his first political oration , On the Navy , in which he espoused moderation and proposed the reform of the symmoriai ( boards ) as a source of funding for the Athenian fleet . In 352 BC , he delivered For the Megalopolitans and , in 351 BC , On the Liberty of the Rhodians . In both speeches he opposed Eubulus , the most powerful Athenian statesman of the period 355 to 342 BC . The latter was no pacifist but came to eschew a policy of aggressive interventionism in the internal affairs of the other Greek cities . Contrary to Eubulus 's policy , Demosthenes called for an alliance with Megalopolis against Sparta or Thebes , and for supporting the democratic faction of the Rhodians in their internal strife . His arguments revealed his desire to articulate Athens 's needs and interests through a more activist foreign policy , wherever opportunity might provide . Although his early orations were unsuccessful and reveal a lack of real conviction and of coherent strategic and political prioritisation , Demosthenes established himself as an important political personality and broke with Eubulus 's faction , a prominent member of which was Aeschines . He thus laid the foundations for his future political successes and for becoming the leader of his own " party " ( the issue of whether the modern concept of political parties can be applied in the Athenian democracy is hotly disputed among modern scholars ) . = = = Confrontation with Philip II = = = = = = = First Philippic and the Olynthiacs ( 351 – 349 BC ) = = = = For more details on this topic , see First Philippic and Olynthiacs Most of Demosthenes ' major orations were directed against the growing power of King Philip II of Macedon . Since 357 BC , when Philip seized Amphipolis and Pydna , Athens had been formally at war with the Macedonians . In 352 BC , Demosthenes characterised Philip as the very worst enemy of his city ; his speech presaged the fierce attacks that Demosthenes would launch against the Macedonian king over the ensuing years . A year later he criticised those dismissing Philip as a person of no account and warned that he was as dangerous as the king of Persia . In 352 BC , Athenian troops successfully opposed Philip at Thermopylae , but the Macedonian victory over the Phocians at the Battle of Crocus Field shook Demosthenes . In 351 BC , Demosthenes felt strong enough to express his view concerning the most important foreign policy issue facing Athens at that time : the stance his city should take towards Philip . According to Jacqueline de Romilly , a French philologist and member of the Académie française , the threat of Philip would give Demosthenes ' stances a focus and a raison d 'être ( reason for existence ) . Demosthenes saw the king of Macedon as a menace to the autonomy of all Greek cities and yet he presented him as a monster of Athens 's own creation ; in the First Philippic he reprimanded his fellow citizens as follows : " Even if something happens to him , you will soon raise up a second Philip [ ... ] " . The theme of the First Philippic ( 351 – 350 BC ) was preparedness and the reform of the theoric fund , a mainstay of Eubulus 's policy . In his rousing call for resistance , Demosthenes asked his countrymen to take the necessary action and asserted that " for a free people there can be no greater compulsion than shame for their position " . He thus provided for the first time a plan and specific recommendations for the strategy to be adopted against Philip in the north . Among other things , the plan called for the creation of a rapid @-@ response force , to be created cheaply with each hoplite to be paid only ten drachmas ( two obols per day ) , which was less than the average pay for unskilled labourers in Athens – implying that the hoplite was expected to make up the deficiency in pay by looting . From this moment until 341 BC , all of Demosthenes ' speeches referred to the same issue , the struggle against Philip . In 349 BC , Philip attacked Olynthus , an ally of Athens . In the three Olynthiacs , Demosthenes criticised his compatriots for being idle and urged Athens to help Olynthus . He also insulted Philip by calling him a " barbarian " . Despite Demosthenes ' strong advocacy , the Athenians would not manage to prevent the falling of the city to the Macedonians . Almost simultaneously , probably on Eubulus 's recommendation , they engaged in a war in Euboea against Philip , which ended in stalemate . = = = = Case of Meidias ( 348 BC ) = = = = In 348 BC a peculiar event occurred : Meidias , a wealthy Athenian , publicly slapped Demosthenes , who was at the time a choregos at the Greater Dionysia , a large religious festival in honour of the god Dionysus . Meidias was a friend of Eubulus and supporter of the unsuccessful excursion in Euboea . He also was an old enemy of Demosthenes ; in 361 BC he had broken violently into his house , with his brother Thrasylochus , to take possession of it . Demosthenes decided to prosecute his wealthy opponent and wrote the judicial oration Against Meidias . This speech gives valuable information about Athenian law at the time and especially about the Greek concept of hybris ( aggravated assault ) , which was regarded as a crime not only against the city but against society as a whole . He stated that a democratic state perishes if the rule of law is undermined by wealthy and unscrupulous men , and that the citizens acquire power and authority in all state affairs due " to the strength of the laws " . There is no consensus among scholars either on whether Demosthenes finally delivered Against Meidias or on the veracity of Aeschines ' accusation that Demosthenes was bribed to drop the charges . = = = = Peace of Philocrates ( 347 – 345 BC ) = = = = In 348 BC , Philip conquered Olynthus and razed it to the ground ; then conquered the entire Chalcidice and all the states of the Chalcidic federation that Olynthus had once led . After these Macedonian victories , Athens sued for peace with Macedon . Demosthenes was among those who favoured compromise . In 347 BC , an Athenian delegation , comprising Demosthenes , Aeschines and Philocrates , was officially sent to Pella to negotiate a peace treaty . In his first encounter with Philip , Demosthenes is said to have collapsed from fright . The ecclesia officially accepted Philip 's harsh terms , including the renouncement of their claim to Amphipolis . However , when an Athenian delegation arrived at Pella to put Phillip under oath , which was required to conclude the treaty , he was campaigning abroad . He expected that he would hold safely any Athenian possessions which he might seize before the ratification . Being very anxious about the delay , Demosthenes insisted that the embassy should travel to the place where they would find Philip and swear him in without delay . Despite his suggestions , the Athenian envoys , including himself and Aeschines , remained in Pella , until Philip successfully concluded his campaign in Thrace . Philip swore to the treaty , but he delayed the departure of the Athenian envoys , who had yet to receive the oaths from Macedon 's allies in Thessaly and elsewhere . Finally , peace was sworn at Pherae , where Philip accompanied the Athenian delegation , after he had completed his military preparations to move south . Demosthenes accused the other envoys of venality and of facilitating Philip 's plans with their stance . Just after the conclusion of the Peace of Philocrates , Philip passed Thermopylae , and subdued Phocis ; Athens made no move to support the Phocians . Supported by Thebes and Thessaly , Macedon took control of Phocis 's votes in the Amphictyonic League , a Greek religious organisation formed to support the greater temples of Apollo and Demeter . Despite some reluctance on the part of the Athenian leaders , Athens finally accepted Philip 's entry into the Council of the League . Demosthenes was among those who adopted a pragmatic approach , and recommended this stance in his oration On the Peace . For Edmund M. Burke , this speech landmarks a moment of maturation in Demosthenes ' career : after Philip 's successful campaign in 346 BC , the Athenian statesman realised that , if he was to lead his city against the Macedonians , he had " to adjust his voice , to become less partisan in tone " . = = = = Second and Third Philippics ( 344 – 341 BC ) = = = = For more details on this topic , see Second Philippic , On the Chersonese , Third Philippic In 344 BC Demosthenes travelled to the Peloponnese , in order to detach as many cities as possible from Macedon 's influence , but his efforts were generally unsuccessful . Most of the Peloponnesians saw Philip as the guarantor of their freedom and sent a joint embassy to Athens to express their grievances against Demosthenes ' activities . In response , Demosthenes delivered the Second Philippic , a vehement attack against Philip . In 343 BC Demosthenes delivered On the False Embassy against Aeschines , who was facing a charge of high treason . Nonetheless , Aeschines was acquitted by the narrow margin of thirty votes by a jury which may have numbered as many as 1 @,@ 501 . In 343 BC , Macedonian forces were conducting campaigns in Epirus and , in 342 BC , Philip campaigned in Thrace . He also negotiated with the Athenians an amendment to the Peace of Philocrates . When the Macedonian army approached Chersonese ( now known as the Gallipoli Peninsula ) , an Athenian general named Diopeithes ravaged the maritime district of Thrace , thereby inciting Philip 's rage . Because of this turbulence , the Athenian Assembly convened . Demosthenes delivered On the Chersonese and convinced the Athenians not to recall Diopeithes . Also in 342 BC , he delivered the Third Philippic , which is considered to be the best of his political orations . Using all the power of his eloquence , he demanded resolute action against Philip and called for a burst of energy from the Athenian people . He told them that it would be " better to die a thousand times than pay court to Philip " . Demosthenes now dominated Athenian politics and was able to considerably weaken the pro @-@ Macedonian faction of Aeschines . = = = = Battle of Chaeronea ( 338 BC ) = = = = In 341 BC Demosthenes was sent to Byzantium , where he sought to renew its alliance with Athens . Thanks to Demosthenes ' diplomatic manoeuvres , Abydos also entered into an alliance with Athens . These developments worried Philip and increased his anger at Demosthenes . The Assembly , however , laid aside Philip 's grievances against Demosthenes ' conduct and denounced the peace treaty ; so doing , in effect , amounted to an official declaration of war . In 339 BC Philip made his last and most effective bid to conquer southern Greece , assisted by Aeschines ' stance in the Amphictyonic Council . During a meeting of the Council , Philip accused the Amfissian Locrians of intruding on consecrated ground . The presiding officer of the Council , a Thessalian named Cottyphus , proposed the convocation of an Amphictyonic Congress to inflict a harsh punishment upon the Locrians . Aeschines agreed with this proposition and maintained that the Athenians should participate in the Congress . Demosthenes however reversed Aeschines ' initiatives and Athens finally abstained . After the failure of a first military excursion against the Locrians , the summer session of the Amphictyonic Council gave command of the league 's forces to Philip and asked him to lead a second excursion . Philip decided to act at once ; in the winter of 339 – 338 BC , he passed through Thermopylae , entered Amfissa and defeated the Locrians . After this significant victory , Philip swiftly entered Phocis in 338 BC . He then turned south @-@ east down the Cephissus valley , seized Elateia , and restored the fortifications of the city . At the same time , Athens orchestrated the creation of an alliance with Euboea , Megara , Achaea , Corinth , Acarnania and other states in the Peloponnese . However the most desirable ally for Athens was Thebes . To secure their allegiance , Demosthenes was sent , by Athens , to the Boeotian city ; Philip also sent a deputation , but Demosthenes succeeded in securing Thebes 's allegiance . Demosthenes ' oration before the Theban people is not extant and , therefore , the arguments he used to convince the Thebans remain unknown . In any case , the alliance came at a price : Thebes 's control of Boeotia was recognised , Thebes was to command solely on land and jointly at sea , and Athens was to pay two thirds of the campaign 's cost . While the Athenians and the Thebans were preparing themselves for war , Philip made a final attempt to appease his enemies , proposing in vain a new peace treaty . After a few trivial encounters between the two sides , which resulted in minor Athenian victories , Philip drew the phalanx of the Athenian and Theban confederates into a plain near Chaeronea , where he defeated them . Demosthenes fought as a mere hoplite . Such was Philip 's hatred for Demosthenes that , according to Diodorus Siculus , the king after his victory sneered at the misfortunes of the Athenian statesman . However , the Athenian orator and statesman Demades is said to have remarked : " O King , when Fortune has cast you in the role of Agamemnon , are you not ashamed to act the part of Thersites ? [ an obscene soldier of the Greek army during the Trojan War ] " Stung by these words , Philip immediately altered his demeanour . = = = Last political initiatives and death = = = = = = = Confrontation with Alexander = = = = After Chaeronea , Philip inflicted a harsh punishment upon Thebes , but made peace with Athens on very lenient terms . Demosthenes encouraged the fortification of Athens and was chosen by the ecclesia to deliver the Funeral Oration . In 337 BC , Philip created the League of Corinth , a confederation of Greek states under his leadership , and returned to Pella . In 336 BC , Philip was assassinated at the wedding of his daughter , Cleopatra of Macedon , to King Alexander of Epirus . The Macedonian army swiftly proclaimed Alexander III of Macedon , then twenty years old , as the new king of Macedon . Greek cities like Athens and Thebes saw in this change of leadership an opportunity to regain their full independence . Demosthenes celebrated Philip 's assassination and played a leading part in his city 's uprising . According to Aeschines , " it was but the seventh day after the death of his daughter , and though the ceremonies of mourning were not yet completed , he put a garland on his head and white raiment on his body , and there he stood making thank @-@ offerings , violating all decency . " Demosthenes also sent envoys to Attalus , whom he considered to be an internal opponent of Alexander . Nonetheless , Alexander moved swiftly to Thebes , which submitted shortly after his appearance at its gates . When the Athenians learned that Alexander had moved quickly to Boeotia , they panicked and begged the new king of Macedon for mercy . Alexander admonished them but imposed no punishment . In 335 BC Alexander felt free to engage the Thracians and the Illyrians , but , while he was campaigning in the north , Demosthenes spread a rumour — even producing a bloodstained messenger — that Alexander and all of his expeditionary force had been slaughtered by the Triballians . The Thebans and the Athenians rebelled once again , financed by Darius III of Persia , and Demosthenes is said to have received about 300 talents on behalf of Athens and to have faced accusations of embezzlement . Alexander reacted immediately and razed Thebes to the ground . He did not attack Athens , but demanded the exile of all anti @-@ Macedonian politicians , Demosthenes first of all . According to Plutarch , a special Athenian embassy led by Phocion , an opponent of the anti @-@ Macedonian faction , was able to persuade Alexander to relent . = = = = Delivery of On the Crown = = = = Despite the unsuccessful ventures against Philip and Alexander , the Athenians still respected Demosthenes . In 336 BC , the orator Ctesiphon proposed that Athens honour Demosthenes for his services to the city by presenting him , according to custom , with a golden crown . This proposal became a political issue and , in 330 BC , Aeschines prosecuted Ctesiphon on charges of legal irregularities . In his most brilliant speech , On the Crown , Demosthenes effectively defended Ctesiphon and vehemently attacked those who would have preferred peace with Macedon . He was unrepentant about his past actions and policies and insisted that , when in power , the constant aim of his policies was the honour and the ascendancy of his country ; and on every occasion and in all business he preserved his loyalty to Athens . He finally defeated Aeschines , although his enemy 's objections to the crowning were arguably valid from a legal point of view . = = = = Case of Harpalus and death = = = = In 324 BC Harpalus , to whom Alexander had entrusted huge treasures , absconded and sought refuge in Athens . The Assembly had initially refused to accept him , following Demosthenes 's advice , but finally Harpalus entered Athens . He was imprisoned after a proposal of Demosthenes and Phocion , despite the dissent of Hypereides , an anti @-@ Macedonian statesman and former ally of Demosthenes . Additionally , the ecclesia decided to take control of Harpalus 's money , which was entrusted to a committee presided over by Demosthenes . When the committee counted the treasure , they found they only had half the money Harpalus had declared he possessed . Nevertheless , they decided not to disclose the deficit . When Harpalus escaped , the Areopagus conducted an inquiry and charged Demosthenes with mishandling twenty talents . During the trial , Hypereides argued that Demosthenes did not disclose the huge deficit , because he was bribed by Harpalus . Demosthenes was fined and imprisoned , but he soon escaped . It remains unclear whether the accusations against him were just or not . In any case , the Athenians soon repealed the sentence . After Alexander 's death in 323 BC , Demosthenes again urged the Athenians to seek independence from Macedon in what became known as the Lamian War . However , Antipater , Alexander 's successor , quelled all opposition and demanded that the Athenians turn over Demosthenes and Hypereides , among others . Following his request , the ecclesia adopted a decree condemning the most prominent anti @-@ Macedonian agitators to death . Demosthenes escaped to a sanctuary on the island of Kalaureia ( modern @-@ day Poros ) , where he was later discovered by Archias , a confidant of Antipater . He committed suicide before his capture by taking poison out of a reed , pretending he wanted to write a letter to his family . When Demosthenes felt that the poison was working on his body , he said to Archias : " Now , as soon as you please you may commence the part of Creon in the tragedy , and cast out this body of mine unburied . But , O gracious Neptune , I , for my part , while I am yet alive , arise up and depart out of this sacred place ; though Antipater and the Macedonians have not left so much as the temple unpolluted . " After saying these words , he passed by the altar , fell down and died . Years after Demosthenes 's suicide , the Athenians erected a statue to honour him and decreed that the state should provide meals to his descendants in the Prytaneum . = = Assessments = = = = = Political career = = = Plutarch lauds Demosthenes for not being of a fickle disposition . Rebutting historian Theopompus , the biographer insists that for " the same party and post in politics which he held from the beginning , to these he kept constant to the end ; and was so far from leaving them while he lived , that he chose rather to forsake his life than his purpose " . On the other hand , Polybius , a Greek historian of the Mediterranean world , was highly critical of Demosthenes 's policies . Polybius accused him of having launched unjustified verbal attacks on great men of other cities , branding them unjustly as traitors to the Greeks . The historian maintains that Demosthenes measured everything by the interests of his own city , imagining that all the Greeks ought to have their eyes fixed upon Athens . According to Polybius , the only thing the Athenians eventually got by their opposition to Philip was the defeat at Chaeronea . " And had it not been for the king 's magnanimity and regard for his own reputation , their misfortunes would have gone even further , thanks to the policy of Demosthenes " . Paparrigopoulos extols Demosthenes 's patriotism , but criticises him as being short @-@ sighted . According to this critique , Demosthenes should have understood that the ancient Greek states could only survive unified under the leadership of Macedon . Therefore , Demosthenes is accused of misjudging events , opponents and opportunities and of being unable to foresee Philip 's inevitable triumph . He is criticised for having overrated Athens 's capacity to revive and challenge Macedon . His city had lost most of its Aegean allies , whereas Philip had consolidated his hold over Macedonia and was master of enormous mineral wealth . Chris Carey , a professor of Greek in UCL , concludes that Demosthenes was a better orator and political operator than strategist . Nevertheless , the same scholar underscores that " pragmatists " like Aeschines or Phocion had no inspiring vision to rival that of Demosthenes . The orator asked the Athenians to choose that which is just and honourable , before their own safety and preservation . The people preferred Demosthenes 's activism and even the bitter defeat at Chaeronea was regarded as a price worth paying in the attempt to retain freedom and influence . According to Professor of Greek Arthur Wallace Pickarde , success may be a poor criterion for judging the actions of people like Demosthenes , who were motivated by the ideal of political liberty . Athens was asked by Philip to sacrifice its freedom and its democracy , while Demosthenes longed for the city 's brilliance . He endeavoured to revive its imperilled values and , thus , he became an " educator of the people " ( in the words of Werner Jaeger ) . The fact that Demosthenes fought at the battle of Chaeronea as a hoplite indicates that he lacked any military skills . According to historian Thomas Babington Macaulay , in his time the division between political and military offices was beginning to be strongly marked . Almost no politician , with the exception of Phocion , was at the same time an apt orator and a competent general . Demosthenes dealt in policies and ideas , and war was not his business . This contrast between Demosthenes 's intellectual prowess and his deficiencies in terms of vigour , stamina , military skill and strategic vision is illustrated by the inscription his countrymen engraved on the base of his statue : Had you for Greece been strong , as wise you were , The Macedonian would not have conquered her . = = = Oratorical skill = = = In Demosthenes 's initial judicial orations , the influence of both Lysias and Isaeus is obvious , but his marked , original style is already revealed . Most of his extant speeches for private cases — written early in his career — show glimpses of talent : a powerful intellectual drive , masterly selection ( and omission ) of facts , and a confident assertion of the justice of his case , all ensuring the dominance of his viewpoint over his rival . However , at this early stage of his career , his writing was not yet remarkable for its subtlety , verbal precision and variety of effects . According to Dionysius of Halicarnassus , a Greek historian and teacher of rhetoric , Demosthenes represented the final stage in the development of Attic prose . Both Dionysius and Cicero assert that Demosthenes brought together the best features of the basic types of style ; he used the middle or normal type style ordinarily and applied the archaic type and the type of plain elegance where they were fitting . In each one of the three types he was better than its special masters . He is , therefore , regarded as a consummate orator , adept in the techniques of oratory , which are brought together in his work . According to the classical scholar Harry Thurston Peck , Demosthenes " affects no learning ; he aims at no elegance ; he seeks no glaring ornaments ; he rarely touches the heart with a soft or melting appeal , and when he does , it is only with an effect in which a third @-@ rate speaker would have surpassed him . He had no wit , no humour , no vivacity , in our acceptance of these terms . The secret of his power is simple , for it lies essentially in the fact that his political principles were interwoven with his very spirit . " In this judgement , Peck agrees with Jaeger , who said that the imminent political decision imbued Demosthenes 's speech with a fascinating artistic power . From his part , George A. Kennedy believes that his political speeches in the ecclesia were to become " the artistic exposition of reasoned views " . Demosthenes was apt at combining abruptness with the extended period , brevity with breadth . Hence , his style harmonises with his fervent commitment . His language is simple and natural , never far @-@ fetched or artificial . According to Jebb , Demosthenes was a true artist who could make his art obey him . For his part , Aeschines stigmatised his intensity , attributing to his rival strings of absurd and incoherent images . Dionysius stated that Demosthenes 's only shortcoming is the lack of humour , although Quintilian regards this deficiency as a virtue . In a now lost letter , Cicero , though an admirer of the Athenian orator , claimed that occasionally Demosthenes " nods " , and elsewhere Cicero also argued that , although he is pre @-@ eminent , Demosthenes sometimes fails to satisfy his ears . The main criticism of Demosthenes 's art , however , seems to have rested chiefly on his known reluctance to speak extempore ; he often declined to comment on subjects he had not studied beforehand . However , he gave the most elaborate preparation to all his speeches and , therefore , his arguments were the products of careful study . He was also famous for his caustic wit . Besides his style , Cicero also admired other aspects of Demosthenes 's works , such as the good prose rhythm , and the way he structured and arranged the material in his orations . According to the Roman statesman , Demosthenes regarded " delivery " ( gestures , voice etc . ) as more important than style . Although he lacked Aeschines 's charming voice and Demades 's skill at improvisation , he made efficient use of his body to accentuate his words . Thus he managed to project his ideas and arguments much more forcefully . However , the use of physical gestures wasn 't an integral or developed part of rhetorical training in his day . Moreover , his delivery was not accepted by everybody in antiquity : Demetrius Phalereus and the comedians ridiculed Demosthenes 's " theatricality " , whilst Aeschines regarded Leodamas of Acharnae as superior to him . Demosthenes relied heavily on the difference aspects of ethos , especially phronesis . When presenting himself to the Assembly , he had to depict himself as a credible and wise statesman and adviser in order to be persuasive . One tactic that Demosthenes used during his philippics was foresight . He pleaded with his audience to predict the potential of being defeated , and to prepare . He appealed to pathos through patriotism and introducing the atrocities that would befall Athens if it was taken over by Philip . He was a master at “ self @-@ fashioning ” by referring to his previous accomplishments , and renewing his credibility . He would also slyly undermine his audience by claiming that they had been wrong to not listen before , however they could redeem themselves if they listened and acted with him presently . Demosthenes tailored his style to be very audience @-@ specific . He took pride in not relying on attractive words but rather simple , effective prose . He was mindful of his arrangement , he used clauses to create patterns that would make seemingly complex sentences easy for the hearer to follow . His tendency to focus on delivery promoted him to use repetition , this would ingrain the importance into the audience ’ s minds ; he also relied on speed and delay to create suspense and interest among the audience when presenting to most important aspects of his speech . One of his most effective skills was his ability to strike a balance : his works were complex so that the audience would not be offended by any elementary language , but the most important parts were clear and easily understood . = = Rhetorical legacy = = Demosthenes 's fame has continued down the ages . Authors and scholars who flourished at Rome , such as Longinus and Caecilius , regarded his oratory as sublime . Juvenal acclaimed him as " largus et exundans ingenii fons " ( a large and overflowing fountain of genius ) , and he inspired Cicero 's speeches against Mark Antony , also called the Philippics . According to Professor of Classics Cecil Wooten , Cicero ended his career by trying to imitate Demosthenes 's political role . Plutarch drew attention in his Life of Demosthenes to the strong similarities between the personalities and careers of Demosthenes and Marcus Tullius Cicero : The divine power seems originally to have designed Demosthenes and Cicero upon the same plan , giving them many similarities in their natural characters , as their passion for distinction and their love of liberty in civil life , and their want of courage in dangers and war , and at the same time also to have added many accidental resemblances . I think there can hardly be found two other orators , who , from small and obscure beginnings , became so great and mighty ; who both contested with kings and tyrants ; both lost their daughters , were driven out of their country , and returned with honor ; who , flying from thence again , were both seized upon by their enemies , and at last ended their lives with the liberty of their countrymen . During the Middle Ages and Renaissance , Demosthenes had a reputation for eloquence . He was read more than any other ancient orator ; only Cicero offered any real competition . French author and lawyer Guillaume du Vair praised his speeches for their artful arrangement and elegant style ; John Jewel , Bishop of Salisbury , and Jacques Amyot , a French Renaissance writer and translator , regarded Demosthenes as a great or even the " supreme " orator . For Thomas Wilson , who first published translation of his speeches into English , Demosthenes was not only an eloquent orator , but , mainly , an authoritative statesman , " a source of wisdom " . In modern history , orators such as Henry Clay would mimic Demosthenes 's technique . His ideas and principles survived , influencing prominent politicians and movements of our times . Hence , he constituted a source of inspiration for the authors of The Federalist Papers ( a series of 85 essays arguing for the ratification of the United States Constitution ) and for the major orators of the French Revolution . French Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau was among those who idealised Demosthenes and wrote a book about him . For his part , Friedrich Nietzsche often composed his sentences according to the paradigms of Demosthenes , whose style he admired . = = Works and transmission = = The " publication " and distribution of prose texts was common practice in Athens by the latter half of the fourth century BC and Demosthenes was among the Athenian politicians who set the trend , publishing many or even all of his orations . After his death , texts of his speeches survived in Athens ( possibly forming part of the library of Cicero 's friend , Atticus , though their fate is otherwise unknown ) , and in the Library of Alexandria . However , the speeches that Demosthenes " published " might have differed from the original speeches that were actually delivered ( there are indications that he rewrote them with readers in mind ) and therefore it is possible also that he " published " different versions of any one speech , differences that could have impacted on the Alexandrian edition of his works and thus on all subsequent editions down to the present day . The Alexandrian texts were incorporated into the body of classical Greek literature that was preserved , catalogued and studied by scholars of the Hellenistic period . From then until the fourth century AD , copies of his orations multiplied and they were in a relatively good position to survive the tense period from the sixth until the ninth century AD . In the end , sixty @-@ one orations attributed to Demosthenes survived till the present day ( some however are pseudonymous ) . Friedrich Blass , a German classical scholar , believes that nine more speeches were recorded by the orator , but they are not extant . Modern editions of these speeches are based on four manuscripts of the tenth and eleventh centuries AD . Some of the speeches that comprise the " Demosthenic corpus " are known to have been written by other authors , though scholars differ over which speeches these are . Irrespective of their status , the speeches attributed to Demosthenes are often grouped in three genres first defined by Aristotle : Symbouleutic or political , considering the expediency of future actions — sixteen such speeches are included in the Demosthenic corpus ; Dicanic or judicial , assessing the justice of past actions — only about ten of these are cases in which Demosthenes was personally involved , the rest were written for other speakers ; Epideictic or sophistic display , attributing praise or blame , often delivered at public ceremonies — only two speeches have been included in the Demosthenic corpus , one a funeral speech that has been dismissed as a " rather poor " example of his work , and the other probably spurious . In addition to the speeches , there are fifty @-@ six prologues ( openings of speeches ) . They were collected for the Library of Alexandria by Callimachus , who believed them genuine . Modern scholars are divided : some reject them , while others , such as Blass , believe they are authentic . Finally , six letters also survive under Demosthenes 's name and their authorship too is hotly debated .
= The X @-@ Files ( season 6 ) = The sixth season of the science fiction television series The X @-@ Files commenced airing on the Fox network in the United States on November 8 , 1998 , concluding on the same channel on May 16 , 1999 , and consisted of twenty @-@ two episodes . The season continued on from the 1998 feature film and focused heavily on FBI federal agents Fox Mulder ( David Duchovny ) and Dana Scully 's ( Gillian Anderson ) separation from the X @-@ Files Division and the demise of the Syndicate — a " shadow government " group attempting to cover up the existence of extraterrestrials — in the two part episode " Two Fathers " and " One Son " . The season was the first to be filmed in Los Angeles , after production was moved from Vancouver , Canada . This move was done largely on the behest of Duchovny , who wished to be closer to his wife , Téa Leoni . Series creator Chris Carter opposed the move , although series director Kim Manners and Anderson approved of it , although to a less @-@ vocal degree than Duchovny . The first half of the season also saw Mimi Rogers and Chris Owens ' characters — Diana Fowley and Jeffrey Spender , respectively — become recurring characters . Despite debuting with high viewing figures and ranking as the twelfth most watched television series during the 1998 – 99 television year , the season saw a slight decrease in ratings from the previous one , a trend that would continue until its final year . The season received mixed to positive reviews from television critics ; some critics and fans were alienated by the show , due to the different tone taken by most stand @-@ alone episodes after the move to Los Angeles . Rather than adhering to the previous style of " monsters of the week " , they were often romantic , humorous , or a combination of both . = = Plot overview = = In Washington , D.C. , Agent Fox Mulder appears before an FBI panel regarding his experiences in Antarctica . Assistant Director Walter Skinner ( Mitch Pileggi ) tells Mulder that he and Scully have been denied reassignment to the division . Mulder goes to his former basement office , only to discover that Jeffrey Spender ( Chris Owens ) and Diana Fowley ( Mimi Rogers ) have been assigned to the X @-@ Files . Going against orders , Mulder and Scully track down an escaped alien in Phoenix , Arizona while Cigarette Smoking Man ( William B. Davis ) gives chase . Mulder and Scully eventually discover that Cigarette Smoking Man has been using Gibson Praise to locate the creature . Scully brings Gibson to the hospital , where it is determined that he has the alien virus in his blood . Later , Skinner is mysteriously poisoned by a nanorobot infection . The culprit is revealed to be Alex Krycek ( Nicholas Lea ) , a rogue FBI agent who formerly worked for the Syndicate , who continues to control the potentially debilitating nanotechnology in Skinner 's system in order to achieve his goals . Mulder and Scully later learn of reports of rebel aliens burning doctors who were working on Cassandra Spender ( Veronica Cartwright ) , an alien abductee and mother of Jeffrey Spender . Skinner takes Spender to the scene , where Cassandra asks for Mulder . She informs Mulder and Scully that the aliens are here to destroy all life on Earth . She claims that a rebel force of aliens are mutilating their faces to prevent infection by the black oil . Cigarette Smoking Man reveals everything to Diana Fowley , who agrees to help him and betray Mulder . Cassandra later escapes from a hospital and arrives at Mulder 's apartment , demanding that he shoot her because she is the embodiment of fifty years of work by the Syndicate — an alien @-@ human hybrid that will trigger colonization if the aliens learn of her existence . Fowley arrives and forcibly takes Mulder , Cassandra , and Scully to a CDC facility at Fort Marlene . There , Mulder runs into Marita Covarrubias ( Laurie Holden ) . Marita tells Mulder that she was subjected to Syndicate @-@ run black oil vaccine tests . Meanwhile , the Syndicate rendezvous at a checkpoint , preparing to be taken away by the Colonists , who are prepping for invasion . However , they are met by the alien rebels , who incinerate them all , including Cassandra ; Cigarette Smoking Man and Fowley escape . Jeffrey Spender is then purportedly killed by Cigarette Smoking Man . Several months later , a metallic artifact with inscriptions is discovered on the beach of Côte d 'Ivoire in Africa . After Mulder examines rubbings of the object , he begins suffering from a headache , seemingly caused by the rubbings . Mulder 's condition worsens , but he gains telepathic abilities . Chuck Burks ( Bill Dow ) tells them that the symbols on the artifact are Navajo . Eventually , Mulder passes into an aggravated delusional state and is placed under observation at a hospital . Hoping to find an answer , Scully rushes to Africa and finds the massive wreck of a large spacecraft partially buried in the beach . = = Production = = = = = Background = = = After five successful seasons of The X @-@ Files , series creator Chris Carter wanted to tell the story of the series on a wider scale , which ultimately meant creating a feature film : the 1998 X @-@ Files movie . The film grossed US $ 83 @,@ 898 @,@ 313 in the US and $ 105 @,@ 278 @,@ 110 abroad , giving a total worldwide gross of $ 189 @,@ 176 @,@ 423 . In its opening weekend , showing at 2 @,@ 629 theaters , it earned $ 30 @,@ 138 @,@ 758 which was 35 @.@ 9 % of its total gross . Initially , the fifth season of The X @-@ Files was supposed to be the show 's last . However , the series proved to be so lucrative for Fox that two additional seasons were ordered . Thus , the sixth season of the show began filming . = = = Development = = = After five seasons in Vancouver , Canada , production of The X @-@ Files moved to Los Angeles . " The Beginning " was the first episode to be filmed in the new location . The move was instigated by David Duchovny , who portrayed Mulder , in order to ease his opportunity to find movie work as well as to give him a chance to be nearer to his wife , Téa Leoni . Series creator Chris Carter opposed the move , but Fox network officials eventually made the decision to film in California . Indeed , the very first shot of the episode — a long look into the sun — was intended by Carter to " boldly announce the show 's arrival in Southern California " . As a result of the move , the episode featured a largely new group of crew members , hired by Carter , Frank Spotnitz and new co @-@ executive producer Michael Watkins . The show 's crew had to spend five weeks unpacking and cataloging material from the Vancouver film crew . Although the move was unpopular with some members of the cast and crew , both series director Kim Manners and actress Gillian Anderson supported the move , although less vocally than Duchovny . Many fans accused the show of " Hollywood @-@ izing " by adding notable guests stars as well as making the plots simpler and more enjoyable for mass audiences . In addition , Space.com reported that many fans of show loved " the moody ambiance filming around Vancouver lent the series [ during seasons 1 @-@ 5 ] " , which the sixth season reportedly lacked . The move to Los Angeles also meant a drastic price increase for the series . Bruce Harwood , who played Lone Gunman John Fitzgerald Byers noted , " At the time , the exchange rate between Canadian and U.S. dollars was pretty dramatic . Somebody told me that the cost per episode doubled , even tripled , once they moved " . In addition , the move further reduced the amount of expensive special effects the series was able to produce . Writer Vince Gilligan explained " everything in Los Angeles is more expensive across the board . [ … ] It became apparent very quickly to me that we were no longer going to have things such as nuclear submarines descending through the ice and trains exploding in the middle of the woods " . = = = Crew = = = Series creator Chris Carter also served as executive producer and showrunner and wrote five episodes . Spotnitz was promoted to executive producer and wrote five episodes , and wrote the story for a further two episodes . Vince Gilligan was promoted to co @-@ executive producer and wrote seven episodes . John Shiban was promoted to producer and wrote six episodes , and wrote the story for one other episode . New writers in the sixth season included David Amann who joined as executive story editor and wrote two episodes , and Jeffrey Bell who also wrote two episodes . Freelance episodes were written by Daniel Arkin and Jim Guttridge , and a further episode was written by Ken Hawryliw , who was the series ' property master from 1993 to 1998 . Duchovny also wrote his first episode solo , as he previously collaborated with various writers , including Chris Carter , on three other episodes . Other producers included producer Paul Rabwin , co @-@ producer Lori Jo Nemhauser , and Bernadette Caulfield who joined as producer . Producing @-@ directors for the show included producer Rob Bowman , producer Manners , co @-@ executive producer Michael Watkins , and consulting producer Daniel Sackheim , who together directed the bulk of the season 's episodes . Manners directed seven episodes , Bowman directed six , Watkins directed three , and Sackheim directed one . Series creator Chris Carter directed two episodes , while cast member David Duchovny directed his first episode of the series . The remaining two episodes were directed by Peter Markle and Bryan Spicer . = = Cast = = = = = Main cast = = = David Duchovny as Special Agent Fox Mulder ( 22 episodes ) a Gillian Anderson as Special Agent Dana Scully ( 22 episodes ) a ^ Duchovny only contributes his voice to " Three of a Kind " . = = = Recurring cast = = = = = = = Also starring = = = = Mitch Pileggi as Deputy Director Walter Skinner ( 8 episodes ) Chris Owens as Jeffrey Spender ( 5 episodes ) William B. Davis as Cigarette Smoking Man ( 5 episodes ) Nicholas Lea as Alex Krycek ( 4 episodes ) = = = = Guest starring = = = = = = Episodes = = Episodes marked with a double dagger ( ) are episodes in the series ' Alien Mythology arc . = = Reception = = = = = Ratings = = = The sixth season of The X @-@ Files debuted with " The Beginning " on November 8 , 1998 . This episode earned a Nielsen rating of 11 @.@ 9 , with a 17 share , meaning that roughly 11 @.@ 9 percent of all television @-@ equipped households , and 17 percent of households watching television , were tuned in to the episode . The episode was viewed by 20 @.@ 34 million people , a marked increase from the fifth season 's finale , " The End " , which was viewed by 18 @.@ 76 million viewers . However , the debut marked a drastic decrease from the fifth season debut , " Redux " , which garnered 27 @.@ 34 million viewers . As the season continued , ratings continued to drop . The last episode of The X @-@ Files to reach over 20 million viewers was " The Rain King " , which attracted 21 @.@ 24 million . The season hit its nadir with the eighteenth episode , " Milagro " , which was viewed by 15 @.@ 20 million viewers . The season finale , " Biogenesis " , earned a Nielsen rating of 9 @.@ 4 , with a 14 share , and was viewed by 15 @.@ 86 viewers , marking a 22 percent drop in viewers when compared to the season premiere , and a 15 @.@ 5 percent drop in viewers when compared to the previous season finale . The season ranked as the twelfth most watched television series during the 1998 – 1999 season , with an average of 16 @.@ 39 million viewers . = = = Reviews = = = The season received positive reviews from television critics . However some fans were alienated by the show in its sixth season , due to the different tone taken by most stand @-@ alone episodes after the move to Los Angeles . Rather than adhering to the previous style of " monsters of the week " , they were often romantic , humorous , or a combination of both . Several episodes — " Dreamland " and " The Rain King " in particular — were criticized for their reliance on humor or for their lighter stories . Fans on the internet began calling the less @-@ scary episodes " X @-@ Files Lite " . Other episodes were derided for their mediocrity . Paula Vitaris from Cinefantastique called the episode " Alpha " a " run @-@ of @-@ the @-@ mill monster @-@ of @-@ the @-@ week episode " . Robert Shearman and Lars Pearson , in their book Wanting to Believe : A Critical Guide to The X @-@ Files , Millennium & The Lone Gunmen , called the episode " Trevor " " The X @-@ Files at its most generic " . However , not all the sixth season episodes were poorly received . The season 's third episode , " Triangle " was largely lauded as a masterpiece by critics . The episode , which was shot in real time to look like it was filmed in four uninterrupted eleven @-@ minute takes , was called a " classic " standalone episode and one of the " highlights of season six " . The " Two Fathers " / " One Son " story @-@ arc , which featured the destruction of the Syndicate , was called one " of the most coherent , [ ... ] almost unbearably tense , hours in the series ' run " by one critic . Finally , the Duchovny @-@ penned " The Unnatural " , which featured the story of an alien who fell in love with baseball , was praised by critics for its plot , directing , and originality . One review praised Duchovny 's directing " excellence " while another referred to its ending as " heartbreaking " . = = = Accolades = = = The sixth season earned the series eight Primetime Emmy Award nominations , with one win . It won for Outstanding Makeup for a Series for the episodes " Two Fathers " and " One Son " . Gillian Anderson received her fourth and final nomination for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series , and Veronica Cartwright received her second consecutive nomination for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series . Other nominations included Bill Roe for Outstanding Cinematography for a Series , Mark Snow for Outstanding Music Composition for a Series ( Dramatic Underscore ) , Heather MacDougall for Outstanding Single Camera Picture Editing for a Series , Outstanding Art Direction for a Series , and Outstanding Sound Editing for a Series . This was the final season the series received Golden Globe nominations , with Gillian Anderson , David Duchovny and the series as a whole receiving nominations . = = DVD release = =
= Siege of St. Augustine ( 1702 ) = The Siege of St. Augustine was an action in Queen Anne 's War during November and December 1702 . It was conducted by English provincial forces from the Province of Carolina and their native allies , under the command of Carolina 's governor James Moore , against the Spanish colonial fortress of Castillo de San Marcos at St. Augustine , in Spanish Florida . After destroying coastal Spanish communities north of St. Augustine , Moore 's forces arrived at St. Augustine on 10 November , and immediately began siege operations . The Spanish governor , José de Zúñiga y la Cerda , had advance warning of their arrival , and withdrew civilians and food supplies into the fortress , and also sent messengers to nearby Spanish and French communities for relief . The English guns did little damage to the fortress walls , prompting Governor Moore to send an appeal to Jamaica for larger guns . The Spanish calls for relief were successful ; a fleet sent from Havana , Cuba landed troops nearby on 29 December . Moore lifted the siege the next day , and was forced to burn many of his boats before retreating to Charles Town in disgrace . = = Background = = English and Spanish colonization efforts in southeastern North America began coming into conflict as early as the middle of the 17th century . The founding in 1670 by the English of Charles Town ( present @-@ day Charleston , South Carolina ) in the recently established ( 1663 ) Province of Carolina heightened tensions . Traders , raiders , and slavers from the new province penetrated into Spanish Florida , leading to raiding and reprisal expeditions on both sides . In 1700 , Carolina 's governor , Joseph Blake , threatened the Spanish that English claims to Pensacola , established by the Spanish in 1698 , would be enforced . Blake 's death later that year interrupted these plans , and he was replaced in 1702 by James Moore . Even before news of the war declarations opening the War of the Spanish Succession arrived in the colonies , Moore proposed an expedition against Spanish Florida 's capital , St. Augustine . News of the war 's formal opening arrived in 1702 , and Moore convinced the provincial assembly in September 1702 to fund an expedition against St. Augustine . Moore raised a force of colonists and Indians , the latter a combination of Yamasee , Tallapoosa , and Alabama warriors , principally led by a Yamasee chief named Arratommakaw . The exact size of these forces varies by source ; accounts provide numbers ranging from 800 to 1 @,@ 200 in strength ; most sources say that about 500 colonists and 300 – 400 Indians took part . Some of this force , primarily the Indians , went overland to Port Royal under the command of Deputy Governor Robert Daniell , while Moore embarked the rest of the force on 14 boats . These forces joined at Port Royal , and Daniell 's force was landed on what is now known as Amelia Island ( it was called Isla Santa Maria by the Spanish , and was part of Florida 's Guale Province ) , while Moore sailed on to Matanzas Bay . The Castillo de San Marcos at St. Augustine was built in the later years of the 17th century , in part because previous English raids demonstrated the inadequacy of wooden fortifications , and to address the threat posed by the founding of Charles Town . The fortress , a fairly conventional star fort , was constructed from soft coquina limestone . Governor Joseph de Zúñiga y Zérda assumed command of the post in 1700 . Natives friendly to the Spanish heard of the recruitment , and word of the expedition reached Zúñiga on October 27 . He ordered the town 's inhabitants into the fort , commandeered all food stores in anticipation of an extended siege , and dispatched messengers to Pensacola , Havana , and the French at Mobile with calls for assistance . Refugees swelled the civilian population to about 1 @,@ 500 , of which only a small number were deemed capable of military action . Zúñiga estimated the food provisions brought in to be sufficient for a siege of three months ' duration . Some of Zúñiga 's men wanted to do battle with the English ; the governor identified , in addition to 174 regulars and 14 artillerymen , 44 Europeans from the population that were fit for action , 123 Indians ( most armed with poor @-@ quality or useless weapons ) , and 57 black men ( freemen , mulattoes , and slaves ) of which only 20 had any experience with weapons . Zúñiga did not consider either the Indians or the Negroes to be trustworthy , and estimated that only about 70 men of this entire force were actually prepared for a battle . He consequently prepared for a siege . His principal concern was the training of the artillerymen , of whom he wrote that they " had no service record , lacked discipline , and have only a slight knowledge of the ... guns which are mounted . " = = English approach = = Daniell 's forces landed on Amelia Island , and began attacks on the northern end of the island at midnight on 3 November , killing two Spanish soldiers and overrunning the village of San Pedro de Tupiqui . They advanced south , driving southward a flood of refugees and the few Spanish troops on the island . The main settlements at San Felipe and San Marcos were overrun the next day , as the Spanish were in the process of evacuating them . Zúñiga learned of the advance on 5 November , and sent 20 men under Captain Joseph de Horruytiner north , with instructions to make a stand at San Juan del Puerto , seven leagues from St. Augustine , which Zúñiga saw as the " key to the province of Guale " . The news also prompted Zúñiga to mobilize all able @-@ bodied men over 14 , and order all available food into the fort . Horruytiner never made it beyond the St. Johns River ; he did capture three enemy soldiers ( two Englishmen and a Chiluque Indian ) on 6 November , and returned with them to St. Augustine two days later . Zúñiga learned from these captives that the English had brought three months ' provisions , and that they had only brought smaller cannons ( 6 to 10 pounders ) . In the meantime , Moore sailed south with the fleet . Three ships were sent ahead of the main fleet to blockade the entrance to Matanzas Bay , south of St. Augustine . These were spotted from the fort on 7 November . The next day the main body of the fleet began arriving at the bar outside the St. Augustine inlet . This prompted Zúñiga to order his two frigates , La Gloria and Nuestra Señora de la Piedad y el Niño Jesús , to anchor under the fort 's guns . The Nuestra , which was outside the bar , was unable to cross , and was eventually burned . Sixteen of her men joined the fort 's garrison , providing valuable gunnery skills . Daniell 's force , after being landed , made good progress . The small Spanish force on Amelia Island was unable to check the English advance at San Juan del Puerto , and was dispersed ; some of them took days to reach St. Augustine . Daniels continued to advance , and entered the town of St. Augustine without resistance on 10 November . Eight of the English ships crossed the bar and began landing men that day . As the English began to close the circle around the fortress , a Spanish foraging expedition successfully drove 163 head of cattle through the English lines and into the fort 's ( dry ) moat . = = Siege = = The Spanish guns opened fire on the English as they began siege preparations on 10 November . One of the older Spanish cannon exploded that day , killing three and wounding five . A few days later , Zúñiga ordered a sally to destroy portions of the town within firing range of the fort ; according to later accounts , this action destroyed more than 15 @,@ 000 pesos worth of property . Moore had brought four small cannon , but these made little impression on the coquina walls of the fortress , and the Spanish guns had longer range , keeping most of his forces at bay . Around November 22 , Moore dispatched Deputy Governor Daniell to Jamaica for larger cannons and ammunition . The English continued digging siege trenches , and began firing on the fortress from musket range on November 24 . This cannon fire continued to have little effect , and Moore ordered more of the town torched the next day , including the Franciscan monastery . Since his cannon were not effective against the fort 's walls , Moore attempted a deception to gain entry to the fort . On 14 December a Yamasee couple managed to gain entry to the fort posing as refugees , apparently with the goal of detonating the fort 's powder magazine . However , Zúñiga was suspicious of their behavior and , according to his account of the siege , they were tortured into admitting the plot . By 19 December the English trenches had closed on the fort to the point that they threatened nearby fields from which the Spanish had been collecting forage . As a result , Zúñiga ordered a sally . There was a skirmish , and Spanish casualties were light : one killed and several wounded . = = Relief attempts = = Spanish leaders at San Luis de Apalachee ( present @-@ day Tallahassee , Florida ) began mobilizing when they received the news of the siege . Short on supplies , they appealed to the French at Mobile , who provided critical guns and gunpowder ; the Pensacola garrison also spared ten men . The relief force left San Luis de Apalachee on December 24 , but turned back when news was received that the siege had been lifted . Also on December 24 , sails from a pair of ships were spotted approaching St. Augustine . English records do not indicate what these ships were ; Spanish records show that they were English in origin , but probably not from Jamaica , since the nature of the siege did not change with their arrival . The expedition to Jamaica , having failed in its mission , returned directly to Charles Town . Spanish messengers from Pensacola eventually reported St. Augustine 's plight to Havana . Governor Pedro Nicolás Benítez held a war council on December 2 , in which a relief expedition was organized . A detachment of over 200 infantry under the command of Captain López de Solloso was embarked on a small fleet headed by General Estevan de Berroa in the Black Eagle . Berroa 's fleet arrived outside St. Augustine 's harbor on December 28 . Apparently believing the siege to already be over , Berroa did not land any troops . The next day , Governor Zúñiga sneaked some men out of the fort and made contact with the fleet . Berroa then landed Solloso and about 70 raw recruits on Anastasia Island , about 3 miles ( 4 @.@ 8 km ) below the fort . This action prompted Moore to lift the siege and prepare a retreat . Berroa also dispatched smaller ships to block the southern inlet to Matanzas Bay , trapping some of Moore 's ships in the bay . Moore ordered the remaining buildings in the town , including the church , put to the torch . Some of his men departed north via the mainland , while the rest crossed Matanzas Bay to their boats . Moore burned the eight ships trapped in the bay , and retreated to the north , eventually returning to Charles Town in disgrace . Zúñiga sent men out after the English departure ; they were able to recover three of the English boats that failed to burn completely . Casualty reports made by both sides varied ; historian Charles Arnade notes that all of the numbers reported are probably unreliable . Moore 's report listed only two men killed , while Zúñiga in his report claimed that more than 60 of the English force were killed . Zúñiga claimed only three or four killed and 20 wounded for the Spanish contingent , none of which were caused by English cannon fire . = = Aftermath = = Moore was forced to resign his post as governor because of the failed raid , and its cost to the province ( which included compensating owners for the loss of their ships ) caused riots in Charles Town . Some of Moore 's contemporary critics accused him of executing the raid for the purpose of seizing slaves or booty ; the Spanish characterized it in religious terms , citing the " English provincial hatred against the Church of God . " Moore continued to be active in the war , leading a small number of Carolinians and a large band of Indians on the destruction of Spanish missions in Florida in 1704 . By 1705 the English and their Indian allies had destroyed 32 Spanish mission communities , and by 1711 there were reported to be only about 400 Indians left in Florida . Governor Zúñiga was rewarded for his successful defense with a special commendation from the king and promotion to the more prestigious and desirable governorship of Cartagena . He made a series of highly critical complaints of General Berroa : the general failed to destroy the English fleet ; he failed to share the plunder taken from the ships burned by the English ; he refused to leave any of his fleet to assist in protection of the town ; and he landed only the weakest and least effective troops in a bid to avoid combat . The general also sailed for Havana on January 8 , barely one week after the siege was lifted . In 1704 Governor Zúñiga convinced some Spanish privateers to raid the Carolina coast in revenge for Moore 's activities . Spanish and French forces , motivated and organized by Pierre Le Moyne d 'Iberville ( who died shortly before its departure ) , attempted the capture of Charles Town in August 1706 ; their attempts to land forces were successfully repulsed . The Castillo de San Marcos was not subjected to further attacks in the war . The expedition destroyed all but two communities in the provinces of Guale and Timucua ; Spanish Florida never really recovered from the decimation of its population in the following years . St. Augustine was again unsuccessfully besieged in 1740 by forces from the Province of Georgia , and the castillo underwent numerous renovations and uses in the 18th and 19th centuries . It is now a National Monument managed by the National Park Service , and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places .
= Edward Everett = Edward Everett ( April 11 , 1794 – January 15 , 1865 ) was an American politician , pastor , educator , diplomat , and orator from Massachusetts . Everett , a Whig , served as U.S. Representative , U.S. Senator , the 15th Governor of Massachusetts , Minister to Great Britain , and United States Secretary of State . He also taught at Harvard University and served as its president . Everett was one of the great American orators of the antebellum and Civil War eras . He is often remembered today as the featured orator at the dedication ceremony of the Gettysburg National Cemetery in 1863 , where he spoke for over two hours — immediately before President Abraham Lincoln delivered his famous , two @-@ minute Gettysburg Address . The son of a pastor , Everett was educated at Harvard , and briefly ministered at Boston 's Brattle Street Church before taking a teaching job at Harvard . The position included preparatory studies in Europe , so Everett spent two years in studies at the University of Göttingen , and another two years traveling around Europe . At Harvard he taught ancient Greek literature for several years before becoming involved in politics , and began an extensive and popular speaking career . He served ten years in the United States Congress before winning election as Governor of Massachusetts in 1835 . As governor he introduced the state Board of Education , the first of its type in the nation . After being defeated in the 1839 election by one vote , Everett was appointed Minister to Great Britain , serving until 1845 . He next became President of Harvard , a job he quickly came to dislike . In 1849 he became an assistant to longtime friend and colleague Daniel Webster , who had been appointed Secretary of State . Upon Webster 's death Everett served as Acting Secretary for a few months . In the later years of his life Everett traveled , giving speeches all over the country . He supported efforts to maintain the Union before the Civil War , running for Vice President on the Constitutional Union Party ticket in 1860 . He was active in supporting the Union effort during the war and supported Lincoln in the 1864 election . = = Early life and education = = Edward Everett was born on April 11 , 1794 in Dorchester , Massachusetts ( then independent from Boston ) , the fourth of eight children , to the Rev. Oliver Everett and Lucy Hill Everett , the daughter of Alexander Sears Hill . His father was a direct descendant of early colonist Richard Everett , and his mother 's family also had deep colonial roots . His father had served as pastor of New South Church , retiring due to poor health two years before Everett was born . He died in 1802 , when Edward was eight , after which his mother moved the family to Boston . He attended local schools , and then a private school of Ezekiel Webster . During this time Ezekiel 's brother Daniel sometimes taught classes ; Everett and Daniel Webster would later form a close friendship . Everett attended Boston Latin School in 1805 , and then briefly Phillips Exeter Academy , where his older brother Alexander Hill Everett was teaching . At the age of 13 , he was admitted to Harvard College . In 1811 , at age 17 , he graduated as the valedictorian of his class . Unlike some of the other students at the time , Everett was an earnest and diligent student who absorbed all of what was taught . While a student , he was a member of the Hasty Pudding Club . = = Pastor and student = = Uncertain what to do next , Everett was encouraged by his pastor , Joseph Stevens Buckminster of the Brattle Street Church , to study for the ministry . This Everett did under the tutelage of Harvard President John Thornton Kirkland , earning his MA in 1813 . During this time in particular he developed a facility for working with both the written and spoken word . The Reverend Buckminster died in 1812 , and Everett was immediately offered the post at the Brattle Street Church on a probationary basis after his graduation , which was made permanent in November 1813 . Everett dedicated himself to the work , and became a highly popular Unitarian preacher . Listeners wrote of his " florid and affluent fancy " , and his " daring imagery " , while one critic wrote what would become a common criticism of his speaking style : " [ Everett ] spoke like some superior intelligence , discoursing to mortals of what they ought to feel and know , but as if [ he ] himself were too far exalted to require such feelings , and such knowledge himself . " Everett , over the year he served in the pulpit , came to be disenchanted with the somewhat formulaic demands of the required oratory , and with the sometimes parochial constraints the congregation placed on him . The workload also took its toll on young Everett , who around this time acquired the nickname " Ever @-@ at @-@ it " , which would be used throughout his life . For a change of pace , Everett traveled to Washington , D.C. , where he visited with Daniel Webster and other Federalist Party luminaries from Massachusetts . In late 1814 Everett was offered a newly endowed position as professor of Greek literature at Harvard . The position came with authorization to travel for two years in Europe , and Everett readily accepted . He was formally invested as a professor in April 1815 . Everett was also elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1815 . Everett made his way across western Europe , visiting London and the major Dutch cities en route to the German city of Göttingen . There he entered the university , where he studied French , German , Italian , along with Roman law , archaeology , and Greek art . He was a disciplined student , but he and George Ticknor , with whom he had traveled , were also quite sociable . Everett noted that they were viewed by many at the university as curiosities , and were often the focus of attention . He was granted a Ph. D in September 1817 , which he believed to be the first such degree awarded to an American . During his sojourn at Göttingen , Everett traveled to see other German cities , including Hanover , Weimar , Dresden , and Berlin . He received permission from Harvard to extend his time in Europe , and spent two more years traveling across the continent ( from Constantinople and the Black Sea to Paris ) , visiting the major cities of the continent before returning to the United States in 1819 . Among those he met in England were the Prussian diplomat Wilhelm von Humboldt , an influential architect of the Prussian education system , and William Wilberforce , a leading English abolitionist . While in Constantinople Everett acquired a number of ancient Greek texts which are now in the Harvard archives . = = Teacher , writer , and speaker = = Everett took up his teaching duties later in 1819 , hoping to implant the scholarly methods of Germany at Harvard and bring a generally wider appreciation of German literature and culture to the United States . For his Greek class he translated Philipp Karl Buttmann 's Greek lexicon . Among his students were future Speaker of U.S. House of Representatives Robert Charles Winthrop , presidential son and future U.S. Representative Charles Francis Adams , and future philosopher and essayist Ralph Waldo Emerson . Emerson had first heard Everett speak at the Brattle Street Church , and idolized him . He wrote that Everett 's voice was " of such rich tones , such precise and perfect utterance , that , although slightly nasal , it was the most mellow and beautiful and correct of all instruments of the time . " In 1820 Everett became editor of the North American Review , a literary magazine to which he had contributed articles while studying in Europe . In addition to editing he made numerous contributions to the magazine , which flourished during his tenure and reached a nationwide audience . He was also instrumental in expanding Harvard 's collections of German language works , including grammars , lexicons , and a twenty @-@ volume edition of the collected works of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe , who Everett had visited in Weimar and whose works he championed on the pages of the Review . Everett began his public speaking career while he taught at Harvard , which combined with his editorship of the Review to bring him some national prominence . He preached at a service held in the United States Capitol that brought him wide notice and acclaim in political circles . In 1822 he delivered a series of lectures in Boston on art and antiquities . The series was well attended , and he repeated it in subsequent years . He made a major speech in December 1823 advocating for American support of the Greeks in their struggle for independence from the Ottoman Empire . This subject was adopted by Daniel Webster , who also made it the subject of a speech in Congress . ( Everett 's support for Greek independence made him something of a hero in Greece , and his portrait hangs in the National Gallery in Athens . ) This collaboration between Webster and Everett was the start of a lifelong political association between the two men . = = Marriage and children = = On May 8 , 1822 Edward Everett married Charlotte Gray Brooks ( November 4 , 1800 - July 2 , 1859 ) , the daughter of Peter Chardon Brooks and Ann Gorham , who like Everett were of old New England lineage . Brooks had made a fortune in a variety of business endeavors , including marine insurance , and would financially support Everett when he embarked on his career in politics . Everett would also become associated through the Brooks family with John Quincy Adams ' son Charles Francis , who married one of Charlotte 's sisters . The Everetts had a happy and fruitful marriage , producing six children who survived infancy : Anne Gorham Everett ( March 3 , 1823 at Atkinson Street , Boston , Suffolk County , Massachusetts , USA – October 18 , 1843 at 46 Grosvenor Place , Belgravia , London , England ) Charlotte Brooks Everett ( August 13 , 1825 – December 15 , 1879 ) ; married Captain Henry Augustus Wise USN Grace Webster Everett ( December 24 , 1827 – January 8 , 1836 ) Edward Brooks Everett ( May 6 , 1830 – November 5 , 1861 ) ; married Helen Cordis Adams Henry Sidney Everett ( December 31 , 1834 – October 4 , 1898 ) ; married Katherine Pickman Fay William Everett ( October 10 , 1839 – February 16 , 1910 ) ; U.S. Representative from Massachusetts = = Early political career = = Everett had decided as early as 1821 that he did not particularly like teaching . In July 1824 Everett gave an unexpectedly significant speech at Harvard 's Phi Beta Kappa Society that would alter his career trajectory . Publicity for the event was dominated by the news that the Marquis de Lafayette , the French hero of the American Revolution , would be in attendance , and the hall was packed . The subject of Everett 's speech was " Circumstances of the Favorable Progress of Literature in America " . He pointed out that America 's situation as an expanding nation with a common language and a democratic foundation gave its people a unique and distinctive opportunity for creating truly American literature . Unfettered by Europe 's traditions and bureaucracy , Americans could use the experiences of settling the west to develop a new style of intellectual thought . The crowd reacted with lengthy applause , and not long afterward an informal non @-@ partisan caucus nominated Everett as its candidate for the United States House of Representatives . Other political factions also endorsed his candidacy , and he was easily elected in the November 1824 election . He had expected to continue teaching at Harvard while serving , but was informed by its Board of Overseers that he had been dismissed because of the election victory . He took this news well , even agreeing to refund to the college the costs of his European travels . He continued to remain associated with Harvard , joining the Board of Overseers in 1827 and serving for many years . = = = United States Representative = = = The political situation in the country was quite fluid in the late 1820s . The Federalist Party had collapsed , and the victorious Democratic @-@ Republican Party had become diffuse , resulting in political factionalism in place of party affiliation . Everett was associated with the " National Republican " faction of John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay . He supported Clay 's " National System " — which called for protective tariffs , internal improvements , and a national bank — and the interests of Massachusetts ' propertied class . Everett was re @-@ elected to four additional terms as a National Republican , serving until 1835 . The National Republicans formally became the Whig Party in 1834 . In Congress Everett sat on the House Committee on Foreign Affairs , and on the Committee on Libraries and Public Buildings , both of which he chaired in his last term . Since he was already well known to President Adams , he was a frequent guest at the White House , and came to champion the president 's agenda in the House . He supported tariff legislation that protected Massachusetts ' growing industrial interests , favored renewal of the charter of the Second Bank of the United States , and opposed the Indian Removal Act . Everett 's most controversial action in Congress took place relatively early during his tenure there . In 1826 Congress debated a Constitutional amendment to alter the way the president was elected , so that Congress would not be required to decide ( as it had in the 1824 election ) . Rising in opposition to the amendment on March 9 , 1826 , Everett delivered a three @-@ hour speech in which he generally opposed the need to amend the Constitution . However , he also expounded on the issue of slavery , noting that " the New Testament says ' Slaves obey your masters ' " , and accepting the document even though it contained the Three @-@ Fifths Compromise . Reaction to this speech was highly critical , and Everett was attacked by political friends and foes for this apparent endorsement of slavery . He attempted to justify his statements by pointing out that he rejected the slave trade and the act of kidnapping someone into slavery , but this did not mitigate the damage , and he was heavily criticized for it in the Massachusetts press . Everett would be dogged by the speech for the rest of his political career . = = = Governor of Massachusetts = = = Everett retired from Congress in 1835 , after deciding that he did not really like the rough @-@ and @-@ tumble nature of the proceedings in the House . He had been offered the nomination for Governor of Massachusetts by the Anti @-@ Masonic Party in 1834 ; although he was known to be against secret societies like the Freemasons , he refused , and supported Whig John Davis for governor that year . Davis won the election , which was held in November 1834 . In February 1835 , the state legislature elected Davis to the United States Senate . In an arrangement brokered in part by Daniel Webster , Everett was promised the Whig nomination for governor ( a move that upset Lieutenant Governor Samuel Turell Armstrong , who also sought the nomination ) . Everett easily defeated the perennial Democratic Party candidate , Marcus Morton , in November 1835 . He was re @-@ elected by comfortable margins in the three following years , all facing Morton . In 1836 he was elected a member of the Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company of Massachusetts . One of the most notable achievements of Everett 's tenure was the introduction of a state board of education to improve school quality and the establishment of normal schools for the training of teachers . Based on details of the Prussian education system which Everett had learned about , this groundbreaking accomplishment would be emulated by other states . The state Board of Education was established in 1837 , with reformer Horace Mann as its secretary . The state 's first normal school opened in Lexington the next year ( it afterward moved to Framingham and is now known as Framingham State University ) . Other accomplishments during Everett 's tenure include the authorization of an extension of the railroad system from Worcester to the New York state line , and assistance in the quieting of border tensions between Maine and the neighboring British ( now Canadian ) province of New Brunswick . Massachusetts was involved in this dispute because , as part of Maine 's separation from the state in 1820 , it retained ownership of public lands in the disputed area . The border issue had been simmering for some years , but tensions rose substantially in the late 1830s as both sides pushed development activity into the disputed area , and the United States refused to accept a mediation proposal made by the Dutch king . In 1838 Everett proposed to President Martin Van Buren that a special commission be established to address the issue . Abolitionism and temperance were two issues that became more politically prominent during Everett 's tenure , and both of those matters , as well as Whig indifference , would play a role in his defeat in the 1839 election . The abolitionist Liberty Party began to take shape in 1838 , and the ill @-@ timed passage of a temperance law banning the sale of less than 15 US gallons ( 57 l ) of alcohol would drive popular support away from the Whigs in 1839 . The election , held November 11 , 1839 , was so close that the results were scrutinized by the ( Whig @-@ dominated ) legislature when it met in January 1840 . A joint legislative committee reported that Morton received exactly one @-@ half the votes cast , sufficient to secure his victory . ( One vote less for Morton would have resulted in the Whig legislature deciding the election . ) Everett refused to contest the results despite calls from the party to do so ; he wrote , " I am willing to let the election go . " = = Diplomatic service = = After leaving office , Everett traveled in Europe with his family for several months . When the Whigs , led by William Henry Harrison , won the 1840 presidential election , Everett was appointed ambassador to Great Britain at the recommendation of his friend Daniel Webster , who had been appointed Secretary of State . Everett was at first charged with handling the northeast border issues he first encountered as governor . A new British administration , friendlier to the United States than the previous one , sent Lord Ashburton to Washington to negotiate directly with Webster , and Everett 's role was reduced to acquiring documents from British records , and pressing the American case to the Foreign Office . In this role Everett was instrumental in acquiring and distributing a map that vindicated the United States from accusations that it had cheated Britain out of land in the 1842 Webster – Ashburton Treaty . Another major issue between the countries was the seizure of American ships by British naval forces interdicting the slave trade off the coast of Africa . Owners of ships accused but acquitted of complicity in the trade filed claims to recover their losses with the British government , and Everett , as ambassador , advanced these cases . In this he was generally successful , given the friendly British stance . One aspect of the slave trade interdiction proposed by Everett found its way into the treaty negotiated by Webster : the stationing of an American squadron off the coast of Africa to cooperate with the British effort . The issue of slaving @-@ related seizures caused some friction at home , especially after Webster was replaced as Secretary of State by a succession of Southern politicians . Everett in particular had to school John C. Calhoun on the diplomatic ramifications of pursuing claims after slaves mutinied aboard a ship plying the American coast and sailed it to the Bahamas . Everett rebuffed several offers for other diplomatic posts proferred by Webster , who was unhappy serving under Tyler and apparently sought the UK ambassadorship as a way to distance himself from the unpopular president ; Webster eventually resigned in 1843 . Everett remained at his post until 1845 , when after the accession of James K. Polk to the presidency he was replaced by Democrat Louis McLane . His last months in the post were occupied with the Oregon boundary dispute , which was eventually resolved by McLane along lines negotiated by Everett . = = Harvard Presidency = = Even before his departure from London , Everett was being considered as a possible successor to Josiah Quincy as President of Harvard . Everett returned to Boston in September 1845 to learn that the Overseers had offered him the post . Although he had some misgivings , principally due to some of the tedious aspects of the job and difficult matter of maintaining student discipline , he accepted the offer , and entered into his duties in February 1846 . The three years he spent there were extremely unhappy . Everett found that Harvard was short of resources , and that he was not popular with the rowdy students . One of his most notable achievements was the expansion of Harvard 's academic programs to include a " school of theoretical and practical science " , then known as the Lawrence Scientific School . Everett 's unhappiness with the post was apparent early on , and by April 1847 he was negotiating with Harvard 's overseers about the conditions of the job . These talks were ultimately unfruitful , and Everett , on the advice of his doctor , resigned the post in December 1848 . He had been suffering for sometime from a number of maladies , some of them prostate @-@ related . In the following years , his health would become increasingly fragile . He was somewhat rejuvenated by a visit to the springs at Sharon Springs , New York . = = Secretary of State and Senator = = When the Whigs won the 1848 national election and returned to power in 1849 , Everett returned to politics . He served as an aide to Daniel Webster , who President Millard Fillmore appointed Secretary of State . When Webster died in October 1852 , Fillmore appointed Everett , apparently at Webster 's request , to serve as Secretary of State during the remaining lame @-@ duck months of his administration . In this post Everett drafted the official letter that accompanied the Perry Expedition to Japan , reversed Webster 's claim denying Peruvian sovereignty over the guano @-@ rich Lobos Islands , and refused to engage the United States in an agreement with the United Kingdom and France to guarantee Spanish control of Cuba . Although he stated that the Fillmore administration had no interest in annexing Cuba , he made it clear that the U.S. did not want to foreclose the option by engaging in an essentially political alliance , and reinforced the notion that the U.S. saw Cuba as its concern and not a matter for outside interference . While he was still serving as Secretary of State , Everett was approached by Massachusetts Whig leaders about running for the United States Senate . He was elected by the state legislature , and took the office on March 4 , 1853 . In the Senate he sat on the Foreign Relations Committee , and on the Committee on Territories . He was opposed to the extension of slavery in the western territories , but was concerned that the radical Free Soil Party 's hardline stance would result in disunion . Everett opposed the 1854 Kansas @-@ Nebraska Act , which allowed the territories to choose whether to allow slavery by popular vote , calling it a " horrible " and " detested " bill . However , because of his health he missed a critical vote on the bill , departing the chamber during a debate that ended up lasting all night . This angered Massachusetts anti @-@ slavery interests , who sent him a strongly @-@ worded petition to submit to the Senate . Because of his distaste for the more extreme elements in the abolition debate , Everett 's speech in support of the petition was weak , for which he was further criticized . The rancor of the situation greatly upset Everett , and he submitted his resignation letter on May 12 , 1854 , after only a little more than one year into his six @-@ year term , once again citing poor health . = = Last years = = Free of political obligations , Everett traveled the country with his family , giving public speeches . One cause he took up was the preservation of George Washington 's home at Mount Vernon . Over several years in the mid @-@ 1850s he toured , speaking about Washington ( whom he compared favorably to Frederick the Great and the Duke of Marlborough ) . Not only did Everett donate the proceeds from this touring ( about $ 70 @,@ 000 ) , he also refused to deduct his travel expenses . He also agreed to write a weekly column for the New York Ledger in exchange for a $ 10 @,@ 000 gift to the Mount Vernon Ladies ' Association . These columns were eventually bound and sold as the Mount Vernon Papers . Everett was disheartened by the sectional divisions between the northern and southern states during the late 1850s . The 1860 election threatened to produce a national crisis , with pro @-@ slavery Southerners splitting the Democratic Party and threatening secession if a Republican was elected President . A group of conservative ex @-@ Whigs organized the Constitutional Union Party , which claimed as its sole principle the preservation of the Union . Supporters of Everett put his name forward as a candidate for president , but the party ended up nominating John Bell , and Everett for Vice President . Everett reluctantly accepted the post , but did not campaign very much . The Bell @-@ Everett ticket received only 39 electoral votes , all from Southern states . In the wake of the election of Abraham Lincoln , seven southern states began seriously debating secession . Everett was an active participant in advancing the unsuccessful Crittenden Compromise in a last @-@ ditch attempt to avoid war during the early months of 1861 . When the American Civil War broke out in April 1861 , he became an active supporter of the Union cause . He did not at first think highly of Lincoln , but came to support him as the war progressed . In 1861 and 1862 Everett toured the northern states , lecturing on the causes of the war , and also wrote on behalf of the Union cause for the New York Ledger . Proposals were put forward that Everett serve as a roving ambassador in Europe to counter Confederate diplomatic initiatives , but these were never brought to fruition . In November 1863 , when the military cemetery at Gettysburg , Pennsylvania was dedicated , Everett , by then widely renowned as the finest orator in the country , was invited to be the featured speaker . In his two @-@ hour formal oration he compared the Battle of Gettysburg to battles of antiquity such as Marathon , and spoke about how opposing sides in previous civil wars ( such as the War of the Roses and the Thirty Years ' War ) were able to reconcile their differences afterward . Everett 's oration was followed by the now far more famous Gettysburg Address of President Lincoln . For his part , Everett was deeply impressed by the concise speech and wrote to Lincoln noting " I should be glad if I could flatter myself that I came as near to the central idea of the occasion , in two hours , as you did in two minutes . " In the 1864 election , Everett supported Lincoln , serving as a presidential elector from Massachusetts for the Republicans . = = Death = = On January 9 , 1865 , Everett spoke at a public meeting in Boston to raise funds for the southern poor in Savannah . At that meeting he caught cold , which he exacerbated four days later by testifying for three hours in a civil dispute concerning property he owned in Winchester , Massachusetts . He died in Boston on January 15 , and was interred at Mount Auburn Cemetery in Cambridge . = = Legacy = = Edward Everett Square , near his birthplace in Dorchester , is named for him . It is the intersection of Columbia Road , Massachusetts Avenue , East Cottage Street and Boston Street . A marker is placed near where his birthplace stood , and a statue of Everett stands near the square in Richardson Park . Everett 's name appears on the facade of the Boston Public Library 's McKim Building , which he helped found , serving for twelve years as president of its board . His name was also given to his nephew , Edward Everett Hale , as well as Hale 's grandson , the actor Edward Everett Horton . Everett , Massachusetts , separated from Malden in 1870 , was named in his honor , as was the borough of Everett , Pennsylvania , and Mount Everett in western Massachusetts . Elementary schools in Dorchester and in Lincoln , Nebraska are named for him , as was a school in St. Cloud , Minnesota that was torn down in 1887 . Everett donated 130 books to St. Cloud , beginning the community 's first library . = = Film and TV = = In the 2015 documentary film The Gettysburg Address , Edward Everett is portrayed by actor Ed Asner . = = Publications = = Everett , Edward ( 1814 ) . A Defence of Christianity Against the Works of George B. English . Boston : Hilliard and Metcalf . OCLC 2541810 . Everett , Edward ( 1820 ) . An Account of Some Greek Manuscripts , Procured at Constantinople in 1819 and now Belonging to the Library of the University at Cambridge . Memoirs of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences . Everett , Edward ( 1853 ) . Orations and Speeches on Various Occasions , Volume 1 . Boston : Little , Brown . OCLC 10559911 . Everett , Edward ( 1850 ) . Orations and Speeches on Various Occasions , Volume 2 . Boston : Little , Brown . OCLC 457720654 . Everett , Edward ( 1859 ) . Orations and Speeches on Various Occasions , Volume 3 . Boston : Little , Brown . OCLC 703424239 . Everett , Edward ( 1868 ) . Orations and Speeches on Various Occasions , Volume 4 . Boston : Little , Brown . OCLC 703424868 . Everett , Edward ( 1860 ) . The Life of George Washington . New York : Sheldon and Company . OCLC 682585 .
= Buckeye chicken = The Buckeye is a breed of chicken originating in the U.S. state of Ohio . Created in the late 19th century , Buckeyes are the only American Poultry Association ( APA ) standard breed of chicken known to have been created by a woman , and the only one in the American Class to have a pea comb . As of 2014 , Buckeyes are listed as " Threatened " by The Livestock Conservancy . The breed 's name is derived from Ohio 's nickname of " Buckeye state " , and their mahogany color is said ideally to resemble the seeds of the Ohio Buckeye plant ( Aesculus glabra ) . They are a dual @-@ purpose chicken that have a decent laying ability and strong meat production characteristics . Buckeyes are yellow skinned chickens that lay brown eggs . = = History = = The Buckeye was first bred and developed in 1896 , by a Warren , Ohio resident named Nettie Metcalf . They are the only American breed of chicken known to have been developed by a woman , despite the fact that women were customarily given charge of the household poultry flock throughout much of U.S. history . Metcalf crossbred Barred Plymouth Rocks , Buff Cochins , and some black breasted red games to produce the Buckeye . Her goal was a functional breed that could produce well in the bitter Midwest winters . Contrary to popular belief the Buckeye breed was created before the Rhode Island Red breed and Metcalf actually sent birds to the RIR breeders for them to improve their breed . The Buckeye was admitted to the American Poultry Association 's Standard of Perfection in 1904 . Entrance into the Standard of Perfection signifies official certification as a breed by the Association , and thus allows Buckeyes to be entered into poultry shows and judged according to the breed standard ( as outlined in the Standard of Perfection ) . The recognition of Buckeyes in the Standard has been a significant factor in its survival . In the past , largely due its lack of color variations , the Buckeye has not been an especially popular exhibition breed , but there is growing interest in the exhibition poultry fancy for this dual @-@ purpose variety of bird . Not adopted by commercial operations , the Buckeye has generally been a bird of smaller farm flocks . Today the breed status is listed as threatened by the American Livestock Breeds Conservancy , threatened being defined as Threatened : Fewer than 1 @,@ 000 breeding birds in the United States , with seven or fewer primary breeding flocks , and estimated global population less than 5 @,@ 000 . The breed is also included in the Slow Food USA Ark of Taste , a catalog of heritage foods in danger of extinction . = = Characteristics = = The Buckeye male weighs an average of 9 lb ( 4 @.@ 1 kg ) , and the hen 6 @.@ 5 lb ( 2 @.@ 9 kg ) . The breed has yellow skin and lays brown eggs . Its primary color is a mahogany red with black tails ; sometimes males have other dark feathering . According to the breed standard , a Buckeye 's plumage should ideally resemble the hue of an Ohio Buckeye 's seeds . Especially in the hen , the breed is very similar in appearance to the Rhode Island Red . The Buckeye can be differentiated by a bar of slate color on the back feathers close to the body ; the body is also much more compact , with a short yet broad back . The Buckeye is the only purely American breed to sport a pea comb , and this , combined with its stocky build , makes it a supremely cold hardy chicken . Other breeds of fowl developed in the U.S. ( such as the Ameraucana ) may sport pea combs , but these chickens were primarily created from foreign birds . It also bears some traits of Game fowl in frame and disposition , being assertive in character and a very good forager . Generally calm , the cock birds in rare cases may become aggressive . Despite its game heritage , it tolerates confinement well , although it will be much happier and produce better if allowed to range on grass . The Buckeye is said by breeders to be disinclined towards feather picking . A good meat producer and layer of between 150 to 200 eggs per year , the Buckeye is a dual purpose chicken well – suited to small farmyard and backyard flocks .
= 2001 UEFA Cup Final = The 2001 UEFA Cup Final was a football match between Liverpool of England and Alavés of Spain on 16 May 2001 at the Westfalenstadion in Dortmund , Germany . The showpiece event was the final match of the 2000 – 01 edition of Europe 's secondary cup competition , the UEFA Cup . Liverpool were appearing in their third UEFA Cup final , after their appearances in 1973 and 1976 . It also represented the first European final they reached since being banned from Europe following the Heysel Stadium disaster . Alavés were appearing in their first European final . Each team had to progress through six knockout rounds playing 12 matches in total to reach the final . Liverpool 's matches were mainly close affairs , none of their ties were won by more than two goals . The fourth round and semi @-@ final ties against Roma and Barcelona were won 1 – 0 . In contrast , Alavés ties ranged from close affairs to comfortable victories . They won their first round tie against Gaziantepspor by one goal , whereas they beat Kaiserslautern 9 – 2 in the semi @-@ final . Watched by a crowd of 48 @,@ 050 , Liverpool took an early lead when Markus Babbel scored in the fourth minute . They extended their lead in the 16th minute when Steven Gerrard scored . Midway through the first half , Iván Alonso scored to bring Alavés within a goal of levelling the match . A few minutes before the end of the first half , Liverpool went 3 – 1 up when Gary McAllister scored from the penalty spot . Minutes after the start of the second half , Javi Moreno scored twice to level the match at 3 – 3 . Liverpool went in front again in the 76th minute when Robbie Fowler scored . With a minute remaining in the match , Alavés equalised thanks to Jordi Cruyff . The match went into extra time , with the first half goalless . With the match heading for a penalty shoot @-@ out , Delfí Geli headed into his own net , as a result , Liverpool won on the golden goal rule . The victory meant Liverpool completed a Treble of Football League Cup , FA Cup and UEFA Cup . = = Route to the final = = = = = Liverpool = = = Liverpool qualified for the UEFA Cup by finishing fourth in the 1999 – 2000 FA Premier League . Their opposition in the first round were Rapid București of Romania . The first leg was held at Rapid 's home ground Stadionul Giuleşti @-@ Valentin Stănescu , Liverpool won 1 – 0 , Nick Barmby scored the winning goal . The second leg at Liverpool 's home ground Anfield finished 0 – 0 , which meant that Liverpool won the tie 1 – 0 on aggregate to progress to the second round . Liverpool 's opposition in the second round was Slovan Liberec of the Czech Republic . The first leg at Anfield was heading for a 0 – 0 draw , until the 87th minute when Emile Heskey scored to give Liverpool a 1 – 0 victory . The second leg was at Liberec 's home ground , the Stadion u Nisy . Liberec took the lead in the first half to level the tie at 1 – 1 . Midway through the first half , Liverpool equalised to make it 1 – 1 on the night and 2 – 1 in their favour in aggregate . Two further goals in the second half by Barmby and Michael Owen , before a late Liberec goal ensured Liverpool won the match 3 – 2 to progress to the third round after a 4 – 2 aggregate victory . Liverpool 's opponents in the third round were Olympiacos of Greece . The first leg was held at Olympiacos ' home ground , the Karaiskakis Stadium . Liverpool were heading for a 2 – 1 victory courtesy of goals from Barmby and Steven Gerrard , until Olympiacos equalised in the last minute to earn a 2 – 2 draw . The second leg at Anfield was won 2 – 0 by Liverpool , with a goal scored in each half by Barmby and Heskey respectively . The victory ensured Liverpool won the tie 4 – 2 on aggregate to progress to the fourth round . Liverpool 's opposition in the fourth round were Italian side Roma . The first leg was held at Roma 's home ground the Stadio Olimpico , where Liverpool had won the European Cup twice in 1977 and 1984 . Incidentally , Roma were the team Liverpool beat to win the European Cup in 1984 . Liverpool were once again successful at the Stadio Olimpico , as they won 2 – 0 courtesy of two Michael Owen second half goals . The second leg at Anfield was a close affair . Roma scored in the 70th minute to take the lead , they now needed to score another goal to take the match into extra @-@ time . They looked like they had the opportunity to do so , when the referee awarded a penalty towards the end of the match after he had adjudged that Markus Babbel had handled the ball . However , moments later , he reversed his decision and instead awarded Roma a corner @-@ kick . Roma were unable to score the necessary goal following the incident and Liverpool progressed to the quarter @-@ finals courtesy of a 2 – 1 aggregate victory . Portuguese side Porto were the opposition in the quarter @-@ finals . The first leg in Portugal ended 0 – 0 . Liverpool won the second leg at Anfield 2 – 0 with Danny Murphy and Michael Owen scoring in the first half to progress to the semi @-@ finals courtesy of a 2 – 0 aggregate victory . Liverpool were drawn against Spanish side Barcelona in the semi @-@ finals . Liverpool defended resolutely during the first leg at Barcelona 's ground the Camp Nou to earn a 0 – 0 draw . The second leg at Anfield was equally close , until the 44th minute when Liverpool were awarded a penalty . Gary McAllister scored the subsequent penalty to put Liverpool 1 – 0 up in the match and the tie . However , a Barcelona goal would see them progress as a result of the away goals rule . Liverpool managed to see out the 90 minutes without conceding a goal to progress to their first European final , since they were banned from participating in Europe following the Heysel Stadium disaster at the 1985 European Cup Final . = = = Alavés = = = Alavés qualified for the UEFA Cup by finishing sixth during the 1999 – 2000 La Liga . They were drawn against Turkish team Gaziantepspor in the first round . The first leg at Alavés ' home ground the Estadio Mendizorroza finished 0 – 0 . However , the second leg was more entertaining . The match contained seven goals , Alavés won the match 4 – 3 to progress to the second round . Alavés ' opposition in the second round were Lillestrøm of Norway . The first leg was at Lillestrøm 's home ground the Åråsen Stadion . Alavés won the match 3 – 1 with goals from Begona , Óscar Téllez and Cosmin Contra . The second leg in Spain was a 2 – 2 draw , which ensured that Alavés won the tie 5 – 3 on aggregate to progress to the third round . Another Norwegian team , Rosenborg were their opposition . The first leg in Spain was a 1 – 1 draw . The second leg held at Rosenborg 's ground the Lerkendal Stadion . Alavés took an early lead when Rosenborg player Bent Inge Johnsen scored an own goal . Alavés scored a further two goals in the second half , with Rosenborg scoring a late goal to win the match 3 – 1 and progress to the fourth round courtesy of a 4 – 2 aggregate victory . The opposition in the fourth round were Italian team Internazionale , who had won the competition three times . The first leg in Spain saw Internazionale go ahead 3 – 1 midway through the second half after Álvaro Recoba scored twice and Christian Vieri scored . Alavés fought back to equalise in the 73rd minute after goals from Óscar Téllez and Iván Alonso securing a 3 – 3 draw . The second leg at Internazionale 's home ground the San Siro appeared to heading for a 0 – 0 draw until the 78th minute when Jordi Cruyff scored . A further goal from Ivan Tomić ensured a 2 – 0 victory for Alavés . This meant that they progressed to the quarter @-@ finals at the expense of the three @-@ time winners due to a 5 – 3 aggregate victory . Fellow Spanish side Rayo Vallecano were the opposition in the quarter @-@ finals . Alavés won the first leg at home 3 – 0 . Rayo took a 2 – 0 lead in the second leg at their ground the Estadio Teresa Rivero , but a late Cruyff goal ensured that Alavés would progress to the semi @-@ finals . Their opposition in the semi @-@ finals were German team Kaiserslautern , the first leg in Spain saw four penalties awarded . Three were awarded to Alavés and one to Kaiserslautern , all were scored and a further two goals for Alavés ensured the match finished 5 – 1 to Alavés . The second leg at Kaiserslautern was essentially meaningless as the German team needed to score four goals to stand a chance of reaching the final . It was Alavés who scored four goals , Kaiserslautern scored a consolation goal , but Alavés won the match 4 – 1 to progress to the final in their first season in European courtesy of a 9 – 2 aggregate victory . = = Match = = = = = Background = = = Liverpool went into the match having already won two trophies during the 2000 – 01 season . Their first trophy was the Football League Cup which they had won in February defeating Birmingham City 5 – 4 in a penalty shoot @-@ out after the match had finished 1 – 1 . The second trophy was the FA Cup , which they won 2 – 1 . They entered the match with the opportunity to win an unprecedented Treble . Liverpool were appearing in their third UEFA Cup final , both their previous appearances in the final in 1973 and 1976 had resulted in victory . They were also making their first appearance in a European final since their ban from European competition following the Heysel Stadium disaster . Alavés on the other hand were appearing in their first European final in their first season in European competition . Remarkably , the club had been in the Fourth Division of the Spanish league system 11 years ago . As it was their first season in Europe , Alavés had commissioned a special shirt that was pink and bore the names of all their ' socios ' ( members ) as a memento of their qualification for Europe . Liverpool opted for a 4 – 4 – 2 formation , with the only change from their FA Cup winning team four days earlier being the inclusion of Gary McAllister at the expense of Vladimír Šmicer . Robbie Fowler who had been disappointed to be a substitute for the FA Cup final was again on the bench . Emile Heskey and Michael Owen were picked to spearhead Liverpool 's attack . Alavés opted to play a 5 – 3 – 2 formation , with Cosmin Contra , Dan Eggen , Antonio Karmona , Óscar Téllez and Delfí Geli in defence . In attack , Martín Astudillo and Jordi Cruyff were chosen to play behind lone striker Javi Moreno . = = = First half = = = Liverpool won the toss and kicked @-@ off . Within the first four minutes Liverpool had scored . Markus Babbel headed in a Gary McAllister free @-@ kick to put Liverpool 1 – 0 up . They nearly added to their lead minutes later when Emile Heskey was put through on goal from a McAllister pass , but Alavés goalkeeper Martín Herrera cleared the ball with his feet . Two minutes later , Martín Astudillo was shown a yellow card for a challenge on Heskey . Liverpool player Gary McAllister also received a yellow card after he confronted the Alavés player over his challenge . Alavés first opportunity to score was in the 12th minute . They were awarded a free @-@ kick on the edge of the Liverpool penalty area following a challenge by Stéphane Henchoz . Oscar Téllez curled a shot towards Liverpool 's goal , however , Liverpool goalkeeper Sander Westerveld pushed the ball away from goal . Three minutes later , Michael Owen collected a Dietmar Hamann pass and played a diagonal pass to Steven Gerrard , whose shot beat the Alavés keeper Herrera to put Liverpool 2 – 0 ahead . Minutes later Alavés made the first substitution of the match when Iván Alonso replaced defender Dan Eggen . The change had the desired effect as four minutes later , Alavés scored . Right wing @-@ back Cosmin Contra put the ball into the area form the right side of the pitch and Alonso rose above Babbel to head the ball into the net to make the scoreline 2 – 1 . Immediately afterwards , Alavés were almost level when Contra put another ball into the penalty area , however , Henchoz cleared the ball before an Alavés player could reach it . In the 35th minute , Alavés were again nearly level . Alonso 's header fell to Javi Moreno , who went past Henchoz his shot was saved by Westerveld after it his chest . The rebound fell to Ivan Tomić , but Westerveld again saved his shot . Five minutes later , Liverpool were awarded a penalty . Michael Owen had run into the penalty area past the Alavés defence , he was brought down by Herrera was who was booked for the foul . Gary McAllister took the penalty and scored to put Liverpool 3 – 1 ahead . = = = Second half = = = In contrast to the first @-@ half , it was Alavés who started the half the better of the two sides . Contra put a cross from the right side of the pitch into the penalty area , which was met by Moreno , whose header beat Westerveld to make the scoreline 3 – 2 . Four minutes later Alavés had equalised . They were awarded a free @-@ kick 25 yards away from goal and Moreno went straight through the Liverpool wall and into the goal past Westerveld . Liverpool reacted to the scoreline being levelled at 3 – 3 by substituting Stéphane Henchoz with Vladimír Šmicer . Steven Gerrard was placed in the right @-@ back position as a result of the change . Three minutes later , Owen was brought down by defender Antonio Karmona , who was subsequently booked . Liverpool were awarded a free @-@ kick , which Gary McAllister hit into the Alavés wall . In the 64th minute , both sides made substitutions . Liverpool replaced Emile Heskey with Robbie Fowler , while Alavés goalscorer Javi Moreno with Pablo . Eight minutes later , Gary McAllister passed the ball to Fowler who moved towards the centre of the pitch from the left @-@ hand side and hit his shot into the corner of the net to put Liverpool 4 – 3 up with 18 minutes of the match remaining . Two minutes later , Liverpool substituted Michael Owen for Patrik Berger . In the 82nd minute , Alavés had an appeal for a penalty after Hamann was adjudged to have brought Magno down , the Brazilian was subsequently booked for diving . With two minutes remaining , Liverpool goalkeeper Sander Westerveld conceded a corner . The subsequent corner is headed into the goal by Jordi Cruyff to make the scoreline 4 – 4 . Two minutes into injury @-@ time , Contra went down under pressure from Gerrard in the Liverpool penalty area . Again , the referee deemed that there was no penalty . Following this , the referee blew his whistle to signal the end of 90 minutes if play . The match would now go into a 30 @-@ minute extra @-@ time period . = = = Extra time = = = The golden goal was used during extra @-@ time , which meant that whatever team scored first would win . Liverpool kicked off the first half of extra @-@ time and within three minutes , Alavés looked like they had scored a golden goal . Ivan Alonso had put the ball in the Liverpool goal , but it was ruled out as Alonso was offside . A minute later , Óscar Téllez was booked for fouling Robbie Fowler . Within four minutes , Alavés had been reduced to 10 men . Magno was shown a second yellow card for a two @-@ footed challenge on Markus Babbel . With a minute of the first half of extra @-@ time remaining , Fowler thought he had scored the winning goal , however it was disallowed as he was offside . Alavés kicked off the second half of extra @-@ time and within seconds , Babbel was booked for bringing down Alavés defender Delfí Geli 30 yards from goal . The resulting free @-@ kick was put wide by Hermes Desio . Three minutes later , Liverpool had a chance to score , but Fowler could not reach Steven Gerrard 's cross and the ball was subsequently cleared from the Alavés penalty area . In the 115th minute of the match , Alavés were reduced to nine men , when Antonio Karmona received a second yellow card for fouling Smicer . McAllister took the resulting free @-@ kick , which was headed into his own goal by Geli . As a result of the golden goal , Liverpool had won the match 5 – 4 to win their third UEFA Cup and complete a Treble . = = = Details = = = = = Post @-@ match = = Liverpool 's victory was their third UEFA Cup success , this put them level with Internazionale and Juventus as the teams with the most success in the competition . Their victory also meant they completed a Treble of cup victories , as they had won the Football League Cup and the FA Cup earlier in the season . The match was hailed as one of the most exciting finals in modern times , with Alan Hansen declaring : " the best final ever . " Liverpool manager Gérard Houllier hailed his players after the match : " When you play in a European final , you are looking for immortality . People remember who was playing and when you look at programmes from finals you just recall the facts of the game . These boys have produced a game which will be remembered for a long time — and that is thanks to Alavés too . " Houllier hit back at critics that had labelled Liverpool as boring before the match : " Maybe we are a boring side — as I seem to keep reading — but I will put up with that . We must have scored 122 of our 123 goals on the counter attack , but all I know is that our total this season is the third highest in Liverpool 's history . " The performance of Gary McAllister was lauded after the match with Trevor Brooking stating : " Gary McAllister was outstanding . " Alan Hansen also praised McAllister 's performance : " Gary McAllister was outstanding . At 36 , to keep going the way he did , keep taking those free @-@ kicks and producing it when it counted , was sensational . He fully deserved his man of the match award . " Alavés manager José Manuel Esnal praised his players despite their loss : " Dortmund has seen a great final , and it was possibly the smallest team in the competition that made it great . " Esnal saluted his players for their character especially for equalising twice in the match : " We played with pride and class to get the score back to 4 – 4 at the end of normal time , the result of that , however , was that we were half dead going into extra @-@ time . But we 're the same team as we were two hours ago . One side always has to lose a final , just as one wins . " Despite their success , Liverpool were not celebrating immediately after the match , as they had an important match in the Premier League on the Saturday following the final . The match against Charlton Athletic was a must @-@ win match for Liverpool if they wanted to finish in third place in the league and claim the final UEFA Champions League qualification place . The subsequent match was won 4 – 0 by Liverpool to secure their place in the 2001 – 02 UEFA Champions League . Winning the UEFA Cup entitled Liverpool to compete in the 2001 UEFA Super Cup against Champions League winners Bayern Munich . Liverpool won the match 3 – 2 to secure their second Super Cup victory .

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