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= Don Marostica =
Don Marostica ( born March 7 , 1948 ) is a real estate developer and former legislator in the U.S. state of Colorado , currently serving as director of the state 's Office of Economic Development and International Trade .
Raised in Colorado , Marostica is an Army veteran , former high school teacher , and most recently a prominent real estate developer in northern Colorado . After several years serving on the Loveland , Colorado city council , Marostica was elected to the Colorado House of Representatives in 2006 , represented House District 51 , which encompasses the city of Loveland .
Marostica , regarded as a moderate Republican , focused heavily on fiscal issues as a legislator , including transparency and loosening budgetary restrictions , and sat on the legislature 's Joint Budget Committee during the 2009 session . In July 2009 , Marostica resigned from the legislature to accept the post of economic development director in the cabinet of Democratic Gov. Bill Ritter , where he has focused on attracting and growing business in the state of Colorado during the ongoing recession .
= = Early career = =
Marostica was born in Sterling , Colorado and graduated from Roosevelt High School in Johnstown . He attended Colorado State University on football and wrestling scholarships , graduating in 1970 with a degree in physical science and geology . In 1975 , he earned a master 's degree in secondary school administration from the University of Northern Colorado
Have been commissioned through the ROTC program at Colorado State , Marostica served in the United States Army and the Colorado Army National Guard , leaving the service at the rank of captain in 1979 . After leaving the Army , Marostica taught and coached wrestling at Rocky Mountain High School in Fort Collins . Marostica currently resides in Loveland , Colorado with his wife , Carol .
Marostica entered the real estate industry in 1977 and is currently a partner in Loveland Commercial , LLC . In 1982 , during a downturn in the real estate market , Marostica declared bankruptcy and had judgements from creditors filed against him . He also had tax leins filed against him both in the early 1980s and in the mid @-@ 1990s , and has since paid all back taxes . Marostica became financially successful in real estate , and , together with other partners in Loveland Commercial , has donated extensively to local causes , including endowing a chair in the business department of Colorado State University . As a developer , Marostica specialized in commercial real estate , spearheading five Planned Unit Developments in Loveland and Milliken , Colorado .
Marostica was elected to the Loveland City Council in 2001 , serving for three years , including a span as mayor pro tem , before resigning in 2004 because of professional conflicts of interest . During his 2006 legislative campaign , he was criticized for , as a city council member , voting to award city money to his company for a development contract ; the city council had to authorize a special exception to its conflict of interest rules to approve the contract .
Marostica has served on over 60 boards and commissions in the Loveland area , with an emphasis on transportation @-@ related issues ( Loveland Transportation Finance Committee , Loveland East @-@ West Mobility Study Committee , Loveland Eisenhower Boulevard Alignment Analysis Committee , Fort Collins @-@ Loveland Airport Master Plan Update Committee ) . He has also served as the chair of the Board of Directors of the Poudre Valley Health System Foundation and the Medical Center of the Rockies Foundation , and on the bond oversight committee for the Thompson School District . He is also an avid motorcyclist and regularly participates in the Sturgis Motorcycle Rally and Ride to the Wall , a cross @-@ county ride ending at the Vietnam Veterans Memorial .
= = Legislative career = =
= = = 2006 election = = =
In seeking the 51st House district state house seat , representing Loveland , Marostica first faced a challenge from Kevan McNaught in the Republican primary . McNaught was endorsed by the Colorado Club for Growth , who criticized Marostica for his support of higher taxes and his use of eminent domain when he was a member the Loveland city council . Marostica edged out McNaught in the Republican primary by about 250 votes , or 5 % of voters . In contrast with McNaught 's conservative credentials , Marostica was considered by observers on both the left and the right to be a moderate Republican ; he supported Colorado 's 2005 Referendum C , a loosening of state spending restrictions under the state 's Taxpayer Bill of Rights .
In the general election , Marostica defeated Democrat Jodi Radke in the general election with 56 % of the vote . Marostica raised and spent roughly $ 350 @,@ 000 , of which $ 220 @,@ 000 — almost least two @-@ thirds of the money his campaign spent — was donated by Marostica himself , to win the contested primary and general elections .
= = = 2007 legislative session = = =
For the 2007 session of the Colorado General Assembly , Marostica was assigned to seats on the House Finance Committee and the House Transportation and Energy Committee , while expressing an interest in eventually serving on the powerful Joint Budget Committee . Following the legislative session , Marostica sat on the interim Transportation Legislation Review Committee .
Although a Republican serving in a legislature controlled by Democrats , Marostica was relatively successful at passing legislation . During his first session , Marostica sponsored bills to streamline the issuance of search warrants , to give volunteer reserve peace officers the same status as regular peace officers , and to require that powersports vehicles be sold only by licensed motor vehicle dealers . Marostica , an avid motorcyclist , was among the prominent opponents of a bill that would have required minors to wear motorcycle helmets while riding , even wearing his own motorcycle helmet to a committee hearing at which the bill was debated .
Marostica failed to win legislative approval what he described as his " most important " proposal — the " Taxpayer Transparency Act , " which would have required that government expenditures larger than $ 300 be reported on a searchable government website . Although supported by Republican House leadership , the bill died in committee ; however , Marostica saw his transparency proposal implemented in 2009 by an executive order of Gov. Bill Ritter .
= = = 2008 legislative session = = =
In the 2008 session of the Colorado General Assembly , Marostica sat on the House Health and Human Services Committee , the House Transportation and Energy Committee , and the Joint Capital Development Committee .
Marostica declared his " favorite bill " among those he sponsored during the session to be a measure to exempt owners from property tax on buildings leased to public universities , an idea Marostica attributed to a local developer . Marostica also sponsored legislation signed into law to allow statutory counties , cities , and towns to spend money on marketing in addition to advertising , in response to a lawsuit challenging the town of Estes Park 's ability to engage in marketing .
= = = 2008 election = = =
Marostica announced his bid for re @-@ election to the legislature in January 2008 ; Marostica 's campaign raised about five times as much money as that of Democratic opponent Kenneth Bennett , bringing in over $ 80 @,@ 000 by mid @-@ October , of which $ 10 @,@ 000 was contributed by Marostica personally ; His re @-@ election bid was endorsed by the Denver Post , Marostica ultimately won with 58 percent of the vote .
In the contested 2008 Republican presidential primaries , Marostica supported former New York City mayor Rudy Giuliani , helping to organize a November 2007 fundraiser for Giuliani 's campaign that was reported to net over $ 60 @,@ 000 . After John McCain secured the Republican nomination , Marostica supported the McCain @-@ Palin ticket , including kicking off a Sarah Palin rally in Loveland in October .
= = = 2009 legislative session = = =
For the 2009 legislative session , Marostica was named to a seat on the legislature 's Joint Budget Committee , and a seat on the House Appropriations Committee as the ranking Republican member . During hearings before the beginning of the legislative session , Marostica supported withdrawing all state funding from public research universities , a move opposed by university leaders , but which was discussed more seriously after poor economic forecasts . Marostica also helped to lead an effort to allow the state to tap the financial reserves of Pinnacol Assurance , a quasi @-@ governmental worker 's compensation insurer , in order to balance the state budget . Following the legislative session , Marostica served on Colorado 's Long @-@ Term Fiscal Stability Commission , a panel created by legislation during the 2009 General Assembly to consider changes to constitutional constraints on the state budget .
In February , Marostica was the only Republican who announced plans to support legislation to repeal Colorado 's Arveschoug @-@ Bird limit , which capped the growth of general fund expenditures at 6 percent per year . Marostica faced pressure from prominent Republicans , including Independence Institute President Jon Caldara and former state treasurer Mark Hillman , to drop his support ; in response , he referred to Hillman and Caldera as " has @-@ beens " and " losers , " earning him additional criticism from House Republicans ; Marostica later promised to apologize to Hillman and Caldera . Marostica was the prime sponsor of the bill in the House , where , after surviving an attempted Republican filibuster in the Senate , it was ratified , and later signed into law . Marostica also broke with other Republicans as the only member of his party to vote in support of a failed effort to repeal Colorado 's death penalty ; the proposal passed the Colorado House by one vote , but was defeated in the Senate .
Marostica also sponsored bills to allow golf carts , scooters , and small electric vehicles to travel on some public roads , to allow state veterans organizations to provide burial for unclaimed remains of Colorado military personnel , and to allow building inspectors from other municipalities to assess structural damage to properties , a proposal stemming from a May 2008 tornado in Windsor , Colorado. to enable increased state funding for online education , and to keep Colorado 's tobacco litigation settlement cash fund open for one additional year . Marostica announced plans to introduce legislation to expand the definition of cigar bars to increase the number of establishments exempt from Colorado 's indoor smoking ban , but withdrew the legislation after facing opposition from Democrats ; that same week , he denounced as " inappropriate and offensive " a British National Health Service flyer distributed by a lobbyist linking smoking to erectile dysfunction , calling for an ethics investigation into the flyer .
= = Director of Economic Development = =
In July 2009 , Democratic governor Bill Ritter named Marostica , a Republican , to the post of executive director of the Colorado Office of Economic Development and International Trade , replacing Don Elliman , who Ritter had tapped as Colorado 's chief operating officer . Marostica resigned his House seat to take the position , and handed control of his development company to his partner and son in order to avoid conflicts of interest , Marostica named opening Asian markets to Colorado exports as a priority for his time in the new position , in addition to encouraging new venture capital investment and retaining existing major employers despite the late @-@ 2000s recession . Marostica was replaced in the House by small business owner Brian DelGrosso , and on the legislature 's Joint Budget Committee by the more conservative Rep. Kent Lambert .
During Marostica 's first months in the position , he helped lead Colorado 's effort to keep Frontier Airlines jobs in Denver following its merger with Republic Airways ; ultimately , Frontier moved several hundred jobs , and Frontier 's headquarters , to Wisconsin and Indiana , which offered greater tax and econonmic incentives . When legislators proposed eliminating business tax credits in late 2009 to help balance the states budget , Marostica publicly defended many of those credits , but he did support limited cuts to tax credits in Governor Ritter 's proposed 2010 – 2011 budget .
In late 2009 , Marostica was also involved in attracting a wind turbine parts supplier to Colorado , announcing a renewed emphasis on natural gas development on Colorado 's Western Slope , and pushing to speed the permitting process for oil and gas operations . In 2010 , Marostica pushed for additional incentives for the " creative industry , " including arts , media , and film , in Colorado .
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= Boletus edulis =
Boletus edulis ( English : cep , porcino or porcini ) is a basidiomycete fungus , and the type species of the genus Boletus . Widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere across Europe , Asia , and North America , it does not occur naturally in the Southern Hemisphere , although it has been introduced to southern Africa , Australia , and New Zealand . Several closely related European mushrooms formerly thought to be varieties or forms of B. edulis have been shown using molecular phylogenetic analysis to be distinct species , and others previously classed as separate species are conspecific with this species . The western North American species commonly known as the California king bolete ( Boletus edulis var. grandedulis ) is a large , darker @-@ coloured variant first formally identified in 2007 .
The fungus grows in deciduous and coniferous forests and tree plantations , forming symbiotic ectomycorrhizal associations with living trees by enveloping the tree 's underground roots with sheaths of fungal tissue . The fungus produces spore @-@ bearing fruit bodies above ground in summer and autumn . The fruit body has a large brown cap which on occasion can reach 35 cm ( 14 in ) in diameter and 3 kg ( 6 @.@ 6 lb ) in weight . Like other boletes , it has tubes extending downward from the underside of the cap , rather than gills ; spores escape at maturity through the tube openings , or pores . The pore surface of the B. edulis fruit body is whitish when young , but ages to a greenish @-@ yellow . The stout stipe , or stem , is white or yellowish in colour , up to 25 cm ( 10 in ) tall and 10 cm ( 4 in ) thick , and partially covered with a raised network pattern , or reticulations .
Prized as an ingredient in various foods , B. edulis is an edible mushroom held in high regard in many cuisines , and is commonly prepared and eaten in soups , pasta , or risotto . The mushroom is low in fat and digestible carbohydrates , and high in protein , vitamins , minerals and dietary fibre . Although it is sold commercially , it is very difficult to cultivate . Available fresh in autumn in Central , Southern and Northern Europe , it is most often dried , packaged and distributed worldwide . Keeping its flavour after drying , it is then reconstituted and used in cooking . B. edulis is one of the few fungi sold pickled . The fungus also produces a variety of organic compounds with a diverse spectrum of biological activity , including the steroid derivative ergosterol , a sugar binding protein , antiviral compounds , antioxidants , and phytochelatins , which give the organism resistance to toxic heavy metals .
= = Taxonomy = =
Boletus edulis was first described in 1782 by the French botanist Pierre Bulliard and still bears its original name . The starting date of fungal taxonomy had been set as January 1 , 1821 , to coincide with the date of the works of the ' father of mycology ' , Swedish naturalist Elias Magnus Fries , which meant the name required sanction by Fries ( indicated in the name by a colon ) to be considered valid , as Bulliard 's work preceded this date . It was thus written Boletus edulis Bull . : Fr . A 1987 revision of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature set the starting date at May 1 , 1753 , the date of publication of Linnaeus ' work , the Species Plantarum . Hence , the name no longer requires the ratification of Fries ' authority . Early alternate names include Boletus solidus by English naturalist James Sowerby in 1809 , and Gray 's Leccinum edule . Gray 's transfer of the species to Leccinum was later determined to be inconsistent with the rules of botanical nomenclature , and he apparently was unfamiliar with the earlier works of Fries when he published his arrangement of bolete species .
B. edulis is the type species of the genus Boletus . In Rolf Singer 's classification of the Agaricales mushrooms , it is also the type species of section Boletus , a grouping of about 30 related boletes united by several characteristics : a mild @-@ tasting , white flesh that does not change colour when exposed to air ; a smooth to distinctly raised , netted pattern over at least the uppermost portion of the stem ; a yellow @-@ brown or olive @-@ brown spore print ; white tubes that later become yellowish then greenish , which initially appear to be stuffed with cotton ; and cystidia that are not strongly coloured . Molecular analysis published in 1997 established that the bolete mushrooms are all derived from a common ancestor , and established the Boletales as an order separate from the Agaricales .
The generic name is derived from the Latin term bōlētus " mushroom " , which was borrowed in turn from the Ancient Greek βωλίτης , " terrestrial fungus " . Ultimately , this last word derives from bōlos / βῶλος " lump " , " clod " , and , metaphorically , " mushroom " . The βωλίτης of Galen , like the boletus of Latin writers like Martial , Seneca and Petronius , is often identified as the much prized Amanita caesarea . The specific epithet edulis in Latin means " eatable " or " edible " .
= = = Common names = = =
Common names for B. edulis vary by region . The standard Italian name , porcino ( pl. porcini ) , means porcine ; fungo porcino , in Italian , echoes the term suilli , literally " hog mushrooms , " a term used by the Ancient Romans and still in use in southern Italian terms for this species . The derivation has been ascribed to the resemblance of young fruit bodies to piglets , or to the fondness pigs have for eating them . It is also known as " king bolete " . The English penny bun refers to its rounded brownish shape . The German name Steinpilz ( stone mushroom ) refers to the species ' firm flesh . In Austria , it is called Herrenpilz , the " noble mushroom " , while in Mexico , the Spanish name is panza , meaning " belly " . Another Spanish name , rodellon , means " small round boulder " , while the Dutch name eekhoorntjesbrood means " squirrel 's bread " . Russian names are : " Belyy grib " ( " white mushroom " as opposed to less valuable " black mushrooms " ) and " borovik " ( from " bor " - " pine forest " ) . The vernacular name cep is derived from the Catalan cep or its French name cèpe , although the latter is a generic term applying to several related species . In France , it is more fully cèpe de Bordeaux , derived from the Gascon cep " trunk " for its fat stalk , ultimately from the Latin cippus " stake " . Ceppatello , ceppatello buono , ceppatello bianco , giallo leonato , ghezzo , and moreccio are names from Italian dialects , and ciurenys or surenys is another term in Catalan . The French @-@ born King Charles XIV John popularised B. edulis in Sweden after 1818 , and is honoured in the local vernacular name Karljohanssvamp as well as the Danish name Karl Johan svamp . The monarch cultivated the fungus about his residence , Rosersberg Palace . It is known as hed tab tao เห ็ ดตับเต ่ า in Thai .
= = Description = =
The cap of this mushroom is 7 – 30 cm ( 2 @.@ 8 – 11 @.@ 8 in ) broad at maturity . Slightly sticky to touch , it is convex in shape when young and flattens with age . The colour is generally reddish @-@ brown fading to white in areas near the margin , and continues to darken as it matures . The stipe , or stem , is 8 – 25 cm ( 3 @.@ 1 – 9 @.@ 8 in ) in height , and up to 7 cm ( 2 @.@ 8 in ) thick — rather large in comparison to the cap ; it is club @-@ shaped , or bulges out in the middle . It is finely reticulate on the upper portion , but smooth or irregularly ridged on the lower part . The under surface of the cap is made of thin tubes , the site of spore production ; they are 1 to 2 cm ( 0 @.@ 4 to 0 @.@ 8 in ) deep , and whitish in colour when young , but mature to a greenish @-@ yellow . The angular pores , which do not stain when bruised , are small — roughly 2 to 3 pores per millimetre . In youth , the pores are white and appear as if stuffed with cotton ( which are actually mycelia ) ; as they age , they change colour to yellow and later to brown . The spore print is olive brown . The flesh of the fruit body is white , thick and firm when young , but becomes somewhat spongy with age . When bruised or cut , it either does not change colour , or turns a very light brown or light red . Fully mature specimens can weigh about 1 kg ( 2 @.@ 2 lb ) ; a huge specimen collected on the Isle of Skye , Scotland , in 1995 bore a cap of 42 cm ( 16 @.@ 5 in ) , with a stipe 18 cm ( 7 @.@ 1 in ) in height and 14 cm ( 5 @.@ 5 in ) wide , and weighed 3 @.@ 2 kg ( 7 @.@ 1 lb ) . A similarly sized specimen found in Poland in 2013 made international news .
B. edulis is considered one of the safest wild mushrooms to pick for the table , as no poisonous species closely resemble it . The most similar poisonous mushroom may be the devil 's bolete ( Rubroboletus satanas ) , which has a similar shape , but has a red stem and stains blue on bruising . It is often confused with the very bitter and unpalatable Tylopilus felleus , but can be distinguished by the reticulation on the stalk ; in porcini , it is a whitish , net @-@ like pattern on a brownish stalk , whereas it is a dark pattern on white in the latter . Porcini have whitish pores while the other has pink . If in doubt , tasting a tiny bit of flesh will yield a bitter taste . It can also resemble the " bolete @-@ like " Gyroporus castaneus , which is generally smaller , and has a browner stem .
The spores are elliptical to spindle @-@ shaped , with dimensions of 12 – 17 by 5 – 7 µm . The basidia , the spore @-@ bearing cells , are produced in a layer lining the tubes , and arrange themselves so their ends are facing the center of the tube ; this layer of cells is known technically as a hymenium . The basidia are thin @-@ walled , mostly attached to four spores , and measure 25 – 30 by 8 – 10 µm . Another cell type present in the hymenium is the cystidia , larger sterile cells that protrude beyond the basidia into the lumen of the hymenium , and act as air traps , regulating humidity . B. edulis has pleurocystidia ( cystidia located on the face of a pore ) that are thin @-@ walled , roughly spindle @-@ shaped to ventricose , and measure 30 – 45 by 7 – 10 µm ; the " stuffed " feature of the hymenium is caused by cheilocystidia — cells found on the edges of the pores . The hyphae of B. edulis do not have clamp connections .
= = = Related species = = =
Several similar brownish @-@ coloured species are sometimes considered subspecies or forms of this mushroom . In Europe , in addition to B. edulis ( or cèpe de Bordeaux ) , the most popular are :
Tête de nègre ( " negro 's head " ; Boletus aereus ) , much rarer than B. edulis , is more highly regarded by gourmets , and more expensive . Usually smaller than B. edulis , it is also distinctively darker in colour . It is especially suited to drying .
Cèpe des pins ( " pine tree cep " ; Boletus pinophilus or Boletus pinicola ) grows among pine trees . Rarer than B. edulis , it is less appreciated by gourmets than the two other kinds of porcini , but remains a mushroom rated above most others .
Cèpe d 'été ( " summer cep " ; Boletus reticulatus ) , also less common and found earlier .
Molecular phylogenetic analyses have proven these three are all distinctive and separate species ; other taxa formerly believed to be unique species or subspecies , such as B. betulicola , B. chippewaensis , B. persoonii , B. quercicola and B. venturii , are now known to be part of a B. edulis species complex with a wide morphological , ecological and geographic range , and that the genetic variability in this complex is low . Similar molecular technology has been developed to rapidly and accurately identify B. edulis and other commercially important fungi .
Three divergent lineages found in Yunnan province in China that are commonly marketed and sold as B. edulis ( and are actually more closely related to B. aereus ) were described in 2013 as B. bainiugan , B. meiweiniuganjun and B. shiyong .
Western North America has several species closely related to B. edulis . The white king bolete ( Boletus barrowsii ) , found in parts of Colorado , New Mexico , Arizona , and California ( and possibly elsewhere ) , is named after its discoverer Chuck Barrows . It is lighter in colour than B. edulis , having a cream @-@ coloured cap with pink tones ; often mycorrhizal with Ponderosa pine , it tends to grow in areas where there is less rainfall . Some find its flavour as good as if not better than B. edulis . The California king bolete ( Boletus edulis var. grandedulis ) can reach massive proportions , and is distinguished from B. edulis by a mature pore surface that is brown to slightly reddish . The cap colour appears to be affected by the amount of light received during its development , and may range from white in young specimens grown under thick canopy , to dark @-@ brown , red @-@ brown or yellow brown in those specimens receiving more light . The queen bolete ( Boletus regineus ) , formerly considered a variety of B. aereus , is also a choice edible . It is generally smaller than B. edulis , and unlike that species , is typically found in mixed forests . The spring king bolete ( Boletus rex @-@ veris ) , formerly considered a variety of B. edulis or B. pinophilus , is found throughout western North America . In contrast to B. edulis , B. rex @-@ veris tends to fruit in clusters , and , as its common name suggests , appears in the spring .
= = Habitat and distribution = =
The fruit bodies of Boletus edulis can grow singly or in small clusters of two or three specimens . The mushroom 's habitat consists of areas dominated by pine ( Pinus spp . ) , spruce ( Picea spp . ) , hemlock ( Tsuga spp . ) and fir ( Abies spp . ) trees , although other hosts include chestnut , chinquapin , beech , Keteleeria spp . , Lithocarpus spp . , and oak . In California , porcini have been collected in a variety of forests , such as coastal forests , dry interior oak forests and savannas and interior high @-@ elevation montane mixed forests , to an altitude of 3 @,@ 500 m ( 11 @,@ 500 ft ) . In northwestern Spain , they are common in scrublands dominated by the rock rose species Cistus ladanifer and Halimium lasianthum .
Boletus edulis has a cosmopolitan distribution , concentrated in cool @-@ temperate to subtropical regions . It is common in Europe — from northern Scandinavia , south to the extremities of Greece and Italy — and North America , where its southern range extends as far south as Mexico . It is well known from the Borgotaro area of Parma , Italy , and has PGI status there . The European distribution extends north to Scandinavia and south to southern Italy and Morocco . In China , the mushroom can be found from the northeastern Heilongjiang Province to the Yunnan @-@ Guizhou Plateau and Tibet . It has been recorded growing under Pinus and Tsuga in Sagarmatha National Park in Nepal , as well as in the Indian forests of Arunachal Pradesh . In West Asia , the species has been reported from the northwest forests of Iran .
= = = Non @-@ native introductions = = =
Boletus edulis grows in some areas where it is not believed to be indigenous . It is often found underneath oak and silver birch in Hagley Park in central Christchurch , New Zealand , where it is likely to have been introduced , probably on the roots of container @-@ grown beech , birch , and oak in the mid @-@ 19th century — around the time exotic trees began to be planted in the Christchurch area . Similarly , it has been collected in Adelaide Hills region of Australia in association with three species of introduced trees . It has been growing plentifully in association with pine forests in the southern KwaZulu @-@ Natal Midlands in South Africa for more than 50 years and is believed to have been introduced with the import of pine trees . It also grows in pine plantations in neighboring Zimbabwe .
= = Ecology = =
= = = Fruit body production = = =
Italian folklore holds that porcini sprout up at the time of the new moon ; research studies have tried to investigate more scientifically the factors that influence the production of fruit bodies . Although fruit bodies may appear any time from summer to autumn ( June to November in the UK ) , their growth is known to be triggered by rainfall during warm periods of weather followed by frequent autumn rain with a drop in soil temperature . Above average rainfall may result in the rapid appearance of large numbers of boletes , in what is known in some circles as a " bolete year " . A 2004 field study indicated that fruit body production is enhanced by an open and sunny wood habitat , corroborating an earlier observation made in a Zimbabwean study ; removal of the litter layer on the forest floor appeared to have a negative effect on fruit body production , but previous studies reported contradictory results . A Lithuanian study conducted in 2001 concluded that the maximal daily growth rate of the cap ( about 21 mm or 0 @.@ 8 in ) occurred when the relative air humidity was the greatest , and the fruit bodies ceased growing when the air humidity dropped below 40 % . Factors most likely to inhibit the appearance of fruit bodies included prolonged drought , inadequate air and soil humidity , sudden decreases of night air temperatures , and the appearance of the first frost . Plots facing north tend to produce more mushrooms compared to equivalent plots facing south .
= = = Mycorrhizal associations = = =
Boletus edulis is mycorrhizal — it is in a mutualistic relationship with the roots of plants ( hosts ) , in which the fungus exchanges nitrogen and other nutrients extracted from the environment for fixed carbon from the host . Other benefits for the plant are evident : in the case of the Chinese chestnut , the formation of mycorrhizae with B. edulis increases the ability of plant seedlings to resist water stress , and increases leaf succulence , leaf area , and water @-@ holding ability . The fungus forms a sheath of tissue around terminal , nutrient @-@ absorbing root tips , often inducing a high degree of branching in the tips of the host , and penetrating into the root tissue , forming , to some mycologists , the defining feature of ectomycorrhizal relationships , a hartig net . The ectomycorrhizal fungi are then able to exchange nutrients with the plant , effectively expanding the root system of the host plant to the furthest reaches of the symbiont fungi . Compatible hosts may belong to multiple families of vascular plants that are widely distributed throughout the Northern Hemisphere ; according to one 1995 estimate , there are at least 30 host plant species distributed over more than 15 genera . Examples of mycorrhizal associates include Chinese red pine , Mexican weeping pine , Scots pine , Norway spruce , Coast Douglas @-@ fir , mountain pine , and Virginia pine . The fungus has also been shown to associate with Gum rockrose , a pioneer early stage shrub that is adapted for growth in degraded areas , such as burned forests . These and other Rockrose species are ecologically important as fungal reservoirs , maintaining an inoculum of mycorrhizal fungi for trees that appear later in the forest regrowth cycle .
The mushroom has been noted to commonly co @-@ occur with Amanita muscaria or A. rubescens , although it is unclear whether this is due to a biological association between the species , or because of similarities in growing season , habitat , and ecological requirements . An association has also been reported between B. edulis and Amanita excelsa on Pinus radiata ectomycorrhizae in New Zealand , suggesting that other fungi may influence the life cycle of porcini . A 2007 field study revealed little correlation between the abundance of fruit bodies and presence of its mycelia below ground , even when soil samples were taken from directly beneath the mushroom ; the study concluded that the triggers leading to formation of mycorrhizae and production of the fruit bodies were more complex .
= = = Heavy metal contamination = = =
Boletus edulis is known to be able to tolerate and even thrive on soil that is contaminated with toxic heavy metals , such as soil that might be found near metal smelters . The mushroom 's resistance to heavy metal toxicity is conferred by a biochemical called a phytochelatin — an oligopeptide whose production is induced after exposure to metal . Phytochelatins are chelating agents , capable of forming multiple bonds with the metal ; in this state , the metal cannot normally react with other elements or ions and is stored in a detoxified form in the mushroom tissue .
= = = Pests and predators = = =
The fruit bodies of B. edulis can be infected by the parasitic mould @-@ like fungus Hypomyces chrysospermus , known as the bolete eater , which manifests itself as a white , yellow , or reddish @-@ brown cottony layer over the surface of the mushroom . Some reported cases of stomach ache following consumption of dried porcini have been attributed to the presence of this mould on the fruit bodies . The mushroom is also used as a food source by several species of mushroom flies , as well as other insects and their larvae . An unidentified species of virus was reported to have infected specimens found in the Netherlands and in Italy ; fruit bodies affected by the virus had relatively thick stems and small or no caps , leading to the name " little @-@ cap disease " .
Boletus edulis is a food source for animals such as the banana slug ( Ariolimax columbianus ) , the long @-@ haired grass mouse , the red squirrel , and , as noted in one isolated report , the fox sparrow .
= = Culinary uses = =
Boletus edulis , as its name implies , is an edible mushroom . Italian chef and restaurateur Antonio Carluccio has described it as representing " the wild mushroom par excellence " , and hails it as the most rewarding of all fungi in the kitchen for its taste and versatility . Considered a choice edible , particularly in France , Germany and Italy , it was widely written about by the Roman writers Pliny the Elder and Martial , although ranked below the esteemed Amanita caesarea .
sunt tibi boleti ; fungos ego sumo suillos ( Ep. iii . 60 )
( " You eat the choice boletus , I have mushrooms that swine grub up . " )
wrote the disgruntled Martial when served suilli instead of boleti . The term suilli was also thought to encompass the related Leccinum scabrum .
The flavour has been described as nutty and slightly meaty , with a smooth , creamy texture , and a distinctive aroma reminiscent of sourdough . Young , small porcini are most appreciated by gourmets , as the large ones often harbour maggots ( insect larvae ) , and become slimy , soft and less tasty with age . Fruit bodies are collected by holding the stipe near the base and twisting gently . Cutting the stipe with a knife may risk the part left behind rotting and the mycelium being destroyed . Peeling and washing are not recommended . The fruit bodies are highly perishable , due largely to the high water content ( around 90 % ) , the high level of enzyme activity , and the presence of a flora of microorganisms . Caution should be exercised when collecting specimens from potentially polluted or contaminated sites , as several studies have shown that the fruit bodies can bioaccumulate toxic heavy metals like mercury , cadmium , caesium and polonium . Bioaccumulated metals or radioactive fission decay products are like chemical signatures : chemical and radiochemical analysis can be used to identify the origin of imported specimens , and for long @-@ term radioecological monitoring of polluted areas .
Porcini are sold fresh in markets in summer and autumn in Central and Southern Europe , and dried or canned at other times of the year , and distributed worldwide to countries where they are not otherwise found . They are eaten and enjoyed raw , sautéed with butter , ground into pasta , in soups , and in many other dishes . In France , they are used in recipes such as cèpes à la Bordelaise , cèpe frits and cèpe aux tomates . Porcini risotto is a traditional Italian autumn dish . Porcini are a feature of many cuisines , including Provençal , and Viennese . They are used in soups and consumed blanched in salads in Thailand . Porcini can also be frozen — either raw or first cooked in butter . The colour , aroma , and taste of frozen porcini deteriorate noticeably if frozen longer than four months . Blanching or soaking and blanching as a processing step before freezing can extend the freezer life up to 12 months . They are also one of the few mushroom species pickled and sold commercially .
= = = Dried = = =
Boletus edulis is well suited to drying — its flavour intensifies , it is easily reconstituted , and its resulting texture is pleasant . Reconstitution is done by soaking in hot , but not boiling , water for about twenty minutes ; the water used is infused with the mushroom aroma and it too can be used in subsequent cooking . Dried porcini have more protein than most other commonly consumed vegetables apart from soybeans . Some of this content is indigestible , though digestibility is improved with cooking .
Like other boletes , porcini can be dried by being strung separately on twine and hung close to the ceiling of a kitchen . Alternatively , the mushrooms can be dried by cleaning with a brush ( washing is not recommended ) , and then placing them in a wicker basket or bamboo steamer on top of a boiler or hot water tank . Another method is drying in an oven at 25 to 30 ° C ( 77 to 86 ° F ) for two to three hours , then increasing the temperature to 50 ° C ( 122 ° F ) until crisp or brittle . Once dry , they are kept in an airtight jar . Importantly for commercial production , porcini retain their flavour after industrial preparation in a pressure cooker or after canning or bottling , and are thus useful for manufacturers of soups or stews . The addition of a few pieces of dried porcino can significantly add to flavour , and they are a major ingredient of the pasta sauce known as carrettiere ( carter 's sauce ) . The drying process is known to induce the formation of various volatile substances that contribute to the mushroom 's aroma . Chemical analysis has shown that the odour of the dried mushroom is a complex mixture of 53 volatile compounds .
= = = Commercial harvest = = =
A 1998 estimate suggests the total annual worldwide consumption of Boletus edulis and closely related species ( B. aereus , B. pinophilus , and B. reticulatus ) to be between 20 @,@ 000 and 100 @,@ 000 tons . Approximately 2 @,@ 700 tonnes ( 3 @,@ 000 tons ) were sold in France , Italy and Germany in 1988 , according to official figures . The true amount consumed far exceeds this , as it does not account for informal sales or consumption by collectors . They are widely exported and sold in dried form , reaching countries where they do not occur naturally , such as Australia and New Zealand . The autonomous community of Castile and León in Spain produces 7 @,@ 700 tonnes ( 8 @,@ 500 tons ) annually . In autumn , the price of porcini in the Northern Hemisphere typically ranges between $ 20 and $ 80 dollars per kilogram , although in New York in 1997 , the scarcity of fruit bodies elevated the wholesale price to over $ 200 per kilogram .
In the vicinity of Borgotaro in the Province of Parma of northern Italy , the four species Boletus edulis , B. aereus , B. aestivalis and B. pinophilus have been recognised for their superior taste and officially termed Fungo di Borgotaro . Here , these mushrooms have been collected for centuries , and exported commercially . Due to the globalization of the mushroom trade , most of the porcini commercially available in Italy or exported by Italy no longer originate there . Porcini and other mushrooms are imported into Italy from various locations , especially China and eastern European countries ; these are then often re @-@ exported under the " Italian porcini " label .
In Italy , the disconnect with local production has had an adverse effect on quality ; for example , in the 1990s , some of the dried porcino mushrooms exported to Italy from China contained species of genus Tylopilus , which are rather similar in appearance , and when dried , are difficult for both mushroom labourers and mycologists alike to distinguish from Boletus . Tylopilus species typically have a very bitter taste , a bitterness that is imparted to the flavour of the porcini with which they are mixed .
After the fall of the Iron Curtain and the economic and political barriers that followed , central and eastern European countries with local mushroom harvesting traditions , such as Albania , Bulgaria , Macedonia , Romania , Serbia and Slovenia , developed into exporters of porcini , concentrating primarily on the Italian market . Exported porcini and other wild fungi are also destined for France , Germany and other western European markets , where demand for them exists , but collection on a commercial scale does not . Picking B. edulis has become an annual seasonal income earner and pastime in countries like Bulgaria , especially for many Roma communities and the unemployed . A lack of control has led to heavy exploitation of the mushroom resource .
Like many other strictly mycorrhizal fungi , B. edulis has to date eluded cultivation attempts . The results of some studies suggest that unknown components of the soil microflora might be required for B. edulis to successfully establish a mycorrhizal relationship with the host plant .
= = = Nutritional composition = = =
Boletus edulis constitutes a food source which , although not rich in easily absorbed carbohydrates or fat , contains vitamins , minerals and dietary fibre . Fresh mushrooms consist of over 80 % moisture , although reported values tend to differ somewhat as moisture content can be affected by environmental temperature and relative humidity during growth and storage , as well as the relative amount of water that may be produced as a result of normal metabolic processes during storage .
Carbohydrates make up the bulk of the fruit bodies , comprising 9 @.@ 23 % of the fresh weight ( see table ) , and 65 @.@ 4 % of the dry weight . The carbohydrate component contains the monosaccharides glucose , mannitol and α , α @-@ trehalose , the polysaccharide glycogen , and the water @-@ insoluble structural polysaccharide chitin , which accounts for up to 80 – 90 % of dry matter in mushroom cell walls . Chitin , hemicellulose , and pectin @-@ like carbohydrates — all indigestible by humans — contribute to the nutritionally desirable high proportion of insoluble fibre in B. edulis .
The total lipid , or crude fat , content makes up 2 @.@ 6 % of the dry matter of the mushroom . The proportion of fatty acids ( expressed as a % of total fatty acids ) are : palmitic acid , 9 @.@ 8 % ; stearic acid , 2 @.@ 7 % ; oleic acid , 36 @.@ 1 % ; linoleic acid , 42 @.@ 2 % , and linolenic acid , 0 @.@ 2 % .
A comparative study of the amino acid composition of eleven Portuguese wild edible mushroom species showed Boletus edulis to have the highest total amino acid content , about 2 @.@ 3 g per 100 g of dried mushroom . This total includes a full complement of 20 essential and nonessential amino acids . Analysis of the free amino acids ( that is , those not bound up in protein ) revealed glutamine and alanine to be the principal amino acids ( each about 25 % of total compounds ) ; a separate analysis concluded that lysine is another predominant compound .
Reported values of the composition and concentrations of trace metals and minerals in Boletus edulis tend to differ considerably , as the mushroom bioaccumulates different elements to varying degrees , and the element concentration in the fruit bodies is often a reflection of the element concentration of the soils from which they were picked . In general , B. edulis contains appreciable amounts of selenium ( 13 – 17 ppm ) , a trace mineral essential for good health , though the bioavailability of mushroom @-@ derived selenium is low . Whole fruit bodies also contain 4 @.@ 7 μg of vitamin D2 per 100 g dry weight . The relatively high ergosterol content ( see next section ) of the fruit bodies can make the mushroom nutritionally pragmatic for vegetarians and vegans , who would otherwise have a limited intake of vitamin D.
= = Bioactive compounds = =
Boletus edulis fruit bodies contain about 500 mg of ergosterol per 100 g of dried mushroom . Ergosterol is a sterol compound common in fungi . Additionally , the fruit bodies have about 30 mg of ergosterol peroxide per 100 g of dried mushroom . Ergosterol peroxide is a steroid derivative with a wide spectrum of biological activity , including antimicrobial and anti @-@ inflammatory activity , and cytotoxicity to various tumor cell lines grown in laboratory culture .
The mushroom also contains a sugar @-@ binding protein , or lectin , that has affinity for the sugars xylose and melibiose . The lectin is mitogenic — that is , it can stimulate cells to begin the process of cell division , resulting in mitosis . Further , the lectin has antiviral properties : it inhibits the human immunodeficiency virus enzyme reverse transcriptase . Other studies suggest that B. edulis also has antiviral activity against Vaccinia virus and tobacco mosaic virus grown in culture . Antiviral compounds from mushrooms are a subject of interest in biomedical research for their potential to advance the knowledge of viral replication , and as new drugs in the treatment of viral disease .
The fruit bodies have a high antioxidative capacity , due probably to a combination of various organic acids ( such as oxalic , citric , malic , succinic and fumaric acids ) , tocopherols , phenolic compounds and alkaloids ; the highest antioxidant activity is in the mushroom caps . Furthermore , fruit bodies were determined to have 528 mg of the antioxidant compound ergothioneine per kilogram of fresh mushroom ; this value was the highest among many food items tested in one study . Porcini were thought to have anti @-@ cancer properties according to Hungarian research conducted in the 1950s , but later investigations in the United States did not support this .
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= Chris Field ( composer ) =
Chris Field is a Los Angeles @-@ based singer / songwriter , composer , and musician . He was raised in the San Fernando Valley , and played guitar in Los Angeles for groups among multiple genres including electric guitar , jazz , and rock music . He learned how to compose music by inputting compositions from Ludwig van Beethoven and Sergei Prokofiev into his computer . Through his music associates , he became acquainted with two friends who started X @-@ Ray Dog , and he began to contribute musical compositions to this company . Field also works with Extreme Music , and through them , Field 's music has been placed in numerous television shows . In December 2014 , a part of Field 's catalogue was acquired by BMG Chrysalis .
Chris Field is the writer of the composition , " Gothic Power " , which developed an international cult following . Field 's work as a musical composer for movie theatrical trailers has included Alice In Wonderland , X @-@ Men , Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone , XXX , Austin Powers in Goldmember , Terminator 3 : Rise of the Machines , Hotel Rwanda , Kinsey , Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl , Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest , and The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring . His first contribution to a film trailer was for the The Full Monty . " Gothic Power " was the main theme for the trailer for The Lord of the Rings film series ; this was later used as a trailer for a film within a film in a sequence for Ben Stiller 's movie Tropic Thunder . In 2014 , Field 's piece " Acts of Courage " was released on the album , This Is Epic Music , Volume I , through Imperativa Records , on iTunes and physical cd . The album notes state that the piece " Gothic Power " , written by Field in 1999 , started a new direction in cinematic music that came to be identified as epic music .
Field released his second album " Personal Elegy " , a rock album , in 2015 . The title track is a elegy for the passing of actor Heath Ledger .
Field released his debut album , Sub @-@ Conscious , in 2006 ; it was made available on iTunes , CD Baby , Amazon.com , and for retail sale . It received a positive reception , and his song " Floating " from the album reached spot number eight in the New Age genre for iTunes in Luxembourg on July 7 , 2011 .
= = Early life and family = =
Field was raised in the San Fernando Valley . He played guitar in Los Angeles for a period of time as a young man . He contributed to productions including electric guitar , jazz , and rock music . He acquired his first computer about 1998 , wherein he began to learn musical composition and production . He experimented by taking compositions from Ludwig van Beethoven and Sergei Prokofiev , and inputting them electronically into his computer . He noted in a 2006 interview that his wife Katie O 'Brien Field helped with promotion of his music .
= = Career = =
= = = Film trailers = = =
He met associate Mitch Lijewski through his guitar playing , and was introduced to Tim Stithem . Lijewski and Stithem started X @-@ Ray Dog and he started contributing musical composition through work with this firm . Field has worked as a composer for theatrical trailers for films . His trailer musical composition work has included films such as X @-@ Men , Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone , XXX , Austin Powers in Goldmember , Terminator 3 : Rise of the Machines , Hotel Rwanda , Kinsey , Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl , Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest , and The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring .
His first musical composition for a movie trailer was for the film The Full Monty ; he worked on this piece with friend Mark Griskey who was a fellow composer at X @-@ Ray Dog . Field explained his thought process on the film trailer : " A trailer , is like a one @-@ minute or whatever , mini movie that 's got to have its own feeling and form to it — trailer music is very intense and gets right to the point . It sounds simple , but it 's taken me some years to really figure out . I call it ' rock and roll orchestra ' because it 's got orchestral elements and , sometimes , a choir , but it also has a lot of rock elements like the drive , the drums and the way it just builds and builds . "
His musical composition piece " Gothic Power " was used in trailers for The Lord of the Rings film series . The debut of the first trailer in theaters was quite popular with fans . Subsequently the piece was utilized by Ben Stiller in a fictional movie trailer for a film within a film in Tropic Thunder . He composed a piece called " The Vision " which incorporated string music ; it was utilized for the end of the trailer for the 2007 film Atonement .
= = = Solo artist = = =
Field released his second album , Personal Elegy , in 2015 .
Field released his debut album , Sub @-@ Conscious , in 2006 . It featured orchestral music from the Northwest Sinfonia . He created the album as a way to branch out from theatrical trailer composition into work as a solo artist . Field utilizes Logic Pro and MIDI for his musical composition ; after this process he delivers these files along with an MP3 to the individual in charge of orchestration , who uses Finale software to convert this to musical notation . The album was made available on iTunes , CD Baby , Amazon.com , and for retail sale ] .
The album received a positive review from Jamie Bonk of ZoneMusicReporter.com , who commented : " As far as debut albums are concerned , composer / producer / multi- instrumentalist Chris Field 's Sub @-@ Conscious is an outstanding record : great compositions and arrangements , first @-@ rate performances and most importantly a defined point of view . "
= = Discography = =
Track listing
All music composed by Chris Field .
= = Filmography = =
The following is a complete list of music Field has composed .
= = = Film = = =
= = = Video games = = =
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= Savior ( Rise Against song ) =
" Savior " is a song by American rock band Rise Against , featured on their fifth studio album Appeal to Reason ( 2008 ) . Written and performed by the band , the song deviates from the social and political topics normally discussed in Rise Against songs , and is instead about forgiveness and broken relationships . It is a punk rock song , with a " frenetic pace " that John Hanson of Sputnikmusic described as reminiscent of tracks from the band 's 2003 album Revolutions per Minute . It was released as Appeal to Reason 's third single on June 3 , 2009 .
" Savior " was well received by critics , with praise directed towards its lyrics , and remains one of the band 's most commercially successful singles to date . It peaked at number three on both the Hot Rock Songs and Alternative Songs music charts , and holds the record for the most consecutive weeks spent on either chart , with sixty @-@ three and sixty @-@ five weeks respectively . The accompanying music video depicts actors in animal costumes engaging in a mosh pit .
= = Background = =
" Savior " was written by American rock band Rise Against , with lyrics by lead vocalist Tim McIlrath , and produced by Bill Stevenson and Jason Livermore . Stevenson and Livermore engineered the song with Andrew Berlin , while Chris Lord @-@ Alge assisted as the mixer . It was recorded at the Blasting Room in Fort Collins , Colorado and was mastered by Ted Jensen . Rise Against released the song as the Appeal to Reason 's third and final single on June 3 , 2009 . It impacted radio stations on June 16 .
When writing the lyrics for Rise Against songs , McIlrath will often sing nonsensical words over completed melodies , in order to identify the lyrical tone that each song will eventually convey . For " Savior " , McIlrath remarked that while he mostly sang gibberish , he always found himself singing the line " I don 't hate you " . McIlrath used this line as a base to construct the lyrics and themes present within " Savior " . In a 2014 interview , McIlrath commented on how he had originally voted to cut the song from Appeal to Reason , but was eventually overruled .
= = Composition = =
" Savior " is a punk rock song , and has been described by Aaron Burgess of The A.V. Club as an " uptempo anthem " . The song 's composition is written in the time signature of common time , with a moderate tempo of 94 beats per minute . It follows verse @-@ chorus form , and is composed in the key F ♯ minor , with a melody that spans a tonal range of E4 to C ♯ 6 . John Hanson of Sputnikmusic noted that the song had a " frenetic pace " , which was reminiscent of many of the tracks from the band 's 2003 album Revolutions per Minute .
Lyrically , " Savior " deviates from the social and political topics normally discussed in Rise Against songs , and is instead about forgiveness and broken relationships . It tells the story of a couple who have recently split up . The two attempt to reconcile their differences , with lines such as " I don 't hate you , boy / I just want to save you while there 's still something left to save . " Hanson and Liz Ramanand of Loudwire have characterized the lyrics as " poignant " , and " poetic " .
= = Reception and chart performance = =
" Savior " was well received by critics . Hanson and Davey Boy of Sputnikmusic both praised the song ; Hanson described it as " one of the most inspired songs [ Rise Against ] have written to date " , while Boy wrote that " ' Savior ' sees absolutely everything come together perfectly to make for one hell of a song " . Burgess opined that " Savior " was one of three Appeal to Reason tracks that would " satisfy anyone still uneasy about Rise Against 's radio aspirations " . Bob Hoose of Plugged In complimented the positive and hopeful lyrics .
Commercially , " Savior " remains one of Rise Against 's most successful singles to date , and spent a considerable amount of time on multiple Billboard music charts . Reaching as high as number two on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart , it spent thirty @-@ six weeks on the chart , the fourth most amount of time for any song on the chart . " Savior " peaked at number three on both the Hot Rock Songs and Alternative Songs charts , and holds the record for the most amount of time spent for both charts , with sixty @-@ three and sixty @-@ five weeks respectfully . It was later certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America , denoting shipments of 1 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 copies . In Canada , the song reached number sixty @-@ eight on the Canadian Hot 100 .
= = Music video = =
The accompanying music video was directed by Kevin Kerslake , who had previously directed the band 's music videos for " Ready to Fall " , and " Re @-@ Education ( Through Labor ) " . The video centers around actors wearing animal costumes , who in the beginning , engage in a mosh pit . One of the animals , a polar bear , is constantly being punched and kicked by an elephant , and decides to leave . While traveling on a bus , it sees the same elephant limping . The polar bear reluctantly asks the driver to stop and let the elephant on , who sits next to the polar bear , and the two hold hands . Scenes of Rise Against performing and destroying their instruments are shown throughout .
McIlrath had originally envisioned a simple performance video , with the band " going nuts in a parking lot , trashing equipment , having fun and showing the physical nature of Rise Against " . However , Kerslake came up with the idea for the animals , as he felt it would be a bizarre element that would keep people watching . Despite its humorous nature , Kerslake stated that there were some political undertones in the video , with the polar bear representing endangered species , while the elephant represents the Republican Party of the United States .
= = Personnel and credits = =
Credits adapted from the liner notes of Appeal to Reason .
= = Charts = =
= = Certifications = =
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= Reformed baptismal theology =
In Reformed theology , baptism is a sacrament signifying the baptized person 's union with Christ , or becoming part of Christ and being treated as if they had done everything Christ had . Sacraments , along with preaching of God 's word , are means of grace through which God offers Christ to people . Sacraments are believed to have their effect through the Holy Spirit , but these effects are only believed to be beneficial to those who have faith in Christ .
In Reformed theology , baptism is the sacrament of initiation into the visible church , or body of people who publicly claim faith in Christ . Baptism also signifies regeneration and remission of sin . Reformed Christians believe that the children of those who express faith in Christ should be baptized . Because baptism is believed to be beneficial only to those who have faith in Christ , infants are baptized on the basis of the promise of faith which will come to fruition later in life .
= = History = =
= = = Background = = =
Christian baptismal theology prior to the Reformation taught that sacraments , including baptism , are means or instruments through which God communicates grace to people . The sacrament was considered valid regardless of who administered it . Not everyone who received a sacrament , however , received the grace signified by the sacrament . Some medieval theologians spoke of an obstacle of mortal sin which blocks the grace of the sacrament , while others insisted that the recipient be positively open and responding in faith to the sacrament in order to receive any benefit . Baptism was believed to be used by the Holy Spirit to transform the believer , and offered the benefits of remission of sins , regeneration , and the indwelling of the Holy Spirit . The sacrament of penance was believed to be necessary for forgiveness for sins committed after baptism .
During the Reformation , Martin Luther rejected many of the Catholic Church 's seven sacraments , but retained baptism and the Lord 's Supper . He saw many practices of the medieval church as abuses of power intended to require work in order to merit forgiveness for sin after baptism rather than faith alone . Luther attached the promise of salvation to baptism , and taught that life after baptism should be spent in recollection of it and the dying to sin it signified .
= = = Reformation and Reformed orthodoxy = = =
Huldrych Zwingli , the earliest theologian considered part of the Reformed tradition , was vigorously opposed to worship practices he believed to be based on tradition rather than the Bible . Nevertheless , he disagreed with Anabaptists , who refused to baptize their children on scriptural grounds . Through his arguments with Anabaptists , Zwingli arrived at the position that baptism was a sign of the covenant between God and his people , but that it did not convey grace to the baptized . He saw baptism as essentially identical to the circumcision of Israelites in the Old Testament in this respect , and used this idea in polemics against Anabaptists . Zwingli 's emphasis on baptism as a pledge or oath was to prove unique in the Reformed tradition . Heinrich Bullinger , Zwingli 's successor , continued the teaching of the continuity of God 's covenants and circumcision with baptism . Bullinger also emphasized that baptism indicates duties to the baptized in response to God 's grace .
John Calvin was influenced by Martin Luther 's idea of baptism as God 's promises to the baptized person attached to the outward sign of washing with water . Calvin maintained Zwingli 's idea of baptism as a public pledge , but insisted that it was secondary to baptism 's meaning as a sign of God 's promise to forgive sin . He maintained that sacraments were effective instruments in bringing about the promises they represent , however he also maintained that the promises could be refused by the baptized , and would have no effect in that case . Calvin carefully distinguished between the outward sign of the washing of water with the promises that baptism signifies while maintaining that they were inseparable . Calvin 's baptismal theology is very similar to that of Luther . It differs in the way Calvin subordinated sacraments to the preaching of the word of God . While Luther placed preaching and sacraments on the same level , Calvin saw sacraments as confirmation which is added to the preaching of the word of God .
From the end of the sixteenth century through the eighteenth century , a period known as Reformed orthodoxy , Reformed baptismal theology further developed the covenantal meaning of baptism . Theologians more carefully defined the sacramental union of baptism , or the relationship between the outward washing with that which it signifies . In the high orthodox period ( middle to late seventeenth century ) , theologians such as Hermann Witsius expanded the covenantal meaning of baptism using analogies such as Noah 's Ark and the crossing of the Red Sea , which carried the theological themes of the resurrection and eternal life . This period also saw the emergence of Reformed Baptists . Reformed Baptist theologians had much in common with the Reformed , but saw baptism as a sign of the baptized 's fellowship with Christ rather than a sign and seal of the covenant of grace , and as a result did not baptize their children .
= = = Modern = = =
Friedrich Schleiermacher , an influential nineteenth @-@ century Reformed theologian , saw baptism as the way the church receives new members and taught that faith is a precondition for baptism . He was ambivalent about the practice of infant baptism , teaching that it was not an essential institution , but could be continued as long as the church was faithful in bringing children to confirmation . Schleiermacher also saw baptism as primarily individual rather than initiating one into a covenant community , and rejected the idea that baptism should be connected with Old Testament circumcision .
Scottish nineteenth @-@ century Reformed theologian William Cunningham also sought to articulate a distinctively Reformed theology of baptism in the modern world . Cunningham preferred the writings of Zwingli on the sacraments , writing that Calvin and later Reformed orthodox theologians overly elevated the value of the sacraments . He argued that the efficacy of baptism only applies to adults expressing faith in the act of baptism .
In the twentieth century , Karl Barth , an influential Swiss Reformed theologian , argued that baptism should not be administered to infants because it represented a completed association with Christ which could only be accepted or rejected by adults . Further , Barth in his later years rejected the idea that baptism was actually used by God to accomplish anything , or could even properly be called a sacrament . Instead , he taught that water baptism is a human act of obedience . His views have been called " neo @-@ Zwinglian " for this reason , and he himself identified Zwingli 's views on sacraments as the believer 's oath as his own . He continued to accept the validity of infant baptisms , and did not believe those baptized as infants should be rebaptized .
Later Reformed theologians reacted against Barth 's views on baptism by appealing to Calvin , the idea that baptism is a promise rather than an accomplished reality , and the idea of baptism as a replacement of circumcision . Scottish Reformed theologian T.F. Torrance emphasized the idea that baptism is God 's word establishing the church , and that the individual 's response comes after rather than before God 's act in baptism . German Reformed liberation theologian Jürgen Moltmann , on the other hand , saw infant baptism as inappropriately associated with the national church . He saw baptism as properly a free response God 's call to discipleship . Reformed churches have generally maintained the practice of infant baptism despite these critiques .
= = Sacramental theology = =
In Reformed theology , sacraments are held to be , along with the word of God preached , the means of grace . In the sacraments , God graciously condescends to use common material objects to communicate divine promises to people . The grace promised consists not only in benefits which God bestows on people , but Christ 's person himself , to whom God unites the believer . Sacraments confirm or ratify the promises communicated in preaching . Both preaching and the sacraments are not merely symbolic and representative of the reality to which they refer , but actually create the reality of saving grace . The sacraments are made efficacious by the Holy Spirit in actually bringing into effect the promises signified in the sacraments . This efficacy is only beneficial , however , for those who have faith . The sacrament remains efficacious regardless of the recipient 's response . Its effect is negative , resulting in judgement , for the faithless ; while it confers Christ and his benefits for the faithful .
Reformed theologians believe sacraments to be instituted in the context of covenants between God and people . They believe that when God makes covenants , he provides physical signs associated with the covenant . Old Testament covenant signs include the rainbow which appeared following a covenant made with Noah . Circumcision is believed to be a sign of God 's covenant with Abraham and his descendants . Such signs entail blessings and sanctions on those with whom God covenants . In the New Testament period there are two such signs or sacraments : baptism and the Lord 's Supper .
In Reformed sacramental theology , the sign ( in the case of baptism the external washing with water ) may be described in terms of the thing signified ( regeneration , remission of sin , etc . ) , because of the close connection between them . For example , baptism may be said to save , and baptism is often called the " laver of regeneration " . However , there is also a distinction between the sign and thing signified . The sign is seen as a pledge and seal of the inward washing of regeneration and purification . The sacramental union between the sign and thing signified means that the use or purpose of the visible action of the sacrament is changed even as its substance remains the same .
= = Meaning = =
The Reformed tradition holds that baptism is primarily God 's promise or offer of grace to the baptized . Baptism is said to signify union with Christ in his death , burial , and resurrection . The baptized is made one with Christ 's person , meaning God the Father treats them the same as he treats Christ . Baptism also unites the baptized with Christ 's history , meaning that the person can be said to have died , been buried , and raised again just as Christ was . The baptized person 's identity in Christ is based on Christ 's action in baptism rather than the person 's action . This union also unites Christians to one another . Through the words of institution used in baptism , Christians are also united to each of the members of the trinity .
In the Reformed tradition , baptism 's function as a rite of initiation into the church is secondary to its function as a sign of God 's promise of grace . Reformed theologians distinguish between the visible church , which consists of those who publicly claim to have faith in Christ as well as their children ; and the invisible church , which consists of those who actually have faith and have been regenerated . Baptism is believed to make one a member of the visible , rather than the invisible church . It is believed to be impossible to know who is a member of the invisible church . As members of the visible church , baptized Christians are believed to have obligations to live in love and service to Christ and his people . The fulfillment of these obligations is referred to as the " improvement " of one 's baptism .
Reformed Christians see baptism as a replacement of circumcision in the Old Testament . Baptism does everything for New Testament Christians that circumcision did for Jews in the Old Testament . Circumcision is seen as a ritual where God 's judgement passes over the person circumcised , only to cut off a part of the flesh , sparing the rest of the person . The " cutting off " of Christ in death is seen as a perfection of circumcision , and in baptism similarly the entire body is subjected to judgement and death in order to be raised again in new life .
Reformed Christians believe baptism to be a sign of regeneration , or the making of one into a new creature , based on the connection found in the New Testament between regeneration and washing with water . Baptism also represents forgiveness or remission of sin by the sprinkling of the blood of Christ , similarly to the sprinkling of blood of sacrificial animals . Baptism is held by almost the entire Reformed tradition to effect regeneration , even in infants who are incapable of faith , by effecting faith which would come to fruition later . However , Reformed theologians do not teach that baptism is necessarily bound to the forgiveness of sins . Not everyone who participates in the outward rite of baptism can be said to has had their sins forgiven . Rather , it is necessary that the baptized person participate spiritually by faith in order to receive this benefit .
= = Infant baptism = =
With some notable exceptions , Reformed Christians baptize infants who are born to believing parents . Reformed Christians do so on the basis of the continuity from the old covenant between God and Israel and the new covenant with the church , since infants were circumcised under the old covenant . They also see God 's saving purpose in the new covenant as having to do with families as well as individuals . Because Reformed Christians believe baptism must be embraced by faith to have any benefit , they recognize that faith may come later in life rather than preceding baptism . Infants may also be said to possess a seed of faith which will come to fruition later , or baptism may be administered based on a promise of faith offered by their sponsors ( usually their parents ) which will be kept at a later age .
= = Mode and administration = =
Reformed Christians believe that immersion is not necessary for baptism to be properly performed , but that pouring or sprinkling are acceptable . Sprinkling is said to symbolize the sprinkling of the blood of Christ for the removal of the guilt of sin . Only ordained ministers are permitted to administer baptism in Reformed churches , contrary to the allowance for emergency baptism by midwives in Roman Catholic churches , though baptisms performed by non @-@ ministers are generally considered valid . Reformed churches , while rejecting the baptismal ceremonies of the Roman Catholic church ( such as the use of chrism , salt , and insufflation ) , accept the validity of baptisms performed with them on the basis that the substance of baptism remains . They do not rebaptize someone who has been baptized using these ceremonies because baptism is never to be repeated .
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= Webley Revolver =
The Webley Revolver ( also known as the Webley Top @-@ Break Revolver or Webley Self @-@ Extracting Revolver ) was , in various marks , the standard issue service pistol for the armed forces of the United Kingdom , the British Empire , and the Commonwealth from 1887 until 1963 .
The Webley is a top @-@ break revolver with automatic extraction . That is , breaking the revolver open for reloading also operates the extractor . This removes the spent cartridges from the cylinder . The Webley Mk I service revolver was adopted in 1887 . A later version , the Mk IV , rose to prominence during the Boer War of 1899 – 1902 . However , the Mk VI , introduced in 1915 during the First World War , is perhaps the best @-@ known model .
Firing the large .455 Webley cartridge , Webley service revolvers are among the most powerful top @-@ break revolvers ever produced . Although the .455 calibre Webley is no longer in military service , the .38 / 200 Webley Mk IV variant is still in use as a police sidearm in a number of countries . With a modified , " shaved " cylinder and the use of a half moon clip , the Webley Mk VI can fire the 45 ACP cartridge , although overpressure or + P .45 ACP cartridges exceed Webley proof loads and should not be used . Many of the Webley Mk VIs were converted to fire 45 ACP ammunition after .455 Webley ammunition became increasingly difficult to find .
= = History = =
The British company Webley & Scott ( P. Webley & Son before merger with W & C Scott in 1897 ) produced a range of revolvers from the mid 19th to late 20th centuries . As early as 1853 P. Webley and J. Webley began production of their first patented single action cap and ball revolvers . Later under the trade name of P. Webley and Son , manufacturing included their own .44 @-@ caliber rim @-@ fire solid frame revolver as well as licensed copies of Smith & Wesson 's Tip up break action revolvers . The quintessential hinged frame , centre @-@ fire revolvers for which the Webley name is best known first began production / development in the early 1870s most notably with the Webley @-@ Pryse ( 1877 ) and Webley @-@ Kaufman ( 1881 ) models . The W.G. or Webley @-@ Government models produced from 1885 through to the early 1900s , ( often incorrectly referred to as the Webley @-@ Green ) are the most popular of the commercial top break revolvers and many were the private purchase choice of English military officers and target shooters in the period , coming in a .476 / .455 calibre . However other short @-@ barrel solid @-@ frame revolvers , including the Webley RIC ( Royal Irish Constabulary ) model and the British Bulldog revolver , designed to be carried in a coat pocket for self @-@ defence were far more commonplace during the period . Today , undoubtedly best @-@ known are the range of military revolvers , which were in service use across two World Wars and numerous colonial conflicts .
In 1887 , the British Army was searching for a revolver to replace the largely unsatisfactory .476 Enfield Mk I & Mk II Revolvers , the Enfield having only replaced the solid frame Adams .450 revolver which was a late 1860s conversion of the cap and ball Beaumont – Adams revolver in 1880 . Webley & Scott , who were already very well known makers of quality guns and had sold many pistols on a commercial basis to military officers and civilians alike , tendered the .455 calibre Webley Self @-@ Extracting Revolver for trials . The military was suitably impressed with the revolver ( it was seen as a vast improvement over the Enfield revolvers then in service , which American designed Owen extraction system did not prove particularly satisfactory in service ) , and it was adopted on 8 November 1887 as the " Pistol , Webley , Mk I " . The initial contract called for 10 @,@ 000 Webley revolvers , at a price of £ 3 / 1 / 1 each , with at least 2 @,@ 000 revolvers to be supplied within eight months .
The Webley revolver went through a number of changes , culminating in the Mk VI , which was in production between 1915 and 1923 . The large .455 Webley revolvers were retired in 1947 , although the Webley Mk IV .38 / 200 remained in service until 1963 alongside the Enfield No. 2 Mk I revolver . Commercial versions of all Webley service revolvers were also sold on the civilian market , along with a number of similar designs ( such as the Webley @-@ Government and Webley @-@ Wilkinson ) that were not officially adopted for service , but were nonetheless purchased privately by military officers .
= = Webley revolvers in military service = =
= = = Boer War = = =
The Webley Mk IV , chambered in .455 Webley , was introduced in 1899 and soon became known as the " Boer War Model " , on account of the large numbers of officers and non @-@ commissioned officers who purchased it on their way to take part in the conflict . The Webley Mk IV served alongside a large number of other handguns , including the Mauser C96 " Broomhandle " ( as used by Winston Churchill during the War ) , earlier Beaumont – Adams cartridge revolvers , and other top @-@ break revolvers manufactured by gunmakers such as William Tranter , and Kynoch .
= = = First World War = = =
The standard @-@ issue Webley revolver at the outbreak of the First World War was the Webley Mk V ( adopted 9 December 1913 ) , but there were considerably more Mk IV revolvers in service in 1914 , as the initial order for 20 @,@ 000 Mk V revolvers had not been completed when hostilities began . On 24 May 1915 , the Webley Mk VI was adopted as the standard sidearm for British and Commonwealth troops and remained so for the duration of the First World War , being issued to officers , airmen , naval crews , boarding parties , trench raiders , machine @-@ gun teams , and tank crews . The Mk VI proved to be a very reliable and hardy weapon , well suited to the mud and adverse conditions of trench warfare , and several accessories were developed for the Mk VI , including a bayonet ( made from a converted French Gras bayonet ) , speedloader devices ( the " Prideaux Device " and the Watson design ) , and a stock allowing for the revolver to be converted into a carbine .
Demand exceeded production , which was already behind as the war began . This forced the British government to buy substitute weapons chambered in .455 Webley from neutral countries . America provided the Smith & Wesson 2nd Model " Hand Ejector " and Colt New Service Revolvers . Spanish gunsmiths in Eibar made decent @-@ quality copies of popular guns and were tapped to cheaply close the gap by making a .455 variant of their 11mm M1884 or " S & W Model 7 ONÁ " revolver , a copy of the Smith & Wesson .44 Double Action First Model . The Pistol , Revolver , Old Pattern , No. 1 Mk . 1 was by Garate , Anitua y Cia. and the Pistol , Revolver , Old Pattern , No.2 Mk.1 was by Trocaola , Aranzabal y Cia .. Orbea Hermanos y Cia. made 10 @,@ 000 pistols . Rexach & Urgoite was tapped for an initial order of 500 revolvers , but they were rejected due to defects .
= = = Second World War = = =
The official service pistol for the British military during the Second World War was the Enfield No. 2 Mk I .38 / 200 calibre revolver , . Owing to a critical shortage of handguns , a number of other weapons were also adopted ( first practically , then officially ) to alleviate the shortage . As a result , both the Webley Mk IV in .38 / 200 and Webley Mk VI in .455 calibre were issued to personnel during the war .
= = = Post @-@ war = = =
The Webley Mk VI ( .455 ) and Mk IV ( .38 / 200 ) revolvers were still issued to British and Commonwealth Forces after the Second World War ; there were now extensive stockpiles of the revolvers in military stores . An armourer stationed in West Germany recalled ( admittedly tongue @-@ in @-@ cheek ) that by the time they were officially retired in 1963 , the ammunition allowance was " two cartridges per man , per year . " This lack of ammunition was instrumental in keeping the Enfield and Webley revolvers in use so long : they were not wearing out because they were not being used .
The Webley Mk IV .38 revolver was not completely replaced by the Browning Hi @-@ Power until 1963 , and saw use in the Korean War , the Suez Crisis , Malayan Emergency , and the Rhodesian Bush War . Many Enfield No. 2 Mk I revolvers were still circulating in British Military service as late as 1970 .
= = = Police use = = =
The Hong Kong Police and Royal Singaporean Police were issued Webley Mk III & Mk IV ( 38S & W then.38 / 200 - Never use 38 / 200 in a Webley Mark III proofed for black powder 38S & W only ) revolvers from the 1930s . Singaporean police ( and some other " officials " ) Webleys were equipped with safety catches , a rather unusual feature in a revolver . These were gradually retired in the 1970s as they came in for repair , and were replaced with Smith & Wesson Model 10 .38 revolvers . The London Metropolitan Police were also known to use Webley revolvers , as were most colonial police units until just after the Second World War . There may still be some police units with Webley Mk IV revolvers that , whilst not issued , are still present in the armoury .
The Ordnance Factory Board of India still manufactures .380 Revolver Mk IIz cartridges , as well as a .32 calibre revolver ( the IOF .32 Revolver ) with 2 @-@ inch ( 51 mm ) barrel which is clearly based on the Webley Mk IV .38 service pistol .
= = = Military service .455 Webley revolver marks and models = = =
There were six different marks of .455 calibre Webley British Government Model revolvers approved for British military service at various times between 1887 and the end of the First World War :
Mk I : The first Webley self @-@ extracting revolver adopted for service , officially adopted 8 November 1887 , with a 4 @-@ inch ( 100 mm ) barrel and " bird 's beak " style grips . Mk I * was a factory upgrade of Mk I revolvers to match the Mk II .
Mk II : Similar to the Mk I , with modifications to the hammer and grip shape , as well as a hardened steel shield for the blast @-@ shield . Officially adopted 21 May 1895 , with a 4 @-@ inch ( 100 mm ) barrel .
Mk III : Identical to Mk II , but with modifications to the cylinder cam and related parts . Officially adopted 5 October 1897 , most not issued , with exception of a number that were marked with the " broad arrow " acceptance stamp on the top strap . These few went to Royal Navy Service .
Mk IV : The " Boer War " Model . Manufactured using much higher quality steel and case hardened parts , with the cylinder axis being a fixed part of the barrel and modifications to various other parts , including a re @-@ designed blast @-@ shield . Officially adopted 21 July 1899 , with a 4 @-@ inch ( 100 mm ) barrel .
Mk V : Similar to the Mk IV , but with cylinders 0 @.@ 12 @-@ inch ( 3 @.@ 0 mm ) wider to allow for the use of nitrocellulose propellant @-@ based cartridges . Officially adopted 9 December 1913 , with a 4 @-@ inch ( 100 mm ) barrel , although some models produced in 1915 had 5 @-@ inch ( 130 mm ) and 6 @-@ inch ( 150 mm ) barrels .
Mk VI : Similar to the Mk V , but with a squared @-@ off " target " style grip ( as opposed to the " bird 's @-@ beak " style found on earlier marks and models ) and a 6 @-@ inch ( 150 mm ) barrel . Officially adopted 24 May 1915 , and also manufactured by RSAF Enfield under the designation Pistol , Revolver , Webley , No. 1 Mk VI 1921 – 1926 .
= = The Webley Mk IV .38 / 200 Service Revolver = =
At the end of the First World War , the British military decided that the .455 calibre gun and cartridge was too large for modern military use and — after numerous tests and extensive trials — that a pistol in .38 calibre firing a 200 @-@ grain ( 13 g ) bullet would be just as effective as the .455 for stopping an enemy .
Webley & Scott immediately tendered the .38 / 200 calibre Webley Mk IV revolver , which as well as being nearly identical in appearance to the .455 calibre Mk VI revolver ( albeit scaled down for the smaller cartridge ) , was based on their .38 calibre Webley Mk III pistol , designed for the police and civilian markets . Much to their surprise , the British Government took the design to the Royal Small Arms Factory at Enfield Lock , which came up with a revolver that was externally very similar looking to the .38 / 200 calibre Webley Mk IV , but was internally different enough that no parts from the Webley could be used in the Enfield and vice versa . The Enfield @-@ designed pistol was quickly accepted under the designation Pistol , Revolver , No. 2 Mk I , and was adopted in 1932 , followed in 1938 by the Mk I * ( spurless hammer , double action only ) , and finally the Mk I * * ( simplified for wartime production ) in 1942 .
Webley & Scott sued the British Government over the incident , claiming £ 2250 as " costs involved in the research and design " of the revolver . This was contested by RSAF Enfield , which quite firmly stated that the Enfield No. 2 Mk I was designed by Captain Boys ( the Assistant Superintendent of Design , later of Boys Anti @-@ Tank Rifle fame ) with assistance from Webley & Scott , and not the other way around . Accordingly , their claim was denied . By way of compensation , the Royal Commission on Awards to Inventors eventually awarded Webley & Scott £ 1250 for their work .
RSAF Enfield proved unable to manufacture enough No. 2 revolvers to meet the military 's wartime demands , and as a result Webley 's Mk IV was also widely used within the British Army in World War Two .
= = Other well @-@ known Webley Revolvers = =
Whilst the top @-@ break , self @-@ extracting revolvers used by the British and Commonwealth militaries are the best @-@ known examples of Webley Revolvers , the company produced a number of other highly popular revolvers largely intended for the police and civilian markets .
= = = Webley RIC = = =
The Webley RIC ( Royal Irish Constabulary ) model was Webley 's first double @-@ action revolver , and adopted by the RIC in 1868 , hence the name . It was a solid frame , gate @-@ loaded revolver , chambered in .442 Webley . General George Armstrong Custer was known to have owned a pair , which he is believed to have used at the Battle of the Little Bighorn in 1876 .
A small number of early examples were produced in the huge .500 Tranter calibre , and later models were available chambered for the .450 Adams and other cartridges . They were also widely copied in Belgium .
= = = British Bull Dog = = =
The British Bull Dog model was an enormously successful solid @-@ frame design introduced by Webley in 1872 . It featured a 2 @.@ 5 @-@ inch ( 64 mm ) barrel and was chambered for five .44 Short Rimfire , .442 Webley , or .450 Adams cartridges . A .44 calibre Belgian @-@ made British Bulldog revolver was used to assassinate US President James Garfield on July 2 , 1881 by Charles Guiteau . ( Webley later added smaller scaled five chambered versions in .320 and .380 calibres , but did not mark them British Bull Dog . )
It was designed to be carried in a coat pocket or kept on a night @-@ stand , and many have survived to the present day in good condition , having seen little actual use . Numerous copies of this design were made during the late 19th century in Belgium , with smaller numbers also produced in Spain , France and the USA . They remained reasonably popular until the Second World War , but are now generally sought after only as collectors ' pieces , since ammunition for them is for the most part no longer commercially manufactured .
= = = Webley @-@ Fosbery Automatic Revolver = = =
A highly unusual example of an " automatic revolver " , the Webley @-@ Fosbery Automatic Revolver was produced between 1900 and 1915 , and available in both a six @-@ shot .455 Webley version , and an eight @-@ shot .38 ACP ( not to be confused with .380 ACP ) version . Unusually for a revolver , the Webley @-@ Fosbery had a safety catch , and the light trigger pull , solid design , and reputation for accuracy ensured that the Webley @-@ Fosbery remained popular with target shooters long after production had finished .
= = Users = =
British Empire
Hong Kong ： Retired
India
Ireland
Israel
Luxembourg
Philippines
Singapore ： Retired
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= Popotan =
Popotan ( ぽぽたん ) is a Japanese adult visual novel developed by Petit Ferret with character designs by Akio Watanabe under the alias Poyoyon Rock . It was originally released as a PC game for CD @-@ ROM on December 13 , 2002 and subsequently re @-@ released on DVD @-@ ROM and for the PlayStation 2 with certain scenes removed . The title Popotan is nonsensical word meant to reflect the prominence of dandelions , spelled tanpopo ( たんぽぽ ) in Japanese ; Petite Ferret also produced a fan disc shortly before the DVD @-@ ROM re @-@ release . Popotan has been adapted to other media , including a novel series ( Popotan ～ Himitsu no Jumon ～ Kōhen ) by Sassami Yachiruda ; manga series by Yūjiro Izumi ; twelve episode anime directed by Shinichiro Kimura and licensed in North America by Geneon USA and later , Sentai Filmworks ; radio drama ( Poporaji ) ; and several art and reference books .
Gameplay in Popotan follows a semi @-@ predetermined plot ; major events remain the same , but personal storylines can diverge from the player 's choices . The game focuses on protagonist Chris , a drifter who meets three girls and their maid in a mansion near the ruins of Tokyo in the distant future . The player 's goal is to make available sexual scenes and images that the player can view or replay at any time depicting the protagonist having sexual intercourse with one of the girls . The player can pursue other girls once they have finished one of the sisters ' storylines .
Sales of the visual novel and its fan disc made the top 50 list of bestselling bishōjo games in Japan multiple times and it spawned an internet meme when the opening was put to sped @-@ up music by the Swedish band Caramell . Reception of the anime has been mixed with those who reviewed the first volume critical of the anime 's sexual themes , especially with regard to Mii , while those who reviewed the series as a whole have tended to give overall more positive reviews , praising the story 's unexpected depth .
= = Gameplay = =
Popotan is a visual novel in which players spend most of their time in reading dynamic text , representing either dialogue between the various characters or the inner thoughts of the protagonist . After progressing through text , players either come to a " decision point " where they must choose from multiple options , or the text will end and the player must move to a new location , or , in the DVD @-@ ROM and PS2 versions , use a shortcut option to continue to the next event . Time elapsed between decision points varies . The game pauses at these points and , depending on which choice the player makes , the plot will progress and may branch off in a specific direction . The player must romantically pursue the three sisters , and can seek other characters if one of the sisters ' scenarios has been completed .
A special music mini @-@ game commences at certain points in Mii 's scenario . The goal of the mini @-@ game is to max out " Magical Girl Mii " ' s magical power meter by hitting balls at the right moment . The outcome of the mini @-@ game affects the storyline . Successfully completing her scenarios unlock an omake option on the main menu , allowing the player to play the mini @-@ game with different music tracks . Finishing Ai 's scenario unlocks a new story featuring Unagi . The player can save the game only while text is on the screen in the PC versions ; this limitation was removed in the PS2 port . The PS2 port also altered the events and scenes based on the DVD version .
= = Plot = =
= = = Characters = = =
The player assumes the role of Chris , the protagonist of Popotan . Chris is a high school dropout who dislikes the direction of society and refuses to get a job . He wanders the streets making a living as a guitar @-@ playing busker . He feels he cannot play well without an audience , which is hard to find as a drifter . The other main characters include three sisters and their maid who live in a western @-@ style mansion . Ai is the eldest of the three and communicates with plants . Mai is the middle sister ; she is a tomboy and disapproves of Chris 's behavior . Mii is the youngest and the most energetic ; she often cosplays as " Magical Girl Mii " and helps people . Their maid Mea appears emotionless at first , but reveals hidden depth later in the story .
= = = Story = = =
Popotan takes place in the distant future within the remnants of Tokyo , destroyed by a cataclysm and since altered by geological transformations . The disaster was caused by a giant dandelion structure resembling a spire that arose in the city atop a hill . The main location of the game is a European @-@ style mansion , seen as completely out @-@ of @-@ place in the city . Much of the daytime is spent outside the mansion wandering around town meeting characters and triggering event sequences .
Popotan follows Chris 's lifestyle changes , as well as the mysteries surrounding the spire @-@ like object that caused the destruction of Tokyo in the past . The story opens as Chris desperately considers stealing food from a stand near a shrine entrance . His theft is unsuccessful , and he wanders around town looking for work . He finds a convenience store , where he gets directions leading him to the mansion . He enters without asking permission and runs into the three sisters and their lifelike android maid . Chris asks permission to stay because the rent is cheap and the girls are pretty ; they consent , but force him to take a part @-@ time job . The convenience store owner hires him , and as the story progresses , Chris opens up socially and begins caring about others as he interacts with the girls . He also meets new friends , including a classmate Konami , a local shrine maiden named Nono and a mysterious girl named Shizuku .
= = Development = =
Petit Ferret developed Popotan in 2002 . Seki Hayabusa and Iwashinichi Shimizu handled scenario development , and Akio Watanabe designed its characters while working under the alias Poyoyon ♥ Rock . Higuchi Hideki and Kajihara Masahiro composed music for the series ; Under17 contributed theme music with vocals . Petite Ferret created over 1 @,@ 000 two @-@ dimensional computer graphics for backgrounds , events , and character poses . Though only characters ' mouths and eyes are animated , numerous poses exist for both major and minor characters ; Petit Ferret created slightly fewer graphics for the latter to reduce production costs . The game uses a character placement system to display the characters relative to the protagonist ; distant characters appear small , and grow larger as the player approaches them .
Petit Ferret requested applications for Japanese voice actresses from May to June 2002 , seeking to fill the roles of the three sisters first . Satisfied with the applicants , Petit Ferret held open auditions for other roles starting June 30 , 2002 . WellMADE produced and distributed the PS2 port , Oshiete ! Popotan ( おしえて ! ぽぽたん ) , based on the DVD @-@ ROM version of the original game . Petit Ferret made Akio Watanabe project supervisor for the PS2 port .
= = = Release information = = =
Petit Ferret released a trial version of Popotan for download on November 25 , 2002 and released the full PC version on one CD @-@ ROM the following December 13 . To increase pre @-@ order sales , Ferret packaged the initial CD @-@ ROM release of Popotan with a special maxi single CD of Under17 's theme songs . The firm then released a fan disc on July 11 , 2003 titled Popotan Fan Disc : Issho ni A @-@ SO @-@ BO ( ぽぽたんファンディスク いっしょにA ・ SO ・ BO ? , Popotan Fan Disc : Let 's P @-@ L @-@ A @-@ Y Together ) . The disc includes several character @-@ based mini @-@ games ( including the original 's " Magical Girl Mii " mini @-@ game ) , new storyline content and routes based around Mii and Nono , a separate music CD containing background music from the original game , themed computer wallpaper , and desktop accessories . Some of the items must be unlocked . The fan disc preceded a re @-@ release of the main game as Popotan Po ! on August 1 , 2003 as a DVD @-@ ROM with game enhancements ; it would be Petit Ferret 's last official release . WellMADE produced a PS2 port named Oshiete ! Popotan , released March 11 , 2004 . Scenes in the port were changed or removed to comply with Sony 's ban on sexual content , but the release still warranted CERO 18 rating . Later , after the CERO revised its rating system , it was given a CERO D rating . WellMADE tried to compensate for their absence with graphics and gameplay improvements . WellMADE enticed buyers of the port with a bonus themed calling card , reversible poster , and music CD . WellMADE also released two free spinoff games in December 2003 and March 2004 , collectively named Unagi Fuku Warai ( うなぎ福笑い ) and featuring Unagi as the heroine . WellMADE designed the games to be humorous and fun ; the second allows Unagi to transform into her humanoid form after a certain point in the story .
The initial limited edition release of Popotan on CD @-@ ROM suffered critical errors , such as graphic display issues , saving and loading issues , the inability to complete some routes and Mii 's mini @-@ game not starting . Petite Ferret issued a patch on January 10 , 2003 . Later versions of the game were released bug @-@ free .
Issho ni A @-@ SO @-@ BO also contained several serious errors . Petit Ferret addressed these issues in two patches . The first patch added missing voice data from the original game CD ; customers were given the option of downloading the patch or exchanging for a new CD . Ferret released the second patch on July 7 , 2003 ; it corrected grammatical errors , adjusted the game 's difficulty , and enhanced stability . The second patch did not contain the first 's fixes .
= = Related media = =
= = = Anime series = = =
Shaft produced a Popotan anime , featuring Shinichiro Kimura 's directing and storyboards , Jukki Hanada 's writing , Haruka Sakurai 's character designs ( based on Akio Watanabe 's original concept ) , and Rondo Mizukami 's animation oversight . Under17 composed the opening theme song in the same style used for the game ; Funta wrote the ending theme song . Tokyo Broadcasting System 's satellite station BS @-@ i and the Bandai Channel aired the anime from July 17 , 2003 through October 3 , 2003 .
The narrative is episodic and usually focuses on one character at a time . Each of the first four episodes focuses on one of the four main characters , depicting social interaction and growth . The anime 's use of time travel allows focus on the older versions or children of previously @-@ featured characters , and contrasts their experiences with the protagonists ' agelessness . Reviewers have experienced difficulty categorizing the Popotan anime , though it does feature an overall comedic tone . The characters are very lighthearted and eager to help new acquaintances . Nudity appears in many episodes , though no sexually explicit scenes occur . Geneon rated the series for ages 16 + ; Section23 Films gave its re @-@ release a TV @-@ MA rating .
Shaft released a teaser DVD entitled The Secret of the 3 Sisters ( ぽぽたん 送開始記念版 うガマンできない 、 ３姉妹のひ ・ み ・ つ , Popotan Hōsō Kaishi Kinen ban Mou Gaman Deki Nai , 3 Shimai no Hi ・ Mi ・ Tsu ) on June 27 , 2003 featuring character designs by Haruka Sakurai . The DVD also contained video interviews with the anime 's Japanese voice actresses , a CD of music from radio the drama , Poporaji ( ぽぽらじ ) ' s theme " Poporaji no Uta " ( ぽぽらじの歌 ) , metallic paint illustrations , and a plushie of Unagi . Bandai Visual released the anime on six Japanese DVDs containing two episodes each . Bandai staggered the discs ' release over the period September 26 , 2003 and February 25 , 2004 . Each disc came with a promotional figurine of one of the girls ; Bandai provided DVDs without the figurines at lower costs . A misprint on the volume 3 DVD jacket occurred during production , numbering the episodes incorrectly . Bandai Visual offered free exchanges of the jackets to purchasers . Geneon USA licensed the DVDs for North American release , producing three DVDs containing four episodes each between December 7 , 2004 and April 26 , 2005 . Geneon USA began selling a box set on August 14 , 2007 , shortly before the firm 's demise . Sentai Filmworks licensed the anime for distribution in late 2009 , having made an announcement July 28 . Section23 Films re @-@ released the complete series through a 2 @-@ disc set on October 27 , 2009 .
= = = = Setting and plot = = = =
An adaptation of the visual novel , the anime takes place in an alternate reality . The main female characters and their relations are unchanged , but the storyline is unrelated to the game 's . The plot follows the perspective of the three sisters and their maid rather than the game 's protagonist ; all the game 's major female characters appear and many of the minor characters are used in supporting or cameo roles .
The story centers around the three sisters as they travel through time in a mansion , run a Christmas shop , and search for the dandelion @-@ resembling " popotan " . The sisters interact with others and try to improve their situations . The anime suggests that others , including the antagonist Keith , have attempted similar journeys in the past . The anime otherwise covers little backstory , obscuring the reason for why Shizuku , Keith and Mea are associated . The sisters meet Shizuku while traveling through time , who gives them the option to continue journeying or stay in the era they enjoy most ; they choose the former . The story ends as they continue traveling through time , leaving unanswered questions concerning their final destination and why they were chosen .
Their bodies are connected to the mansion where they live , which allows them to travel through time . Their bodies cease to age outside the mansion ; even their hair stops growing . They jump five years into the future when traveling through time and always arrive in different places , except for a split @-@ party scenario in which Mai and Mea are left behind .
= = = Music = = =
The visual novel features three themes by Under17 — the opening theme Say It ! Popotan ( いっちゃえ ！ ぽぽたん , Icchae ! Popotan ) , the theme song for Mii 's " Magical Girl Mii " cosplay ( Mii @-@ tan no Mahou de Pon ! ! ( みいタンの魔法でポン ! ! ) ) , and ending theme Answer ( こたえ , Kotae ) . Under17 added their theme songs to their Best Album soundtracks along with Popotan Kiss from the radio drama . Under17 plays work composed for Popotan in their live events . Customers who pre @-@ ordered the game received the moe theme songs by Under17 as bonus content . Petit Ferret coincided the visual novel 's premiere with the release of a special maxi single containing the anime 's vocal theme songs and their instrumental counterparts , otherwise unavailable to listeners . A third Popotan image album based on the visual novel was packaged as a pre @-@ order item with the PS2 port the following year .
The anime opens with Popotan Hatake de Tsukamaete ( ぽぽたん畑でつかまえて ) by Under17 , and the closes with S – U – K – I by Funta . Petit Ferret released two full @-@ length albums and one extended play based on the anime in late 2003 . The EP , Popotan e.p. ( ぽぽたん e.p. ) , debuted on August 6 , 2003 and featured full versions of the anime 's opening and ending themes as well as Gem Stone , an image song collaboration between Under17 and Funta . The first album , It ’ s A PoPoTime ! , contains original character songs by the Japanese voice actresses and was released November 6 , 2003 . The second album , Popo Music , comprised the anime 's original soundtrack by Osamu Tezuka and was released on the 27th .
= = = Radio drama and publications = = =
Petit Ferret developed a radio drama named Poporaji , based on a song used in the anime 's broadcast premiere DVD , The Secret of the 3 Sisters . The show focused on the three sisters and Mea with their respective Japanese voice actresses playing their roles . It was broadcast by Osaka Broadcasting Corporation in two segments ; the first ran from April to September 2003 and the second from October to December 2003 . TBS Radio rebroadcast the drama later in its debut week . Petit Ferret announced on January 22 , 2004 that Poporaji would be replayed on BEAT NetRadio on Bandai Visual 's website and compiled into two CDs , Poporaji Popoi CD ( ぽぽらじっぽいCD ) and Poporaji Popoi CD2 .
Sasami Uachiruda and SPIRITE wrote and illustrated two novels , entitled Popotan ～ Himitsu no Jumon ～ Kōhen ( ぽぽたん ～ ひみつのじゅもん ～ 後編 ) and published by Softgarage on June 20 and August 22 , 2002 . These novels follow the plot of the series , involving all notable characters and combining their personal storylines . Magazine Z published a two @-@ part Popotan manga series by Yūjiro Izumi whose story revolved around the three sisters . The manga was released in two volumes on December 19 , 2003 and August 23 , 2004 .
Two Popotan reference books have been released — Popotan Visual Fan Book ( ぽぽたん ビジュアルファンブック , Popotan - Bijuarufanbukku ) , published by Petit Ferret and SoftBank Publishing , and distributed by Raspberry Books ; and Popotan - Official Anthology Manga Book ( ぽぽたんオフィシャルビジュアルコミックアンソロジー , Popotan - Ofisharubijuarukomikkuansorojii ) by Air Publications . The Popotan Visual Fan Book featured a new side @-@ story printed in western format . Kadokawa Shoten published an art book for the series entitled Popotan - Kadokawa Game Collection ( ぽぽたん ろっくちゃんのひみつの絵本 , Popotan Ro Kkuchin no Himitsuno Ehon ) . Popotan illustrations also appear in Akio Watanabe - Art Works ( ART WORKS ( アートワークス ) , Art Works ( Aato Waakusu ) ) . A fan book by ムービック ( Muubiki ) for the television series was released March 5 , 2003 , entitled Popotan - Exciting ROM Book ( ぽぽたん どきどきROMぶっく , Popotan Dokidoki ROM Bukku ) and containing a Microsoft Windows CD @-@ ROM with extra content .
= = Legacy , reception and sales = =
= = = Visual novel = = =
Popotan visual novels released by Petit Ferret enjoyed strong initial sales . PCNews ' national rating of bishōjo games listed Popotan 's initial CD @-@ ROM release at ninth place around one @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half months after its release ; it stayed on the charts another half @-@ month at twenty @-@ first . It returned six months after release for a brief stay at forty @-@ sixth shortly before the fan disc was released . The DVD @-@ ROM re @-@ release rose to twenty @-@ fourth in overall sales one month after its debut . The fan disc 's release propelled it to eleventh among the most sold bishōjo games within one month . The PS2 port Oshiete ! Popotan received a score rating of 22 / 40 .
The visual novel featured a dance in its opening that became an Internet phenomenon . The dance features Mai and Mii swinging their hips sideways while holding their hands near the sides of their heads and flapping them , as if making a " goodbye " motion . Internet users set the dance to a sped @-@ up chorus of the song Caramelldansen by Caramell . The scene 's popularity helped the Popotan franchise and Caramell attain a cult following . The dance is performed by individuals ( especially in Japan ) at anime conventions , and in advertising , video games and other unrelated anime . The popularity of Popotan in Japan brought Momoi Haruko and her band Under17 to prominence .
= = = Anime = = =
The first English Popotan DVD met mixed reviews in the United States . Anime Jump gave it 1 ½ stars , stating that beyond the pretty pictures , " it is created specifically to sell DVDs , tiny figurines , and other merchandise to introverted adult men . " DVDtalk gave it a final rating of " recommended " and only criticized the bonus content . The reviewer remarked that the first disc " [ ... ] was full of surprises for even a jaded old reviewer like myself . " Anime News Network held mixed attitudes towards the second DVD , citing certain characters and the level of nudity . Its reviewers praised Popotan 's storyline , considering it especially complex for a video game @-@ based anime . Popotan has proven notoriously difficult for English reviewers to categorize , leading several to praise its multi @-@ genre style and appeal .
Critics who reviewed only the first DVD gave the series more negative marks than those who reviewed it in full . Of the latter , Allmovie gave Popotan 4 / 5 stars and DVDtalk awarded it " recommended " status , citing the first two discs . Examining the Sentai Filmworks re @-@ release , Theron Martin concurred that the anime improved towards the end despite rushed plot development . He gave the series low marks overall , feeling its quality varied wildly each episode .
The level of nudity and its importance to the storyline have been widely debated . John Oppliger of Anime Nation feels explicit nudity ruined the Popotan anime , overshadowing its character depth and complex storyline . Anime News Network and Mania agreed that it was excessive ; one reviewer from the former likened it to " kiddy porn " and another attributed its re @-@ release to demand for nudity . DVDtalk 's reviewers were mixed ; one claimed the nude scenes were out @-@ of @-@ place , and another considered them appropriate . Both considered the overall use of nudity to be " minor " .
Critics have generally praised the animation and Akio Watanabe 's character design . Despite chiding the plot , Mark Tools found the character design " memorable " ; reviewer Theron Martin disagreed . Ozamu Tezuka ( 手塚理 , Tezuka Ozamu ) found praise for his minimalist approach to the score . Geneon 's voice acting also elicited good reception , credited to Rob Beckwell , Popotan 's English voice director . Mii is the only protagonist criticized for her voice acting ; reviewers particularly praised Mea 's voice .
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= 2007 Giro d 'Italia =
The 2007 Giro d 'Italia was the 90th running of the Giro d 'Italia , one of cycling 's Grand Tours . It took place from 12 May to 3 June 2007 . The race began in Sardinia and finished in Milan , and featured five mountain top finishes , of which one was an individual time trial . The race also visited France and Austria in three stages .
Danilo Di Luca of the Liquigas team won the race , with Andy Schleck from Team CSC and Eddy Mazzoleni from Astana rounding out the podium . Schleck also won the youth classification , which featured in the Giro for the first time since 1994 . Di Luca 's team dominated the overall classification , holding the race leader 's pink jersey for 17 of the 21 stages .
During the race , Alessandro Petacchi tested positive for elevated levels of salbutamol at a doping control on 23 May , after winning Stage 11 . Petacchi has a medical exemption to use salbutamol in the treatment of asthma , but the concentration of the drug in his urine sample from this control was above the therapeutically accepted level . Though the Italian Cycling Federation originally refused to punish him , the Italian National Olympic Committee appealed the case to the Court of Arbitration for Sport , resulting in a suspension for the rider and forfeiture of all his results from the Giro .
= = Teams = =
The Giro , along with the season 's other Grand Tours ( the Tour de France and the Vuelta a España ) , was one of several events run in 2007 as a UCI ProTour event but without a ProTour license . This meant that while ProTour points were awarded in the race , the organizers were not obligated to invite the 20 ProTour teams . Nineteen of the twenty ProTour teams , Unibet.com being the exception , were invited , with three UCI Professional Continental teams rounding out the event 's 22 @-@ team peloton . Each team entered nine riders , so the race began with 198 in total .
The 22 teams who took part in the race were :
= = Pre @-@ race favorites = =
In the months leading up to the Giro , headlines centered on defending champion Ivan Basso . After having been removed from Team CSC 's start list for the 2006 Tour de France due to his apparent involvement in the Operación Puerto doping case , Basso and Team CSC mutually agreed on the termination of his contract with them . Days later , Basso appeared to be cleared of any connection to Puerto , as the Italian Cycling Federation ( FCI ) shelved his case , and he signed with Discovery Channel . He rode part of the 2007 season with Discovery , and had intended to seek overall victory both in this Giro and in the 2007 Tour de France with his new team . In April 2007 , Basso 's case was re @-@ opened by the FCI , a step rarely taken on cases formally shelved . Facing further investigations into his involvement with the doping ring , team Discovery asked him to stop racing late in April . Shortly afterward , just two weeks before the Giro was to begin , Basso terminated his contract with Discovery , meaning the Giro started without its defending champion . Basso subsequently admitted to planning on doping in the 2006 Tour , and the FCI handed him a two @-@ year suspension , with credit for time already served in 2006 after he was first connected to the doping ring . Paolo Bettini , the reigning world champion , wore bib number one in Basso 's place .
Basso 's removal left wide open the possibilities for overall victory in this Giro . Four former Giro winners started this race – Damiano Cunego , Paolo Savoldelli , Gilberto Simoni , and Stefano Garzelli – and they were expected to be among the favorites . Simoni 's Saunier Duval – Prodir team was noted to contain many strong climbers , including Riccardo Riccò and Leonardo Piepoli . The passage of the Giro over Monte Zoncolan , where Simoni won a stage en route to overall victory in the 2003 Giro d 'Italia , was also noted as a factor in his favor . Classics specialist Danilo Di Luca of Liquigas was also named as a contender , chiefly because of his strong team . Further riders named as contenders included Pietro Caucchioli and Yaroslav Popovych .
The most high @-@ profile sprinters lined up to begin the 2007 Giro were Alessandro Petacchi and Robbie McEwen . They , along with countrymen Mario Cipollini and Baden Cooke , had had a back @-@ and @-@ forth rivalry for sprinting supremacy that had gone back several years but had been stunted in 2006 when Petacchi missed most of the season , including all but the first three stages of the Giro , due to a fractured kneecap sustained from a crash . One pre @-@ race analysis viewed Petacchi 's 2007 Giro and season as a chance at redemption for him . Other fast men in the race noted to be contenders in the flat stages included two @-@ time points classification winner Bettini , Danilo Napolitano , and Graeme Brown .
= = Route and stages = =
Race director Angelo Zomegnan commented that the route was designed to be easier than that of the extremely climbing @-@ intensive 2006 Giro . The Giro 's twenty @-@ one stages were divided into the following classifications : three time trials ( one team and two individual ) , eleven flat or undulating stages ( officially there was no distinction made between flat and undulating ) , four intermediate stages , and three mountain stages . The race began with a team time trial on the island of Sardinia . This was followed by two flat stages and an unusually early rest day to transfer from Sardinia to Italy 's mainland . The riders transferred by plane while the Giro caravan , race officials and team cars made the trip by boat . The final stage , as was tradition , was a flat , mostly ceremonial road stage to Milan , finishing with ten circuits on the Corso Venezia of the Via Montenapoleone .
There were three stages that began or ended outside Italy . Stage 12 , the first high mountain stage , ended at the French city Briançon , a frequent destination for the Tour de France . The 16th stage ended at Lienz in Austria , and the 17th began there .
Five stages ended with climbs . Stage 4 , the first intermediate stage , ended at Montevergine di Mercogliano at 1 @,@ 260 m ( 4 @,@ 130 ft ) . The tenth stage , also classified intermediate , had a less imposing final climb of 760 m ( 2 @,@ 490 ft ) , but it was nonetheless expected to change the race 's overall standings as it was very long it had numerous small climbs . Stage 13 was a climbing time trial , to Santuario di Oropa at 1 @,@ 142 m ( 3 @,@ 747 ft ) , with gradients on the climb reaching as high as 13 % . Two stages later was perhaps the race 's most difficult stage , featuring four major climbs and ending at 2 @,@ 304 m ( 7 @,@ 559 ft ) at Tre Cime di Lavaredo . The last mountaintop arrival was in the seventeenth stage , and featured one of the hardest climbs in the world , Monte Zoncolan . Though the summit of this climb was lesser than some other peaks visited in the race , at 1 @,@ 730 m ( 5 @,@ 680 ft ) , its gradients were crushing , with the steepest stretches reaching over 20 % incline . Though the number of mountain stages was small , it was nonetheless expected that it would take a strong climber to win the race .
= = Race overview = =
The Giro began with a team time trial on the island of Sardinia . The winning team was Liquigas , but due to unusual stage @-@ ending tactics , it was Enrico Gasparotto and not team leader Danilo Di Luca who took the first pink jersey . Gasparotto faced intense questioning from his teammates and the media after not yielding first position to his team 's captain , as is usual practice in a team time trial . Gasparotto yielded the jersey to Di Luca after stage 2 , when Di Luca finished higher @-@ placed in the mass finish , but took it back again after stage 3 when he contested the sprint and finished eighth . Finally , after stage 4 , the six @-@ way tie involving the Liquigas riders who finished together in the team time trial was broken , as Di Luca won the stage into Montevergine and took the pink jersey again .
Di Luca held the race lead until the conclusion of stage 6 , which was decided by a breakaway . Luis Felipe Laverde and Marco Pinotti were the last members of a five @-@ man morning breakaway still together at the finish . Since Pinotti started the day better @-@ placed in the overall classification and became the new race leader because of their time gap over the peloton , he allowed Laverde to take the stage win . Laverde took the green jersey as mountains classification leader after the stage . The next three stages were flat and contested among sprinters and breakaways . This meant Pinotti was able to maintain his race lead with little difficulty , until stage 10 , the Giro 's next intermediate stage . The race 's overall contenders showed themselves on this stage , with Leonardo Piepoli putting in a decisive attack 5 km ( 3 @.@ 1 mi ) from the summit of the Santuario Nostra Signora della Guardia to claim victory by 19 seconds over Di Luca . Pinotti finished more than four minutes back , and surrendered the pink jersey to Di Luca 's teammate Andrea Noè , who was tenth on the stage . At age 38 , Noè was the oldest rider in the Giro and the oldest ever to lead a Grand Tour . Di Luca took the green jersey after this stage , his second stint in the maglia verde to go along with his two in pink . Team CSC 's Andy Schleck took the white jersey after this stage by finishing third , after Di Luca passed him for second in the final kilometer .
Stage 12 into Briançon in France was the Giro 's first high mountain stage , and it shook up the standings for the final time . Di Luca took the stage win , twice attacking from an elite group of five that had made the climb together . As Noè finished nearly ten minutes behind , Di Luca took the pink jersey for a third time , while still holding the green jersey . As Di Luca concentrated on winning the race overall , Piepoli took the green jersey after stage 15 , the race 's queen stage , topping two of that stage 's climbs in first position . His lead in the mountains classification quickly became unassailable , and he won the jersey in Milan . It was also on this stage that Astana 's Eddy Mazzoleni distinguished himself as a podium contender , taking a minute and a half out of Di Luca to move into second overall . Schleck lost time to Di Luca and Mazzoleni , but gained time over other riders in the top of the overall standings and stood third overall .
The last minor change to the top of the overall standings took place during stage 17 , to Monte Zoncolan . The stage itself was conquered by the Saunier Duval – Prodir duo of Gilberto Simoni and Piepoli . Since the climb had personal significance for Simoni , having won a stage there four years earlier , his teammate allowed him to cross the line first . Schleck , for his part , was third , just seven seconds back , and gained over two minutes against Mazzoleni to move up to the second step of the podium . Mazzoleni fell to fifth on this stage , but returned to the podium after the race 's final time trial . Mazzoleni 's teammate Paolo Savoldelli won the stage by a comfortable margin , but Mazzoleni took back nearly all the time he had lost on the Zoncolan stage and finished the race third overall . Di Luca was not seriously challenged after taking the race lead in stage 12 , and comfortably won the Giro in Milan with a two @-@ minute gap over Schleck in second .
Di Luca 's team Liquigas was dominant . They took three stage wins , two with Di Luca himself to go along with the race 's opening team time trial , and held the pink jersey for all but four days . With Alessandro Petacchi 's disqualification ( see below ) , Saunier Duval @-@ Prodir took the most stage wins . Three of their victories came in the high mountains , with Piepoli , Riccò , and Simoni all winning high @-@ profile stages . Iban Mayo added a breakaway win in Stage 18 . Acqua & Sapone – Caffè Mokambo team leader Stefano Garzelli , a former Giro winner , also won two stages . Danilo Napolitano and Marzio Bruseghin both took wins for Lampre – Fondital , and four other teams were single stage winners . The teams classifications and the classifications which awarded jerseys were all won by teams who had won stages , meaning eight of the 22 teams in the race took significant victories .
= = = Doping cases = = =
The most noteworthy doping case from the 2007 Giro involved sprinter Alessandro Petacchi . Petacchi took five stage wins , but after the third of them , he tested non @-@ negative for salbutamol , an asthma medication which Petacchi has a medical exemption to use . Petacchi was obligated as the stage winner to give a urine sample to the doping authorities , and it had a concentration of 1 @,@ 352 nanograms per milliliter of salbutamol , above the 1 @,@ 000 allowed by the medical exemption . Salbutamol has anabolic effects at high concentrations . Team Milram placed Petacchi on immediate provisional suspension following the Giro , which kept him from participating in the Tour de France later that season as he had planned . The Italian National Olympic Committee ( CONI ) asked the Italian Cycling Federation ( FCI ) for a one @-@ year ban for Petacchi .
The FCI refused to suspend Petacchi , and he returned to racing in late July . Their decision , however , was not made to exonerate Petacchi , but rather because they did not believe they should hear the case , instead deferring to the Court of Arbitration for Sport ( CAS ) . The CAS heard the case , and Petacchi testified to the court , stating that the hot and humid day on which the stage was the run had made it so that he took several extra puffs from his inhaler , but that this was accidental and that most had come after he had already crossed the finish line and won the stage .
In its decision , the CAS ruled that Petacchi had likely not intended to cheat , but that he had not exercised the " utmost caution " it deemed necessary to abide by doping rules . Petacchi was suspended for a year , minus the time he had already sat out after Team Milram first provisionally suspended him , and his results from the Giro were all stripped . Team Milram subsequently fired Petacchi , and he was without a team until late in the 2008 season . While the court 's decision explicitly stripped Petacchi of his results from this race , it does not seem that it granted those victories retroactively to other riders .
Petacchi was not the only rider identified as giving a non @-@ negative doping test during the Giro . Reports emerged in June that three riders were under suspicion of doping , later identified as Petacchi , Leonardo Piepoli , and Iban Mayo . Petacchi and Piepoli both gave tests showing elevated levels of salbutamol , while Mayo 's had abnormally high testosterone levels . Mayo was quickly cleared , as further testing revealed that his testosterone levels were of natural origin and that his team Saunier Duval – Prodir had informed the UCI of this . Though Piepoli 's level of salbutamol was , at 1 @,@ 800 nanograms per milliliter , even higher than Petacchi 's , he was cleared by his national federation of any doping charges in August .
Giro champion Danilo Di Luca also gave an irregular doping test , after stage 17 to Monte Zoncolan . The test , given spontaneously hours after the routine test Di Luca gave for being race leader at the time , reportedly showed hormone levels like " those of a child , " causing anti @-@ doping authorities to suspect that Di Luca was using some means to cover the presence of banned substances . These unusual levels were not present in the routine test , leading to suspicions that Di Luca had received an autologous blood transfusion between the two tests . A CONI commission later cleared Di Luca on the basis of insufficient evidence to conclude that he had doped .
Mayo and Piepoli would both test positive for erythropoietin later in their careers at the Tour de France , and Di Luca likewise at the 2009 Giro d 'Italia , all leading to lengthy suspensions , while Petacchi made a successful return to top @-@ level cycling and to the Giro in 2009 .
= = Classification leadership = =
In the 2007 Giro d 'Italia , four different jerseys were awarded . For the general classification , calculated by adding each cyclist 's finishing times on each stage , and allowing time bonuses for the first three finishers on mass start stages , the leader received a pink jersey . This classification is considered the most important of the Giro d 'Italia , and the winner is considered the winner of the Giro .
Additionally , there was a points classification , which awarded a mauve jersey . In the points classification , cyclists got points for finishing in the top 15 in a stage . The stage win awarded 25 points , second place awarded 20 points , third 16 , fourth 14 , fifth 12 , sixth 10 , and one point less per place down the line , to a single point for 15th . In addition , some points could be won in intermediate sprints .
There was also a mountains classification , which awarded a green jersey . In the mountains classifications , points were won by reaching the top of a mountain before other cyclists . Each climb was categorized , either first , second , or third category , with more points available for the higher @-@ categorized climbs . The highest point in the Giro ( called the Cima Coppi ) , which in 2007 was the Colle dell 'Agnello in stage 12 , afforded still more points than the other first @-@ category climbs .
The fourth was the young rider classification , which awarded a white jersey . This was decided the same way as the general classification , but only riders born on or after 1 January 1982 were eligible . This classification was featured in the Giro in 2007 for the first time since 1994 .
There were also two classifications for teams . The first was the Trofeo Fast Team . In this classification , the times of the best three cyclists per team on each stage are added , and the team with the lowest time is leading team . The Trofeo Super Team was a team points classification , with the top 20 placed riders on each stage earning points ( 20 for first place , 19 for second place and so on , down to a single point for 20th ) for their team .
The rows in the following table correspond to the jerseys awarded after that stage was run . A year after the race , Alessandro Petacchi was stripped of all his results ; this table reflects the stages and jersey awards he originally won .
= = Final standings = =
= = = Minor classifications = = =
Other less well @-@ known classifications were awarded during the Giro , whose leaders did not receive a special jersey . These awards were based on points earned throughout the three weeks of the tour . Each mass start stage had one intermediate sprint , awarding points to the Traguardo Volante Garibaldi classification . These sprints gave bonus seconds towards the general classification , points towards the regular points classification , and also points towards the Traguardo Volante Garibaldi . This award was known in previous years as the Intergiro , and was previously time @-@ based , awarding a blue jersey . Tinkoff Credit Systems rider Mikhail Ignatiev won this classification .
Additional minor classifications included the combativity classification , which was a compilation of points gained for position on crossing intermediate sprints , mountain passes and stage finishes . Alessandro Petacchi was the original winner , but with all his 2007 Giro results forfeited , it appears there is no official winner of this award . The Azzurri d 'Italia classification was based on finishing order , but points were awarded only to the top three finishers in each stage . Petacchi originally won this as well .
Also , the Trofeo Fuga Gilera rewarded riders who took part in a breakaway at the head of the field , each rider in an escape of ten or fewer riders getting one point for each kilometre that the group stays clear . Along with the Traguardo Volante Garibadli , Mikhail Ignatiev also finished first in this classification . Teams were given penalty points for minor technical infringements . Française des Jeux was not assessed any penalties , and so was the winner of the Fair Play classification .
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= Glacier Bay Basin =
Glacier Bay Basin in southeastern Alaska , in the United States , encompasses the Glacier Bay and surrounding mountains and glaciers , which was first proclaimed a U.S. National Monument on February 25 , 1925 , and which was later , on December 2 , 1980 , enlarged and designated as the Glacier Bay National Park and Preserve under the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act , covering an area of 3 @,@ 283 @,@ 000 acres ( 1 @,@ 329 @,@ 000 ha ) . In 1986 , UNESCO declared an area of 57 @,@ 000 acres ( 23 @,@ 000 ha ) within a World Biosphere Reserve . This is the largest UNESCO protected biosphere in the world . In 1992 , UNESCO included this area as a part of a World Heritage site , extending over an area of 24 @,@ 300 @,@ 000 @-@ acre ( 98 @,@ 000 km2 ) which also included the Wrangell @-@ St. Elias National Park , Kluane National Park ( Canada ) and Tatshenshini @-@ Alsek Park ( Canada ) . Part of the National Park is also designated a Wilderness area covering 2 @,@ 658 @,@ 000 acres ( 1 @,@ 076 @,@ 000 ha ) .
Glacier Bay , the body of water , covers an area 1 @,@ 375 square miles ( 3 @,@ 560 km2 ) of glaciers and accounts for 27 % of the Park area . It was a large single glacier of solid ice till early 18th century . It started retreating and evolved over the centuries into the largest protected water area park in the world . Glacier Bay , on the Gulf of Alaska , was known as the Grand Pacific Glacier about 4 @,@ 000 feet ( 1 @,@ 200 m ) thick and about 20 miles ( 32 km ) in width which has since then , over the last more than 200 years retreated by 65 miles ( 105 km ) to the head of the bay at Tarr Inlet , and in this process left separate 20 other glaciers in its trail . In 1890 , the name “ Glacier Bay ” as such was given to the bay by Captain Lester A. Beardslee of the U.S. Navy . It was first proclaimed a U.S. National Monument on February 25 , 1925 , by President Calvin Coolidge .
The Glacier Bay has many branches , inlets , lagoons , islands , and channels that holds prospects for scientific exploration and visual treat . Thus , the area is popular as a cruise ship destination during summer season . However , there are restrictions imposed by the National Park Service on the numbers of vessels that can operate in a day to 2 cruise ships , 3 tour boats , 6 charter vessels , and 25 private vessels . According to National Park Service statistics for calendar year 2009 , 444 @,@ 653 people visited Glacier Bay , with 422 @,@ 919 of those being cruise ship passengers .
= = History = =
Geologists believe that Glacier Bay existed during a minimum of four Glacial periods ending with the Little Ice Age , which has a 4 @,@ 000 @-@ year @-@ old record , as the latest period . All glaciers in the park today are said to be remnants of this glacial period .
The earliest recorded history of the Glacier Bay area starts with the 1741 Russian expedition of Vitus Bering and Aleksei Chirikov . La Perouse ( after whom one of the glaciers in the bay was named subsequently ) established contact with the local inhabitants , the Tlingits at Lutya Bay , in 1786 . This was followed by the Russians staking their claim to the region .
In 1794 , Joseph Whidbey , master of the Discovery during George Vancouver 's 1791 @-@ 95 expedition , reported that his exploration of this part of the coast was blocked by a wall of 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) width and 1 @,@ 200 metres ( 3 @,@ 900 ft ) ) thick . Vancouver claimed the land for Britain in conflict with an earlier Russian claim , which was resolved by the Anglo @-@ Russian Convention of 1825 . The United States purchased Alaska from the Russians in 1867 with a claim under that treaty of owning all lands up to " the summit of the mountains situated parallel to the coast " . The United States and Canada agreed that an arbitration board would draw the exact boundary . The arbitration award given in 1903 resolved the Alaska boundary dispute by drawing a line that linked the mountain peaks in this area . Because the agreement froze the exact boundary in 1903 , further retreat of the glacier does not alter the boundary as the coast extends northward . As a result , the northern edge of Tarr Inlet is approaching the boundary .
With the discovery of gold in the area , gold rush brought miners to the area . In 1890 , Willoughby Island in Glacier Bay was the scene of a meeting of the miners , which was followed by the establishment of the Berry mining district . In the 1890s , a salt mine was established at Bartlett Cove . Fox farms and a cannery were also established ; however , the cannery was abandoned in 1935 .
John Muir , the naturalist , conservationist and scientist , pioneered the focus of the world on the Glacier Bay phenomenon . During his research Muir had witnessed the glaciers in action . He had noted that the ice had retreated almost all the way up . In 1888 ( 1889 is also mentioned in some references ) when John Muir first visited the Bay , this wall was 48 miles ( 77 km ) and retreated from the sea by 44 miles ( 71 km ) . Now , it stands retreated to 65 miles ( 105 km ) , as a remnant of the old wall of the glacier system and has 16 major tidewater glaciers ( 10 , 12 and 15 are also mentioned in some references ) .
In 1899 , wealthy railroad magnate Edward Harriman arranged for a maritime expedition called the Harriman Alaska Expedition to Alaska comprising an elite community of scientists , artists , photographers , and naturalists to explore and document the Alaskan coast . The voyagers , spent two months traveling from Seattle , along the coast of Alaska , to Siberia , and back again . In many ways , the expedition was an intersection of 19th @-@ century science and 20th @-@ century science . The expedition claimed to have discovered some 600 species that were new to science , including 38 new fossil species . They charted the geographic distribution of many species . They discovered an unmapped fiord and named several glaciers . John Muir and his friend Harriman who were members of this expedition were instrumental in governmental lobbying on National Park legislation says . The Herriman expedition was instrumental in documenting the extent of the glacier 's retreat in 1899 .
John Muir was seeking corroboration of the continental glaciation theories of Louis Agassiz , whose controversial Etudes sur les Glaciers was published in 1840 . The year 1893 recorded the arrival of the first tourist ship at the entrance to the Bay , at Bartlett Cove , which over the years has become central to the tourist trade in the Glacier Bay . By 1916 , the Grand Pacific Glacier was at the head of Tarr Inlet , about 65 miles ( 105 km ) from Glacier Bay 's mouth . This is the fastest documented glacial retreat ever . In 1925 , Glacier Bay was declared a national monument .
For centuries , the Glacier Bay has been the home land of the Huna Tlingit native tribes of Alaska . Their oral traditions indicate being displaced by the last advance of the glacier . They continue to be part of the Bay residents and it is woven into the " tapestry of their lives " .
= = Geography = =
Glacier Bay is subsumed within the larger about 3 @.@ 3 @-@ million @-@ acre ( 13 @,@ 000 km2 ) National Park and Preserve . The preserve , which is a spectacular ensemble of marine and terrestrial life , is delimited by : The Tongass National Forest borders on the east and north east ; by the international boundary with Tatshenshini @-@ Alsek Wilderness Provincial Park in British Columbia , Canada on the north ; by the waters of Cross Sound and Icy Strait border on the south ; and by the Pacific Ocean on the west . When President Calvin Coolidge declared the Glacial Bay to be a national monument , in 1925 , the objective clearly stated was :
The Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act of 1980 changed its status to a National Park and Reserve covering an area of 3 @,@ 283 @,@ 000 acres ( 1 @,@ 329 @,@ 000 ha ) including 57 @,@ 000 acres ( 23 @,@ 000 ha ) as a preserve : However , 2 @,@ 670 @,@ 000 acres ( 1 @,@ 080 @,@ 000 ha ) have been declared as Wilderness . The Glacier Bay also encompasses about 400 acres ( 160 ha ) of two mining claim groups , and about 3 @,@ 000 acres ( 1 @,@ 200 ha ) allotted to Alaska Natives ; some small private tracts are also reported within the limits of the Glacier Bay .
The Glacier Bay Basin is now a myriad combination of tidewater glaciers , snow @-@ capped mountain ranges , ocean coastlines , deep fjords , and freshwater rivers and lakes that provide widely varying land and seascape and “ hosts a mosaic of plant communities and a variety of marine and terrestrial wildlife . ”
Glacier Bay is covered with 1 @,@ 375 square miles ( 3 @,@ 560 km2 ) of glaciers which accounts for 27 % of the Park area with most glaciers originating in mountains with elevation range of 8 @,@ 000 – 15 @,@ 000 feet ( 2 @,@ 400 – 4 @,@ 600 m ) . There are over 50 named glaciers ( both tidewater and terrestrial glaciers ) ; 10 tide water glaciers - one on the east arm of the bay and all others on the west arm reach shorelines and calved ) ( literal meaning : " breaking off " ) to produce icebergs . Seven of these glaciers are reported to be active tidewater glaciers , which depict the calving phenomenon , which means that they break into icebergs and fall into the sea with thundering noise raising large waves . The McBride Glacier is the only tidewater glacier in the eastern arm at a distance of 40 nautical miles ( 74 km ) from Bartlett Cove . Of the other glaciers on the western arm , Johns Hopkins Glacier is at the farthest end – 63 nautical miles ( 117 km ) from the entrance to the bay while the Margerie Glacier is about 55 nautical miles ( 102 km ) away .
The National Park Service manages a total of 607 @,@ 099 acres ( 245 @,@ 684 ha ) of marine waters of the Glacier Bay . It covers a coastline of 1 @,@ 180 square miles ( 3 @,@ 100 km2 ) including some reach of the coast outside the Bay . Glacier Bay Basin as such has a coast line of 760 square miles ( 2 @,@ 000 km2 ) including all islands ; the coast line without counting islands accounts for statute 563 miles ( 906 km ) . The deepest point in the bay is 1 @,@ 410 feet ( 430 m ) below sea level with the diurnal tides occurring every 6 hours , with a tide range of − 5 to 18 feet ( − 1 @.@ 5 to 5 @.@ 5 m ) ( upper limit of the range is reported to be 23 feet ( 7 @.@ 0 m ) .
According to the recorded findings , most glaciers are retreating except the Johns Hopkins Glacier , which is advancing and the Margerie Glacier which is stable . The glacier thinning or retreating process is attributed to lesser incidence of snowfall on the hills , raising temperatures in the winter season followed by decrease in cloud cover and precipitation during the summer season .
Post Little Ice Age Rebound in the Glacier Bay Basin has been studied by researchers of the Geophysical Institute , University of Alaska Fairbanks , Alaska in association with National Park and Preserve Service , under a National Science Foundation grant using GPS geodesy combined with studies of raised shorelines and tide gauges . The studies have established that the fastest rates of glacier rebound in the world are now taking place in the Glacier Bay region . The studies have also reported that " these adjustments to LIA loading and unloading are producing significant stresses on the earth ’ s crust which can affect seismicity and regional tectonics . The rising land also is continually changing the geomorphic texture of shoreline throughout the Park and causing changes in hydrologic patterns , erosion , and sedimentation . All these changes have a direct impact on the ecosystems of the Park . "
Glacier Bay can be approached only by boats or ships and partly by hiking along three trails ( 10 miles ( 16 km ) ) and by kayaking along 700 miles ( 1 @,@ 100 km ) ) of shore line . The nearest road head and airport are in the small town of Gustavus , which is known as the southern gateway to the Glacier Bay . However , Gustavus as such is approachable only by air and sea . Juneau , the capital of Alaska , is about 60 miles ( 97 km ) ) . The approximate distance between Anchorage and Juneau is 567 miles ( 912 km ) } .
The advancing and retreating characteristics of the glaciers in the Glacier Bay are explained in simple terms as a steady state of snow getting converted into ice on the hills . Ice , as a lens of water on the base of bedrock , slides by gravity downwards . The good moraine of rock and rubble insulates it from water erosion . As a result , during freezing temperatures that exists all the year , the glacier advances . When the insulation and erosion effect of the hills gets reduced erosion sets in and along with rising temperatures the glaciers start retreating . Another unpredictable phenomenon that is observed in many glaciers in the Glacier Bay is that of calving . Calving is a process in which blocks of ice get detached or break off from the glacier , irrespective of weather conditions , all the year round , and crash into the sea with thundering noise creating a boiling like turbulence .
The Glacier Bay was closed for ships almost a decade after the 1899 earthquake ( magnitude 8 @.@ 4 on the Richter Scale ) . This was on account of the shattered ice blocks which filled the Bay consequent to the earthquake . Even though the Bay is in volcanic activity region of the Pacific " Rim of Fire " , active volcanoes have not been recorded within the Glacier Bay Basin . However , these two factors have been inferred to have effects on the environmental changes occurring in the Glacier Bay .
= = = Archeological findings = = =
Archaeological findings have been unearthed at two sites in the Glacier Bay , which links the region to Holocene period . On the Baranoff Island , a prehistoric finding dates occupation of the region between 3200 and 4600 BP . Another finding in the form of a house , microlithic tools and heavy wood working tools at Ground Hog Bay has been dated to about 2000 BP . This is stated to be " towards the end of the Hypsithermal ( thermal maximum climatic fluctuation ) and the beginning of the Little Ice Age " . Thus , it has been interpreted by comparison with similarly placed locations in the region , such as the southern coast of British Columbia , that the type of culture seen here is comparable to the culture that existed during historic times on the Northwest Coast . The potential for finding more such sites are stated to be high .
= = = Ethnographic aspects = = =
The Tlingits regard Glacier Bay as their sacred homeland . The National Park Service takes the view that " Glacier Bay National Park is the spiritual homeland of the Huna Tlingit , and Glacier Bay National Preserve is the homeland of the Ghunaaxhoo Kwaan unit of the Yakutat Tlingit Tribe " . The tribes ' oral history supports that they were pushed out and migrated south when the glacier advanced . They moved back to the area when the Glacier retreated in the 1880s . There are 60 odd proto @-@ historic or historic sites in the Glacier Bay , which are identified with Tlingit Indians or European Americans . They are an integral part of Northwest Coast people inferred to be belonging to Haida , Tlingit or Eyak clans . Their settlements existed even in the 1880s in Dry Bay , Excursion Inlet , Point Couverden and the Port Frederick area ( now known as Hoonah ) and Dundas Bay . A Tlingit cemetery of the period has also been located in the park area . Seasonal hunting , gathering and fishing was their way of life , woven around a central village , with shifting fishing and hunting camps . The food source of the natives was the rich Salmon fish resources of the area . A complex society evolved with rich artistic traditions . Tlingits claimed their fishing @-@ dependent lifestyle was helped during the National Monument years , which kept out commercial fishing . After the area became a National Park , their fishing and hunting activities were curtailed except for certain religious exemptions . However , the National Park administration is closely interacting with the Tlingits to foster their cultural heritage . They are allowed access to the park to " harvest berries , a variety of seafoods , and traditional use items such as spruce roots and mountain goat hair ( for weaving traditional blankets ) " . In addition the park is planning to establish a Tlingit longhouse near its main office , where Tlingit culture would be fully highlighted and also facilitate holding of cultural events .
= = = Climate = = =
The bay has a cool wet , coastal temperate rainforest climate . Three climatic zones have been discerned in the Glacier Bay ; the outer coast along the Gulf of Alaska , which records mild temperatures and higher precipitation . However , it experiences less snowfall , the upper Glacier Bay where it is much colder and heavy snowfall occurs , and the lower Glacier Bay , which experiences heavy rainfall throughout the year .
In the Bay as a whole , the summer temperatures vary between 50 ° F ( 10 ° C ) ) and 60 ° F ( 16 ° C ) , while the winter temperatures lie in the range of 20 to 30 ° F ( − 7 to − 1 ° C ) , with minimum going up to − 10 ° F ( − 23 ° C ) .
Annual precipitation is in the form of rainfall and snowfall . On an average , 228 days are recorded as precipitation days per year , and precipitation is in the range of 70 – 80 inches ( 180 – 200 cm ) including 14 feet ( 4 @.@ 3 m ) of annual snowfall ; the highest recorded snowfall is of the order of 100 feet ( 30 m ) in the Fairweather Mountains .
= = Flora and fauna = =
The environment of Glacier Bay has been categorized under four main land ecosystems namely , the wet tundra , the coastal western hemlock / Sitka spruce forest , the alpine tundra , and the glaciers and ice fields ; within the Bay proper , further break up into three major marine ecosystems are marked namely , “ within in and around continental shelf , wave @-@ beaten coasts , and fjord estuaries . ”
Plants progressively moved in as the glacier retreated , so a 200 @-@ year @-@ old spruce and hemlock forest presently exists at the entrance , grading up to more primitive plants such as mosses and lichens at the head of the bay . Because of current local climate change some glaciers are now retreating at a rate of up to a quarter of a mile per year .
The retreat of the glaciers exposed land areas and as a result “ Plant communities and animal populations ranging from " pioneer species " in areas recently exposed by receding glaciers to climax communities in older coastal and alpine ecosystems ” have emerged .
Wild life
In general , wild life in Glacier Bay , has been identified under aqua fauna , avifauna and fauna ; 160 marine and estuarine fish species , 242 bird species and 41 species of mammals have been recorded .
Bears
Bears , both black and brown , are seen in Glacier Bay in the intertidal zone which they frequent for foraging . They are also seen “ scraping barnacles off of rocks and munching mussels . ” Invariably they are spotted wandering alone along the beaches of the Glacier Bay in search of salmon . The habitats of the black bears are generally the southern forested areas of the bay . However , the brown bears are mostly found in the northern , more recently glaciated zones of the Glacier Bay . Occasionally , black bears are sighted near the glaciers or near Gustavus town . Black bears with black dots and brown bears with brown dots have been seen over the last 10 years . Their travel routes have been identified as along the easy tracks such as along beaches , stream beds and river valleys . The most commonly identified locations for sighting bears in the Glacier Bay are : The Bartlett Cove , the Bartlett River , the Beardslee Islands and North and South Sandy Cove locations for black bears , while brown bears are seen to the north of Tidal Inlet in the west arm of glacier and north of Adams Inlet in the east arm . They are also seen swimming in the Bay , crossing from one bank to the other . Salmon are their favorite food , apart from bumblebees , sand fleas , bird eggs , birds , voles and marine mammal carcasses .
Whale
Humpback whales have been sighted in the lower region of Glacier Bay ; also in Sitakaday Narrows , Whidbey Passage and the waters around South Marble Island . For kayakers , Hugh Miller Inlet and the Beardslee Islands are good locations to see humpback whales from a safe distance of about a quarter mile . Other marine whales sighted are grey , minke , fin , and killer whales ( orcas ) .
Seals and porpoise
Harbor seals , northern fur seals , sea otters , harbor porpoises , Dall 's porpoises and Steller sea lions are also seen in Glacier Bay .
Other fauna
Land mammals sighted in Glacier Bay are : blue bears ( glacier ) , moose , Sitka black @-@ tailed deer , mountain goat , wolf , coyote , lynx , wolverine , marmots , land and river otters , weasels , ermine , mink , squirrels , beaver and red fox . Porcupines , voles , shrews , hares , and bats are also found .
Avifauna
200 species of birds have been recorded in the Bay . These include : the bald eagle , golden eagle , raven , northern hawk owl , sandhill crane , loon , Steller 's jay , murre , cormorant , puffin , murrelet , oyster catchers , herons , geese , ducks , ptarmigan , crow , osprey , blue grouse , woodpecker , pigeon guillemot , sparrow , sandpiper , plover , Arctic tern , kittiwake and gulls .
Fish
Fish species found in the bay are : Chinook , chum , sockeye , pink and coho salmon , halibut , trout , steelhead , Dolly Varden , lingcod , whitefish , blackfish , char and herring . As for shellfish , there are Dungeness crabs , scallops , shrimp and clams . Salmon are very important food of bears , particularly in the late summer and fall . In the southern part of the bay , there are streams which abound in salmon . They are also seen colonizing in the northern bay , consequent to the retreat of many glaciers and the streams emerging . These salmon food sources are expected to support more bear populations in the years ahead .
Vegetation
Plant recolonization and succession has occurred in Glacier Bay as a result of the retreat of the glacier bay in the last about 300 years . The succession , which occurred in the new wilderness of Glacier Bay was stated to be a raw landscape . A simile given is that “ It was like seeing an owl with no feathers ” . A vegetative wilderness has been created , which has resulted in the coastal forest . 333 Vascular plant species of individual taxa have been recorded in the Glacier Bay . Dense thickets of Sitka alder and devil 's club abound along the shoreline .
= = Landmarks = =
There are 50 odd glaciers identified in the Glacier Bay , which are both terrestrial and tidewater type . Some of the major inlets , glaciers and the mountains in the order of their location from the entry have been identified from the National Park Service Map . At the entry to the Bay there are ( as read from the map ) : The small Gustavus town and then the Visitor Center of the National Park Service and the Glacier Bay Lodge followed by several islands within the main channel . On the western side of the channel , the first inlet is the Muir Inlet which has several inlets and glaciers such as Adam ’ s Inlet , Casement Glacier , McBride Glacier , Riggs Glacier , Muir Glacier followed by the Wachusett Inlet . Coming out of the Muir inlet and entering and cruising toward the north along the main Bay , on the west shore are the Gelkie Inlet , Reid Glacier and Lamplugh Glacier fed by Brady Ice field and Brady Glacier , followed by Johns Hopkins Glacier , Margerie Glacier and the Great Pacific Glacier at the head of the Bay . The east shore line has the Queen Inlet with its Carroll Glacier , and the Rendu Inlet with its Rendu Glacier . The Fairweather Range of hills which feeds the Johns Hopkins and Margerie Glaciers form the western boundary of the Glacier Bay and the highest mountains seen here are the Mt . Fairweather ( 15 @,@ 300 feet ( 4 @,@ 700 m ) ) , Mt . Quincy Adams ( 13 @,@ 650 feet ( 4 @,@ 160 m ) ) , Mt . Salisbury ( 12 @,@ 000 feet ( 3 @,@ 700 m ) ) , Mt . Crillon ( 12 @,@ 276 feet ( 3 @,@ 742 m ) ) , Mt . Bertha ( 10 @,@ 204 feet ( 3 @,@ 110 m ) ) , Mt . Abbe ( 8 @,@ 750 feet ( 2 @,@ 670 m ) ) and Mt . Cooper ( 6 @,@ 780 feet ( 2 @,@ 070 m ) ) . The major island , opposite to the Johns Hopkins Inlet , is the Russel Island in the midst of the main channel .
= = = Muir Glacier = = =
The Muir Glacier was named after John Muir , the naturalist , who identified it in 1889 . The Muir Glacier was once a tide water glacier with a width of 1 @.@ 5 miles ( 2 @.@ 4 km ) , a length of 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) , and a height of 265 feet ( 80 @.@ 8 m ) . It has now turned into terrestrial glacier ; it has receded and does not flow into the sea . Its retreat has been very rapid and well @-@ documented since its Little Ice Age maximum position at the mouth of Glacier Bay around 1780 . During its retreating stage which began in 1889 , calving was intense . The flow was at the rate of about 6 @,@ 000 feet ( 1 @,@ 800 m ) per year or about 16 feet ( 4 @.@ 9 m ) per day until 1979 and as a result the glacier became terrestrial by 1993 . The flow was reported to be 0 @.@ 5 feet ( 0 @.@ 15 m ) per day between 1999 and 2001 . The glacier is now only 0 @.@ 5 miles ( 0 @.@ 80 km ) in width , 150 feet ( 46 m ) in height , and extends for 13 miles ( 21 km ) . Morse Glacier is its tributary and is also retreating faster than the Muir . Further , during this process of retreat , glacial till left behind two large deltas extending to a width of about 1 @,@ 400 feet ( 430 m ) at the water edge during low tide .
= = = Reid Glacier = = =
The Reid Glacier was named by the members of the Harriman Alaska Expedition for Harry Fielding Reid ( 1859 – 1944 ) , professor of geology at Johns Hopkins University , who was well known for his studies of glacier flow and stratification in Alaska and the Alps . The glacier has its origin in Brady Icefield and has a flow rate of 15 feet ( 4 @.@ 6 m ) per day . At the water edge , its width is 0 @.@ 75 miles ( 1 @.@ 21 km ) , rises to a height of 150 feet ( 46 m ) and stretches to a length of 10 miles ( 16 km ) and flows into Bigourdan Fjord . In view of fast rate of retreat , this glacier has turned from tide water to terrestrial glacier , particularly on its eastern and western one third widths . Sediment deposits from the glacier have gradually filled the eastern and western margins at its inlet , as seen during low tides . The central one third of the glacier , however , touches water edge with a recorded depth of 30 feet ( 9 @.@ 1 m ) of water , during high tide . The walls of the fjord of the glacier , however , also show marks of lateral deposits of the glaciers right up to rock faces .
= = = Lamplugh Glacier = = =
The Lamplugh Glacier was named by Lawrence Martin of the U.S. Geological Survey ( USGS ) around 1912 for the English geologist George William Lamplugh ( 1859 – 1926 ) , who visited the Glacier Bay in 1884 . The Glacier originates in the Brady Icefield to the east of Fairweather Range . The glacier has a width of about 0 @.@ 75 miles ( 1 @.@ 21 km ) at the water face . Its rises to height of 150 – 160 feet ( 46 – 49 m ) with depth of 10 – 40 feet ( 3 @.@ 0 – 12 @.@ 2 m ) at the waterline . It stretches to over 16 miles ( 26 km ) . The ice flow rate from the glacier is estimated at 900 – 1 @,@ 000 feet ( 270 – 300 m ) per year and is noted to be receding in the central and eastern part of the ice face due to calving ; the western part is , however , seen mostly grounded except during the high tide range . In the central part , a subglacial stream has developed which is seen to shift its position laterally . This phenomenon is attributed to the deposition of fluvial sediment in the embayment . It forms a delta , as observed during low tide . It also results in water turning from brown to tan milky .
= = = Johns Hopkins Inlet = = =
The Johns Hopkins Inlet is a stunning 9 @-@ mile ( 14 km ) long fjord , which has several tide water glaciers . The Lamplugh Glacier is about 1 @.@ 5 miles ( 2 @.@ 4 km ) away from the inlet and further inside is the Johns Hopkins Glacier , which is now the largest tidewater glacier in Glacier Bay and adjacent to it is the Gilman Glacier followed by the Hoonah Glacier further up . All these glaciers are tidewater glaciers . Ice blocks float in the inlet and it is quite hazardous for boating or kayaking ; both activities have to be done with great caution . Johns Hopkins Inlet is closed to boats in May and June in order to protect unweaned harbor seal pups .
= = = Johns Hopkins Glacier = = =
The Johns Hopkins Glacier rises from the Fairweather Range on the east slopes of Lituya Mountain and Mount Salisbury and has a westerly flow towards the head of Johns Hopkins Inlet , 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) southwest of the terminus of Clark Glacier and 79 miles ( 127 km ) northwest of Hoonah . Its rock , ice and snow depict a variety of impressive colors such as grey , blue and white . It was named in 1893 by H.F. Reid after the Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore , Maryland , which sponsored an expedition to this glacier . It is the only advancing tidewater glacier now ( its advance started in 1924 when Grand Pacific Glacier started receding towards Tarr Inlet ) and is combined with Gilman Glacier ( first got attached to Hopkins in the 1990s , broke off and rejoined several times and once again it appears joined since 2000 ) ; both are advancing as one single ice block , and at the waterfront , has a width of 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) with a depth of 250 feet ( 76 m ) , rises to a height of 250 feet ( 76 m ) and stretches to about 12 miles ( 19 km ) upstream . Submarine calving has also been recorded .
The Johns Hopkins Glacier , for example , cannot be approached any nearer than about 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) by sea because of the volume of the ice blocks that break loose from its cliffs . Most visitors to the park come by cruise ship and thus view the glaciers from the water .
= = = Gilman Glacier = = =
Gilman Glacier got attached to Johns Hopkins Glacier sometime in 1990 . In the following decade , the two glaciers merged and de @-@ merged several times . However , in 2000 it was again attached to Johns Hopkins glacier and the two together are stated to be advancing along the 150 @-@ to @-@ 200 @-@ foot ( 46 to 61 m ) steep ice face .
= = = Tarr Inlet = = =
The Tarr Inlet at the head of the Glacier Bay is a scene of ice and snow , and " sits cater @-@ corner to Johns Hopkins Inlet " . This inlet provides excellent views of the Grand Pacific Glacier to its north and the Margerie Glacier to its west . The west shore line of this inlet is steep and rocky , extends to 4 miles ( 6 @.@ 4 km ) up to a small stream where a beach has been formed . A further 3 miles ( 4 @.@ 8 km ) along the channel , a glacier knob is seen in the center of the west shore of the inlet . A cove formation here provides for good camping grounds , where strong winds and ice flows are experienced . This location also provides a panoramic view of the Tarr Inlet . Two miles north of this location is the Margerie Glacier . Grand Pacific Glacier is located to the east side of the Margerie Glacier at the head of the Tarr Inlet where extensive gravel outwash is seen . From Grand Pacific , the Tarr Inlet continues for 5 miles ( 8 @.@ 0 km ) with steep gravel shore line interspersed with minor streams separated by gravel outwash .
= = = Margerie Glacier = = =
The Margerie Glacier is a 21 miles ( 34 km ) long tide water glacier that begins on the south slope of Mount Root , at the Alaska @-@ Canada border in the Fairweather Range ( elevation above 9 @,@ 000 feet ( 2 @,@ 700 m ) ) , and flows southeast and northeast to Tarr Inlet , one mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) north of the terminus of Grand Pacific Glacier and 87 miles ( 140 km ) northwest of Hoonah . It was named for famed French geographer and geologist Emmanuel de Margerie ( 1862 – 1953 ) , who visited Glacier Bay in 1913 . Located at the deep end of the Glacier Bay , Margerie Glacier extends over a width of about 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) and extends upstream for a length of 21 miles ( 34 km ) till its source on the southern slopes of the hill of Mount Root , at the Alaska @-@ Canada border . Mount Root ( elevation 12 @,@ 860 feet ( 3 @,@ 920 m ) ) , named Boundary Peak 165 , is a mountain in Alaska and British Columbia , is part of the Fairweather Range of the Saint Elias Mountains .
= = = Grand Pacific Glacier = = =
The Grand Pacific Glacier , at the head of the Tarr Inlet on the north , has a streaked face covered with gravel and stones ( more than 3 feet ( 0 @.@ 91 m ) ) thick in many areas ) . Landslides and medial moraines cover much of eastern side of the glacier extending to about two @-@ thirds width of the ice face . It is not an active glacier . In the earlier 18th century , it was a one single block of ice at the Gulf of Alaska , when Captain Vancouver first saw it , which has receded to the present location that is 65 miles ( 105 km ) ) from the Glacier Bay inlet . At the present site , Grand Pacific Glacier has a width of 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) ) with a water depth of 30 feet ( 9 @.@ 1 m ) ) and with an average height of 150 feet ( 46 m ) ) and stretches to 35 miles ( 56 km ) ) . It calves into the Tarr Inlet and its western two thirds part is formed by the tributary Ferris Glacier . Its flow rate is reported to be about 1 @,@ 500 feet ( 460 m ) ) per year or about 4 feet ( 1 @.@ 2 m ) ) per day . However , the eastern part of the Glacier is reportedly moving at the rate of about 15 – 180 feet ( 4 @.@ 6 – 54 @.@ 9 m ) ) per year . Margerie Glacier had merged with this glacier in 1992 . As the glacier started receding it got demerged from Margerie and only a small stream separates the two glaciers now .
= = = Fairweather Range = = =
The Fairweather Range is the unofficial name for a mountain range located in the U.S. state of Alaska and the Canadian province of British Columbia . It is the southernmost range of the Saint Elias Mountains . The northernmost section of the range is situated in Tatshenshini @-@ Alsek Provincial Park while the southernmost section resides in Glacier Bay National Park in the Hoonah @-@ Angoon Census Area . In between , it goes through the southeastern corner of Yakutat Borough . Peaks of this range include Mount Fairweather , the highest point in British Columbia and Mount Quincy Adams 4 @,@ 150 meters ( 13 @,@ 620 ft ) .
Between the bay and the coast , snow @-@ clad peaks of the Fairweather Range capture the moisture coming in off the Gulf of Alaska and , in turn , spawn the park ’ s largest glaciers . Mt . Fairweather is the tallest peak in the Fairweather Range and is very much unlike its name as it has a very harsh terrain .
Mt . Fairweather
The Mt . Fairweather ( officially gazetted as Fairweather Mountain in Canada but referred to as Mount Fairweather ) , is located 20 kilometers ( 12 mi ) east of the Pacific Ocean in the Glacier Bay region . While most of the mountain lies within the City and Borough of Yakutat , the summit is also in Tatshenshini @-@ Alsek Provincial Park , British Columbia ( Canada ) , making it the highest point in that province . It is also designated as Boundary Peak 164 or as US / Canada Boundary Point # 164 . The mountain was named on May 3 , 1778 by Captain James Cook , apparently for the unusually good weather encountered at the time . The name has been variously translated . It was called " Mt . Beautemps " by La Perouse ( 1786 , atlas ) , " Mte . Buen @-@ tiempo " by Galiano ( 1802 , map 3 ) , " Gor [ a ] -Khoroshy @-@ pogody " on Russian Hydrographic Dept . Chart 1378 in 1847 , and " G [ ora ] Fayerveder " by Captain Tebenkov ( 1852 , map 7 ) , Imperial Russian Navy . It was called " Schonwetterberg " by Constantin Grewink in 1850 and " Schonwetter Berg " by Justus Perthes in 1882 . Mt . Fairweather was first climbed in 1931 by Allen Carpé and Terris Moore .
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= Spellingg Bee =
" Spellingg Bee " , also known as " The Spellingg Bee " , is the second episode of the first season of the American comedy @-@ drama detective television series Psych . It was written by series creator and co @-@ executive producer Steve Franks , and was directed by co @-@ executive producer and director Mel Damski during November and December 2005 . The episode originally aired on USA Network in the United States on July 14 , 2006 with a rating of TV @-@ PG . The installment features guest appearances by Kirsten Nelson , Alexander Calvert , Kyle Pejpar , and Jeremy Loheir , among others . It also features an appearance by sportscaster Bud Collins .
The series follows Shawn Spencer ( James Roday ) and his assistant Burton " Gus " Guster ( Dulé Hill ) , who operate a fake psychic detective agency , which is actually based on Shawn 's hyperobservant ability . In the episode , Shawn and Gus are watching a spelling bee on TV when the expected champion collapses suddenly . Suspecting a set @-@ up , they investigate the bee . While there , the spellmaster ( Alex Bruhanski ) suspiciously falls over a railing to his death , strengthening their beliefs in foul play . With help from Shawn 's father , Henry Spencer ( Corbin Bernsen ) they discover poison in the spellmaster 's meal , confirming their thoughts . Shawn realizes that the entire situation was created by a contestant and his father in order to cover up that they were cheating .
The installment was originally written to be the third episode of the season , but was moved up by the show 's producers to introduce the character Juliet O 'Hara earlier . Like most episodes of the series , it was filmed in and around the Canadian city of Vancouver . " Spellingg Bee " received mixed @-@ to @-@ positive reception from television critics . According to Nielsen Media Research , the episode was watched by 4 @.@ 71 million people during its original broadcast , making up approximately 3 @.@ 35 million households . It received a 1 @.@ 5 rating / 5 share among viewers in the 18 – 49 demographic . Actor Dulé Hill was nominated for an award at the 13th NAMIC Vision Awards for his performance in the episode .
= = Plot = =
Shawn Spencer ( James Roday ) buys a newspaper and walks back into a restaurant to find his seat taken . The girl in his seat introduces herself as Juliet O 'Hara ( Maggie Lawson ) . Shawn realizes she 's a cop , and immediately after he does , she and several officers arrest a man at the bar . Later , Burton " Gus " Guster ( Dulé Hill ) is in the Psych office , watching the local spelling bee on TV . Shortly after Shawn enters the office , expected spelling bee champion Brandon Vu ( Issey Lamb ) collapses , to the shock of the audience . Shawn notices something wrong with Vu 's inhaler , and realizes that Vu was intentionally harmed . They receive a phone call from interim police chief Karen Vick ( Kirsten Nelson ) asking them to investigate the bee . They interview Vu at the hospital , who tells them that his inhaler was not working during the competition . They begin individual interviews with the competitors , but discover no leads . While they are waiting between interviews , spellmaster Cavanaugh ( Alex Bruhanski ) experiences chest pain and falls over a railing to his death , in front of Shawn and Gus . The police write off his death as a heart attack ; Shawn and Gus are skeptical , and break into Cavanaugh 's booth to investigate .
Gus finds Cavanaugh 's lunch , and believes that it is poisoned due to its unusual smell . Shawn takes it to his father , Henry Spencer ( Corbin Bernsen ) , to have it analyzed . Henry demands that in return , Shawn must build a dog house he promised to make in 1989 . Shawn agrees , and leaves . While riding back to the office , he is run off the road by a mysterious van . Shawn wakes up in the hospital , and after he gets out , Gus informs him that he discovered another fake inhaler . Shawn returns to Henry 's house to finish the dog house . Henry confirms that the lunch was poisoned , and Shawn returns to the bee . He disguises himself as the new spellmaster in order to enter the booth , and discovers that Cavanaugh had found out that Miklous Prochazka ( Richard Zeman ) was helping his son ( Alxander Calvert ) to cheat . Shawn discovers that the fake inhaler was being used to transfer electrical impulses to help Prochazka cheat . After the bee has finished , Shawn has a " psychic vision " where he reveals everything to the police , who arrest Miklous and his son .
= = Production = =
= = = Cast and crew = = =
" Spellingg Bee " was the first episode directed by co @-@ executive producer and director Mel Damski . The episode was the second installment written by co @-@ executive producer and creator Steve Franks , after the previous episode " Pilot " . Tracey Jeffery was the episode 's producer , John J. Sakmar and Jerry Lenhart were the consulting producers , and Mel Damski , Steve Franks , Kelly Kulchak , and Chris Henze were the associate producers . Erin Smith was the production manager . Tracy Hillman was the installment 's associate producer , and Michael McMurray was the director of photography , while Allan Lee and Anupam Nigam acted as the editors . David Crabtree , James Ilecic , Allan Lee , and Gordon Rempel were the script editors . The music for the episode was written by Adam Cohen and John Robert Wood . Assistant directors for the installment were Jack Hardy and Roger Russell .
The episode was originally planned to be the third installment of the season , but was moved up by the show 's producers in order to introduce the major character Juliet O 'Hara , played by Maggie Lawson . The scene introducing O 'Hara was filmed as part of the fourth episode , " Woman Seeking Dead Husband : Smokers Okay , No Pets " , but was added to the installment because of the need to bring in the character . It was also used for Lawson 's audition for the show . Kyle Pejpar and Jeremy Loheir were cast to play Young Shawn and Young Gus in the episode . The show 's casting directors brought in the actors because older versions of young Shawn and Gus were needed for the flashback scenes in the episode . Sportscaster Bud Collins guest starred in the episode . Collins wrote all of his dialogue , and designed his own wardrobe for the installment .
In addition , another guest star for the episode was Kirsten Nelson , who played interim police chief Karen Vick , a major reoccurring character who first premiered in the episode " Pilot " . Shortly before the installment was filmed , Kirsten Nelson gave birth to her daughter , which would later be portrayed in the episode " Shawn vs. the Red Phantom " . Other minor guests included Alex Bruhanski ( who played Spellmaster Cavanaugh ) , Issey Lamb ( who played Brandon Vu ) , Alexander Calvert ( who played Jiri Prochazka ) , Richard Zeman ( who played Miklous Prochazka ) , and Brendan Beiser ( who played the bee 's color commentator ) .
= = = Writing and filming = = =
The show is meant to take place in the Southern California city of Santa Barbara ; however , most of the series is filmed in Vancouver , British Columbia , and the surrounding communities . The majority of the scenes are filmed in the suburb community of White Rock , especially those including the ocean or coastline . Speaking about filming the show , Steve Franks stated that " I swear it 's San Clemente , CA . It couldn 't look more like it " . In order to make the sets appear as Santa Barbara , the show 's crew members installed many props stereotypical to Southern California , including fake palm trees , surfboards , and the California @-@ published newspaper , the Santa Maria Sun . The production crew had to truck in eight palm trees to each set during filming .
Several of the show 's filming sets were changed between episodes . The Psych office was expanded and refurnished , afterwards becoming the second largest stage for the show . The house for Henry Spencer was changed , in order to be closer to the ocean . The set for Chief Vick 's office was also changed , and was repainted to brighten the scenes shot in it . Much of the episode was filmed on a sound stage , while several other scenes were filmed in the basement of the facility . Much of the installment was written to take place in Santa Barbara 's Arlington Theater . Several of the episode 's scenes were written by Franks while filming the pilot episode .
In order to make the show seem more realistic , Franks and other writers talked to his father , a former Los Angeles police officer , and several psychics . Much of the episode 's content was improvised by the actors , and Roday included a pineapple in the episode , continuing the reoccurring theme on the show . James Roday talked to producers about including singing in the series ' second episode , but the idea was shut down because it was too soon in the show . In addition , Steve Franks considered writing one of the show 's early episodes to be about a psychic claiming Shawn was a fraud , but delayed writing the episode until later . The producers attempted to include themes against smoking and the issues of friendship . Franks also included a character named Mrs. Foote , a reference to his 1999 movie Big Daddy .
= = Release = =
The episode was originally broadcast in the United States on July 14 , 2006 , on USA Network as the second episode of the show 's first season . It aired at a 10 : 00 P.M. EST / PST time slot , following a new episode of the show Monk . The episode aired under a rating of TV @-@ PG , meaning that some of its content may not be appropriate for young children . The show 's previous installment , " Pilot " , was a special extended episode , running for approximately 66 minutes . " Spellingg Bee " was the first installment of the show to run for a normal length , approximately 43 minutes . The National Broadcasting Corporation ( NBC ) , parent company of Psych 's producer , Universal Cable Productions , rebroadcast several of the show 's episodes , due to struggling ratings for the network . The re @-@ airing of the episodes occurred on August 7 and August 14 of 2006 ; " Spellingg Bee " was shown at an 8 : 00 P.M. time slot , on August 7 .
" Spellingg Bee " , along with the fourteen other episodes from Psych 's first season were released on a four @-@ disc DVD set in the United States and Canada on June 26 , 2007 . The set includes full audio commentaries for six episodes , including " Spellingg Bee " , deleted scenes for most episodes , blooper reals , audition tapes , character profiles , the international version of the episode " Pilot " , an " Inside the writers ' room " featurette , and other special features . The set is filmed in 1 @.@ 78 : 1 aspect ratio , with English subtitles available , and Dolby Digital 5 @.@ 1 Surround . The DVD set was released in the United Kingdom and other Region 2 countries on January 9 , 2008 , and was released in Australia on April 30 of the same year . The entire first season has also been released on the iTunes store for digital download , as well as independent downloads of each individual episode .
= = Reception = =
= = = Ratings = = =
According to the Nielsen Media Research , in its original American broadcast , " Spellingg Bee " was viewed by a total of 4 @.@ 71 million people . Approximately 3 @.@ 35 million households were watching the installment during its initial broadcast . The episode earned a 1 @.@ 5 rating / 5 share in the 18 – 49 demographic , meaning that on average 1 @.@ 5 percent of all television @-@ equipped households were tuned into the installment at any given moment , while 5 percent of households watching TV were tuned into it during the time slot . Approximately 1 @.@ 8 million people in 25 – 54 demographic also viewed the episode . The installment was the most watched basic cable program for its air date . " Spellingg Bee " was ranked eighth in total viewers in the week of July 10 – 16 , falling slightly behind its lead @-@ in program , Monk , which was viewed by 4 @.@ 89 million people . The installment 's ratings were a major drop from the show 's previous episode , " Pilot " , which was viewed by 6 @.@ 06 million people , and had a 1 @.@ 9 rating / 6 share . " Spellingg Bee " finished fourth in viewership for Psych 's first season , falling behind the pilot , " Weekend Warriors " ( 4 @.@ 76 million ) , and " 9 Lives " ( 4 @.@ 72 million ) .
= = = Critical reception = = =
Since airing , the episode has received mixed to positive reviews . In his review for IGN , contributor Colin Moriarty heavily criticized the episode , calling it " unintentionally lackluster " . While Moriarty considered Hill to portray Gus well , he considered Juliet O 'Hara and Carlton Lassiter 's characters " rather forgettable " and stated that " neither character has any traits that make them interesting in the least " . He considered the show to be " admittedly in a difficult spot " . Moriarty criticized the show 's police force , calling it " possibly miscast " . He called the episode " mildly entertaining and mildly boring " and that the show is " not looking too good " . The installment was given a rating of 6 , or " okay " , tying it for the lowest rated episode of the season , with the following episode , " Speak Now or Forever Hold Your Piece " . In an article for The New York Times , journalist Bill Carter mentions that after just the two episodes , " USA Network seems to have found another drama hit with ' Psych ' " . The episode received a positive review from the online critic website Review Stream . The installment was considered to be good for several reasons . The reviewer stated that they " like how they introduce Lassiter ’ s new partner by having Shawn meet her in a coffee shop " instead of just " having her tagging along on the case and being introduced in the same boring fashion other shows rely on " when they replace a character early in the season . They also stated that the " case itself was also pretty interesting in that they were investigating sabotage at a spelling bee and potentially the murder of the spell master " . The reviewer summarized by saying that the installment " was a funny episode that I could definitely watch again " , and recommended viewing it .
In his review for TV Squad , writer Richard Keller gave the episode a mixed to positive review , calling the installment " pretty unique " , but that it also had its flaws . He enjoyed the fact that the episode revealed the relationship between Shawn and Henry , that it " reflects the relationship many of us have with our own fathers " . He also enjoyed the " fleshing out " of Gus 's character , that " we now see Gus as quite the brainiac " and " rather than saying nothing but ' No , Shawn ' ... Gus actually contributes quite a bit to this episode " . However , Keller also criticized parts of the episode , saying that he disliked the " whole fake psychic concept " . Keller also criticized Timothy Omundson 's character Carlton Lassiter , saying " he just doesn 't fit into the whole show " , and " Omundson 's makes Lassiter look like a cartoon character " . In a comment for TV Guide , the show was called " a diamond in the rough " , and writer Matt Roush called star James Roday " a delight " . The episode was included in Yahoo ! TV 's list of the nerdiest episodes of Psych . Reviewer Tucker Cummings said that " the wordplay in this episode great " and that " it gives you a great insight into how Gus and Shawn 's friendship has functioned ( or dysfunctioned ) over the years " . In addition , she said that the episode 's murder @-@ mystery plot " is actually really engrossing " when compared to later episodes of the show .
In a review of the Syfy channel series Eureka , Boston Globe critic Matthew Gilbert compared the series to Psych , describing both as having " light @-@ hearted dramedic tones " . A few days after the episode aired , Virginia Rohan of The Record called the show a " promising series " . Several critics compared the episode and show to the then @-@ new Lifetime network series Angela 's Eyes ; in his article for the Los Angeles Daily News , journalist David Kronke stated that " Lifetime 's new crime drama ' Angela 's Eyes ' is essentially the USA Network 's new series ' Psych ' inside out and played without laughs " . In an article for the Akron Beacon Journal , Angela 's Eyes main character Abigail Spencer was compared to Shawn Spencer , who was described as being " so good that people don 't believe what he can figure out " . Psych was also described as having " a much simpler premise " , but being more entertaining than Angela 's Eyes " .
The installment has been very positively received by the show 's cast and crew . Series creator Steve Franks was asked by iTunes in 2009 to select his twelve favorite episodes to be put on a special DVD release . The collection , titled Psych : Twelve Episodes That Will Make You Happy , contained four episodes from the first season , including " Spellingg Bee " . When describing the episode , Franks stated that " The Spellingg Bee has my one of my favorite scenes in the run of the show when Shawn takes over for the spellmaster and has to investigate a murder while making up words for the contestants to spell " . In 2013 , iTunes asked stars James Roday and Dulé Hill to select their 20 favorite episodes from the show . The DVD collection was titled Psych : James and Dule 's Top 20 , with " Spellingg Bee " was selected as # 14 on the collection , picked by Roday . Three other episodes from the first season were also selected .
= = = Accolades = = =
For his performance in portraying Burton " Gus " Guster in the episode , Dulé Hill was nominated to win the award for " Best Actor – Comedy " at the 13th Annual NAMIC Vision Awards . The awards are organized by the National Association for Multi @-@ ethnicity in Communications ( NAMIC ) , and are given for " outstanding achievements in original , multi @-@ ethnic cable programming " . Other nominees for the award were Carlos Mencia , Romany Malco , and Damon Wayans . Hill lost the award to Mencia , for received it for his performance in the Comedy Central program Mind of Mencia .
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= Free Family Portrait Studio =
" Free Family Portrait Studio " is the twenty @-@ fourth episode and season finale of the eighth season of the American comedy television series The Office , and the show 's 176th episode overall . The episode originally aired on NBC on May 10 , 2012 . " Free Family Portrait Studio " was written and directed by B. J. Novak , who also wrote and directed the season premiere " The List " . The episode guest stars Andy Buckley , Jack Coleman , Sendhil Ramamurthy , Jerry Minor , and Michael Schur .
The series — presented as if it were a real documentary — depicts the everyday lives of office employees in the Scranton , Pennsylvania , branch of the fictional Dunder Mifflin Paper Company . In the episode , David Wallace ( Andy Buckley ) helps Andy Bernard ( Ed Helms ) go undercover and stage a coup , and a new opportunity arises for Robert California ( James Spader ) .
" Free Family Portrait Studio " received mixed reviews from critics , with many noting that the episode did not feel like a proper season finale . It was viewed by 4 @.@ 49 million viewers and received a 2 @.@ 3 rating / 6 % share among adults between the age of 18 and 49 . The episode ranked third in its timeslot and was also the highest @-@ rated NBC series of the night .
= = Plot = =
Dwight Schrute ( Rainn Wilson ) offers free family portraits in the office , and many members of the office take advantage of the opportunity , including Creed Bratton ( himself ) with his very elderly parents , Toby Flenderson ( Paul Lieberstein ) with his teenaged daughter Sasha , Meredith Palmer ( Kate Flannery ) with her teenaged son , Kelly Kapoor ( Mindy Kaling ) with Ravi ( Sendhil Ramamurthy ) , a desperate Ryan Howard ( B. J. Novak ) trying to win back Kelly 's affection yet again , and Pam Halpert ( Jenna Fischer ) with a reluctant Jim ( John Krasinski ) and their children Cecelia and Philip . Senator Robert Lipton ( Jack Coleman ) later comes by with his and Angela Martin 's ( Angela Kinsey ) son Philip to also get a family portrait . Jim suspects that Dwight 's motive for giving away family portraits was to get revenge on Jim for a prank involving a fake Velcro suit , but Dwight 's real motive was to try to get some of Philip Lipton 's DNA to run a test to determine who Philip 's actual father is . Angela is very much against this idea and tries to ensure that Dwight does not get the opportunity . After taking the pictures , Robert notices that Philip 's diaper is full , so he goes to change him . After doing so Dwight goes into the bathroom to retrieve the diaper , but Angela chases after him as he makes a break for the hospital to run the DNA test . Dwight and Angela then take part in a high @-@ speed car chase until Dwight calls his cousin Mose ( Michael Schur ) to take her off his trail with a duplicate Trans Am . Angela later finds him in the waiting area , where he confirms he 's going to be there for the entire 72 @-@ hour waiting period for the DNA results . After she sits down , holding his hand , Dwight begins kissing her and Angela briefly demurs before passionately kissing him in return .
Andy Bernard ( Ed Helms ) comes into the office , wearing shabby clothing , and walks straight into manager Nellie Bertram 's ( Catherine Tate ) office and pleads for a job . She eventually caves and makes him janitor for the day . Later , Andy says in a talking head interview that he has actually convinced former CFO David Wallace ( Andy Buckley ) to buy Dunder Mifflin from Sabre and then make him the regional manager yet again ; Andy is wearing the shabby clothing and making himself smell of alcohol in order to make everyone believe that he is doing poorly . Andy becomes very dependent on David arriving at the office until Andy calls him to say that he cannot make it until the next Friday . Andy then announces the plan and upon hearing this everyone assumes that Andy 's conversations with David are hallucinations because none of them have seen Andy talking with David . However , David surprisingly shows up to the office and assures everyone that he is indeed buying Dunder Mifflin from Sabre with the $ 20 million that he got from selling a toy @-@ vacuum invention to the United States Military . Upon hearing this news , Sabre CEO Robert California ( James Spader ) approaches David in an oddly excitable tone , introducing himself as " Bob Kazamakis " and takes him to the conference room to negotiate . Meanwhile , when Andy is reinstated as manager , Nellie begs him by reciting Shakespeare 's quality of mercy quote from The Merchant of Venice . Out of pity , Andy gives Nellie a new job as special projects manager . Robert later tells the office that he will be leaving for the next three years and going to " help " undereducated Eastern European high school gymnasts with matching funds of one million dollars , which he convinces David to donate , disgusting the rest of the office . He then exits the office once and for all by giving Andy a kiss , possibly as a symbol of his power being regained , puts his arm around Andy and says to the office , " It 's been a great year . "
Meanwhile , former warehouse workers and lottery winners Calvin ( Calvin Tenner ) and Hide ( Hidetoshi Imura ) approach Darryl Philbin ( Craig Robinson ) asking for their jobs back as they made a bad investment in an energy drink for Asian homosexuals . Darryl accepts them back and shows them around the warehouse and introduces them to new foreman Val ( Ameenah Kaplan ) . Val 's boyfriend , Brandon ( Jerry Minor ) , is also there with her and notices the blatant compliments that Darryl gives to Val . Brandon then tells Darryl off which he responds to by just simply walking away . Later , Darryl and his daughter , Jada , are taking pictures at the family portrait studio ; Val joins them and holds Darryl 's hand .
At the end of the episode , Robert Lipton walks out of the building with Philip and he notices Oscar Martinez ( Oscar Nunez ) . Robert asks why Oscar did not call after the fundraiser and heavily hints at his attraction to Oscar , which Oscar has repeatedly suggested to be the case . Oscar appears taken aback , but flattered and tempted .
= = Production = =
" Free Family Portrait Studio " was written and directed by executive producer B. J. Novak , who also portrays Ryan Howard in the series , marking the last of his 15 writing and five directing credits for the series as Novak ended his day @-@ to @-@ day involvement with the series before Season 9 to work on " The Mindy Project " . The episode marks the eleventh appearance of Catherine Tate as Nellie Bertram and her eighth consecutive appearance . She first appeared in the seventh season finale , " Search Committee " as a guest star , but starting with " Tallahassee " she was added to the cast as a recurring character . The episode hinted at the possibility of her returning in the ninth season . She was initially the top choice to replace Steve Carell , but was unable to join the series at that time due to her commitment to the West End production of Much Ado About Nothing . The episode also featured the third consecutive appearance of the character David Wallace ( Andy Buckley ) , former CFO of Dunder Mifflin , the seventh appearance of Jack Coleman as Angela 's husband , State Senator Robert Lipton , the second appearance of Sendhil Ramamurthy as Kelly 's boyfriend Ravi , having previously appeared in the episode " Angry Andy " , and the second appearance of former Saturday Night Live cast member Jerry Minor as Val 's boyfriend Brandon , having previously appeared in the episode " After Hours " . Former Office writer / producer Michael Schur appears as Dwight 's cousin Mose for the 10th time , and the first since the episode " Garden Party " earlier in the season . James Spader , who portrayed Robert California , made his final appearance for the eighth season .
The Season Eight DVD contains a number of deleted scenes from this episode . Notable cut scenes include Robert complimenting Jim and Pam 's marriage and admitting his desire to share in their love , which the two take as a metaphorical compliment , Jim receiving a text from Robert asking him if Pam and he are free at 10 the following Friday which causes the two to think that California literally wants to be a part of their relationship , Pam trying to reassure Jim that Robert 's odd behavior is a figment of their imagination , and Robert calling off the get @-@ together due to this resignation as CEO of Sabre . Jim , out of curiosity , asks him what he was planning , to which he replies " a three @-@ way " .
= = Reception = =
= = = Ratings = = =
" Free Family Portrait Studio " originally aired on NBC in the United States on May 10 , 2012 . The episode was viewed by 4 @.@ 49 million viewers and received a 2 @.@ 3 rating / 6 % share among adults between the ages of 18 and 49 . This means that it was seen by 2 @.@ 3 % of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds , and 7 % of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds watching television at the time of the broadcast . The episode stayed even in the ratings from the previous episode , " Turf War " . The episode finished third in its time slot , being beaten by Grey 's Anatomy which received a 3 @.@ 5 rating / 10 % share and the CBS drama Person of Interest which received a 2 @.@ 6 rating / 7 % share in the 18 – 49 demographic . The episode beat the Fox series Touch and The CW drama series The Secret Circle . Despite this , " Free Family Portrait Studio " was the highest @-@ rated NBC television episode of the night . 2 @.@ 20 million viewers saw the episode through DVR , bringing the viewing total to 6 @.@ 69 million viewers .
= = = Reviews = = =
" Free Family Portrait Studio " received mixed reviews from critics . Myles McNutt from The A.V. Club wrote that " Free Family Portrait Studio " proved to be " a disheartening conclusion to the show ’ s worst season , offering little optimism to sustain our already dwindling enthusiasm over the summer months . " He continued to say that the season made him have little interest in " seeing anything further from Andy Bernard " . Despite this , he complimented the Dwight subplot due to its slight connection to real human emotions . He ultimately gave the episode a C + . HitFix reviewer Alan Sepinwall wrote that he hoped the new showrunner , following Paul Lieberstein , would undo the developments made in the finale , criticizing the season 's run of Andy Bernard as manager and Nellie Bertram 's character . He also wrote that he would only view the first handful of episodes , due to the new showrunner and the hope that the season would improve . Cindy White of IGN wrote that the episode " hit all the marks " as a season finale , and said she was happy that Sabre was finally gone from the series . She complimented the good writing and character moments , but criticized the possible return of Nellie and the handling of the Angela @-@ Dwight storyline over the season . She ultimately gave the episode an 8 @.@ 0 / 10 , calling it " great " . Additionally , multiple critics criticized Andy 's over @-@ dramatization while trying to make a comeback to Dunder Mifflin .
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= North Circular Road =
The North Circular Road ( officially the A406 and sometimes known as simply the North Circular ) is a 25 @.@ 7 @-@ mile @-@ long ( 41 @.@ 4 km ) ring road around Central London in England . It runs from Chiswick in the west to Woolwich in the east , and connects the various suburbs in the area , including Ealing , Willesden , Wembley , Southgate , Tottenham , Woodford and Barking . Together with its counterpart , the South Circular Road , it forms a ring road through the Outer London suburbs . This ring road does not make a complete circuit of the city , being C @-@ shaped rather than a complete loop as the crossing of the River Thames in the east is made on the Woolwich Ferry .
The road was originally designed to connect local industrial communities together in addition to bypassing London , and was constructed in the 1920s and ' 30s . It received significant upgrades after the Second World War , and was at one point planned to be upgraded to motorway as part of the controversial and ultimately cancelled London Ringways scheme in the late 1960s . In the early 1990s , the road was extended to bypass Barking and meet the A13 north of Woolwich .
The road 's design varies from six lane dual carriageway to urban streets , the latter of which contribute to traffic congestion in London and are regularly featured on local traffic reports , particularly at Henlys Corner and Bounds Green in Northwest London . The uncertainty of development has caused urban decay and property blight along its route , and led to criticism over its poor pollution record . Several London Borough Councils have set up regeneration projects to improve the environment for communities surrounding the North Circular .
= = Route = =
The North Circular Road forms the northern part of a ring @-@ road around Central London . It has seen substantially more investment than its counterpart , the South Circular Road , and consequently runs on more purpose @-@ built road than urban streets , often coupled with demolition of existing houses and urban infrastructure . Although the route has alternative names at some points , it is generally referred to as the North Circular throughout for route planning purposes . The route is mostly grade @-@ separated dual carriageway from the A40 at Hanger Lane to the A13 in Beckton except for the Drury Way / Brentfield Road junction , the Golders Green Road / Brent Street junction , Henlys Corner and the section from Bounds Green to Green Lanes . In areas where improvements made slowest progress and upgrades are unlikely , the original names such as Gunnersbury Avenue and Bowes Road are used .
= = = Gunnersbury , Hanger Lane and Brent Cross = = =
The road begins in Gunnersbury at the Chiswick flyover ( junction 1 of the M4 ) , from which the South Circular Road ( A205 ) heads south over Kew Bridge . The first section runs along Gunnersbury Avenue through Gunnersbury Park to Ealing Common , where it becomes Hanger Lane . The road crosses the railway west of Paddington to the Hanger Lane gyratory system , a large roundabout on top of the Western Avenue ( the A40 ) with Hanger Lane tube station . This is one of the busiest junctions in London , incorporating 10 @,@ 000 vehicles an hour .
The A406 runs on purpose @-@ built road to the north of Hanger Lane Gyratory , and is referred to as " North Circular Road " on street signs . The road is a six @-@ lane dual carriageway that connects the industrial estates in the area , and passes beneath the main railway line from Euston Station , near Stonebridge Park . Beyond this , there is a junction with IKEA and the Neasden temple to the southeast , and the road runs across empty land past the Welsh Harp Reservoir . Beyond the reservoir , there is a large interchange with the Edgware Road ( A5 ) and junction 1 of the M1 motorway at Staples Corner , and a junction for the Brent Cross Shopping Centre at the Brent Cross Interchange ( joining the A41 from Finchley ) . This section of the North Circular was used for filming the car chasing sequences in Withnail And I.
Northeast of Brent Cross , at Henlys Corner , the North Circular briefly shares carriageways with the A1 which joins it from the left and leaves it to the right to head into Central London . The junction complex also serves a local road from Hampstead and pedestrian traffic , and consequently is a major bottleneck on the route . Transport for London have invested in the junction , including a special hands free crossing for the local Jewish community , who can then cross the road on the Sabbath . The road passes north of St Pancras and Islington Cemetery towards Friern Barnet and Muswell Hill . The road narrows to two lane single carriageway to pass under a railway bridge , and continues as Telford Road towards Bounds Green .
= = = Southgate , Woodford and Beckton = = =
Traffic on the North Circular Road must turn right from Telford Road into Bowes Road , which causes problems with heavy goods vehicles . The road continues past densely packed housing and business areas before widening at Green Lanes and assuming the North Circular Road name again . At Great Cambridge Interchange , its most northerly point , the A406 crosses Great Cambridge Road ( A10 ) . Angel Road railway station is partially located beneath the flyover at Angel Road , in an area marked for redevelopment known as Meridian Water . This leads onto the Lea Valley Viaduct that provides a safe crossing of the River Lea 's flood plain . The viaduct is part of the original construction and was one of the first of its kind to be build using reinforced concrete .
After the viaduct the road becomes Southend Road , passing north of Walthamstow , and immediately before the Crooked Billet junction , the former site of Walthamstow greyhound racing track . It continues eastward , cutting through a southern section of Epping Forest and meeting the Woodford New Road at Waterworks Corner , before an elevated junction with the M11 motorway and Southend Road heading to Gants Hill . The South Woodford to Barking Relief Road ( the section between the M11 and A13 ) opened in 1987 . Previously , the A406 extended along Southend Road and Woodford Avenue as far east as Gants Hill . The current route of the North Circular Road turns south , passing Eastern Avenue ( A12 ) on a flyover at the Redbridge roundabout . It passes Romford Road ( the historic Roman Road from London to Colchester ) to the west of Ilford and London Road , Barking , and ends at a roundabout with the A13 Newham Way / Alfred 's Way in Beckton . To reach the Woolwich Ferry , traffic must follow local roads to the ferry terminal . This leads across the River Thames , connecting with the eastern end of the South Circular Road on the other side of the river . The junction with the A13 has been built to enable the North Circular to be continued across the junction to the Thames Gateway Bridge if and when it is built .
= = History = =
= = = Early history = = =
Proposals for a route avoiding Central London had been in place since the early 20th century due to increasing levels of traffic . In 1910 , the London Traffic Division of the Board of Trade had built up schemes for new roads , including what became the North Circular Road , which was designed to skirt the extent of urban development along suburbs .
The North Circular Road was originally designed as an unemployment relief scheme following the First World War . Various manufacturing industries , including furniture production , had moved away from the East End in the early 20th century and started to be based in communities along the fringes of outer London development . As well as a general bypass of Central London , it would connect the communities of Edmonton , Tottenham and Walthamstow together and allow former munition factories to be reused for industrial purposes . Further west , industrial work increased around Wembley to cater for the 1924 British Empire Exhibition , while former military factories at Willesden , Hendon and Acton would also benefit from being connected by the North Circular Road . The overall route ran on cheap land that further works and factories could be built next to . Purpose @-@ built sections were designed to dual carriageway standards , including a 27 @-@ foot ( 8 @.@ 2 m ) wide carriageway accompanied by 9 @-@ foot ( 2 @.@ 7 m ) verges .
The original route ran from Chiswick to Southgate , and was open to traffic by the 1930s . Although it mostly ran on new @-@ build road , a section east of Southgate ran on existing streets . By the end of the decade , the area surrounding the Park Royal estate had become the largest industrial estate in the south of England , and the London Passenger Transport Board were receiving regular complaints about the excess traffic levels .
Due to laxer laws about building housing on major roads , as London suburbs developed , properties were allowed to be built on the North Circular Road . The original purpose @-@ built road had been designed with no speed limit , as was typically the case in the 1920s , but by 1951 a 30 mph speed limit was enforced along the route .
In 1946 , the North Circular Road became a trunk road , funded from a national budget set by the Ministry of Transport ( MOT ) rather than a local one .
= = = London Ringways = = =
After reviewing traffic conditions in 1961 , the Ministry of Transport planned to improve the North Circular Road to a higher capacity , grade separating as many junctions as possible , particularly those at important arterial routes . In the 1960s the Greater London Council developed the London Ringways Plan to construct a series of circular and radial motorways throughout London to ease traffic congestion in the central area . Under this plan the North Circular Road was to be improved to dual @-@ carriageway standard throughout the majority of its length by the late 1970s .
The Ringway projects were extremely unpopular and drew wide @-@ scale protests , which led to the cancellation of plans in 1972 , particularly after the Westway had opened in the face of wide scale protest two years earlier . In 1974 , the MOT scaled back plans to improve the North Circular Road , though by the end of the decade they had revised plans to improve the route to dual carriageway throughout without any property frontages . In 1979 , the Ministry of Transport planned to improve the Great Cambridge Road Roundabout with a £ 17 million scheme that would have demolished over 100 houses and shops . This was cancelled and replaced with a straightforward underpass in 1983 , costing £ 22 @.@ 3 million .
= = = South Woodford to Barking Relief Road = = =
The section of the North Circular south of Charlie Browns in South Woodford is the " South Woodford to Barking Relief Road " . Prior to its opening , the signposted North Circular route from Waterworks to the Woolwich Ferry was on local roads via Whipps Cross , Wanstead , Manor Park and Beckton . As well as delays for the ferry , traffic could also be held due to bridges with the Royal Albert and King George V Docks . The road was originally planned to be a continuation of the M11 , but the standard of road was dropped in design to a basic dual carriageway . It was proposed to be built in the 1980s concurrently with the controversial M11 link road .
= = = Henlys Corner and Bounds Green improvements = = =
The North Circular Road ceased to be a trunk road in 2000 , when control of all roads inside Greater London passed to Transport for London ( TfL ) . In 2004 , Mayor of London Ken Livingstone promised limited improvements to the road , but received criticism for not approving earlier plans for widening the often heavily congested road at critical sections . In 2009 , it was announced that major works between the Bounds Green Road and Green Lanes junctions would finally go ahead , having been proposed for over 90 years , and was completed the following year . The work improved the carriageway between these junctions , widening Telford Road to two lanes and improving all of the junctions along the route . Improvements were also made to walkways and cycle paths along this route . However , unlike elsewhere on the North Circular , the new junctions are not grade @-@ separated and have been designed with environmental concerns in mind . The opened scheme is a reduced specification from 1960s plans , which projected this section of the North Circular to be dual carriageway .
In April 2011 , after many years of proposals and delays , construction began on a major upgrade of the Henlys Corner interchange . An underpass was originally proposed but this was heavily criticised by local residents , and would have been very costly , and was subsequently scrapped . The upgrade scheme improved on the current junction by adding extra lanes and allowing easier left and right turns , speeding up queue times . Cycle paths and safer pedestrian crossings were included .
In July 2013 , a task force set up by the Mayor of London Boris Johnson proposed that long sections of the North Circular ( as well as the South Circular ) should be put underground in road tunnels , freeing up space on the surface to provide public space , extensive cycle routes , and better links to existing communities currently severed by the road .
= = Environment and safety = =
The North Circular Road has received regular criticism over its poor safety record and piecemeal improvement schemes due to a lack of funding since it opened to traffic . In 1989 , Michael Portillo , then a Member of Parliament for Enfield Southgate , complained that 367 houses were scheduled for demolition as part of improvements to the North Circular in his constituency . Friends of the Earth have complained about rising costs and delays to junction and safety improvements . In 2003 , environment cabinet member Terry Neville said that TfL 's proposed improvements for improving the North Circular were " a sham " and that the local council wanted a six @-@ lane motorway to properly solve congestion .
The uncertainty over the future of the North Circular Road has blighted properties on and near it , particularly around Bounds Green . Around 1972 , approximately 400 homes on the road were compulsory purchased by the Greater London Council in conjunction with widening schemes that were then cancelled . The properties have suffered from a lack of long @-@ term care . Since TfL took responsibility for the road , land for future schemes has been left dormant , resulting in urban decay with derelict properties . Compulsory purchased properties were let out to various short @-@ term tenants , which led to them housing prostitutes and migrant workers living in increasing squalor . Pedestrians have become too frightened to use underpasses along the road , particularly to access North Middlesex Hospital . Areas close to the road , such as the alleys behind properties on the Telford Road section , have suffered from fly tipping and anti @-@ social behaviour .
In 2011 , Enfield Borough Council proposed a North Circular Area Action Plan , which would regenerate the area immediately around Telford Road and Bowes Road , and encourage growth . This includes new pedestrian crossings and improved access to existing open spaces , including Arnos Park and Broomfield Park .
In 2002 , the North Circular was rated as Britain 's noisiest road by the UK Noise Association . In 2013 , the road was named in a BBC report as being the most polluted in London , including the highest surveyed levels of benzene and nitrogen dioxide . A report in the Sunday Times , referring to the North Circular , said " if you want to pull back the lid of your convertible and drink in the fresh air , look elsewhere " .
= = Junctions = =
The North Circular Road has a wide variety of styles and standards of junctions connecting to other roads . These range from the complex , grade @-@ separated design at Charlie Brown 's near Woodford , to at @-@ grade junctions with traffic lights . The original road contained entirely at @-@ grade junctions ; many of these were improved and grade separated during the late 1970s and early 1980s .
= = = Current junctions = = =
= = = Former junctions = = =
= = Cultural references = =
The North Circular Road is mentioned in the poet Louis MacNeice 's 1938 piece , Autumn Journey . In it , he describes the features along the road , including factories , prefabricated buildings , bungalows and petrol pumps " like intransigent gangs of idols " . Keith Moon played his first gig with the Who at a pub on the North Circular Road on 2 May 1964 .
The original Ace Cafe was based on the North Circular Road . Open 24 hours a day , it catered for late @-@ night party @-@ goers and boy racers . It was a popular place for cars to be hot @-@ wired and stolen , as drivers knew they could make a quick getaway . Regus founder Mark Dixon 's first business on returning to Britain after an extended time aboard was a hot @-@ dog stand on the North Circular Road , making his own buns . He grew the business into a full @-@ time bakery which he sold in 1989 for £ 800 @,@ 000 ( now £ 1 @,@ 790 @,@ 000 ) .
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= Interstate 475 ( Michigan ) =
Interstate 475 ( I @-@ 475 ) is an Interstate Highway in the US state of Michigan . I @-@ 475 is a 16 @.@ 99 @-@ mile ( 27 @.@ 34 km ) bypass route that serves the downtown area of Flint while its parent , I @-@ 75 , passes through the west side of the city . I @-@ 475 starts southwest of Grand Blanc and runs through suburbs of Flint before passing through downtown . There it intersects I @-@ 69 and crosses the Flint River . The freeway turns westerly to connect back to I @-@ 75 north of Flint near Mount Morris .
This component freeway of the state trunkline highway system was planned in the 1950s and built in the 1970s . The trunkline was first named the Buick Freeway to honor David Dunbar Buick 's contributions to Flint 's early automotive industry as founder of Buick Motor Company . I @-@ 475 was renamed in 1981 the UAW Freeway , honoring the United Auto Workers , a labor union which was active in Flint . At the same time , the name of I @-@ 69 in Flint was changed from the " Chevrolet Freeway " to the " Chevrolet @-@ Buick Freeway " . Since 2001 , I @-@ 475 has borne both the UAW and Buick names officially .
= = Route description = =
I @-@ 475 starts at a partial interchange with I @-@ 75 in Grand Blanc Township , southwest of Grand Blanc . From this start at exit 111 , the freeway proceeds northward through a suburban residential area next to a baseball field complex . As I @-@ 475 continues northward , it has an interchange with Hill Road near the Crestwood Memorial Gardens cemetery and several commercial properties . North of the Maple Road underpass , the freeway crosses into the suburb of Burton where it runs for about 1 1 ⁄ 2 miles ( 2 @.@ 4 km ) before crossing into the city of Flint . The freeway then curves around to the northeast near Thread Lake , crossing over Saginaw Street . I @-@ 475 follows the western shore of the lake as it turns northward to run into downtown Flint .
South of the four @-@ level stack interchange with I @-@ 69 , I @-@ 475 crosses over a line of the Canadian National Railway . North of this interchange , the freeway runs more northwesterly as it skirts the eastern edge of downtown Flint . Near the campus of the University of Michigan @-@ Flint , I @-@ 475 curves to run parallel to the Flint River before crossing it next to an industrial area . There is an interchange complex on the northwest side of the river that provides access to Stewart Avenue and M @-@ 54 ( Dort Highway ) . I @-@ 475 then runs north and northwesterly parallel to a rail line operated by CSX Transportation . North of Carpenter Road , the freeway exits the city of Flint and enters Genesee Township . The Interstate turns to the east to cross into Mount Morris Township before meeting an interchange for Saginaw Street . There is one more interchange for Clio Road before I @-@ 475 terminates at a full interchange with I @-@ 75 's exit 125 .
I @-@ 475 is maintained by the Michigan Department of Transportation ( MDOT ) like other state highways in Michigan . As a part of these maintenance responsibilities , the department tracks the volume of traffic that uses the roadways under its jurisdiction . These volumes are expressed using a metric called annual average daily traffic , which is a statistical calculation of the average daily number of vehicles on a segment of roadway . MDOT 's surveys in 2010 showed that the highest traffic levels along I @-@ 475 were the 57 @,@ 400 vehicles daily north of the I @-@ 69 interchange in Flint ; the lowest counts were the 18 @,@ 637 vehicles per day west of the Clio Road interchange . As an Interstate Highway , I @-@ 475 has been listed on the National Highway System , a network of roads important to the country 's economy , defense , and mobility .
= = History = =
A freeway along the I @-@ 475 corridor was proposed in the 1950s . The 1955 Yellow Book , an early proposal for what would become the Interstate Highway System , contained an inset of the proposed freeways in and around the Flint area , including a loop route freeway near the downtown area . Designated as part of the Interstate Highway System in 1957 , I @-@ 475 construction was funded by the federal government .
I @-@ 475 was first opened to traffic in the early 1970s . The first section was built between I @-@ 75 / US 10 northward to M @-@ 21 / M @-@ 78 . The second section was built from I @-@ 75 / US 10 / US 23 to BUS M @-@ 54 along the north side of town . These two sections were opened on November 9 , 1973 and September 26 , 1974 respectively . The final section was opened between them in 1981 .
= = Memorial highway designations = =
I @-@ 475 has carried two different memorial highway designations in its history , the Buick Freeway and the UAW Freeway .
David Dunbar Buick was a Scottish @-@ born immigrant who moved to Detroit with his parents at the age of two in 1856 – 57 . He quit school to supplement the family 's income after his father 's 1860 death . In the 1880s , he was a plumbing supplier in the Detroit area , inventing a process that created a cheaper white bathtub . Buick produced a method for permanently coating cast iron with vitreous enamel which allowed the production of " white " baths at lower cost . He later sold his plumbing business and the patents to American Standard . Using the profits from this sale , Buick started working on gasoline engines , and later automobiles . He eventually moved his operations from Detroit to the Flint Wagon Works . William Durant managed the fledgling Buick Manufacturing Company , making it the number one car @-@ building company in the country by 1908 . Durant later built on the foundation of Buick 's company to create General Motors . In honor of Buick 's contributions to Flint 's manufacturing base , the Flint City Commission proposed naming I @-@ 475 after Buick . The freeway passed by the city 's Buick plant and many of the employees would use the new freeway on their commutes to work . The Michigan Legislature passed Concurrent Resolution 22 in 1969 to add the name .
The United Auto Workers ( UAW ) was founded in Detroit on August 26 , 1935 . The labor union struggled to gain members until the Flint Sit @-@ Down Strike in 1937 . The strike started on December 30 , 1936 , when workers at the Fisher Body Plant No. 1 stopped loading tool dies on the night shift , locking themselves into the plant . The dies were destined for shipment to plants where union activity was much weaker than the UAW @-@ organized plants in Flint . On January 3 , 1937 , workers at the plant sat down on the job ; Fisher Plant No. 2 later joined in the sit @-@ down strike . The heat was shut off at the plants , and on January 11 , food deliveries were stopped , sparking a riot . Governor Frank Murphy mobilized 4 @,@ 000 National Guard troops to keep peace at the plants . A second riot occurred at Chevrolet Plant No. 4 on February 1 . The National Guard troops surrounded the 12 striking plants in Flint , but the governor never ordered them into action . President Franklin D. Roosevelt encouraged the two parties to sit down once more , and an agreement was signed , recognizing the UAW in the 17 striking plants across the country .
A local politician wanted to honor not just the automotive pioneers in Flint , but the workers that worked in the plants . Since the UAW came to maturity in Flint as a result of the strikes , it was the appropriate location for a memorial highway designation . In 1980 , the Michigan Legislature passed House Concurrent Resolution 583 , renaming Flint 's east – west freeway ( I @-@ 69 ) the " Chevrolet – Buick Freeway " and I @-@ 475 the " UAW Freeway " . I @-@ 475 was dedicated with its new name on Labor Day , 1981 .
Public Act 142 of 2001 consolidated the memorial highway designations of the state . In passing this act , the Michigan Legislature expanded the Chevrolet – Buick Freeway to encompass all of I @-@ 69 in Genesee County . The act also restored Buick 's name to I @-@ 475 .
= = Future = =
The Genesee County Board of Commissioners has proposed to MDOT that I @-@ 475 should be connected to US 23 in the southern part of Genesee County . The board approved a study to investigate the economic impact of such an extension . The study will also examine how such an extension will impact an existing intermodal transportation hub at Bishop International Airport and a rail terminal being built at the former Buick City complex . Proposals for the freeway connection have been around since the late 1990s , but was indefinitely postponed in 2011 .
= = Exit list = =
The entire highway is in Genesee County .
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= M @-@ 56 ( 1919 – 1957 Michigan highway ) =
M @-@ 56 was a state trunkline highway in the southeastern part of the US state of Michigan . It existed from 1919 until 1957 . The highway ran north from Monroe , where it connected with US Highway 24 ( US 24 , Telegraph Road ) , to Flat Rock where it terminated at an intersection with US 24 / US 25 . Before a series of truncations in the 1950s , the highway continued along the Huron River to New Boston and Belleville . The trunkline was progressively scaled back to Flat Rock before being decommissioned in 1957 .
= = Route description = =
When it was decommissioned in 1957 , M @-@ 56 started at an intersection with US 24 ( Telegraph Road ) on the west side of Monroe . From there , the trunkline ran southeasterly along Elm Avenue to an intersection with US 25 ( Dixie Highway , now M @-@ 125 ) in downtown . M @-@ 56 also intersected US 24A ( now Interstate 75 ) just outside town . The highway continued northeasterly past Sterling State Park and along Brest Bay in the communities of Detroit Beach and Woodland Beach . Turning inland near Stony Point , the trunkline followed Dixie Highway across the Swan Creek . North of the creek , Dixie Highway met US Turnpike , and M @-@ 56 followed Dixie Highway northward into South Rockwood . In that village , the trunkline turned northeasterly parallel to US 24 to cross the Huron River . On the north side of the river , M @-@ 56 followed the southernmost end of Fort Street to Huron River Drive , turning northwesterly along the latter road . The highway ran through an intersection with US 24A and parallel to the river into Flat Rock , where it terminated at the intersection with US 24 / US 25 ( Telegraph Road , now just US 24 ) .
= = History = =
When the state highway system was first signposted in 1919 , M @-@ 56 was assigned to roadways that ran northeasterly from the Ohio state line to the Belleville area . When the United States Numbered Highway System was created on November 11 , 1926 , the southern section between the state line and Monroe was redesignated as a section of US 25 . In the 1940s , the northern end was rerouted north from New Boston to follow M @-@ 112 along the Willow Run Expressway ( now I @-@ 94 and part of the Detroit Industrial Freeway ) into Belleville north to US 112 . In late 1954 or early 1955 , the northern end was changed again , this time truncating the highway to end at New Boston . The northern end was shortened again to terminate at US 24 / US 25 in Flat Rock in 1956 . The remainder of the highway from Monroe to Flat Rock was removed and decommissioned from the state highway system the next year , becoming county roads under the jurisdiction of Monroe and Wayne counties .
= = Major intersections = =
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= Okay Hot @-@ Shot , Okay ! =
Okay Hot @-@ Shot , Okay ! ( sometimes Okay Hot @-@ Shot ) is a 1963 pop art painting by Roy Lichtenstein that uses his Ben @-@ Day dots style and a text balloon . It is one of several examples of military art that Lichtenstein created between 1962 and 1964 , including several with aeronautical themes like this one . It was inspired by panels from four different comic books that provide the sources for the plane , the pilot , the text balloon and the graphic onomatopoeia , " VOOMP ! " .
Lichtenstein made several alterations to the source images as he compiled them into this composition . He used themes in this work that relate to those expressed in several of his other works . The narrative content is also said to relate to themes from other works , but instead of Lichtenstein 's own works it relates to Jackson Pollock 's contemporaneous works .
= = Background = =
During the late 1950s and early 1960s a number of American painters began to adapt the imagery and motifs of comic strips . Lichtenstein made drawings of comic strip characters in 1958 . Andy Warhol produced his earliest paintings using this style in 1960 . Lichtenstein , unaware of Warhol 's work , produced Look Mickey and Popeye in 1961 . Soon , Lichtenstein advanced from animated cartoons to more serious themes such as romance and combat depictions . Lichtenstein said that at the time , " I was very excited about , and very interested in , the highly emotional content yet detached impersonal handling of love , hate , war , etc . , in these cartoon images . " The work was inspired by five different comic book panels made by Russ Heath and Irv Novick . The plane , the pilot , the text balloon and the graphic onomatopoeia , " VOOMP ! " , all come from panels from different comic books .
Lichtenstein was a trained draftsman and artist . He also received training during World War II as an army pilot , but never saw active combat . His list of aeronautically themed works is extensive , including several others featuring pilots situated in cockpits during air combat such as Jet Pilot ( 1962 ) , Brattata ( 1962 ) , and Bratatat ! ( 1963 ) . Some sources list Okay Hot @-@ Shot , Okay ! along with Whaam ! and Blam as Lichtenstein 's best @-@ known examples of military art .
Okay Hot @-@ Shot , Okay ! is one of several comics @-@ based works , including Jet Pilot and Von Karp , inspired by the World War II U.S. fighter pilot Johnny Cloud of DC Comics ' The Losers . The January – February 1962 DC Comics ' All @-@ American Men of War issue # 89 was the inspiration for several Lichtenstein paintings , providing two of the source panels of Okay Hot @-@ Shot , Okay ! as well as sources for Brattata , Blam , Whaam ! and Tex ! The graphite pencil sketch , Jet Pilot was also from that issue .
= = Critical appraisal = =
In the source , the pilot wore traditional World War II headgear , but Lichtenstein altered the headgear to that of a cosmonaut , astronaut or modern air force pilot of the Cold War era . Lichtenstein also shifted the subject so that his left iris is in the frame . The work also is related to Lichtenstein 's theme of " machine and embodied vision " as exhibited in works such as Crak ! , Bratatat ! , and Jet Pilot .
The narrative content , " Okay , hot @-@ shot , okay ! I 'm pouring ! [ ammunition into the enemy ] " is said to have a dual meaning that alludes to the style of poured painting being made famous at the time by Pollock . Melodrama through heightened tension ties this with some of Lichtenstein 's most notable works .
While melding the elements and motifs of panels from two artists , Lichtenstein simplified the hatching and use of color . In Lichtenstein 's obituary , Los Angeles Times critic Christopher Knight said the use of color in this work harkened back to works by Morris Louis and the explosion 's graphic elements recalled Kenneth Noland 's target work .
In an account published in 1998 after Lichtenstein was famous , Irv Novick said that he met Lichtenstein in the army in 1947 and , as his superior officer , had responded to Lichtenstein 's tearful complaints about the menial tasks he was assigned by recommending him for a better job . Jean @-@ Paul Gabilliet has questioned this account , saying that Lichtenstein had left the army a year before the time Novick says the incident took place . Bart Beaty , noting that Lichtenstein had appropriated Novick for works such as Whaam ! and Okay Hot @-@ Shot , Okay ! , says that Novick 's story " seems to be an attempt to personally diminish " the more famous artist .
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= 1927 Atlantic hurricane season =
The 1927 Atlantic hurricane season featured no hurricane landfalls in the United States , in contrast to the four hurricanes that struck the United States in the previous season . Overall , the season was relatively inactive , with eight tropical storms , four of which became hurricanes . One of these became a major hurricane , which is Category 3 or higher on the modern day Saffir – Simpson hurricane wind scale . The first system , a tropical depression , developed on August 13 , while the final cyclone , a tropical storm , merged with a cold front on November 21 . The most significant storm of the season was Hurricane One , nicknamed the Nova Scotia hurricane . The sole major hurricane , this storm resulted in between 173 and 192 deaths in Atlantic Canada , mostly from capsized and missing ships offshore . On land , the storm left about $ 1 @.@ 7 million ( 1927 USD ) in damage , with much of the damage occurring in Nova Scotia . Additionally , the fourth , fifth , and sixth tropical storms brought minor impact to Bermuda , South Carolina , and Cuba , respectively .
The season 's activity was reflected with an accumulated cyclone energy ( ACE ) rating of 56 . ACE is , broadly speaking , a measure of the power of the hurricane multiplied by the length of time it existed , so storms that last a long time , as well as particularly strong hurricanes , have high ACEs . It is only calculated for full advisories on tropical systems at or exceeding 39 mph ( 63 km / h ) , which is tropical storm strength .
= = Storms = =
= = = August tropical depression = = =
A low pressure area formerly associated with a weakening frontal boundary developed into a tropical depression on August 13 . The depression moved rapidly east @-@ northeastward and was soon absorbed by the frontal boundary .
= = = Hurricane One = = =
A tropical storm developed from a tropical wave over the deep tropics of the Atlantic Ocean on August 18 . Moving west @-@ northwestward , it intensified into a Category 1 hurricane on the modern day Saffir – Simpson hurricane wind scale by August 19 . The storm deepened significantly over the next few days , and by August 22 , it peaked as a Category 3 hurricane with sustained winds of 125 mph ( 205 km / h ) and a minimum pressure of 950 mbar ( 28 inHg ) . The latter was observed by the S.S. Maraval , while the former was estimated using the pressure @-@ wind relationship . Around that time , the system began curving northwestward and later northward . By August 23 , it turned to the north @-@ northeast and then began weakening on August 24 . Thereafter , the storm accelerated toward Atlantic Canada . Late on August 24 , the hurricane struck near Yarmouth , Nova Scotia , as a Category 2 hurricane , just before becoming extratropical . The remnants continued northeastward , striking Newfoundland and later Iceland , before dissipating near Jan Mayen on August 29 .
In New England , the storm brought heavy rainfall , peaking at 2 @.@ 09 inches ( 53 mm ) in Portland , Maine . Minor street flooding was reported in Maine , Massachusetts , and Rhode Island , with flooding in the Providence area damaging pavement and overflowing sewers . Along the coast of Massachusetts , rough seas disrupted shipping in Boston and beached a ship at Cape Cod . Of the 173 @-@ 192 fatalities in Canada , most of them occurred due to damaged or missing ships , with two boats losing their entire crew . On land , heavy rainfall in Nova Scotia washed out 20 – 25 percent of the rail lines , which disrupted rail service . Flooding also damaged numerous roads and swept away bridges . Crop damage from the hurricane was severe as the storm destroyed about half of the fruit , vegetable , and hay harvest , leaving a loss of $ 1 million ( 1927 CAD ) . Property damage in the province was in the thousands of dollars range and there were many electrical and telephone service outages . Similar but less severe impact occurred in New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island . The storm also left minor wind damage in Newfoundland . Overall , the hurricane caused just under $ 1 @.@ 6 million ( 1927 CAD ) in damage .
= = = Hurricane Two = = =
A tropical wave developed into the second tropical depression of the season on September 2 , while located about 190 mi ( 310 km ) east of the Cape Verde Islands . Six hours after forming , the depression intensified into a tropical storm . Moving west @-@ southwestward , the storm passed through the Cape Verde Islands on September 3 , striking Boa Vista with winds of 45 mph ( 75 km / h ) . The island of Santiago observed winds of 40 mph ( 64 km / h ) at 12 : 00 UTC . Thereafter , the system headed west @-@ northwestward into the open Atlantic and slowly intensified . Early on September 8 , the storm strengthened into a Category 1 while beginning a northwestward motion . Around that time , a radiogram from the British S.S. Socrates indicated that the ship recorded a barometric pressure of 1 @,@ 007 mbar ( 29 @.@ 7 inHg ) , the lowest observed in association with the storm .
By September 9 , the hurricane peaked with maximum sustained winds of 90 mph ( 150 km / h ) and began curving north @-@ northwestward , which was soon followed by a turn to the north @-@ northeast later that day . Thereafter , the storm started to lose tropical characteristics , with historical weather maps indicating a low pressure area imbedded within a cold front by September 10 . Around 12 : 00 UTC , the cyclone weakened to a tropical storm . Late on September 11 , the storm weakened to a tropical depression and was last noted at 18 : 00 UTC , while located about 870 mi ( 1 @,@ 400 km ) east @-@ northeast of Bermuda .
= = = Hurricane Three = = =
A low pressure area developed into a tropical depression around 12 : 00 UTC on September 22 while located about 820 mi ( 1 @,@ 320 km ) southwest of the southwestern @-@ most islands of Cape Verde . Moving northwestward , the depression strengthened into a tropical storm by early on September 23 . Thereafter , the storm proceeded to intensify very slowly during the next several days . On September 26 , the cyclone began moving generally northward . Based on a ship report , the storm finally reached hurricane status by 12 : 00 UTC on September 28 . A different ship observation indicated a minimum barometric pressure of 1 @,@ 005 mbar ( 29 @.@ 7 inHg ) . Based on the pressure @-@ wind relationship , it is estimated that the storm peaked with maximum sustained winds of 80 mph ( 130 km / h ) . Early on September 29 , the hurricane weakened to a tropical storm and became extratropical six hours later , while situated about 935 mi ( 1 @,@ 505 km ) south @-@ southeast of Cape Race , Newfoundland .
= = = Hurricane Four = = =
A low pressure area developed into a tropical storm about 835 mi ( 1 @,@ 345 km ) east @-@ northeast of Barbuda early on September 23 . The system moved northwest , and by 12 : 00 UTC on September 24 , it strengthened into a Category 1 hurricane . Late on September 25 , the cyclone intensified into a Category 2 hurricane . A ship recorded a pressure of 971 mbar ( 28 @.@ 7 inHg ) on September 26 . Because this was measured within the storm 's radius of maximum sustained winds , the hurricane 's minimum barometric pressure was estimated to have been 967 mbar ( 28 @.@ 6 inHg ) . Based on the pressure @-@ wind relationship , the system peaked with maximum sustained winds of 110 mph ( 175 km / h ) . Thereafter , it curved northeastward on September 27 , shortly before weakening to a Category 1 hurricane . Early on September 28 , the hurricane became extratropical about 360 mi ( 580 km ) south @-@ southeast of Sable Island . However , the extratropical storm existed until October 1 , when it dissipated well north of the Azores .
= = = Tropical Storm Five = = =
At approximately 12 : 00 UTC on September 30 , a low pressure area developed into a tropical depression while situated about 175 mi ( 280 km ) northeast of Turks and Caicos Islands . The depression moved parallel to the islands of the Bahamas and slowly strengthened , reaching tropical storm status early on October 2 . Continuing its northwestward motion , the storm strengthened further and peaked early on October 3 with maximum sustained winds of 60 mph ( 95 km / h ) and a minimum barometric pressure of 1 @,@ 008 mbar ( 29 @.@ 8 inHg ) , the latter of which was a ship observation . Around 09 : 00 UTC , the cyclone made landfall near Beaufort , South Carolina , at the same intensity . The storm curved northward after moving inland and weakened to a tropical depression early on October 4 . Several hours later , the system dissipated over West Virginia .
In South Carolina , rainfall was generally beneficial due to ongoing drought conditions . In Beaufort , many tree branches were felled in several neighborhoods of the city . Many were left without power for several hours on morning of October 3 , crippling industries that depended on electricity , including delaying publication of the The Beaufort Gazette because the linotype machine could not be used . Very minor damage occurred to corn in the city . Elsewhere in the state , particularly in Charleston , there were widespread telephone , telegraph , and power outages due to downed lines and poles , severing communications . In North Carolina , similar damage occurred to the methods of communications in Raleigh , Selma , Siler City , and other areas closer to the Virginia state line due to wires knocked over by strong winds .
= = = Tropical Storm Six = = =
The season 's next cyclone developed from over the northwestern Caribbean Sea from a broad low pressure area near the Bay Islands Department of Honduras on October 16 . Moving east @-@ northeastward , the system strengthened into a tropical storm several hours later . Early on October 17 , the system peaked with winds of 45 mph ( 75 km / h ) , based on a ship observation of a minimum barometric pressure of 999 mbar ( 29 @.@ 5 inHg ) . Curving northeastward , it made landfall near Santa Cruz del Sur , Camagüey Province , late on October 18 at the same intensity . After crossing Cuba , the storm accelerated and moved through the Bahamas early the following day , striking the island of Acklins . By 06 : 00 UTC , the system was absorbed by a cold front while located about 105 mi ( 170 km ) north @-@ northeast of Mayaguana .
The Government of Cuba issued warnings in anticipation of the storm in the central provinces of the island , particularly over concerns of heavy rainfall . Additionally , radio messages were sent to ship to warning of the approaching cyclone . Heavy rains caused some crop damage but little else of consequence .
= = = October tropical depression = = =
The northern portion of the disturbance that would later develop into the previous system split and spawned a tropical depression over the northern Bahamas on October 17 . The depression moved rapidly northward ahead of an approaching frontal boundary . Historical weather maps indicated that the highest sustained winds were at 30 mph ( 50 km / h ) and the minimum barometric pressure was 1 @,@ 004 mbar ( 29 @.@ 6 inHg ) . The depression was absorbed by the front on the same day .
= = = Tropical Storm Seven = = =
A weak low pressure area developed into the seventh storm of the season formed near the Cayman Islands on October 30 . Initially a tropical depression , it tracked slowly north @-@ northeastward and reached tropical storm status about six hours after forming . Early on October 31 , the storm peaked with maximum sustained winds of 45 mph ( 75 km / h ) , several hours before making landfall in Sancti Spíritus Province several hours later . After emerging over the Bahamas , the storm slowly weakened . Late on November 1 , the system struck Andros Island with winds of 40 mph ( 65 km / h ) . Thereafter , the cyclone accelerated and continued weakening , falling to tropical depression intensity late on November 3 . Shortly thereafter , it transitioned into an extratropical cyclone while located about 215 mi ( 345 km ) south of Cape Hatteras , North Carolina .
The remnants contributed to the development of the system which brought devastating floods to the Northeastern United States . Following well above average precipitation in October , this system brought as much as 15 in ( 380 mm ) to Vermont . The flooding left at least $ 50 million ( 1927 USD ) in damage and 85 deaths , with all but one death occurring in Vermont .
= = = Tropical Storm Eight = = =
The final tropical cyclone of the season developed from a low pressure area early on November 19 , while situated about 770 mi ( 1 @,@ 240 km ) east @-@ northeast of Barbuda . Initially a tropical depression , the cyclone deepened into a tropical storm about 12 hours later while moving north @-@ northwestward . At 12 : 00 UTC on November 20 , a ship observed a barometric pressure of 999 mbar ( 29 @.@ 5 inHg ) , the lowest known pressure in association with the storm . Using the pressure @-@ wind relationship , it is estimated that the storm reached maximum sustained winds of 60 mph ( 95 km / h ) at that time . On November 21 , the storm weakened and lost tropical characteristics , merging with a cold front about 585 mi ( 940 km ) east @-@ northeast of Bermuda at 12 : 00 UTC . The extratropical cyclone persisted for only about six more hours . This storm may have been subtropical , but in the absence of satellite imagery , it is considered a tropical cyclone .
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= Calshot Castle =
Calshot Castle is an artillery fort constructed by Henry VIII on the Calshot Spit , Hampshire , England , between 1539 and 1540 . It formed part of the King 's Device programme to protect against invasion from France and the Holy Roman Empire and defend Southampton Water as it met the Solent . The castle had a keep at its centre , surrounded by a curtain wall and a moat . Initially heavily armed , it had a garrison of 16 men and as many as 36 artillery guns . The castle continued in use for many years , surviving the English Civil War intact and being extensively modernised in the 1770s . During the 19th century , Calshot Castle was used by the coastguard as a base for combating smuggling . In 1894 , however , fresh fears of a French invasion led to it being brought back into use as an artillery fort : a large coastal battery was constructed alongside the older castle and a boom built across Southampton Water , controlled from the castle .
During the First World War , Calshot Castle was primarily used as a base for seaplanes , deployed on anti @-@ submarine patrols in the English Channel ; its guns were removed before the end of the war , probably for use in France . The air base , by then called RAF Calshot , grew in size during the inter @-@ war years , hosting the Schneider Trophy air races . With the outbreak of the Second World War , Calshot was re @-@ armed in the face of a possible German invasion . The station continued in use after the war , but as military seaplanes became obsolete , it was finally closed in 1961 . After a short period of use by the coastguard , the castle was opened to the public by English Heritage in the 1980s . Restored to its pre @-@ 1914 appearance , the castle received 5 @,@ 751 visitors in 2010 . Historic England considers Calshot a " well @-@ preserved example " of King Henry 's Device Forts .
= = History = =
= = = 16th century = = =
= = = = Construction = = = =
Calshot Castle was built as a consequence of international tensions between England , France and the Holy Roman Empire in the final years of the reign of King Henry VIII . Traditionally the Crown had left coastal defences to local lords and communities , only taking a modest role in building and maintaining fortifications , and while France and the Empire remained in conflict , maritime raids were common but an actual invasion of England seemed unlikely . Modest defences based around simple blockhouses and towers existed in the south @-@ west and along the Sussex coast , with a few more impressive works in the north of England , but in general the fortifications were limited in scale .
In 1533 , Henry broke with Pope Paul III over the annulment of his long @-@ standing marriage to Catherine of Aragon . Catherine was the aunt of Charles V , the Holy Roman Emperor , who took the annulment as a personal insult . This resulted in France and the Empire declaring an alliance against Henry in 1538 , and the Pope encouraging the two countries to attack England . An invasion of England appeared certain . In response , Henry issued an order , called a " device " , in 1539 , giving instructions for the " defence of the realm in time of invasion " and the construction of forts along the English coastline .
Calshot Castle was designed to protect the Solent , a body of water that led from the English Channel to the naval base at Portsmouth and , through Southampton Water , to the important port of Southampton . The castle was one of four forts that William Fitzwilliam , the Lord Admiral , and William Paulet decided to build to improve the defences along the Solent ; the others were at East and West Cowes , and Hurst . Calshot was constructed on the narrow Calshot Spit , overlooking the deep @-@ water channel running through into Southampton . Temporary earthwork defences and gun batteries were erected as an interim measure , but the castle itself was built quickly and finished by the end of 1540 . It probably reused stone and lead from Bealieu and Netley abbeys , which had recently been closed during the Dissolution of the Monasteries .
The castle initially had a garrison of eight gunners , five soldiers and a lieutenant , under the command of a captain . In the late 1540s , it was heavily armed by the standards of the time , with 36 pieces of artillery . In the 1580s , the castle caught fire and the timber needed for the repairs required 127 trees to be sent from the New Forest . The work was carried out in 1584 , prompted by the threat of a Spanish invasion , but by that time its garrison had shrunk to eight men .
= = = 17th – 19th centuries = = =
In the early 1600s , England was at peace with France and Spain and coastal defences received little attention . During the English Civil War of the 1640s , Calshot was held by Parliamentary forces against King Charles I , and protected with a 15 @-@ strong garrison at an annual cost of £ 107 . Parliament considered the fortress important and kept it supplied with ammunition ; unlike several other local forts , Parliament kept the castle operational , probably because of its ongoing role in defending Southampton Water . During the early 18th @-@ century War of Spanish Succession it was equipped with up to 25 guns .
The castle was modernised in the 1770s with a new parapet around the central keep , alterations to the gun embrasures around the outer wall and an expansion of the gatehouse with an additional set of rooms for the castle 's captain . Reports in 1793 , however , showed the castle 's guns to be in a poor condition and complained that the fortification was under the command of an infirm , elderly master @-@ gunner . Improvements were probably made at the start of the Revolutionary Wars that year , but in 1809 the geographer James Playfair described the castle as merely " a blockhouse with a garrison " . In 1804 , the castle was used to store munitions for the Sea Fencibles , fishing boats used as volunteer naval vessels to counter the threat of a French invasion . Seven guns were added to the castle 's arsenal to protect against French attack .
With the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815 , the government coastguard took control of the castle , using it as a base to combat smuggling , taking advantage of the water behind the Calshot Spit as a good location to position their waiting interception vessels . By the middle of the century , two officers and forty @-@ two men were stationed there . By the 1850s , there was renewed military interest in the site , and several proposals were made to redevelop it to mount as many 32 artillery guns ; the plans were not taken forward , and it was noted that the presence of the 16th @-@ century stone keep would create dangerous splinters in the event of any enemy artillery fire landing there . In 1887 , the Castle Yacht Club was established just beside the castle along the spit .
During the 1880s , concerns were raised that Southampton might be vulnerable to French attack using small ships armed with torpedoes . As a result , in 1894 the War Office took the castle back from the coastguard , building a boom across Southampton Water which was moved using three gunboats . The 16th @-@ century castle was too small to host a gun battery to protect the boom , so a larger battery was built south of the old castle in 1895 , armed with two 4 @.@ 7 @-@ inch ( 120 mm ) and four 12 @-@ pounder ( 5 @.@ 4 kg ) quick @-@ firing guns , supported by three searchlights mounted on the older castle walls . The boom was managed from two towers called " dolphins " , one just beside the castle and the other on the far side of the water , each with two 12 @-@ pounder quick @-@ firing guns of their own , in turn supported by machine guns . The creation of these defences ultimately forced the nearby yacht club to move to the southern end of the spit .
= = = 1900 – 45 = = =
In the first years of the 20th century , Calshot Castle 's defensive role continued unchanged . The castle 's keep was redesigned in 1907 to allow it to house two of the castle 's quick @-@ firing guns on its roof . A new , lighter " ladder " boom across Southampton Water was installed in 1907 , but within two years this approach had been replaced by a plan to block Southampton Water with a boom made up of floating hulks . A 1910 plan proposed that the castle would be garrisoned in wartime by 10 officers and 154 men , 75 of whom would have to be housed nearby rather than in the fort itself ; additional naval personnel would also have been needed to man the support vessels for the boom . A Royal Naval Air Station was built alongside the castle in 1913 to house twelve experimental seaplanes which were intended to support the Royal Naval fleet operating along the Channel . Calshot was particularly suitable for seaplanes , as the surrounding waters and coastline were relatively quiet and calm .
The First World War broke out in 1914 , when military opinions on the utility of Calshot Castle had shifted considerably . The decision was taken to rely primarily on gun batteries at the two entrances to the Solent , rather than at Calshot and Southampton Water . At the start of conflict the boom was removed and replaced by anti @-@ submarine nets further up the coast ' two of Calshot 's guns were removed the following year to protect the new nets . The airbase was used for training purposes until 1916 , when it took on anti @-@ submarine patrols over the Channel , where the German raids had started to inflict critical damage . Almost 3 @,@ 500 hours were flown by aircraft from Calshot that year , with over 3 @,@ 500 being flown in 1917 and over 9 @,@ 000 in just three months of 1918 . Subordinate air stations were created in Bembridge , Newhaven , Polegate and Portland . A cabin was built on top of the keep to oversee air operations , the Castle Yacht Club was taken over for use as the officers ' mess and the air station spread out across Calshot Spit , including occupying the 1895 battery . Calshot 's remaining guns were removed and probably dispatched to the front line in France .
During the inter @-@ war years Calshot was taken over by the Royal Air Force , becoming RAF Calshot . It was used as the School for Naval Co @-@ operation and Aerial Navigation from 1918 onwards and began housing the Seaplane Training Squadron in 1931 . The 1895 battery was demolished to create additional space for the growing station , and a narrow @-@ gauge railway constructed along the spit . Parts of the castle moat were concreted over to provide parking for planes . Calshot twice hosted the Schneider Trophy air races over the Solent , the last two in the sequence of popular international events designed to encourage the development of new , high @-@ speed technology . The Empire Air Day events were also held at Calshot , attracting 1 @,@ 000 visitors in 1935 .
During the Second World War , Calshot Castle was initially defended by troops from the Hampshire Regiment , and a barge equipped with two 3 @-@ inch ( 76 mm ) anti @-@ aircraft guns and a 40 @-@ millimetre ( 1 @.@ 6 in ) Bofors gun . Air @-@ raid shelters were constructed in the castle 's moat , with five boats from the base taking part in the Dunkirk evacuation . The threat of German invasion increased , however , and the defences were expanded in 1940 , with two 12 @-@ pounder quick firing guns placed on the keep 's roof , supported by searchlights . Two additional subordinate batteries , Bungalow and Stonepoint , were built the following year on the other side of Southampton Water and further south @-@ west along the coast . The castle was not damaged during the war and by 1943 was placed on a " care and maintenance " basis , acting as a way station for passing aircraft .
= = = 1945 – 21st century = = =
After the war , Calshot returned to duty as an active air base , housing two squadrons of Sunderland flying boats which took part in the Berlin airlift of 1948 , before being passed across to Maintenance Command in 1953 . The Southampton Harbour Board built a coastguard lookout tower at the castle in 1952 , and the following year they began to construct a signal station tower on top of the keep , complete with radar and radio facilities , which opened in 1958 . By then , military seaplanes had become obsolete , and the RAF station was finally closed in 1961 .
Hampshire County Council leased the site from the Crown Estates in 1964 ; the castle itself passed into the guardianship of the state , and the hangars were used as an activity centre . A Royal National Lifeboat Institution station opened in 1971 alongside the castle , with a 130 @-@ foot ( 40 m ) -tall replacement coastguard tower constructed two years later .
English Heritage took over management of the castle in 1983 , and stripped back 20th @-@ century additions to present it as it might have appeared in 1914 , including demolishing the old signal station tower . The site remains open to visitors and received 5 @,@ 751 visitors in 2010 . The castle is protected under UK law as a grade 2 * listed building and as a scheduled monument . The air station 's former hangars are still used as a recreation centre by Hampshire County Council .
= = Architecture = =
Calshot Castle is a three @-@ storey , circular fortification , comprising a keep , gatehouse and curtain wall , predominantly constructed of ashlar Portland stone . When first built in the 16th century , it was designed to carry three tiers of artillery : two positioned on the second floor and the roof of the central keep , and the third in the outer curtain wall . Additional guns could have been placed on the roof of the gatehouse and on the first floor of the keep . Historic England considers it to form a " well preserved example " of the Device Forts .
The castle is surrounded by a water @-@ filled , 16 @-@ sided moat , 8 @.@ 8 metres ( 29 ft ) across , accessed over a 20th @-@ century bridge into the gatehouse , an 18th @-@ century design based on a simpler 16th @-@ century original . The gatehouse was altered in 1896 , with the addition of brick @-@ built ancillary buildings to the southern end . It was probably intended to provide additional living space for the garrison . The gatehouse leads into what was originally a 16 @-@ sided courtyard with 15 gun embrasures round the curtain wall . The wall was lowered to its current height in the 1770s and a concrete building to house searchlights , dating from 1896 , now stretches along the southern end of the castle .
In the centre of the castle is the keep , which has an external diameter of 16 metres ( 52 ft ) , an octagonal lower storey and circular walls on the upper levels . Originally this held accommodation for the captain and the garrison , but it was heavily redeveloped in the 19th and 20th centuries . Its exterior walls have eight recesses at ground level , originally used to store ammunition for the castle 's guns . The basement of the keep was redesigned in the 1890s , when electrical generators were installed , protected by a new , thicker , concrete ceiling . It may originally have been vaulted in stone in a similar style to nearby Hurst Castle .
The first floor of the keep has been restored to its early 20th @-@ century appearance as a barracks room . The second floor was redeveloped in the late 19th century to form another barracks room , with its ceiling incorporating additional early 20th @-@ century girders and concrete to support the gun battery above it . The roof of the keep has two 12 @-@ pounder gun mounts with their original gun @-@ lockers ; there is a 12 @-@ pounder gun on display originally used on a Royal Naval vessel . The keep 's roof would originally have been flat , with crenellations for artillery , but both the roof and crenellations were removed in the 1770s .
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= Was willst du dich betrüben , BWV 107 =
Was willst du dich betrüben ( Why would you grieve ) , BWV 107 , is a church cantata by Johann Sebastian Bach . It was composed in Leipzig for the seventh Sunday after Trinity and first performed on 23 July 1724 . The chorale cantata is based on the words of Johann Heermann 's hymn in seven stanzas " Was willst du dich betrüben " ( 1630 ) .
Bach structured the cantata , the seventh work in his chorale cantata cycle , in seven movements : two framing choral movements , a recitative and an unusual sequence of four bipartite arias . He scored the work for three vocal soloists , a four @-@ part choir , and a Baroque chamber ensemble of a horn to reinforce the hymn tune in the outer movements , two transverse flutes , two oboes d 'amore , strings and continuo . It is the only known work from his chorale cantata cycle that kept the original words unchanged .
= = History and words = =
Bach composed the chorale cantata in Leipzig for the Seventh Sunday after Trinity . The prescribed readings for the Sunday are from the Epistle to the Romans , " I speak in human terms because of your human limitations ... the wages of sin is death ; but the gift of God is eternal life " ( Romans 6 : 19 – 23 ) , and from the Gospel of Mark , the feeding of the 4000 ( Mark 8 : 1 – 9 ) .
The cantata is based on Johann Heermann 's hymn in seven stanzas , " Was willst du dich betrüben " ( 1630 ) , which is focused on trust in God , even when facing adversaries including the devil . Trust in God is also a theme of the Gospel . Unusually for a chorale cantata of the second cycle , the text is not changed in the middle movements , but kept " per omnes versus " ( for all stanzas ) . The middle movements are , however , composed as a recitative and four arias . The treatment was decidedly old @-@ fashioned in Bach 's time . He had used it once much earlier in Christ lag in Todes Banden , BWV 4 ( 1707 ) , and then again later , as in Gelobet sei der Herr , mein Gott , BWV 129 ( 1726 ) , though it was not repeated during the second cycle . John Eliot Gardiner assumes that Bach imposed this restriction on himself , as he had done with the restriction to place the cantus firmus in soprano , alto , tenor and bass in the first four cantatas of the cycle . Gardiner comments on the " seventeenth @-@ century design " of composing the unchanged chorale text , compared to settings of Stölzel , Telemann and Graupner :
But only Bach is prepared to make life consistently difficult for himself , as here , for example , by choosing to incorporate verbatim all seven stanzas of a rather obscure chorale by Johann Heermann from 1630 . … Bach rises to the challenge : to overcome the limitations of being confined to a rigidly structured hymn without monotony or repetitiveness .
The chorales in Heermann 's 1630 publication Devoti musica cordis ( Music of a devoted heart ) , which also included " Herzliebster Jesu , was hast du verbrochen " , the first chorale in Bach 's St Matthew Passion , have been described as " the first in which the correct and elegant versification of Opitz was applied to religious subjects , … distinguished by great depth and tenderness of feeling , by an intense love of the Saviour , and earnest but not self @-@ conscious humility " .
Bach first performed the cantata , the seventh extant cantata of his second annual cycle , on 23 July 1724 .
= = Scoring and structure = =
Bach structured the cantata in seven movements , beginning with a chorale fantasia and ending in a closing chorale , as usually in his chorale cantatas , but with an unusual sequence of only one recitative and four arias , setting the poetic hymn stanzas . He scored it for three vocal soloists ( soprano ( S ) , tenor ( T ) and bass ) ( B ) , a four @-@ part choir , and a Baroque chamber ensemble of corno da caccia ( Co ) to support the chorale tune in the outer movements , two flauti traversi ( Ft ) , two oboes d 'amore ( Oa ) , two violins ( Vl ) , two violas ( Va ) and basso continuo ( Bc ) .
In the following table of the movements , the scoring follows the Neue Bach @-@ Ausgabe , the keys are given for the Weimar version . The time signature is provided using the symbol for common time ( 4 / 4 ) .
= = Music = =
= = = 1 = = =
The opening chorus , " Was willst du dich betrüben " ( Why do you wish to trouble yourself ) , is a chorale fantasia , with the vocal part embedded in an independent concerto of the instruments . The cantus firmus on the melody of " Von Gott will ich nicht lassen " is in long notes , partly embellished , in the soprano and horn ; the lower voices are mostly set in homophony . The lines of the chorale are not rendered separately , but accenting the bar form ( Stollen – Stollen – Abgesang ) of the text , 1 and 2 are combined , 3 and 4 are combined , 5 is single and 6 to 8 are combined . The scoring is relatively rich in woodwinds .
= = = 2 = = =
The only recitative , " Denn Gott verlässet keinen , der sich auf ihn verläßt " ( For God abandons none who entrust themselves to Him ) , is accompanied by the oboes d 'amore , shows an extended melisma on the word " Freuden " ( joy ) and culminates in an arioso in the final line , with a melisma on " retten " ( rescue ) . The following four stanzas are composed as arias , not as the typical da capo arias , but mostly in two parts . Bach achieves variation by changing voice type , key and time signature . He also varies the mode , alternating major and minor keys , expresses different affekts , and he successfully " blurs " the bar form of the stanzas .
= = = 3 = = =
The first aria , " Auf ihn magst du es wagen " ( In Him you can dare all ) , depicts a " hunting scene " for bass and strings . Bach plays on the double meaning of the German word " erjagen " , which in the text has the sense " achieve by great exertion " , but he expresses the word 's literal meaning ( " to hunt " ) by an " outrageous hunting call trill " of the bass . This aria and those following are not da capo arias , but follow the bar form of the poem as bipartite structures .
= = = 4 = = =
The second aria , " Wenn auch gleich aus der Höllen " ( Even if , out of hell ) , for tenor and continuo begins with strong words on Satan as an enemy : " Wenn auch gleich aus der Höllen / der Satan wollte sich / dir selbst entgegenstellen / und toben wider dich " ( " Even if , out of hell , Satan wishes to set himself against you , and vent his rage on you " ) . Gardiner calls the music " a vivid pen @-@ portrait of Satan and his wiles , delivered with typically Lutheran relish " . The rhythm alternates between 6 / 8 and 3 / 4 one measure to the next , but the change is irregular and unpredictable . The bass line ( marked " organo e continuo " ) is " extravagantly animated and angular . Albert Schweitzer likens it to the contortions of a huge dragon " .
= = = 5 = = =
The third aria , " Er richt 's zu seinen Ehren " ( He arranges for your honor ) , for soprano and the two oboes d 'amore begins with an embellished version of the chorale tune , and the last line quotes the tune exactly on the words " was Gott will , das geschicht " ( " What God wants , that happens " ) .
= = = 6 = = =
The fourth aria , " Drum ich mich ihm ergebe " ( Therefore I devote myself to Him ) , is scored for tenor , the flutes in unison and muted violin . The melodic style is significantly different to the chorale melody , being song @-@ like .
= = = 7 = = =
The closing chorale , " Herr , gib , daß ich dein Ehre " ( Lord , grant that Your honor ) , is set in four parts for the voices , but embedded in a rich orchestral Siciliano concerto . The lines of the chorale are grouped as in the first stanza , again highlighting line 5 , " O Vater , Sohn und Geist " ( " Oh Father , Son and Spirit " ) as a miniature doxology .
= = Selected recordings = =
The table entries are excerpted from the list of recordings from the selection on the Bach @-@ Cantatas website . Choirs are roughly marked as large by red background , orchestras playing period instruments in historically informed performances are marked green .
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= My All =
" My All " is a song by American singer and songwriter Mariah Carey from her sixth studio album , Butterfly ( 1997 ) . It was released as the album 's fifth single overall and second commercial single on April 21 , 1998 by Columbia Records . The song was written and produced by Carey and Walter Afanasieff . " My All " is built around Latin guitar chord melodies , and makes subtle use of Latin percussion throughout the first chorus , before taking on a more conventional contemporary R & B @-@ style beat . Carey was inspired to write the song and use Latin inspired melodies after her trip to Puerto Rico , where she was influenced by the culture . The song 's lyrics tell of a lonely woman declaring she would give " her all " to have just one more night with her estranged lover .
The music video for the song was released in March 1998 . It shows many scenes of Carey laying on a submerged vessel in a large body of water , while lamenting her lost lover . Towards the video 's climax , Carey and her love interest climb atop a lighthouse and caress each other under the night 's sky . " My All " was performed live on various occasions , including the 1998 World Music Awards and Blockbuster Entertainment Awards , Saturday Night Live , The Rosie O 'Donnell Show and various European television and music chart programs . The song was also part of Carey 's 1998 Butterfly World Tour , and was performed during many future tours and concerts . House music producer David Morales remixed the song , which was sung in live medley 's with the original .
" My All " was well received by contemporary music critics and charted strongly throughout various music markets . In the United States , the song became Carey 's thirteenth chart topper on the Billboard Hot 100 , and was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . Throughout Europe , the song performed moderately , peaking at number four in the United Kingdom and in the top ten in Belgium ( Wallonia ) , France , Spain and Switzerland . In France , due to strong sales , the song was certified silver by the Syndicat National de l 'Édition Phonographique ( SNEP ) .
= = Background = =
Carey began writing and composing themes for Butterfly by the end of 1996 . She considered this period in time a " redefining moment for herself , " where she began writing and recording the music she truly loved , Contemporary R & B and hip hop . Additionally , Carey began incorporating other genres of music into her song @-@ writing , assisting her in developing new ideas and melodies . Carey expressed how the mixed emotions she felt at that point in her life helped develop the song , as she would " pour herself and emotions into anything she was writing at the time . " In an interview with Fred Bronson , Carey expressed how her visit to Puerto Rico and the current emotions in her life inspired her to write " My All " :
I had gone to Puerto Rico and was influenced by Latin music at that moment . When I came back , the melody was in my head . It was at a melancholy point in my life and the song reflects the yearning that was going on inside of me . It was like being in a situation but you want to break free and you can 't , so your confined yet you 're releasing those emotion through the lyrics and the actual act of singing . Thats why think a lot of people felt very strongly about that song , because the emotion is clear when you listen to it .
Carey began to infuse her personality into her work , something that showed throughout various tracks . During her stay , she was influenced by the Latin culture , and began harmonizing and singing the music she heard there . When she arrived back to New York , she already had the melody developed , and soon began working on the song in San Francisco with Afanasieff .
= = Recording = =
Carey and Afanasieff had worked together since her debut release in 1990 . Together , they had written most of Carey 's biggest hits at the time , including " Hero " and " One Sweet Day . " " My All " would be the last time the two would collaborate , as he is absent from the writing credits in her follow @-@ up album , Rainbow ( 1999 ) . During the recording of the song , Carey and then husband Tommy Mottola were in the midst of their divorce . Afanasieff , who had developed relationships with the two of them , was caught in the middle . He spoke of the difficulties he had recording " My All " with Carey , as their relationship had already strained during the divorce . Afanasieff had been employed by Mottola and Columbia Records , and had worked extensively with Carey in the studio . In an interview with Fred Bronson , Afanasieff spoke in depth of the personal problems he experienced with Carey in 1997 :
I needed to maintain a very strong relationship with Tommy [ Mottola ] . During that period , the beginning of their end , I had to stay away more than normal from her because she was going through a rough time . She felt that shutting her relationship with Tommy was also a cleansing of who she was . She felt that part of what she was dropping was the shmaltzy pop singer ballad kind of stuff he was adamant about . I had to make my exit and say ' Mariah , you need to redefine yourself , that 's fine . I 'm here doing what I do and if and when you want to come back and do it again , I 'm here .
" My All " was written in Carey 's home @-@ studio in upstate New York , and was recorded in Afanasieff 's recording studio in San Francisco . After she presented him with the melody she had developed in Puerto Rico , he began playing chord changed on the piano , while Carey sang the tune and directed him . After they produced the chorus , Carey wrote the lyrics , while he added a drum groove to the basic melody . According to Afanasieff , " My All " had tapped into both their Latin backgrounds . While she hadn 't spent much time with her Venezuelan paternal grandfather , Carey said the music was " definitely subconsciously in me . " On the other hand , Afanasieff was born in Brazil , and had heard Russian and Brazilian music his whole life . In an interview with Fred Bronson , Afanasieff described the steps they took to record the song :
I remember being in the back part of the studio , and we were sitting there late at night and writing . I was strolling through some sounds and came upon a particular sound from a steel acoustic guitar . I played these really beautiful chord changes that eventually led to ' My All . ' She started singing and I started playing , and we came up with the basis for the song . I put a little drum groove down and it was one of the easier songs to write with her .
= = Composition = =
" My All " is a slow @-@ tempo ballad , that blends contemporary R & B beats and Latin guitar and chord melodies , making subtle use of Latin percussion in the first chorus . The song is described as having a " lush sound " and featured synthetic guitar arpeggios that were produced in the studio . " My All " was compared to Toni Braxton 's music style , described as " slink , slow @-@ jam R & B sounds . " The song is set in the signature common time , and is written in the key of G minor . It features a basic chord progression of A ♭ -F ♭ -1 . Carey 's vocal range in the song spans from the low note of B2 to the high note of F5 , with the piano and guitar pieces range from G ♭ 3 to G ♭ 5 . The track was very different than anything Carey had ever recorded , incorporating strong " Latin cultured background . " The instrumentation and vocal arrangement used in the song was compared to Kenneth " Babyface " Edmonds ' productions , due to its " soft R & B coos and guitar melodies . "
= = Critical reception = =
" My All " garnered critical acclaim from contemporary music critics . Stephen Thomas Erlewine from Allmusic chose the song as one of the three " track choices " from the album . Larry Flick from Billboard praised the song , calling it an " anthemic gem . " Flick also described the song as " sparkling with a house flavor that 's mildly reminiscent of Toni Braxton 's landmark ' Un @-@ break My Heart ' . " While reviewing the album , Flick also reviewed the Morales remix , writing " Morales straddles the fence between underground aggression and pop @-@ radio fluff with deceptive ease , crafting a track anchored with a muscular bassline and embellished with vibrant synths . It 's 10 minutes of pure disco bliss . " David Browne from Entertainment Weekly praised the song 's instrumentation , noting " with its gently plucked guitars , is the best Babyface track Babyface never produced . "
= = Chart performance = =
Although " My All " was the fourth single released from Butterfly , it was only the second commercial worldwide release . The song debuted at number 2 behind Next 's Too Close and eventually became Carey 's 13th chart topper in the United States , placing her in fourth place for most number ones in the US . Also , it gave Carey the honor of having the most number ones for a female artist . It stayed atop the Hot 100 for one week , and was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) , denoting shipments of over one million units . " My All " peaked at number four on the Billboard Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Songs , and eighteen on the Adult Contemporary chart . It finished number seventeen on the Billboard end of year chart , and ninety @-@ nine on the end of decade chart . In Canada , the song entered the Canadian RPM Chart at number 89 during the week of May 18 , 1998 . In its fifth week , the song peaked at number 28 , spending 16 weeks in the chart before exiting the week of August 31 .
" My All " performed weakly in Australia , peaking at number 39 while spending only two weeks on the ARIA Top @-@ 40 . In Belgium ( Wallonia ) , it peaked at number nine , and spent 14 weeks on the Ultratop singles chart . The song performed well in France , peaking at number six and spending 24 weeks fluctuating in the French singles chart . " My All " was certified silver by the Syndicat National de l 'Édition Phonographique ( SNEP ) , denoting shipments of over 200 @,@ 000 units throughout France . The song performed moderately in Ireland , peaking at number 21 , and spending seven weeks on the Irish Singles Chart . In Norway and Sweden , it peaked at numbers 14 and 15 , respectively . The song charted well in Switzerland , spending 21 weeks in the top @-@ 100 , and peaking at number seven . In the United Kingdom , ' My All " debuted and peaked at number four on the UK Singles Chart during the week of June 13 , 1998 . The song spent eight weeks fluctuating in the singles chart , until the week of August 1 , 1998 where it dropped outside the top @-@ 100 . Sales in the UK are estimated at 160 @,@ 000 units .
= = Remixes and other versions = =
" My All " features two remixes : the first is a contemporary R & B version titled , " My All / Stay Awhile " ( So So Def Remix ) . Carey re @-@ recorded her vocals for the song , while building it around a sample from the Loose Ends song " Stay a Little While , Child . " Carey 's vocal interpolation blends the first verse and chorus of " My All " with the verse and chorus of " Stay a Little While , Child . " It was produced by Jermaine Dupri and features raps from Lord Tariq and Peter Gunz . The single also features a version without any rap verses . The second remix is a dance version mixed by David Morales . The dance remix is known as the Classic Club Mix ; it was Carey 's first collaboration with Morales that did not feature entirely new vocals . Consequently , the song is fairly close to the original chord progressions of the album version , though some new vocals were added . The remix was performed live as a medley with the original during many of Carey 's live concert tours .
Carey recorded a Spanish version of " My All " titled , " Mi Todo . " Unlike with " Hero " ( 1993 ) and " Open Arms " ( 1995 ) , Carey recorded the Spanish version of the song in a different key from the original English version . The first line of the song had been mistranslated and was grammatically incorrect . Carey later mentioned on her website that she would no longer record Spanish versions of her songs until she could verify the correct lyrics and pronunciation . " Mi Todo " was remixed as well , however only being released as a promotional single in Mexico .
= = Music videos = =
" My All " and the " My All / Stay Awhile " ( So So Def Remix ) featured different music videos . The video for " My All " was shot entirely in black and white in Puerto Rico , and was directed by fashion photographer Herb Ritts . The video begins with Carey lying on an overturned vessel on a beach , staring into the night sky , lamenting her estranged lover . As the scenes progress , Carey 's love interest is seen atop a lighthouse in the middle of the ocean , searching for his lost companion . Further scenes show Carey laying on a large conch shell , wet and vulnerable . Soon after , she begins walking on a path of large white flowers , until she reaches the top of the lighthouse where she is rejoined with her lover . After the song 's second verse , Carey and the man begin caressing each other , and embracing atop the lighthouse . After they share an intimate moment , Carey is shown walking back on the trail of white flowers , smiling and happy . The scenes of Carey lying in the shell and in front of the flowers were inspired by Sandro Botticelli 's painting The Birth of Venus . According to author Chris Nickson , the snippets of Carey on the overturned vessel showed her vulnerability without her loved one , truly highlighting the yearning emphasized in the song .
A music video was also filmed for the So So Def remix . Directed by Diane Martel , it was shot in a grainy fashion to simulate a home video . The video features cameo appearances by Dupri , Tariq and Gunz . It begins with scenes of Carey and Dupri at a small in @-@ home gathering , lounging and enjoying each other 's company . As the video progresses , the other two featured hip @-@ hop musicians appear at the house , alongside various other guests . They begin to dance to music , while sipping on cocktails by the pool . As the video reaches its climax , scenes of Carey singing in an outdoor garden are shown , while the others join her on the pool deck .
= = Live performances = =
" My All " was performed on several live television appearances , as well as most of Carey 's tours following the song 's release . Carey first sang " My All " on The Rosie O 'Donnell Show in November 1997 , and was followed by an interview . The performance featured three female backup singers , and a Latin @-@ influenced percussionist and guitar player . Additionally , Carey performed the song at the 1998 World Music Awards , completing both the original and dance remix as a medley . The performance was via @-@ satellite from Carey 's tour at the time , which was broadcast onto a large screen . At the Blockbuster Entertainment Awards in 1998 , Carey sang the original version of the song , featuring a full orchestra and live backup vocals .
The song was performed on Saturday Night Live during the week of September 12 , 1997 , where Carey sang it back @-@ to @-@ back with " Butterfly " . Additionally , Carey was one of the five featured performers at the 1998 VH1 Divas , where she sang " My All " as well as the dance remix . The song was performed on the British music chart program , Top of the Pops , where a live medley of the original and dance versions were performed . " My All " was performed during Carey 's Butterfly World Tour in 1998 . For the performances in Japan , Carey featured a Latin guitarist and backing vocals . The guitarist was present during the song 's recital throughout the entire tour , replacing the orchestra used during her television appearances . For the shows , Carey wore a beige outfit , with varying hairstyles . Neither remix version was performed during the tour .
For her Rainbow World Tour ( 2000 ) Carey performed the original version of the song , once again featuring the orchestra and live female background vocals . 2 years later on December 7 , 2002 , Carey performed the original version of " My All " in front of a crowd of 50 @,@ 000 people , at the closing ceremony concert of the Mexican Teletón , which took place in the country 's Azteca Stadium . Since the Charmbracelet World Tour tour in 2004 , Carey has not performed the full version of the original , substituting it for the dance remix after the second verse . During the shows in the Adventures of Mimi tour , Carey donned a black bikini and matching cape , while featuring one male and two female background singers . On the Angels Advocate Tour ( 2010 ) , she performed the original and dance remix versions , wearing a red outfit while performing the song seated . Again , the original and dance remix was performed as a medley , featuring the same backup from the previous tour . After completing the song , Carey was whisked away by a shirtless male dancer , and carried off the stage for a costume change , as the back @-@ up continued into the dance version .
= = Cover versions = =
On February 25 , 2014 , Alisa Kozhikina , the representative of Russia to the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2014 won in the Grand Finals of Golos Deti , the Russian edition of The Voice , performing a Russian version of the song called " Vsyo " .
= = Credits and personnel = =
Credits adapted from the Butterfly liner notes .
Mariah Carey – vocals , songwriting , co @-@ production
Walter Afanasieff – songwriting , co @-@ production
= = Formats and track listing = =
= = Charts and certifications = =
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= Laura Robson =
Laura Robson ( born 21 January 1994 ) is a British tennis player and an Olympic Mixed Doubles Silver Medalist
She debuted on the International Tennis Federation ( ITF ) junior tour in 2007 , and a year later won the Wimbledon Junior Girls ' Championship at the age of 14 . As a junior she also twice reached the final of the girls ' singles tournament at the Australian Open , in 2009 and 2010 . She won her first professional tournament in November 2008 .
Robson was the first British woman since Samantha Smith at Wimbledon in 1998 to reach the fourth round of a Grand Slam tournament , doing so at the 2012 US Open and the 2013 Wimbledon Championships . She won a silver medal in the mixed doubles at the 2012 London Olympics playing with Andy Murray , with whom she also reached the 2010 Hopman Cup final . At the 2012 Guangzhou Women 's Open , Robson became the first British woman since Jo Durie in 1990 to reach a WTA main @-@ tour final , where she lost to Hsieh Su @-@ wei . Robson was named WTA Newcomer of the Year for 2012 and reached a career high singles ranking of world number 27 on 8 July 2013 .
Since then , Robson has suffered from various injuries which have caused a prolonged absence from the WTA tour . After losing in the first round of the 2013 HP Open on 7 October 2013 , she has played just 33 matches : two in 2014 , 11 in 2015 and 20 in 2016 , winning just eight of them . She dropped out of the world rankings in early 2015 , returning at 906 in July 2015 , and is currently ranked at 294 . She has a career @-@ high doubles ranking of number 82 and is currently ranked 305 .
= = Early life and junior career = =
Robson was born on 21 January 1994 in Melbourne , Australia , the third child of Australian parents Andrew , an oil executive with Royal Dutch Shell , and Kathy Robson , a sports coach and former professional basketball player . Robson and her family moved from Melbourne to Singapore when she was 18 months old , and then to the United Kingdom when she was six .
According to her parents , she began playing tennis " as soon as she could hold a tennis racquet " , and after being encouraged by them , she entered a junior tennis academy at age seven . She signed with management company Octagon when she was 10 , with Adidas at age 11 , and also signed a racquet deal with Wilson Sporting Goods .
After working with several coaches , including the head of the Lawn Tennis Association Carl Maes , she chose coach Martijn Bok in 2007 . Bok said later that although Robson " had trouble staying emotionally under control " , he " saw right away ... a lot of potential in Laura . " Robson also began training at the National Tennis Centre , under the guidance of Bok , Maes , and the head of women 's tennis at the centre , Nigel Sears , while taking school lessons at home .
Robson 's first tournament on the junior ITF tour was in May 2007 , where she went from the qualifying draw of the tournament to the quarterfinals . She reached the final of two other tournaments in 2007 , and won her first tournament in October . In the first half of 2008 , Robson reached the finals of three tournaments , but was also eliminated before the third round in three straight tournaments .
Robson competed in her first junior grand slam at the Wimbledon girls ' event , as an unseeded player . As the youngest player in the tournament , she beat first seed Melanie Oudin on her way to the finals , where she defeated third seed Noppawan Lertcheewakarn . Her victory made her the first British player to win the girls ' event since Annabel Croft in 1984 , and the British media described her as the " new darling " of British tennis , and the " Queen of Wimbledon " .
After a brief period on the main tour , Robson returned to junior competition but was knocked out in the second round of a tournament in December . In the same month she played her final junior tournament of 2008 , the Orange Bowl , where she had to retire in the third round with a stomach strain . At the end of the year , she was shortlisted for the BBC Young Sports Personality of the Year , but lost out to Paralympic swimmer Eleanor Simmonds .
After recovering from her injury , Robson entered the 2009 Australian Open junior tournament , where she was seeded fifth . In the semifinals she faced a replay of her Wimbledon final , against top seed Noppawan Lertcheewakarn , whom she beat in straight sets to reach her second Grand Slam junior final . Facing third seed Ksenia Pervak from Russia , Robson was defeated in straight sets . She later attributed her loss to Pervak 's greater consistency , and her coach Bok said that " everybody has to be patient " . After the tournament , Robson started to train with Gil Reyes , the former trainer of Andre Agassi . She was also named the MCC Young Sportswoman of the Year . She claimed the top ranking of ITF junior tour in April , despite not playing for two months because of shin splints .
At the 2009 French Open Robson was the top seed in the junior 's competition , but was defeated in round two by Sandra Zaniewska . Robson was the defending champion at 2009 Wimbledon Championships , but she fell in the second round to Quirine Lemoine .
Due to her focusing on her Senior career , Robson entered the 2009 US Open unseeded . In the first round , she beat Ons Jabeur of Tunisia . She then faced the 7th seed Lauren Embree of the United States and beat her in three sets . She went on to face the 12th seed , Tamaryn Hendler , who she defeated in straight sets . Robson then beat Lauren Davis in the quarterfinals . In her semifinal , she faced Yana Buchina of Russia . Due to rain delay , both quarter- and semifinals were played on the same day . Therefore , the semifinal followed the quarterfinal match . Despite starting strongly , Robson tired , losing the match in three sets .
At the junior singles at the 2010 Australian Open , Robson was unseeded and defeated Belinda Woolcock , Yulia Putintseva , and Cristina Dinu to reach the quarterfinals . In the last eight she easily overcame American Ester Goldfeld to move through to her fourth Junior Grand Slam semi @-@ final where she defeated Kristýna Plíšková of the Czech Republic . She was defeated by Kristýna 's twin sister Karolína Plíšková in the final . In the 2010 Wimbledon junior singles she reached the semifinals , losing to Sachie Ishizu of Japan .
= = Professional career = =
= = = 2008 = = =
Following her victory at Wimbledon , Robson made her debut on the ITF senior tour at a $ 10 @,@ 000 tournament in Limoges , France . She won two matches to qualify for the main draw of the tournament , as well as her first round match , before having to retire with a shoulder injury in the second round against the second seed , Marina Melnikova .
Robson was then given a wildcard into the main draw of the $ 75 @,@ 000 ITF in Shrewsbury . After beating 2007 Wimbledon girls singles champion Urszula Radwańska and fourth seed Tzipi Obziler , Robson lost to second seed Maret Ani in three sets in the semifinals . She was given another wildcard into the $ 50 @,@ 000 tournament in Barnstaple , but was defeated in three sets in her first round match against the seventh seed Angelique Kerber , who later said that it was " unbelievable how she 's playing " .
Her first match on the WTA tour was courtesy of a wildcard into the 2008 Fortis Championships in Luxembourg City . She was drawn in the first round against world number 42 , Iveta Benešová , but lost . Returning to the ITF circuit , Robson entered as the fifth seed in the $ 10 @,@ 000 event held in Sunderland . After beating third seed Laura @-@ Ioana Andrei in the quarterfinals , she beat fellow Britons Tara Moore and Samantha Vickers in straight sets to win her first ITF title at the age of 14 years and 9 months .
= = = 2009 = = =
Robson returned to the junior tour for the first half of 2009 . On 9 June , Wimbledon announced that Robson received a wildcard for the Ladies ' Singles event at the 2009 Wimbledon Championships . She faced former World No. 5 and 2002 Wimbledon quarterfinalist Daniela Hantuchová in the first round but lost despite being a break up in the second set . She also entered into the doubles tournament with Georgie Stoop , progressing to the second round before losing to sixteenth seeds Svetlana Kuznetsova and Amélie Mauresmo . As well as Wimbledon , she competed in two ITF tournaments , one via a wildcard and the second via qualification , but lost in the first round of each .
In August 2009 , Robson received a wild card into the 2009 US Open qualifying tournament . She defeated Stéphanie Foretz of France in the first round in straight sets , and went on to beat Anikó Kapros of Hungary . In the final round , she lost to Eva Hrdinová , after leading 4 – 1 in the third set .
On 17 October , Robson entered the qualifying draw at the Luxembourg Open . In the first round of qualifying she defeated world number 180 Zuzana Ondrášková . In the second round of qualifying she defeated Julia Görges , the world number 79 . In the final round of qualifying she lost to Maria Elena Camerin . On 10 November , Robson beat Yuliya Beygelzimer in the first round of the Minsk ITF competition . She defeated Tetyana Arefyeva in the second round but was defeated in the quarter @-@ finals by Vitalia Diatchenko .
= = = 2010 = = =
Robson began 2010 playing with Andy Murray in the Hopman Cup , as part of Great Britain 's first team in the tournament since 1992 . She lost her opening match to Yaroslava Shvedova of Kazakhstan . Later in the day she won the mixed doubles match against Kazakhstan , partnering with Murray to secure a win . Robson was defeated by Germany 's Sabine Lisicki but won the mixed doubles against Germany . Robson and Murray defeated Russia to advance to the finals . Despite her first win of the tournament against world no . 26 María José Martínez Sánchez of Spain , Robson and Murray lost to Spain 's Martínez Sánchez and Tommy Robredo in a very close match .
Robson was granted a wild card in the qualifying draw for the women 's singles of the Australian Open . In her first match , she defeated Sophie Ferguson of Australia . In her second match she lost to Michaëlla Krajicek of the Netherlands . Robson , however , received a Wildcard into the main draw of the doubles , partnering Sally Peers . They defeated Craybas and Spears to set up a second round clash with the twelfth seeds Chuang Chia @-@ jung and Květa Peschke , who they beat in straight sets . Peers and Robson won their third round clash with Vera Dushevina of Russia and Anastasia Rodionova of Australia to advance to the quarter @-@ finals , before falling to the number 15 seeds , Maria Kirilenko and Agnieszka Radwańska .
After the Australian Open Robson did not play again until the start of April . In her third tournament back Robson made the semi @-@ final , losing to Edina Gallovits of the ITF event in Dothan after having to qualify for the main draw . Robson also played in the doubles and after reaching the quarterfinals she reached a career high of 102 for doubles . She followed this up with a quarterfinal appearance in Charlottesville losing to Anastasiya Yakimova .
She then qualified for the main draw of the Aegon Classic in Edgbaston after receiving a wildcard in qualification . She beat Nina Bratchikova and Vitalia Diatchenko . Robson then went on to win her first ever match on the WTA tour after her opponent Stefanie Vögele retired during the second set of their first round match . She lost to the third seed Yanina Wickmayer in the second round . She also received a wildcard for the UNICEF Open at Rosmalen but was beaten by Slovakian Dominika Cibulková in the first round .
She received a wild card for Wimbledon , and faced fourth seed Jelena Janković to whom she lost in two sets . Robson 's next senior level competition was an Aegon GB Pro @-@ Series event at Woking . Seeded seventh , her first senior seeding , she reached the quarter @-@ finals . Robson 's next competitive match did not come till the end of August 2010 , when she entered the qualifying tournament for the 2010 US Open . In the first round she shocked second seed Jelena Dokić . She beat Vesna Manasieva , but lost in the third round to Nuria Llagostera Vives .
On 21 September Robson announced that she was to split with her coach Martijn Bok , as Bok was unwilling to meet her more demanding 2011 tour schedule .
Robson next competed in the Toray Pan Pacific Open . She beat world number 57 Anastasija Sevastova in the first round of qualifying and reached the main draw by beating world number 100 Simona Halep . She was defeated in the first round of the main draw by the experienced 31 @-@ year @-@ old player Gréta Arn .
= = = 2011 = = =
For 2011 Robson hired a new coach , Frenchman Patrick Mouratoglou , and moved her working base to Paris . Her season was disrupted by injury at the 2011 Hopman Cup and she did not compete in a tournament until March 2011 ; her comeback was then delayed for a further month by an injury in her second competition . Returning again at the end of April 2011 , Robson 's best performance to date came at the $ 50 @,@ 000 tournament at Indian Harbor Beach , Florida , where she reached the semifinal . Robson split from Mouratoglou just before Wimbledon . Robson then won her first match at a Grand Slam as she defeated Angelique Kerber , but lost to Maria Sharapova in the second round .
At the US Open , Robson won her three qualifying matches to advance into the main draw . In the first round of the main draw , she was leading when her opponent , Ayumi Morita , retired from the match . She was then beaten by Anabel Medina Garrigues .
= = = 2012 : First WTA final , Olympic Mixed Doubles Silver Medalist = = =
Robson came through three rounds of qualifying at the 2012 Australian Open , beating Melanie Oudin , Anna Floris and Olga Savchuk to advance to the main draw for the first time . She lost to 13th seed Jelena Janković in the first round .
Robson was selected for the first time in her career to be a member of the GB Fed Cup Team to play in the Europe / Africa Group 1 match at Eilat , Israel , on 1 – 4 February 2012 . In the group stages she played doubles with Heather Watson , defeating pairs from Portugal , Netherlands and Israel in the group stages . Robson and Watson did not need to play the play @-@ off match against Austria as Anne Keothavong and Elena Baltacha won their singles rubbers , and the 2 – 0 lead qualified the team for a place in the World Group II promotion play @-@ off in April 2012 .
Robson lost in the third round of qualifying for the 2012 French Open at Roland Garros . However she got a place in the first round of the main draw as a lucky loser when Sílvia Soler Espinosa withdrew , but then lost her first round match to clay @-@ court specialist Anabel Medina Garrigues .
After a second round showing at the Aegon Classic in Birmingham ( lost to Marina Erakovic ) , Robson came through qualifying at the 2012 Aegon International . She reached the second round before losing to Ekaterina Makarova . However , the result helped Robson break into the top 100 for the first time in her career . In the first round of Wimbledon , Robson lost to Francesca Schiavone in three sets .
Immediately after Wimbledon , Robson entered the XXV Italiacom Open in Palermo where she reached her first ever WTA semifinal . After beating the world number 240 Valentyna Ivakhnenko for the loss of just one game in the first round , she shocked the number 2 seed and world number 27 , Roberta Vinci in straight sets to reach her first ever WTA quarter final . She continued her good form in the quarter final , where she emerged victorious against the world number 41 and number 5 seed Carla Suárez Navarro in three sets . However , her run came to an end when she lost in the semi finals to Barbora Záhlavová @-@ Strýcová in three sets . Robson then received a wild card to enter the main draw of the 2012 Swedish Open but lost her first match against Anabel Medina Garrigues .
She received a late place into the women 's singles at the 2012 Olympics due to the withdrawal of Croatian Petra Martić . In her first round match , she beat the world number 22 Lucie Šafářová in straight sets , setting up a second round encounter with Maria Sharapova . She lost to the Russian world number 3 in a tightly contested match . She also competed in the doubles competition with Heather Watson , losing in the first round to the German pairing of Angelique Kerber and Sabine Lisicki . She then received a wildcard entry into the mixed doubles with Andy Murray . They were drawn against Czech pair Lucie Hradecká and Radek Štěpánek in the first round and won in three sets . In the second round the pair beat the Australian duo of Lleyton Hewitt and Samantha Stosur , and reached the final by beating Germans Sabine Lisicki and Christopher Kas , where they were beaten by the Belarusian pair Victoria Azarenka and Max Mirnyi .
Robson had direct entry to the main draw of the 2012 US Open from her WTA ranking , where she defeated Samantha Crawford in the first round . In the second round she defeated former US Open Champion Kim Clijsters in Clijsters ' final singles match before her retirement . Robson consequently reached the third round of a Grand Slam tournament for the first time in her career and joined Serena Williams , Lindsay Davenport , Venus Williams , Amélie Mauresmo and Justine Henin as one of the only six people to beat Clijsters at the US Open championships , and the first player to beat her there since 2003 . She followed up her performance with her first victory over a top ten player , beating 9th seed Li Na in the third round in three sets . Robson became the first female British tennis player to reach this stage of a Grand Slam tournament since Samantha Smith reached the fourth round of Wimbledon 14 years previously , but she was defeated by defending champion Stosur , ending her best run at a Grand Slam tournament to date .
Robson 's next appearance was at the 2012 Guangzhou Open where she beat the then world number 22 Zheng Jie and the number three seed Sorana Cîrstea on the way to her first WTA tour final against Hsieh Su @-@ wei . This was the first WTA singles final for any British woman since Jo Durie in 1990 . Robson was eventually defeated having saved five championship points in the second set and despite taking a 3 – 0 lead in the third set . The result pushed her ranking inside the top 70 for the first time .
Robson qualified for the China Open and reached the second round but she lost to Lourdes Domínguez Lino in straight sets . At the HP Open in Japan , she was seeded 8th , the first time in her career she had been seeded at a WTA tournament . She reached the quarter @-@ finals before losing to Chang Kai @-@ chen in three sets , but the result ensured that she finished the year with a ranking of 53 .
In October , Robson was nominated for the Sports Journalists ' Association Sportswoman of the Year . In November , along with Heather Watson , won " Young Sportswoman of the Year " at the 2012 Sunday Times Sportswomen of the Year Awards . Robson was also nominated for WTA " Newcomer of the Year " and William Hill " Sportswoman of the Year " in November , winning the former award .
= = = 2013 : Career @-@ high ranking = = =
At the start of the year Robson had reached the top 50 for the first time in her career . She followed this with her first victory at the 2013 Australian Open with a convincing straight sets victory over Melanie Oudin . In the second round she played former Wimbledon champion , and fellow left @-@ hander , Petra Kvitová . Robson came back after losing the first set to beat Kvitová in a three @-@ hour match , to set up a third @-@ round meeting with Sloane Stephens . After stopping for several shoulder treatments , Robson was eventually beaten in two sets . After the Australian Open , Robson played six matches in Fed Cup competition that saw Great Britain earn a World Group II Play @-@ off spot against Argentina . Following this success she went on to lose two successive matches , losing to Daniela Hantuchová in Doha and to wildcard Yulia Putintseva in Dubai .
At Indian Wells Robson lost her first round match against Sofia Arvidsson in three sets . Her next tournament was at Miami . In the singles Robson reached the second round before losing to Alizé Cornet . In the Doubles Laura Robson was given a wildcard to play with Lisa Raymond . The pair reached the final , beating the World No. 1 pairing of Sara Errani and Roberta Vinci in straight sets in the semifinals , before losing to Nadia Petrova and Katarina Srebotnik .
Robson was seeded 16th at Charleston and reached the second round before losing to Eugenie Bouchard in three sets . At the BNP Paribas Katowice Open Robson was seeded 8th , but lost in the first round to Lourdes Domínguez Lino .
Robson represented Great Britain in the Fed Cup World Group Two play @-@ off against Argentina . After Johanna Konta lost her opening rubber to Paula Ormaechea , Robson easily won her first match over Florencia Molinero . Robson lost her second match against Paula Ormaechea in three sets .
After several first round defeats at the start to the European clay court season , Robson defeated world number 4 Agnieszka Radwańska in the second round of the 2013 Mutua Madrid Open . She subsequently lost to former World No. 1 Ana Ivanovic in the next round , having led 5 – 2 in the final set . Robson then made her debut at the Italian Open where she defeated Venus Williams in the first round but subsequently lost to her sister , World No. 1 and eventual champion Serena Williams in the second round . At the French Open Robson was beaten in the first round by former world number one Caroline Wozniacki in straight sets .
To begin the grass court season , Robson entered the Aegon Classic tournament in Birmingham where she was seeded 7th . Despite the seeding , she lost in straight sets to the eventual champion Daniela Hantuchová . She then participated in the 2013 Aegon International tournament ( i.e. Eastbourne ) . In the first round , she faced Yuliya Beygelzimer in which she won in straight sets . In the second round , she lost to Caroline Wozniacki in straight sets for the second time in a row .
In the first round of Wimbledon she was drawn against the number 10 seed Maria Kirilenko , whom she beat in straight sets . She beat World No. 117 , Mariana Duque , in the second round on Centre Court . In the third round , she came from a set down to beat Marina Erakovic to progress to the last 16 where she was beaten by Kaia Kanepi . Her performance pushed her up to 27 in the world , the first Briton in the top 30 since Jo Durie in 1987 .
Robson started her US Open Series campaign on 30 July 2013 at the Southern California Open in Carlsbad being drawn against Ayumi Morita , whom she beat having come back from a set down in two hours and 40 minutes . Laura moved into the 2nd round faced with the World No. 7 Petra Kvitová from Czech Republic but lost in straight sets putting an end to her Southern California Open .
To start the Canadian Open in Toronto , Robson was due to play Yanina Wickmayer from Belgium on 5 August 2013 in her opening match but had to pull out due to a wrist injury . The same injury also led to her pulling out of the tournament in Cincinnati , however her ranking of number 32 meant that she would be seeded at a Grand Slam tournament for the first time in her career , entering the US Open as the 30th seed .
At the US Open , Robson returned after intensive rehab on her wrist injury and began her campaign against Spain 's Lourdes Domínguez Lino , whom Robson had lost to twice previously . After winning a scrappy first set , Robson powered through the second at love . In the second round , Robson faced world number 75 Caroline Garcia of France , and won in two tight sets . Robson then fell in straight sets in the next round to Li Na in the same place they had played last year , where Robson had won . The fifth seed Li powered 11 aces to beat her 12 @-@ year younger opponent , Robson in straight sets . After a break of around three weeks , Robson returned to action at the Guangzhou Open , a tournament in which she was a finalist the previous year . She started strongly , with straight sets wins over qualifier Jovana Jakšić in the first round , and Zheng Saisai of China in the second round . She subsequently lost to another Chinese player in Zheng Jie , despite taking the first set 6 – 1 .
In October 2013 , it was announced that Miles Maclagan 's coaching partnership with Laura had ended and that she would be taking a couple of weeks out and starting the search for a new coach .
= = = 2014 – 15 : Wrist injury , extended absence = = =
Robson started her 2014 season at the Hobart International , where she had to retire in her first round match against Yanina Wickmayer due to a left wrist injury . Her wrist continued to affect her at the Australian Open , where Kirsten Flipkens defeated her in straight sets . After taking three @-@ months rest from the tour , Robson underwent surgery on her left wrist in April . The surgery forced her to miss the French Open , Wimbledon and the US Open , and although Robson initially hoped to be playing by the end of the season , she only started training in October , and did not play again in 2014 .
Robson did not enter the Australian Open in 2015 and subsequently left the WTA rankings , having not competed for 12 months . Robson planned to return at the $ 25 @,@ 000 ITF tournament at Surprise , Arizona , but delayed her return and did not enter another ITF event in February . She declined a wildcard into the qualifying event of the Miami Masters in March . Her agent Eisenbund stated that she had not suffered a setback , and was " closer and closer " to a return .
After an absence of a year and a half , Robson 's first competitive match was at the qualifying draw of the 2015 Aegon International in Eastbourne in June . She lost to top seed Daria Gavrilova in straight sets . Robson was granted a wildcard to compete at Wimbledon , but she was defeated in the first round by Evgeniya Rodina .
In July 2015 she played at a $ 50 @,@ 000 ITF event in Granby and won a tough three @-@ set match over second seed Naomi Osaka . However , she lost her next match to American qualifier Ellie Halbauer . Robson also reached the final in doubles partnering Erin Routliffe . In Gatineau , she retired from her first round match , generating fear that her wrist injury had returned , but Robson said that she had been hampered by a stomach strain she had suffered during practice .
= = = 2016 : Return to tennis = = =
After receiving some further surgery on her wrist at the end of 2015 , Laura Robson took some more time off from tennis and subsequently missed the Australian Open . Robson started off the year playing some American challenger events , with limited success . She made her return to WTA events by using her protected ranking to enter Indian Wells . Here she made a reasonable effort but ultimately lost to Magdaléna Rybáriková who subsequently went on to reach the quarter finals of the event . She also received a wildcard entry into the main draw of Miami and used her protected ranking to enter into the qualifying of Charleston but lost in the first round at both events .
Robson later won her first WTA match since her injury in 2013 , by beating Klára Koukalová 6 @-@ 2 6 @-@ 3 in the qualifying of Stuttgart . However , she lost her next match in qualifying to Océane Dodin in straight sets . She also claimed her first main draw WTA victory since 2013 in Rabat by defeating local wildcard Ghita Benhadi in straight sets . However , she later lost her next match to Tímea Babos .
Robson also used her protected ranking to enter premier clay events in Madrid and Rome , where she lost her first round matches to Victoria Azarenka and Christina McHale respectively . She did however put on a very promising display against Azarenka , but ultimately was unable to convert 8 out of 9 breakpoints , allowing Azarenka to clinch victory in straight sets .
= = Playing style = =
Robson plays left @-@ handed , with a two @-@ handed backhand . One of her strengths is her " dominant " serve . She has a strong game from the back of the court and is also noted for having an aggressive forehand return . However , she has been criticised for having " poor lateral movement " , as well as an inconsistent second serve , resulting in a considerable number of double faults . She has been praised for showing " extraordinary poise " , and having " the attitude and technique required of a leading player " . Commentator Simon Reed said that she " has every tool she needs " , and former Grand Slam champion Pat Cash called her " a special talent " who " seems to have all the attributes to progress " . Current WTA player Ana Ivanovic said that Robson " hits the ball really , really hard " , former top British player Samantha Smith said that " she doesn 't have any weaknesses at all " , and Serena Williams stated that Robson is an " all @-@ around good player " . Robson 's favourite surface to play on is grass and her favourite shot is her forehand down the line .
= = Career statistics = =
= = = Olympic Games : 1 ( 0 – 1 ) = = =
= = = = Mixed doubles : 1 ( 0 – 1 ) = = = =
= = = Performance timelines = = =
= = = = Women 's singles = = = =
= = = Junior Grand Slam finals : 3 ( 1 – 2 ) = = =
= = = = Junior Singles = = = =
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= Lactarius subdulcis =
Lactarius subdulcis , commonly known as the mild milkcap or beech milk cap , is an edible mushroom in the genus Lactarius . It is brown in colour , with a large number of gills and a particularly thin layer of flesh in the cap . Mycorrhizal , the mushroom is found from late summer to late autumn at the base of beech trees in small groups or individually , where it is one of the two most common species of fungi . Alternatively , it can be found in large groups in fields , sometimes with more than a hundred individual mushrooms . It is found in Europe , and , despite previous research to the contrary , is absent in North America . Although considered edible , it is not particularly useful as food due to its ivy @-@ like taste and the fact that more choice mushrooms will be easily found at the same time . L. subdulcis is known for its abundant , sweet @-@ tasting milk that , unlike the latex of some of its relatives , does not stain fabric yellow .
= = Taxonomy = =
Lactarius subdulcis was first described as Agaricus subdulcis by mycologist Christian Hendrik Persoon in 1801 , before English mycologist Samuel Frederick Gray placed it in its current genus Lactarius in 1821 in his The Natural Arrangement of British Plants . The specific epithet is derived from Latin words sub " under " , and dulcis " sweet " , after the milk 's delayed sweet taste . As well as mild milk cap , beech milk cap is an alternate common name .
= = Description = =
Lactarius subdulcis has a convex cap of 3 – 7 cm ( 1 – 3 in ) across that later develops a depression . It sometimes has a small umbo , and in colour can be a reddish @-@ brown , rusty or dark @-@ cinnamon , later paling to buff , though darker in the middle . The cap can be fairly rigid to flexible , and smooth to slightly wrinkled . At first , the margin is incurved though it is sometimes slightly furrowed . The stem is 3 – 7 cm long and between 6 and 13 mm thick , and is generally cylindrical though can be club @-@ shaped . The stem is sometimes furrowed lengthwise , and is generally the same colour as the cap , though paler at the top . The flesh is pale and there is only a thin layer in the cap . The crowded gills are adnate to slightly decurrent , and can be white or pink in colour . It has white , plentiful milk that does not stain fabrics yellow , differentiating it from other species of Lactarius , such as L. decipiens . It has a faint , oily scent .
= = = Spores = = =
Lactarius subdulcis has cream spore print with a slight salmon tinge . The spores are oval , with largish warts of around 1 micrometre ( μm ) which are joined by a well @-@ developed network of mostly thin ridges . The spores measure 7 @.@ 5 – 11 μm by 6 @.@ 5 – 9 μm , and are amyloid or ellipsoid in shape .
= = Distribution and habitat = =
Lactarius subdulcis is found in Europe ; it does not occur in North America , although a number of similar brownish @-@ orange species were formerly classified under this species . It is found in broad @-@ leaved woodland , especially on the floor at the base of beech trees . Along with L. vellereus , L. subdulcis is the most common fungi found on beech trees . The mushrooms can be found from late summer to late autumn , and are common . They are found individually , or in small groups . They can also be found in fields , generally appearing in large batches , with groups of over a hundred mushrooms not uncommon .
= = Edibility = =
Lactarius subdulcis has a mild taste with a slightly bitter after @-@ taste . Though considered edible after cooking , it is not recommended , as it has a taste reminiscent of ivy . There are a number of other mushrooms that appear at the same time and in the same areas as L. subdulcis that are preferable to it , including L. mitissimus , meaning that L. subdulcis is not particularly useful as a foodstuff . The milk is one of distinguishing features , having a sweet taste that turns bitter in the mouth , with L. subdulcis being considered a sweet milk mushroom .
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= Murder ( The Office ) =
" Murder " is the tenth episode of the sixth season of the U.S. comedy series The Office and the show 's 110th episode overall . It was written by Daniel Chun and directed by Greg Daniels . It originally aired on NBC on November 12 , 2009 . The episode guest stars Andy Buckley as David Wallace , although he only appears via the phone .
The series — presented as if it were a real documentary — depicts the everyday lives of office employees in the Scranton , Pennsylvania , branch of the fictional Dunder Mifflin Paper Company . In the episode , rumors spread that Dunder Mifflin is in financial trouble , so Michael Scott ( Steve Carell ) tries to distract the office by having everyone play a murder mystery game called Belles , Bourbon , and Bullets . Meanwhile , Andy Bernard ( Ed Helms ) uses the game as a way to ask out Erin ( Ellie Kemper ) , but fears he may have asked out Erin 's character , instead of Erin herself .
" Murder " was the first entry in the series written by Chun , and was his first script for the series . The episode also was the inception of two major story arcs , the first being the season @-@ long arc of Dunder Mifflin going out of business and its purchase by the printer company Sabre in the episode of the same name , and the second being the budding romance between Andy and Erin . The episode scored a 4 @.@ 2 / 10 rating share in the 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ old demographic , and was watched by 8 @.@ 046 million viewers . The episode received largely positive reviews from critics , with many highlighting its purposeful ridiculousness .
= = Plot = =
In the cold open , Dwight Schrute ( Rainn Wilson ) instructs the members of the office once a year on the various " changes " that various martial arts have experienced . Jim Halpert ( John Krasinski ) pranks Dwight by asking him to demonstrate the moves on himself , because Jim reasons Dwight is the most worthy opponent for himself . Dwight ends up punching , blocking , and kicking his own attacks , and ultimately ends up punching himself in the groin , to the bemusement to the members of the office .
The members of the office learn that Dunder Mifflin is in financial trouble . In an attempt to get the worried staff under control , Michael Scott ( Steve Carell ) and Jim call a meeting to provide optimistic viewpoints , despite the steadily worsening news . In a moment of quick thinking , Michael pulls out a murder mystery party game called Belles , Bourbon , and Bullets and forces the rest of the staff to play along . The staff slowly warms up to the game . It is set in Savannah , Georgia , and everyone has to adopt a Southern accent . Thanks to Pam Halpert ( Jenna Fischer ) , Andy Bernard ( Ed Helms ) , and Phyllis Lapin @-@ Vance ( Phyllis Smith ) , the game becomes a hit . Everyone present starts to play along , except for Oscar Martinez ( Oscar Nunez ) who tries to get updates on the situation from corporate and Creed Bratton ( Creed Bratton ) who shows up late to work and flees after being told he is a suspect in a murder . Jim , however , believes that the entire exercise is pointless .
Andy decides he needs to make a move on Erin ( Ellie Kemper ) before the day is out , as he may otherwise never see her again due to the possible impending closure of Dunder Mifflin . While in character , he asks Erin out for a weekend date , but becomes unsure if he really asked her out , or if he just simply asked out her murder mystery character , " Naughty Nelly . " He is worried that Erin only agreed because Naughty Nelly is a promiscuous character .
Just as the game seems to get interesting , Oscar returns and informs everyone that accounting has been notified to stop payments to vendors . This brings the staff out of the game and back to the reality of losing their jobs . Michael tries to win them back , but accidentally skips to the game 's conclusion , revealing that Phyllis 's character was the murderer . Although everyone else goes back to work even more stressed out , Michael refuses to give up , and continues playing the game with Dwight . After the game , Andy and Erin meet at the receptionist desk , where Erin asks him about their upcoming date . Andy tries to sound out whether the date is real or fictional by suggesting that they go to Savannah for their date . Erin remarks that Savannah is a long way away , but does so in character ; confused by this , Andy slips up and indicates that the " date " was just part of the game . Erin says she was also just playing , but appears humiliated as she walks away and later reveals to the camera crew she thought the date was real .
Michael tries to introduce another murder and other twists to the story to pull his staff back into the party . This infuriates Jim to his breaking point , and they hold a private talk in Michael 's office . Michael snaps at Jim and points out that he is doing this to keep the office calm . CFO David Wallace ( Andy Buckley ) finally returns the phone calls to Jim , and reveals that while nothing has been officially decided yet , Dunder Mifflin is expected to be insolvent by year @-@ end . Jim hides the news from the staff and nudges them back into the party . Jim finally realizes that Michael was doing this to help his co @-@ workers cope . At the end of the episode , Michael , Dwight , Andy , and Pam find themselves in a fake Mexican standoff lasting until 6 : 00 at night . Jim pulls Pam out so they can go home , and the others pretend to shoot each other to death .
= = Production = =
The episode was written by Daniel Chun , and was his first script for the series . The episode also was the inception of two major story arcs , the first being the season @-@ long arc of Dunder Mifflin going out of business and its purchase by the printer company Sabre in the episode of the same name , and the second being the budding romance between Andy and Erin . According to series creator and episode director Greg Daniels , the episode explores the idea that Michael is positively motivated due to his subconscious ; although his antics seem nonsensical to many members of the office , in the end , his idea to take his coworkers ' minds off of the fiscal trouble proves to be the best choice . This was first explored in the third season episode " Grief Counseling " . Chun later explained in a Q & A with The Office fansite OfficeTally that " the episode was partly about Jim realizing that sometimes Michael isn 't crazy , he 's crazy like a fox " in that sometimes his underlying motives are clever .
Most of the names were based on " Southern puns " , and it took Chun a while to think of all the names . All of the props , cards , and box were designed by the series ' prop department . The producers tried to market the game as a real product , although that never came to fruition . Chun crafted the cold open after being inspired by the second season episode " The Fight " because he wanted to see more " Karate Dwight " . In the original version of the open , the scripted featured Dwight and Michael kicking each other in the groin . Jennifer Celotta , however , suggested that Dwight fight himself . The episode guest @-@ stars Andy Buckley , who plays David Wallace . Buckley appears only via the telephone , and recorded his lines in the annex of the set , to give the illusion that he was calling from a long ways away .
" Murder " was directed by Daniels . Daniels particularly enjoyed directing both the cold open , as well as the closing tag , likening both to " an action film " . In regards to the latter , he referred to it as a sequence that director Quentin Tarantino would have thought up , and noted the importance of having the camera appear in the middle of the Mexican standoff to reveal Fischer . Wilson , Helms , and Carell enjoyed filming the scene , and were particularly exuberant when it came time to fake @-@ kill each other . Several of the scenes , such as when Andy first asks Erin on a date , had to be re @-@ shot so that the cameras were in more discreet places . Daniels later referred to these shots as " spy shots " . Initially , after Michael announces that " there has been a murder " , the show was supposed to have cut to a commercial break . However , the producers realized that this was too misleading , as it would have implied that a real homicide had taken place .
The Season Six DVD contains a number of deleted scenes from this episode . Notable cut scenes include Michael berating and then apologizing to Erin , Michael making a racist remark about slavery while in character , various conference room scenes , and extended sequences of the members of the office playing the game in @-@ character .
= = Cultural references = =
Wallace alerts the office that the companies troubles have been published in the Wall Street Journal , but Michael and Erin mistake this to mean the " feelings journal " , Michael listens to " Lullaby " by Shawn Mullins to soothe himself ; Chun explained that the reason the song was chosen was because " Michael would probably have loved top 40 pop from the 90s . And I figured the song would have to be devoid of subtext . That 's why ' Lullabye ' felt like a fit . " When Jim lowers the volume on Michael 's computer , the tell @-@ tale " click " of a Mac computer comes out of the speakers . Daniels and Chun note that this was intentional , and they wanted that specific sound , even though Windows computers do not make that sound . Pam 's southern accent is compared to the fictional character Forrest Gump . After Andy successfully does a Savannah accent , Kevin asks him to do " the Swedish Chef " . Andy , not understanding the reference asks " what province " he is from , to which Kevin replies that " he lives on Sesame Street , dumbass . " Angela blames her character 's dabbling with the dark arts — she portrays a witch doctor in the game — with being exposed to the Harry Potter series .
= = Reception = =
" Murder " first aired on NBC on November 12 , 2009 . In its original American broadcast , the episode was viewed by an estimated 8 @.@ 046 million viewers and received a 4 @.@ 2 rating / 10 percent share in the 18 – 49 demographic . This means that it was seen by 4 @.@ 2 percent of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds , and 10 percent of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds watching television at the time of the broadcast . This marked a slight increase in the ratings from the previous episode , " Double Date " .
" Murder " received generally positive reviews , with many complimenting the fact that the show was able to dabble in a ridiculous situation with over @-@ the @-@ top characters while , in the end , still having a point . Dan Phillips of IGN said that the episode was a " major step up " from the " disappointing " last two episodes , " Koi Pond " and " Double Date " . Phillips stated that the episode " struck a nice balance between unbound silliness and grounded drama , even if the silliness dominated at times . " Phillips praised the way that , when Michael stood up to Jim and argued that the office members needed the game to remain sane , " the character I love had returned after playing the part of moronic jerk for too much of this season . " Ultimately , he gave the episode an 8 @.@ 8 out of 10 score , denoting a " great " episode .
Nathan Rabin of The A.V. Club awarded the episode an " A – " and praised the way it both managed to touch upon Dunder Mifflin 's serious economic trouble , as well as allowed the actors and actresses — and Steve Carell in particular — to use " ridiculous accent [ s ] " and " crazy character [ s ] " . He also enjoyed the way that Andy and Erin 's subplot was developed , writing that " Andy becomes a deeper , more lovable character with each passing episode " and that " Erin has quickly become an appealing , engaging character . " He concluded that the episode was enjoyable because it " was silliness with a purpose " .
Alan Sepinwall praised Krasinski 's acting , noting that he got the chance to " nail a great dramatic moment " . He also felt that Dunder Mifflin 's crisis was an interesting development for the show , and put a new spin on the recurring theme of fiscal issues . Finally , he praised the Andy and Erin romancing , noting that it " allows the writers to push a similar scenario [ that had been used with Pam and Jim ] in a more overtly comic direction , while still getting some pathos out of it . " Gage Henry of Paste felt that the entry was a " great way to dust off last week ’ s " episode . He was pleased that it show @-@ cased Michael as the " all @-@ knowing father figure whose mysterious ways pan out in the end . "
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= Caerphilly Castle =
Caerphilly Castle ( Welsh : Castell Caerffili ) is a medieval fortification in Caerphilly in South Wales . The castle was constructed by Gilbert de Clare in the 13th century as part of his campaign to conquer Glamorgan , and saw extensive fighting between Gilbert and his descendants and the native Welsh rulers . Surrounded by extensive artificial lakes – considered by historian Allen Brown to be " the most elaborate water defences in all Britain " – it occupies around 30 acres ( 12 ha ) and is the second largest castle in Britain . It is famous for having introduced concentric castle defences to Britain and for its large gatehouses .
Gilbert began work on the castle in 1268 following his occupation of the north of Glamorgan , with the majority of the construction occurring over the next three years at a considerable cost . The project was opposed by Gilbert 's Welsh rival Llywelyn ap Gruffudd , leading to the site being burnt in 1270 and taken over by royal officials in 1271 . Despite these interruptions , Gilbert successfully completed the castle and took control of the region . The core of Caerphilly Castle , including the castle 's luxurious accommodation , was built on what became a central island , surrounding by several artificial lakes , a design Gilbert probably derived from that at Kenilworth . The dams for these lakes were further fortified , and an island to the west provided additional protection . The concentric rings of walls inspired Edward I 's castles in North Wales , and proved what historian Norman Pounds has termed " a turning point in the history of the castle in Britain " .
The castle was attacked during the Madog ap Llywelyn revolt of 1294 , the Llywelyn Bren uprising in 1316 and during the overthrow of Edward II in 1326 – 27 . In the late 15th century , however , it fell into decline and by the 16th century the lakes had drained away and the walls were robbed of their stone . The Marquesses of Bute acquired the property in 1776 and under the third and fourth Marquesses extensive restoration took place . In 1950 the castle and grounds were given to the state and the water defences were re @-@ flooded . In the 21st century , the Welsh heritage agency Cadw manages the site as a tourist attraction .
= = History = =
= = = 13th century = = =
Caerphilly Castle was built in the second half of the 13th century , as part of the Anglo @-@ Norman expansion into South Wales . The Normans began to make incursions into Wales from the late 1060s onwards , pushing westwards from their bases in recently occupied England . Their advance was marked by the construction of castles and the creation of regional lordships . The task of subduing the region of Glamorgan was given to the earls of Gloucester in 1093 ; efforts continued throughout the 12th and early 13th centuries , accompanied by extensive fighting between the Anglo @-@ Norman lords and local Welsh rulers . The powerful de Clare family acquired the earldom in 1217 and continued to attempt to conquer the whole of the Glamorgan region .
In 1263 , Gilbert de Clare , also known as " Red Gilbert " because of the colour of his hair , inherited the family lands . Opposing him in Glamorgan was the native Welsh prince Llywelyn ap Gruffudd . Llywelyn had taken advantage of the chaos of the civil war in England between Henry III and rebel barons during the 1260s to expand his power across the region . In 1265 Llywelyn allied himself with the baronial faction in England in exchange for being granted authority over the local Welsh magnates across all the territories in the region , including Glamorgan . De Clare believed his lands and power were under threat and allied himself with Henry III against the rebel barons and Llywelyn .
The baronial revolt was crushed between 1266 and 1267 , leaving de Clare free to advance north into Glamorgan from his main base in Cardiff . De Clare started to construct a castle at Caerphilly to control his new gains in 1268 . The castle lay in a basin of the Rhymney Valley , alongside the Rhymney River and at the heart of network of paths and roads , adjacent to a former Roman fort . Work began at a huge pace , with ditches cut to form the basic shape of the castle , temporary wooden palisades erected and extensive water defences created by damming a local stream . The walls and internal buildings were built at speed , forming the main part of the castle . The architect of the castle and the precise cost of the construction are unknown , but modern estimates suggest that it could have cost as much as castles such as Conwy or Caernarfon , perhaps as much as £ 19 @,@ 000 , a huge sum for the period .
Llywelyn responded by intervening with his own forces but outright conflict was prevented by the diplomatic efforts of Henry III . De Clare continued building work and in 1270 Llywelyn responded by attacking and burning the site , probably destroying the temporary defences and stores . De Clare began work again the following year , raising tensions and prompting Henry to send two bishops , Roger de Meyland and Godfrey Giffard , to take control of the site and arbitrate a solution to the dispute .
The bishops took possession of the castle later in 1271 and promised Llywelyn that building work would temporarily cease and that negotiations would begin the following summer . In February of the next year , however , de Clare 's men seized back the castle , threw out the bishops ' soldiers , and de Clare – protesting his innocence in these events – began work once again . Neither Henry nor Llywelyn could readily intervene and de Clare was able to lay claim to the whole of Glamorgan . Work on the castle continued , with additional water defences , towers and gatehouses added .
Llywelyn 's power declined over the next two decades . In 1276 Henry 's son , Edward I , invaded Wales following a dispute with the prince , breaking his power in South Wales , and in 1282 Edward 's second campaign resulted in Llwelyn 's death and the collapse of independent Welsh rule . Further defences were added to the walls until work stopped around 1290 . Local disputes remained . De Clare argued with Humphrey de Bohun , the earl of Hereford , in 1290 and the following year the case was brought before the king , resulting in the temporary royal seizure of Caerphilly .
In 1294 Madog ap Llywelyn rebelled against English rule , the first major insurrection since the 1282 campaign . The Welsh appear to have risen up over the introduction of taxation and Madog had considerable popular support . In Glamorgan , Morgan ap Maredudd led the local uprising ; Morgan had been dispossessed by de Clare in 1270 and saw this as a chance to regain his lands . Morgan attacked Caerphilly , burning half of the town , but failed to take the castle . In the spring of 1295 Edward pressed home a counter @-@ attack in North Wales , putting down the uprising and arresting Madog . De Clare attacked Morgan 's forces and retook the region between April and May , resulting in Morgan 's surrender . De Clare died at the end of 1295 , leaving Caerphilly Castle in a good condition , linked to the small town of Caerphilly which had emerged to the south of it and a large deer park in the nearby Aber Valley .
= = = 14th – 17th centuries = = =
Gilbert 's son , also called Gilbert de Clare , inherited the castle , but he died fighting at the battle of Bannockburn in 1314 while still quite young . The family 's lands were initially placed under the control of the Crown , but before any decision could be taken on the inheritance , a revolt broke out in Glamorgan . Anger over the actions of the royal administrators caused Llywelyn Bren to rise up in January 1316 , attacking Caerphilly Castle with a large force of men . The castle withstood the attack , but the town was destroyed and the rebellion spread . A royal army was despatched to deal with the situation , defeating Bren in a battle at Caerphilly Mountain and breaking the Welsh siege of the castle .
In 1317 Edward II settled the inheritance of Glamorgan and Caerphilly Castle on Eleanor de Clare , who had married the royal favourite , Hugh le Despenser . Hugh used his relationship with the king to expand his power across the region , taking over lands throughout South Wales . Hugh employed Master Thomas de la Bataile and William Hurley to expand the Great Hall at the castle , including richly carved windows and doors . In 1326 , however , Edward 's wife , Isabella of France , overthrew his government , forcing the king and Hugh to flee west . The pair stayed in Caerphilly Castle at the end of October and early November , before leaving to escape Isabella 's approaching forces , abandoning the extensive stores and £ 14 @,@ 000 held at the castle . William la Zouche besieged the castle with a force of 425 soldiers , cornering the constable , Sir John de Felton , Hugh 's son – also called Hugh – and the garrison of 130 men inside . Caerphilly held out until March 1327 , when the garrison surrendered on the condition that the younger Hugh was pardoned , his father having been already executed .
Tensions between the Welsh and the English persisted and spilled over in 1400 with the outbreak of the Glyndŵr Rising . It is uncertain what part the castle played in the conflict , but it seems to have survived intact . In 1416 , the castle passed through Isabel le Despenser in marriage to her first husband Richard de Beauchamp , the earl of Worcester , and then to her second husband , Richard Beauchamp , the earl of Warwick . Isabel and her second husband invested heavily in the castle , conducting repairs and making it suitable for use as their main residence in the region . The castle passed to Richard Neville in 1449 and to Jasper Tudor , the earl of Pembroke , in 1486 .
After 1486 , the castle went into decline , eclipsed by the more fashionable residence of Cardiff Castle ; once the sluice @-@ gates fell into disrepair , the water defences probably drained away . Antiquarian John Leland visited Caerphilly Castle around 1539 , and described it as having " waulles of a wonderful thiknes " , but beyond a tower used to hold prisoners it was in ruins and surrounded by marshland . Henry Herbert , the earl of Pembroke used the castle for his manorial court . In 1583 the castle was leased to Thomas Lewis , who stripped it of much of its stone to extend his house , causing extensive damage .
In 1642 the English Civil War broke out between the Royalist supporters of Charles I and those of Parliament . South Wales was predominantly Royalist in sympathy , and during the conflict , a sconce , or small fort , was built overlooking Caerphilly Castle to the north @-@ west , on the site of the old Roman fort . It is uncertain if this was built by Royalist forces or by the Parliamentary army that occupied the area during the final months of the war in March 1646 , but the fort 's guns would have dominated the interior of the castle . It is also uncertain whether or not Caerphilly Castle was deliberately slighted by Parliament to prevent its future use as a fortification . Although several towers had collapsed by the 18th century , possibly as a result of such an operation , it is probable that this deterioration was actually the result of subsidence damage caused when the water defences retreated , as there is no evidence of deliberate destruction having been ordered .
= = = 18th – 21st centuries = = =
The Marquesses of Bute acquired the castle in 1776 . John Stuart , the first marquess , took steps to protect the ruins . His great @-@ grandson John Crichton @-@ Stuart , the third marquess , was immensely rich as the result of the family 's holdings in the South Wales coalfields and was passionately interested in the medieval period . He had the site fully surveyed by the architect William Frame , and reroofed the great hall in the 1870s . The marquess began a process of buying back leasehold properties around the castle with the intent of clearing back the town houses that had been built up to the edge of the site .
The fourth marquess , John Crichton @-@ Stuart , was an enthusiastic restorer and builder and commissioned a major restoration project between 1928 and 1939 . The stonework was carefully repaired , with moulds made to recreate missing pieces . The Inner East Gatehouse was rebuilt , along with several of the other towers . The marquess carried out landscaping work , with the intent of eventually re @-@ flooding the lakes , and thanks to several decades of purchases was finally able to demolish the local houses encroaching on the view of the castle .
By 1947 , when John Crichton @-@ Stuart , the fifth marquess , inherited the castle , the Bute family had divested itself of most of its land in South Wales . John sold off the family 's remaining property interests and in 1950 he gave Caerphilly Castle to the state . The lakes were re @-@ flooded and the final stages of the restoration work were completed in the 1950s and 1960s . In the 21st century the castle is managed by the Welsh heritage agency Cadw as a tourist attraction . In 2006 , the castle saw 90 @,@ 914 visitors . It is protected as a scheduled monument and as a grade I listed building .
= = Architecture = =
Caerphilly Castle comprises a set of eastern defences , protected by the Outer East Moat and the North Lake , and fortifications on the Central Island and the Western Island , both protected by the South Lake . The site is around 30 acres ( 120 @,@ 000 m2 ) in size , making it the second largest in Britain . It is constructed on a natural gravel bank in the local river basin , and the castle walls are built from Pennant sandstone . The castle 's architecture is famous and historically significant . The castle introduced concentric castle defences to Britain , changing the future course of the country 's military architecture , and also incorporated a huge gatehouse . The castle also featured a sophisticated network of moats and dams , considered by historian Allen Brown to be " the most elaborate water defences in all Britain " .
The eastern defences were reached via the Outer Main Gatehouse , which featured circular towers resting on spurred , pyramidic bases , a design particular to South Wales castles . Originally the gatehouse would have been reached over a sequence of two drawbridges , linked by an intervening tower , since destroyed . To the north side of the gatehouse was the North Dam , protected by three substantial towers , and which may have supported the castle 's stables . Despite subsidence damage , the dam still holds back the North Lake . The South Dam was a massive structure , 152 metres ( 499 ft ) long , ending in a huge buttressed wall . The remains of the castle mill – originally powered by water from the dam – survive . Four replica siege engines have been placed on display . The dam ended in Felton 's Tower , a square fortification designed to protect the sluicegates regulating the water levels of the dam , and the South Gatehouse – also called Giffard 's Tower – originally accessed via a drawbridge , which led into the town .
Caerphilly 's water defences were almost certainly inspired by those at Kenilworth , where a similar set of artificial lakes and dams was created . Gilbert de Clare had fought at the siege of Kenilworth in 1266 and would have seen these at first hand . Caerphilly 's water defences provided particular protection against mining , which could otherwise undermine castle walls during the period , and are considered the most advanced of their kind in Britain .
The central island held Caerphilly 's inner defences , a roughly square design with a walled inner and middle ward , the inner ward protected by four turrets on each of the corners . The walls of the inner ward overlooked those of the middle ward , producing a concentric defence of two enclosed rings of walls ; in the medieval period , the walls of the middle ward would have been much higher than today , forming a more substantial defence . Caerphilly was the first concentric castle in Britain , pre @-@ dating Edward I 's famous programme of concentric castles by a few years . The design influenced the design of Edward 's later castles in North Wales , and historian Norman Pounds considers it " a turning point in the history of the castle in Britain " . Probable subsidence has caused the south @-@ east tower in the Inner Ward to lean outwards at an angle of 10 degrees .
Access to the central island occurred over a drawbridge , through a pair of gatehouses on the eastern side . Caerphilly Castle 's Inner East Gatehouse , based on the gatehouse built at Tonbridge in the 1250s , reinforced a trend in gatehouse design across England and Wales . Sometimes termed a keep @-@ gatehouse , the fortification had both exterior and interior defences , enabling it to be defended even if the perimeter of the castle was breached . Two huge towers flanked the gatehouse on either side of an entrance that was protected by portcullises and murder @-@ holes . The substantial size of the gatehouse allowed it to be used for accommodation as well as defence and it was comfortably equipped on a grand scale , probably for the use of the castle constable and his family . Another pair of gatehouses protected the west side .
Inside the inner ward was the castle 's Great Hall and accommodation . Caerphilly was built with fashionable , high @-@ status accommodation , similar to that built around the same time in Chepstow Castle . In the medieval period the Great Hall would have been subdivided with wooden screens , colourful decorations , with rich , detailed carving and warmed by a large , central fireplace . Some carved medieval corbels in the shape of male and female heads survive in the hall today , possibly depicting the royal court in the 1320s , including Edward II , Isabella of France , Hugh Despenser and Eleanor de Clare . To the east of the Great Hall was the castle chapel , positioned above the buttery and pantry . On the west side of the hall were the castle 's private apartments , two solar blocks with luxurious fittings .
Beyond the central island was the Western Island , probably reached by drawbridges . The island is called Y Weringaer or Caer y Werin in Welsh , meaning " the people 's fort " , and may have been used by the town of Caerphilly for protection during conflicts . On the north @-@ west side of the Western Island was the site of the former Roman fort , enclosing around 3 acres ( 1 @.@ 2 ha ) , and the remains of the 17th @-@ century civil @-@ war fortification built on the same location .
= = In popular culture = =
The long @-@ running British television show Doctor Who chose Caerphilly Castle as a filming location for several episodes , including The End of Time in 2009 . On that occasion , producers used the residential quarters of the East Gatehouse , Constable 's Hall and Broase Gallery for the filming of a dungeon in the fictional Broadfell Prison .
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= Masterpiece ( Madonna song ) =
" Masterpiece " is a song by American singer Madonna for the soundtrack of the 2011 film W.E. The song was later included on her twelfth studio album MDNA ( 2012 ) . It served official radio release in the United Kingdom on April 2 , 2012 , to promote the album . Madonna composed the song alongside Julie Frost and Jimmy Harry , and produced it with William Orbit . " Masterpiece " is a midtempo pop ballad which is reminiscent of her works from the 1990s . The song garnered positive reviews from contemporary critics , who praised its lyrical content and Madonna 's vocal performance .
" Masterpiece " won the Best Original Song category at the 69th Golden Globe Awards , but was deemed ineligible for the similar category at the 84th Academy Awards . Its Golden Globe nomination sparked a red carpet rivalry between Madonna and singer Elton John . " Masterpiece " peaked at number one in Russia , while reaching the lower regions of the charts in the Czech Republic , Japan , South Korea and the United Kingdom . It was performed by Madonna on The MDNA Tour ( 2012 ) , where she was accompanied by Basque musicians Kalakan trio . The performance was considered a highlight of the tour .
= = Writing and development = =
" Masterpiece " was composed by Madonna , Julie Frost and Jimmy Harry and produced by Madonna and William Orbit . When Madonna was directing her film W.E. , her manager Guy Oseary persuaded the singer to compose a song for the soundtrack . Frost was living in Los Angeles at that time and was assessing her priorities in the music world , and wanted to collaborate with a number of artists , Madonna being the first . " She is an icon " , Frost said , " But most importantly she has some of the best Pop songs in the history of music ... so yeah it 's always a dream to work with people like her . " Orbit , who was working with Frost and Harry on an assignment , contacted them for collaborating with Madonna on " Masterpiece " . He had heard Frost 's initial composition of the song and knew that Madonna would love it . According to Frost the theme explained to them was about bittersweet love and the hardships felt being in a relationship . Madonna , Frost and Harry sat together with this idea and brainstormed and came up with the lyrics and the melody . Over time , Madonna changed the structure of the song and the final version was ready for recording . Madonna recalled :
" [ Guy Oseary ] harangued me for the entire time I was filming and editing my movie to write a song . And I said , ' Please , Guy , I 'm trying to focus on being a director and I want people to pay attention to the film and I don 't have time . ' So then I finished the film and I started making my record and somehow magically and miraculously the song emerged , ' Masterpiece , ' so thank you , Guy Oseary , for being so irritating . "
= = Recording and composition = =
" Masterpiece " is a midtempo pop ballad featuring basic recording and production by Orbit . It was recorded in two locations , 3 : 20 Studios , Los Angeles , California and MSR Studios , New York , New York . Madonna reflected on the recording sessions with Orbit : " We 've worked on stuff for so many years that we kind of finish each other 's sentences . He knows my taste and what I like . Magic happens when we get into a recording studio together . " Additional production came from Harry , who also played acoustic guitars , keyboards , vocoder and did the programming for the track . Demacio " Demo " Castellon mixed and engineered the song with help from Frank Filipetti , while Angie Teo did additional engineering and editing . Other personnel working on " Masterpiece " was Ron Taylor who did protools editing and further editing from Stephen " The Koz " Kozmeniuk .
In " Masterpiece " , Madonna sings about the pain of being in love with someone who is a great work of art , with the lyrics including " If you were the Mona Lisa , You 'd be hanging in the Louvre , Everyone would come to see you , You 'd be impossible to move . " Madonna said the song describes Wallis Simpson and is " about a woman who has fallen in love with this untouchable thing , this man that was raised to be king . One of the lines of the song ' it must be so hard to always be the chosen one . ' At the end of the day nothing is indestructible , no matter how high you might rise in the world you are still a human being . " Marc Schneider from Billboard described " Masterpiece " as a slowed @-@ down , moody ballad that showcases strong execution of vocals from Madonna . He described the production as " simple , direct and reminiscent of her sound in the 1990s " . The lyrics were described as emotional , and was comparable to the film 's love story , with the chorus as follows : " And I 'm right by your side , Like a thief in the night , I stand in front of a masterpiece . And I can 't tell you why it hurts so much to be in love with a masterpiece . ' Cause after all , nothing 's indestructible " .
= = Critical response = =
" Masterpiece " received generally positive reviews from music critics . Bradley Stern from MTV wrote that " with its poetic lyrics and gorgeous orchestration , " Masterpiece " is an instant classic addition to Madonna 's back catalog of stellar balladry . " Another review from MTV stated that " the song doesn 't follow Madonna 's usual style of sexy , energetic and mischievious [ sic ] , rather it shows Madge 's wisdom of naked beauty with stripped down vocals , strong penned lyrics and haunting melodies . " Michael Cragg from The Guardian praised the song as one of the best vocal performances on MDNA . Neil McCormick from The Daily Telegraph described the song as " sweet , gentle love song with a Spanish guitar loop , a light beat and flowing melody , filled out by synthetic strings . " Keith Caulfield from Billboard felt that the song is " very pretty " and Madonna vocals are " lovely " .
Kyle Anderson of Entertainment Weekly described the song as a throwback to Madonna 's mid @-@ 1990s style . Nick Levine from The National felt that the song would slot neatly onto her 1995 ballads compilation Something to Remember . Blogcritics editor Tyrone S. Reid called the song a " slow @-@ burning instant classic , " which recalls Madonna 's Ray of Light era . A writer for Idolator website said that the song 's minimal production " remind [ s ] us very much of Madge 's American Life days , allowing us to focus on the lovely lyrics and Madonna 's gorgeous vocals . All in all , a terrific effort that bodes well for [ MDNA ] . " Robert Copsey from Digital Spy felt that the song 's production is more " organic " and " it doesn 't try to be anything other than a solid pop song . "
= = Accolades = =
On January 15 , 2012 , " Masterpiece " won the Best Original Song category at the 69th Golden Globe Awards . Its nomination sparked rivalrous comments on the red carpet from fellow singer Elton John , whose song — " Hello , Hello " from Gnomeo & Juliet — was also nominated in the category . John told host Carson Daly that Madonna " hasn 't got a fucking chance " of winning the award . When Madonna later had her red carpet interview with Daly , she took swipes at John 's masculinity first , asking about his wardrobe : " Was he wearing a dress ? " and after being informed of his comments stating , " May the best man win " .
Subsequent to the announcement , John 's husband , David Furnish , opined on his personal Facebook page that " Madonna winning Best Original Song truly shows how these awards have nothing to do with merit " . Madonna commented backstage : " I hope [ Elton John ] speaks to me for the next couple of years . He 's been known to get mad at me so I don 't know . He 's brilliant and I adore him so he 'll win another award . I don 't feel bad ! " Three days later Furnish recanted his comments saying , " My passion for our film Gnomeo & Juliet and belief in Elton 's song really got my emotional juices going , " and continuing by wishing her well on the premiere of W.E.
" Masterpiece " was ineligible for the Best Original Song category at the 84th Academy Awards , since it was not " used either in the body of the film , or as the ' first music cue ' in the closing credits ( i.e. the first song that plays once the screen fades to black ) . " It was used too late in the film credits to be eligible . " Masterpiece " was also nominated for Best Original Song Written Directly for a Film at the 2012 World Soundtrack Awards , but lost to Albert Nobbs theme " Lay Your Head Down " by Brian Byrne and Glenn Close .
= = Chart performance = =
" Masterpiece " was released to radio stations the United Kingdom on April 2 , 2012 . The song reached number 25 on the UK Airplay Chart with 26 @.@ 60 million audience impressions and 660 plays on radio during the eleventh week of 2012 . The song later debuted at number 68 on the UK Singles Chart for issue date of April 7 , 2012 , due to digital download of the track from MDNA . The next week was its final appearance on the chart , dropping at number 87 . In Japan , the song debuted at number 77 on the Japan Hot 100 chart on the issue date of February 13 , 2012 and remained on the chart for one week . The song also debuted on the Japanese Hot Top Airplay at number 58 as well as on the Digital and Airplay Overseas at number 19 . In Czech Republic , the song debuted at number 83 on the official airplay chart for the ninth week of 2012 . It peaked at number 58 in its seventh week and stayed on the chart for 12 weeks . In South Korea , the song debuted at number 147 on the Gaon International Downloads Chart with sales of 2 @,@ 516 copies . The song achieved its strongest chart performance in Russia , where it topped the Russian Music Charts in the week of December 2 , 2012 . It became the sixth most successful song of 2012 with 409 @,@ 334 radio plays across Russia .
= = Live performance = =
Madonna performed " Masterpiece " at The MDNA Tour in 2012 . It was a part of the second segment of the concert , titled Prophecy , where a mix of joyful songs that " bring people together " were performed . The wardrobe during the performance included an all @-@ leather look , a custom design by Hervé Léger and Max Azria , with knee @-@ high boots and a mini fur bolero . After finishing an energetic performance of " Open Your Heart " , Madonna is joined by Basque musicians Kalakan trio and they perform a Basque song called " Sagarra Jo " . After that , Madonna sat down to sing an acoustic guitar , fiddle , and beat @-@ based version of " Masterpiece " , as clips from W.E. appeared in the backdrops . The Kalakan trio backed the singer during the performance , while her dancers accompanied Madonna on stage , dressed as soldiers . The performance of the song at the November 19 – 20 , 2012 , shows in Miami , at the American Airlines Arena were recorded and released in Madonna 's fourth live album , MDNA World Tour .
Sarah Rodman from The Boston Globe felt that the addition of the Kalakan trio " enriched " the song , which was already a stand @-@ out track from MDNA . Journalist Liz Smith wrote in her blog for The Huffington Post that Madonna 's vocals , when she sings live is " effective and moving " , especially in the performance of " Masterpiece " . This view was shared by Dean Piper from Daily Mirror . The Atlanta Journal @-@ Constitution 's Melissa Ruggieri considered it the show 's highlight , while a writer for The Glasgow Herald felt that the performance invigorated Madonna 's artistic side .
= = Credits and personnel = =
Management
Recorded at 3 : 20 Studios , Los Angeles , California and MSR Studios , New York
Webo Girl Publishing , Inc . ( ASCAP ) , EMI April Music Inc . , Totally Famous Music and Curvature Music ( ASCAP ) ,
Personnel
Madonna – songwriter , producer , vocals
Julie Frost – songwriter
Jimmy Harry – songwriter , additional production , acoustic guitars , keyboards , vocoder , programming
William Orbit – producer
Demacio " Demo " Castellon – mixing , engineering
Frank Filipetti – engineering
Angie Teo – engineering , additional editing
Ron Taylor – protools editing
Stephen " The Koz " Kozmeniuk – additional editing
Credits and personnel adapted from the liner notes of MDNA .
= = Charts = =
= = Release history = =
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= Richard M. Daley =
Richard Michael Daley ( born April 24 , 1942 ) is an American politician , who served as the 54th Mayor of Chicago , Illinois from 1989 to 2011 . Daley was elected mayor in 1989 and was re @-@ elected five times until declining to run for a seventh term . At 22 years , he was the longest @-@ serving Chicago mayor , surpassing the tenure of his father , Richard J. Daley . Mayor Daley took over the Chicago Public Schools , developed tourism , oversaw the construction of Millennium Park , increased environmental efforts and the rapid development of the city 's central business district downtown and adjacent near North , near South and near West sides . Daley expanded employee benefits to same @-@ sex partners of city workers , and advocated for gun control . Daley was a national leader in privatization and the lease and sale of public assets to private corporations . Daley was criticized when family , personal friends , and political allies seemed to disproportionately benefit from city contracting . Mayor Daley took office in a city with regular annual budget surpluses and left the city with massive structural deficits . His budgets ran up the largest deficits in Chicago history . Prior to serving as mayor , Daley served in the Illinois Senate and then as the Cook County State 's Attorney . Police use of force was an issue in Daley 's tenures as state 's attorney and mayor .
= = Early and personal life = =
Richard M. Daley is the fourth of seven children and eldest son of Richard J. and Eleanor Daley , the late Mayor and First Lady of Chicago . Daley was raised in Bridgeport , a historically Irish @-@ American neighborhood located on Chicago 's South Side . Daley is a brother of William M. Daley , former White House Chief of Staff and former United States Secretary of Commerce under President Bill Clinton ; John P. Daley , a commissioner on the Cook County Board of Commissioners and chairman of the Board 's Finance Committee ; and Michael Daley , an attorney with Daley & Georges , a law firm founded by their father Richard J. Daley , that specializes in zoning law and is often hired by developers to help get zoning changes through city hall . Daley was married to Margaret " Maggie " Corbett until her death on Thanksgiving Day , November 24 , 2011 after a decade @-@ long battle with metastatic breast cancer , which had spread to her bones and liver ; Maggie Daley Park in the Chicago Loop commemorates her . They have four children : Nora , Patrick , Elizabeth and Kevin , all born at Mercy Hospital and Medical Center in Chicago . Their second son , Kevin , died at age two of complications from spina bifida in 1981 .
Daley graduated from De La Salle Institute high school in Chicago and obtained his bachelor 's degree from Providence College in Providence , Rhode Island in 1964 . In 1962 , at age 19 , home on Christmas break , Daley was ticketed for running a stop sign at Huron and Rush , and the Chicago Sun @-@ Times headline was " Mayor 's Son Gets Ticket , Uses No Clout , " with a subhead reading " Quiet Boy . "
Sources conflict on Daley 's military record . The only book @-@ length biography of Daley makes no mention of military service . A 1995 profile in the Chicago Sun @-@ Times stated that Daley served in the United States Marine Corps Reserve from 1961 to 1967 , while a 1996 profile in People Magazine cited 1960 to 1964 . A civilian website for Marines and their families found no military record for Daley .
Daley earned a Juris Doctor degree from DePaul University . He passed the Illinois Bar Examination on his third try . Daley later reflected , " I flunked the bar exam twice . I had to keep studying harder and harder and harder . I passed it the third time . " Daley never tried a case . Daley was elected to his first party office as a delegate to the 1969 Illinois Constitutional Convention .
According to journalist Rick Perlstein , in June , 1972 , Daley led a mob on behalf of his father 's Democratic Party regulars against pro @-@ McGovern reformers meeting in a church in Illinois ' Fifth Congressional District . The action was unsuccessful and the reformers ' slate ( which included Rev. Jesse Jackson ) replaced the Daley slate at the Democratic National Convention in Miami Beach , Florida .
After his father died in 1976 , Daley succeeded his father as the 11th Ward Democratic committeeman , a party post , until succeeded in the post by his brother John P. Daley in 1980 . With John P. Daley holding the post from 1980 to the present , a Daley has held the post of 11th Ward Committeeman for 60 years .
= = Illinois State Senate ( 1972 – 1980 ) = =
With the support of the Democratic political organization , Daley was elected to the Illinois Senate , serving from 1972 to 1980 . State Senator Daley rarely spoke to reporters and didn 't hold a news conference for six years . Daley chaired the Senate Judiciary Committee . Daley was named one of Illinois ' ten worst state legislators by Chicago Magazine " for arrogance , for sharklike qualities , for living off his father 's name , and for pulling puppet strings attached to some of the worst members of the Senate . " He was considered " too shrewd to be one of the worst , but he controls so many of the worst senators that he belongs on the list to represent all of them . " After the Spring 1975 state legislative session , Chicago Democrat Dawn Clark Netsch , who served with Daley as Illinois Constitutional Convention delegates and as State Senators , blamed " dirty little Richie " for frustrating her good government legislative agenda in the state legislature .
= = Cook County State 's Attorney ( 1981 – 1989 ) = =
Daley challenged incumbent Republican Bernard Carey for Cook County State 's Attorney . Democratic Mayor Jane Byrne endorsed Alderman Edward M. Burke in the Democratic primary , and after Daley prevailed in the primary , endorsed Carey in the general election . Daley prevailed and served from 1981 to 1989 .
= = = Police torture reported to Daley , 1982 = = =
In February 1982 , Andrew Wilson was arrested for the murder of two Chicago police officers . Wilson was taken to Area 2 detective headquarters on the South Side for interrogation under Chicago Police Detective Jon Burge . Dr. John Raba , Medical Director of Cermak Health Services , the prison hospital in the Cook County Hospital system , examined Wilson , determined Wilson had been tortured , and complained in writing to then Chicago Police Superintendent Richard Brzeczek :
I examined Mr. Andrew Wilson on Feb. 15 & 16 , 1982 . He had multiple bruises , swellings and abrasions on his face and head . His right eye was battered and had a superficial laceration . Andrew Wilson had several linear blisters on his right thigh , right cheek and anterior chest which were consistent with radiator burns . He stated he 'd been cuffed to a radiator and pushed into it . He also stated that electrical shocks had been administered to his gums , lips and genitals . All these injuries occurred prior to his arrival at the Jail . There must be a thorough investigation of this alleged brutality .
Brzeczek forwarded the letter to State 's Attorney Daley . Daley never replied , and charges were never brought against any officers . Daley 's prosecutors convicted Wilson and his brother Jackie of murder , and Andrew Wilson was sentenced to death . On April 2 , 1987 the Illinois Supreme Court overturned the convictions , ruling that Wilson was forced to confess involuntarily after being beaten by police .
= = = First campaign for Mayor , 1983 : challenge to Jane Byrne = = =
In November 1982 , Daley announced his first campaign for mayor . The candidates in the three @-@ way Democratic primary , which included incumbent Mayor Jane Byrne , a former protegée of his father , and Congressman Harold Washington , held a series of four televised debates . Daley finished third . Many of Richard J. ' s political allies blamed Richard M. for splitting the white vote , enabling Washington to become Chicago 's first black mayor .
= = = Second campaign for Mayor , 1989 : challenge to Eugene Sawyer = = =
On November 25 , 1987 , Mayor Washington died in office of a heart attack . On December 2 , 1987 , the Chicago City Council appointed Alderman Eugene Sawyer as mayor until a special election for the remaining two years of the term could be held in 1989 . Daley announced his candidacy on December 6 , 1988 , saying
Let 's face it : we have a problem in Chicago . The name @-@ calling and politics at City Hall are keeping us from tackling the real issues ... I may not be the best speaker in town , but I know how to run a government and how to bring people together .
Rahm Emanuel worked for the Daley campaign as a fundraiser , David Axelrod as campaign strategist , William Daley as chief strategist , and Forrest Claypool as a campaign aide . Among four Daley campaign appearances on a Sunday shortly before the primary was a rally of Polish Highlanders at 4808 S. Archer Ave . In a videotaped television newscast , it appeared that Daley said , " You want a white mayor to sit down with everybody . " Sawyer said he was " shocked . " Daley explained , " It was my standard stump speech . I 'm not maybe the best speaker in town , but I have never used the word [ white ] . " That Friday , the campaign watchdog group CONDUCT censured Daley and commended Sawyer for his " rejection of racially inflammatory comments . "
Daley defeated Sawyer in the primary . In the 1989 general election , Daley faced Republican candidate Edward Vrdolyak , a former Democratic alderman who had opposed Mayor Washington , and Alderman Timothy C. Evans , the candidate of the newly created Harold Washington Party . After winning the general election on April 4 , 1989 , Daley was inaugurated as Mayor of Chicago on April 24 , 1989 , his 47th birthday , at a ceremony in Orchestra Hall .
= = Mayor of Chicago ( 1989 – 2011 ) = =
= = = First term ( 1989 – 1991 ) = = =
Daley presided over the most docile City Council since his father . One of the new mayor 's first acts was to arrogate the City Council 's power to approve city contracts , a right aldermen exercised under former Mayors Washington and Sawyer . Daley 's first budget proposal , the 1990 budget , included $ 3 billion in spending , $ 50 million more than 1989 , featured a $ 25 million reduction in the property tax levy , extended Mayor Sawyer 's hiring freeze , piloted recycling , and privatized the City 's tow truck fleet . Daley became the first Chicago Mayor to lead Chicago 's Gay and Lesbian Pride Parade , at the 20th annual parade on Sunday , June 26 , 1989 . On August 22 , 1990 , Daley told reporters that " people are getting hurt in drive @-@ by shoot @-@ a @-@ longs . " In December 1990 Amnesty International issued a report " Allegations of Police Torture in Chicago , Illinois " calling for a full inquiry into allegations that some Chicago police officers tortured criminal suspects between 1972 and 1984 .
= = = Second term ( 1991 – 1995 ) = = =
On April 2 , 1991 Daley was re @-@ elected to a second term ( his first full , four @-@ year term ) , with 70 @.@ 7 % of the vote , over African American civil rights attorney and Appellate Judge R. Eugene Pincham . Questioned about the city 's rising homicide rate on September 10 , 1991 , Daley said " The more killing and homicides you have , the more havoc it prevents . "
= = = = Brawl at Daley home in Michigan = = = =
On the weekend of March 1 – 2 , 1992 , Daley and his wife arranged for 16 @-@ year @-@ old son Patrick to stay with relatives while they attended a family event in New York . Patrick told the relatives he was staying with friends , drove his father 's new sports utility vehicle to the Daley second home in Grand Beach , Michigan and threw a party Saturday night without parental consent or adult supervision . Someone asked two Filipino and two white youths to leave , racial epithets were exchanged , and a fistfight broke out . Patrick fetched Richard J. Daley 's shotgun from the house and gave it to his cousin , who was aged 17 . A youth was seriously injured when a juvenile struck him in the head with a baseball bat . On Monday a sobbing Mayor Daley read a statement at a City Hall press conference , pausing repeatedly as he tried to maintain his composure ,
I am very disappointed , as any parent would be , after his son held a party in their home while his parents were away . I am more deeply distressed for the welfare of the young man who was injured in this fight .
Patrick pleaded guilty to misdemeanor charges of furnishing alcohol to minors and disturbing the peace and was sentenced to six months ' probation , 50 hours of community service in Grand Beach , fined $ 1 @,@ 950 and ordered to pay restitution to his parents for property damage . His cousin pleaded guilty to aiming a firearm without malice and was fined $ 1 @,@ 235 . Sixteen other youths were charged with juvenile and adult offenses . The injured youth recovered .
= = = Third term ( 1995 – 1999 ) = = =
Daley took control of the Chicago Public School system in 1995 and appointed Paul Vallas . When Vallas left the post to run for governor , Daley chose the relatively obscure Arne Duncan , now the U.S. Secretary of Education , to lead the district . On March 19 , 1997 , the Chicago City Council adopted the Domestic Partners Ordinance , which made employee benefits available to same @-@ sex partners of City employees . Daley said it was an issue of fairness .
= = = = Daley 's floor leader in City Council resigns = = = =
The first major public corruption scandal of Daley 's tenure as mayor involved the circumstances of the resignation of his City Council floor leader , Alderman Patrick Huels , in October 1997 . Daley , Huels , and another close friend Michael Tadin grew up within two blocks on S. Emerald Avenue in Bridgeport . Huels attended De La Salle Institute , the same high school attended by Daley , his father , and Michael Bilandic . Huels worked for the city 's Public Works Department as a laborer and tree trimmer , then as an administrative assistant in the Environment Department , and then as a City Council investigator . He answered phones for the 11th Ward Democratic organization , and was its secretary for several years . When Mayor Richard J. Daley died , 11th Ward Alderman Bilandic was named acting mayor , and Huels , then 26 , replaced Bilandic as alderman . Huels chaired the Council 's Transportation Committee and became Mayor Richard J. Daley 's floor leader . In the summer of 2007 , in reaction to ongoing indictments and convictions of aldermen , Daley and Huels shepherded a package of ethics reforms through city council . Huels owned a security firm , SDI Security , Inc. along with his wife and his brother , a Chicago police lieutenant . In the mid @-@ 1990s , the firm had about 390 full @-@ time employees and was grossing $ 7 million a year . Huels was president and a director , and Council Finance Committee Chairman Alderman Edward M. Burke ( 14th ) was secretary . Huels and Burke authorized $ 633 @,@ 971 in legal consulting fees from their respective Council committees to attorney Michael A. Pedicone , a long @-@ time officer of SDI . In March 1995 the Internal Revenue Service placed a lien on SDI for $ 326 @,@ 951 and in June 1996 for $ 997 @,@ 382 for failing to pay payroll taxes , including money withheld from its employees ' pay checks .
In 1970 , after high school , Tadin went to work for Marina Cartage ; within a decade , he owned the company , and over the next 15 years expanded it from 20 trucks to 150 . Between 1992 and 1997 , the city paid Marina Cartage and another Tadin company $ 49 million for supplying the city with snow removal and other heavy equipment and operators . Tadin earned millions of dollars by buying land cheaply , then leasing or selling it to the city . Marina Cartage used Huels ' SDI Security services since 1992 . In 1995 , with Huels ' support , the City Council approved a tax reduction which halved the assessment on a new $ 4 @.@ 5 million headquarters and trucking terminal for Marina Cartage at 4450 S. Morgan in Huels ' ward , a tax savings of as much as $ 80 @,@ 000 per year . In 1996 , with Huels ' support , the City Council approved a $ 1 @.@ 1 million direct grant for the construction of the facility . Weeks later , Tadin created a new company which was used to originate a $ 1 @.@ 25 million bailout loan to SDI . Daley said Huels " did the right thing resigning " and claimed no knowledge of Huels ' business dealings . " I don 't get into people 's private lives . I am not into that , " Daley said . Daley announced an executive order and new ethics legislation , saying :
The goal of this executive order is to help address questions about favoritism in city contracting by preventing conflicts of interest , or even the appearance of such conflicts . ... There should be a level playing field , where no one has an advantage — or a disadvantage — in obtaining city contracts , simply because they know me or anyone else in government . ... Under the steps I 'm taking today and recommending to the City Council , the public can easily learn everything there is to know about a city contract : who is involved , who will benefit and whether the city is paying a fair price . I and every other city official must be prepared to defend every contract on its merits .
= = = Fourth term ( 1999 – 2003 ) = = =
On February 23 , 1999 , Daley won re @-@ election to a fourth term with 68 @.@ 9 percent of the vote over challenger U.S. Congressman Bobby Rush . In August 1999 , prompted by police excessive @-@ force incidents in Chicago , New York and other cities , the U.S. affiliate of Amnesty International issued a report " Race , Rights & Brutality : Portraits of Abuse in the USA , " that called on federal officials to better document excessive @-@ force cases and to pursue prosecutions of the officers involved . In October 1999 the organization issued a report " Summary of Amnesty International 's concerns on police abuse in Chicago " which expressed concerns including improper interrogation tactics , excessive force , shootings of unarmed suspects , and the detention and interrogation of children .
The Duff family formed a janitorial services company , Windy City Maintenance Inc . , one month after Daley 's inauguration . Bruce DuMont , president of the Museum of Broadcast Communications , said that Daley recommended that Dumont 's wife Kathy Osterman , then director of the Mayor 's Office of Special Events , award city contracts to Duff family companies . Daley denied steering contracts to the Duffs , and said he would " look into " the allegations , while stopping short of promising to do so , saying " I don 't promise . That 's the wrong word to use . You know ... promising , promising . We do look into it , yes . " In September 2003 a federal investigation led to indictments of Patricia Green Duff , her sons John M. Duff and James Duff , and others on charges they won nearly $ 100 million in city contracts through the city 's set @-@ aside program by misrepresenting their companies as women- and minority @-@ owned . John M. Duff pleaded guilty to 33 counts of racketeering , fraud and other charges on January 10 , 2004 . A 1978 state law designed by Illinois Democrats gave the Mayor the power to appoint to fill vacancies in the City Council rather than holding special elections , and by 2002 more than a third of the Council 's 50 aldermen were initially appointed by Daley . The Council became even more of a rubber stamp than in Richard J. Daley 's terms . In the 18 months from January 12 , 2000 to June 6 , 2001 , only 13 votes in the Council were divided , less than one a month . 32 aldermen supported the mayor 90 @-@ 100 % of the time and another 14 80 @-@ 89 % of the time .
= = = Fifth term ( 2003 – 2007 ) = = =
On February 26 , 2003 , Daley took 78 @.@ 5 % of the vote to prevail over challenger Reverend Paul Jakes Jr . Daley endorsed same @-@ sex marriage , saying on February 18 , 2004 he would have " no problem " with Cook County issuing marriage licenses to gay couples . Time magazine in its April 25 , 2005 issue named Daley as the best out of five mayors of large cities in the United States , and characterized Daley as having " imperial " style and power . In May 2006 in Geneva , Switzerland the United Nations Committee Against Torture released a report which noted the " limited investigation and lack of prosecution " into allegations of torture in Areas 2 and 3 of the Chicago Police Department and called on American authorities to " promptly , thoroughly and impartially " investigate the allegations , and provide the committee with more information . Daley was inducted into the Chicago Gay and Lesbian Hall of Fame in 2006 as a Friend of the Community .
= = = = Daley orders demolition of Meigs Field = = = =
A long @-@ standing agreement between the city and state required the city to maintain and operate Meigs Field , a small , downtown , lakefront airport on Northerly Island used by general aviation aircraft and helicopters , until 2011 or turn it over to the state . On September 12 , 1996 , the City Council approved Daley 's plan to convert the airport into a park , and the state began planning to take over operation of the airport . Fresh off a 2003 re @-@ election mandate , one of Daley 's first major acts was ordering the demolition of Meigs Field . On Sunday night , March 30 , 2003 , shortly before midnight , transport trucks carrying construction equipment moved onto Meigs with Chicago Police escort . By early Monday morning , city crews excavated six large X 's into the only runway . The city 's 50 aldermen , Illinois Governor Rod Blagojevich , the Federal Aviation Administration and the Department of Homeland Security were not consulted on the plan . The demolition of the runway trapped planes . In the days following , many of those aircraft were able to take off using the taxiway .
" To do this any other way would have been needlessly contentious , " Daley explained at a news conference Monday morning . Daley argued that the airport was a threat to Chicago 's high @-@ rise cityscape and its high profile skyscrapers , such as the Sears Tower and the John Hancock Center . Daley criticized the Federal Aviation Administration , saying " Now , think of that ; Mickey and Minnie have it . I mean , I can 't believe that . They get it first before we get it ? " , referring to the post @-@ 9 / 11 air space restrictions in place over Orlando , Florida . " The signature act of Richard Daley 's 22 years in office was the midnight bulldozing of Meigs Field , " according to Chicago Tribune columnist Eric Zorn . " He ruined Meigs because he wanted to , because he could , " Chicago Tribune columnist John Kass wrote of Daley . " The issue is Daley 's increasingly authoritarian style that brooks no disagreements , legal challenges , negotiations , compromise or any of that messy give @-@ and @-@ take normally associated with democratic government , " the Chicago Tribune editorialized . The Federal Aviation Administration cited the City for failure to comply with federal law requiring thirty @-@ day advance notice to the FAA of plans for an airport closure . The city was fined $ 33 @,@ 000 , the maximum allowable . The city paid the fine and repaid $ 1 million in misspent federal airport development grants . Daley defended his actions by claiming that the airport was abandoned , in spite of the fact that the Chicago Fire Department had several helicopters based on the field at the time , in addition to the dozens of private aircraft left stranded .
= = = = Hired Truck Program scandal = = = =
The $ 40 million @-@ a @-@ year Hired Truck program was the biggest scandal of Daley 's first 15 years as mayor . The Hired Truck Program hired private truck companies to do city work . A six @-@ month investigation by the Chicago Sun @-@ Times resulted in a three @-@ day series of articles in January 2004 that revealed some participating companies were being paid for doing little or no work , had American Mafia connections or were tied to city employees , or paid bribes to get into the program . Between 1996 and 2004 , companies in the Hired Truck Program gave more than $ 800 @,@ 000 in campaign contributions to various politicians , including Daley , House Speaker Michael Madigan , and Governor Rod Blagojevich ; Daley received at least $ 108 @,@ 575 and his brother John Daley and his ward organization more than $ 47 @,@ 500 .
Mark Gyrion , Daley 's second cousin , was a superintendent of garages for the City 's Water Management Department , and among his duties was deciding when City @-@ owned trucks should be sold for scrap . Gyrion 's mother @-@ in @-@ law 's firm , Jacz Transportation , participated in the Hired Truck Program , receiving about $ 1 million between 1998 and 2004 . Jacz Transportation bought a truck three days after the city sold it to a Franklin Park dealership and then leased it back to the city . Gyrion was accused of failing to disclose his mother @-@ in @-@ law 's role in the Hired Truck Program and the transfer of the truck . Gyrion was fired and Jacz Transportation was one of 13 truck companies suspended from the Hired Truck program . About 35 % of the 70 firms in the program were suspended or referred to the city 's Inspector General . The program was overhauled in 2004 , and phased out in 2005 .
= = = = Daley patronage chief among officials convicted of fraud = = = =
On July 5 , 2006 , Robert Sorich , formally , director of the Mayor 's Office of Intergovernmental Affairs and , informally , Daley 's patronage chief , and Timothy McCarthy , Sorich 's aide , were each convicted on two counts of mail fraud connected to rigging blue @-@ collar city jobs and promotions . Sorich 's best friend , former Streets and Sanitation official Patrick Slattery was convicted of one count of mail fraud . A former Streets and Sanitation managing deputy commissioner was found guilty of lying to federal agents about political hiring . Sorich , McCarthy and Slattery lived in the Bridgeport neighborhood in 11th Ward , the Daley family 's home neighborhood and ward . " I 've never known them to be anything but hard working , and I feel for them at this difficult time , " Daley said . " It is fair criticism to say I should have exercised greater oversight to ensure that every worker the city hired , regardless of who recommended them , was qualified and that proper procedures were always followed , " Daley admitted a few days later . Weeks later , David Axelrod , a Democratic political consultant whose clients included Daley , defended patronage in an op @-@ ed in the Chicago Tribune .
= = = = Daley son concealed city contracting = = = =
Mayor Daley 's son Patrick R. Daley was an MBA student at the University of Chicago Graduate School of Business working as an unpaid intern at Cardinal Growth , a Chicago venture capital firm , when he profited from two Cardinal Growth ventures formed to win city contracts while concealing his role . Patrick 's cousin , and Mayor Daley 's nephew , is Robert G. Vanecko . In June 2003 , Patrick and Vanecko formed a Delaware company , MSS Investors LLC , and invested $ 65 @,@ 000 each . MSS Investors LLC in turn purchased a 5 % stake in Municipal Sewer Services , a Cardinal Growth venture . Patrick and Vanecko failed to disclosed their ownership stake in Municipal Sewer Services as required by city ethics ordinances . Brunt Brothers Transfer Inc. was one of the largest black @-@ owned contractors in the Hired Truck program . Municipal Sewer Services partnered with Brunt Brothers Transfer Inc. in their bid for City sewer @-@ inspection contracts . Five months after Patrick and Vanecko became owners , Municipal Sewer Services ' city contract was extended by $ 3 million , the first of two no @-@ bid contract extensions , totalled an additional 23 months and $ 4 million . Patrick and Vanecko cashed out their initial investment after about a year as the federal investigation into the Hired Truck program advanced . Patrick and Vanecko got a $ 13 @,@ 114 " tax distribution " in December 2004 . Patrick , then 29 and a recent University of Chicago MBA graduate , enlisted in the US Army . The day after the Mayor 's son 's and nephew 's hidden involvement in the city contract was disclosed by the Chicago Sun @-@ Times , Daley spoke at a Chicago police recruit graduation ceremony , then left for Fort Bragg , North Carolina to see his son deployed . Before departing , Mayor Daley read a statement to reporters , his voice cracking , fighting back tears ,
I did not know about [ Patrick 's ] involvement in this company . As an adult , he made that decision . It was a lapse in judgement for him to get involved with this company . I wish he hadn 't done it . I know the expectations for elected officials , their families , are very high — rightfully so — especially for me . ... Patrick is a very good son . I love him . Maggie and I are very proud of him . I hope you respect I have nothing more to say on this .
Mayor Daley also said he didn 't know if there were other city contracts involving the younger Daley . The city 's Inspector General and federal authorities began investigations in December 2007 . Patrick and Vanecko hired criminal defense attorneys . Municipal Sewer Services LLC folded in April 2008 . In January 2011 , Anthony Duffy , the president of Municipal Sewer Services , was charged with three counts of mail fraud in conjunction with minority @-@ contracting and Jesse Brunt and his company , Brunt Brothers Transfer Inc . , were indicted on three counts of mail fraud . Patrick and Vanecko were not charged .
In 2005 , Concourse Communications , another Cardinal Growth venture , signed a city contract for airport wi @-@ fi service at city @-@ owned O 'Hare and Midway airports . For years , the Daley administration maintained that Patrick had no financial stake in the deal . Concourse disclosed its investors to the city , as required , but Patrick was not reported . Patrick lined up investors for Concourse . On June 27 , 2006 , nine months after Concourse signed the contract , Concourse was sold at a 33 % profit to Boingo Wireless Inc. for $ 45 million . On June 30 , 2006 , Patrick received the first of five payments totalling $ 708 @,@ 999 . On December 3 , 2007 , shortly after Patrick received the last of those payments , Mayor Daley 's press secretary , Jacquelyn Heard said Patrick Daley " has no financial interest with the wi @-@ fi contract at O 'Hare . " The Chicago Sun @-@ Times editorialized , " ... the conflict of interest was blatant . "
= = = = Park Grill contracting scandal = = = =
In 2003 an operating company included over 80 investors , including some of Mayor Daley 's friends and neighbors won , under controversial circumstances , a lucrative contract to operate the Park Grill , the only restaurant in the new Millennium Park . In 2005 Daley criticized the deal , saying that the city wanted to renegotiate the pact . The Chicago Sun @-@ Times dubbed the Park Grill the " Clout Cafe " and included the contract award process in a year @-@ end review of 2005 Daley administration scandals . The contract was never renegotiated , and after Daley announced he would not seek a seventh term , the owners of the Park Grill sought to sell . Deposed in August , 2013 in Mayor Rahm Emanuel 's administration 's lawsuit to renegotiate the contract , former Mayor Daley responded " I don 't recall " 139 times .
= = = = Long @-@ term leases of public infrastructure = = = =
In January 2006 , Skyway Concession Company , a joint venture between the Australian Macquarie Infrastructure Group and Spanish Cintra Concesiones de Infraestructuras de Transporte S.A. , paid the City $ 1 @.@ 83 billion for rights to operate the Chicago Skyway and collect tolls for 99 years . The deal was the first of its kind in the U.S. In December 2006 , Morgan Stanley paid Chicago $ 563 million for a 99 @-@ year lease of the city 's parking garages . " I 'm the one who started talking about leasing public assets . No other city has done this in America , " Daley recalled in 2009 . Pulitzer Prize @-@ winning commentator George F. Will wrote of the deals in the Washington Post ,
Unfortunately , Daley 's theory — that it can be better to get a sum X immediately , rather than getting over many years a sum Y that is substantially larger than X — assumes something that cannot be assumed . It assumes that governments will prudently husband sudden surges of revenue from the lease or sale of assets .
= = = Sixth term ( 2007 – 2011 ) = = =
On February 6 , 2008 , the Chicago City Council approved , by a 41 – 6 vote , an increase in the city 's real estate transfer tax to fund the Chicago Transit Authority . Presiding over the meeting , Daley harshly chastized the dissenting aldermen . On March 15 , 2010 , Daley appointed two aldermen on the same day , bringing to 19 the number of alderman initially appointed by Daley .
= = = = More long @-@ term leases of public infrastructure = = = =
In September 2008 , Chicago accepted a $ 2 @.@ 52 billion bid on a 99 @-@ year lease of Midway International Airport to a group of private investors , but the deal fell through due to the collapse of credit markets during the 2008 – 2012 global recession . In 2008 , as Chicago struggled to close a growing budget deficit , the city agreed to a 75 @-@ year , $ 1 @.@ 16 billion deal to lease its parking meter system to an operating company created by Morgan Stanley . Daley said the " agreement is very good news for the taxpayers of Chicago because it will provide more than $ 1 billion in net proceeds that can be used during this very difficult economy . " The agreement quadrupled rates , in the first year alone , while the hours which people have to pay for parking were broadened from 9 a.m. – 6 p.m. to 8 a.m. – 9 p.m. , and from Monday through Saturday to every day of the week . Additionally , the city agreed to compensate the new owners for loss of revenue any time any road with parking meters is closed by the city for anything from maintenance work to street festivals . In three years , the proceeds from the lease were all but spent .
= = = = Failed Olympic bid = = = =
In 2007 Daley entered into ten @-@ year contracts with the city 's labor unions to preclude labor unrest as Chicago launched a bid to host the 2016 Summer Olympic Games . For months in 2009 , Daley promoted the economic benefits of the proposal to the city and its corporate community . Many thought the games would be a capstone of Daley 's career . On October 2 , 2009 , in a major disappointment for Daley , Chicago was the first of four finalists to be eliminated during selection ceremonies in Copenhagen . According to a March 2011 report from the city 's Office of the Inspector General ,
By signing a 10 @-@ year ( contract ) with the Teamsters ( and with over 30 other unions representing city employees ) , the current administration and City Council unduly hamstrung not only the current management of city government , but the next six years of management as well , a period that extends well beyond the elected terms of the incoming administration and City Council .
= = = = Gun control = = = =
" If it was up to me , no one except law enforcement officers would own a handgun . But I understand that 's impractical , " Daley told attendees at a conference of gun control advocates in Washington , D.C. in 1998 , during his third term . Daley was a member of the Mayors Against Illegal Guns Coalition , an organization formed in 2006 and co @-@ chaired by New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg and Boston Mayor Thomas Menino . On January 17 , 2006 , during Daley 's fifth term , at a joint press conference with Illinois Governor Rod Blagojevich calling for a statewide ban on semi @-@ automatic assault weapons , Daley said , " If we are really to make the progress that we want , we have to keep the most dangerous weapons that are right here off of our streets . "
The US Supreme Court took up McDonald v. Chicago , 561 U.S. 3025 , 130 S.Ct. 3020 ( 2010 ) , which challenged handgun bans in the Chicago and in the neighboring suburb of Oak Park . In May 2010 , Daley held a press conference to address gun control and a pending possible adverse decision in McDonald v. Chicago . After Mick Dumke , a reporter for the Chicago Reader , questioned the effectiveness of the city 's handgun ban , Daley picked up a rifle with a bayonet from a display table of confiscated weapons and told him , " If I put this up your butt , you 'll find out how effective it is . Let me put a round up your , you know . " The remark was voted " the stoopidest thing that Mayor Richard Daley the Younger has ever said " in an online poll by the Chicago Tribune .
On June 28 , 2010 , the US Supreme Court held , in a 5 – 4 decision in McDonald v. Chicago , that the Second Amendment to the United States Constitution was incorporated under the Fourteenth Amendment , thus protecting the right of an individual to " keep and bear arms " from local governments , and all but declared Mayor Jane Byrne 's 1982 handgun ban unconstitutional . That afternoon , at a press conference concerning the gun ban , Daley said ,
" We 'll publicly propose a new ordinance very soon ... As a city we must continue to stand up ... and fight for a ban on assault weapons ... as well as a crackdown on gun shops ... We are a country of laws not a nation of guns . "
Daley called a special meeting of the city council for four days later , and the Council approved a gun control ordinance revised to include city firearms licences .
= = = = Daley budget deficits and fund draw @-@ downs = = = =
Daley came into office in a city with revenue @-@ generating assets , manageable debt and flush pension funds , but he left behind a city with a structural deficit that Mayor @-@ elect Rahm Emanuel estimated at $ 1 @.@ 2 billion when under @-@ funded pension funds were included . The Daley administration 's expenditures exceeded revenues by hundreds of millions of dollars a year . In August 2010 , Fitch Ratings downgraded the city 's bond credit rating , citing the administration 's use of reserve funds for general operating expenses and under @-@ funding of its pension funds , and noted that the city faced rising fixed operating costs yet lacked plans for new revenue . Wall Street analysts noted that the Daley administration began drawing on the city 's reserves as early as 2006 , before the 2008 – 2012 global recession . " While there had been sound economic growth in years prior to 2008 , there were still sizable fund balance drawdowns in both 2006 and 2007 , " Fitch wrote . The city 's budgets continued to increase even after the recession began , to more than $ 6 billion a year , and , when under @-@ funded city employee pension funds were included , the city 's annual deficit exceeded $ 1 billion . In January 2011 , Moody 's Investors Service downgraded to a " negative " outlook some of the revenue bonds issued for the $ 15 billion O 'Hare Modernization Program and related infrastructure projects , citing the city 's plan to postpone repayment of interest and principal on some construction bonds .
In his annual budget address in City Council Chambers on October 15 , 2008 , Daley proposed a 2009 budget totaling $ 5 @.@ 97 billion , including not filling 1 @,@ 350 vacancies on the 38 @,@ 000 employee city payroll and $ 150 million in new revenue from a then @-@ obscure parking meter lease deal to help erase a $ 469 million budget shortfall . The Daley administration employed an in @-@ house staff of more than 50 public relations officers across City departments at a cost of $ 4 @.@ 7 million , and millions more on seven private public relations firms . " It 's worth it " , Daley said . On the first day of City Council hearings on Daley 's 2009 budget proposal , several aldermen questioned the administration 's public relations spending . On November 4 , 2008 , Jacquelyn Heard , the mayor 's press secretary , said the city would halt spending on 10 public relations contracts that could have paid as much as $ 5 million each .
In his annual budget address on October 21 , 2009 , Daley projected a deficit for 2009 of more than $ 520 million . Daley proposed a 2010 budget totaling $ 6 @.@ 14 billion , including spending $ 370 million from the $ 1 @.@ 15 billion proceeds from the parking meter lease . In his annual budget address on October 13 , 2010 , Daley projected a deficit for 2010 of $ 655 million , the largest in city history . Daley proposed a 2011 budget totaling $ 6 @.@ 15 billion , including spending all but $ 76 million of what remained of the parking meter lease proceeds , and received a standing ovation from aldermen .
= = = = Daley declines to run for seventh term = = = =
Daley 's approval rating was at an all @-@ time low of 35 % by late 2009 . On September 7 , 2010 , Daley announced that he would not seek a seventh term . " I 've always believed that every person , especially public officials , must understand when it 's time to move on . For me , that time is now , " Daley said . On December 26 , 2010 , Daley surpassed his father as Chicago 's longest @-@ serving mayor . Daley chaired his final city council meeting on Wednesday morning , May 11 , 2011 and his term ended May 16 , 2011 . Daley was succeeded by Rahm Emanuel .
= = = Legacy = = =
Daley was supported by Chicago 's traditionally Republican business community . He came under criticism for focusing city resources on the development of businesses downtown , the North , Near South , and Near West Sides , while neglecting neighborhoods in the other areas of the city ; in particular the needs of low @-@ income residents . According to Chicago Tribune columnist Steve Chapman , " Daley lasted 22 years in office partly because he resolved to ingratiate himself with black Chicagoans . He appointed blacks to high positions , stressed his commitment to provide services to all neighborhoods , tore down public housing projects , and pushed reform of the minority @-@ dominated public schools . " Daley focused on Chicago as a tourist destination as opposed to a manufacturing base , improved and expanded parkland , added flower planters along many primary streets , and oversaw the creation of Millennium Park on what had previously been an abandoned train yard . He spearheaded the conversion of Navy Pier into a popular tourist destination . Daley supported immigration reform , and green building initiatives , for which he was presented with an Honor Award from the National Building Museum in 2009 as a " visionary in sustainability . " Chicago avoided some of the most severe economic contractions of other midwest Rust Belt cities such as Detroit and Cleveland .
= = Post @-@ mayoral career = =
Days after leaving office , the University of Chicago appointed Daley a " distinguished senior fellow " at the Harris School of Public Policy . The five @-@ year , part @-@ time appointment includes responsibility for coordinating a guest lecture series . Weeks after leaving office , Daley joined the international law firm Katten Muchin Rosenman LLP , one of the law firms to which he had awarded no @-@ bid legal work as mayor . Katten Muchin Rosenman LLP had negotiated the city 's much @-@ criticized long @-@ term lease of its parking meters , parking garages , and the Chicago Skyway . Daley joined an exclusive speakers bureau , the Harry Walker Agency , that pays tens of thousands of dollars an appearance . Daley joined the board of directors of The Coca @-@ Cola Company . Daley is a managing principal of Tur Partners LLC , an investment firm , where Daley 's son , Patrick Daley , is a principal . The National Law Journal included Daley in its 2013 list of " The 100 Most Influential Lawyers in America , " based on " his political connections — the best in Chicago . "
= = Publications = =
Daley , Richard M. ( 2013 @-@ 02 @-@ 13 ) . " US Must Side with Its Young Not Its Guns " . Financial Times . Retrieved 2013 @-@ 04 @-@ 29 .
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= Long Range Desert Group =
The Long Range Desert Group ( LRDG ) was a reconnaissance and raiding unit of the British Army during the Second World War .
Originally called the Long Range Patrol ( LRP ) , the unit was founded in Egypt in June 1940 by Major Ralph A. Bagnold , acting under the direction of General Archibald Wavell . Bagnold was assisted by Captain Patrick Clayton and Captain William Shaw . At first the majority of the men were from New Zealand , but they were soon joined by Southern Rhodesian and British volunteers , whereupon new sub @-@ units were formed and the name was changed to the better @-@ known Long Range Desert Group ( LRDG ) . The LRDG never numbered more than 350 men , all of whom were volunteers .
The LRDG was formed specifically to carry out deep penetration , covert reconnaissance patrols and intelligence missions from behind Italian lines , although they sometimes engaged in combat operations . Because the LRDG were experts in desert navigation they were sometimes assigned to guide other units , including the Special Air Service and secret agents across the desert . During the Desert Campaign between December 1940 and April 1943 , the vehicles of the LRDG operated constantly behind the Axis lines , missing a total of only 15 days during the entire period . Possibly their most notable offensive action was during Operation Caravan , an attack on the town of Barce and its associated airfield , on the night of 13 September 1942 . However , their most vital role was the ' Road Watch ' , during which they clandestinely monitored traffic on the main road from Tripoli to Benghazi , transmitting the intelligence to British Army Headquarters .
With the surrender of the Axis forces in Tunisia in May 1943 , the LRDG changed roles and moved operations to the eastern Mediterranean , carrying out missions in the Greek islands , Italy and the Balkans . After the end of the war in Europe , the leaders of the LRDG made a request to the War Office for the unit to be transferred to the Far East to conduct operations against the Japanese Empire . The request was declined and the LRDG was disbanded in August 1945 .
= = Formation = =
Before the war , Major Ralph Bagnold learned how to maintain and operate vehicles , how to navigate , and how to communicate in the desert . On 23 June 1940 he met General Archibald Wavell , the commander of the Middle East Command in Alexandria and explained his concept for a group of men intended to undertake long @-@ range reconnaissance patrols to gather intelligence behind the Italian lines in Libya . General Wavell was familiar with desert warfare , having been a liaison officer with the Egyptian Expeditionary Force during the First World War , and he understood and endorsed Bagnold 's suggested concept . Wavell assisted in equipping the force .
The unit , initially known as the No.1 Long Range Patrol Unit ( LRP ) , was founded on 3 July 1940 . Bagnold wanted men who were energetic , innovative , self @-@ reliant , physically and mentally tough , and able to live and fight in seclusion in the Libyan desert . Bagnold felt that New Zealand farmers would possess these attributes and was given permission to approach the 2nd New Zealand Division for volunteers ; over half the division volunteered . Two officers and 85 other ranks including 18 administrative and technical personnel were eventually selected , coming mostly from the Divisional Cavalry Regiment and the 27th Machine @-@ Gun Battalion . Once the men had been recruited , they started training in desert survival techniques and desert driving and navigation , with additional training in radio communications and demolitions .
The LRP could initially form only three units , known as patrols , but a doubling of strength allowed the addition of a new Heavy Section . In November 1940 , the name of the LRP was changed to the " Long Range Desert Group " ( LRDG ) , and the New Zealanders were joined by volunteers from British and Southern Rhodesian regiments . The British volunteers , who came mostly from the Brigade of Guards and Yeomanry regiments , were incorporated into their own patrols . The original patrol unit consisted of two officers and 28 other ranks , equipped with a Canadian Military Pattern ( CMP ) Ford 15 Imperial hundredweight ( cwt ) truck and 10 Chevrolet 30 cwt trucks . In March 1941 new types of trucks were issued and the patrol units were split into half @-@ patrols of one officer and 15 – 18 men in five or six vehicles . Each patrol incorporated a medical orderly , a navigator , a radio operator and a vehicle mechanic , each of whom manned a truck equipped for their role .
= = Patrols = =
The Long Range Patrol comprised a 15 @-@ man headquarters with Bagnold in command . There were three sub @-@ units : ' R ' Patrol commanded by Captain Donald Gavin Steele , ' T ' Patrol commanded by Captain Patrick Clayton and ' W ' Patrol commanded by Captain Edward ' Teddy ' Cecil Mitford . ' T ' and ' W ' Patrols were combat units while ' R ' Patrol was intended to be a support unit .
In November 1940 , the LRP was reorganised and re @-@ designated the Long Range Desert Group . It was expanded to six Patrols : ' T ' , ' W ' and ' R ' Patrols were joined by ' G ' , ' S ' and ' Y ' Patrols . Each patrol was expected to belong to the same regimental group , but only the Brigade of Guards and the Yeomanry regiments formed their own Patrols , ' G ' and ' Y ' respectively . The men of ' G ' Patrol were drawn from the 3rd Battalion Coldstream Guards and the 2nd Battalion Scots Guards under command of Captain Michael Crichton @-@ Stuart . The ' Y ' Patrol men were drawn from the Nottinghamshire Yeomanry under command Captain P. J. D. McCraith , with additional men from the Royal Northumberland Fusiliers and the Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders . In December 1940 , ' W ' Patrol was disbanded and its personnel used to bring ' R ' and ' T ' Patrols up to strength , while ' G ' Patrol took over their vehicles . By June 1941 the LRDG was re @-@ organised into two squadrons : the New Zealand and Rhodesian ' A ' Squadron with ' S ' , ' T ' and ' R ' Patrols , and ' B ' Squadron with ' G ' , ' H ' and ' Y ' Patrols . There was also a Headquarters Section along with signals , survey and light repair sections . A Heavy section , initially equipped with four 6 @-@ ton Marmon @-@ Herrington trucks , was used to provide logistical support by transporting supplies to bases and setting up hidden replenishment points at pre @-@ arranged locations . In addition there was an Air Section , using Waco ZGC @-@ 7 and YKC biplanes which transported key personnel , evacuated wounded and performed other liaison tasks .
In August 1941 an artillery unit was formed to attack Italian forts more effectively . Initially it used a QF 4 @.@ 5 @-@ inch howitzer carried on a 10 @-@ ton Mack NR 4 truck , with an accompanying light tank as an armoured observation post . However , these were handed over to the Free French at Kufra . The unit was then issued a 25 pounder portee . After successfully attacking and capturing the El Gtafia fort , the truck had to be abandoned and the experiment ended .
= = = Squadrons = = =
In October 1941 the LRDG was expanded to 10 patrols by the simple method of splitting the existing patrols into two @-@ half patrols ; the New Zealanders formed A Squadron comprising ' R1 ' , ' R2 ' , ' T1 ' , and ' T2 ' Patrols and the British and Rhodesians formed B Squadron comprising ' G1 ' , ' G2 ' , ' S1 ' , ' S2 ' , ' Y1 ' , and ' Y2 ' Patrols . The ' H ' Patrol had been disbanded in September 1941 after three months service .
These two squadrons were joined in December 1941 by the Indian Long Range Squadron , which had been formed by volunteers from the 2nd Lancers , 11th Cavalry and the 18th Cavalry , all part of the 3rd Indian Motor Brigade . The Indian Squadron was organized along ethnic and religious lines with the first two patrols originally known as ' J ' ( Jats ) and ' R ' ( Rajput ) Patrols . Their designations were changed to ' I1 ' and ' I2 ' to avoid confusion . In October 1942 two further Indian patrols were formed : ' M ' ( Muslim ) and ' S ' ( Sikh ) Patrols , which became the ' I3 ' and ' I4 ' Patrols . No. 1 Demolition Squadron , commanded by Major Vladimir ' Popski ' Peniakoff , was briefly attached to the LRDG from December 1942 .
The vehicles of each patrol adopted their own markings . The New Zealand ' R ' Patrol used a green Hei @-@ tiki with a red tongue painted on the right side of the bonnet of the vehicle and on the left they put a Māori place name beginning with the letter ' R ' ( for example , ' Rotowaro ' ) . The ' T ' Patrol vehicles had a black Kiwi over green ' grass ' and a Māori name starting with ' Te ' ( for example , ' Te Anau ' ) in the corresponding places . The ' W ' Patrol vehicles had a Māori name or word starting with ' W ' painted on their vehicles .
The British ' G ' Patrol vehicles carried no distinctive markings , although some vehicles had the Guards insignia . They took over ' W ' Patrol 's vehicles when that unit was disbanded . The ' Y ' Patrol vehicles were slightly different ; ' Y1 ' half @-@ patrol vehicles all had names of famous drinking establishments ( such as ' Cock O ’ The North ' ) and ' Y2 ' half @-@ patrol had names from the Three Musketeers books ( for example , ' Aramis ' ) on the left side of their vehicle bonnets . The Headquarters Section used a sequence of letters arranged in a square ( see photo of " Louise " ) . The Rhodesian ' S ' Patrol vehicles had names with a Rhodesian connection ( such as ' Salisbury ' ) painted on the left side of the vehicles ' bonnets . By 1943 the practice of naming replacement vehicles was dropped .
= = Equipment = =
= = = Vehicles = = =
The LRDG vehicles were mainly two wheel drive , chosen because they were lighter and used less fuel than four wheel drive . They were stripped of all non @-@ essentials , including doors , windscreens and roofs . They were fitted with a bigger radiator , a condenser system , built up leaf springs for the harsh terrain , wide , low pressure desert tyres , sand mats and channels , plus map containers and a sun compass devised by Bagnold . Wireless trucks had special compartments built into the bodywork to house wireless equipment . Initially the LRDG patrols were equipped with one Canadian Military Pattern ( CMP ) Ford 15 cwt F15 truck for the commander , while the rest of the patrol used up to 10 Chevrolet 30 cwt WB trucks . From March 1941 the 30 cwt Chevrolets were replaced by the CMP Ford 30 cwt F30 , although in some ways this was a retrograde step ; because they were four wheel drive and heavier than the Chevrolets , they used twice as much fuel , which in turn reduced the range of a patrol . From March 1942 the Fords were progressively replaced by 200 Canadian Chevrolet 1533 X2 30 cwts which had been specially ordered for the LRDG . From July 1942 Willys Jeeps began to be issued for the patrol commander and patrol sergeant .
= = = Weapons = = =
The patrol vehicles were initially armed with 11 Lewis machine guns , four Boys anti @-@ tank rifles and a Bofors 37 mm anti @-@ tank gun distributed amongst their vehicles . By December 1940 , the vehicle armaments had been improved and ' T ' Patrol , for example , had five .303 Vickers Medium Mk . I machine guns , five Lewis guns , four Boys anti @-@ tank guns and the Bofors 37 mm . Another Vickers gun used was the heavy Vickers .50 machine gun , which would be mounted at the rear of the vehicle . All of the unit 's vehicles were armed with at least one gun ; each vehicle was fitted with six to eight gun mountings , but normally only two or three of them would be in use .
Supplementing their army @-@ supplied weapons , the LRDG was equipped with surplus Royal Air Force ( RAF ) aircraft guns which were acquired for their high rate of fire . The most widely used of these was the Vickers K machine gun , which was sometimes used mounted in pairs . From mid @-@ 1941 the LRDG acquired .303 Browning Mk II 's from RAF stocks , also mounted in pairs , with a combined rate of fire of 2 @,@ 400 rounds per minute . When new vehicles were issued in March 1942 , several were converted to carry captured dual @-@ purpose 20 mm Breda Model 35s , which replaced the Bofors 37 mm , and each half @-@ patrol was equipped with one Breda " Gun truck " . In September 1942 the .50 Browning AN / M2 heavy machine gun began to replace both calibres of the Vickers machine guns and the Boys anti @-@ tank rifle .
The men of the LRDG carried the standard British Second World War small arms , the Short Magazine Lee – Enfield ( SMLE ) No.1 Mk III * being the primary rifle . Other small arms carried were Thompson submachine guns and .38 Enfield , Webley & Scott or .45 Colt 1911A1 pistols . Several types of hand grenade were used : the Mills bomb , No. 68 Anti @-@ tank and No. 69 's . Each truck was outfitted with a Lee – Enfield EY rifle attachment with a discharger cup able to fire the No. 36M Mills rifle grenade . The LRDG also laid land mines , the most common being the Mk 2 mine . Other explosives used are the Lewes bombs , a custom made weapon using Nobel 808 , were used to destroy aircraft and other targets , and sticky bombs used to destroy enemy vehicles .
Captured German and Italian small arms were utilised including the Beretta M 1934 , Luger P08 and Walther P38 pistols . The German MP40 submachine gun and MG34 , MG42 along with Italian Breda M37 and Breda M38 machine guns were all used .
= = = Communications = = =
In the LRP most of the radio operators were New Zealanders , but the LRDG radio operators were all from the Royal Corps of Signals . These men were skilled in communications and were able to maintain and repair their equipment without any outside help . On only three occasions did a broken radio prevent a patrol communicating with its headquarters . All LRDG patrols included one vehicle equipped with a Wireless Set No. 11 and a non @-@ military Philips model 635 receiver . The No. 11 Set had been designed for use in tanks , and had transmitter and receiver circuits ; the Royal Signals expected to use the No. 11 set to transmit and receive between 3 miles ( 4 @.@ 8 km ) and 20 miles ( 32 km ) with the use of 6 feet ( 1 @.@ 8 m ) or 9 feet ( 2 @.@ 7 m ) antennas . The LRDG used Morse code for all transmissions , and were able to transmit over great distances using either a dipole antenna system attached to a 6 @.@ 3 feet ( 1 @.@ 9 m ) rod antenna mounted on the truck which was adequate up to 500 miles ( 800 km ) , or for greater distances , a Windom dipole system slung between two 17 feet ( 5 @.@ 2 m ) tall poles . The disadvantage of using the Windom system was that it took time to erect and work out the correct antenna length , so it could only be used in a relatively safe area . To power the No. 11 set extra batteries had to be carried by the radio vehicles . The Philips receiver was used to monitor Greenwich Mean Time ( GMT ) time checks which was vital for desert navigation .
While on the move the lead vehicles of the patrol commanders and sergeants flew a small flag . Because the LRP was organised on divisional cavalry lines the leaders carried green flags for ' A ' ( HQ ) Troop , black for ' B ' Troop , yellow for ' C ' Troop and red for ' D ' . When the LRDG was organised into 11 vehicle patrols this was simplified to a green flag displaying the patrol letter in white ; the later half @-@ patrols used a plain green flag on occasion . When it became necessary to change course from an intended route , or in the event of enemy action , patrol movements were controlled by a simple semaphore flag system using blue and white signal flags , or hand signals , depending on how widely dispersed the trucks were .
= = = Navigation = = =
All trucks of the LRDG were equipped with the Bagnold sun compass and some trucks were also equipped with a P8 Tank Compass . Each patrol had a navigator who always rode in the second truck in the formation . He was equipped with a theodolite and astronomical position tables with which to plot star sightings , and maps . Watches were used and adjusted each evening using the GMT time check . One major problem faced early on by the LRDG was a lack of accurate maps for Libya in particular . Patrols had to do their own surveys and make their own maps of each route they took . In July 1941 the Survey Section was formed to carry out this task .
= = History = =
The LRDG area of operations between 1940 – 1943 was the Libyan desert , which stretches about 930 miles ( 1 @,@ 500 km ) south from the Mediterranean to the Tibesti and the Jebel Uweinat mountains , and about 1 @,@ 200 miles ( 1 @,@ 900 km ) from the Nile valley in the east to the mountains of Tunisia and Algeria in the west . Paved roads were non @-@ existent and only small tracks and pathways crossed the area . The daytime temperatures could reach 60 ° C ( 140 ° F ) and at night drop below freezing . The only water in the area is found in a number of small oases , which is also where the only vegetation grows .
The first LRP patrol began during the Italian invasion of Egypt . ' W ' Patrol commanded by Captain Mitford set out on 15 September 1940 to carry out a reconnaissance of Kufra and Uweinat . Finding no trace of the Italians , they turned south and attacked fuel dumps , aircraft and an Italian convoy carrying supplies to Kufra . ' T ' Patrol , commanded by Captain Clayton , reconnoitred the main route between Kufra and Uweinat , then drove south to meet up with ' W ' Patrol ; both units returned to base , having captured two Italian trucks and official mail . The Italian response to these raids was to reduce their front line forces and increase the number of troops garrisoning the area from 2 @,@ 900 men in September to 5 @,@ 500 by November 1940 . On 27 December 1940 , ' G ' and ' T ' Patrols left Cairo and crossed the desert to northwest of Kufra . On arrival they met with representatives from the Free French forces in Chad , and on 11 January carried out a joint raid on the Italian fort at Murzuk . After two hours ' fighting the fort remained in Italian hands , but the adjoining airfield had been destroyed . The units then withdrew southwards towards the Free French post at Zouar .
On 31 January they were intercepted by the Compagnia Autosahariana di Cufra , an Italian unit similar to the LRDG , in the Gebel Sherif valley . The LRDG had one man killed and three men captured , including Major Clayton , and three trucks destroyed during the battle . The Italians losses were five killed and three wounded , and one truck was abandoned . Four members of the LRDG escaped by walking 200 miles ( 320 km ) to safety in ten days with no food and only a two gallon water can between them . The patrol arrived back in Egypt on 9 February ; it had covered about 4 @,@ 500 miles ( 7 @,@ 200 km ) , experiencing the loss of six trucks , four by enemy action and two by mechanical breakdowns . One vehicle with a broken rear axle had been towed about 900 miles ( 1 @,@ 400 km ) before it could be repaired . Total casualties were three dead and three captured . Major Clayton was awarded the Distinguished Service Order .
After Operation Compass ended with the Italians forced out of Cyrenaica it was decided to move the LRDG from Cairo to Kufra ( SE Libya ) . At the same time the LRDG was expanded with the addition of ' Y ' and ' S ' Patrols . When the German Afrika Korps under command of General Erwin Rommel counterattacked in April 1941 , the LRDG was ordered to reinforce the Kufra area . ' R ' Patrol were based at Taiserbo , ' S ' Patrol at Zighen , and the headquarters LRDG , ' T ' Patrol , and the Free French were at Kufra , under command of Bagnold . The detached ' G ' and ' Y ' Patrols were based at Siwa Oasis , under command of XIII Corps .
The LRDG air link was created during the occupation of Kufra by Major Guy Lenox Prendergast . Appreciating the value of aircraft for reconnaissance , liaison , evacuating wounded and flights to GHQ Cairo , he had two Waco aircraft fitted with long range fuel tanks . Prendergast flew one himself and Sergeant R. F. T. Barker flew the other . When Bagnold was appointed to the General Staff Cairo in August 1941 , Prendergast was given command of the LRDG .
The LRDG now began a series of patrols behind the Axis lines . Near the end of July ' T ' Patrol left for the desert to the south of the Gulf of Sirte . One ' T ' Patrol truck managed to observe the main coastal road , along which Axis traffic was passing . They were followed two or three weeks later by ' S ' Patrol , who carried out a similar reconnaissance between Jalo oasis and Agedabia . Both patrols returned safely to Kufra without being discovered . In August 1941 ' R ' Patrol relieved ' G ' and ' Y ' Patrols at Siwa and was joined by ' T ' Patrol in October .
= = = Eighth Army command = = =
In November 1941 the LRDG , now under command of the newly formed Eighth Army , moved from Kufra to Siwa ( central Libya ) . The patrols were given the task of watching the desert tracks south of Jebel Akhdar and report any signs of reinforcements and withdrawals . ' R1 ' Patrol was to pick up Captain David Stirling and 30 men who had parachuted behind the lines to raid airfields to the west of Tobruk . Only 21 men arrived at the rendezvous and were returned to the British lines , later becoming the nucleus of the Special Air Service ( SAS ) . One of the other roles assigned to the LRDG was to transport SAS units behind enemy lines ; this continued until the SAS were issued with their own transport in 1942 . In early November ' T2 ' Patrol took four British officers to the Gebel and was to return and collect them three weeks later . The officers were the advance land party of Operation Flipper which had planned to kill General Rommel .
On 24 November , in support of Operation Crusader , the LRDG were ordered to attack Axis rear areas . Already on patrol , ' Y1 ' and ' Y2 ' Patrols attacked targets in the Mechili , Derna and Gazala area . ' Y1 ' damaged fifteen vehicles in a transport park and ' Y2 ' captured a small fort and about 20 Italians . ' S2 ' and ' R2 ' Patrols attacked targets in the Benghazi , Barce and Marawa area , where they ambushed nine vehicles . ' G1 ' and ' G2 ' Patrols were assigned the main road near Agedabia where ' G1 ' made two attacks on road traffic and shot up a few vehicles . After the Axis forces withdrew from Cyrenaica the LRDG moved to a base at Jalo oasis , about 140 miles ( 230 km ) to the south @-@ south @-@ east of Ajdabiya .
The last operations of 1941 were in December , when the LRDG twice ferried the SAS to and from raids on Axis airfields , attacking the airfields at Sirte ( twice ) , El Agheila , Ajdabiya , Nofaliya and Tamit , and destroying 151 aircraft and 30 vehicles . During the second raid at Sirte , the SAS devised a new method of attacking parked aircraft . They drove the LRDG trucks between the rows of aircraft , which were then engaged by machine guns and hand grenades . Prior to this the procedure had been to quietly infiltrate an airfield and place Lewes bombs on aircraft and vehicles , leaving before the bombs exploded , but this attack was so successful that it became the preferred method for attacking airfields .
= = = Road watch = = =
When the LRDG was based at Siwa , they took part in what has since became known as the ' Road Watch ' along the Via Balbia ( the Tripoli to Benghazi road ) . Three patrols were engaged on road watch duties at any one time , with one watching the road for a week to 10 days , another would be en route to relieve them and the third was returning to Siwa after having been relieved . The site of the road watch was about 5 miles ( 8 @.@ 0 km ) from the Marble Arch monument . The road watch patrol would park about 2 miles away from the road and the trucks would be camouflaged using camouflage nets , any local foliage and sand . Before dawn each day two men would move into a well camouflaged position about 350 yards ( 320 m ) from the road . By day they would record the details of all vehicles and troop movements , and at night they would move to about 30 yards ( 27 m ) from the road and guess what type of vehicles were passing by their sound and outline . At daylight they were relieved by another pair of men who took over that day 's road watch . If tanks or a large number of troops were seen passing they would radio the LRDG headquarters at Siwa immediately so that by the time the enemy reached the front line , GHQ at Cairo would know they were coming . Once a patrol was relieved they would transmit details of all they had seen back to Siwa . The LRDG did not lose any men or vehicles when on the road watch , but they did have some close encounters . On 21 March ' R1 ' Patrol was surrounded by a convoy of 27 vehicles and about 200 men who stopped for the night between the watchers and their vehicles . While the road watch was ongoing , other patrols would be attacking targets along other stretches of the Tripoli to Benghazi road , by planting mines or attacking vehicles with machine gun fire . The road was kept under constant observation around the clock from 2 March to 21 July 1942 .
After the Battle of Gazala and the fall of Tobruk the LRDG were forced to withdraw from Siwa on 28 June . ' A ' Squadron withdrew to Cairo to resupply and then moved back to Kufra , while ' B ' Squadron moved to Faiyum .
= = = Barce = = =
With the Eighth Army now holding the El Alamein line , plans were submitted to attack the Axis supply lines and the ports of Benghazi and Tobruk . In September 1942 , British Commandos would attack Tobruk by land and sea ( Operation Agreement ) . The SAS would attack Benghazi ( Operation Bigamy ) and the Sudan Defence Force would capture Jalo oasis ( Operation Nicety ) . The LRDG would be used to guide the attacking forces to their targets and at the same time , a LRDG force would attack Barce ( Operation Caravan ) . The Barce force consisted of 17 vehicles and 47 men of ' G1 ' and ' T1 ' Patrols , which had to travel 1 @,@ 155 miles ( 1 @,@ 859 km ) to reach their target . On arrival ' T1 ' Patrol attacked the airfield and ' G1 ' the Barce barracks . The attack on the airfield destroyed 35 aircraft according to an Italian prisoner of war . Official Italian figures quote 16 aircraft destroyed and seven damaged .
On 30 September 1942 , the LRDG ceased to be under command of the Eighth Army and came under direct command of GHQ Middle East . The final LRDG operation in North Africa was in Tunisia during the Mareth Offensive when they guided the 2nd New Zealand Division around the Mareth Line in March 1943 .
= = = Post 1943 operations = = =
In May 1943 the LRDG was sent to Lebanon to retrain in mountain warfare . However , following the Italian armistice in 1943 , they were sent to Leros , one of the Dodecanese islands , to serve as normal infantry . They later took part in the Battle of Leros , where the commanding officer John Richard Easonsmith was killed and replaced by David Lloyd Owen . After the battle the last New Zealanders , two officers and approximately 46 men , were withdrawn from the LRDG and returned to their division .
In December 1943 , the LRDG re @-@ organised into two squadrons of eight patrols . Each patrol contained one officer and 10 other ranks . Major Moir Stormonth Darling was given command of the British Squadron and Major Kenneth Henry Lazarus the Rhodesian Squadron . Patrols were then parachuted north of Rome to obtain information about German troop movements , and also carried out raids on the Dalmatian Islands and Corfu .
In August 1944 , British Squadron patrols were parachuted into Yugoslavia . One patrol destroyed two 40 feet ( 12 m ) spans of a large railway bridge , which caused widespread disruption to the movement of German troops and supplies . The commanding officer Lieutenant @-@ Colonel Owen and a team of 36 men were parachuted into Albania in September 1944 . Their mission was to follow the German retreat and assist Albanian resistance groups in attacking them . In October 1944 , two British Squadron patrols were parachuted into the Florina area of Greece . Here they mined a road used by the retreating Germans , destroying three vehicles and blocking the road . Firing on the stranded convoy from an adjacent hillside , they directed RAF aircraft in to destroy the rest of the convoy .
After the end of the war in Europe , the leaders of the LRDG made a request to the War Office for the unit to be transferred to the Far East to conduct operations against the Japanese Empire . The request was declined and the LRDG was disbanded in August 1945 .
= = Legacy = =
The Long Range Desert Group was disbanded at the end of the Second World War . The only comparable British Army units today are the Mobility troops of the Special Air Service . Each of the regular army Special Air Service squadrons has a Mobility troop . Like the LRDG , they are specialists in using vehicles , trained in an advanced level of motor mechanics to fix any problem with their vehicles , and are experts in desert warfare .
The Long Range Desert Group are one of the Second World War units represented by the Special Air Service Association . Other wartime units represented include all the SAS regiments , the Special Raiding Squadron , the Special Boat Service ( Wartime ) , the Phantom Signal Squadron , the Raiding Support Regiment and the Greek Sacred Squadron .
The New Zealand Army erected a permanent memorial to the LRDG at the New Zealand Special Air Service barracks , in the Papakura Military Camp . On 7 August 2009 , two honour boards containing details of every New Zealand soldier who served in the LRDG were unveiled .
One of the LRDG 's Chevrolet WB trucks is displayed in the Imperial War Museum in London . It was presented to the museum by the LRDG Association , after being recovered from the Libyan desert in 1983 by David Lloyd Owen , by then a retired Major General and chairman of the Association . It is preserved in the condition in which it was discovered , rusted but largely intact .
= = Media appearances = =
Lost in Libya - In Search of the Long Range Desert Group ( 2009 )
In 2008 historians Brendan O 'Carroll ( New Zealand ) , Guno Goss ( Switzerland ) and Roberto Chiavetto ( Italy ) travelled to Libya to track down three LRDG trucks that had been abandoned in 1941 at Gebel Sherif , in Southern Libya , after the LRDG 's first encounter with their Italian equivalent , the Autosahariana . This 65 minute documentary traced their journey , and includes never before seen archival film of the LRDG in action . It was first aired on ANZAC day , 25 April 2009 on Television New Zealand .
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= Music of Sesame Street =
Music has been a part of the children 's television show Sesame Street since its debut on PBS in 1969 . For the first time , music was used as a teaching tool on a TV program for children ; the songs written and performed on the show fulfilled specific purposes and supported its curriculum . The music on Sesame Street consisted of many styles and genres , but was consistent and recognizable so that it could be reproduced . The producers recorded and released dozens of albums of music ; many songs became " timeless classics " . In order to attract the best composers and lyricists , CTW allowed songwriters to retain the rights to the songs they wrote , which allowed them to earn lucrative profits . Sesame Street Book & Record , recorded in 1970 , went gold and won a Grammy .
Sesame Street 's songwriters included the show 's first music director Joe Raposo , Jeff Moss , and Christopher Cerf , and scriptwriters like Tony Geiss and Norman Stiles . Raposo and his musical team created a huge amount of music for the show , including dozens of unique songs per show . Raposo was inspired by the goals of Sesame Street , especially in the early days of the show 's production , and composed hundreds of curriculum @-@ inspired songs . Raposo won three Emmys and four Grammys for his work on the show . The " Sesame Street Theme " ( also called " Sunny Day " ) , which has been called " a " siren song for preschoolers " , was written by Raposo , director Jon Stone , and writer Bruce Hart . Raposo also wrote " Bein ' Green , " " Somebody Come and Play " and " C is for Cookie " . " Sing " became a hit for The Carpenters in 1973 . Moss wrote " I Love Trash " , which was included on the first album of Sesame Street songs , and " Rubber Duckie " , which was performed by the Boston Pops and hit # 11 on the United States ' Billboard Hot 100 chart in 1971 , " I Don 't Want to Live on the Moon " and " People in Your Neighborhood " .
Artists like Barbra Streisand , Lena Horne , Dizzy Gillespie , Paul Simon , and Jose Feliciano have recorded Raposo 's Sesame Street songs . By 1991 , Sesame Street had been honored with eight Grammys .
= = Purpose = =
Sesame Street , from its earliest planning and development stages before its debut on PBS in 1969 , has used music as a teaching tool . The show 's creators recognized that children responded to commercial jingles , so they wanted to use their characteristics , which included repetition , clever visuals , brevity , and clarity , in what they presented to young viewers . For the first time in children 's television , the show 's songs fulfilled a specific purpose and supported its curriculum . The show 's creators understood that music and sound effects provided a direct means of teaching children basic skills , and that children learned more effectively when new material was accompanied by a song . Co @-@ creator Joan Ganz Cooney observed in her proposal for the new show , written in 1967 , that children had an " affinity for commercial jingles " , so many of the show 's songs were constructed like television ads . Critic Peter Hellman put it this way : " If [ children ] could recite Budweiser jingles from TV , why not give them a program that would teach the ABCs and simple number concepts ? "
The music on Sesame Street consisted of many styles and genres , but it retained its own distinctive sound , which was consistent and recognizable so that it could be reproduced . " There was no other sound like it on television " , Jon Stone , the show 's first director , said . Music was used to encourage children 's dual @-@ attention abilities by allowing them to attend to the show 's action even when not actively watching . In order to be effective , however , Gerald S. Lesser , who supervised research for Sesame Street , stated that because music and sound effects naturally evokes physical participation , they need to be carefully integrated with visual movement . As a result , the songwriters avoided pairing music with static visual presentations . Auditory cues in the form of music or sound effects signaled the entrance of a character or the end and beginning of a sequence .
The producers recorded and released its musical content early in the show 's history , to reinforce its curriculum lessons for children when they were not watching it , and for entertainment . Recording albums of the substantial amount of music written for the show , along with publishing books , was the first attempts to generate income and to fund the show and other projects of the Children 's Television Workshop ( the CTW , later renamed the Sesame Workshop ) , the organization that oversaw the production of Sesame Street .
Many of the songs written for the show have become what writer David Borgenicht called " timeless classics " In order to attract the best composers and lyricists , CTW allowed songwriters to retain the rights to the songs they wrote . For the first time in children 's television , the writers earned lucrative profits , which helped the show sustain public interest . Sesame Street Book & Record , recorded in 1970 , the first of dozens of albums made up of Sesame Street songs , was also the show 's first cast album . The album went gold and won a Grammy . The final track " Rubber Duckie " , written by Jeff Moss , was released as a single , appeared on the United States ' Billboard Hot 100 chart , and was nominated for a Grammy . The Boston Pops performed with the show 's cast in a television special that aired in 1971 .
= = Songs and songwriters = =
Sesame Street 's songwriters included the show 's first music director Joe Raposo , Jeff Moss , who Davis called a " gifted poet , composer , and lyricist " , and Christopher Cerf , who Gikow called " the go @-@ to guy on Sesame Street for classic rock and roll as well as song spoofs " . Scriptwriters like Tony Geiss , who wrote approximately 150 songs for the show , and Norman Stiles often also wrote their own lyrics to accompany their scripts .
Raposo was brought to Sesame Street by producer Tom Whedon , who was his friend and college roommate , and by Stone , who had worked with Raposo on other productions . Stone found Raposo 's music brilliant , melodic , and simple enough for children to recognize and sing with , but sophisticated . According to writer Michael Davis , Sesame Street 's signature sound grew out of sessions with a seven @-@ piece band consisting of a keyboardist , drummer , electric bass player , guitarist , trumpeter , a winds instrumentalist , and a percussionist . One of these musicians was drummer Danny Epstein , who became the show 's music coordinator in 1970 and performed for the show since its inception . Stone reported that a typical recording session with Raposo , which would often last three days , was " an on @-@ the @-@ fly , off @-@ the @-@ cuff experience " .
Raposo and his musical team created a huge amount of music in order to accompany 130 episodes a year , which often included dozens of unique songs per show . Raposo , who wrote over 2 @,@ 000 compositions for Sesame Street , called it a " sausage factory " . Raposo was inspired by the goals of Sesame Street , especially in the early days of the show 's production , and responded by composing , as Davis put it , " a stack " of curriculum @-@ inspired songs . Davis also stated , " In the early days of production , nobody ' got ' the gestalt of Sesame Street faster of better than Raposo " . The show 's researchers reported that they enjoyed working with Raposo , and he enjoyed working with them . They also reported that he would change his songs based upon the researchers ' needs and suggestions , and on the goals of the show 's curriculum . Raposo won three Emmys and four Grammys for his work on the show .
Raposo wrote the music to the " Sesame Street Theme " , also known as " Sunny Day " , which Davis called " jaunty " and " deceptively simple " . Stone and writer Bruce Hart were listed as the song 's lyricists ; Stone considered the song " a musical masterpiece and a lyrical embarrassment " . On Epstein 's recommendation , Raposo enlisted jazz harmonica player Jean " Toots " Thielemans , as well as a mixed choir of children , to record the opening and closing themes . The song 's arrangement has changed about six times , but the words have remained the same throughout the years . " Sunny Day " has since become what Davis called a " siren song for preschoolers " .
Epstein called Moss " a true gentleman " , and Cooney called him " a true music visionary " . He wrote " I Love Trash " for Oscar the Grouch , which was included on the first album of Sesame Street songs . One of Moss ' best @-@ known compositions for the show was Rubber Duckie ; it was performed by Henson for the Muppet Ernie and also appeared on the album . The song was performed by the Boston Pops and hit # 11 on the Billboard charts in 1971 , and became a hit in Germany in 1996 . Moss also wrote " I Don 't Want to Live on the Moon " and " People in Your Neighborhood " . Epstein called his music " simple " but " not simplistic " . Moss co @-@ wrote over 70 songs with Raposo .
Raposo also wrote Bein ' Green in 1970 , again performed by Henson , but this time for Kermit the Frog . Davis calls it " Raposo 's best @-@ regarded song for Sesame Street " , and it has been recorded by several singers , including Frank Sinatra , Van Morrison and Ray Charles . Raposo 's other notable songs written for the show include " Somebody Come and Play " and " C is for Cookie " . " Sing " , which Epstein called " a monument " , became a hit for The Carpenters in 1973 . Barbra Streisand , Lena Horne , Dizzy Gillespie , Paul Simon , and Jose Feliciano also recorded Raposo 's Sesame Street songs . By 1991 , Sesame Street had been honored with eight Grammys . In 2010 , Time Magazine compiled a list of the Top Ten celebrity songs to be featured on the show . The list included older artists such as Smokey Robinson , Johnny Cash and Cab Calloway as well as newer performers like Norah Jones and Feist .
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= California State Route 76 =
State Route 76 ( SR 76 ) is a 52 @.@ 63 @-@ mile @-@ long ( 84 @.@ 70 km ) state highway in the U.S. state of California . It is a frequently used east – west route in the North County region of San Diego County that begins in Oceanside near Interstate 5 ( I @-@ 5 ) and continues east . The highway serves as a major route through the region , continuing east into the community of Bonsall while providing access to Fallbrook . East of the junction with I @-@ 15 , SR 76 goes through Pala and Pauma Valley before terminating at SR 79 .
A route along the corridor has existed since the early 20th century , as has the bridge over the San Luis Rey River near Bonsall . The route was added to the state highway system in 1933 , and was officially designated as SR 76 in the 1964 state highway renumbering , though the route was known as SR 76 before then . The section of the highway through Oceanside and Bonsall is mostly a four @-@ lane expressway ; east of Bonsall , SR 76 is mostly a two @-@ lane highway . Originally , the entire highway was two lanes wide ; west of Bonsall , the route was widened in stages , after decades of funding shortages , planning , and litigation . Caltrans plans to expand the entire length of the highway west of I @-@ 15 to an expressway . As of March 2016 , construction is under way between Bonsall and I @-@ 15 .
= = Route description = =
The roadway carrying the SR 76 designation begins at County Route S21 ( CR S21 ) in Oceanside , although Caltrans does not consider the road west of I @-@ 5 as part of the route , and that part of the road is not in the legal definition . It quickly has an interchange with I @-@ 5 , then becomes a four @-@ lane expressway known as the San Luis Rey Mission Expressway . From I @-@ 5 to Mission Avenue , SR 76 parallels the San Luis Rey River until it passes by Oceanside Municipal Airport . During this stretch , SR 76 intersects Loretta Street , Canyon Drive , Benet Road , Airport Road , and Foussat Road . It then has two overpasses , one over Mission Avenue , and one over El Camino Real , before intersecting Douglas Drive , the main road to the San Luis Rey gate of Camp Pendleton . After an intersection with Rancho Del Oro Road , SR 76 passes over Mission Avenue again before intersecting with Old Grove Road , Frazee Road , a turnoff into the Towne Center North shopping center , and College Boulevard .
As it begins to enter rural Oceanside , SR 76 intersects with North Santa Fe Avenue ( CR S14 ) , Guajome Lake Road ( near Guajome County Park ) , and Melrose Drive . SR 76 intersects the southern segment of CR S13 , known as East Vista Way , and passes over the San Luis Rey River on roughly parallel bridges before an intersection at North River Road . The highway then goes through Bonsall , intersecting Via Montellano , Olive Hill Road , and Throughbred Lane . SR 76 then meets the northern segment of CR S13 , known as South Mission Road , while heading north into Fallbrook ; SR 76 is the primary road connecting the two portions of CR S13 . It is at this point when SR 76 becomes known as Pala Road , and the road narrows to two lanes . It intersects Via Monserate and Gird Road south of Fallbrook before encountering the former routing of US 395 and the current routing of I @-@ 15 in the community of Pala Mesa Village .
SR 76 then goes through Pala and the Pala Indian Reservation , passing by Pala Casino and intersecting CR S16 , the turnoff to the Pala Mission and Temecula . Continuing to parallel the San Luis Rey River , SR 76 passes by the Wilderness Gardens County Park before entering the community of Pauma Valley and meeting the southern terminus of CR S7 ( Nate Harrison Grade ) , a dirt road leading into Palomar Mountain State Park . SR 76 intersects the southern leg of CR S6 ( Valley Center Road ) , leading to Valley Center and Escondido . East of the small Yuima Indian Reservation , it then encounters the northern leg of CR S6 , the southern approach to the Palomar Observatory and Palomar Mountain State Park , as well as the community of La Jolla Amago . It then briefly passes through the Cleveland National Forest and meets the eastern terminus of CR S7 , the eastern approach to Palomar Mountain . SR 76 then passes along the shores of Lake Henshaw before terminating at the intersection with SR 79 at Morettis Junction , southeast of Lake Henshaw .
From I @-@ 5 to I @-@ 15 , SR 76 is part of the California Freeway and Expressway System , but is not part of the National Highway System , a network of highways that are essential to the country 's economy , defense , and mobility . SR 76 is eligible for the State Scenic Highway System , but it is not officially designated as a scenic highway by the California Department of Transportation . The part of the highway from the western terminus to Douglas Drive is also named for Tony Zeppetella , an Oceanside police officer killed while on duty performing a traffic stop . In 2013 , SR 76 had an annual average daily traffic ( AADT ) of 1 @,@ 500 between East Palomar Road and the eastern terminus at SR 79 , and 53 @,@ 000 between Airport Road and El Camino Real in Oceanside , the latter of which was the highest AADT for the highway .
= = History = =
The road through the San Luis Rey Valley was planned as early as 1889 , and was constructed during the early 20th century . It was added to the state highway system in 1933 , while the condition of the highway continued to improve . After a few decades of litigation , the San Luis Rey Mission Expressway was constructed during the 1990s and 2000s , and efforts were underway to extend the expressway east to I @-@ 15 during the 2010s .
= = = Original road = = =
Plans by the City of Oceanside for a road east through the San Luis Rey Valley to Fallbrook date from June 1889 , and included a bridge over the San Luis Rey River . Construction on the bridge over the river at Bonsall had commenced by October 1906 , and the bridge was to be 250 feet ( 76 m ) long . In November , the road to the bridge was under construction ; originally , the bridge was to serve the road from Escondido to Temecula . A survey was commissioned in 1908 to replace the road along the south bank of the river with one along the north bank to Pala , as the former was sandy and difficult for travel . However , there were state funding issues for the Pala road by May 1912 that prevented completion , though the planned road had been surveyed from Bonsall , where it met with the Escondido road , to Oceanside .
Flooding in January 1916 resulted in the closing of the road that existed between Bonsall and Pala ; part of it had reopened October . Nevertheless , six miles ( 9 @.@ 7 km ) of the road between Pauma Valley and Pala did not reopen until two years later . Meanwhile , a road from Pala to Warner Springs neared completion in March 1918 , though a bridge would be necessary for the road to be usable during the winter months . By mid @-@ 1921 , plans were underway to pave Mission Avenue through the Oceanside city limits . The first three miles ( 4 @.@ 8 km ) east from Oceanside were paved by November 1924 . The Bonsall Bridge over the San Luis Rey River was completed in 1925 , and opened in 1926 as the county 's largest bridge at the time , and served as part of the road from San Diego to Elsinore . The Pala road was constructed by 1930 , although it was not paved east of Pala .
SR 76 was originally added to the state highway system in 1933 , and extended from US 101 in Oceanside all the way to SR 79 near Lake Henshaw . However , it was not designated as legislative Route 195 until 1935 . By 1936 , US 395 was signed along what would become SR 76 through Bonsall , as part of the route in between Elsinore and San Diego . In 1943 , work began on widening the approaches to the Bonsall bridge . US 395 had been shifted east away from Bonsall by 1949 . SR 76 was signed by 1954 . During the 1964 state highway renumbering , Route 195 was legally redesignated as State Route 76 ; at that time , the legal definition was updated to reflect the new designation of I @-@ 5 , replacing US 101 .
= = = Delays and postponement = = =
Plans for constructing a replacement for Mission Avenue date from 1950 . By 1961 , there were plans to make SR 76 a freeway from Oceanside to Fallbrook Road , and an expressway from there to US 395 . The next year , the new Highway 76 Association formed a committee to promote the upgrade of the road into Pauma Valley . In 1963 , more specific plans were proposed by the Highway Development Association initiative , including making the portions from Foussat Road and the Mission San Luis Rey de Francia and from Vista Way to Mission Road an expressway , and making the part of the highway in Oceanside wider . In 1964 , the state allocated funds for the widening of SR 76 to four lanes in Oceanside , and in October 1965 , the first portion of the widening from Carey Road to Frontier Drive entered the bidding phase . The next part of the widening entered the bidding phase in December 1968 , and extended from Frontier Drive to near the Mission .
Caltrans engineer Jacob Dekema announced in April 1969 that the construction on SR 76 and the nearby SR 78 between I @-@ 5 and US 395 would be delayed until the construction on I @-@ 5 and US 395 was underway , or at least until 1976 . Nevertheless , a widening project was commissioned in 1970 between Pauma Reservation Road and Cole Grade Road , well east of US 395 . The next year , construction began on a new interchange between the future routing of SR 76 and I @-@ 5 , near Oceanside Harbor and Camp Del Mar in Camp Pendleton . The expansion of SR 76 appeared on the Comprehensive Planning Organization ( CPO ) regional government plan in late 1974 . At that time , there was an effort by the City of Oceanside to have SR 76 included as a scenic highway , but SR 76 has not been included in the system . The Chamber of Commerce decided to continue efforts to have SR 76 expanded at the end of 1974 .
In January 1975 , Caltrans presented plans to realign SR 76 away from Mission Avenue and move it to the south side of the San Luis Rey River from I @-@ 5 to Frontier Drive . However , one member of the Tri @-@ Cities Taxpayers ' League suggested that the freeway be built on the northern side of the river , and follow the river all the way east to I @-@ 15 . Following concerns that the project would be cancelled due to lack of state funding , the California Highway Commission ( CHC ) stated that the plans were still being considered . The City of Oceanside raised concerns about the congestion on Mission Avenue , as well as the realignment being a part of the city master plan . After this , at the start of the next year , the CHC decided to keep the proposal , though there were concerns that construction would be delayed due to the state financial crisis . Caltrans stated a few months later that SR 76 would be delayed because of the funding issues and the relatively low levels of traffic that would not support building a freeway . Following this , State Senator John Stull alleged that Caltrans head Adriana Gianturco was purposefully delaying the project by delaying the release of the environmental impact report . A petition drive began soon thereafter , supported by many North County leaders , with the exception of Bonsall due to concerns about a full freeway running through the community .
Over the period from 1974 to 1977 , Oceanside police kept track of over 1 @,@ 000 accidents that occurred along SR 76 from that time period . A citizen action group known as Concerned Citizens for Highway 76 formed soon afterward . Caltrans began holding hearings again in 1979 , proposing the building of an expressway as opposed to a freeway or to widening Mission Avenue . At one hearing , local officials criticized the delay , while others criticized the routing , the decision to build an expressway instead of a freeway , and building a route through an environmentally sensitive area . In May 1980 , the state Assembly Transportation Committee approved a resolution that requested an answer from the governor at the time , Jerry Brown , and Caltrans as to why certain projects , including SR 76 , had not been started .
In the meantime , the Oceanside Development Agency recommended extending the new highway west to Pacific Street to aid in redeveloping the downtown area . The San Diego Regional Coastal Commission disagreed with constructing the highway , among other development proposals for downtown Oceanside , due to concerns about destroying habitat along the river and the marsh areas . Soon after , in October 1980 , the California Coastal Commission recommended removing the realignment of the freeway from plans entirely , on environmental grounds .
= = = Widening and realignment = = =
In 1983 , a federal gasoline tax of five @-@ cents @-@ per @-@ gallon ( one @-@ cent @-@ per @-@ liter ) was approved , which added more funding to complete projects in San Diego County , among other places . From that revenue , $ 5 million ( about $ 18 million in 2015 dollars ) was allocated to rebuilding the Bonsall bridge and realigning the highway . Issues cited with the old bridge included the sharp turns at either end of the bridge and its narrow width . However , some members of the community hoped that the old bridge would remain standing as a historical landmark , and a pedestrian bridge . County Supervisor Paul Eckert commissioned a campaign to leave the bridge standing a week later . Plans to replace the bridge were delayed by April , due to issues acquiring the land necessary for the new bridge .
Caltrans tentatively approved the westernmost 2 @.@ 5 miles ( 4 @.@ 0 km ) of the SR 76 widening project in May , while noting that there were several more steps in the legal process necessary before construction began . Two years later , concerns were expressed by environmental groups over the potential destruction of the habitat of the least Bell 's vireo songbird by the construction of SR 76 and other projects in the region . In 1986 , the bird was added to the federal endangered species register . The next year , the Oceanside Jaycees group collected 12 @,@ 000 signatures supporting the construction of the freeway immediately . At that time , the fatality rate on SR 76 was 222 percent above that of any other state highway in California . The petitions were given to the office of then @-@ Governor George Deukmejian . In November 1987 , the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service approved the project , on condition that Caltrans purchase additional land to set up habitat for environmental mitigation .
Funds for the new Bonsall bridge were approved by the California Transportation Commission ( CTC ) in October 1988 , and construction was scheduled to begin in early 1989 . In November 1989 , the California Coastal Commission gave the go @-@ ahead for the realignment of SR 76 in western Oceanside , from I @-@ 5 to Frontier Drive . However , in February 1990 , the Sierra Club , National Audubon Society , and League for Coastal Protection filed a lawsuit to have the approval overturned , citing concerns over the destruction of habitat . The Bonsall bridge was completed in early 1990 , while the old bridge became a National Historic Place . In 1992 , the City of Oceanside offered to purchase land as additional habitat for the songbird , even though it was not a party to the lawsuit . However , the following year , the City Council voted to use the Lawrence Canyon land for commercial use instead of for the environmental mitigation , thus stalling the project . Following this , the CTC rejected the proposal to build the highway , requiring Caltrans to find another parcel to use for constructing habitat . The CTC did approve the proposal a month later , provided that this land was found before construction began . In October , the City Council decided to use the Lawrence Canyon land for mitigation after all . Nevertheless , a city councilman raised concerns that the expressway would not be adequate to handle 2010 traffic levels .
The four lane expressway bypass of Oceanside was constructed beginning in 1994 . The first four miles ( 6 @.@ 4 km ) from I @-@ 5 to Foussat Road opened to traffic in late 1995 . The cost of this portion was $ 10 million ( about $ 19 @.@ 4 million in 2015 dollars ) ; at that time , completion of the rest of the route was expected for 2008 . The rerouting of SR 76 away from Mission Avenue resulted in a decrease in business for establishments located along the old routing . On June 12 , 1996 , the groundbreaking ceremony for the second phase of the project took place , by which time the completion date for the entire roadway had slipped to 2010 . This phase between Foussat Road and Jefferies Ranch Road was finished in late 1999 . Because the expressway was constructed on top of Mission Avenue east of Old Grove Road , the former was rerouted onto a new alignment that connected to Frazee Road . However , Mission Avenue was thus fragmented , and does not exist between Frazee Road and Jefferies Ranch Road , where the designation resumes .
= = = East of Oceanside = = =
By 2002 , Caltrans had two proposals for the part of the widening project between East Vista Way and Mission Road : building the new highway on top of the old one , or constructing a new roadway to the south of the San Luis Rey River . Concerns arose , however , that the TransNet local sales tax would not be extended by voters , leading to the cancellation of that project . The San Diego Association of Governments included the widening east to Bonsall in the regional plan in 2003 , but indicated that the portion from Bonsall to I @-@ 15 would be dependent on the availability of funding . Residents of Fallbrook and Bonsall criticized the fact that SR 76 was one of the few TransNet projects that was not to be completed by the expiration of the tax in 2008 . The city of Oceanside proposed plans for grade @-@ separated interchanges with College Boulevard and Melrose Drive in 2004 , in the event that the expressway through Oceanside would have had to be converted to a freeway . However , after complaints from residents , these proposals were tabled .
After TransNet was renewed in November 2004 , planning continued for widening the remaining portion of SR 76 west of I @-@ 15 , due to the frequent accidents that occurred on the eastern portion ; however , some claimed that the habits of drivers were at fault . The 2007 environmental impact report recommended constructing the new roadway along the route of the old one , rather than moving the entire highway south .
Meanwhile , congestion east of I @-@ 15 increased with the opening of four new casinos near Pala . The Pala Indian band was required to pay for the costs to improve the road in order to mitigate the increased traffic levels from their proposed expansion . Construction began on widening the highway in April 2008 , and in March 2009 , two lanes of a realigned 1 @.@ 3 @-@ mile @-@ long ( 2 @.@ 1 km ) segment of SR 76 opened east of I @-@ 15 . Initially , only two lanes were open , with the other two lanes of this new four lane divided highway planned to open in September 2009 . The purpose of this improvement was to reduce accidents on a stretch of road that carried over 12 @,@ 000 motorists per day , many headed for either the Pala Indian casino or a new gravel quarry that had recently opened . The casino and quarry owners each paid for half of the $ 26 million ( about $ 30 @.@ 9 million in 2015 dollars ) cost of the new road . Even after this , in 2009 , the corner of SR 76 and Palomar Mountain Road was determined to be the place in the county with the most motorcycle accidents .
Construction started on widening SR 76 between Melrose Drive and South Mission Road in January 2010 to four lanes , and was funded by the federal government , state government , and by TransNet revenue . The project included building a second bridge over the San Luis Rey River . Discussion on whether the route of the highway should go south or north of the river east of Mission Road began later that year , with residents expressing concerns about being able to make left turns . In June 2011 , Caltrans decided to use the existing roadway as the path , but agreed to build traffic signals at Via Monserate , South Mission Road , Gird Road , and Old Highway 395 . For environmental mitigation , Caltrans purchased the parcel known as Rancho Lilac , which was 902 acres ( 365 ha ) . The additional Bonsall bridge was finished by April 2012 . The westbound lanes between Melrose Drive and Mission Road opened to traffic in October , with the entire roadway projected to be complete by the end of the year . The total cost of the entire widening project east of Melrose Drive is projected to be $ 371 million .
A request by the city of Oceanside to restore access to Jefferies Ranch Road from SR 76 was declined by Caltrans in late 2012 , due to concerns about future expressway expansion to six lanes . In May 2013 , construction at the I @-@ 15 and SR 76 interchange uncovered a Bison latifrons fossil ; revisions to the interchange were finished in August 2013 . The final portion east to I @-@ 15 was contracted out in August , and construction was to begin soon afterward and extend until 2017 , at a cost of $ 200 million .
= = Major intersections = =
Except where prefixed with a letter , postmiles were measured on the road as it was in 1964 , based on the alignment that existed at the time , and do not necessarily reflect current mileage . R reflects a realignment in the route since then , M indicates a second realignment , L refers an overlap due to a correction or change , and T indicates postmiles classified as temporary ( for a full list of prefixes , see the list of postmile definitions ) . Segments that remain unconstructed or have been relinquished to local control may be omitted . The entire route is in San Diego County .
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= Star Wars : Jedi Knight ( series ) =
Star Wars : Jedi Knight is a first @-@ person shooter and third @-@ person shooter video game series set in the fictional Star Wars expanded universe . The series focuses primarily on Kyle Katarn , a former Imperial officer who ultimately becomes a member of the New Republic and an instructor at the Jedi Academy .
The Jedi Knight series began in 1995 with the release of Star Wars : Dark Forces for DOS , Macintosh , and PlayStation . This was followed in 1997 by Star Wars Jedi Knight : Dark Forces II for Microsoft Windows , in which Katarn learns the ways of a Jedi . In 1998 , Star Wars Jedi Knight : Mysteries of the Sith was released as an expansion pack for Dark Forces II , this time giving the player control of Mara Jade as well as Katarn . In 2002 , Star Wars Jedi Knight II : Jedi Outcast was added to the series . Jedi Outcast was developed by Raven Software and powered by the id Tech 3 game engine . It was released for Windows , Mac , Xbox and GameCube . Star Wars Jedi Knight : Jedi Academy followed in 2003 on Windows , Mac and Xbox . It was powered by the same game engine as its predecessor . Jedi Academy was the first game in the series where the player does not control Katarn at any point , although he is featured prominently in the storyline .
The games in the Jedi Knight series have received generally favorable reviews . Multiple publications have commented on the quality of the series as a whole , with GameNOW describing it as " consistently great . " The use of the lightsaber in the series , a prominent gameplay element in all but the first game , has received specific praise for its implementation .
= = Games = =
Star Wars : Dark Forces was developed and published by LucasArts , and released in North America on February 28 , 1995 for MS @-@ DOS and Macintosh , and on November 30 , 1996 for PlayStation . It was the first officially produced first @-@ person shooter set in the Star Wars universe .
Star Wars Jedi Knight : Dark Forces II was again developed and published by LucasArts , and released in North America on September 30 , 1997 for Microsoft Windows .
Star Wars Jedi Knight : Mysteries of the Sith is an expansion pack for Dark Forces II . Developed and published by LucasArts , it was released on February 24 , 1998 for Microsoft Windows . The expansion includes a single @-@ player mode and fifteen multiplayer maps .
Star Wars Jedi Knight II : Jedi Outcast was developed by Raven Software for the PC and Mac , and Vicarious Visions for the Xbox and GameCube . LucasArts published the PC version worldwide and the Xbox and GameCube versions in North America , Activision published the Xbox and GameCube versions in Europe , and Aspyr published the Mac version worldwide . The PC version was released in North America on March 26 , 2002 , the Mac version on November 5 , and the Xbox and GameCube versions on November 19 .
Star Wars Jedi Knight : Jedi Academy was developed by Raven Software for the PC and Mac , and Vicarious Visions for the Xbox . LucasArts published the PC and Xbox versions in North America , Activision published them in Europe , and Aspyr published the Mac version worldwide . Jedi Academy was released on September 16 , 2003 for Mac , on September 17 for Windows , and on November 18 for Xbox .
= = Overview = =
= = = Gameplay = = =
The Jedi Knight series is composed primarily of first / third @-@ person shooter gameplay elements , with a number of variation on the norms of the genre within each game . All of the games use a level based system which contains a series of objectives that must be completed before the player can continue . From Dark Forces II onwards , the games have included lightsaber combat and the use of Force powers , which have been tweaked and modified as the series has progressed .
In the first game , Dark Forces , the focus is on combat against various creatures and characters from the Star Wars universe , and includes environmental puzzles and hazards , whilst following a central storyline outlined in mission briefings and cutscenes . For combat , the player may use fists , explosive land mines and thermal detonators , as well as blasters and other ranged weapons , with the gameplay leaning more towards ranged combat .
In Dark Forces II , the player has the option of a third @-@ person view , plus an option to switch automatically to third @-@ person when the lightsaber is the selected weapon . Three types of Force powers are introduced in this game : Light powers provide non violent advantages , Dark powers provide violent ones , while Neutral powers enhance athletic abilities . The game has two endings , depending on whether the player chooses to focus on the Light Side or the Dark Side .
Unlike its predecessor , Mysteries of the Sith has a single , morally positive course , as the player progresses through the game in a linear fashion . The game includes most of the enemies featured in Dark Forces II , plus some new monsters . The player has access to Force powers and projectile weapons such as a blaster or railgun , as well as a lightsaber .
Jedi Outcast 's gameplay is similar to that of its predecessors , with some small additions , such as access to gun turrets , or the use of combos unique to each of the three lightsaber styles in the game ; fast , medium and strong . As with Dark Forces II and Mysteries of the Sith , the use of Force powers is restricted by a " Force Meter " , which depletes when the powers are used .
Jedi Academy features very similar gameplay to Jedi Outcast , although one new feature is that the player may customize their lightsaber at the outset of the game . Later , the player has the option of choosing dual sabers , or a " saber staff " , similar to Darth Maul 's double ended lightsaber in The Phantom Menace . Instead of moving linearly from one level to the next , the player chooses from a selection of different missions which can be played in any order . The game also introduces player @-@ controllable vehicles and vehicle @-@ based levels .
Starting with Jedi Knight , a multiplayer mode has been included in every game , in which up to eight people can compete with one another via a LAN or up to four people online . In Jedi Knight , the player creates an avatar , and then selects a ranking , with higher rankings having access to more Force powers . There are two types of multiplayer game available ; " Capture the flag " and " Jedi Training " . Mysteries of the Sith includes fifteen multiplayer maps , four of which only allow players to battle with lightsabers , and a ranking system that tracks the player 's experience . The multiplayer mode allows the use of pre @-@ set characters featured in both Jedi Knight and Mysteries of the Sith , as well as characters from the Star Wars films , such as Luke Skywalker , Darth Vader and Boba Fett . In Mysteries , the " Capture the flag " mode is altered , with the gradual reduction of the Force powers of the player who is carrying the flag .
Jedi Outcast features several multiplayer modes , which , in the PC and Mac versions , can be played over a LAN or the internet . Multiplayer mode is limited to two players on the Xbox and GameCube versions of the game . Game modes include " Free @-@ For @-@ All " , " Team Deathmatch " , " Capture the Flag " , " Power Duel " and " Siege " , all of which can be played with other players , bots , or both . Jedi Academy introduces several multiplayer modifications , such as Movie Battles II which allows players to take part in lightsaber duels that featured in the Star Wars films . Movie Battles also lets players choose different classes of character , ranging from Jedi Knight to Wookiee . Another popular modification , Evolution of Combat , allows players to use more movie @-@ realistic saber combat along with other additions such as a movie accurate class system featuring tens of new characters .
= = = Story = = =
The Jedi Knight video games are set in the Star Wars universe . For the majority of the series , the player controls Kyle Katarn , who begins as a mercenary , eventually learning the ways of The Force , becoming a Jedi Master and teaching at the Jedi Academy .
Prior to the events of Dark Forces , Katarn was a student studying to follow in his father 's career of agricultural mechanics . However , while at an academy , he was told by officials that the Rebel Alliance had killed his parents . His anger led him to enlist in the Imperial army , where he soon met Jan Ors , an undercover double agent working for the Alliance . Ors uncovered the real information about Katarn 's parents ; they had actually been killed by the Empire . Shortly thereafter , Ors ' cover was blown , and she was taken prisoner . Katarn helped her escape , thus ending his career with the Empire . He then became a mercenary , and due to his hatred for the Empire , regularly took on jobs for the Alliance .
In the first level of Dark Forces , which is set prior to A New Hope , Katarn recovers the plans to the Death Star , a heavily armed space station capable of destroying entire planets . The Rebel Alliance uses the plans to find a weakness in and then destroy the Death Star . Katarn then aids the Rebels in stopping the threat of the Imperial " Dark Trooper " project . Despite the successful missions on behalf of the Alliance , however , Katarn does not join their cause . Dark Forces II begins several years after the destruction of the second Death Star in Return of the Jedi , when Katarn is informed of the exact details of his father 's death . His father , Morgan Katarn , had discovered the location of " The Valley of the Jedi " , a source of great Force power , but a Dark Jedi named Jerec murdered Morgan in an attempt to find the location . Katarn travels to the Valley of the Jedi while learning the ways of the Jedi himself . Eventually , he confronts and defeats Jerec , avenging his father 's death . However , Katarn still does not join the Jedi Order , instead using his powers for the New Republic , and taking on an apprentice with a similar history to himself ; Mara Jade . During this time , Katarn learns of a Sith temple on the planet Dromund Kaas . There , Katarn is corrupted by the Dark Side of the Force . However , Jade is able to convince him to return to the Light and they leave together .
This incident causes Katarn to distance himself from the Force and return to mercenary missions with Jan Ors . In Jedi Outcast , Ors is captured by Desann , a former pupil of Luke Skywalker who has turned to the Dark Side . Katarn believes Desann to have killed Ors , and so he returns to the Valley of the Jedi in an attempt to reconnect to the Force so as to stop Desann . Eventually , it is revealed that Ors ' death is a ruse by Desann for the express purpose of having Katarn return to the Valley , so Desann may learn of its location . Desann , in league with the Imperial Remnant , uses the power of the Valley to endow his troops with Force power , before using them to launch an attack on the Jedi Academy . However , Katarn defeats Desann and discovers his true path , becoming a tutor at the Academy . In Jedi Academy , Katarn takes on two students : Jaden Korr and Rosh Penin . The protagonist of the game is Jaden , who is dispatched on various peace @-@ keeping missions across the galaxy , sometimes with Katarn , sometimes alone . Jaden eventually encounters a Sith cult led by Tavion ( Desann 's former apprentice ) who plans to restore the Sith to power by using stolen Force energy to resurrect an ancient Sith Lord , Marka Ragnos . After learning that Rosh has betrayed the Jedi and joined Tavion , Jaden may either kill him and turn to the Dark Side or let him live and remain on the Light Side . If Jaden chooses to free Rosh , he ultimately faces and defeats both Tavion and the spirit of Ragnos . If he chooses the Dark Side , he kills Tavion , fights and defeats ( but does not kill ) Katarn , and then flees with Tavion 's staff , which is capable of absorbing the Force . The game ends with Katarn setting out in pursuit of Jaden .
= = Development = =
Production of Star Wars : Dark Forces began in September 1993 , with Daron Stinnett as project leader and Justin Chin as lead writer . The developers wanted to adapt the first @-@ person shooter format to include strategy and puzzles , which at the time , had never been done . Dark Forces thus features numerous logic puzzles and parts of the game requires a strategic method to progress , often involving manipulation of the environment . This style of gameplay has remained constant in all Jedi Knight games . Another aspect that has remained the same since Dark Forces is the use of John Williams ' soundtrack from the Star Wars films . In Dark Forces the music was implemented using iMuse , software that alters the music depending on what is happening at any given moment in the game . Lucasarts developed the Jedi game engine to power Dark Forces , adding features to the first @-@ person shooter genre that were uncommon at the time , such as multi @-@ level floors and free look , as well as athletic abilities such as running , jumping , ducking and swimming . Original plans for the game had Luke Skywalker as the main character , but due to the limitations this would impose on the story , the developers designed a new character , Kyle Katarn .
Even before the release of Dark Forces , Justin Chin had planned out Katarn 's role in Dark Forces II , indicating that Katarn would face a " big trial " in a game that would be a " rite of passage . " Chin became project leader for Dark Forces II . In the game , the digital audio from Dark Forces was replaced with CD audio . Dark Forces II adds two " Jedi " aspects to the series ; the use of The Force and the lightsaber . The Force plays an integral role in how the player plays the game . The method of allocating credits to Force powers was designed with an RPG style in mind , allowing the player the choice of which powers to improve . Chin said in an early interview that progress through the game is based upon the abilities the player develops . A new game engine , the Sith engine , was developed for Dark Forces II , which uses both 3D graphics and sound . It was one of the first games to adopt the use of 3D graphics hardware acceleration using Microsoft Direct3D . Another development was that Dark Forces II moved on from the static images between levels used in Dark Forces to full motion video cutscenes . The characters are represented by live actors while the backgrounds are pre @-@ rendered . The cutscenes included the first lightsaber footage filmed since Return of the Jedi in 1983 . Dark Forces II also introduced multiplayer gaming to the series , allowing players to play online or via a LAN .
Nearly four years after the release of Dark Forces II , LucasArts announced at E3 2001 that Jedi Knight II : Jedi Outcast would be released in 2002 . Unlike previous games in the series , Jedi Outcast was not developed in @-@ house by LucasArts , but by Raven Software . The subsequent success of Outcast led LucasArts to continue the partnership with Raven , leading to the development of Jedi Knight : Jedi Academy a year later ; " With the overwhelming success and critical acclaim of Star Wars : Jedi Outcast , continuing an alliance with Activision and Raven Software was a clear and very easy decision , " said then @-@ president of LucasArts , Simon Jeffery . Jedi Outcast and Jedi Academy are both powered by the Quake III : Team Arena game engine , with modifications for the use of a lightsaber and The Force . Jedi Academy is the only game in the Jedi Knight series that does not give the player control of Katarn at any point . Instead the focus is on Jaden Korr , a student of the Force under Katarn . The decision to change protagonist was made by the developers for gameplay reasons .
= = Reception = =
The Jedi Knight series as a whole has been well received . The series itself has been described as " highly acclaimed , " and has been noted by IGN as one of few Star Wars themed video game franchises that is of consistently high quality on the PC . GamersMark.com called the series " rather entertaining , " whilst GameNOW rated it as " consistently great . "
Individually , each game in the series has been generally well received . In 1995 , Dark Forces became LucasArts ' highest sell @-@ in with more than 300 @,@ 000 copies accounted for at launch . Games in the series have achieved consistently favorable review scores from most publications , and hold high aggregate scores on both Metacritic and GameRankings . The only exceptions are the PlayStation version of Dark Forces , which was perceived to have graphical problems and the GameCube version of Jedi Outcast , which was seen as considerably inferior to the PC and Xbox versions .
Games in the Jedi Knight series have also received specific commendation and awards . Dark Forces II was judged the best game of the year for 1997 by five publications , and was number one in PC Gamer 's " 50 best games ever " list in 1998 . Jedi Outcast was a finalist in the Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences " Interactive Achievement Awards " in the 2002 Game of the Year category . The game also received commendations from PC Gamer and Computer Gaming World .
Gameplay aspects of the series have also been well received . The lightsaber charted at number 7 in UGO Networks 's countdown of the 50 best weapons in video games . The publication commented that using such a weapon in a game was " extremely satisfying , " and stated that lightsaber usage had been refined as the series continued .
Kyle Katarn has also received a positive reception . IGN placed him as their 22nd top Star Wars character , praising him as " a gamer 's reliable blank state , " a feature which they felt made him one of the most " human " Star Wars characters . They also stated that Katarn 's endearence with fans was because of his " mishmash of quirks and dispositions . " In GameSpot 's vote for the all @-@ time greatest videogame hero , Katarn was eliminated in round two when faced against Lara Croft , garnering 27 @.@ 5 % of the votes . In round one he defeated Dig Dug , with 67 @.@ 6 % of the votes .
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= History of Norwich City F.C. =
The history of Norwich City F.C. stretches back to 1902 . After a brief period in amateur football , the club spent 15 years as a semi @-@ professional team in the Southern League before admission to The Football League in 1920 . For most of the next 50 years , Norwich City F.C. sat in Division Three ( South ) , then the joint lowest tier of the football league , a period that was distinguished by " a thrilling giant @-@ killing sequence which took them to the FA Cup semi @-@ finals " in 1959 . Shortly afterwards , the club won its first major trophy , the 1962 League Cup . Norwich finally reached the pinnacle of the league structure in 1972 , with their first promotion to the top tier .
Since then , Norwich City has acquired a reputation as a " yo @-@ yo club " , with 22 seasons in the top league and 15 in the second tier . It is during this period that the club has achieved most of its greatest distinctions , claiming its second major trophy , the League Cup in 1985 , reaching two more FA Cup semi finals , finishing fifth , fourth and third in the top division and beating Bayern Munich in the UEFA Cup .
In the course of its history , Norwich City has survived a number of incidents that threatened its survival , including ousting from amateur football , the need to be re @-@ elected to The Football League and financial crises . Geoffrey Watling , who was to become club Chairman and after whom a stand at the club 's stadium , Carrow Road is named , was instrumental in saving the club from bankruptcy , both in the 1950s and 1990s ; his father had played a similar role in 1919 .
= = Early years : 1902 – 1930 = =
Norwich City F.C. was formed following a meeting at the Criterion Cafe in Norwich on 17 June 1902 by a group of friends led by two former Norwich CEYMS players , and played their first competitive match against Harwich & Parkeston , at Newmarket Road on 6 September 1902 . Originally , the club was nicknamed the Citizens , and played in light blue and white halved shirts . The popular pastime of canary rearing had given rise to the team 's nickname of " The Canaries " by April 1905 , and by February 1907 this moniker had been adopted by the national press . The following season , inspired by the nickname , City played for the first time in Canary livery ; yellow shirts with green collars and cuffs . A local paper reported that " The Cits are dead but the Canaries are very much alive " .
Norwich played for just over two seasons as an amateur club under The Football Association ( FA ) . However , following an FA Commission of inquiry , the club was informed on the last day of 1904 that they had been deemed a professional organisation and hence ineligible to compete in amateur football . The main allegations were :
fees ... paid for the use of a gymnasium and also for the training and massage of players . The sum of £ 8 was also paid to a player when he left the club . Payments were made to players without a receipt being taken . The club advertised for players ... [ the ] secretary ... spent considerable sums of money in travelling to other towns in East Anglia ... complete outfits ... were bought for players out of club funds ... there was no adequate system for checking gate money ... travelling expenses were ... excessive .
The club officials , including founding chairman Robert Webster , had to be removed from office and Norwich were to be ousted from the amateur game at the end of the season . The response was swift : at a meeting , just two days later , Wilfrid Lawson Burgess became the first chairman of the professional club and it was resolved to find a place in the professional game . The decision was endorsed at a public meeting in March 1905 , a meeting that , significantly , was attended by Nat Whitaker , secretary of the Southern League . He seconded a motion proposed by a local businessman that endorsed the club 's " ... determination to run a first class professional team " . Whitaker actively supported Norwich , as he wanted the League 's influence to spread eastwards . On 30 May 1905 , they were elected to play in the Southern League , in place of Wellingborough .
With increasing attendances at matches and strict new clauses included in a proposed lease extension , Norwich were forced to leave Newmarket Road and move to a converted disused chalk pit in Rosary Road which became known as " The Nest " . Works at The Nest , which included dismantling and moving the stands from Newmarket Road , were complete in time for the start of the 1908 – 09 season . On 10 December 1917 , with football suspended during the First World War and the club facing spiralling debts , City went into voluntary liquidation . The club was officially reformed on 15 February 1919 ; a key figure in the events was a Mr C Watling , father of future club Chairman , Geoffrey Watling . In May 1920 , The Football League formed a Third Division , to which Norwich was admitted for the following season . Their first league fixture , against Plymouth , on 28 August 1920 , ended in a 1 – 1 draw . The club endured a mediocre first decade in the League , finishing no higher than eighth but no lower than 18th . It was during this period that the players began to wear a canary emblem on their shirts . A simple canary badge was first adopted in 1922 ; a variation is used to this day .
= = Striving to reach the top level : 1930 – 1972 = =
The 1930s began with a brush with disaster – the side finished bottom of the League in 1931 , but were successful in their bid for re @-@ election . The rest of the decade proved more successful for Norwich , with a club @-@ record victory , 10 – 2 , over Coventry City and promotion to the Second Division as champions in the 1933 – 34 season under the management of Tom Parker .
With rising crowds and the Football Association raising concerns over the suitability of The Nest , the club considered renovation , but ultimately decided on a move to Carrow Road . The original stadium was terraced on three sides , with only one stand ( along Carrow Road ) having wooden bench seating and a roof . The inaugural match at the new ground , held on 31 August 1935 , against West Ham United , ended in a 4 – 3 victory for the home team and set a new record attendance of 29 @,@ 779 . A highlight of the fourth season at Carrow Road was the visit of King George VI on 29 October 1938 ; this was the first occasion a reigning monarch attended a second tier football match . The club was relegated back to the Third Division at the end of the season . Norwich 's anguish was exacerbated by the closeness of the relegation fight ; having finished second from bottom of Division Two , they were demoted on a goal average difference of just 0 @.@ 05 .
The league was suspended the following season as a result of the outbreak of the Second World War , and professional play did not resume until the 1946 – 47 season . City finished this and the following season in 21st place , the poor results forcing the club to apply for re @-@ election to the league . The lacklustre performances did not deter the crowds , and , in 1948 , Carrow Road attracted its record attendance ; 37 @,@ 863 spectators watched City play Notts County . The club narrowly missed out on promotion under the guidance of manager Norman Low in the early 1950s , but following the return of Tom Parker as manager , Norwich finished bottom of the football league in the 1956 – 57 season . Events off the field were to overshadow the team 's performances as the club faced financial difficulties severe enough to render them non @-@ viable . With debts amounting to more than £ 20 @,@ 000 , the club was rescued by the formation of a new Board , chaired by Geoffrey Watling and the creation of an appeal fund chaired by the Lord Mayor of Norwich , Arthur South , which raised more than £ 20 @,@ 000 . For these and other services to the club , both men ( now deceased ) were later honoured by having stands named after them at Carrow Road .
Archie Macaulay became manager when the club was reformed and he oversaw one of the club 's greatest achievements , its run to the semi @-@ final of the 1958 – 59 FA Cup . Competing as a Third Division side , Norwich defeated two First Division opponents along the way , notably a 3 – 0 win against the Manchester United " Busby Babes " . City lost the semi @-@ final only after a replay against another First Division side , Luton Town . The team of 1958 – 59 — including Terry Bly who scored seven goals in the run , and Ken Nethercott who played most of the second half of one match in goal despite a dislocated shoulder — is today well represented in the club Hall of Fame . The " 59 Cup Run " as it is now known locally , " remains as one of the truly great periods in Norwich City 's history " . Norwich were the third @-@ ever Third Division team to reach the FA Cup semi @-@ final . In the 1959 – 60 season , Norwich were promoted to the Second Division after finishing second to Southampton , and achieved a fourth @-@ place finish in the 1960 – 61 season . From 1960 , Norwich spent the next 12 seasons in the second tier , with finishes of fourth in 1961 and sixth in 1965 being among the most notable .
In 1962 , Ron Ashman guided Norwich to their first trophy , defeating Rochdale 4 – 0 on aggregate in a two @-@ legged final to win the League Cup . Norwich finally achieved promotion from Division Two when they finished as champions in the 1971 – 72 season under manager Ron Saunders ; Norwich City had reached the highest level of English football for the first time .
= = First division yo @-@ yo : 1972 – 1992 = =
Norwich made their first appearance at Wembley Stadium in 1973 , losing the League Cup final 1 – 0 to Tottenham Hotspur . Relegation to the Second Division in 1974 resulted in the resignation of Saunders and the appointment of John Bond . A highly successful first season saw promotion back to the First Division and another visit to Wembley , again in the League Cup final , this time losing 1 – 0 to Aston Villa . They remained in the top @-@ tier of English football for another six seasons . The club finished tenth in the 1975 – 76 season ; at the time their highest ever finish . Under Bond though , the club never managed to qualify for European competitions . Off the field , during Bond 's tenure , a new River End Stand was constructed at Carrow Road . Bond resigned during the 1980 – 81 season and the club were relegated , but bounced back the following season after finishing third .
The 1984 – 85 season was one of mixed fortunes for the club ; a fire gutted the old Main Stand on 25 October 1984 but on the pitch , under Ken Brown 's management , they reached the final of the Milk Cup at Wembley Stadium . They defeated local rivals Ipswich Town in the semi @-@ final . In the final , they beat Sunderland 1 – 0 , but in the league both Norwich and Sunderland were relegated to the second tier of English football . Norwich had qualified for a place in the UEFA Cup , but were denied their first foray into European competition when English club sides were banned , following the Heysel Stadium disaster . City made an immediate return to the top flight by winning the Second Division championship in the 1985 – 86 season . High league placings in the First Division in 1986 – 87 and 1988 – 89 would have been enough for UEFA Cup qualification , but the ban on English clubs was still in place . They also had good cup runs during his period , reaching the FA Cup semi @-@ finals in 1989 and again in 1992 .
= = Europe , rise and fall : 1992 – 1999 = =
In 1992 – 93 , the inaugural season of the English Premier League , Norwich City led the league for much of the season , having been among the pre @-@ season favourites for relegation , and were eight points clear of the field shortly before Christmas , before faltering in the final weeks to finish third behind the champions , Manchester United , and Aston Villa .
They had shown that they were a force to be reckoned with from the very first day of the Premier League season , achieving an impressive 4 – 2 away win over an Arsenal side who were among the pre @-@ season title favourites in a race finally won by Manchester United . This was a big surprise not least to the media and pundits who had tipped Norwich for a season of struggle .
The following season Norwich played in the UEFA Cup for the first time , defeating Vitesse Arnhem of the Netherlands 3 – 0 in the first round . In the second round , they faced Bayern Munich of Germany . Norwich won the tie 3 – 2 on aggregate ; their 2 – 1 victory in Munich earning them a place in history , as the only English team to beat Bayern Munich in the Olympic Stadium . The Independent described the win in Munich as " the pinnacle of Norwich City 's history " . Reflecting on the shock result , Four Four Two wrote " The news that Norwich had gone 2 – 0 up in the Olympic Stadium seemed frankly surreal . " Norwich 's cup run was ended by Italy 's Internazionale , who defeated them 2 – 0 over two legs . Mike Walker 's success at Norwich attracted attention and , in January 1994 , he left the club to take charge of Everton . Walker 's replacement was first team coach John Deehan , who was assisted by Gary Megson , then still a player . Deehan led the club to 12th place in the 1993 – 94 season in the Premier League .
During the 1994 close season , the club sold 21 @-@ year @-@ old striker Chris Sutton to Blackburn Rovers for a then British record fee of £ 5 million . By Christmas 1994 , Norwich City were seventh in the Premiership and were therefore challenging for a return to the UEFA Cup . But , following a serious injury to goalkeeper Bryan Gunn , the club 's performance nosedived ; with just one win in their final 20 Premiership fixtures , Norwich plummeted to 20th place and relegation to the second tier of English football . Deehan resigned just before relegation was confirmed and his deputy , Megson , took over as temporary manager until the end of the season . Martin O 'Neill , who had taken Wycombe Wanderers from the Conference to the Second Division with successive promotions , was appointed as Norwich City manager in the summer of 1995 . He lasted just six months in the job before resigning after a dispute with chairman Robert Chase over Chase 's refusal to permit O 'Neill to spend significant sums on strengthening the squad .
Soon after O 'Neill 's resignation , Chase stepped down after protests from supporters , who complained that he kept selling the club 's best players and was to blame for the relegation . Indeed , between 1992 and January 1995 , Norwich had disposed of a number of key attacking players : Robert Fleck ( for £ 2.1M ) , Ruel Fox ( for £ 2.25M ) , Chris Sutton ( for £ 5M ) , Efan Ekoku ( £ 0.9M ) and Mark Robins ( £ 1M ) . Nearly 40 years after being instrumental in saving the club from bankruptcy , Geoffrey Watling bought Chase 's majority shareholding . Gary Megson was appointed Norwich manager on a temporary basis for the second time in eight months . Megson remained in charge until the end of the season before leaving the club . Just four seasons after finishing third in the Premiership and beating Bayern Munich in the UEFA Cup , Norwich had finished 16th in Division One .
English television cook Delia Smith and her husband Michael Wynn @-@ Jones took over the majority of Norwich City 's shares from Watling in 1996 , and Mike Walker was re @-@ appointed as the club 's manager . He was unable to repeat the success achieved during his first spell and was sacked two seasons later with Norwich mid @-@ table in the First Division . His successor Bruce Rioch lasted two seasons and departed in the summer of 2000 , with promotion yet to be achieved .
= = New millennium and centenary : 2000 – 2010 = =
Rioch 's successor , Bryan Hamilton , lasted in the job for six months before he resigned with the club 20th in the First Division , and in real danger of relegation to the third tier of English football for the first time since the 1960s . The new appointee was Nigel Worthington , who had been Hamilton 's assistant manager . Worthington 's time as Norwich manager was one of peaks and troughs , with mid @-@ table comfort a rarity . In his first part @-@ season , he successfully steered the team away from the threat of relegation . The following season , Norwich exceeded expectations and reached the play @-@ off final , losing to Birmingham City on penalties .
Norwich City celebrated its centenary in 2002 . Among the celebrations and events , was an initiative to create a Hall of Fame , to honour players , coaches , managers , directors and executives who have " made the greatest contribution to the club in its long history both on and off the pitch " . Initially , 100 significant figures from the club 's history were honoured ; 25 were nominated by the club and a further 75 were subsequently chosen by a fan vote . A further 10 members were inducted in 2006 , elected by the club 's supporters .
After a season of consolidation , in 2003 – 04 Worthington led the club to the First Division title , a success achieved by a margin of eight points and Norwich returned to the top flight for the first time in nine years . For much of the 2004 – 05 season , the club struggled in the Premiership , with Daily Star journalist Brian Woolnough commenting after a 4 – 0 defeat at Chelsea that the Canaries were " gutless , " that they would " stink the place out " with Premiership performances of a similar ilk , and that he " Hopes they go down , and good riddance . " But the team staged a remarkable comeback in the final weeks of the season , the catalyst being victory against Manchester United 2 – 0 . Norwich , who had not won in months , suddenly went on a run , securing 13 points out of 18 . With the bottom three sides to be automatically relegated , on the last day of the season , the club were fourth from bottom and a win would therefore have kept them in top flight football , but a 6 – 0 away defeat to Fulham condemned them to relegation .
The club was expected to make a quick return to the Premiership in the 2005 – 06 season , but a terrible first four months to the campaign saw City fall as low as 18th in The Championship . Worthington had won promotion just two seasons earlier , but " by October , following some inept performances and bad results , the fans started to turn on Nigel Worthington " . Dean Ashton was sold for a club @-@ record £ 7M , approximately a 100 % profit on the fee they had paid just one year earlier . Half of Ashton 's fee ( £ 3.5M ) was immediately reinvested in the purchase of Welsh striker Robert Earnshaw , who helped the Canaries ' revival to a ninth @-@ place finish . Worthington made just one permanent signing in the close season , and when a poor run of form ensued , leaving the club in 17th place in the Championship , Worthington was dismissed . First team coach Martin Hunter acted as caretaker manager for a fortnight before former City player Peter Grant left West Ham United to become the new manager .
Grant brought in his fellow Scot , Jim Duffy , as his assistant , and managed to lift the side to finish 16th in the league . During the 2007 close season , Grant brought in nine players , however ten players , including Earnshaw , departed and Darren Huckerby caused controversy by criticising the club for selling their best players . When the 2007 – 08 season opened with only two Norwich wins by 9 October 2007 , Peter Grant left the club by " mutual consent " . Jim Duffy took over as caretaker manager for three games , losing them all . On 30 October , former Newcastle United boss Glenn Roeder was confirmed as the new manager . Roeder released a number of players , largely replacing them with inexperienced loan signings . Results improved enormously , lifting the club from five points adrift at the foot of the table to a comfortable mid @-@ table position .
Following a poor first half of the 2008 – 09 campaign it was announced on 14 January 2009 , that Roeder had been relieved of his first team duties after 60 games in charge of the club , and just 20 victories . The appointment of Bryan Gunn as temporary manager did not prevent relegation to the third tier of English league football ( League One ) , a level the club had not played at since 1960 , at the end of the 2008 – 09 Championship season .
Norwich started their League One campaign on 8 August 2009 at home to fellow East Anglians Colchester United . They were widely expected to return swiftly to the Championship , however they suffered a shock 1 – 7 defeat . This was their worst home defeat in their 107 @-@ year history , beating the previous record , a 1 – 6 loss to Bournemouth and Boscombe Athletic in 1946 . The fans ' displeasure was obvious . Gunn was sacked six days later and his assistant Ian Butterworth was placed in temporary charge . The club moved swiftly to appoint the man who had masterminded the downfall of Gunn , Colchester manager Paul Lambert . He oversaw a turnaround in fortunes to lead them to promotion back to The Championship as League One champions , during a season that included a 16 @-@ game unbeaten run that included just two draws .
= = A new era : 2010 – = =
Norwich 's return to the second tier saw two victories in the Old Farm derby over Ipswich Town . A Grant Holt hat @-@ trick set City on their way to a 4 – 1 home win in November , which preceded a 5 – 1 victory in the return fixture at Portman Road in April . Promotion from the Championship marked a return to the Premier League following a six @-@ year absence . Having been in the top six for the majority of the season , they were the Championship 's highest scorers , ending the season as runners @-@ up on 84 points – 4 points behind title @-@ winners QPR .
When Norwich 's new management was appointed at the start of the 2009 – 10 season , it inherited a team twice relegated in the previous five seasons and a business saddled with debt . At that stage a turnaround team was put together from Lloyds Banking Group and Deloitte . The turnaround has resulted in operational profitability , consistent performance and successive promotions back to the Premier League . Activities include the disposal of non @-@ core property assets , a new equity investment and a financial restructuring agreement with lenders for all debt to be repaid within five years .
Norwich finished 2nd in the championship , 12th and 11th in the 2010 – 11 , 2011 – 12 and 2012 – 13 premier league seasons but were relegated after finishing 18th in the 2013 – 14 season .
The club was forced to make a late change to their opponents during a pre @-@ season tour of Italy , and despite advertising that they had played the Italian Serie D club Vallée d 'Aoste , and defeating them 13 – 0 , it was subsequently discovered that the opponents were a selection of amateurs from the region .
After finishing third in the 2014 @-@ 15 Championship season , Norwich won the Championship promotion playoffs convincingly to gain promotion to the English Premier League at the first time of asking . Norwich will play in the English Premier League again in the 2015 @-@ 16 season .
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= Eurasian eagle @-@ owl =
The Eurasian eagle @-@ owl ( Bubo bubo ) is a species of eagle @-@ owl that resides in much of Eurasia . It is sometimes called the European eagle @-@ owl and is , in Europe , where it is the only member of its genus besides the snowy owl ( B. scandiacus ) , occasionally abbreviated to just eagle @-@ owl . It is one of the largest species of owl , and females can grow to a total length of 75 cm ( 30 in ) , with a wingspan of 188 cm ( 6 ft 2 in ) , males being slightly smaller . This bird has distinctive ear tufts , with upper parts that are mottled with darker blackish colouring and tawny and the wings and tail are barred . The underparts are a variably hued buff , streaked with darker colour . The facial disc is poorly developed and the orange eyes are distinctive .
Besides being one of the largest living species of owl , it is also one of the most widely distributed . The Eurasian eagle @-@ owl is found in a number of habitats but is mostly a bird of mountain regions , coniferous forests , steppes and other relatively remote places . It is a mostly nocturnal predator , hunting for a range of different prey species , predominately small mammals but also birds of varying sizes , reptiles , amphibians , fish , large insects and other assorted invertebrates . It typically breeds on cliff ledges , in gullies , among rocks or in some other concealed locations . The nest is a scrape in which averages of two eggs are laid at intervals and which hatch at different times . The female incubates the eggs and broods the young , and the male provides food for her and when they hatch , for the nestlings as well . Continuing parental care for the young is provided by both adults for about five months . There are at least a dozen subspecies of Eurasian eagle @-@ owl .
With a total range in Europe and Asia of about 32 million square kilometres ( 12 million square miles ) and a total population estimated to be between 250 thousand and 2 @.@ 5 million individuals , the IUCN lists the bird 's conservation status as being of " least concern " . Tame eagle @-@ owls have occasionally been used in pest control because of their size to deter large birds such as gulls from nesting .
= = Description = =
The Eurasian eagle @-@ owl is a very large bird , smaller than the golden eagle ( Aquila chrysaetos ) but larger than the snowy owl , despite some overlap in size with both other species . It is sometimes referred to as the world 's largest owl , although Blakiston 's fish owl ( B. blakistoni ) is slightly heavier on average and the much lighter weight great grey owl ( Strix nebulosa ) is slightly longer on average . It should be noted , however , that Heimo Mikkola reported the largest specimens of eagle @-@ owl as having the same upper body mass , 4 @.@ 6 kg ( 10 lb ) , as the largest Blakiston ’ s fish owl and attained a length of around 3 cm ( 1 @.@ 2 in ) longer . In terms of average weight and wing size , the Blakiston ’ s is the slightly larger species seemingly , even averaging a bit larger in these aspects than the biggest eagle @-@ owl races from Russia . Also , although 9 cm ( 3 @.@ 5 in ) shorter than the largest of the latter species , the Eurasian eagle @-@ owl can weigh well more than twice as much as the largest great grey owl . The Eurasian eagle @-@ owl typically has a wingspan of 131 – 188 cm ( 4 ft 4 in – 6 ft 2 in ) , with the largest specimens possibly attaining 200 cm ( 6 ft 7 in ) . The total length of the species can vary from 56 to 75 cm ( 22 to 30 in ) . Females can weigh from 1 @.@ 75 to 4 @.@ 6 kg ( 3 @.@ 9 to 10 @.@ 1 lb ) and males can weigh from 1 @.@ 22 to 3 @.@ 2 kg ( 2 @.@ 7 to 7 @.@ 1 lb ) . In comparison , the barn owl ( Tyto alba ) , the world 's most widely distributed owl species , weighs about 500 g ( 1 @.@ 1 lb ) and the great horned owl ( Bubo virginianus ) , which fills the eagle @-@ owl 's ecological niche in North America , weighs around 1 @.@ 4 kg ( 3 @.@ 1 lb ) .
Besides the female being larger , there is little external sexual dimorphism in the Eurasian eagle @-@ owl although the ear tufts of males reportedly tend to be more upright than those of females . When an eagle @-@ owl is seen on its own in the field , it is generally not possible to distinguish the individual ’ s sex . However , gender determination by size is possible via in hand measurements . Reportedly , in some populations the female may be slightly darker on average than the male . The plumage coloration across at least 13 accepted subspecies can be highly variable . The upper parts may be brown @-@ black to tawny @-@ buff to pale creamy gray , typically showing dense freckling on the forehead and crown , stripes on the nape , sides and back of the neck , and dark splotches on the pale ground colour of the back , mantle and scapulars . A narrow buff band , freckled with brown or buff , often runs up from the base of the bill , above the inner part of the eye and along the inner edge of the black @-@ brown ear tufts . The rump and upper tail @-@ coverts are delicately patterned with dark vermiculations and fine wavy barring , the extent of which varies with subspecies . The underwing coverts and undertail coverts are similar but tend to be more strongly barred in brownish @-@ black . The primaries and secondaries are brown with broad dark brown bars and dark brown tips , and grey or buff irregular lines . A complete moult takes place each year between July and December . The facial disc is tawny @-@ buff , speckled with black @-@ brown , so densely on the outer edge of the disc as to form a " frame " around the face . The chin and throat are white with a brownish central streak . The feathers of the upper breast generally have brownish @-@ black centres and reddish @-@ brown edges except for the central ones which have white edges . The chin and throat may appear white continuing down the center of the upper breast . The lower breast and belly feathers are creamy @-@ brown to tawny buff to off @-@ white with a variable amount of fine dark wavy barring , on a tawny @-@ buff ground colour . The legs and feet ( which are feathered almost to the talons ) are likewise marked on a buff ground colour but more faintly . The tail is tawny @-@ buff , mottled dark grey @-@ brown with about six black @-@ brown bars . The bill and feet are black . The iris is most often orange but is fairly variable . In some European birds , the iris is a bright reddish , blood @-@ orange colour but then in subspecies found in arid , desert @-@ like habitats , the iris can range into an orangish @-@ yellow colour ( most closely related species generally have yellowish @-@ coloured irises , excluding their Indian cousins ) .
= = = Standard measurements and physiology = = =
Among standard measurements for the Eurasian eagle @-@ owl , the wing chord measures 378 to 518 mm ( 14 @.@ 9 to 20 @.@ 4 in ) , the tail measures 229 – 310 mm ( 9 @.@ 0 – 12 @.@ 2 in ) long , the tarsus measures 64 @.@ 5 – 112 mm ( 2 @.@ 54 – 4 @.@ 41 in ) and the total length of the bill is 38 @.@ 9 – 59 mm ( 1 @.@ 53 – 2 @.@ 32 in ) . The wings are reportedly the smallest in proportion to the body weight of any European owl , when measured by the grams per square cm of wing size , was found to be 0 @.@ 72 . Thus they have quite high wing loading . However , the great horned owl has even smaller wings ( 0 @.@ 8 grams per square cm ) relative to its body size . The golden eagle has just slightly lower wing loading proportionately ( 0 @.@ 65 grams per square cm ) , so the aerial abilities of the two species ( beyond the eagle ’ s spectacular ability to stoop ) may not be as disparate as expected . However , some other owls , such as barn owls , short @-@ eared owls ( Asio flammeus ) and even the related snowy owls have lower wing loading relative to their size and so are presumably able to fly faster , with more agility and for more extended periods than the Eurasian eagle @-@ owl . In the relatively small race B. b. hispanus , the middle claw , the largest talon , ( as opposed to rear hallux @-@ claw which is the largest in accipitrids ) was found to measure from 21 @.@ 6 to 40 @.@ 1 mm ( 0 @.@ 85 to 1 @.@ 58 in ) in length . A 3 @.@ 82 kg ( 8 @.@ 4 lb ) female examined in Britain ( origins unspecified ) had a middle claw measuring 57 @.@ 9 mm ( 2 @.@ 28 in ) , on par in length with a large female golden eagle hallux @-@ claw . Generally , owls do not have talons as proportionately large as those of accipitrids but have stronger , more robust feet relative to their size . This is related to the killing methods used , in accipitrids , they use their talons to inflict organ damage and blood loss , whereas typical owls use their feet to constrict their prey to death , the talons serving only to hold the prey in place or provide incidental damage . However , the talons of the Eurasian eagle @-@ owl are very large and not often exceeded in size by diurnal raptors . Unlike the great horned owls , the overall foot size and strength of the Eurasian eagle @-@ owl is not known to have been tested but it must enormous considering that the considerably smaller horned owl has one of the strongest grips ever measured in a bird .
The feathers of the ear tufts in Spanish birds ( when not damaged ) were found to measure from 63 @.@ 3 to 86 @.@ 6 mm ( 2 @.@ 49 to 3 @.@ 41 in ) . The ear openings ( covered in feathers as in all birds ) are relatively uncomplicated but are also large , being larger on the right than on the left as in most owls , and proportionately larger than those of the great horned owl . In the female , the ear opening averages 31 @.@ 7 mm ( 1 @.@ 25 in ) on the right and 27 @.@ 4 mm ( 1 @.@ 08 in ) on the left and , in males , averages 26 @.@ 8 mm ( 1 @.@ 06 in ) on the right and 24 @.@ 4 mm ( 0 @.@ 96 in ) on the left . The depth of the facial disc and the size and complexity of the ear opening are directly correlated to the importance of sound in an owl ’ s hunting behaviour . Examples of owls with more complicated ear structures and deeper facial disc are barn owls , long @-@ eared owls ( Asio otus ) and boreal owls ( Aegolius funereus ) . Given the uncomplicated structure of their ear openings and relatively shallow , undefined facial disc , hunting by ear is secondary to hunting by sight in the eagle @-@ owl , this seems to be true for Bubo in general . It is likely that more sound @-@ based hunters such as the aforementioned species focus their hunting activity in more complete darkness . Also owls with white throat patches such as the Eurasian eagle @-@ owl are more likely to be active in low light conditions in the hours before and after sunrise and sunset rather than the darkest times in the middle of the night . The boreal and barn owls , to extend these examples , lack obvious visual cues such as white throat patches ( puffed up in displaying eagle @-@ owls ) , again indicative of primary activity being in darker periods .
= = = Distinguishing from other species = = =
Great horned owls . Whether these are examples of mimicry either way is unclear but it is known that both Bubo owls are serious predators of long @-@ eared owls . The same discrepancy in underside streaking has also been noted in the Eurasian and American representations of the grey grey owl . A few other related species overlap minimally in range in Asia , mainly in east Asia and the southern reaches of the Eurasian eagle @-@ owl ’ s range . Three fish owls appear to overlap in range , the brown ( B. zeylonensis ) in at least northern Pakistan , probably Kashmir and discontinuously in southern Turkey , the tawny ( B. flavipes ) through much of eastern China and the Blakiston 's fish owl in the Russian Far East , northeastern China and Hokkaido . Fish owls are distinctively different looking , possessing more scraggy ear tufts that hang to the side rather than sit erect on top of the head , generally have more uniform , brownish plumages without the contrasting darker streaking of an eagle @-@ owl . The brown fish owl has no feathering on the tarsus or feet and the tawny has feathering only on the upper portion of the tarsi but the Blakiston ’ s is nearly as extensively feathered on the tarsi and feet as the eagle @-@ owl . Tawny and brown fish owls are both slightly smaller than co @-@ occurring Eurasian eagle @-@ owls and Blakiston ’ s fish owls are similar or slightly larger than co @-@ occurring large northern eagle @-@ owls . Fish owls , being tied to the edges of freshwater where they hunt mainly fish and crabs , also have slightly differing , and more narrow , habitat preferences .
In the lower Himalayas of northern Pakistan and Jammu and Kashmir , along with the brown fish owl , the Eurasian eagle @-@ owl at the limit of its distribution may co @-@ exist with at least two to three other eagle @-@ owls . One of these , the dusky eagle @-@ owl ( B. coromandus ) is smaller , with more uniform tan @-@ brownish plumage , untidy uniform light streaking rather than the Eurasian ’ s dark streaking below and an even less well @-@ defined facial disc . The dusky is usually found in slightly more enclosed woodland areas than Eurasian eagle @-@ owls . Another is possibly the spot @-@ bellied eagle @-@ owl ( Bubo nipalensis ) , which is strikingly differ looking , with stark brown plumage , rather than the warm hues typical of the Eurasian , bold spotting on a whitish background on the belly , and somewhat askew ear tufts that are bold white with light brown crossbars on the front . It is possible that both species occur in some parts of the Himalayan foothills but they are not currently verified to occur in the same area , in part this is because of the spot @-@ bellied ’ s preference for dense , primary forest . Most similar , with basically the same habitat preferences and the only one verified to co @-@ occur with the Eurasian eagle owls of the race B. b. turcomanus in Kashmir is the Indian eagle @-@ owl ( B. bengalensis ) . The Indian species is smaller with a bolder blackish facial disc border , more rounded and relatively smaller wings and partially unfeathered toes . Far to the west , the pharaoh eagle @-@ owl ( B. ascalaphus ) also seemingly overlaps in range with the Eurasian , in at least the country of Jordan . Although also relatively similar to the Eurasian eagle @-@ owl , the pharaoh is distinguished by its smaller size , paler , more washed @-@ out plumage and the notably diminished size of its ear @-@ tufts .
= = = Moulting = = =
The Eurasian eagle @-@ owls ’ feathers are lightweight and robust but nevertheless need to be replaced periodically as they become worn . In the Eurasian eagle @-@ owl , this happens in stages and the first moult starts the year after hatching with some body feathers and wing coverts being replaced . The next year the three central secondaries on each wing and three middle tail feathers are shed and regrow , and the following year two or three primaries and their coverts are lost . In the final year of this post @-@ juvenile moult , the remaining primaries are moulted and all the juvenile feathers will have been replaced . Another moult takes place during years six to twelve of the bird 's life . This happens between June and October after the conclusion of the breeding season and again it is a staged process with six to nine main flight feathers being replaced each year . Such a moulting pattern lasting several years is repeated throughout the bird 's life .
= = Taxonomy = =
The Eurasian eagle @-@ owl is a member of the genus Bubo , which may include either 22 or 25 extant species . Almost all the larger owl species in the world today are included in Bubo . Based on an extensive fossil record and a central distribution of extant species on that continent , the Bubo appears to have evolved into existence in Africa , although early radiations seem to branch from southern Asia as well . Two genera belonging to the scops owls complex , the giant scops owls ( Otus gurneyi ) found in Asia and the Ptilopsis or the white @-@ faced scops owl found in Africa , although firmly ensconced in the scops owl group , appear to share some characteristics with the eagle @-@ owls . The Strix is also related to the Bubo and is considered a " sister complex " , with the Pulsatrix possibly being intermediate between the two . The Eurasian eagle @-@ owl appears to represent an expansion of the Bubo genus into the Eurasian continent . A few of the other species of Bubo seem to have been derived from the Eurasian eagle @-@ owl , making it a " paraspecies " , or they at least share a relatively recent common ancestor . The pharaoh eagle @-@ owl , distributed in the Arabian Peninsula and sections of the Sahara Desert through North Africa where rocky outcrops are found , was until recently considered a subspecies of Eurasian eagle @-@ owl . It appears that the pharaoh eagle @-@ owl differs about 3 @.@ 8 % in mitochondrial DNA from the Eurasian eagle @-@ owl , well past the minimum genetic difference to differentiate species of 1 @.@ 5 % . Smaller and paler than Eurasian eagle @-@ owls , the pharaoh can also be considered a distinct species largely due to its higher pitched and more descending call and the observation that Eurasian eagle @-@ owls formerly found in Morocco ( B. b. hispanus ) apparently did not breed with the co @-@ existing pharaoh eagle @-@ owls . On the contrary , the race still found together with the pharaoh in the wild ( B. b. interpositus ) in the central Middle East has been found to interbreed in the wild with the pharaoh eagle @-@ owls , although genetical materials have indicated interpositus may itself be a distinct species from the Eurasian eagle @-@ owl as it differs from nominate subspecies eagle @-@ owls by 2 @.@ 8 % in mitochondrial DNA . The Indian eagle owl was also considered a subspecies of Eurasian eagle @-@ owl until recently , however its smaller size , distinct voice ( more clipped and high @-@ pitched than Eurasians ) and the fact that it is largely allopatric in distribution ( filing out the Indian subcontinent ) with Eurasian eagle @-@ owl races has led to it being considered a distinct species . The mitochondrial DNA of the Indian species also appears considerably distinct from the Eurasian species . The cape eagle @-@ owl ( B. capensis ) appears to represent a return of this genetic line back into the African continent , where it leads a lifestyle similar to northern eagle @-@ owls albeit far to the south . Another offshoot of the northern Bubo group is the snowy owl . It appears to have separated from other Bubo at least 4 million years ago .
The fourth and most famous derivation of the evolutionary line that includes the Eurasian eagle @-@ owl is the great horned owl , which appears to have been the result of primitive eagle @-@ owls spreading into North America . It has been stated that the great horned owls and Eurasian eagle @-@ owls are barely distinct as species , with a similar level of divergence in their plumages as the Eurasian and North American representations of the great grey owl or the long @-@ eared owl . However , there are more outward physical differences between the great horned owl and the Eurasian eagle @-@ owl than in those two examples , including a great size difference favoring the Eurasian species , the horned owl ’ s horizontal rather than vertical underside barring , yellow rather than orange eyes and a much strong black bracket to the facial disc , not to mention a number of differences in their reproductive behaviour and distinctive voices . Furthermore , genetic research has revealed that snowy owls are more closely related to the great horned owl than are Eurasian eagle @-@ owls . The most closely related species beyond the pharaoh , Indian and cape eagle @-@ owls to the Eurasian eagle @-@ owl is the smaller , less powerful and African spotted eagle @-@ owl ( B. africanus ) , which was likely to have divided from the line before they radiated away from Africa . Somehow , genetic materials indicate the spotted eagle @-@ owl appears to share a more recent ancestor with the Indian eagle @-@ owl than with the Eurasian eagle @-@ owl or even the sympatric cape eagle @-@ owl . Eurasian eagle @-@ owls in captivity have produced apparently healthy hybrids with both the Indian eagle @-@ owl and the great horned owl . The pharaoh , Indian and cape eagle @-@ owls and great horned owl are all broadly similar in size to each other but all are considerably smaller than the Eurasian eagle @-@ owl , which averages at least 15 – 30 % larger in linear dimensions and 30 – 50 % larger in body mass than these other related species , possibly as the eagle @-@ owls adapted to warmer climates and smaller prey . However , fossils from south France have indicated that during the Middle Pleistocene , Eurasian eagle @-@ owls ( this paleo @-@ subspecies given the name B. b. davidi ) were larger than they are today . Even larger than those found in Azerbaijan and in Caucasus ( either B. b. bignadensis or B. bignadensis ) , which were deemed to date to the Late Pleistocene . About a dozen subspecies are recognized today .
= = = Subspecies = = =
B. b. bubo ( Linnaeus , 1758 ) - Also known as the European eagle @-@ owl , the nominate subspecies inhabits continental Europe from near the Arctic Circle in Norway , Sweden , Finland , the southern Kola Peninsula , and Arkhangelsk where it ranges north to about latitude 640 30 ' N. , southward to the Baltic Sea , central Germany , to southeastern Belgium , eastern , central , and southern France to Italy and Sicily , and through Central and Southeastern Europe to Greece . It intergrades with B. b. ruthenus in northern Russia around the basin of the upper Mezen River and in the eastern vicinity of Gorki Leninskiye , Tambov and Voronezh , and intergrades with B. b. interpositus in northern Ukraine . This is a medium @-@ sized race , measuring in wing chord length 435 – 480 mm ( 17 @.@ 1 – 18 @.@ 9 in ) in males and 455 – 500 mm ( 17 @.@ 9 – 19 @.@ 7 in ) . In captive owls of this subspecies , the mean wingspan were 157 cm ( 5 ft 2 in ) for males and 167 @.@ 5 cm ( 5 ft 6 in ) for females . The total bill length is 45 to 56 mm ( 1 @.@ 8 to 2 @.@ 2 in ) . Adult male European Eagle @-@ Owls from Norway weigh 1 @.@ 63 to 2 @.@ 81 kg ( 3 @.@ 6 to 6 @.@ 2 lb ) , averaging 2 @.@ 38 kg ( 5 @.@ 2 lb ) , while females there weigh from 2 @.@ 28 to 4 @.@ 2 kg ( 5 @.@ 0 to 9 @.@ 3 lb ) , averaging 2 @.@ 95 kg ( 6 @.@ 5 lb ) . Unsurprisingly , adult owls from western Finland were about the same size , averaging 2 @.@ 65 kg ( 5 @.@ 8 lb ) . The race seems to follow Bergmann ’ s rule in regards to body size decreasing closer to the Equator , as specimens from central Europe average 2 @.@ 14 or 2 @.@ 3 kg ( 4 @.@ 7 or 5 @.@ 1 lb ) in body mass and those from Italy average about 2 @.@ 01 kg ( 4 @.@ 4 lb ) . The weight range for eagle @-@ owls in Italy is 1 @.@ 5 to 3 kg ( 3 @.@ 3 to 6 @.@ 6 lb ) . The nominate subspecies is perhaps the darkest and most richly coloured of eagle @-@ owl races . Many nominate birds are heavily overlaid with broad black streaking over the upper @-@ parts , head and chest . While generally a brownish base @-@ colour , many nominate owls can appear rich rufous , especially about the head , upper @-@ back and wing primaries . The lower belly is usually a buffy brown color , as opposed to whitish or yellowish in several other races . Birds seen from southern Italy and Sicily may show a tendency to be smaller than more northern birds and reportedly are duller , possessing paler ground coloration , and more narrow streaks , but museum specimens are often not hugely distinct from north Italian eagle @-@ owls . To the contrary , in Scandinavia , some birds are so are darkly plumages as to give a blackish @-@ brown impression with almost no paler colour showing .
B. b. hispanus ( Rothschild and Hartert , 1910 ) – Also known as the Spanish eagle @-@ owl or Iberian eagle @-@ owl . This race mainly occurs on the Iberian Peninsula , where it occupies a majority of Spain and scattered spots in Portugal . B. b. hispanus at least historically occurred in wooded areas of the Atlas Mountains in Algeria , Morocco and Tunisia , making it the only subspecies of Eurasian eagle @-@ owl known to breed in Africa , but this population is thought to be extinct . This is a fairly small @-@ bodied subspecies . In males , wing chord length can range from 400 to 450 mm ( 16 to 18 in ) and in females from 445 to 485 mm ( 17 @.@ 5 to 19 @.@ 1 in ) . Wingspans in this race can vary from 131 to 168 cm ( 4 ft 4 in to 5 ft 6 in ) , averaging about 154 @.@ 1 cm ( 5 ft 1 in ) . Among standard measurements of B. b. hispanus , the tail is 229 to 310 mm ( 9 @.@ 0 to 12 @.@ 2 in ) , the total bill length is 38 @.@ 9 to 54 @.@ 3 mm ( 1 @.@ 53 to 2 @.@ 14 in ) and the tarsus is 64 @.@ 5 to 81 mm ( 2 @.@ 54 to 3 @.@ 19 in ) . Adult male B. b. hispanus from Spain weigh 1 @.@ 22 to 1 @.@ 9 kg ( 2 @.@ 7 to 4 @.@ 2 lb ) , averaging 1 @.@ 63 kg ( 3 @.@ 6 lb ) , while females weigh from 1 @.@ 75 to 2 @.@ 49 kg ( 3 @.@ 9 to 5 @.@ 5 lb ) , averaging 2 @.@ 11 kg ( 4 @.@ 7 lb ) . In terms its life history , this may be the most extensively studied race of eagle @-@ owl . The Spanish eagle @-@ owl is the most similar in plumage to the nominate subspecies amongst other races , but tends to be a somewhat lighter , more greyish color , with generally lighter streaking and a paler belly .
B. b. ruthenus ( Buturlin and Zhitkov , 1906 ) - May be known as the eastern eagle @-@ owl . This race replaces the nominate in eastern Russia from about latitude 660 N. in the Timan @-@ Pechora Basin south to the western Ural Mountains and the upper Don and lower Volga Rivers . This is a fairly large subspecies going on wing chord length , which is 430 – 468 mm ( 16 @.@ 9 – 18 @.@ 4 in ) in males and 470 – 515 mm ( 18 @.@ 5 – 20 @.@ 3 in ) in females . The race is intermediate in coloration between the nominate race and B. b. sibiricus . B. b. ruthenus may be confused with B. b. interpositus , even by authoritative ornithologists . B. b. interpositus is darker than B. b. ruthenus , distinctly more yellowish , less gray , and its brown pattern is darker , heavier , and more regular . The entire color pattern of B. b. interpositus is brighter , richer , and more contrasting than that of B. b. ruthenus , but B. b. interpositus , though very well characterized , is an intermediate subspecies .
B. b. interpositus ( Rothschild and Hartert , 1910 ) - May be known as Aharoni ’ s eagle @-@ owl or the Byzantine eagle @-@ owl . B. b. interpositus ranges from southern Russia , south of the nominate , with which it intergrades in northern Ukraine , from Bessarabia and the steppes of the Ukraine north to Kiev and Kharkov then eastward to the Crimea , the Caucasus and Transcaucasia to northwestern and northern Iran ( Elburz , region of Tehran , and probably the southern Caspian districts ) , and through Asia Minor south to Syria and Iraq but not to the Syrian desert where it is replaced by the pharaoh eagle @-@ owl . The latter and B. b. interpositus reportedly hybridize from western Syria south to southern Palestine . B. b. interpositus may be a distinct species from the Eurasian eagle @-@ owl based on genetic studies . This medium @-@ sized race is about the same size as the nominate subspecies B. b. bubo , with male wing chord lengths 425 to 475 mm ( 16 @.@ 7 to 18 @.@ 7 in ) and female lengths of 440 to 503 mm ( 17 @.@ 3 to 19 @.@ 8 in ) . It differs from the nominate race by being paler and more yellow , less ferruginous , and by having a sharper brown pattern ; from B. b. turcomanus by being very much darker and less yellow , and also by being much more sharply and heavily patterned with brown . Aharoni ’ s eagle @-@ owl is darker and more rusty than B. b. ruthenus .
B. b. sibiricus ( Gloger , 1833 ) - The western Siberian eagle @-@ owl . This race is distributed from the Ural Mountains of western Siberia and Bashkiria to the mid Ob River and the western Altai Mountains , north to limits of the taiga , the most northerly distribution known in the species overall . B. b. sibiricus is a large race , wherein the males measure 435 – 480 mm ( 17 @.@ 1 – 18 @.@ 9 in ) in wing chord length , while the females are 472 – 515 mm ( 18 @.@ 6 – 20 @.@ 3 in ) . Captive males were found to measure 155 to 170 cm ( 5 ft 1 in to 5 ft 7 in ) in wingspan and weigh 1 @.@ 62 to 3 @.@ 2 kg ( 3 @.@ 6 to 7 @.@ 1 lb ) ; whereas the females measure 165 to 190 cm ( 5 ft 5 in to 6 ft 3 in ) in wingspan and weigh 2 @.@ 28 to 4 @.@ 5 kg ( 5 @.@ 0 to 9 @.@ 9 lb ) . Males were cited with a mean body mass of approximately 2 @.@ 5 kg ( 5 @.@ 5 lb ) . This race is physically the most distinctive of all the Eurasian eagle @-@ owls , and is sometimes considered the most " beautiful and striking " . It is the most pale of the eagle @-@ owl races ; the general coloration is a buffy off @-@ white overlaid with dark markings . The crown , hindneck and underparts are streaked blackish but somewhat sparingly , with the lower breast and belly indistinctly barred , the primary coverts dark , contrasting with rest of the wing . The head , back and shoulders are only somewhat dark unlike in most other races . In the eastern limits of its range , B. b. sibiricus may intergrade with B. b. yenisseensis .
B. b. yenisseensis ( Buturlin , 1911 ) - Known as the eastern Siberian eagle @-@ owl . This race is found in central Siberia from about the Ob eastward to Lake Baikal , north to about latitudes 580 to 590 N on the Yenisei River , south to the Altai , Tarbagatai and the Saur Mountain ranges and in Tannu Tuva and Khangai Mountains in northwestern Mongolia , grading into B. b. sibiricus near Tomsk in the west and into B. b. ussuriensis in the east of northern Mongolia . The zone of intergradations with the latter in Mongolia seems to be quite extensive , however , with intermediate eagle @-@ owls being especially prevalent around the Tuul River Valley , resulting in owls intermediate in coloration between B. b. yenisseensis and B. b. ussuriensis . B. b. yenisseensis is a large race , with wing chord lengths of 435 – 470 mm ( 17 @.@ 1 – 18 @.@ 5 in ) in males and 473 – 518 mm ( 18 @.@ 6 – 20 @.@ 4 in ) in females . B. b. yenisseensis is typically much darker with more yellowish ground color than B. b. sibiricus . However , it does have a similar amount of dazzling white on its underwing as does sibiricus . It is buffy @-@ greyish overall with well @-@ expressed dark patterning on the upper @-@ parts and around the head . The underside is overall pale greyish with black streaking .
B. b. jakutensis ( Buturlin , 1908 ) - May be called the Yakutian eagle @-@ owl . This subspecies inhabits northeastern Siberia , from southern Yakutia north to about latitude 640 N. , west in the basin of the Vilyuy River to the upper Nizhnyaya Tunguska River , and east to the coast of the Sea of Okhotsk from Magadan south to the Khabarovsk Krai . It has been reported farther north , from the regions of the upper Kolyma River and the upper Anadyr . Eurasian eagle @-@ owls are absent in Kamchatka and north of the Verkhoyansk Range . This is a large race , rivaling the proceeding two subspecies as the largest of all eagle @-@ owls , going on wing chord length , which race is largest is unclear considering the extensive size overlap in wing size . The wing chord is 455 to 490 cm ( 179 to 193 in ) in males and 480 to 503 mm ( 18 @.@ 9 to 19 @.@ 8 in ) in females . B. b. jakutensis is much darker and browner above than both B. b. sibiricus and B. b. yenisseensis , though its coloration is more diffused , less sharp than the latter . It is more distinctly streaked and barred below than B. b. sibiricus while being whiter and more heavily vermiculated below than B. b. yenisseensis .
B. b. ussuriensis ( Poljakov , 1915 ) - Would presumably be referred to as the Ussuri eagle @-@ owl . This subspecies ranges from southeastern Siberia , to the south of the range of B. b. jakutensis , southward through eastern Transbaikal , Amurland , Sakhalin , Ussuriland and the Manchurian portion of the Chinese provinces of Shaanxi , Shanxi and Hebei . This subspecies is also reportedly found in the southern Kuril Islands ranging down to as far as northern Hokkaido , the only Japanese representation in the Eurasian eagle @-@ owl species , although this is apparently not a stable , viable population . Going on wing chord length , B. b. ussuriensis is slightly smaller than the various races from further north in Siberia . Males have a wing chord length of 430 – 475 mm ( 16 @.@ 9 – 18 @.@ 7 in ) and females are 460 – 502 mm ( 18 @.@ 1 – 19 @.@ 8 in ) . This race differs from B. b. jakutensis by being much darker throughout . It is also darker than B. b. yenisseensis . The brown markings on the upper parts of B. b. ussuriensis are much more extensive and diffused than in B. b. jakutensis or B. b. yenisseensis , with the result that the white markings are much less conspicuous in B. b. ussuriensis than in the other two races . The under parts are also more buffy , much less white , and more heavily streaked and vermiculated in B. b. ussuriensis than in the two more northerly , larger races . It overlaps considerably with jakutensis and some birds are of an intermediate appearance .
B. b. turcomanus ( Eversmann , 1835 ) - This subspecies is known as the steppe eagle @-@ owl . It is distributed from Kazakhstan between the Volga and upper Ural Rivers , the Caspian Sea coast and the former Aral Sea , but replaced in that country by B. b. omissus in the mountainous south and in the coastal region of the Mangyshlak Peninsula by B. b. gladkovi . Out of Kazakhstan , the range of B. b. turcomanus continues through the Transbaikal and the Tarim Basin to western Mongolia . This subspecies appears to be variable in size , but is generally medium @-@ sized . Males can range in wing chord length from 418 – 468 mm ( 16 @.@ 5 – 18 @.@ 4 in ) and females from 440 to 512 mm ( 17 @.@ 3 to 20 @.@ 2 in ) . In standard measurements , the tail is 260 – 310 mm ( 10 – 12 in ) , the tarsus is 77 – 81 mm ( 3 @.@ 0 – 3 @.@ 2 in ) and the bill is 45 – 47 mm ( 1 @.@ 8 – 1 @.@ 9 in ) . This race can reportedly weigh from 1 @.@ 5 to 3 @.@ 8 kg ( 3 @.@ 3 to 8 @.@ 4 lb ) . The plumage background colour is pale , yellowish @-@ buff . The dark patterns on the upper- and underparts is paler , less well @-@ defined and more shattered than in B. b. interpositus . Dark longitudinal patterning on the under @-@ parts discontinue above the belly . B. b. turcomanus is greyer than B. b. hemalachanus but is otherwise somewhat similar @-@ looking . This race is unique in that it seems to shun mountainous and obvious rocky habitats in favor of inhabits low hills , plateaus , lowlands , steppes , and semideserts at or near sea @-@ level .
B. b. omissus ( Dementiev , 1932 ) - May be called the Turkoman eagle @-@ owl or the Turkmenian eagle @-@ owl . B. b. omissus is native to Turkmenistan and adjacent regions of northeastern Iran and western Xinjiang . This is small subspecies ( only nikolskii averages smaller among currently accepted races ) , with males possessing a wing chord length of 404 – 450 mm ( 15 @.@ 9 – 17 @.@ 7 in ) and females of 425 to 460 mm ( 16 @.@ 7 to 18 @.@ 1 in ) . B. b. omissus may be considered a typical sub @-@ desert form . The general coloration is an ochre to buffy off @-@ yellow ; with the dark pattern on the upper- and under @-@ parts being relatively undefined . The dark shaft @-@ streaks on nape are very narrow , while the dark longitudinal patterning on the underparts does not cover the belly . A dark cross @-@ pattern on the belly and flanks is thinner and paler than in B. b. turcomanus . Compared to B. b. nikolskii , which may occupy the more southern reaches of the same upland ranges , it is somewhat larger as well as darker , less distinctly yellowish and more heavily streaked .
B. b. nikolskii ( Zarudny , 1905 ) - May be referred to in English either the Afghan eagle @-@ owl or the Iranian eagle @-@ owl . The range of B. b. nikolskii appears to extend from the Balkan Mountains and Kopet Dagh in southern Transcaspia eastward to southeastern Uzbekistan or to perhaps southwestern Tadzhikistan , then southward 290 N. It may range north to Iran , Afghanistan and Baluchistan south to the region of Kalat , or at about latitude of Hindu Kush . In Iran , B. b. nikolskii is replaced by B. b. interpositus in the north , and probably also in the northwest , and probably by B. b. hemalachana in Badakhshan , part of northeastern Afghanistan . The birds of southern Tadzhikistan found west of the Pamirs are more or less intermediate between B. b. omissus and B. b. hemachalana . This is the smallest known race of eagle @-@ owl , though the only known measurements have been of wing chord length . Males can measure 378 to 430 mm ( 14 @.@ 9 to 16 @.@ 9 in ) and females can measure 410 to 465 mm ( 16 @.@ 1 to 18 @.@ 3 in ) in wing chord . Other than its smaller size , B. b. nikolskii is distinguished from the somewhat similar B. b. omissus by its rusty wash and being less dark above .
B. b. hemachalana ( Hume , 1873 ) – The Himalayan eagle @-@ owl . The range of B. b. hemachalana extends from the Himalayas and Tibet , westward to the Tian Shan system in Russian Turkestan , west to the Kara Tau , north to the Dzungarian Alatau , east to at least the Tekkes Valley in Xinjiang , and south to the regions of Kashgar , Yarkant and probably the western Kunlun Mountains . This bird is partly migratory , descending to the plains of Turkmenistan with colder winter weather , and apparently reaches northern Balochistan . This is a medium @-@ sized subspecies , though is larger than other potentially abutting arid Asian eagle @-@ owl races which share a somewhat similar yellowish ground colour . The male attains a wing chord length of 420 – 485 mm ( 16 @.@ 5 – 19 @.@ 1 in ) , while the female ’ s wing chord is 450 – 505 mm ( 17 @.@ 7 – 19 @.@ 9 in ) . The bill measures 42 – 45 mm ( 1 @.@ 7 – 1 @.@ 8 in ) in length . 11 adult eagle @-@ owls of this race from the Tibetan Plateau averaged 301 mm ( 11 @.@ 9 in ) in tail length , 78 mm ( 3 @.@ 1 in ) in tarsus length and scaled an average of 2 @.@ 16 kg ( 4 @.@ 8 lb ) in mass . This race is physically similar to B. b. turcomanus but the background colour is more light yellowish @-@ brown and less buff . The dark patterns on upper- and under @-@ parts are some more expressed and less regular than in B. b. turcomanus and B. b. omissus and the general color from the mantle to the ear tufts is a more consistent brownish colour than most other abutting races . B. b. hemachalana differs from B. b. yenisseensis by being much more yellow on the rump , under tail coverts , and outer tail feathers , rather than grayish or whitish , and the ground coloration of its body is more yellowish above , and is less whitish below . Dark longitudinal pattern on the under @-@ parts cover the fore @-@ belly .
B. b. kiautschensis ( Reichenow , 1903 ) – This could be called the north Chinese eagle @-@ owl . This race ranges from South Korea and China , south of the range of B. b. ussuriensis , southward to Kwangtung and Yunnan , and inland to Szechwan and southern Kansu . This is a smallish subspecies , with the male ’ s wing chord measuring 410 – 448 mm ( 16 @.@ 1 – 17 @.@ 6 in ) and the female ’ s being 440 – 485 mm ( 17 @.@ 3 – 19 @.@ 1 in ) . In Korea , this race was found to average 2 @.@ 26 kg ( 5 @.@ 0 lb ) in mass , with a range of 1 @.@ 8 to 2 @.@ 9 kg ( 4 @.@ 0 to 6 @.@ 4 lb ) . B. b. kiautschensis is much darker , more tawny and rufous , and slightly smaller than B. b. ussuriensis . It resembles the nominate race from Europe ( though obviously considerably disparate in distribution ) rather closely in coloration but differs from it by being paler , more mottled , and less heavily marked with brown on the upper parts , by having narrower dark shaft streaks on the under parts , which average also duller and more ocher , and by averaging smaller .
B. b. swinhoei ( Hartert , 1913 ) – This could be called the south Chinese eagle @-@ owl . This race is endemic to southeastern China . A quite rufescent form , it is somewhat similar to B. b. kiautschensis . In this small race , the wing chord measures 410 – 465 mm ( 16 @.@ 1 – 18 @.@ 3 in ) in both sexes . This is a rather poorly known and described subspecies and , although still generally recognized , is considered invalid by some authorities .
= = Habitat = =
Eagle @-@ owls are distributed somewhat sparsely but can potentially inhabit a wide range of habitats , with a partiality for irregular topography . They have been found in habitats as diverse as northern coniferous forests to the edge of vast deserts . Essentially , Eurasian eagle @-@ owls have been found living in almost every climatic and environmental condition on the Eurasian continent , excluding the greatest extremities , i.e. they are absent from humid rainforest in Southeast Asia as well as the high Arctic tundra , both of which they are more or less replaced by other variety of Bubo owls . They are often found in the largest numbers in areas where cliffs and ravines are surrounded by a scattering of trees and bushes . However , grassland areas such as alpine meadows or desert @-@ like steppe can also host them so long as they have the cover and protection of rocky areas . The preference of eagle @-@ owls for places with irregular topography has been reported in most known studies . The obvious benefit of such nesting locations is that both nests and daytime roosts located in rocky areas and / or steep slopes would be less accessible to predators , including man . Also , they may be attracted to the vicinity of riparian or wetlands areas , due to the fact that the soft soil of wet areas is conducive to burrowing by the small , terrestrial mammals normally preferred in the diet , such as voles and rabbits . Due to their preference for rocky areas , the species is often found in mountainous areas and can be found up to elevations of 2 @,@ 100 m ( 6 @,@ 900 ft ) in the Alps and 4 @,@ 500 m ( 14 @,@ 800 ft ) in the Himalayas and 4 @,@ 700 m ( 15 @,@ 400 ft ) in the adjacent Tibetan Plateau . However , they can also be found living at sea @-@ level and may nest amongst rocky sea cliffs . Despite their success in areas such as sub @-@ arctic zones and mountainous that are frigid for much of the year , warmer conditions seem to result in more successful breeding attempts per studies in the Eifel region of Germany . In a study from Spain , areas primarily consisting of woodlands ( 52 % of study area being forested ) were preferred with pine trees predominating the oaks in habitats used , as opposed to truly mixed pine @-@ oak woodland . Pine and other coniferous stands are often preferred in great horned owls as well due to the constant density , which make it more likely to overlook the large birds . However , in mountainous forest , they are not generally found in enclosed wooded areas , as is the tawny owl ( Strix alucco ) . Only 2 @.@ 7 % of the habitat included in the territorial ranges for eagle @-@ owls per the habitat study in Spain consisted of cultivated or agricultural land . On the other hand , compared to golden eagles , they can visit cultivated land more regularly in hunting forays due to their nocturnal habits , which allows them to largely evade human activity . In the Italian Alps , it was found that almost no pristine habitat remained and locally eagle @-@ owls nested in the vicinity of towns , villages and ski resorts .
Although found in the largest numbers in areas sparsely populated by humans , farmland is sometimes inhabited and they even have been observed living in park @-@ like settings within European cities . Since 2005 , at least five pairs have nested in Helsinki . This is due in part to feral European rabbits ( Oryctolagus cuniculus ) having recently populated the Helsinki area , originally from pet rabbits released to the wild . The number is expected to increase due to the growth of the European rabbit population in Helsinki . European hares ( Lepus europaeus ) , the often preferred prey species by biomass of the eagle @-@ owls in their natural habitat , live only in rural areas of Finland , not in the city centre . In June 2007 , an eagle @-@ owl nicknamed ' Bubi ' landed in the crowded Helsinki Olympic Stadium during the European Football Championship qualification match between Finland and Belgium . The match was interrupted for six minutes . After tiring of the match , following Jonathan Johansson 's opening goal for Finland , the bird left the scene . Finland 's national football team have had the nickname Huuhkajat ( Finnish for " Eurasian eagle @-@ owls " ) ever since . The owl was named " Helsinki Citizen of the Year " in December 2007 .
= = Behaviour = =
The Eurasian eagle @-@ owl is largely nocturnal in activity , as are most owl species , with its activity focused in the first few hours after sunset and the last few hours before sunrise . However , in the northern stretches of its range , partial diurnal behavior has been recorded , including active hunting in broad daylight during the late afternoon . In such areas , full nightfall is essentially non @-@ existent at the peak of summer , so eagle @-@ owls must presumably hunt and actively brood at the nest during daylight . The Eurasian eagle @-@ owl has a number of vocalizations that are used at different times . It will usually select obvious topographic features such as rocky pinnacles , stark ridges and mountain peaks to use as regular song posts . These are doted along the other edges of the eagle @-@ owl ’ s territory and they are visited often but only for a few minutes at a time . Vocal activity is almost entirely confined to the colder months from late fall through winter , with vocal activity in October through December mainly having territorial purposes and from January to February being primarily oriented towards courtship and mating purposes . The territorial song , which can be heard at great distance , is a deep resonant ooh @-@ hu with emphasis on the first syllable for the male , and a more high @-@ pitched and slightly more drawn @-@ out uh @-@ hu for the female . It is not uncommon for a pair to perform an antiphonal duet . The widely used name in Germany as well as some other sections of Europe for this species is uhu due to its song . At 250 – 350 Hz , the Eurasian eagle @-@ owls territorial song or call is deeper , farther @-@ carrying and is often considering " more impressive " than the territorial songs of the great horned owl or even that of the slightly larger Blakiston ’ s fish owl , although the horned owl ’ s call averages slightly longer in duration . Other calls include a rather faint , laughter @-@ like OO @-@ OO @-@ oo and a harsh kveck @-@ kveck . Intruding eagle @-@ owls and other potential dangers may be met with a " terrifying " , extremely loud hooo . Raucous barks not unlike those of ural owls or long @-@ eared owls have been recorded but are deeper and more powerful than those species ’ barks . Annoyance at close quarters is expressed by bill @-@ clicking and cat @-@ like spitting , and a defensive posture involves lowering the head , ruffling the back feathers , fanning the tail and spreading the wings .
The Eurasian eagle @-@ owl rarely assumes the so @-@ called " tall @-@ thin position " , which is when an owl adopts an upright stance with plumage closely compressed and may stand tightly beside a tree trunk . Among others , the long @-@ eared owl is among the most often reported to sit with this pose . The great horned owl has been more regularly recorded using the tall @-@ thin , if not a consistently as some Strix and Asio owls , and it is commonly thought to aid camouflage if encountering a threatening or novel animal or sound . The Eurasian eagle @-@ owl is a broad @-@ winged species and engages in a strong , direct flight , usually consisting of shallow wing beats and long , surprisingly fast glides . It has , unusually for an owl , also been known to soar on updrafts on rare occasions . The latter method of flight has led them to be mistaken for Buteos , which are smaller and quite differently proportioned . Usually when seen flying during the day , it is due to being disturbed by humans or mobbing crows . Eurasian eagle @-@ owls are highly sedentary , normally maintaining a single territory throughout their adult lives .
Even those near the northern limits of their range , where winters are harsh and likely to bare little in food , the eagle @-@ owl does not leave its native range . However , there are cases from Russia of Eurasian eagle @-@ owls moving south for the winter , as the icebound , infamously harsh climate there is too severe even for these hardy birds and their prey . Similarly , Eurasian eagle @-@ owls living in the Tibetan highlands and Himalayas may also in some cases vacate their normal territories when winter hits and move south . Even in those two examples , there is no evidence of consistent , annual migration by Eurasian eagle @-@ owls and the birds may eke out a living on their normal territories even in the sparsest times .
= = Dietary biology = =
= = Breeding = =
Eurasian eagle @-@ owls are strictly territorial and will defend their territories from interloping eagle @-@ owls year around , but territorial calling appears to peak around October to early January . Territory size is similar or occasionally slightly greater than great horned owl : averaging 15 to 80 km2 ( 5 @.@ 8 to 30 @.@ 9 sq mi ) . Territories are established by the male eagle @-@ owl , who selected the highest points in the territory from which to sing . The high prominence of singing perches allows their song to be heard at greater distances and lessens the need for potentially dangerous physical confrontations in the areas where territories may meet . Nearly as important in territorial behaviour as vocalization is the white throat patch . When taxidermed specimens with flared white throats were placed around the perimeter of eagle @-@ owl territories , male eagle @-@ owls reacted quite strongly and often attacked the stuffed owl , reacting more mildly to a stuffed eagle @-@ owl with a non @-@ flared white throat . Females were less likely to be aggressive to mounted specimens and did not seem to vary in their response whether exposed to the specimens with or without the puffed up white patch . In January and February , the primary function for vocalization becomes for the purpose of courtship . More often than not , eagle @-@ owls will pair for life but usually engage in courtship rituals annually , most likely to re @-@ affirm pair bonds . When calling for the purposes of courtship , males tend to bow and hoot loudly but do so in a less contorted manner than the male great horned owl . Courtship in the Eurasian eagle @-@ owl may involve bouts of " duetting " , with the male sitting upright and the female bowing as she calls . There may be mutual bowing , billing and fondling before the female flies to a perch where coitus occurs , usually taking place several times over the course of a few minutes .
The male selects breeding sites and advertises their potential to the female by flying to them and kneading out a small depression ( if soil is present ) and making staccato notes and clucking noises . Several potential sites may be presented , with the female selecting one . Like all owls , Eurasian eagle @-@ owls do not build nests or add material but nest on the surface or material already present . Eurasian eagle @-@ owls normally nest on rocks or boulders , most often utilizing cliff ledges and steep slopes , as well as crevices , gullies , holes or caves . Rocky areas that also prove concealing woodlots as well as , for hunting purposes , that border river valleys and grassy scrubland may be especially attractive . If only low rubble is present , they will nest on the ground between rocks . Often , in more densely forested areas , they ’ ve been recorded nesting on the ground , often among roots of trees , under large bushes and under fallen tree trunks . Steep slopes with dense vegetation are preferred if nesting on the ground , although some ground nests are surprisingly exposed or in flat spots such as in open spots of the taiga , steppe , ledges of river banks and between wide tree trunks . All Eurasian eagle @-@ owl nests in the largely forested Altai Krai region of Russia were found to be on the ground , usually at the base of pines . This species does not often use other bird ’ s nests as does the great horned owl , which often prefers nests built by other animals over any other nesting site . However , the Eurasian eagle @-@ owl has been recorded in singular cases using nests built by common buzzards ( Buteo buteo ) , golden , greater spotted ( Clanga clanga ) and white @-@ tailed eagles ( Haliaeetus albicilla ) , common ravens ( Corvus corax ) and black storks ( Ciconia nigra ) . Among the eagle @-@ owls of the fairly heavily wooded wildlands of Belarus , they more commonly utilize nests built by other birds than most eagle @-@ owls , i.e. stork or accipitrid nests , but a majority of nests are still located on the ground . This is contrary to the indication that ground nests are selected only if rocky areas or other bird nests are unavailable , as many will utilize ground nests even where large bird nests seem to be accessible . Tree holes being used for nesting sites are even more rarely recorded than nests constructed by other birds . While it may be assumed that the eagle @-@ owl is too large to utilize tree hollows , when other large species like the great grey owl have never been recorded nesting in one , the even more robust Blakiston 's fish owl nests exclusively in cavernous hollows . The Eurasian eagle @-@ owl often uses the same nest site year after year .
In Engadin , Switzerland , the male eagle @-@ owl hunts until the young are 4 to 5 weeks old and the female spends all her time brooding at the nest . After this point , the female gradually resumes hunting from both herself and the young and thus provides a greater range of food for the young . While it may seem contrary to the species ’ highly territorial nature , there is one verified cases of polygamy in Germany , with a male apparently mating with two females , and cooperative brooding in Spain , with a third adult of undetermined sex helping a breeding pair care for the chicks . The response of Eurasian eagle @-@ owls to humans approaching at the nest is quite variable . The species is often rather less aggressive than some other owls , including related species like the spot @-@ bellied eagle- , great horned and snowy owls , many of the northern Strix species and even some rather smaller owl species , which often fearlessly attack any person found to be nearing their nests . Occasionally , if a person climbs to an active nest , the adult female eagle @-@ owl will do a distraction display , in which they feign an injury . This is an uncommon behaviour in most owls and most often associated with small birds trying to falsely drawl the attention of potential predators away from their offspring . More commonly , the female flies off and abandons her nest temporarily , leaving the eggs or small nestlings exposed , when a human approaches it . Occasionally , if cornered both adults and nestlings will do an elaborate threat display , also rare in owls in general , in which the eagle @-@ owls raise their wings into a semi @-@ circle and puff up their feathers , followed by a snapping of their bills . Apparently eagle @-@ owls of uncertain and probably exotic origin in Britain are likely to react aggressively to humans approaching the nest . Also , aggressive encounters involving eagle @-@ owls around their nest , despite being historically rare , apparently have increased in recent decades in Scandinavia . The discrepancy of aggressiveness at the nest between the Eurasian eagle @-@ owl and its Nearctic counterpart may be correlated to variation in the extent of nest predation that the species endured during the evolutionary process .
= = = Eggs and offspring development = = =
The eggs are normally laid at intervals of three days and are incubated only by the female . Laying generally begins in late winter but may be later in the year in colder habitats . During the incubation period , the female is brought food at the nest by her mate . A single clutch of white eggs is laid , each egg can measure anything from 56 to 73 mm ( 2 @.@ 2 to 2 @.@ 9 in ) long by 44 @.@ 2 to 53 mm ( 1 @.@ 74 to 2 @.@ 09 in ) in width and will usually weigh about 75 to 80 g ( 2 @.@ 6 to 2 @.@ 8 oz ) . In Central Europe , eggs average 59 @.@ 8 mm × 49 @.@ 5 mm ( 2 @.@ 35 in × 1 @.@ 95 in ) , while in Siberia , eggs average 59 @.@ 4 mm × 50 @.@ 1 mm ( 2 @.@ 34 in × 1 @.@ 97 in ) . Their eggs are only slightly larger than those of snowy owls and the nominate subspecies of great horned owl , while similar in size to those of spot @-@ bellied eagle @-@ owls and Blakiston 's fish owls . However , the Eurasian eagle @-@ owl ’ s eggs are noticeably larger than those of Indian and pharaoh eagle @-@ owls . Usually clutch size is 1 to 2 , rarely 3 to 4 and exceptionally to 6 . The average number of eggs laid varies with latitude in Europe . Mean clutch size averages from 2 @.@ 02 @-@ 2 @.@ 14 in Spain and the massifs of France , 1 @.@ 82 to 1 @.@ 89 in central Europe and the eastern Alps , while in Sweden and Finland the clutch size averages 1 @.@ 56 and 1 @.@ 87 , respectively . While variation based on climate is not unusual for different wide ranging palearctic species , the higher clutch size of western Mediterranean eagle @-@ owls is also probably driven by the presence of lagomorphs in the diet , which provide high nutritional value than most other regular prey . The average clutch size , attributed as 2 @.@ 7 , was the lowest of any European owl per one study . One species was attributed with an even lower clutch size in North America , the great grey owl with a mean of 2 @.@ 6 , but the mean clutch size was much higher for the same species in Europe , at 4 @.@ 05 .
In Spain , incubation is from mid- January to mid @-@ March , hatching and early nestling period is from late March to early April , fledging and post @-@ fledging dependence can be anywhere from mid @-@ April to August and territorial / courtship is anytime hereafter ; i.e. the period between the beginning of juvenile dispersal to egg laying ; from September to early January . The same general date parmeters were followed in southern France . In the Italian Alps , the mean egg @-@ laying date was similarly February 27 but the young were more likely to be dependent later , as all fledglings were still being cared for by the end of August and some even lingered under parental care until October .
The first egg hatches after 31 to 36 days of incubation . Although the eggs do hatch successively , considering that the average intervals between egg @-@ laying is three day , surprisingly the young tend to hatch no more than a day or two apart . Like all owls that nest in the open , the downy young are not white often a mottled grey with some white and buff , which provides camouflage . They open their eyes at 4 days of age . The chicks grow rapidly , being able to consume small prey whole after roughly three weeks . In Andalusia , it was found that the most noticeably development of the young before they leave the nest was the increase of body size , which was the highest growth rate of any studied owl as the eagle @-@ owls grew from a small size more quickly than either snowy or great horned owls . Body mass increased fourteen times over from 5 days old to 60 days old in this study . The male continues to bring prey , leaving in on or around the nest , and the female feeds the nestlings , tearing up the food into suitably @-@ sized pieces . The female resumes hunting after about three weeks which increases the food supply to the chicks . Siblicide has been recorded widely in Eurasian eagle @-@ owls and , according to some authorities , is almost a rule in the species . However , many nesting attempts produce 2 fledglings indicating that siblicide is not as common as in other birds of prey , especially some eagles . It has been theorized in Spain that males are likely to be the first egg laid to reduce the likelihood of sibling aggression due to the size difference , thus the younger female hatchling is less likely to be killed since it is similar in size to its older sibling .
Apparently , the point at which the chicks venture out of the nest is driven by the location of the nest . In elevated nest sites , chicks usually wander out of the nest at 5 to as late as 7 weeks of age , but have been recorded leaving the nest if the nest is on the ground as early as 22 to 25 days old . The chicks can walk well at five weeks of age and by seven weeks are taking short flights . Hunting and flying skills are not tested prior to the young eagle @-@ owls leaving the nest . Young Eurasian eagle @-@ owls leave the nest by 5 – 6 weeks of ago and typically can flying weakly ( a few metres ) by about 7 – 8 weeks of age . Normally , they are cared for at least another month . By the end of the month , the young eagle @-@ owls are quite assured fliers . There are a few confirmed cases of adult eagle @-@ owls in Spain feeding and caring for post @-@ fledgling juvenile eagle @-@ owls that were not their own .
A study from southern France found the mean fledgling number of fledgling per nest was 1 @.@ 67 . In central Europe , the mean number of fledglings per nest averages between 1 @.@ 8 and 1 @.@ 9 . The mean fledgling rate in the Italian Alps was 1 @.@ 89 , thus being similar . In the Italian Alps it was found that heavier rainfall during breeding decreased fledgling success because it inhibited the ability of the parents to hunt and potentially exposed nestlings to hypothermia . In the reintroduced population of eagle @-@ owls in Eifel Germany , occupied territories produced an average of 1 @.@ 17 fledglings but not all occupying pair attempted to breed , with about 23 % of those attempting to breed being unsuccessful . In slightly earlier studies , possibly due to higher persecution rates , the mean number of young leaving the nest was often lower , such as 1 @.@ 77 in Bavaria , Germany , 1 @.@ 1 in lower Austria and 0 @.@ 6 in southern Sweden . While sibling owls are close in the stage between leaving the nest and fully fledge , about 20 days after leaving the nest , the family unit seems to dissolve and the young disperse quickly and directly . All told , the dependence of young eagle @-@ owls on their parents last for 20 to 24 weeks . Independence in central Europe is from September to November . The young leave their parents care normally on their own but are also sometimes chased away by their parents . The young Eurasian eagle @-@ owls reach sexual maturity by the following year , but do not normally breed until they can establish a territory at around two or three years old . Until they are able to establish their own territories , young eagle @-@ owls spend their life as nomadic " floaters " and , while they also call , select inconspicuous perch sites unlike breeding birds . Male floaters are especially wary about intrusion into an established territory to avoid potential conspecific aggression .
= = Status = =
The Eurasian eagle @-@ owl has a very wide range across much of Europe and Asia , estimated to be about 32 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 square kilometres ( 12 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 sq mi ) . In Europe there are estimated to be between 19 @,@ 000 and 38 @,@ 000 breeding pairs and in the whole world around 250 @,@ 000 to 2 @,@ 500 @,@ 000 individual birds . The population trend is thought to be decreasing because of human activities , but with such a large range and large total population , the International Union for Conservation of Nature has rated the bird as being of " least concern " . Although roughly equal in adaptability and wideness of distribution , the great horned owl , with a total estimated population of up to 5 @.@ 3 million individuals , apparently has a total population that is roughly twice that of the Eurasian eagle @-@ owl . Numerous factors , including a shorter history of systematic persecution , lesser sensitivity to human disturbance while nesting , somewhat greater ability to adapt to marginal habitats and widespread urbanization and slightly smaller territories , may play into the horned owls greater numbers in modern times .
= = = Longevity = = =
The eagle owl can live for up to 20 years in the wild . At one time the oldest ringed eagle @-@ owl was considered a 19 @-@ year @-@ old specimen . However , another banded specimen was subsequently found to be 27 years and 9 months old . Like many other bird species in captivity they can live much longer without having to endure difficult natural conditions , and have possibly survived up to 68 years in zoo collections . Healthy adults normally have no natural predators and are thus considered apex predators . The leading causes of death for this species are man @-@ made : electrocution , traffic accidents and shooting frequently claim the life of eagle @-@ owls .
= = = Anthropogenic mortality = = =
Electrocution was the greatest cause of mortality in 68 % of 25 published studies and accounted , on average , for 38 @.@ 2 % of the reported eagle @-@ owl deaths . This was particularly true in the Italian Alps , where the number of dangerous , non @-@ insulated pylons near nests was extremely high , but is highly problematic almost throughout the species ’ European distribution . In one telemetry study , 55 % of 27 dispersing young were electrocuted within 1 year of their release from captivity , while electrocution rates of wild @-@ born young are even higher . Mortality in the Swiss Rhine Valley was variable , in radio @-@ tagged , released individuals , most died as a result of starvation ( 48 % ) rather than human @-@ based causes but 93 % of the wild , un @-@ tagged individuals found dead were due to human activities , 46 % due to electrocution and 43 % due to collision with vehicles or trains . It was concluded there that insulation of pylons would result in a stabilization of the local population due to floaters taking up residence in non @-@ occupied territories that formerly held deceased eagle @-@ owls . Eurasian eagle @-@ owls from Finland also were found to primary die due to electrocution ( 39 % ) and collisions with vehicles ( 22 % ) . Wind turbine collisions can also be a serious cause of mortality locally .
Eagle @-@ owl has been singled out historically as a threat to game species and thus to the economic well @-@ being of landowners , game @-@ keepers and even governmental agencies and as such has been singled out for widespread persecution . Local extinctions of Eurasian eagle @-@ owls have been primarily due to persecution . Examples of this including northern Germany in 1830 , the Netherlands sometimes in the late nineteenth century , Luxembourg in 1903 , Belgium in 1943 and central and western Germany in the 1960s . In trying to determine causes of death for 1476 eagle @-@ owls from Spain , most were unknown and undetermined types of trauma . The largest group that could be determined , 411 birds , was due to collisions , more than half of which were from electrocution , while 313 were due to persecution and merely 85 were directly attributable to natural causes . Clearly , while pylon safety is perhaps the most serious factor to be addressed in Spain , persecution continues to be a massive problem for Spanish eagle @-@ owls . Of seven European nations where modern Eurasian eagle @-@ owl mortality is well @-@ studied , continual persecution is by far the largest problem in Spain , although also continues to be serious ( often comprising at least half of studied mortality ) in France . From France and Spain , nearly equal numbers of eagle @-@ owls are poisoned ( for which raptors might not be the main target ) and are shot ( which is obvious very intentional persecution ) .
= = = Conservation and re @-@ introductions = = =
While the eagle @-@ owl remains reasonably numerous in some parts of its habitat where nature is still relatively little disturbed by human activity , such as the sparsely populated regions of Russia and Scandinavia , concern has been expressed about the future of the Eurasian eagle @-@ owl in western and central Europe . There , very few areas are not heavily modified by human civilization , thus exposing the birds to the risk of collisions with deadly man @-@ made objects ( e.g. pylons ) and a depletion of native prey numbers due to ongoing habitat degradation and urbanization .
In Spain , long @-@ term governmental protection of the Eurasian eagle @-@ owl seems to have no positive effect on reducing the persecution of eagle @-@ owls . Therefore , Spanish conservationists have recommended to boost education and stewardship programs in order to protect eagle @-@ owls from direct killing by local residents .
Unanimously , biologists studying eagle @-@ owl mortality and conservation factors have recommended to proceed with the proper insulation of electric wires and pylons in areas where the species is present . As this measure is labour @-@ intensive and therefore rather expensive , few efforts have actually been made to insulate pylons in areas with few fiscal resources devoted to conservation such as rural Spain .
In Sweden , a mitigation project was launched in order to insulate transformers that are frequently damaged by eagle owl electrocution .
Large reintroduction programs were instituted in Germany after the eagle @-@ owl was deemed extinct in the country as a breeding species by the 1960s , as a result of a long period of heavy persecution .
The largest reintroduction there occurred from the 1970s to the 1990s in the Eifel region , near the border to neighbouring Belgium and Luxembourg . However , the success of this measure , consisting in more than a thousand eagle @-@ owls being reintroduced at an average cost of $ 1 @,@ 500 US dollars per bird , is a subject of controversy . It appears that those eagle @-@ owls reintroduced in the Eifel region which are able to breed successfully , enjoy a nesting success comparable with wild eagle @-@ owls from elsewhere in Europe . On the other hand , mortality levels in the Eifel region appear to remain quite high due to anthropogenic factors . There are also concerns about a lack of genetic diversity of the species in this part of Germany .
Apparently , the German reintroductions have allowed eagle @-@ owls to repopulate neighbouring parts of Europe , as the breeding populations now occurring in the Low Countries ( Netherlands , Belgium and Luxembourg ) are believed to be the result of influx from regions further to the east . Smaller reintroductions have been done elsewhere and the current breeding population in Sweden is believed to be primarily the result of a series of reintroductions .
Conversely to numerous threats and declines incurred by Eurasian eagle @-@ owls , areas where human @-@ dependent non @-@ native prey species such as brown rats ( Rattus norvegicus ) and rock pigeons ( Columba livia ) have flourished , have given the eagle @-@ owls a primary food source and allowed them occupy regions where they were once marginalized or absent .
= = = Occurrence in Great Britain = = =
The Eurasian eagle @-@ owl at one time did occur in Great Britain as a naturally occurring species . Some , including the RSPB have claimed that this was probably by about 10 @,@ 000 @-@ 9 @,@ 000 years ago after the last ice age but fossil remains found in Meare Lake Village have indicated the eagle @-@ owl occurring as recently as roughly 2 @,@ 000 years ago in the fossil record . The lack of presence of the Eurasian eagle @-@ owl in British folklore or writings in recent millennium may indicate the lack of occurrence by this species there . The flooding of the land bridge between Britain and continental Europe may have been responsible for their extirpation as they only disperse over limited distances , although early human persecution presumably played a role as well . Some reportages of eagle @-@ owls in Britain have been revealed to actually be great horned owls or Indian eagle @-@ owls , the latter a particularly popular owl in falconry circuits . However , some breeding pairs do still occur in Britain , the exact number of pairs and individuals is not definitely known . The World Owl Trust stated that they believe some eagle @-@ owls occurring in North England and Scotland are naturally occurring , making the flight of roughly 350 to 400 km ( 220 to 250 mi ) from the west coast of Norway to Shetland and the east coast of Scotland , as well as possibly from the coasts of the Netherlands and Belgium to the south . Although not migratory , eagle @-@ owls can disperse some notable distances in young birds seeking a territory . However , prior studies of eagle @-@ owl distribution have indicated a strong reluctance to cross large bodies of water in the species . Many authorities state that the Eurasian eagle @-@ owls occurring in Britain are individuals that have escaped from captivity . While , until 19th century , wealthy collectors may have released unwanted eagle @-@ owls , despite press to the contrary , there is no evidence of any organization or individual intentionally releasing eagle @-@ owls recently with the intent to establish a breeding population . Many feel that the eagle @-@ owl would be classified as an " alien " species . Due to its predatory abilities , many , especially those in the press , have expressed alarm of their effect on " native " species . From 1994 to 2007 , 73 escaped eagle @-@ owls were not registered as returned , while 50 escapees were re @-@ captured . Several recorded breeding attempts have been studied and most were unsuccessful , due in large part to incidental disturbance by humans and some due to direct persecution , with eggs having been smashed .
= = = Effect on conservation @-@ dependent species = = =
As a highly opportunistic predator , the Eurasian eagle @-@ owl will hunt almost any appropriately sized prey they encounter . Most often they take what ever prey is locally common and can take a large number of species considered harmful to human financial interests such as rats and mice . However , Eurasian eagle @-@ owls do take rare or endangered species as well . Even small numbers of losses can be heavily damaging . Among the species considered at least vulnerable ( up to critically endangered as in the mink and eel , both heavily overexploited by humans ) to extinction known to be hunted by Eurasian eagle @-@ owls are Russian desman ( Desmana moschata ) Pyrenean desman ( Galemys pyrenaicus ) , barbastelle ( Barbastella barbastellus ) , European ground squirrel ( Spermophilus citellus ) , southwestern water vole ( Arvicola sapidus ) , European mink ( Mustela lutreola ) , marbled polecat ( Vormela peregusna ) , lesser white @-@ fronted goose ( Anser erythrops ) , Egyptian vulture ( Neophron percnopterus ) , greater spotted eagle ( Clanga clanga ) , eastern imperial eagle ( Aquila heliaca ) , saker falcon ( Falco cherrug ) , houbara bustard ( Chlamydotis undulata ) , great bustard ( Otis tarda ) , spur @-@ thighed tortoise ( Testudo graeca ) , Atlantic cod ( Gadus morhua ) , European eel ( Anguilla anguilla ) and lumpfish ( Cyclopterus lumpus ) .
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= American Airlines Flight 191 =
American Airlines Flight 191 was a regularly scheduled passenger flight operated by American Airlines from O 'Hare International Airport in Chicago to Los Angeles International Airport . A McDonnell Douglas DC @-@ 10 @-@ 10 used for this flight on May 25 , 1979 , crashed moments after takeoff from Chicago . All 258 passengers and 13 crew on board were killed , along with 2 people on the ground . It is the deadliest aviation accident to have occurred in the United States .
Investigators found that as the jet was beginning its takeoff rotation , engine number one , on the left wing , separated and flipped over the top of the wing . As the engine separated from the aircraft , it severed hydraulic fluid lines that locked the wing leading edge slats in place , and it damaged a three @-@ foot section of the left wing 's leading edge . Air loads on the wing resulted in an uncommanded retraction of the outboard slats . As the jet began to climb , the damaged left wing , with no engine , produced far less lift stalled than the right wing , with its slats still deployed and its engine running at full takeoff speed . The extremely disrupted and unbalanced aerodynamics of the aircraft caused it to roll to the left until it was partially inverted , reaching a bank angle of 112 degrees , before crashing in an open field by a trailer park near the end of the runway . The engine separation was attributed to damage to the pylon rigging structure holding the engine to the wing , caused by faulty maintenance procedures at American Airlines .
While maintenance issues and not the actual design of the aircraft were ultimately found responsible for the crash , the accident and subsequent grounding of all DC @-@ 10s by the Federal Aviation Administration added to an already unfavorable reputation of the DC @-@ 10 aircraft in the eyes of the public , caused by several other incidents and accidents involving the type . The investigation also revealed other DC @-@ 10s with damage caused by the same faulty maintenance procedure . The faulty procedure was banned , and the aircraft type went on to have a long passenger career . It has since found a second career as a cargo airplane .
= = Background = =
= = = Aircraft = = =
The aircraft involved was a McDonnell Douglas DC @-@ 10 @-@ 10 registered N110AA . It had been delivered on February 25 , 1972 , and at the time of the crash had logged just under 20 @,@ 000 hours of flight over seven years . The jet was powered by three General Electric CF6 @-@ 6D engines . A review of the aircraft 's flight logs and maintenance records showed that no mechanical discrepancies were noted for May 11 , 1979 . On the day of the accident , in violation of standard procedure , the records were not removed from the aircraft , and were destroyed in the accident .
= = = Flight crew = = =
Captain Walter Lux , 53 , had been flying the DC @-@ 10 since its introduction eight years earlier . He had logged around 22 @,@ 000 flying hours , of which about 3 @,@ 000 were in a DC @-@ 10 . He was also qualified to pilot 17 other aircraft , including the DC @-@ 6 , DC @-@ 7 , and Boeing 727 . First Officer James Dillard , 49 , and Flight Engineer Alfred Udovich , 56 , were also highly experienced : 9 @,@ 275 hours and 15 @,@ 000 hours respectively , and between them they had 1 @,@ 830 hours flying experience in the DC @-@ 10 .
= = Accident = =
The weather was clear , with a northeast wind at 22 knots ( 25 mph ; 41 km / h ) . At 2 : 50 CDT , Flight 191 pushed back from gate K5 and was cleared to taxi to runway 32R . Maintenance crews present at the gate did not notice anything unusual during pushback , engine start , or taxi .
Everything looked normal as the flight began its takeoff roll at 3 : 02 .
Just as the aircraft hit takeoff speed , the number one engine and its pylon assembly separated from the left wing , ripping away a 3 @-@ foot ( 0 @.@ 91 m ) section of the leading edge with it . The combined unit flipped over the top of the wing and landed on the runway . Robert Graham , supervisor of maintenance for American Airlines , stated : " As the aircraft got closer , I noticed what appeared to be vapor or smoke of some type coming from the leading edge of the wing and the No. 1 engine pylon . I noticed that the No. 1 engine was bouncing up and down quite a bit and just about the time the aircraft got opposite my position and started rotation , the engine came off , went up over the top of the wing , and rolled back down onto the runway ... Before going over the wing , the engine went forward and up just as if it had lift and was actually climbing . It didn 't strike the top of the wing on its way , rather it followed the clear path of the airflow of the wing , up and over the top of it , then down below the tail . The aircraft continued a fairly normal climb until it started a turn to the left . And at that point , I thought he was going to come back to the airport . "
It is not known what was said in the cockpit in the 50 seconds leading up to final impact , as the cockpit voice recorder lost power when the engine detached . The only crash @-@ related audio collected by the recorder is a thumping noise ( likely the sound of the engine separating ) , followed by First Officer Dillard exclaiming " Damn ! " , at which point the recording ends . This may also explain why Air Traffic Control was unsuccessful in their attempts to radio the crew and inform them that they had lost an engine . This loss of power did , however , prove useful in the subsequent investigation , serving as a marker of exactly what circuit in the DC @-@ 10 's labyrinthine electrical system had failed .
In addition to the engine 's failure , several related systems failed . The number one hydraulic system , powered by the number one engine , failed but continued to operate via motor pumps that mechanically connected it to hydraulic system three . Hydraulic system three was also damaged and began leaking fluid but maintained pressure and operation up until impact . Hydraulic system two was undamaged . The number one electrical bus , whose generator was attached to the number one engine , failed , causing several electrical systems to go offline , most notably the captain 's instruments , his stick shaker , and the slat disagreement sensors . While a switch in the overhead panel would have allowed the captain to restore power to his instruments , it was not used . It might have been possible for the flight engineer to reach the backup power switch ( as part of an abnormal situation checklist – not as part of their take @-@ off emergency procedure ) in an effort to restore electrical power to the number one electrical bus . That would have worked only if electrical faults were no longer present in the number one electrical system . Furthermore , to reach the switch the flight engineer would have needed to rotate his seat , release his safety belt , and stand up . Since the aircraft never got higher than 350 feet ( 110 m ) above ground and was in the air for only 50 seconds between when the engine separated and when it crashed , there was not sufficient time to take such an action . In any event , the first officer was flying the airplane and his instruments continued to function normally . As the wings and engines were not visible from the cockpit , the crew likely had no idea that an engine had fallen off , only that one had failed .
Since it was no longer possible to abort the takeoff at this point , the crew followed the standard operating procedure for an " engine out " climb . This procedure is to climb at the takeoff safety airspeed ( V2 ) and attitude ( angle ) , as directed by the flight director . The partial electrical power failure ( produced by the separation of the left No. 1 engine ) meant that neither the stall warning or slat retraction indicator were operative . The crew was therefore unaware that the slats on the left wing were retracting . This retraction significantly raised the stall speed of the left wing . By following the takeoff safety airspeed , the left wing stalled while the right wing was still producing lift , so the aircraft banked sharply and uncontrollably to the left . Later , in simulator recreations of the accident , it was determined that by climbing at a higher airspeed the crash could have been averted .
The aircraft climbed to about 325 feet ( 99 m ) above ground level while spewing a white mist trail of fuel and hydraulic fluid from the left wing . The first officer had followed the flight director and raised the nose to 14 degrees , which reduced the airspeed from 165 knots ( 190 mph ; 306 km / h ) to the takeoff safety airspeed ( V2 ) of 153 knots ( 176 mph ; 283 km / h ) , the speed at which the aircraft could safely climb after sustaining an engine failure . However , the engine separation had severed the hydraulic fluid lines that controlled the leading edge slats on the left wing and locked them in place , causing the outboard slats ( immediately left of the No. 1 engine ) to retract under air load . The retraction of the slats raised the stall speed of the left wing to approximately 159 knots ( 183 mph ; 294 km / h ) , 6 knots ( 6 @.@ 9 mph ; 11 km / h ) higher than the prescribed takeoff safety airspeed ( V2 ) of 153 knots ( 176 mph ; 283 km / h ) . As a result , the left wing entered a full aerodynamic stall . At 325 feet ( 99 m ) above ground level , the resulting asymmetric lift caused the aircraft to commence rolling rapidly to the left and to enter a steep dive from which it could not recover , despite maximum opposite control inputs by the first officer . The aircraft continued rolling until it was partially inverted at a 112 @-@ degree bank angle , right wing over left wing . It then slammed into a field approximately 4 @,@ 600 ft ( 1 @,@ 400 m ) from the end of the runway . Large sections of aircraft debris were hurled by the force of the impact into an adjacent trailer park , destroying five trailers and several cars . The DC @-@ 10 had also crashed into an old aircraft hangar located at the edge of the airport at the former site of Ravenswood Airport , which was used for storage . The nearly full fuel load ignited in a huge fireball almost immediately . The aircraft was almost completely destroyed , with no significant pieces of the fuselage remaining . The only sizable components left were the landing gear , the two engines that were still attached to the aircraft at impact , the engine that separated from the aircraft , and the tail section .
A fireman assisting at the scene of the crash later stated , " We didn 't see one body intact , just trunks , hands , arms , heads , and parts of legs . And we can 't tell whether they were male or female , or whether they were adult or child , because they were all charred . " Another first responder on the scene stated , " It was too hot to touch anybody and I really couldn 't tell if they were men or women . Bodies were scattered all over the field . "
In addition to the 271 people on board the aircraft , two employees at a nearby repair garage were killed and two more severely burned . At 273 victims , this was the deadliest accident in US aviation history . Of the victims , only about a dozen bodies were found intact . Three additional residents were injured from falling aircraft debris . The crash scene was in a field northwest of the intersection of Touhy Avenue ( Illinois Route 72 ) and Mount Prospect Road on the border of the suburbs of Des Plaines and Mount Prospect , Illinois .
= = Investigation = =
The National Transportation Safety Board was responsible for investigating the crash and determining what caused the engine to separate from the aircraft and the reason why the aircraft was unable to remain airborne on its two remaining engines .
The loss of the engine by itself should not have been enough to cause the crash ; the aircraft should have been capable of returning to the airport using its remaining two engines . Unlike other aircraft designs , however , the DC @-@ 10 did not include a separate mechanism to lock the extended leading edge slats in place , relying instead solely on the hydraulic pressure within the system . In response to the accident , slat relief valves were mandated to prevent slat retraction in case of hydraulic line damage .
The wreckage was too severely fragmented to determine the exact position of the rudders , elevators , flaps , and slats prior to impact and examination of eyewitness photographs showed only that the right wing flaps were fully extended as the crew tried unsuccessfully to correct the steep roll they were in . The left wing flaps could not be determined from the blurry color photographs , so they were sent to a laboratory in Palo Alto , California for digital analysis , a process that was pushing the limits of 1970s technology and necessitated large , complicated , and expensive equipment . The photographs were reduced to black @-@ and @-@ white , which made it possible to distinguish the flaps from the wing itself and thus proved that they were retracted . In addition , it was also verified that the tail section of the aircraft was undamaged and the landing gear was down .
Wind tunnel and flight simulator tests were conducted to help to understand the trajectory of the aircraft after the engine detached and the left wing slats retracted . Those tests established that the damage to the wing 's leading edge and retraction of the slats increased the stall speed of the left wing from 124 knots ( 143 mph ) to 159 knots ( 183 mph ) .
The DC @-@ 10 incorporates two warning devices that might have alerted the pilots to the impending stall : the slat disagreement warning light , which should have illuminated after the uncommanded retraction of the slats , and the stick shaker on the captain 's control column , which activates close to the stall speed . Both of these warning devices were powered by an electric generator driven by the number one engine . Both systems became inoperative after the loss of that engine . The first officer 's control column was not equipped with a stick shaker ; the device was offered by McDonnell Douglas as an option for the first officer , but American Airlines chose not to have it installed on its DC @-@ 10 fleet . Stick shakers for both pilots became mandatory in response to this accident .
= = = Engine separation = = =
Witnesses were in universal agreement that the aircraft had not struck any foreign objects on the runway and no pieces of the wing or other aircraft components were found with the engine , proving that nothing had broken off and hit it . The engine separation thus could only have come from an internal failure . From an examination of the detached engine the NTSB concluded that the pylon attachment had separated as the result of damage incurred before the crash . Investigators looked at the aircraft 's maintenance history and found that its most recent service was eight weeks before the crash , during which this particular engine had been removed from the aircraft for repairs . The pylon , the rigging holding the engine onto the wing , had been damaged during the procedure . The procedure recommended by McDonnell @-@ Douglas called for the engine to be removed from the pylon before detaching the pylon itself , but American Airlines , along with Continental Airlines and United Airlines , had begun to use a procedure that saved approximately 200 man @-@ hours per aircraft and " more importantly from a safety standpoint , it would reduce the number of disconnects ( of systems such as hydraulic and fuel lines , electrical cables , and wiring ) from 72 to 27 . " The new procedure involved mechanics removing the engine and pylon as a single unit . A large forklift was used to support the engine while it was being detached from the wing – a procedure that was found to be extremely difficult to execute successfully , due to difficulties with holding the engine assembly straight while it was being removed .
The field service representative from McDonnell @-@ Douglas said the company would " not encourage this procedure due to the element of risk " and had so advised American Airlines . McDonnell @-@ Douglas , however , " does not have the authority to either approve or disapprove the maintenance procedures of its customers . "
The accident investigation also concluded that the design of the pylon and adjacent surfaces made the parts difficult to service and prone to damage by maintenance crews . There were two different approaches to the one @-@ step procedure : using an overhead hoist or using a forklift . United Airlines used the hoist ; American and Continental Airlines used the forklift . Inspection of the DC @-@ 10 fleets of the three airlines showed that while United Airlines ' hoist approach seemed to work , there were several DC @-@ 10s at both Continental and American with severe and potentially fatal damage to their pylon mounts .
The forklift method had some setbacks : If the forklift was incorrectly positioned , as with the procedure used by American , the engine would rock like a see @-@ saw and jam against the pylon attachment points . The forklift operator was guided only by hand and voice signals ; the positioning had to be perfect or damage could result . The maintenance work on N110AA did not go smoothly . Aircraft mechanics started to disconnect the engine and pylon , but there was a shift change halfway through . When work was resumed , the pylon was jammed on the wing and the forklift had to be repositioned .
After the crash , an examination of the pylon attachment points on the engine revealed damage to the wing 's pylon mounting bracket that matched the shape of the pylon 's rear attachment fitting . This meant that the pylon attachment fitting had struck the mounting bracket . This was important evidence because the only way the pylon fitting could strike the wing 's mounting bracket in the observed manner was if the bolts that held the pylon to the wing were removed and if the engine was being supported by something other than the aircraft . Hence investigators were able to determine that the observed damage to the rear pylon mount existed before the crash , rather than being caused by it .
The damage was not enough to cause an immediate failure . However , a fatigue crack developed and expanded slightly with each takeoff and landing over eight weeks until Flight 191 , when the damaged rear pylon mount reached the breaking point and failed . Without this fitting in place , the engine , at full takeoff thrust , rotated upward on its still @-@ attached forward pylon mount . The structure surrounding the forward pylon mount then overloaded and failed , and the engine broke off .
= = Media reaction = =
The disaster and investigations received widespread coverage in the media , assisted by new news gathering technologies . The impact on the public was increased by the dramatic effect of an amateur photo taken of the aircraft rolling that was published on the front page of the Chicago Tribune on the Sunday two days after the crash .
There were some early reports that a collision with a small aircraft had been the cause of the crash . This apparently was the result of the discovery of small @-@ aircraft parts among the wreckage at the crash site . National Transportation Safety Board vice @-@ chairman Elwood T. Driver , in a press briefing , was photographed holding a broken bolt and nut , implying these parts were a cause of the accident . The small @-@ plane parts were subsequently determined to have been on the ground at the time of the crash , at the former general aviation Ravenswood Airport , a facility that had been out of service for a few years . An owner there had been selling used aircraft parts from a remaining hangar building .
The crash of Flight 191 brought strong criticism from the media regarding the DC @-@ 10 's safety and design . The DC @-@ 10 had been involved in two accidents related to the design of its cargo doors , American Airlines Flight 96 ( 1972 ) and Turkish Airlines Flight 981 ( 1974 ) . The separation of engine one from its mount , the widespread publication of the dramatic images of the airplane missing its engine seconds before the crash , and a second photo of the fireball resulting from the impact , raised widespread concerns about the safety of the DC @-@ 10 . The final blow to the airplane 's reputation was dealt two weeks after the crash , when the aircraft was grounded by the FAA . Although the aircraft itself was later exonerated , the damage in the public 's eye was already done .
= = Cause = =
The findings of the investigation by the National Transportation Safety Board were released on December 21 , 1979 :
The National Transportation Safety Board determines that the probable cause of this accident was the asymmetrical stall and the ensuing roll of the aircraft because of the uncommanded retraction of the left wing outboard leading edge slats and the loss of stall warning and slat disagreement indication systems resulting from maintenance @-@ induced damage leading to the separation of the No. 1 engine and pylon assembly at a critical point during takeoff . The separation resulted from damage by improper maintenance procedures which led to failure of the pylon structure .
Contributing to the cause of the accident were the vulnerability of the design of the pylon attach points to maintenance damage ; the vulnerability of the design of the leading edge slat system to the damage which produced asymmetry ; deficiencies in Federal Aviation Administration surveillance and reporting systems which failed to detect and prevent the use of improper maintenance procedures ; deficiencies in the practices and communications among the operators , the manufacturer , and the FAA which failed to determine and disseminate the particulars regarding previous maintenance damage incidents ; and the intolerance of prescribed operational procedures to this unique emergency .
The NTSB determined that the damage to the left wing engine pylon had occurred during an earlier engine change at the American Airlines aircraft maintenance facility in Tulsa , Oklahoma , on March 29 and 30 , 1979 .
= = DC @-@ 10s afterward = =
In response to this accident , American Airlines was fined $ 500 @,@ 000 by the U.S. government for improper maintenance procedures .
On June 6 , 1979 , two weeks after the crash , the Federal Aviation Administration suspended the type certificate for the DC @-@ 10 , thereby grounding all DC @-@ 10s under its jurisdiction . It also enacted a special air regulation banning the DC @-@ 10 from U.S. airspace , which prevented foreign DC @-@ 10s not under the jurisdiction of the FAA from flying within the country . This was done while the FAA investigated whether or not the airplane 's engine mounting and pylon design met relevant requirements . Once the FAA was satisfied that maintenance issues were primarily at fault and not the actual design of the aircraft , the type certificate was restored on July 13 and the special air regulation repealed . However , the type certificate was amended , stating that " ... removal of the engine and pylon as a unit will immediately render the aircraft unairworthy . "
The crash of another DC @-@ 10 at the end of November , Air New Zealand Flight 901 , exactly six months after Flight 191 , added to the DC @-@ 10 's negative reputation . The crash of Flight 901 , an Antarctic sightseeing flight which hit a mountain , was caused by several human and environmental factors not related to the airworthiness of the DC @-@ 10 , and the aircraft was later completely exonerated in that accident .
Yet another DC @-@ 10 , performing Western Airlines Flight 2605 , crashed in Mexico City after a red @-@ eye flight from Los Angeles barely 5 months after the crash of American Airlines flight 191 . The Western Airlines DC @-@ 10 's crash , however , was due to low visibility and an attempt to land on a closed runway .
Ironically , the crash of yet another DC @-@ 10 , United Airlines Flight 232 , ten years later restored some of the aircraft 's reputation . Despite losing an engine and all flight controls and crash @-@ landing in a huge fireball ( which was caught on video by a local news crew ) , 185 people survived the accident . Experts praised the DC @-@ 10 's sturdy construction as partly responsible for the high number of survivors , though the efforts of the crew were primarily responsible .
Despite initial safety concerns , the DC @-@ 10 continued to serve with passenger airlines for over 30 years after the crash of Flight 191 . In the end , it was newer , more fuel @-@ efficient twin @-@ engined airplanes from Boeing and Airbus and not safety concerns that ultimately ended the passenger career of the DC @-@ 10 . Many retired passenger DC @-@ 10s have since been converted to all @-@ cargo use . DC @-@ 10 freighters , along with its derivative , the MD @-@ 11 , form the backbone of the FedEx Express fleet . The DC @-@ 10s have been upgraded with the glass cockpit from the MD @-@ 11 , thereby turning them into MD @-@ 10s . American Airlines retired its last DC @-@ 10s in 2000 after 29 years of service . In February 2014 , Biman Bangladesh Airlines operated the final DC @-@ 10 passenger flights .
= = Notable victims = =
Some notable victims in the crash of Flight 191 were :
Itzhak Bentov , Israeli biomedical inventor ( the cardiac catheter ) and New Age author ( Stalking the Wild Pendulum and A Cosmic Book ) .
Sheila Charisse , the daughter @-@ in @-@ law of movie actress Cyd Charisse .
Leonard Stogel , music business manager / promoter / producer / executive for California Jam and California Jam II , Sweathog , The Cowsills , Sam the Sham , Tommy James & The Shondells , Redbone , Gentle Giant , and other musical groups . Coincidentally , Stogel 's parents had earlier perished on American Airlines Flight 1 .
Several people connected to Playboy magazine :
Several members of the American Booksellers Association who were on their way to their annual convention at the Los Angeles Convention Center , where they were to have a joint party organized by Playboy founder Hugh Hefner . This included Judith Bennett , author of the book Sex Signs : Every Woman 's Astrological and Psychological Guide to Love , Health , Men and More .
Victoria Haider , magazine editor for Playboy magazine ( and sometimes editor of Harlan Ellison ) .
Judith Wax and her husband , Sheldon Wax . Judith Wax frequently contributed to Playboy ( Sheldon was its managing editor ) , notably the annual " Christmas cards " piece that " presented " short satirical poems to various public figures . In her 1979 book , Starting in the Middle , she had written about her fear of flying on page 191 .
Robert Walton Vaughan , Professor of Chemical Engineering , California Institute of Technology , leading researcher in nuclear magnetic resonance and catalysis .
John B. Wear , Jr . , M.D. , Professor & Chairman of Urology , University of Wisconsin Medical School .
= = Memorial = =
For 32 years there was no permanent memorial to the victims . Funding was obtained for a memorial in 2009 , through a two @-@ year effort by the 6th grade class of Decatur Classical School in Chicago . The memorial , a 2 @-@ foot ( 0 @.@ 6 m ) concave wall with interlocking bricks displaying the names of the crash victims , was formally dedicated in a ceremony on October 15 , 2011 . The memorial is located in a park two miles east of the crash site .
A now @-@ faded banner reading " In Remembrance of American Airlines Flight 191 May 25 , 1979 " is situated on a fence at the corner of West Touhy Avenue and South Mt . Prospect Road , near the site of the crash .
= = In other media = =
The cable / satellite TV channel The National Geographic Channel produced a documentary on the crash , and an episode from Seconds from Disaster titled " Chicago Plane Crash " detailed the crash and included film of the investigation press conferences .
The Smithsonian Channel 's television series Air Disasters profiled the crash in the episode " Catastrophe at O 'Hare . "
The television series Mayday profiled the crash in the episode " Catastrophe at O 'Hare " .
After the crash and the media attention that was focused on the DC @-@ 10 , American Airlines replaced all " DC @-@ 10 LuxuryLiner " logos on the fuselage with a more generic " American Airlines LuxuryLiner " .
In the days following the crash , a man named Clarence Bean , Jr . , claimed that his pregnant girlfriend , Diane Chorba , was on the flight , but Cook County medical examiners assigned the task of identifying the crash victims later disproved this . Bean was found guilty of her murder in 2001 .
Chicago folk singer Steve Goodman wrote the song " Ballad of Flight 191 ( They Know Everything About It ) " in response to the crash and the subsequent investigation as the inaugural song for a series of topical songs which aired on National Public Radio in 1979 .
Chicago post @-@ hardcore punk band The Effigies wrote the song " Body Bag " about the crash . The lyrics included " Plane just left O 'Hare / On time flight one @-@ nine @-@ one / Disaster in the air / Starboard engine 's gone " ( although it was the port engine that was actually lost ) .
The Michael Crichton novel Airframe described the incident in detail as an example to the reader how a " good airplane ( DC @-@ 10 ) " could be " destroyed by bad press " .
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= St Pabo 's Church , Llanbabo =
St Pabo 's Church , Llanbabo is a medieval church in Llanbabo , in Anglesey , North Wales . Much of the church dates to the 12th century , and it is regarded as a good example of a church of its period that has retained many aspects of its original fabric . The church houses a tombstone slab from the 14th century , depicting a king with crown and sceptre , bearing the name of Pabo Post Prydain , the reputed founder of the church . However , there is no evidence that Pabo , a 5th @-@ century prince , lived in the area and the tradition that he founded the church has little supporting basis .
The church is still in use , as part of the Church in Wales , although services are only held here occasionally . It is a Grade II * listed building , a designation given to " particularly important buildings of more than special interest " , because it is a medieval church that has been little altered .
= = History and location = =
The date of foundation of the church in Llanbabo , Anglesey , is unknown , but it is known that there was a church here before 1254 as it is recorded in the Norwich Valuation of that year . According to tradition , it was founded by Pabo Post Prydain ( Pabo the " Pillar of Britain " ) , a 5th @-@ century prince from North Britain who was driven out in 460 and settled thereafter in Anglesey . He is also said to have been buried in the area . A stone slab gravestone dating from the late 14th century , made from Flintshire sandstone , was found in about 1680 : according to the 17th @-@ century Welsh historian Lewis Morris , it was unearthed by a sexton digging a grave in the churchyard . The rectangular slab ( from the same workshop as one at Bangor Cathedral and one of St Iestyn at St Iestyn 's Church , Llaniestyn , given the similarities between them ) has a shallowly engraved full @-@ length image of a bearded man wearing a crown and a loose , pleated tunic over a garment reaching to his wrists . He holds a sceptre in his right hand ; his head is on a cushion underneath an arch , and the background is decorated with flowers . The effect is somewhat like a monumental brass in stone ; the slab is now displayed vertically inside the church . The inscription , which is incomplete , reads " Hic iacet Pa [ bo ] Post Priid " ( or " Prud " ) – " Here lies Pabo the Pillar of Britain " . Additional letters have been interpreted as denoting the name of the donor of the monument . Apart from this , the tradition linking Pabo to the church is not recorded in writing until the Welsh antiquarian Henry Rowlands in the 18th century , nor is there evidence that Pabo devoted himself to religion or died in Anglesey ; accordingly , modern writers suggest that there is no link between him and the church .
The church stands alongside a minor road between Llanddeusant and Rhosgoch , near the Llyn Alaw reservoir . It is part of the Church in Wales , although it is only used for services occasionally . It is one of nine churches in the combined parish of Bodedern with Llanfaethlu , and forms part of the deanery of Llifon and Talybolion , within the archdeaconry of Bangor in the Diocese of Bangor . As of 2012 , there has been no incumbent priest since September 2009 . The village of Llanbabo takes its name from the church : the prefix llan originally meant " enclosure " and then came to mean " church " , and " ‑ babo " is a modified form of the saint 's name .
= = Architecture and fittings = =
The church is built from rubble masonry , dressed with freestone . It measures 45 feet by 14 feet 6 inches ( 14 by 4 @.@ 4 metres ) . The building is largely 12th @-@ century in construction , with the walls and a narrow lancet window in the south wall dating from that time ; another window at the east end of the south wall is rectangular and dates from the late 14th or early 15th centuries , with a more modern window in between . The east wall and window , with stone tracery and an ogee @-@ topped light in a pointed arch , are from the 14th century . Some of the windows use atypical green glass , and some have frames made out of wood .
Chevron @-@ carved voussoirs ( wedges ) and three stone human heads , weathered by time and also probably from the 12th century , have been repositioned over the doorway , which is at the west end of the south side of the church . The wedges probably come from a former chancel arch and apse , removed ( as in other churches in Anglesey ) to make the chancel larger . The doorway has been enlarged at some point , most likely during the early part of the 19th century . On the north side , a doorway was added in the 18th century , but it was subsequently blocked and a window inserted instead . One writer has speculated that this might have been a leper niche and window . There are two other modern windows in the north wall , and all three are at different heights . There is a bellcote at the west end , housing a bell ( probably from the 18th century ) . The roof has been described as being " clearly one of the earliest on the island " .
Inside , as well as the Pabo monument on the north wall , there are medieval arched trusses and two 18th @-@ century marble memorials . The font , which is probably 12th @-@ century in date , is a circular bowl about 1 foot ( 30 cm ) in height . There is no division between the nave and chancel , and there is one step from the chancel into the sanctuary , which is marked with a simple rail . The altar is made of wood . The fittings , including plain pews , were added in 1911 . There is a carved head above the doorway inside the church , in similar style to those on the outside . " The Llanbabo Devil " ( Diafol Llanbabo ) , a stone previously set in the wall of the churchyard and thought to represent a Celtic deity , is now kept inside the church .
= = Assessment = =
The church is a Grade II * listed building – the second @-@ highest ( of three ) grade of listing , designating " particularly important buildings of more than special interest " . It was given this status on 12 May 1970 , and has been listed because it is " a good , scarcely altered simple Medieval church which retains a great deal of the Medieval fabric , including decorate fragments of probable 12th century date , and a fine later Medieval roof . " According to Cadw ( the Welsh Assembly Government body responsible for the built heritage of Wales ) , St Pabo 's Church " can be considered an important survivor " , as many other old churches on Anglesey were either rebuilt or restored during the 19th century . Some restoration work , including replacement of some of the timbers in the roof , was carried out in 1909 under the architect Harold Hughes , but overall " the church has not suffered from excessive restoration . "
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= Bay Area Rapid Transit =
Bay Area Rapid Transit ( BART ) is a public transportation system serving the San Francisco Bay Area . The rapid transit elevated and subway system connects San Francisco with cities in the East Bay and suburbs in northern San Mateo County . BART 's rapid transit system operates five routes on 104 miles ( 167 km ) of line , with 44 stations in four counties ; additionally , BART operates a 3 @.@ 2 @-@ mile ( 5 @.@ 1 km ) AGT line to Oakland Airport which adds a forty @-@ fifth station to the system . Further spur lines under BART jurisdiction within individual counties utilize other rail technologies . With an average of 423 @,@ 120 weekday passengers and 126 million annual passengers in fiscal year 2015 , BART is the fifth @-@ busiest heavy rail rapid transit system in the United States . The name is spoken as an acronym instead of an initialism ; it is referred to as " Bart " , not " B @-@ A @-@ R @-@ T " .
BART is operated by the San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District , a special @-@ purpose transit district that was formed in 1957 to cover San Francisco , Alameda County , and Contra Costa County .
BART combines the aesthetics and carrying capacity of a metro system with the logistics and pricing model of commuter rail . It is an alternative to highway transportation , especially to avoid congestion on the San Francisco Bay Bridge , which connects San Francisco to the East Bay suburbs and the city of Oakland . As of 2016 , the BART system is being expanded to San Jose with the consecutive Warm Springs and Silicon Valley BART extensions .
= = History = =
= = = Development and origins = = =
Some of the Bay Area Rapid Transit System 's current coverage area was once served by an electrified streetcar and suburban train system called the Key System . This early 20th @-@ century system once had regular trans @-@ bay traffic across the lower deck of the Bay Bridge . By the mid @-@ 1950s , that system had been dismantled in favor of highway travel . A new rapid @-@ transit system was proposed to take the place of the Key System during the late 1940s , and formal planning for it began in the 1950s . Some funding was secured for the BART system in 1959 , and construction began a few years later . Passenger service began on September 11 , 1972 , initially just between MacArthur and Fremont .
The new BART system was hailed as a major step forward in subway technology , although questions were asked concerning the safety of the system and the huge expenditures necessary for the construction of the network . All nine Bay Area counties were involved in the planning and envisioned to be connected by BART .
In addition to San Francisco , Alameda , and Contra Costa Counties , Santa Clara County , San Mateo County , and Marin County were initially intended to be part of the system . Santa Clara County Supervisors opted out in 1957 , preferring instead to build expressways . In 1961 , San Mateo County supervisors voted to leave BART , saying their voters would be paying taxes to carry mainly Santa Clara County residents . Although Marin County originally voted in favor of BART participation at the 88 % level , the district @-@ wide tax base was weakened by the withdrawal of San Mateo County . Marin County withdrew in early 1962 because its marginal tax base could not adequately absorb its share of BART 's projected cost . Another important factor in Marin 's withdrawal was an engineering controversy over the feasibility of running trains across the Golden Gate Bridge .
The extension of BART into Marin was forecast as late as three decades after the 1972 start . Initially , a lower level under the Golden Gate Bridge was preferred . In 1970 , the Golden Gate Transportation Facilities Plan considered a tunnel under the Golden Gate or a new bridge parallel to the Richmond @-@ San Rafael Bridge but neither of these plans was pursued .
Extensions were completed to Colma and Pittsburg / Bay Point in 1996 , Dublin / Pleasanton in 1997 , SFO / Milbrae in 2003 , and the automated guideway transit spur line that connects BART to Oakland International Airport in 2014 .
= = = Modernization = = =
Since the mid @-@ 1990s , BART has been trying to modernize its system . The fleet rehabilitation is part of this modernization ; in 2009 , fire alarms , fire sprinklers , yellow tactile platform edge domes , and cemented @-@ mat rubber tiles were installed . The rough black tiles on the platform edge mark the location of the doorway of approaching trains , allowing passengers to wait at the right place to board . All faregates and ticket vending machines were replaced .
In 2007 , BART stated its intention to improve non @-@ peak ( night and weekend ) headways for each line to 15 minutes . The current 20 @-@ minute headways at these times is viewed as a psychological barrier to ridership . In mid @-@ 2007 , BART temporarily reversed its position stating that the shortened wait times would likely not happen due to a $ 900 @,@ 000 state revenue budget shortfall . Nevertheless , BART eventually confirmed the implementation of the plan by January 2008 . Continued budgetary problems halted the expanded non @-@ peak service and returned off @-@ peak headways to 20 minutes in 2009 .
In 2008 BART announced that it would install solar power systems on the roofs of two yards and maintenance facilities in addition to car ports with rooftop solar panels at the Orinda station . The board lamented not being able to install them at all stations but it stated that Orinda was the only station with enough sun for them to make money from the project .
In 2012 The California Transportation Commission announced they would provide funding for expanding BART facilities , through the Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority , in anticipation of the opening of the Silicon Valley Berryessa Extension . $ 50 million would go in part to improvements to the Hayward Maintenance Complex .
= = = Earthquake safety = = =
A 2010 study shows that along with some Bay Area freeways , some of BART 's overhead structures could collapse in a major earthquake , which has a significant probability of occurring within three decades . Seismic retrofiting has been carried out in recent years to address these deficiencies , especially in the Transbay Tube .
= = = Extensions underway = = =
Construction of eBART in Pittsburg and Antioch is underway as of 2016 . The extension to Silicon Valley is under construction in Warm Springs , Milpitas and Berryessa .
= = = = Expansion strategy and proposals = = = =
BART 's current focus is on improving service and reliability in its core system ( where density and ridership is highest ) , rather than extensions into far @-@ flung suburbia . In 2007 , these plans included : a line that would continue from the Transbay Terminal through the South @-@ of @-@ Market , northwards on Van Ness and terminating in western San Francisco along the Geary corridor , the Presidio , or North Beach ; a line along the Interstate Highway 680 corridor ; and a fourth set of rail tracks through Oakland . However , BART maps still show a planned extension to Livermore , in the fringe of Alameda County , and the Antioch eBART extension is under construction .
Further expansion has been proposed , contingent upon the allocation of funding . This includes the second phase of the Silicon Valley extension to downtown San Jose and Santa Clara , the Livermore extension , and ' wBART ' : I @-@ 80 / West Contra Costa Corridor ( extension to Hercules ) ; in addition , at least four infill stations such as Irvington and Calaveras have been proposed .
As of 2013 , long @-@ range plans included a new four @-@ bore Transbay Tube beneath San Francisco Bay that would run parallel and south of the existing tunnel and emerge at the Transbay Transit Terminal to connect to Caltrain and the future California High Speed Rail system . The four @-@ bore tunnel would provide two tunnels for BART and two tunnels for conventional / high @-@ speed rail . The BART system and conventional U.S. rail use different and incompatible rail gauges and different loading gauges .
= = Infrastructure = =
The entirety of the system runs in exclusive right @-@ of @-@ way . BART 's rapid transit revenue routes cover 104 miles ( 167 km ) with 44 stations . On the main lines , approximately 37 miles of lines run through underground sections with 23 miles on elevated tracks . The main system uses a 5 ft 6 in ( 1 @,@ 676 mm ) Indian gauge and mostly ballastless track . It also uses flat @-@ edge rail , rather than typical rail that angles slightly inward . ( A new spur line will utilize conventional 4 ft 8 1 ⁄ 2 in ( 1 @,@ 435 mm ) standard gauge rail in the future . ) This has complicated maintenance of the system , as it requires custom wheelsets , brake systems , and track maintenance vehicles .
DC electric current at 1 @,@ 000 volts is delivered to the trains over a third rail . In stations the third rail is on the side away from the passenger platform , except the middle platform at the San Francisco International Airport station . This reduces the danger of a passenger falling on the third rail or stepping on it to climb back to the platform after falling off . On ground @-@ level tracks , the third rail alternates from one side of the track to the other , providing breaks in the third rail to allow for emergency evacuations . Underground tunnels , aerial structures and the Transbay Tube have evacuation walkways and passageways to allow for train evacuation without exposing passengers to contact with the third rail , which is located as far away from these walkways as possible .
The maximum speed trains can travel is 80 miles per hour ( 130 km / h ) , but BART does not typically operate trains at that speed except to help a train make up time . The maximum speed BART uses during normal operations is 70 mph .
Trains length ranges from four cars to a maximum of ten cars , which fills the 700 @-@ foot ( 213 m ) length of a platform . At its maximum length of 710 feet ( 216 m ) , BART has the longest trains of any metro system in the United States . The system also features car widths of 10 @.@ 5 feet ( 3 @.@ 2 m ) ( the same width as a Budd Metroliner ) , a maximum gradient of four percent , and a minimum curve radius of 394 feet ( 120 m ) on the main lines .
Systemwide headways are limited due to the merging of four lines through the Transbay Tube and San Francisco , as well as the lack of sidings necessary for overtaking trains .
Many of the original system 1970s @-@ era BART stations , especially the aerial stations , feature simple , Brutalist architecture , while the newer stations are a mix of Neomodern and Postmodern architecture . The additional double tracked four mile long upper deck of the Market Street Subway and its four underground stations were built by BART for the S.F. Municipal Railway as specified by the system 's original plan .
An automated guideway transit line and a 45th station were opened in 2014 and utilize off @-@ the @-@ shelf cable car technology developed by DCC Doppelmayr Cable Car : the Cable Liner .
= = = Routes = = =
All routes pass through Oakland , and all but the Richmond – Fremont route pass through the Transbay Tube into San Francisco and beyond to Daly City . Most segments of the BART system carry trains of more than one route .
Trains regularly operate on five routes . Unlike most other rapid transit and rail systems around the world , BART lines are generally not referred to by shorthand designations – they are only occasionally referred to officially by color names . However , future train cars will display line colors more prominently .
The five BART lines are generally identified on maps , schedules , and signage by the names of their termini :
Richmond – Fremont : Follows a former Atchison , Topeka and Santa Fe Railway right @-@ of @-@ way from Richmond to Berkeley , and a former Western Pacific Railroad right @-@ of @-@ way from Oakland to Fremont . Operates daily .
Pittsburg / Bay Point – SFO / Millbrae : Follows SR 4 , a former Sacramento Northern Railway right @-@ of way , and SR 24 from Pittsburg to Oakland , and extends beyond Daly City to San Francisco International Airport . This is the longest point @-@ to @-@ point line in the BART system . Operates daily , with the line extending from the airport to Millbrae on weeknights and weekends .
Fremont – Daly City : Coincides with the Richmond @-@ Fremont line from Fremont to Oakland . Operates until early evening Mondays through Saturdays .
Richmond – Daly City / Millbrae : Coincides with the Richmond @-@ Fremont line from Richmond to Oakland , and extends beyond Daly City to Millbrae following a former Southern Pacific Railroad right @-@ of @-@ way , which is also served by Caltrain beyond San Bruno . Operates until early evening Mondays through Saturdays , with the line terminating at Daly City on Saturdays .
Dublin / Pleasanton – Daly City : Follows Interstate 580 via Castro Valley to San Leandro , where it coincides with the Fremont @-@ Daly City line . Operates daily .
In addition BART also operates a separate automated guideway transit line :
Coliseum – Oakland Int 'l Airport : Travels along Hegenberger Road from the Oakland International Airport to the BART system at Coliseum station . Operates daily .
= = = = Discontinued = = = =
San Francisco : Between the openings of the Market Street Subway on November 5 , 1973 and the Transbay Tube on September 16 , 1974 , a dedicated line was run from Montgomery Street to Daly City . This was discontinued with commencement of through service to Oakland after the opening of the Transbay Tube .
Millbrae – SFO Shuttle : When service to the SFO station began on June 22 , 2003 , there was originally a shuttle service connecting the Millbrae and SFO stations . This service facilitated a direct rail link between Caltrain and the airport . The shuttle trains usually had 5 cars and ran every 20 minutes . The shuttle line was discontinued in 2004 due to poor ridership . BART changed its routing so that existing lines ran to the airport and to Millbrae . Direct service between these two stations is not always available , but they can be reached via transfer .
= = = Automation = = =
BART was one of the first U.S. systems of any size to have substantial automated operations . The trains are computer @-@ controlled via BART 's Operations Control Center ( OCC ) and headquarters at the Kaiser Center in Downtown Oakland and generally arrive with regular punctuality . Train operators duties may include , but are not limited to , the following :
Monitors console and radio communications to ensure that vehicles are operating within established guidelines ;
Observes and detects problems with passengers entering and exiting train doors and takes corrective action ; observes and detects hazards on the track , in the station or platforms , or the train itself , reports them to Operations Control Center personnel via radio , and take necessary corrective action ;
Make announcements to passengers regarding station arrivals , transfer points , delays , and emergencies and answers passenger questions ;
In yards , on test tracks , turntables and wash facilities , follows directions from Tower personnel and operates console to move trains as directed ;
Takes prescribed action such as evacuating passengers , administer first aid , and using a fire extinguisher during emergencies ;
Reports basic equipment malfunctions of mechanical or electrical nature to Operations Control Center ; works with foreworkers and technicians to isolate reported problems ;
Maintains logs of work activities ; completes forms to report unusual circumstances and action taken ;
Uses a variety of communication equipment , including a public address system , two ‑ way radios and emergency telephones ;
Monitors and learns to apply changes in operating and emergency procedures ;
Maintains and upgrades knowledge of policies and procedures as required .
= = Rolling stock = =
= = = Car types = = =
BART operates four types of cars , built from three separate orders , totaling 662 cars .
To run a typical peak morning commute , BART requires 579 cars . Of those , 535 are scheduled to be in active service ; the others are used to build up four spare trains ( essential for maintaining on @-@ time service ) . At any one time , the remaining 90 cars are in for repair , maintenance , or some type of planned modification work .
The A and B cars were built from 1968 to 1971 by Rohr Industries , an aerospace manufacturing company that had recently started mass @-@ transit equipment manufacturing . The A cars were designed as leading or trailing cars only , with an aerodynamic fiberglass operator 's cab housing train control equipment and BART 's two @-@ way communication system , and extending 5 feet ( 1 @.@ 52 m ) longer than the B- and C @-@ cars . A and B cars can seat 60 passengers comfortably , and under crush load , carry over 200 passengers . B cars have no operator 's cab and are used in the middle of trains to carry passengers only . Currently , BART operates 59 A cars and 389 B cars . The BART A cars have a larger cab window than the C cars , allowing riders to look out of the front or the back of the train .
The C cars feature a fiberglass operator 's cab and control and communications equipment like the A cars , but do not have the aerodynamic nose , allowing them to be used as middle cars as well . This allows faster train @-@ size changes without having to move the train to a switching yard . C cars can seat 56 passengers and under crush load accommodate over 200 passengers . The first C cars , referred to as C1 cars , were built by Alstom between 1987 and 1989 . The second order of C cars , built by Morrison @-@ Knudsen ( now Washington Group International ) , are known as C2 cars . The C2 cars were identical to the C1 cars but featured an interior with a blue / gray motif . At the time of their construction , the C2 cars also featured flip @-@ up seats which could be folded to accommodate wheelchair users ; these seats were later removed during refurbishment . Currently , BART operates 150 C1 cars and 80 C2 cars . The " C " cars have a bright white segment as the final approximately two feet ( 61 cm ) of the car at their cab end .
= = = Refurbishments = = =
Prior to the introduction of the C2 cars , the seats and carpeted flooring in all the cars were brown . In 1995 , BART contracted with ADtranz ( acquired by Bombardier Transportation in 2001 ) to refurbish and overhaul the 439 original Rohr A- and B @-@ cars , updating the old brown fabric seats to less @-@ toxic and easier @-@ to @-@ clean , light @-@ blue polyurethane seats and bringing the older cars to the same level of interior amenities as the C2 fleet . The project was completed in 2002 . The A , B , and C cars were all given 3 @-@ digit numbers originally , but when refurbished 1000 was added to the number of each individual A / B car ( e.g. car 633 would become 1633 ) . The C2 cars are numbered in the 2500 series ; the C / C1 cars still have 3 @-@ digit numbers .
Because one of the original design goals was for all BART riders to be seated , the older cars had fewer provisions such as grab bars for standing passengers . In the late 2000s BART began modifying some of the C2 cars to test features such as hand @-@ straps and additional areas for luggage , wheelchairs and bicycles . These new features were later added to the A , B , and C1 cars .
Prior to 2012 , all BART cars featured upholstered seats . It was reported in 2011 that several strains of molds and bacteria were found on fabric seats on BART trains , even after wiping with antiseptic . These included bacteria from fecal contamination . In April , BART announced it would spend $ 2 million in the next year to replace the dirty seats . The new seats would feature vinyl @-@ covered upholstery which would be easier to clean . The transition to the new seats was completed in December 2014 .
Originally all the cars had carpeted flooring . Due to similar concerns regarding cleanliness , the carpeting in all of the cars has been removed . The A and B , and C2 cars now feature vinyl flooring in either grey or blue coloring , while the C1 cars feature a spray @-@ on composite flooring .
= = = Traction motors = = =
Prior to rebuilding , the Direct Current ( DC ) traction motors used on the 439 Rohr BART cars were model 1463 with chopper controls from Westinghouse , who also built the automatic train control system for BART . The Rohr cars were rebuilt with ADtranz model 1507C 3 @-@ phase alternating current ( AC ) traction motors with insulated @-@ gate bipolar transistor ( IGBT ) inverters . The Westinghouse motors are still in use on the Alstom C ( C1 ) and Morrison @-@ Knudsen C2 cars and the motors that were removed from the Rohr cars were retained as spare motors for use on them . Cars have a starting accelerating of 3 @.@ 0 mph / s or 4 @.@ 8 km / ( h · s ) and are capable of holding that acceleration up to 31 mph ( 50 km / h ) . Residual acceleration at 80 mph ( 130 km / h ) is 0 @.@ 78 mph / s or 1 @.@ 26 km / ( h · s ) . Braking rates range from 0 @.@ 45 mph / s or 0 @.@ 72 km / ( h · s ) up to 3 @.@ 0 mph / s or 4 @.@ 8 km / ( h · s ) ( full service rate ) .
The HVAC system on the Rohr BART cars before rehabilitation were built by Thermo King , when it was a subsidiary of Westinghouse ; it is now a subsidiary of Ingersoll Rand . The current HVAC systems on the rebuilt Rohr @-@ built Gen 1 cars were built by Westcode and possibly also ADtranz who had subcontracted the HVAC system to Westcode .
= = = Noise = = =
Many BART passengers have noted that the system is noisy , with a 2010 survey by the San Francisco Chronicle measuring up to 100 decibels ( comparable to the noise level of a jackhammer ) in the Transbay Tube between San Francisco and Oakland , and still more than 90 decibels in 23 other locations . According to BART , the noise in the tunnel used to be " compared to banshees , screech owls , or Doctor Who 's TARDIS run amok " .
However , then @-@ chief BART spokesperson Linton Johnson stated that BART averages 70 – 80 dB , below the danger zone , and according to a 1997 study by the National Academy of Sciences , BART ranks as among the quietest transit systems in the nation . Critics have countered that this study analyzed straight , above @-@ ground portions of different systems throughout the country at 30 mph ( 48 km / h ) , which is not representative of actual operating conditions . Much of BART is under ground and curvy , even in the Transbay Tube , and has much higher peak operating speeds than many other systems in the country .
Train noise on curves is caused by the wheels slipping along the rails . This slippage also causes noise and surface damage called corrugation . The process by which the noise and corrugation occur is :
Pairs of wheels are attached to one another with an axle such that they must have the same rotational speed , but on a curve the distances the outer and inner wheels travel are different . As a result , the wheels must slip along the rails .
This slippage causes the wheel and track to wear and become uneven ( corrugated ) .
This corrugation causes more noise and corrugation , not only in the original location but elsewhere in the system .
In 2015 , after replacing 6 @,@ 500 feet ( 1 @,@ 981 m ) and grinding down ( smoothing ) 3 miles ( 4 @.@ 8 km ) of rail in the tube , BART reported a reduction of noise there and positive feedback from riders . BART also announced that the new train cars expected to enter service in December 2016 ( see below ) will be quieter , thanks to " ' micro @-@ plug ' doors [ that ] help seal out noise " .
= = = AGT fleet = = =
The Coliseum – Oakland International Airport line uses a completely separate and independently operated fleet as it uses cable car @-@ based automated guideway transit technology . It uses four Cable Liner trains built by DCC Doppelmayr Cable Car , arranged as three @-@ car sets , but the system can accommodate four @-@ car trains in the future .
= = = Future railcars = = =
To speed up rider entry and exit at stations , BART is preparing to introduce new 6 @-@ door cars . BART received proposals from five suppliers , and on May 10 , 2012 awarded a $ 896 @.@ 3 million contract to Canadian railcar manufacturer Bombardier Transportation with an order for 410 new cars , split into a base order of 260 cars and a first option order of 150 additional cars . The car was designed by Morelli Designers , an industrial design firm based in Montréal , Canada . On November 21 , 2013 , BART purchased 365 more cars , for a total fleet size of 775 new railcars , while also accelerating the delivery schedule by 21 months ( from 10 cars per month up to 16 cars per month ) and lowering procurement costs by approximately $ 135 million . According to the contract , at least ⅔ of the contract ’ s amount must be spent on U.S.-built parts .
There will be two different types of car configurations for the new fleet ; a cab car ( D @-@ cars ) , which will make up 40 % of the fleet , or , 310 cars , and a non @-@ cab car ( E @-@ cars ) , which will make up the remainder of the fleet , or , 465 cars . All cars are to be equipped with bike racks , new vinyl seats ( 54 per car ) , and a brand new passenger information system which will display next stop information .
Due to potential access issues for people with disabilities , the pilot car layout was modified by the BART board in February 2015 to include two wheelchair spaces in the center of the car , as well as alternative layouts for bike and flexible open spaces . The first test car was unveiled in April 2016 . Upon approval , the first 10 cars were expected to be in service in December 2016 , and at least 60 by December 2017 . Delivery of all 775 cars is expected to be completed by September 2021 .
The vehicle procurement for eBART includes eight Stadler GTW trains , with two options to procure six more . The first will be delivered in June 2016 . The Stadler GTW trains are diesel multiple units with 2 / 6 articulated power units , and are based on models previously used in Austin , Dallas and New Jersey .
= = Travelling = =
= = = Hours of operation = = =
BART has five rapid transit lines ; most of each line 's length is on track shared with other lines . Trains on each line run every 15 minutes on weekdays and 20 minutes during evenings , weekends and holidays ; stations on the section of track between Daly City and West Oakland are serviced by four lines and therefore see 16 trains an hour on each track .
BART service begins around 4 : 00 am on weekdays , 6 : 00 am on Saturdays , and 8 : 00 am on Sundays . Service ends every day near midnight with station closings timed to the last train at station . Two of the five lines , the Fremont – Daly City and Richmond – Daly City / Millbrae lines , do not have night ( after 7 : 00 pm & 9 : 00 pm , respectively ) or Sunday service , but all stations remain accessible by transfer from the other lines . The separate Coliseum – Oakland International Airport AGT line runs every 6 minutes , with approximately the same operating hours as the five rapid transit lines .
All Nighter bus service runs when BART is closed . 30 out of 44 BART stations are served either directly or within a few blocks . BART tickets are not accepted on these buses , with the exception of BART Plus tickets ( which are no longer accepted on AC Transit , Muni , SamTrans , or VTA beginning in 2013 ) , and each of the four bus systems that provide All @-@ Nighter service charges its own fare , which can be up to $ 3 @.@ 50 ; a four @-@ system ride could cost as much as $ 9 @.@ 50 as of 2007 .
= = = Fares = = =
Fares on BART are comparable to those of commuter rail systems and are higher than those of most subways , especially for long trips . The fare is based on a formula that takes into account both the length and speed of the trip . A surcharge is added for trips traveling through the Transbay Tube , to Oakland International Airport , and / or through San Mateo County ( which access to includes San Francisco International Airport ) , which is not a BART member . Passengers can use refillable paper @-@ plastic @-@ composite tickets , on which fares are stored via a magnetic strip , to enter and exit the system . The exit faregate prints the remaining balance on the ticket each time the passenger exits the station . A paper ticket can be refilled at a ticket machine , the remaining balance on any ticket can be applied towards the purchase of a new one , or a card is captured by the exit gate when the balance reaches zero ; multiple low value cards can be combined to create a larger value card but only at specific ticket exchange locations , located at some BART stations .
BART relies on unused ticket values on discarded low @-@ value cards for additional revenue , as much as $ 9 @.@ 9 million . The paper ticket technology is identical to the Washington Metro 's paper fare card , though the BART system does not charge higher fares during rush hour . Both systems were supplied by Cubic Transportation Systems , with contract for BART being awarded in 1974 .
Clipper , a contactless smart card accepted on all major Bay Area public transit agencies , may be used in lieu of a paper ticket .
The minimum fare is $ 1 @.@ 95 ( except San Mateo County trips ) under 6 miles ( 9 @.@ 7 km ) . The maximum one @-@ way fare including all possible surcharges is $ 15 @.@ 70 , the journey between San Francisco International Airport and Oakland International Airport . The farthest possible trip , from Pittsburg / Bay Point to Millbrae , costs less because of the $ 4 additional charge added to SFO trips and $ 6 additional charge added to OAK trips . Entering and exiting the same station within three hours accrues an excursion fare of $ 5 @.@ 75 . Passengers without sufficient fare to complete their journey must use a cash @-@ only AddFare machine to pay the remaining balance in order to exit the station .
BART uses a system of five different color @-@ coded tickets for regular fare , special fare , and discount fare to select groups as follows :
Blue tickets – General : the most common type
Red tickets – Disabled Persons and children aged 4 to 12 : 62 @.@ 5 % discount , special ID required ( children under the age of 4 ride free )
Green tickets – Seniors age 65 or over : 62 @.@ 5 % discount , proof of age required for purchase
Orange tickets – Student : special , restricted @-@ use 50 % discount ticket for students age 13 – 18 currently enrolled in high or middle school
BART Plus – special high @-@ value ticket with ' flash @-@ pass ' privileges with regional transit agencies . Effective January 1 , 2013 , the SFMTA ( Muni ) , as well as SamTrans and VTA , no longer participate in the BART Plus Program . AC Transit stopped participating in the BART Plus program in 2003 . The BART Plus ticket is being phased out in favor of the Clipper system , as the only Bay Area transit agencies that still participate in the BART Plus program do not yet accept Clipper cards .
Unlike many other rapid transit systems , BART does not have an unlimited ride pass , and the only discount provided to the public is a 6 @.@ 25 % discount when " high value tickets " are purchased with fare values of $ 48 and $ 64 , for prices of $ 45 and $ 60 respectively . Amtrak 's Capitol Corridor and San Joaquins trains sell $ 10 BART tickets on board in the café cars for only $ 8 , resulting in a 20 % discount . A 62 @.@ 5 % discount is provided to seniors , the disabled , and children age 5 to 12 . Middle and high school students 13 to 18 may obtain a 50 % discount if their school participates in the BART program ; these tickets are intended to be used only between the students ' home station and the school 's station and for transportation to and from school events . The tickets can be used only on weekdays . These School Tickets and BART Plus tickets have a last @-@ ride bonus where if the remaining value is greater than $ 0 @.@ 05 , the ticket can be used one last time for a trip of any distance . Most special discounted tickets must be purchased at selected vendors and not at ticket machines . The Bart Plus tickets can be purchased at the ticket machines .
The San Francisco Muni " A " monthly pass provides unlimited rides within San Francisco , with no fare credit applied for trips outside of the City . San Francisco pays $ 1 @.@ 02 for each trip taken under this arrangement .
Fares are enforced by the station agent , who monitors activity at the fare gates adjacent to the window and at other fare gates through closed circuit television and faregate status screens located in the agent 's booth . All stations are staffed with at least one agent at all times .
Proposals to simplify the fare structure abound . A flat fare that disregards distance has been proposed , or simpler fare bands or zones . Either scheme would shift the fare @-@ box recovery burden to the urban riders in San Francisco , Oakland and Berkeley and away from suburban riders in East Contra Costa , Southern Alameda , and San Mateo Counties , where density is lowest , and consequently , operational cost is highest .
= = = Ridership levels = = =
During the fiscal year ending June 30 , 2015 , BART recorded an average weekday ridership of 423 @,@ 120 , the highest in its history , making BART the fifth @-@ busiest heavy rail rapid transit system in the United States . During fiscal year 2015 , the busiest station was Embarcadero with 45 @,@ 460 average weekday exits , followed by Montgomery Street with 44 @,@ 333 . The busiest station outside of San Francisco was 12th Street Oakland City Center with 13 @,@ 921 riders , followed by Downtown Berkeley with 13 @,@ 744 . The least busy station was North Concord / Martinez with 2 @,@ 766 weekday exits .
BART 's one @-@ day ridership record was set on Halloween of 2012 with 568 @,@ 061 passengers attending the San Francisco Giants ' victory parade for their World Series championship . This surpassed the record set two years earlier of 522 @,@ 198 riders in 2010 for the Giants ' 2010 World Series victory parade . Before that , the record was 442 @,@ 100 riders in October 2009 , following an emergency closure of the Bay Bridge . During a planned closure of the Bay Bridge , there were 475 @,@ 015 daily riders on August 30 , 2013 , making that the third highest ridership . On June 19 , 2015 , BART recorded 548 @,@ 078 riders for the Golden State Warriors championship parade , placing second on the all @-@ time ridership list .
BART set a Saturday record of 419 @,@ 162 riders on February 6 , 2016 , coinciding with Super Bowl 50 events and a Golden State Warriors game . That easily surpassed the previous Saturday record of 319 @,@ 484 riders , which occurred in October 2012 , coinciding with several sporting events and Fleet Week . BART set a Sunday ridership record of 292 @,@ 957 riders in June 2013 , in connection with the San Francisco Gay Pride Parade , surpassing Sunday records set the previous two years when the Pride Parade was held .
High gasoline prices pushed ridership to record levels during 2012 . Prior to 2013 , five of BART 's top ten ridership days of all time occurred in September and October 2012 .
= = = Connecting services = = =
Two BART stations have connections to Amtrak regional rail services : Coliseum / Oakland Airport and Richmond . Capitol Corridor trains run from Sacramento to San Jose from both stations . Additionally , Richmond has connections to the San Joaquin and nationally @-@ serviced California Zephyr .
Caltrain , which provides service between San Francisco , San Jose and Gilroy , has a cross @-@ platform interchange at at the Millbrae Station .
Connections to San Francisco 's local light rail system , the Muni Metro , are facilitated primarily through the twin @-@ level Market Street subway . Plans from 1960 called for BART trains to traverse the Twin Peaks Tunnel , but the upper level of the subway was turned over to Muni and both agencies share the Embarcadero , Montgomery Street , Powell and Civic Center stations . Some Muni Metro lines connect with ( or pass nearby ) the BART system at the Balboa Park and Glen Park stations .
Complimentary shuttle bus service connects BART to the Altamont Commuter Express commuter rail at the Fremont , Dublin / Pleasanton and West Dublin / Pleasanton stations .
Under @-@ construction extensions will allow for a connection to Santa Clara County 's VTA light rail in 2017 . Future , unfinalized plans call for further rail connections in San Jose and Santa Clara .
= = = Connecting services via bus = = =
Bus transit services connect to BART , which , while managed by separate agencies , are integral to the successful functioning of the system , including the San Francisco Municipal Railway ( Muni ) , AC Transit , SamTrans , County Connection , and the Golden Gate Bridge , Highway and Transportation District ( Golden Gate Transit ) . Until 1997 , BART ran its own " BART Express " connector buses , which ran to eastern Alameda County and far eastern and western areas of Contra Costa County ; these routes were later devolved to sub @-@ regional transit agencies such as Tri Delta Transit and the Livermore Amador Valley Transit Authority ( WHEELS ) or , in the case of Dublin / Pleasanton service , replaced by a full BART extension .
Other services connect to BART including the Emery Go Round ( Emeryville ) , WestCAT ( north @-@ western Contra Costa County ) , San Leandro LINKS , Napa VINE , Rio Vista Delta Breeze , Dumbarton Express , SolTrans , Union City Transit , and the Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority in Silicon Valley .
Several commuter and interregional bus services connect to BART , including the San Joaquin RTD Commuter ( Stockton ) , Tri Delta Transit ( Contra Costa County ) , Greyhound , California Shuttle Bus , Valley of the Moon Commute Club , Amtrak Thruway Motorcoach , and Modesto Area Express BART Express .
= = = Cars = = =
Many BART stations offer parking , however , under @-@ pricing causes station parking lots to overflow in the morning . Pervasive congestion and under @-@ pricing forces some to drive to distant stations in search of parking .
BART hosts car sharing locations at many stations , a program pioneered by City CarShare . Riders can transfer from BART and complete their journeys by car . BART offers long @-@ term airport parking through a third @-@ party vendor at most East Bay stations . Travelers must make an on @-@ line reservation in advance and pay the daily fee of $ 5 before they can leave their cars at the BART parking lot .
= = = Airports = = =
BART connects directly to the San Francisco International Airport ; connections are available to AirTrain for those not departing or arriving from the international terminal .
The Coliseum – Oakland International Airport line , or BART to OAK Airport , is an automated guideway transit line that directly connects BART and Amtrak at the Coliseum station to the terminal buildings at Oakland International Airport . Unlike similar services at other airports , it is integrated into the BART fare system but with BART ticket gates located at the Coliseum end of the people mover . The connector 's automated guideway transit ( AGTs ) vehicles are cable @-@ propelled and operate on a fixed , elevated guideway 3 @.@ 2 miles ( 5 @.@ 1 km ) long . The people movers arrive at the Coliseum BART station every 6 to 20 minutes , and are designed to transport travelers to the airport in about eight minutes .
= = = Facilities = = =
= = = = Cell phone and Wi @-@ Fi = = = =
In 2004 , BART became the first transit system in the United States to offer cellular telephone communication to passengers of all major wireless carriers on its trains underground . Service was made available for customers of Verizon Wireless , Sprint / Nextel , AT & T Mobility , and T @-@ Mobile in and between the four San Francisco Market Street stations from Civic Center to Embarcadero . In 2009 , service was expanded to include the Transbay Tube , thus providing continuous cellular coverage between West Oakland and Balboa Park . In 2010 , service was expanded to all underground stations in Oakland ( 19th Street , 12th Street / Oakland City Center , and Lake Merritt ) . Uninterrupted cellular coverage of the entire BART system is a goal . As of 2012 passengers in both the Berkeley Hills tunnel and the Berkeley subway ( Ashby , Downtown and North Berkeley ) received cell service . The only section still not covered by cell service is a short tunnel that leads to Walnut Creek BART , and San Mateo County subway stations ( including service to SFO and Millbrae ) .
In 2007 , BART ran a beta test of Wi @-@ Fi Internet access for travelers . It initially included the four San Francisco downtown stations : Embarcadero , Montgomery , Powell , and Civic Center . It included above ground testing to trains at BART 's Hayward Test Track . The testing and deployment was extended into the underground interconnecting tubes between the four downtown stations and further . The successful demonstration provided for a ten @-@ year contract with WiFi Rail , Inc. for the services throughout the BART right of way . In 2008 the Wi @-@ Fi service was expanded to include the Transbay Tube . BART terminated the relationship with Wi @-@ Fi Rail in December 2014 , citing that WiFi Rail had not submitted an adequate financial or technical plan for completing the network throughout the BART system .
In 2011 during the Charles Hill killing and aftermath BART disabled cell phone service to hamper demonstrators . The ensuing controversy drew widespread coverage , that raised legal questions about free speech rights of protesters and the federal telecommunications laws that relate to passengers . In response , BART released an official policy on cutting off cell phone service .
= = = = Library @-@ a @-@ Go @-@ Go = = = =
Since 2008 the district has been adding Library @-@ a @-@ Go @-@ Go book vending machines . The Contra Costa County Library machine was added to the Pittsburg / Bay Point station in 2008 . The $ 100 @,@ 000 machine , imported from Sweden , was the first in the nation and was followed by one at the El Cerrito del Norte station in 2009 . Later in 2011 a Peninsula Library System machine was added at the Millbrae Station .
= = Organization and management = =
= = = Governance = = =
The San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District is a special district consisting of Alameda County , Contra Costa County , and the City and County of San Francisco . San Mateo County , which hosts six BART stations , is not part of the BART District . A nine @-@ member elected Board of Directors represents nine districts . BART has its own police force .
While the district includes all of the cities and communities in its jurisdiction , some of these cities do not have stations on the BART system . This has caused tensions among property owners in cities like Livermore who pay BART taxes but must travel outside the city to receive BART service . In areas like Fremont , the majority of commuters do not commute in the direction that BART would take them ( many Fremonters commute to San Jose , where there is currently no BART service ) . This would be alleviated with the completion of a BART @-@ to @-@ San Jose extension project and the opening of the Berryessa Station in San Jose .
= = = Budget = = =
In 2005 , BART required nearly $ 300 million in funds after fares . About 37 % of the costs went to maintenance , 29 % to actual transportation operations , 24 % to general administration , 8 % to police services , and 4 % to construction and engineering . In 2005 , 53 % of the budget was derived from fares , 32 % from taxes , and 15 % from other sources , including advertising , station retail space leasing , and parking fees . BART reported a farebox recovery ratio of 75 @.@ 67 % in February 2016 , up from 2012 's 68 @.@ 2 % . BART " train operators and station agents have a maximum annual salary of $ 62 @,@ 000 with an average of $ 17 @,@ 000 a year in overtime pay " . ( For its part , BART management claims that in as of 2013 , union train operators and station agents average about $ 71 @,@ 000 in base salary and $ 11 @,@ 000 in overtime annually , and also pay a $ 92 monthly fee for health insurance . )
= = Comparison with other rail transit systems = =
BART , like other transit systems of the same era , endeavored to connect outlying suburbs with job centers in Oakland and San Francisco by building lines that paralleled established commuting routes of the region 's freeway system . The majority of BART 's service area , as measured by percentage of system length , consists of low @-@ density suburbs . Unlike the Chicago " L " or the London Underground , individual BART lines were not designed to provide frequent local service , as evidenced by the system 's current maximum achievable headway of 13 @.@ 33 minutes per line through the quadruple interlined section in San Francisco . Within San Francisco city limits , Muni provides local light rail surface and subway service , and runs with smaller headways ( and therefore provides more frequent service ) than BART .
BART could be characterized as a " commuter subway , " since it has many characteristics of a regional commuter rail service , somewhat similar to S @-@ Bahn services in Germany , Denmark , Austria and Switzerland , such as lengthy lines that extend to the far reaches of suburbia , with significant distances between stations . BART also possesses some of the qualities of a metro system in the urban areas of San Francisco and downtown Oakland ; where multiple lines converge , it takes on the characteristics of an urban metro , including short headways and transfer opportunities to other lines . Urban stations are as close as one @-@ half mile ( 800 m ) apart , and have combined 2 ½ - to 5 @-@ minute service intervals at peak times .
= = Incidents = =
= = = Automatic Train Control failure = = =
In the 1970s , three BART engineers developed concerns about the safety of the Automatic Train Control ( ATC ) system , but were unable to get their supervisors to consider them . Together , they went to the BART Board of Directors . An investigation started , and the BART management retaliated by firing the engineers . Investigation into the ATC and related design and management issues was still underway when , on October 2 , 1972 , a BART train overran a station due to ATC failure and injured several passengers . During the litigation process , the IEEE filed an amicus curiae brief in support of the engineers , and in 1978 the IEEE recognized the engineers with an ethics award . The " BART case " is now widely used in courses on engineering ethics .
= = = Fatal electrical fire = = =
In January 1979 , an electrical fire occurred on a train as it was passing through the Transbay Tube . One firefighter ( Lt. William Elliott , 50 , of the Oakland Fire Department ) was killed in the effort to extinguish the blaze . Since then , safety regulations have been updated .
= = = Death of worker James Strickland = = =
On October 14 , 2008 , track inspector James Strickland was struck and killed by a train as he was walking along a section of track between the Concord and Pleasant Hill stations . Strickland 's death started an investigation into BART 's safety alert procedures . At the time of the accident , BART had assigned trains headed in opposite directions to a shared track for routine maintenance . BART came under further fire in February 2009 for allegedly delaying payment of death benefits to Strickland 's family .
= = = Shooting of Oscar Grant III = = =
On January 1 , 2009 , a BART Police officer , Johannes Mehserle , fatally shot Oscar Grant III .
Eyewitnesses gathered direct evidence of the shooting with video cameras , which were later submitted to and disseminated by media outlets and watched hundreds of thousands of times in the days following the shooting . Violent demonstrations occurred protesting the shooting .
Mehserle was arrested and charged with murder , to which he pleaded not guilty . Oakland civil rights attorney John Burris filed a US $ 25 million wrongful death claim against the district on behalf of Grant 's daughter and girlfriend . Oscar Grant III 's father also filed a lawsuit claiming that the death of his son deprived him of his son 's companionship .
Mehserle 's trial was subsequently moved to Los Angeles following concerns that he would be unable to get a fair trial in Alameda County . On July 8 , 2010 , Mehserle was found guilty on a lesser charge of involuntary manslaughter . He was released on June 13 , 2011 and is now on parole .
= = = Shooting of Charles Hill = = =
On July 3 , 2011 , two officers of the BART Police shot and killed Charles Hill at Civic Center Station in San Francisco . Hill was allegedly carrying a knife .
On August 12 , 2011 , BART shut down cellphone services on the network for three hours in an effort to hamper possible protests against the shooting and to keep communications away from protesters at the Civic Center station in San Francisco . The shutdown caught the attention of Leland Yee and international media , as well as drawing comparisons to the former Egyptian president Hosni Mubarak in several articles and comments . Antonette Bryant , the union president for BART , added that , " BART have lost our confidence and are putting rider and employee safety at risk . "
Members of Anonymous broke into BART 's website and posted names , phone numbers , addresses , and e @-@ mail information on the Anonymous website .
On August 15 , 2011 , there was more disruption in service at BART stations in downtown San Francisco . The San Francisco Examiner reported that the protests were a result of the shootings , including that of Oscar Grant . Demonstrations were announced by several activists , which eventually resulted in disruptions to service . The protesters have stated that they did not want their protests to results in closures , and accused the BART police of using the protests as an excuse for disruption . Protesters vowed to continue their protests every Monday until their demands were met .
On August 29 , 2011 , a coalition of nine public interest groups led by Public Knowledge filed an Emergency Petition asking the U.S. Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ) to declare " that the actions taken by the Bay Area Rapid Transit District ( “ BART ” ) on August 11 , 2011 violated the Communications Act of 1934 , as amended , when it deliberately interfered with access to Commercial Mobile Radio Service ( “ CMRS ” ) by the public " and " that local law enforcement has no authority to suspend or deny CMRS , or to order CMRS providers to suspend or deny service , absent a properly obtained order from the Commission , a state commission of appropriate jurisdiction , or a court of law with appropriate jurisdiction " .
In December 2011 BART adopted a new " Cell Service Interruption Policy " that only allows shutdowns of cell phone services within BART facilities " in the most extraordinary circumstances that threaten the safety of District passengers , employees and other members of public , the destruction of District property , or the substantial disruption of public transit service " . According to a spokesperson for BART , under the new policy the wireless phone system would not be turned off under circumstances similar to those in August 2011 . Instead police officers would arrest individuals who break the law .
In February 2012 , the San Francisco District Attorney concluded that the BART Police Officer that shot and killed Charles Hill at the Civic Center BART station the previous July " acted lawfully in self defense " and will not face charges for the incident . A federal lawsuit filed against BART in January by Charles Hill 's brother was proceeding .
In March 2012 , the FCC requested public comment on the question of whether or when the police and other government officials can intentionally interrupt cellphone and Internet service to protect public safety .
= = = Employee fatalities = = =
On the afternoon of October 19 , 2013 , a BART employee and a contractor , who were inspecting tracks , were struck and killed near Walnut Creek by a train being moved for routine maintenance . A labor strike by BART 's two major unions was underway at the time , which caused a significant disruption to Bay Area commuters ' daily lives and cost millions of dollars in lost productivity . The operator of the train was a BART manager and had been a train operator two decades prior .
= = = Berkeley Hills Tunnel breakdown = = =
On December 4 , 2013 , a BART train suffered mechanical braking problems and made an emergency stop in the Berkeley Hills Tunnel near Rockridge station . Eleven people were treated for smoke inhalation .
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= Palisades Interstate Parkway =
The Palisades Interstate Parkway ( PIP ) is a 38 @.@ 25 @-@ mile @-@ long ( 61 @.@ 56 km ) limited @-@ access highway in the U.S. states of New Jersey and New York . The parkway is a major commuter route into New York City from Rockland and Orange counties in New York and Bergen County in New Jersey . The southern terminus of the route is at the George Washington Bridge in Fort Lee , New Jersey , where it connects to Interstate 95 ( I @-@ 95 ) , U.S. Route 1 – 9 ( US 1 – 9 ) , US 46 and Route 4 . Its northern terminus is at a traffic circle in Fort Montgomery , New York , where the PIP meets US 9W and US 202 at the Bear Mountain Bridge . At exit 18 , the PIP forms a concurrency with US 6 for the remaining duration of its run .
The route is named for the New Jersey Palisades , a line of cliffs rising along the western side of the Hudson River . The PIP is designated , but not signed as Route 445 in New Jersey and New York State Route 987C ( NY 987C ) , an unsigned reference route , in New York . As with most parkways in the New York metropolitan area , commercial traffic is prohibited from using the PIP . The Palisades Interstate Parkway was built from 1947 – 1958 , and fully opened to traffic on August 28 , 1958 .
= = Route description = =
The main line of the parkway is designated as Route 445 in New Jersey and NY 987C in New York . The latter is one of New York 's reference routes . A 0 @.@ 42 @-@ mile ( 0 @.@ 68 km ) spur connecting the parkway to US 9W in Fort Lee , New Jersey , is designated Route 445S . All three designations are unsigned and used only for inventory purposes . The parkway is owned and maintained by the Palisades Interstate Park Commission but occasional maintenance is performed by the New Jersey and New York state departments of transportation . Commercial vehicles are prohibited on the entire length of the Palisades Interstate Parkway .
= = = New Jersey = = =
The Palisades Interstate Parkway begins at the George Washington Bridge ( GWB ) in Fort Lee , New Jersey . Passengers from the upper level of the GWB can directly get on the PIP northbound , while passengers from the lower level of the bridge must travel through GWB Plaza on US 9W before getting on the parkway . Passengers riding northbound on the New Jersey Turnpike ( I @-@ 95 ) must be in local lanes to directly get on the PIP . Once the PIP leaves the GWB , it proceeds north along the New Jersey Palisades , past the Englewood Cliffs Service Area . Unlike service areas further north along the parkway , there are two in Englewood , one for northbound drivers and one for southbound drivers . The others are in the center median shared by drivers going in both directions . There are also three different scenic lookout points over the Palisades near the northern tip of the island of Manhattan at the Harlem River . After this , the PIP parallels US 9W and the Hudson River for its entire run in New Jersey . All four exits in New Jersey are either with US 9W , or within mere feet of the route . The PIP leaves New Jersey into New York in the borough of Rockleigh .
The entire New Jersey portion of the Palisades Interstate Parkway is within Bergen County . It is designated as a state scenic byway known as the Palisades Scenic Byway . The PIP and the New Jersey Turnpike are the only highways that use sequential exit numbering in New Jersey ; all others in the state are based on mileage , except for the Atlantic City – Brigantine Connector in Atlantic City , which uses lettered exits ( no numerals ) .
= = = New York = = =
= = = = Rockland County = = = =
The Palisades enters Rockland County in the hamlet of Palisades . At about the border the PIP changes direction from due north along the Hudson River to a north @-@ west direction . Shortly after the Kings Ferry Service Area in the center median , the first two exits in New York are key exits for two colleges in Rockland County . Exit 5 provides a link to St. Thomas Aquinas College , and exit 6 provides a link to Dominican College . In West Nyack , the PIP has a key interchange with the New York State Thruway ( I @-@ 87 and I @-@ 287 ) . This intersection is about seven miles ( 11 km ) west of the Tappan Zee Bridge . After the PIP 's interchange with the NY Thruway , the PIP turns slightly north @-@ east and its speed limit increases to 55 miles per hour ( 89 km / h ) . From the GWB to the NY Thruway it is exclusively 50 miles per hour ( 80 km / h ) . At exit 13 , the PIP intersects US 202 as the route crosses south of Harriman State Park in Mount Ivy . This is the first of two meetings between the PIP and US 202 . At exit 15 , the PIP has its last busy intersection in Rockland County with County Route 106 ( CR 106 , formerly part of NY 210 ) in Stony Point . From here , the PIP enters Harriman State Park , and at exit 16 , the PIP intersects Lake Welch Parkway , which is one of several parkways commissioned within the park .
= = = = Orange County = = = =
The Palisades enters Orange County north of Lake Welch Parkway at exit 16 and south of the Palisades Interstate Park Commission Visitor Center , located in the center median in what was originally a parkway service area . The first interchange in Orange County is exit 17 at Anthony Wayne Recreation Area . At exit 18 , the PIP intersects US 6 and Seven Lakes Drive . US 6 west heads toward the Thruway and NY 17 five miles ( 8 km ) west in Harriman . US 6 east forms the PIP 's only concurrency for the last two miles ( 3 km ) of the PIP 's run . Seven Lakes Drive joins the two routes for one mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) before departing at exit 19 . The two routes then enter Bear Mountain State Park in an eastern direction . Finally , the Palisades Interstate Parkway meets its end at US 9W and US 202 at a traffic circle inches from the Hudson River and the Bear Mountain Bridge . US 6 and US 202 head east over the bridge , while US 9W heads north toward the United States Military Academy in West Point . ( Southbound US 9W , breaking off to the right , is the same road as westbound US 202 . )
= = History = =
In 1933 – 34 , the first thoughts of a Palisades Interstate Parkway were developed by engineer and environmentalist William A. Welch , who was general manager and chief engineer of the Palisades Interstate Park Commission . The plan was to build a parkway to connect the New Jersey Palisades with the state parks along the Hudson River in Rockland and Orange counties . Welch would soon garner the support of John D. Rockefeller , who donated 700 acres ( 2 @.@ 8 km2 ) of land along the New Jersey Palisades overlooking the Hudson River in 1933 . With this favorable momentum for the new route , the proposed route was accepted as a Civil Works Administration project under Franklin D. Roosevelt 's New Deal coalition . However , the New Jersey Highway Commission did not support construction , so the idea of a parkway was put on hold .
During the 1940s , Rockefeller renewed the push for a parkway along the New Jersey Palisades , and teamed with ultimate PIP planner , Robert Moses , to establish and design the parkway . The plan originally was to have the PIP stretch from the Garden State Parkway , along the Hudson River , to the George Washington Bridge , and then north along its present @-@ day route ending at the Bear Mountain Bridge . This southern extension was never built , but construction began on the current PIP in New York on April 1 , 1947 . Construction on the New Jersey portion began about one year later . Construction was delayed twice due to material shortages , but that did not stop the PIP from being opened in stages during the 1940s and 1950s . The route was completed in New Jersey in 1957 , and on August 28 , 1958 , the final piece of the PIP was completed between exits 5 and 9 in southern Rockland County .
The PIP is known for its stone arch overpasses throughout its route and its several scenic overlooks in New Jersey . All sorts of unique trees and flowers can be seen along the route as well . In 1998 , because of all the natural and constructed beauty , the PIP was designated as a national landmark by the National Park Service .
= = Exit list = =
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= The War of the Simpsons =
" The War of the Simpsons " is the twentieth episode of The Simpsons ' second season . It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on May 2 , 1991 . In the episode , Homer gets drunk at a party and embarrasses his wife Marge , so she decides to sign them up for a marriage counseling retreat . Homer finds out that the retreat will be held near a lake and packs his fishing equipment , despite Marge telling him that all they will be doing is resolving their differences . At the lake the next morning , Homer tries to sneak away to go fishing , but Marge catches him and he takes a walk instead . On the dock , Homer grabs hold of a fishing pole only to be yanked onto a small rowboat by the fish . When he notices an upset Marge is looking at him , he immediately lets the fish go to prove his love for her .
The episode was written by John Swartzwelder and directed by Mark Kirkland . It was the last episode Kirkland directed during his first year on the show . Although not named until season three 's " Black Widower " , the character Snake Jailbird appeared for the first time in this episode . " The War of the Simpsons " features cultural references to songs such as Tom Jones 's " It 's Not Unusual " , Dusty Springfield 's " The Look of Love " , KC and the Sunshine Band 's " That 's the Way ( I Like It ) " , and Glen Campbell 's " Wichita Lineman " . Since airing , the episode has received mostly positive reviews from television critics . It acquired a Nielsen rating of 11 @.@ 6 , and was the second highest @-@ rated show on the Fox network the week it aired .
= = Plot = =
At a party thrown by himself and his wife Marge , Homer humiliates himself by getting drunk , telling off strangers , and leering at Maude Flanders ' cleavage . The following day at church , Marge signs up for a weekend retreat of marriage counseling hosted by Reverend Lovejoy and his wife Helen . Homer finds out that the retreat will be held at Catfish Lake and packs his fishing equipment , despite Marge telling him that all they will be doing is resolving their differences . On the way to the retreat , Homer stops at a bait shop and learns of the legendary catfish General Sherman .
Back at home , Grampa babysits Bart and Lisa , who trick their grandfather into letting them throw their own party . At the lake the next morning , Homer tries to sneak away to go fishing , but Marge wakes up first . Marge is upset that Homer would choose fishing over their marriage , which Homer fails to understand as he visualizes Marge turning into a catfish . Homer takes a walk instead of returning to bed . On the dock , he finds an abandoned fishing pole . The pole , with General Sherman on the line , yanks him off the pier into a small rowboat , and onto the lake . From their cabin window , Marge watches Homer battle General Sherman and gets frustrated . At home , Bart and Lisa 's party has ended and the house is a total mess . Watching Grampa cry and fearing that he will get in trouble , they frantically clean up the house for him .
Marge attends the workshops alone while Homer triumphantly rows in with General Sherman . When he returns , Marge tells him their marriage is in serious trouble if he values fishing more than her . To prove his love for her , he lets the fish ( still alive ) go and they return home . Once home , Marge congratulates Grampa on how clean the house is , to which he reveals his secret is " pretending to cry " . Grampa laughs as he reveals to a shocked Bart and Lisa that he tricked them as he leaves , and Bart swears he will never trust an old person again . At the bait shop , General Sherman is still uncaught , but tales are told of a near @-@ mythical figure who almost succeeded : " Went by the name of Homer . Seven feet tall he was , with arms like tree trunks . His eyes were like steel : cold , hard . Had a shock of hair , red , like the fires of Hell . "
= = Production = =
The episode was written by John Swartzwelder , and it was the last episode Mark Kirkland directed during his first year on the show . Kirkland and his animation team were relatively new to animation when they began working on the show , and to make the animation in this episode the best they had ever done , they incorporated all the techniques they had learned during their first year into it . Kirkland said animating Homer drunk was a challenge for him as he had to analyze how people behave when they are intoxicated by alcohol . He said of the animation : " I shifted [ Homer 's ] eyes open and close , they 're not working in sync . And of course Homer can 't keep his balance so that 's why he 's shifting back and forth . " Kirkland was raised in New York in an environment similar to the one where the marriage retreat was held . He therefore enjoyed drawing and overseeing the scenery for the episode , and the bait shop was based on the bait shops he visited when he grew up . Snake Jailbird , Springfield 's resident recidivist felon , appeared for the first time on the show in this episode , though he was not named until season three 's " Black Widower " . He appears at Bart and Lisa 's wild house party . A woman named Gloria who seeks marriage counseling at the retreat was voiced by Julie Kavner . It is one of the few times in the history of the show that Kavner has voiced a character other than Marge and her relatives . Gloria 's hair was based on Kirkland 's assistant director Susie Dietter 's hair .
The Simpsons writer Mike Reiss said on the episode 's DVD audio commentary that while the episode was " full of funny moments " , it caused " nothing but trouble " to the staff of the show . One of the troubles was that after the episode had been written by Swartzwelder , an unsolicited writer sent the staff a script which contained a virtually identical story . To avoid a lawsuit , the staff paid him US $ 3000 and went forward with the episode . Material cut from the episode 's script included many couples who were supposed to be at the retreat instead of the Flanders family , such as Mr. Burns and his mail @-@ order bride , and Mrs. Krabappel trying to reunite with her estranged husband Ken Krabappel . Reiss said the scene played out " horribly badly " , and it appeared as if Mr. Burns 's mail @-@ order bride was a prostitute . The Ken Krabappel character was supposed to be based on singer Dean Martin , but somehow he ended up with a southern accent that made him sound like a hick . The whole scene was rewritten with help from producer James L. Brooks and it was completed after several hours . A scene in which Moe asked Dr. Hibbert to cure his discolored feces was also removed during the first reading of the script after a complaint by Brooks . Series creator Matt Groening later expressed an objection to the ending , which sees General Sherman jumping out of the water and winking at the camera , believing it to be overly cartoony .
= = Cultural references = =
The way Ned Flanders prepares the cocktails at the party is similar to actor Tom Cruise 's bartending stunts in the 1988 film Cocktail . Songs heard at the party include Tom Jones 's " It 's Not Unusual " ( 1965 ) , Dusty Springfield 's " The Look of Love " ( 1967 ) , KC and the Sunshine Band 's " That 's the Way ( I Like It ) " ( 1975 ) , and Glen Campbell 's " Wichita Lineman " ( 1968 ) . Homer 's false memory of the party the following day ( in which he imagines himself as being erudite and witty instead of drunk ) is a reference to the Algonquin Round Table , a group of New York City writers , critics , actors , and wits . The " Mexican Hat Dance " song is heard when Marge turns on the radio in the car to mute the conversation between her and Homer so that the children cannot hear them fight . When Homer comes into the church late , while looking for his chair , a character who strikes a resemblance to Adolf Hitler is seen . In a flashback sequence , Bart remembers chasing away a screaming babysitter with the car as a toddler . This sequence and the music in it are references to a scene in the 1976 film The Omen , in which the Devil 's child Damien makes animals shriek in terror as Damien approaches . The picture of General Sherman at the bait shop is a reference to the famous hoax picture of the Loch Ness Monster . John and Gloria are a reference to George and Martha from Who 's Afraid of Virginia Woolf ? Homer 's attempt at catching General Sherman , his bludgeoning of the fish and the line " I love you but I have to kill you " are all based on Santiago 's fight with the marlin in Ernest Hemingway 's novel The Old Man and the Sea . The battle between Homer and General Sherman is also reminiscent of Captain Ahab 's battle with the white whale Moby @-@ Dick in the novel Moby @-@ Dick . As Homer triumphantly returns with the captured General Sherman , he sings Queen 's " We Are The Champions " ( 1977 ) , altering the lyrics to " I am the champion . " The title of the episode is a reference to the 1989 film The War of the Roses , which tells the story of a divorce battle between a married couple .
= = Reception = =
In its original broadcast , " The War of the Simpsons " finished fortieth in the ratings for the week of April 29 to May 5 , 1991 , with a Nielsen rating of 11 @.@ 6 , equivalent to approximately 10 @.@ 8 million viewing households . It was the second highest @-@ rated show on the Fox network that week , following Married ... with Children . Since airing , the episode has received mostly positive reviews from television critics . The Orlando Sentinel 's Gregory Hardy named it the twelfth best episode of the show with a sports theme ( sport fishing ) . The authors of the book I Can 't Believe It 's a Bigger and Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide , Warren Martyn and Adrian Wood , thought the Homer vs. Marge plot was " good on its own " , but it was also " Grampa 's big moment . His final revelation to Bart and Lisa is inspired . " DVD Movie Guide 's Colin Jacobson said the main concern with the episode " stemmed from its start . The scenes at the party were so terrific that the episode could have tanked after that . Happily , it didn ’ t , as the show provided a consistently high level of entertainment . Between Homer ’ s excesses at marriage camp and the kids ’ antics while Grampa watches them , the program packed in a ton of great gags . "
In a review of the second season , Bryce Wilson of Cinema Blend said " The War of the Simpsons " felt " a bit flat " , but " even in [ its ] lowest points , humor is easy to find . " Jeremy Kleinman of DVD Talk said it was " another great episode , featuring first , a new level of Homer 's debauchery after drinking way too much at a party the Simpsons host , Reverend Lovejoy 's marital retreat , and an epic battle with a legendary fish named General Sherman . Each of these portions of the episode are filled with laughs , perhaps the funniest being Homer 's distorted high @-@ society recollection of the previous night 's events in which he is hailed as charming and a jolly good fellow . "
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= Washington State Route 529 =
State Route 529 ( SR 529 , officially the Yellow Ribbon Highway ) is a Washington state highway that connects the cities of Everett and Marysville . The 7 @.@ 88 @-@ mile @-@ long ( 12 @.@ 68 km ) roadway extends north from an interchange with Interstate 5 ( I @-@ 5 ) , numbered exit 193 , past the western terminus of U.S. Route 2 ( US 2 ) , its spur route , Downtown Everett and Naval Station Everett to cross the Snohomish River onto Smith Island . After crossing the Steamboat Slough , the road encounters an interchange with I @-@ 5 , numbered exit 198 , before crossing the Ebey Slough and entering Marysville . In Marysville , SR 529 ends at SR 528 . Before being realigned in 1991 , SR 529 started at exit 192 of I @-@ 5 and traveled north as Broadway through Downtown Everett to Marysville .
A map published in 1895 of the Snohomish area showed the current and former routes in Everett already complete . By 1898 , citizens of both Everett and Marysville were interested in a road that would traverse the Snohomish River delta . A 1911 map of the Mount Vernon area showed the route in Marysville , but the bridges between Everett and Marysville were railroad bridges . The roads were combined with other highways to form the Pacific Highway in 1913 , which became State Road 1 in 1923 and US 99 in 1926 , but the cutoff actually opened in 1927 . State Road 1 became Primary State Highway 1 ( PSH 1 ) in 1937 and PSH 1 became US 99 in 1964 . After US 99 was decommissioned , SR 529 was established in 1971 . Naval Station Everett was opened in 1991 and SR 529 was realigned on Everett Avenue and Marine View Drive to serve the new naval base . The former route of the highway , now named Broadway , had an interchange with I @-@ 5 that was reconstructed between 2005 and 2008 to include high @-@ occupancy vehicle ( HOV ) lanes and now includes a single @-@ point urban interchange with 41st Street .
= = Route description = =
State Route 529 ( SR 529 ) begins at an interchange , numbered exit 193 , with Interstate 5 ( I @-@ 5 ) and Pacific Avenue in Everett . The interchange only has two ramps , an offramp from I @-@ 5 northbound to SR 529 and a metered on @-@ ramp from SR 529 to I @-@ 5 southbound . From the interchange , the highway travels west as Pacific Avenue and north as Maple Street to intersect two streets that are the westernmost segments of U.S. Route 2 ( US 2 ) , Hewitt Avenue and California Street .
The roadway serves as the western terminus of US 2 and turns west to become Everett Avenue , which continues east to I @-@ 5 as SR 529 Spur . Everett Avenue then travels west through Downtown Everett and intersects various streets including Broadway , which was once SR 529 and US 99 , Hoyt Avenue , which is the location of the Everett Public Library , listed on the National Register of Historic Places , and Marine View Drive , where the road turns north to parallel a BNSF Railway route and serve the Everett waterfront , which includes Naval Station Everett and Jetty Island , accessed via a ferry near 10th Street .
Leaving the waterfront , SR 529 parallels the Snohomish River southeast to a partial cloverleaf interchange with Broadway , which was SR 529 before 1991 and US 99 , and Marine View Drive , which continues southeast to I @-@ 5 at exit 195 . The highway travels over the Snohomish River onto Smith Island , part of the Delta neighborhood of Everett that is named after the delta of the Snohomish River located to the southwest . The Snohomish River crossing was the busiest segment of SR 529 in 2007 , with an estimated daily average of 33 @,@ 000 motorists . Crossing the Steamboat Slough as a freeway , SR 529 interchanges with I @-@ 5 northbound as exit 198 and enters Marysville after crossing the Ebey Slough . Now named State Avenue , the street passes through the waterfront area of Downtown Marysville and the Marysville Mall before ending at the intersection with Fourth Street , signed as SR 528 while State Avenue continues north to Smokey Point .
= = = Former route ( 1971 – 1991 ) = = =
Prior to 1991 , SR 529 was 1 @.@ 19 miles ( 1 @.@ 92 km ) shorter and extended from I @-@ 5 and 41st Street ( exit 192 ) to Marysville via Broadway . The former and current routes both used the same route from the Marine View Drive intersection to Marysville . The former southern terminus was a large interchange with I @-@ 5 and 41st Street , which was SR 526 until 1969 , that had an underpass under I @-@ 5 southbound for a northbound I @-@ 5 offramp to Broadway and connections to I @-@ 5 northbound were accessed via 41st Street prior to 2005 . Broadway continued north past the Everett Memorial Stadium , home of the Everett AquaSox , Everett Avenue ( current SR 529 ) and the Everett Community College to join current SR 529 at the Marine View Drive interchange . Between 2005 and 2008 , exit 192 on I @-@ 5 was reconstructed . A new flyover ramp from I @-@ 5 northbound to Broadway northbound was added and the 41st Street interchange was transformed into a single @-@ point urban interchange .
= = History = =
SR 529 was established in 1971 , but the road 's history predates that . Citizens of both Everett and Marysville proposed that a road between the two cities via the Snohomish River delta was needed , but the proposed roadway was rejected . A subsequent map published in 1911 showed the Everett and Marysville segments complete , but the bridges over the Snohomish River delta were railroad bridges . In 1913 , the Pacific Highway was added to the state highway system and used Broadway ( former SR 529 ) in Everett and State Avenue in Marysville to travel between Seattle and the Canada – US border . The Pacific Highway between Everett and Marysville , named the Vernon Road , was paved in 1916 and paid by a county road bond issue . The highway was later signed as State Road 1 in 1923 , which became the Washington segment of U.S. Route 99 ( US 99 ) during the creation of the United States Numbered Highways in 1926 . Since the bridges over the Snohomish River delta weren 't complete at the time of planning , US 99 used present @-@ day US 2 , SR 204 and Sunnyside Boulevard to connect Everett and Marysville . The bridges were completed in 1926 and opened on August 23 , 1927 , after the creation of US 99 .
State Road 1 was replaced by Primary State Highway 1 ( PSH 1 ) in the Primary state highways , which was created in 1937 . US 99 fully replaced PSH 1 during the 1964 highway renumbering . Interstate 5 ( I @-@ 5 ) later replaced US 99 between 1966 and 1970 . SR 529 was created in 1971 and ran from what was SR 526 until 1969 , now 41st Street , north on old US 99 ( Broadway ) to SR 528 in Marysville . In May 1983 , the location of a new home port for the United States Navy was narrowed down to Everett and Seattle , as proposed by Senator Henry M. Jackson ( D ) , who died later that September . Everett was selected in April 1984 and the groundbreaking ceremony was held on November 9 , 1987 . On September 5 , 1991 , the new navy base was opened and SR 529 was shortened and rerouted to serve the new base , later named Naval Station Everett . A new spur route to serve as a connector between SR 529 and I @-@ 5 northbound in 1991 . The highway was declared the Yellow Ribbon Highway in November 2009 by the Legislature after a successful campaign led by Everett resident Nathan Olson . The sign unveiling ceremony was attended by WSDOT , elected officials , Naval Station Everett and community members on November 5 , 2009 . The 4 @-@ lane fixed bridge over Ebey Slough that connects SR 529 from Everett to Marysville was fully completed in 2013 , replacing a two @-@ lane swing bridge that was 87 years old .
= = Major intersections = =
The entire highway is in Snohomish County .
= = Spur route = =
SR 529 also has a 0 @.@ 20 @-@ mile ( 0 @.@ 32 km ) long spur route in Everett that extends from SR 529 to Interstate 5 ( I @-@ 5 ) northbound , numbered exit 194 . Since exit 193 , the southern terminus of SR 529 , only serves I @-@ 5 southbound , the spur route was established in 1991 to complete the interchange . Exit 194 also serves U.S. Route 2 ( US 2 ) , which terminates at SR 529 . In 2007 , the highway had a daily average of 17 @,@ 000 motorists .
Major intersections
The entire highway is in Everett , Snohomish County .
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= Poppy Meadow =
Poppy Meadow is a fictional character from the BBC soap opera EastEnders , played by Rachel Bright . She was introduced by executive producer Bryan Kirkwood on 11 January 2011 as the best friend of established character Jodie Gold ( Kylie Babbington ) in scenes filling in for those cut from a controversial baby @-@ swap storyline . Poppy returned to the series in June 2011 as a supporting character and comedy element , in a move that was generally welcomed by the tabloid press ; her storylines focused on her friendship with Jodie and their intertwined love lives . Both Jodie and Poppy left the series on 14 November 2011 , but the possibility was left open for Poppy to return in the future . In June 2012 Bright reprised her role as Poppy , moving into Walford and resuming her employment at the local beauty salon , this time as a regular character . Poppy 's storylines became more prominent , her sister Tansy ( Daisy Wood @-@ Davis ) was introduced , along with the development of a romantic relationship with Fatboy ( Ricky Norwood ) . The character was axed in September 2013 by new executive producer Dominic Treadwell @-@ Collins , and Poppy departed on 30 January 2014 .
Poppy was introduced into the series in what critics described as " bizarre and utterly irrelevant " and " pointless " scenes , which substituted for cut scenes of the dead baby 's parents at the graveside . The Guardian critic Stuart Heritage considered Poppy to be " perhaps the greatest television bit @-@ part character of the modern age " and several Daily Mirror writers gave Poppy positive reviews upon both of her returns .
= = Storylines = =
Poppy arrives in Walford as the best friend of Jodie Gold ( Kylie Babbington ) , chatting in The Queen Victoria about their daily lives and current affairs . Jodie tries to arrange a date for Poppy with Tamwar Masood ( Himesh Patel ) , until Tamwar 's mother , Zainab ( Nina Wadia ) , interferes with her plans . Poppy returns to Walford some months later , now dating Jodie 's ex @-@ boyfriend Julian . When Poppy loses her job , Jodie suggests she work at the Walford beauty salon as a receptionist . Tyler Moon ( Tony Discipline ) flirts with Poppy , who initially rejects his advances , but after she reveals that her relationship with Julian is problematic she decides to date Tyler , to make Julian jealous . Off @-@ screen she ends her relationship with Julian . Jodie and her boyfriend Darren ( Charlie G. Hawkins ) become engaged ; she asks Poppy , Lauren Branning ( Jacqueline Jossa ) and Lauren 's sister Abi ( Lorna Fitzgerald ) to be her bridesmaids . Darren is anxious that if Jodie finds out he had a " drunken encounter " with Lauren at his stag party she may cancel the wedding , but Poppy discovers his secret and threatens to tell Jodie if they do not . Jodie subsequently admits that she already knows and still wants to get married , but Darren calls off the wedding and leaves Walford . Poppy moves out of her mother 's home and into a flat with Jodie , which they rent from Ian Beale ( Adam Woodyatt ) . After he increases their rent they refuse to pay , which leads to their eviction , and the girls move in with Tyler and his brother , Anthony ( Matt Lapinskas ) ; it soon becomes clear that Poppy is attracted to Anthony . He asks her out on a date , despite admitting to his brother that he has stronger feelings for Jodie , whom he later kisses . Remorseful , Jodie decides to leave London . She admits the kiss to Poppy , who is furious and refuses to speak to her . Tyler tricks the two girls into meeting up , and they are able to repair their friendship . Poppy also decides to leave London and goes to live with her mother in Essex , while Jodie goes to find Darren .
Poppy returns months later to help Tanya Branning ( Jo Joyner ) , who is hired by Janine Butcher ( Charlie Brooks ) to do her hair and make up for her wedding . Poppy tells Janine and Tanya about her " plush " new lifestyle , but when she arrives home her living arrangements are far from glamorous , and there is an eviction notice on her front door . Poppy is subsequently evicted from her bedsit , but Fatboy ( Ricky Norwood ) offers her a place to stay , and Tanya offers Poppy a permanent job at the salon . Poppy then moves into Dot Cotton 's ( June Brown ) house after being offered a room by Cora Cross ( Ann Mitchell ) . Poppy forgives Anthony , and begins a new friendship with Alice Branning ( Jasmyn Banks ) . She starts a relationship with Fatboy , after her sister Tansy Meadow 's ( Daisy Wood @-@ Davis ) visit , where Fatboy acts as Poppy 's " high @-@ flying " businessman boyfriend in front of Tansy , in an effort to make herself look good in front of her younger " successful " sister . Although it is revealed that Tansy is not that successful , she tells Poppy that Fatboy loves her . The two start a relationship and later declare their love for each other . After a few months , Poppy sees text messages on Fatboy 's phone from a girl called Chloe ( Siobhan Athwal ) , and suspects he is cheating on her , and is further upset when she sees them together . However , Fatboy reveals that Chloe is his colleague and he has started working at McKlunkies again . Poppy is then made redundant when owner Sadie Young ( Kate Magowan ) decides to leave Walford after discovering that her husband Jake Stone ( Jamie Lomas ) has been having an affair with Lauren Branning ( Jacqueline Jossa ) , which causes Poppy to act cold towards Lauren .
Poppy interferes in Dot 's relationship with her son , Nick ( John Altman ) , telling him that his mother does not want to speak to him . She then allows Fatboy to stay with her after Tamwar throws him out . Poppy is then devastated to learn that Fatboy shared a passionate kiss with Denise Fox ( Diane Parish ) , after hearing the pair whispering about it . She then learns that Fatboy and Denise had slept together before he was even in a relationship with Poppy . This infuriates Poppy , who storms over to the Minute Mart and confronts Denise , leading to the two women clashing in the shop . Poppy then returns home and tells Fatboy that she has forgiven him , but she needs to move away from Walford so that they can have a fresh start . Fatboy refuses to move and says he wants to end their relationship . She packs her bags and leaves Walford for Hemel Hempstead , but not before posting a letter through Ian 's letterbox , detailing about his wife 's infidelity .
= = Development = =
= = = 2011 introduction , return and departure = = =
Poppy initially appeared as a guest character in two episodes , broadcast on 11 and 13 January 2011 , in " filler " scenes that were substituted for those cut from a controversial baby @-@ swap storyline in which Ronnie Branning ( Samantha Womack ) ' s son James dies of sudden infant death syndrome , and she secretly swaps him with Kat Moon ( Jessie Wallace ) ' s son , Tommy . A spokeswoman for EastEnders claimed that although some of the baby @-@ swap scenes had been edited in response to reaction from viewers , none had been removed : " Given the audience response to this storyline , we felt on this occasion that it was appropriate to respond and make some changes . The vast majority of material remains intact and we don 't believe that those trims we have made will weaken or detract from the overall storyline for viewers " . In an interview with the Daily Mirror , Bright stated that her first scene was her favourite throughout her tenure , as " all [ she ] could think was , ' I 'm sitting on a bench in the Square ! ' " Babbington , who played Jodie , revealed in May 2011 that Bright was to reprise her role . Bright made her return on 30 June 2011 .
In 19 September 2011 episode , Poppy discovers that Jodie 's fiance Darren ( Hawkins ) has cheated on her . Hawkins assessed the situation Poppy was in : " as everyone knows , Poppy 's loyalties lie with Jodie – they 're super best friends ! Poppy wants Darren to own up straight away , because she feels that if he doesn 't , she 'll be lying to Jodie as well " . He explained , " Poppy doesn 't want to see Jodie in pain , but she can 't keep the secret " . Poppy and Jodie were reportedly used to add humour to the soap , in the style of reality @-@ drama series The Only Way Is Essex , but The Sun assessed that the attempt had " flopped " . On 24 October 2011 it was announced that the pair were to leave the show . Her departure storyline saw her to start to date Anthony ( Lapinskas ) , who considered his character to be " pleased that somebody likes him " . He added that while his character was also interested in Jodie , he did what he thought was expected of him in asking Poppy out . After he and Jodie kissed , Lapinskas revealed that Jodie would be angry with herself for betraying Poppy . An Inside Soap writer predicted that Anthony was heading for trouble , and that he was " playing with fire " by kissing both Poppy and Jodie . A source told RTÉ , " [ Jodie ] and Poppy have never let a man come between them . Poppy may have something to say to Jodie when she finds out they have kissed " . The Digital Spy 's Daniel Kilkelly and the Daily Star 's Susan Hill confirmed that Poppy would forgive Jodie , and they made their final appearance on 14 November 2011 . According to an EastEnders spokesperson , there was potential for Poppy to return in the future ; in an interview with Inside Soap , EastEnders executive producer Bryan Kirkwood said : " We may see Poppy pop up as I 'm a big fan of Rachel Bright and the character , but Kylie is keen to pursue other roles " .
= = = 2012 return and 2014 departure = = =
On 18 May 2012 Daniel Kilkelly of Digital Spy confirmed that Bright would be reprising her role and returning to EastEnders . On her return , Bright said that it was " really exciting to be asked back " , saying that it was " nice to just slot back in " , adding , " I feel really lucky " . Talking to Inside Soap 's Allison Jones and Laura @-@ Jayne Tyler , Bright said of her return , " The door was always left open for Poppy , but it was a big surprise to be asked back so quickly . I thought it might be further down the track , so when my agent rang , I was like , ' Yes — no problem ! ' " . Bright stated that " fear crept over " when she was filming her first scene since her departure , as it was without Babbington . She added that she felt " safe working with Kylie " , but felt that without her the audience might get to know Poppy better . In Poppy 's return storyline on 12 June , she arrived back in Walford to help Tanya ( Joyner ) with Janine 's ( Brooks ) wedding preparations . A spokesperson for the show claimed that Poppy had become " a successful nail artist " since her departure , but as Poppy 's storylines progress that is revealed to be untrue ; Poppy was trying to impress Tanya . Bright said in an Inside Soap interview of Poppy 's storylines , " I think her job in Walford is to keep things light , and right now Poppy 's in a happy place . She 'll carry on dipping in and out of storylines , but viewers can expect to see more of her soon . I 'm excited about that ! " . The magazine added that Poppy had made a " welcome return " . Poppy begins a new friendship with Alice ( Banks ) , who was stated to be a replacement for Jodie . Bright said of this new friendship , " They are polar opposites , but that works . I think Poppy almost mothers Alice by looking after her and giving her good advice . Or at least it 's what Poppy thinks is good advice ! " .
Many viewers and fans of EastEnders expected Poppy 's return to be only temporary , and thought that she would depart soon after her return . However , it was announced on 24 October that Kirkwood 's successor Lorraine Newman decided that Bright will remain with EastEnders for the foreseeable future as a regular character . Upon this news , Digital Spy announced that Wood @-@ Davis had been cast as Tansy Meadow , Poppy 's younger sister , who appeared for one episode . Poppy is " less than enthusiastic " to hear about her sister 's visit . In 30 October 2012 episode , Poppy , along with Fatboy ( Norwood ) host a Halloween ghost tour of the Square organised showing people where former residents have died . A BBC representative said , " The backroom staff had a lot of fun planning this one " . Newman stated in an interview in November 2012 that there is " plenty more on the table " for Poppy adding , " We 'll see Poppy become involved in a relationship very soon , which is progressing very well in the material we 're working on at the moment . She 'll become far more involved in the Square and the friendships within those groups " . Digital Spy also revealed Poppy 's new relationship , adding that " viewers will have to wait and see who she falls for and how things pan out as the new plot develops " . This was confirmed as Fatboy , and the two kiss in 22 November 's episode . The pair " grow close " after Tansy 's visit , where Fatboy acts as Poppy 's " high @-@ flying " businessman boyfriend in front of Tansy , trying to make herself look good in front of her " successful sibling " . Bright said of their relationship , " It 's really sweet . I don 't think Poppy or Fatboy realised they liked each other as they 've been friends for a while . She 's unsure at first because she doesn 't want to ruin a friendship . She 's also been unlucky in love , so she 's a little bit wary . But I think she can trust Fatboy " . Bright expressed her delight at working with Norwood upon her return , after being disappointed she did not work with him during her first stint . In an interview with Metro she said , " Before I started the show Fatboy was one of my favourite characters . I was gutted I didn ’ t work with him the first time round so when I came back and they told me about Poppy and Fatboy ’ s relationship , I was just so excited . Their characters are perfect for each other . Poppy and Fatboy are a little bit of light in a lot of gloom around the Square . It ’ s important to have a bit of comedy between everything else . I ’ m very lucky " . She also expressed her wish for the two to get married , adding that their relationship " looks long term " .
The couple were at the center of a Red Button spin @-@ off episode , featuring how Poppy and Fatboy spent their Christmas together . The spinoff , entitled " All I Want for Christmas " , featured the characters of Alice , Tyler ( Discipline ) and Tamwar ( Patel ) , with Wood @-@ Davis reprising her role as Tansy , whilst Keith Parry guest starred as " Santa Tramp " . Bright said of the spinoff , " Poppy spends the day with Fatboy . She is under pressure to go back to her family , but realises she doesn 't want that . Her and Fatboy have a romantic day , but you don 't see anything on screen [ in the Christmas episode ] because it is dominated by the Brannings . There will be an interactive section where viewers can press the red button and see a ten @-@ minute film of how Poppy and Fatboy spent their day " . Bright discussed their relationship in an interview with TV Guide , calling them the " jolliest couple in Walford " . She said , " It 's all very sweet for them both at the moment . I reckon they 're going to be one of those couples who you want to shout ' Get a room ! ' at . They 're characters who need to be loved . Poppy certainly hopes she 's found her Prince Charming " .
On 24 September 2013 , it was announced that Poppy , along with three other characters — Kirsty Branning ( Kierston Wareing ) , AJ Ahmed ( Phaldut Sharma ) and Carl White ( Daniel Coonan ) — had been axed from the series by the new executive producer Dominic Treadwell @-@ Collins . It was reported that Treadwell @-@ Collins was " determined to get EastEnders back to its best " and subsequently increase ratings . A EastEnders source added that Treadwell @-@ Collins " didn 't feel the characters who are leaving fit with the direction he is taking the show " , leading to these characters being written out . The source continued ; " He has only been in a month but he is already making big changes . He knows what he wants for EastEnders and is putting plans in place quickly " . An EastEnders spokesperson confirmed this saying , " We can confirm these actors will be leaving EastEnders . We wish them all the best " . Bright filmed her final scenes before Christmas 2013 and Poppy departed in the last week of January 2014 , after her relationship with Fatboy ended .
= = = Characterisation = = =
Poppy , Jodie 's best friend , is a beautician . The EastEnders website describes Poppy as " a little bit ' uncomplicated ' " , but " no push over " and that she " brings out the best in everyone " . Several critics have described Poppy as " ditzy " . Sarah Dempster of The Guardian deemed her " dumb " , and RTÉ 's Sarah Hardy called her " insanely grating " . In a press release announcing Poppy and Jodie 's departure , they were described as " giggly girls " ; Digital Spy 's Daniel Kilkelly , the Daily Star and The List have similarly referred to them as a " ditzy duo " . Bright stated in an interview that in real life she is " nothing like Poppy " but did later add , when asked if she would be a good beautician in real life , " I 'm quite a perfectionist and I think Poppy is too " .
Commenting on Poppy 's 2012 return the BBC added , " The lure of Walford was too great and she 's back to spread sunshine in Albert Square again " . Bright called her " fabulous " , " cool " and " dappy " compared to her in real life . Writers of Inside Soap called her " bubbly " and " perky " , calling her an " aspiring beautician " . The Sun 's Anne Richardson called Poppy a " soap siren " adding that Poppy has " flower power " . In 2012 , Bright said that the public ask her why she is talking differently from Poppy , adding that she is " definitely one of a kind , so fans tend to be quite shocked when they realise I 'm completely different from her " . Bright said she both loves and hates Poppy 's dress sense , as she has some items of clothing that are " really cute " but " the way she puts things together is slightly crazy ! It 's eccentric , but that suits Poppy " .
= = Reception = =
Poppy 's introduction to EastEnders in what Jody Thompson of the Daily Mail described as " a bizarre and utterly irrelevant chat " was criticised by Daniella Graham of the Metro , who said that " viewers were left questioning why on earth anyone thought this pointless sub @-@ plot was necessary " . In contrast , The Press and Journal 's Derek Lord deemed Poppy to have been " a welcome addition to the show " ; he wrote that , " as a double act , [ Jodie and Poppy are ] no Morecambe and Wise , but at least they bring an element of something approaching humour to the otherwise soul @-@ destroying drabness of the London soap " . Jim Shelley of the Daily Mirror labelled Poppy the " Optimist of the week " for her line " I bet it 's really nice here when they ain 't having a funeral " , and " Delicate flower of the week " for her " That is so well tragic innit ? " when commenting on Tommy Moon 's death . Stuart Heritage from guardian.co.uk said that Poppy made an impact in her two episodes , branding her as " perhaps the greatest television bit @-@ part character of the modern age " . Heritage added that she had " the name of a Bond girl , the hair of a Winkleman and the voice of a Katie Price robot running low on batteries " ; describing her as " electrifying " , he hoped that she would return . Katy Moon from Inside Soap discussed Poppy 's original two episode stint :
What I 've always loved about soaps is that element of surprise ... and last week I was genuinely taken aback by Jodie and her best mate Poppy in EastEnders ... There 's been so much darkness in the show what it really needed was some light relief . The dialogue was excellently written – very The Only Way Is Essex – and made me laugh out loud . Before last week , I could take or leave Jodie Gold . But Poppy changed all that . Having watched the girls bounce off each other I have a much better idea of what Jodie is about . Now , I 'm hoping that we get to find out more about Poppy . Perhaps she 's got an interesting family who could relocate from Shepherd 's Bush and brighten up the Square ?
Upon Poppy 's return in 2011 , she and Jodie were widely known as a " double act " . Roz Laws of the Sunday Mercury welcomed Poppy 's return , observing that " Walford needs all the humour it can get these days " . The Daily Mail 's Jaci Stephen loved Poppy and Jodie 's scenes : " Great girls , excellent pairing and very funny . More , please ! " In the Daily Mirror , Jennifer Rodger called them a " refreshing change " , and Tony Stewart deemed them " The daftest girls in Soapland and probably the funniest " . Stewart was one of several critics to express displeasure over their axing , describing it as " a shame " . Jane Simon and Brian McIver of the Daily Record described them as " an adorable female double act [ and ] E20 's answer to 2 Shoes " , and wrote of their departure , " apparently there just isn 't enough room for sunny , funny , glass @-@ half @-@ full types in Walford " . The Sun 's Colin Robertson noted that Jodie , Poppy and Norman Simmonds ( George Layton ) , who was axed at the same time as the duo , were EastEnders ' " three funniest characters " ; a critic writing for The Huffington Post suggested that they had " injected some humour into the famously gloomy soap " . The Daily Mirror 's Rodger said that she was " sad " that the duo had left , saying that she " found their scenes together hilarious " , hoping that she would see both Bright and Babbington in a new show together . Bright stated that during her main stint in 2011 , she received mail telling her saying how much fans liked the double act between Poppy and Jodie , and that they were a " breath of fresh air " .
Upon Bright 's return in 2012 , she was still named " one half of Poppy and Jodie double @-@ act " , with the Daily Mirror 's Simon adding that Poppy was returning " just in time because some people in Walford are in dire need of a make @-@ under " . Inside Soap predicted that Albert Square would be a " cheerier place for the foreseeable future as bubbly Poppy Meadow makes a welcome return " . Radio Times made a similar comment about Poppy 's return saying that , " In happier news , the glorious Poppy Meadow is back . That is sooo lovely ! " . Although Stewart did not particularly aim this at Poppy , Stewart did complain about the younger characters in the cast , using Poppy as one of the examples . He said , " While there are some talented and award @-@ winning young actors in the cast , you can 't help but suspect that colouring books and crayons are handed out with the scripts at times " . A Daily Mirror writer said that Poppy , played by the " excellent Rachel Bright " , is " one of the comedy delights in this soap " . The writer stated that she was " even more Essex than former Towie star Amy Childs " .
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= HD 40307 b =
HD 40307 b is an extrasolar planet orbiting the star HD 40307 , located 42 light @-@ years away in the direction of the southern constellation Pictor . The planet was discovered by the radial velocity method , using the European Southern Obervatory 's HARPS apparatus , in June 2008 . It is the second smallest of the planets orbiting the star , after HD 40307 e . The planet is of interest as this star has relatively low metallicity , supporting a hypothesis that different metallicities in protostars determine what kind of planets they will form .
= = Discovery = =
As with many other extrasolar planets , HD 40307 b was discovered by measuring variations in the radial velocity of the star it orbits . These measurements were made by the High Accuracy Radial Velocity Planet Searcher ( HARPS ) spectrograph at the Chile @-@ based La Silla Observatory . The discovery was announced at the astrophysics conference that took place in Nantes , France between 16 and 18 June 2008 . HD 40307 b was one of three found here at the time .
= = Orbit and mass = =
HD 40307 b is the second lightest planet discovered in the system , with at least 4 @.@ 2 times the mass of the Earth . The planet orbits the star HD 40307 every 4 @.@ 3 Earth days , corresponding of its location at approximately 0 @.@ 047 astronomical units from the star . The eccentricity of the planet 's orbit was found to not differ significantly from zero , meaning that there is insufficient data to distinguish the orbit from an entirely circular one .
The star around which HD 40307 b orbits has a low metallicity , compared to other planet @-@ bearing stars . This supports a hypothesis concerning the possibility that the metallicity of stars during their births may determine whether a protostar 's accretion disk forms gas giants or terrestrial planets .
The Arizonan astronomer Rory Barnes 's mathematical model , in 2009 , found that " Planet b ’ s orbit must be more than 15 ◦ from face @-@ on " ; however it cannot be much more .
= = Characteristics = =
HD 40307 b does not transit and has not been imaged . More specific characteristics , such as its radius , composition , and possible surface temperature cannot be determined .
With a lower mass bound of 4 @.@ 2 times the mass of the Earth , HD 40307 b is presumably too small to be a jovian planet . This concept was challenged in a 2009 study , which stated that if HD 40307 b is terrestrial , the planet would be highly unstable and would be affected by tidal heating in a manner greater than Io , a volcanic satellite of planet Jupiter ; restrictions that seem to bind terrestrial planets , however , do not restrict ice giant planets like Neptune or Uranus .
As strong tidal forces often result in the destruction of larger natural satellites in planets orbiting close to a star , it is unlikely that HD 40307 b hosts any satellites .
HD 40307 b , c , and d are presumed to have migrated into their present orbits .
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= Caspian expeditions of the Rus ' =
The Caspian expeditions of the Rus ' were military raids undertaken by the Rus ' between 864 and 1041 on the Caspian Sea shores , of what are nowadays Iran , Dagestan , and Azerbaijan . Initially , the Rus ' appeared in Serkland in the 9th century traveling as merchants along the Volga trade route , selling furs , honey , and slaves . The first small @-@ scale raids took place in the late 9th and early 10th century . The Rus ' undertook the first large @-@ scale expedition in 913 ; having arrived on 500 ships , they pillaged in the Gorgan region , in the territory of present @-@ day Iran , and more to the west , in Gilan and Mazandaran , taking slaves and goods . On their return , the northern raiders were attacked and defeated by the Khazar in the Volga Delta , and those who escaped were killed by the local tribes on the middle Volga .
During their next expedition in 943 , the Rus ' captured Bardha 'a , the capital of Arran , in the modern @-@ day Republic of Azerbaijan . The Rus ' stayed there for several months , killing many inhabitants of the city and amassing substantial plunder . It was only an outbreak of dysentery among the Rus ' that forced them to depart with their spoils . Sviatoslav , prince of Kiev , commanded the next attack , which destroyed the Khazar state in 965 . Sviatoslav 's campaign established the Rus 's hold on the north @-@ south trade routes , helping to alter the demographics of the region . Raids continued through the time period with the last Scandinavian attempt to reestablish the route to the Caspian Sea taking place in 1041 by Ingvar the Far @-@ Travelled .
= = Background and early raids = =
The Rus ' first penetrated to the Muslim areas adjacent to the Caspian Sea as traders rather than warriors . By the early 9th century , the Norsemen settled in northwestern Russia , where they established a settlement called Aldeigja ( Slavic : Ladoga ) about 6 miles ( 9 @.@ 7 km ) south of the Volkhov River entry into Lake Ladoga . From there , they began trading with the Byzantine Empire along the Dnieper trade route and with the Muslim lands around the Caspian Sea along the Volga trade route . In the late 9th century , ibn Khordadbeh described the Rus ' buying goods from the Khazars in the market areas on the lower Volga and selling them on the markets of Caspian towns ; these merchants brought furs , honey , and slaves . Small groups of the Rus ' even went on camels as far as Baghdad to sell their goods ; their European slaves interpreted for them .
Thomas Schaub Noonan suggested that the Rus ' reached Baghdad as early as 800 ; this argument is supported by the finding of Sassanid , Arab , and Arabo @-@ Sassanid dirham coins dated no later than 804 – 805 at Peterhof , near Saint @-@ Petersburg . In ibn Khordadbeh 's account , the Rus ' are described as " a kind of the Saqaliba " , a term usually used to refer to Slavs , and anti @-@ Normanist scholars have interpreted this passage as indicative of the Rus ' being Slavs rather than Scandinavians . In the interpretation of the Normanist scholars , the word Saqaliba was also frequently applied to all fair @-@ haired , ruddy @-@ complexioned populations of Central , Eastern , and Northeastern Europe , so ibn Khordadbeh 's language is ambiguous here .
The first Caspian raid of the Rus ' occurred sometime in the reign of Hasan ibn Zaid , ruler of Tabaristan between 864 and 884 . The Rus ' sailed into the Caspian Sea and unsuccessfully attacked its eastern shore at Abaskun . This raid was probably on a very small scale . The second raid took place in 909 or 910 and was likewise aimed at Abaskun ; just like the previous attack , this expedition was a minor one with only sixteen ships participating in it . The third minor raid took place in 911 or 912 .
= = Raid of 913 = =
The Rus ' launched the first large @-@ scale raid in 913 . A fleet of 500 ships reached the southern shores of the Caspian Sea through the country of the Khazars . In order to secure a peaceful passage through the land of the Khazars , the Rus ' promised the Khazars half of their spoils . They sailed down the Dnieper River into the Black Sea , then into the Sea of Azov , then up the Don River past the Khazar city of Sarkel , and then by a portage reached the Volga , which led them into the Caspian Sea .
The Rus ' attacked in the Gorgan region around Abaskun , as well as Tabaristan , pillaging the countrysides as they went . An attempt to repel them as they lay in anchor near islands in the southwestern part of the Caspian Sea proved unsuccessful ; and they were then able to roam and raid at will . Across the sea they raided at Baku , penetrating inland a distance of three days ' journey , and plundering the regions of Arran , Tabaristan , Beylagan , and Shirvan . Everywhere they looted as much as they could , taking women and children as slaves . The news of their outrages preceded them as they headed homeward and , in the Volga Delta , the Rus ' were attacked by Khazars , as well as by some Christians , apparently with the acquiescence of the Khazar ruler . According to al @-@ Masudi , those who escaped were finished off by the Burtas and Volga Bulgars .
= = Raid of 943 = =
The second large @-@ scale campaign is dated to 943 , when Igor was the supreme leader of the Rus ' , according to the Primary Chronicle . During the 943 expedition , the Rus ' rowed up the Kura River , deep into the Caucasus , defeated the forces of Marzuban bin Muhammad , and captured Bardha 'a , the capital of Arran . The Rus ' allowed the local people to retain their religion in exchange for recognition of their overlordship ; it is possible that the Rus ' intended to settle permanently there . According to ibn Miskawaih , the local people broke the peace by stone @-@ throwing and other abuse directed against the Rus ' , who then demanded that the inhabitants evacuate the city . This ultimatum was rejected , and the Rus ' began killing people and holding many for ransom . The slaughter was briefly interrupted for negotiations , which soon broke down . The Rus ' stayed in Bardha 'a for several months , using it as a base for plundering the adjacent areas , and amassed substantial spoils .
The city was saved only by an outbreak of dysentery among the Rus ' . Ibn Miskawaih writes that the Rus ' " indulged excessively in the fruit of which there are numerous sorts there . This produced an epidemic among them . . . and their numbers began thereby to be reduced . " Encouraged by the epidemic among the Rus ' , the Muslims approached the city . The Rus ' , their chief riding on a donkey , made an unsuccessful sally after which they lost 700 warriors , but evaded encirclement and retreated to the Bardha 'a fortress , where they were besieged by the Muslims . Exhausted by the disease and the siege , the Rus ' " left by night the fortress in which they had established their quarters , carrying on their backs all they could of their treasure , gems , and fine raiment , boys and girls as they wanted , and made for the Kura River , where the ships in which they had issued from their home were in readiness with their crews , and 300 Russes whom they had been supporting with portions of their booty . " The Muslims then exhumed from the Rus ' graves the weapons that had been buried beside the warriors .
George Vernadsky proposed that Oleg of Novgorod was the donkey @-@ riding chief of the Rus ' who attacked Bardha 'a . Vernadsky identified Oleg with Helgu , a figure mentioned in the Schechter Letter . According to that document , Helgu went to Persia by boat and died there after a failed attack on Constantinople in 941 . On the other hand , Lev Gumilev , drawing on the name of the Rus ' leader ( as recorded in Arabian sources ) , hypothesizes that this leader was Sveneld , a Varangian chieftain whose wealth was noted in the Primary Chronicle under 945 .
= = Destruction of Khazaria = =
The sources are not clear about the roots of the conflict between Khazaria and Rus ' , so several possibilities have been suggested . The Rus ' had an interest in removing the Khazar hold on the Volga trade route because the Khazars collected duties from the goods transported by the Volga . Byzantine incitement also apparently played a role . Khazars were the allies of the Byzantines until the reign of Romanus I Lecapenus , who persecuted the Jews of his empire . According to the Schechter Letter , the Khazar ruler Joseph responded to the persecution of Jews by " doing away with many Christians " and Romanus retaliated by inciting Oleg of Novgorod ( called Helgu in the letter ) against Khazaria .
The conflict may also have been spurred by the Khazars ' decision to close passage down the Volga in response to the raid of 943 . In the Khazar Correspondence , written around 950 – 960 , the Khazar ruler Joseph reported his role as defender of the Muslim polities of the Caspian region against Rus ' incursions : " I have to wage war with them [ Rus ] , for if I would give them any chance at all they would lay waste the whole land of the Muslims as far as Baghdad . " Earlier conflict between Muslim elements of the Khazar army and Rus ' marauders in c . 912 may have contributed to this arrangement and the hostility of the Rus ' against Khazaria .
In 965 , Sviatoslav I of Kiev finally went to war against Khazaria . He employed Oghuz and Pecheneg mercenaries in this campaign , perhaps to counter the Khazars ' superior cavalry . Sviatoslav destroyed the Khazar city of Sarkel around 965 , and possibly sacked ( but did not occupy ) the Khazar city of Kerch on the Crimea . He subsequently ( probably in 968 or 969 ) destroyed the Khazar capital of Atil . A visitor to Atil wrote soon after Sviatoslav 's campaign : " The Rus ' attacked , and no grape or raisin remained , not a leaf on a branch . " Ibn Hawqal is the only author who reports the sack of Semender , after which the Rus ' departed for " Rûm and al @-@ Andaluz " .
Sviatoslav 's campaign brought the prosperity and independence of Khazaria to an abrupt end . The destruction of Khazar imperial power paved the way for Kievan Rus ' to dominate north @-@ south trade routes through the steppe and across the Black Sea , routes that formerly had been a major source of revenue for the Khazars . Moreover , Sviatoslav 's campaigns led to increased Slavic settlement in the region of the Saltovo @-@ Mayaki culture , greatly changing the demographics and culture of the transitional area between the forest and the steppe .
= = Later expeditions = =
In 987 , Maymun , emir of Derbent , asked the Rus ' to help him against local chiefs . The Rus ' , many of whom appear to have been professional soldiers , arrived on 18 ships . Uncertain of their reception , they sent only one ship to reconnoitre the situation . When its crew were massacred by the local population , the Rus ' went on to loot the city of Maskat . In 989 , this same Maymun is reported to have refused the demand of a local preacher to turn over his Rus ' mercenaries to him for either conversion to Islam or death . In the ensuing struggle , Maymun was driven from the city and forced to surrender the Rus ' soldiers , but he returned in 992 .
In 1030 , the Rus ' raided the region of Shirvan ; the ruler of Ganja then paid them much money to help suppress a revolt in Beylagan . Afterwards , the Rus ' returned home . According to one source , in November 1031 the Rus ' returned , but were defeated near Baku and expelled . The year of 1032 saw another Rus ' raid into Shirvan ; they were joined by the Alans and Sarir . Local Muslims defeated the Rus ' in 1033 . It is unclear to which Rus ' grouping these raiders belonged . Omeljan Pritsak suggests that they operated out of a base near the Terek estuary and had their principal home in Tmutarakan . Pritsak also speculated that the Rus ' , operating from the Caspian basin , shortly thereafter lent support to the Oghuz in a power struggle in Khwarezm .
The legendary saga Yngvars saga víðförla describes the last expedition of the Vikings into the Caspian , dated to 1041 and possibly connected with the Georgian @-@ Byzantine Battle of Sasireti in which a Varangian force participated around the same time ; in the saga much legend is conflated with the historical facts . This expedition was launched from Sweden by Ingvar the Far @-@ Travelled , who went down the Volga into the land of the Saracens ( Serkland in Norse ) . There are no less than twenty @-@ six Ingvar Runestones , twenty @-@ three of them being in the Lake Mälaren region of Uppland in Sweden , referring to Swedish warriors who went out with Ingvar on his expedition to the Saracen lands , an expedition whose purpose was probably to reopen old trade routes , now that the Bulgars and the Khazars no longer proved obstacles . A stone to Ingvar 's brother indicates that he went east for gold but that he died in the Saracen land . Afterwards , no attempts were made by the Norsemen to reopen the route between the Baltic and Caspian seas .
Khaqani tells about the invasion of Shirvan in 1173 or 1174 . In his odes , Khaqani names the Rus ' and Khazars , Rus ' and Alans , Rus ' and Sarir as the invaders . Peter Golden argued that the Rus ' mentioned by Khaqani were Volga pirates who came in 73 ships . Yevgeni Pakhomov and Vladimir Minorsky thought the invasion was initiated by the ruler of Darbent , Bek @-@ Bars b . Muzaffar . According to Minorsky , " the initiative of Bek @-@ Bars was independent of Kiev , and he must have used bands of free @-@ lances ( бродники ) who were roaming in the south , as a prototype of the future Cossacks " . The shirvanshah Ahsitan I turned to the Georgian king , George III for aid and a combined army , which also included the future Byzantine emperor Andronikos Komnenos , defeated the invaders and recaptured the fortress of Shabaran . Georgian sources speak of the Khazars , but do not mention Rus ' in connection with this event .
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= R. Madhavan =
Ranganathan Madhavan ( born 1 June 1970 ) is an Indian actor , writer and film producer . Madhavan has received two Filmfare Awards , an award from the Tamil Nadu State Film Awards alongside recognition and nominations from other organisations . He has been described as one of the few actors in India who is able to achieve pan @-@ Indian appeal , appearing in films from seven different languages .
Madhavan began his acting career with television guest appearances , including a role on the Zee TV prime @-@ time soap opera Banegi Apni Baat in 1996 . After appearing in commercials and in small roles , he later gained recognition in the Tamil film industry through Mani Ratnam 's successful romance film Alaipayuthey ( 2000 ) . Madhavan soon developed an image as a romantic hero with notable roles in two of 2001 's highest grossing Tamil films , Gautham Menon 's directorial debut Minnale and Madras Talkies ' Dumm Dumm Dumm . He worked with Mani Ratnam again in the critically acclaimed 2002 film Kannathil Muthamittal playing the father of an adopted girl , whilst he achieved commercial success with his role in N. Linguswamy 's action film , Run ( 2002 ) .
Madhavan was cast alongside Kamal Haasan in the 2003 drama Anbe Sivam , which earned him two notable awards for Best Supporting Actor . In 2004 , he gave a critically acclaimed performance as the antagonist in the multi @-@ starrer Aayutha Ezhuthu and the film secured him his first Filmfare Award for the intense portrayal of a rogue . In the mid @-@ 2000s , Madhavan also actively pursued a career in Hindi films , by appearing in supporting roles in three highly successful productions , Rakeysh Omprakash Mehra 's Rang De Basanti ( 2006 ) , Mani Ratnam 's biopic Guru ( 2007 ) and Rajkumar Hirani 's 3 Idiots ( 2009 ) , which went on to become the highest grossing Indian film of all time upon release . He simultaneously worked on Tamil films , gaining critical acclaim for his portrayal of a vigilante in his home production Evano Oruvan ( 2007 ) and for the successful bilingual horror film , Yavarum Nalam ( 2009 ) . After appearing in further box office hits , Tanu Weds Manu ( 2011 ) and Vettai ( 2012 ) , Madhavan took a break from acting . Returning after a three @-@ year sabbatical in 2015 , his comeback films , the romantic @-@ comedy Tanu Weds Manu Returns ( 2015 ) and the sports drama Irudhi Suttru ( 2016 ) , both won critical and commercial acclaim .
In addition to his acting career , Madhavan has worked as a writer on his films , hosted television programmes and has been a prominent celebrity endorser for brands and products . He has also worked as a film producer , first making Evano Oruvan with Leukos Films , before setting up Tricolour Films to produce Saala Khadoos ( 2016 ) . Madhavan is noted for his philanthropic activities and promotes various causes such as environment , health and education . He is particularly vocal about the protection of animals and was awarded PETA 's Person of the Year recognition in 2012 .
= = Early life = =
Madhavan was born on 1 June 1970 in Jamshedpur , Bihar ( now in Jharkhand ) , India , to a Tamil family . His father Ranganathan was a management executive in Tata Steel and his mother , Saroja was a manager in the Bank of India . His younger sister , Devika , is a software engineer settled in the United Kingdom . He had a Tamil @-@ speaking upbringing in Bihar .
In 1988 , Madhavan gained a scholarship to represent India as a cultural ambassador from Rajaram College , Kolhapur and spent a year in Stettler , Alberta , Canada as part of an exchange programme . He returned to Kolhapur and completed his education , graduating with a degree in electronics . During his college years , Madhavan became actively involved in extra @-@ curricular military training and at 22 , he was recognised as amongst the leading NCC cadets in Maharashtra , which allowed him to make a trip with seven others as NCC cadets to England . As a result of this opportunity , he received training with the British Army , the Royal Navy and the Royal Air Force , which he had , at a point , considered joining . However he missed the age cut @-@ off by six months and was subsequently unable to join the programme . After he lost out on the place , he began teaching courses on public speaking and personality development skills in Kolhapur and the satisfaction he gained through teaching , prompted him to pursue a post @-@ graduation in public speaking at Kishinchand Chellaram College in Mumbai . During the period , he also won the Indian Championship for Public Speaking and subsequently represented India at the Young Businessmen Conference in Tokyo , Japan in 1992 . During his stint in Mumbai , he opted to create a portfolio and submit it to a modelling agency .
= = Acting career = =
= = = Early work = = =
In early 1996 , Madhavan worked on a sandalwood talc advertisement directed by Santosh Sivan , who later recommended him to Mani Ratnam to take part in a screen test for a role in Iruvar ( 1997 ) . Madhavan was auditioned for the leading role of Tamizhselvan amongst several other more established actors , but Mani Ratnam eventually left him out of the project citing that he thought his " eyes looked too young " for a senior role . As his film career failed to take off , Madhavan went on to feature in Hindi television serials , appearing as a crook in his first venture Yule Love Stories . He appeared in leading roles in Zee TV 's Banegi Apni Baat and Ghar Jamai , while he gained further popularity portraying the character of Shekhar in Saaya . He also went on to act as a ship 's captain in Sea Hawks , as a convict in Yeh Kahan Aa Gaye Hum and as worked as a television anchor in Tol Mol Ke Bol amongst other television appearances . His first appearance in a feature film role came through a small role in Is Raat Ki Subah Nahin ( 1996 ) , where he portrayed a singer in a bar .
In 1997 , Madhavan appeared in a supporting role as an Indian police officer in Fred Olen Ray 's English film , Inferno , which was shot in India . His first chance in Indian cinema came in the form of Shanti Shanti Shanti ( 1998 ) , a Kannada film , in which he appeared as a carefree youngster alongside actor Abbas . However , the film failed to make an impact and went unnoticed at the box office . During the period , Hindi film director Vinod Pandey launched Madhavan as a Bollywood hero , with a project titled Akeli , however the film was shelved before the production process had been completed .
= = = 1999 – 2003 = = =
In 1999 , leading Indian director Mani Ratnam selected Madhavan to feature in the leading role of his Tamil romantic film , Alaipayuthey ( 2000 ) and the film 's subsequent critical and commercial success gave Madhavan his breakthrough as an actor . Portraying the character of Karthik Varadharajan , a young husband experiencing difficulties with his marriage , Madhavan revealed that he studied the technical aspects of film @-@ making from the director and learned the entire script of the film , irrespective of whether he was in the scene or not . He became the first débutante actor to be cast by Mani Ratnam in the lead role of a film , and revealed that when he found out that he was set to work with the director he was overcome with a " mixture of excitement , awe , fear and expectations " . Featuring alongside actress Shalini , Madhavan 's performance was well received by critics and the film 's success led to it developing " classic " status . A critic from The Hindu , described that Madhavan " sails through the litmus test with ease " , whilst another review cited that Madhavan was a " promising debutant " into the film industry . After the success of his first Tamil film , the producers of his previous Kannada film , Shanti Shanti Shanti , dubbed the film into Tamil and released it as Relax , to capitalise on Madhavan 's new @-@ found success . Madhavan 's next film , Ennavale ( 2000 ) , garnered mixed reviews although Madhavan 's portrayal was praised as the " mainstay " of the film , with claims that the film for him was a " merely a prosaic exercise " .
Madhavan 's first release of 2001 , Gautham Menon 's directorial debut Minnale , opened to critical and commercial acclaim . Featuring a popular soundtrack by Harris Jayaraj and marketed as a Valentine 's Day release , Minnale further built on the actor 's image as a romantic hero and was later listed as a " classic romantic film " from the Tamil film industry . He then collaborated with Mani Ratnam for the second time by appearing in the director 's production venture , the romantic comedy Dumm Dumm Dumm ( 2001 ) , alongside Jyothika . Appearing as an unhappy groom trying to halt his wedding , the film won positive acclaim and became a commercial success , with Madhavan establishing himself as a bankable actor in South India . Madhavan then again appeared as a husband in a tumultuous marriage in Parthale Paravasam ( 2001 ) , the hundredth venture of veteran director K. Balachander . Despite featuring amongst an ensemble cast and being highly anticipated prior to release , the film failed at the box @-@ office , with critics citing that Madhavan looked " rather bored " with the proceedings . Similarly his first lead role in a Hindi film , Rehna Hai Tere Dil Mein ( 2001 ) , a remake of his Minnale , was also unsuccessful at the box office , with the film and Madhavan 's performance receiving mixed reviews . However , the film belatedly gained popularity through screenings on television and subsequently developed a cult following amongst young audiences .
In 2002 , Madhavan played the role of a novelist in Mani Ratnam 's Kannathil Muthamittal alongside actresses Keerthana , Simran and Nandita Das . In the film , he was shown as the role of the father of an adopted child , who wishes to return to her native homeland amidst the Sri Lankan civil war . The film received widespread critical acclaim and went on to win six National Awards as well as over ten awards at various International Film Festivals . Madhavan gained acclaim for his portrayal with a critic citing " he lived the role of the character he portrays " , with the film seeing him move away from the romantic hero image for the first time into a more serious , performance @-@ orientated role . The good performance of the film internationally also helped him develop an overseas market for his films . Madhavan 's next large success came with Run , a film recognised for its screenplay , with Madhavan appearing in an action film for the first time in his career . In regard to his performance , The Hindu 's critic noted " he manages to portray action with élan in Run and actually looks fit and comfortable in the role " , with the film helping him make a breakthrough as an action hero . Despite another unsuccessful Hindi venture with the musical , Dil Vil Pyar Vyar ( 2002 ) , the success of his previous films helped him secure the Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Actor for 2002 , being jointly recognised for both films .
Madhavan was cast alongside Kamal Haasan in Anbe Sivam ( 2003 ) , which told the story of an unexpected journey from Bhubaneswar to Chennai of two men who are polar opposites . Madhavan revealed his elation at working with an experienced actor like Kamal Haasan , while noting that a human drama film like Anbe Sivam was important for his career as an actor as it came after a successful masala film in Run . Portraying a young frustrated filmmaker with capitalist beliefs who travels with a handicapped communist played by Kamal Haasan , Madhavan 's performance was described as a " milestone in his career " and that " his portrayal will remain with the viewer for long " by a critic from The Hindu . The film opened in January 2003 to positive reviews , but became a surprise box @-@ office failure . Post @-@ release , the film has garnered belated critical acclaim from critics and television audiences and is considered as one of the " cult classics " of Tamil cinema . Film critic Baradwaj Rangan wrote that the film " was leagues ahead of the average Tamil and Indian film " , though felt that " the masses were unwilling to accept the experimental nature of the film " , while talking about the film 's box office failure . Post @-@ filming , Kamal Haasan revealed that he was impressed with Madhavan 's enthusiasm and concentration during the making of the film and thus subsequently signed him on to appear in his production venture , Nala Damayanthi ( 2003 ) , where he played a Brahmin cook lost in Australia . In 2003 , the actor also appeared in Vikraman 's family drama Priyamana Thozhi as a budding cricketer , Saran 's romantic comedy Jay Jay and made a guest appearance in Priyadarshan 's Lesa Lesa as a jailed teacher . The three films made average returns at the box office , though Madhavan 's performances were appreciated by critics .
= = = 2004 – 2008 = = =
Madhavan played an imposter gangster in K. S. Ravikumar 's comedy Aethiree ( 2004 ) before being selected to feature in his fourth Mani Ratnam production , Aaytha Ezhuthu ( 2004 ) , which featured him in an ensemble cast including Suriya , Siddharth , Meera Jasmine , Esha Deol and Trisha . Madhavan portrayed the character of Inba Sekhar , a hitman living in the slums of Chennai , whose path crosses with the characters portrayed by Suriya and Siddharth . His role also featured him in a struggling marriage , where his wife desperately tries to claw him away from his profession . Madhavan bulked up and sported a shaven look for the first time in his career to resemble the character of a ruffian and shot for the film through the sync sound technique . He received widespread praise for his depiction , with Baradwaj Rangan of The Hindu claiming that Madhavan outplayed Abhishek Bachchan 's interpretation of the character in the Hindi version of the bilingual , Yuva . Madhavan went on to win the Filmfare Award for the Best Tamil Supporting Actor , whilst another critic from The Hindu cited that he " sparkles as an anti @-@ hero " and that the " character ought to find a very special place in his repertoire " . Similarly , a critic from Indiaglitz.com stated " Madhavan 's daring decision to play a negative character , who gets beaten up black and blue at the end , putting his ' hero ' image in peril , has paid off , as he walks away with top honours " , while a reviewer from Sify.com labelled him as " terrific " . In late 2004 , Madhavan worked on Rajiv Anchal 's English @-@ Malayalam crossover film Nothing But Life ( 2005 ) and completed his work in a single schedule across Las Vegas and Albuquerque . Portraying an orphaned youth with suicidal tendencies being treated by a Malayali psychiatrist in the USA , the film and his portrayal opened to mixed reviews . He then appeared in another marriage drama film , Priyasakhi ( 2005 ) co @-@ starring Sadha – with the pair playing an estranged husband and wife . The film received praise for the lead pair 's performances with Madhavan being praised as " top class " , while it also became the first Tamil film to be dubbed into Zulu .
From 2005 onwards , Madhavan increased his work in Hindi films and starred and wrote the Hindi dialogues for the comedy Ramji Londonwaley ( 2005 ) , a remake of his earlier film Nala Damayanthi . Critics described his performance as " a master stroke " , though the film fared averagely at the box office due to the release of other big budget films during the period . He experienced box office success in Hindi films for the first time through his role in Rakeysh Omprakash Mehra 's Rang De Basanti ( 2006 ) . Featuring in an ensemble cast led by Aamir Khan , Madhavan essayed the guest role of flight lieutenant , whose death triggers a revolutionary movement against corruption . The film was subsequently nominated for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 2006 BAFTA Awards , while it was also chosen as India 's official entry for the Golden Globe Awards and the Academy Awards for the Best Foreign Language Film category . Madhavan then collaborated with Mani Ratnam for the fifth time with in the biopic Guru ( 2007 ) , co @-@ starring Abhishek Bachchan , Aishwarya Rai and Vidya Balan . His role of Shyam Saxena was inspired from the life of real @-@ life journalist S. Gurumurthy , who was a challenger to the business tycoon , Dhirubhai Ambani , whose life drew allusions with Bachchan 's role . The film became a blockbuster and also received critical acclaim , with a reviewer citing that Madhavan acts with " extreme , believable sincerity " dubbing him as " truly a poster boy for India " , whilst another claimed he performed " a weak role with élan " .
His Tamil film , Thambi ( 2006 ) directed by Seeman , had a delayed release but became a profitable venture in town and village centres . Madhavan 's portrayal of a rustic do @-@ gooder , received positive reviews from critics though a reviewer from The Hindu claimed the actor was " unable to shed off his classy looks " . He then appeared in Sundar C 's comedy film Rendu ( 2006 ) , where he played dual roles for the first time and in the long @-@ delayed romantic comedy Aarya ( 2007 ) , appearing as a medical student . Madhavan wrote the dialogues , produced and featured in the lead role in Nishikanth Kamat 's Evano Oruvan ( 2007 ) , playing a middle class bank employee who becomes so disgusted with the corruption he faces in his day @-@ to @-@ day life that he becomes a vigilante . After setting up a production studio , Leukos Films , he helped promote the film in international film festivals before the theatrical release in December 2007 . Critics called the film a " must watch " and a reviewer from The Hindu stated that the film was " Madhavan 's best performance to date " , while he also went on to win the ITFA Best Actor Award for his depiction . However Evano Oruvan and his subsequent release , Seeman 's Vaazhthukal ( 2008 ) did not perform well at the box office , while another completed film titled Naan Aval Adhu failed to have a theatrical release . Madhavan 's final release of the year was the docudrama Mumbai Meri Jaan , based upon the 2006 Mumbai Bombings . The film , which featured him alongside Soha Ali Khan , Irrfan Khan and Kay Kay Menon became critically acclaimed with Madhavan 's portrayal of a man with a post @-@ traumatic stress disorder being appreciated by reviewers .
= = = 2009 – 2014 = = =
Madhavan won positive acclaim for playing the lead role of an engineer experiencing eerie events in Vikram Kumar 's bilingual horror film , Yavarum Nalam ( 2009 ) . The film , which became a commercial and critical success , prompted a reviewer from the Times of India to suggest " he carried the film on his shoulders " while he was also nominated in the Best Actor category at the Vijay Awards . His following two films , the romantic comedy Guru En Aalu ( 2009 ) and the action film Sikandar ( 2009 ) in which he played a supporting role of an army officer , both fetched mixed reviews . Madhavan then portrayed one of three leading roles in Rajkumar Hirani 's coming of age comedy @-@ drama film , 3 Idiots ( 2009 ) , alongside Aamir Khan and Sharman Joshi . Upon release , the film received positive reviews and went on to become the highest @-@ grossing Indian film of all time , before being overtaken in 2013 . Madhavan 's portrayal as a young engineer with a passion for photography earned him nominations for the Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor and for the IIFA Best Supporting Actor Award during 2010 . Film critic Taran Adarsh from Bollywood Hungama described the actor 's performance as " incredible " , while Madhavan claimed that the film changed how he was viewed as an actor in Hindi films for the better . He later turned down an offer of reprising the same role in the Tamil remake of the film helmed by Shankar . In 2010 , Madhavan appeared alongside actors Amitabh Bachchan and Ben Kingsley in Teen Patti ( 2010 ) as a young professor , with Adarsh again rating his performance as " excellent " , but the film failed at the box office . His two guest appearances in the year also received mixed feedback with his performance in the Telugu anthology film Om Shanti ( 2010 ) being praised , whilst a role in the John Abraham @-@ starrer Jhootha Hi Sahi ( 2010 ) drew him criticism . Madhavan then collaborated again with Kamal Haasan and K. S. Ravikumar in the romantic comedy , Manmadan Ambu ( 2010 ) , playing a wealthy businessman who hires a spy to follow his actress girlfriend on a European cruise tour . The film opened to positive reviews with Madhavan 's performance being described by Rediff.com as " excellent " , while Sify.com labelled him the " scene stealer " .
His only release in 2011 was the romantic drama film , Tanu Weds Manu alongside Kangana Ranaut , which saw him play the role of a sensible doctor hoping to get an arranged marriage with a girl , who has a dramatically diverse personality to him . Prior to release , the film 's promotional campaign created anticipation and upon release , the film became a large success at the box office . Madhavan 's portrayal of Manoj " Manu " Sharma won positive acclaim , with a reviewer citing that his performance was " real , restrained , yet forceful " and another claiming he was " perfectly cast " . Madhavan next appeared as a police officer in Linguswamy 's Tamil film Vettai ( 2012 ) , an action entertainer featuring an ensemble cast of Arya , Amala Paul and Sameera Reddy . The film opened to positive reviews in January 2012 and went on to become a commercial success , with critics praising Madhavan 's decision to accept the role of a timid cop , while a critic noted that he had " an uncanny talent for comedy " . He then featured in Jodi Breakers ( 2012 ) , a Hindi romantic comedy film shot in Greece alongside Bipasha Basu , though the film did not perform well commercially . In 2012 , Madhavan took a sabbatical and was based in Chicago resting his knee , which he injured during the making of Vettai , causing him to suffer from chondromalacia patellae . During the period , he felt he had to " reinvent himself " and had to work on films which would appeal to the " new generation of audiences " , so took a decision to work on a single film at a time . During a period of three years without any theatrical releases , his long @-@ delayed Hindi film Taak Jhaank directed by Rituparno Ghosh in 2006 , premièred at the 19th Kolkata International Film Festival in 2013 , while his first Hindi film Akeli , shot in 1997 , was released online during the following year . During his recovery period and sabbatical in 2013 , Madhavan signed on to appear in Simon West 's Night of the Living Dead : Darkest Dawn , in which he appeared as a former marine personnel and shot for the project in California . The computer animated film , where Madhavan provided voice work , premièred in San Diego during July 2015 .
= = = 2015 – present = = =
Madhavan 's first theatrical release after his sabbatical was Anand L. Rai 's Tanu Weds Manu Returns , a sequel to the 2011 film , which released in May 2015 . Prior to the film 's release , Madhavan stated that the " content of the film was more important than the stars " and acknowledged that the popularity of Kangana Ranaut would help the film gain a good opening at the box office . Reprising his role as Manu , Madhavan won acclaim for his restrained performance and the film went on to become a critical and commercial success . The critic from Bollywood Hungama wrote " Madhavan excels in his role despite it being a restrained one , which was anyways the call of his character " and added " he is very endearing who never tries to overshadow anyone and emerges a winner " , while Sify.com stated he gives a " subtle and restrained performance " . Tanu Weds Manu Returns earned ₹ 243 crore ( US $ 36 million ) worldwide at the end of its theatrical run , to become one of the highest @-@ grossing Bollywood films in 2015 .
During his sabbatical , Madhavan also worked extensively on the pre @-@ production of the bilingual sports film , Irudhi Suttru ( 2016 ) directed by Sudha Kongara . After being impressed with Sudha 's script , he helped find the project producers in Tamil and chose to produce the film in Hindi alongside Sashikanth and Rajkumar Hirani . Madhavan also met and convinced mixed martial artist Ritika Singh to act in the film after contacting her through Raj Kundra , while he was also credited for contributing as an additional screenplay writer . He also went through a body conditioning regime in Los Angeles prior to joining the film 's set and learnt boxing to essay the role of a former boxer . For dubbing purposes , Madhavan wore metal braces inside his teeth , in order to create the effect of having a lisp that most boxers have from sporting injuries . Madhavan won praise for his work during the marketing campaign , having travelled throughout Tamil Nadu to promote the film , with The Hindu stating it was " unlike other film promotions in the South " . For Irudhi Suttru , Madhavan received widespread critical acclaim for his portrayal with Sify.com stating " he is outstanding and carries the proverbial burden of the project on his shoulder " . A critic from The Hindu stated that he was " quietly effective " , while a reviewer from Behindwoods.com wrote that Madhavan gives his " best performance " and is " excellent " at depicting his " characterization from being subtle to being outright effervescent " . His portrayal in the Hindi version , Saala Khadoos , received similar praise with critic Subhash K. Jha stating " this is Madhavan ’ s career @-@ defining performance , he sinks so deep into his role both physically and emotionally , that the actor becomes one with the act " .
In June 2016 , Madhavan signed on to appear in the Tamil remake of the successful Malayalam film , Charlie ( 2015 ) , after being impressed by the original . Directed by Vijay and produced by Shruti Nallappa , the film will commence production in November 2016 .
= = Other projects = =
= = = Film and television work = = =
Madhavan was first credited as a part of the technical crew for his work in Ramji Londonwaley , an adaptation of his Tamil film Nala Damayanthi . Apart from portraying the lead role , Madhavan worked on the film as a dialogue writer and played an active role in determining the crew of the movie . In October 2007 , Madhavan founded the production company , Leukos Films , and consequently bought the rights of his film , Evano Oruvan , from producers Abbas @-@ Mustan and K. Sera Sera . Securing sponsorship deals with HSBC and Santoor , Madhavan premièred the film across North America and the Middle East before its Indian theatrical release , with the promotion method being used for the first time in Tamil cinema . However , since the relative box office failure of the project , Madhavan downplayed future involvement in production ventures . The film , which Madhavan referred to as a " part of his life " during 2007 , also saw him write the dialogues for the film along with Seeman by translating lines from the project 's original version in the Marathi language . Madhavan then chose to become actively involved in the production of his 2016 bilingual films , Irudhi Suttru in Tamil and Saala Khadoos in Hindi , in order to ensure the film completed filming and had a theatrical release . Impressed by the strength of Sudha Kongara 's script for the Tamil film , Madhavan felt that the story had pan @-@ Indian appeal and took the film 's script to Rajkumar Hirani , who agreed to produce and supervise work on the film 's Hindi version . Madhavan co @-@ produced the Hindi version of the film through his new production house , Tricolor Films , while leading the film 's pan @-@ Indian marketing campaign . The actor also helped finalise the film 's lead actress , Ritika Singh , and was also credited as an additional screenplay writer in the films .
Madhavan has appeared as host for television programmes on Hindi channels , while he has also been a host at film award functions . During his television career in the 1990s , Madhavan first worked as a host on Tol Mol Ke Bol . He was announced as the host of Sony Entertainment Television 's Deal Ya No Deal , the Indian version of the American game show Deal Or No Deal , in October 2005 . However , Madhavan quit as the lead anchor of the show in January 2006 claiming he was unhappy with the way the shoot schedules were handled by the production house . According to the actor , when he took on the show , he had made it clear that he would continue with his South Indian film assignments , and as the show was being filmed in Mumbai , he had found it hard to keep travelling throughout India from Chennai to film the ten days a month he had signed up for . Madhavan added that he was restricted by the producers to spend one day rehearsing technically , which left him with fatigue . Mandira Bedi subsequently replaced Madhavan as the anchor in February for Series 2 of the game show . In June 2010 , Madhavan made a comeback to the game show format by accepting a contract with Imagine TV 's Big Money show , signing on to host a single season , and then hosted an episode of the crime show Savdhaan India in January 2016 . Furthermore , he has been a guest judge in the Indian television show , Fame Gurukul . In 2016 , Madhavan stated that he would only take part in television commitments for money , while he does not consider his payment when signing on to appear in films . Madhavan has also hosted live events , notably the National Film Awards in 2013 with Huma Qureshi . He was also the host of the 55th Filmfare Awards South in Chennai in 2008 and then also the Vijay Awards in 2013 .
= = = Brand ambassador = = =
Madhavan is amongst the leading brand ambassadors for products in India . His early work involved advertisements for brands including Bajaj , Ponds , Fair and Lovely and TVS , before signing a major endorsing deal with Pepsi and marketing company , IMG . In 2007 , Madhavan endorsed UniverCell , a multi @-@ brand mobile phone retail chain owned by UniverCell Telecommunications India Pvt Ltd . Madhavan signed a contract with the mobile phone network , Airtel for promotions in South India before being promoted as the pan @-@ Indian ambassador for the brand a year later . His advertisements with Vidya Balan for Airtel won critical acclaim , and brought in film offers for the pair to feature together . In June 2010 , marketers from Arun Excello promoted a housing project in Oragadam , Chennai in a similar fashion to the release of a new film featuring Madhavan . With film @-@ inspired posters and billboards put up around Chennai , the advertisement campaign attracted huge curiosity and the project became a success . His long @-@ term work with jewellery brand , Joy Alukkas , led to the company creating life size wax models of him to place in their showrooms from January 2011 . Maruti Suzuki , for whom Madhavan is the brand ambassador , launched a special edition of the Suzuki Wagon R car calling it the Madhavan Signature Edition in September 2013 . In 2015 , online market place Snapdeal signed on Aamir Khan and Madhavan to be the company 's ambassadors , with Snapdeal attempting to use Madhavan 's popularity in South India to marker their services .
= = = Humanitarian causes = = =
Madhavan , who is a vegetarian , endorses the brand , PETA . Since joining them after starring in his first film , he has appeared voluntarily in several advertisements and released an E @-@ Card for the brand . In July 2006 , Madhavan was voted the " cutest male vegetarian " by an online poll conducted by the NGO , People for Ethical Treatment of Animals ( PETA ) , while Kareena Kapoor won the female award respectively . In turn he cited that his success in the competition was due to his " healthy vegetarian diet " . In October 2010 , he wrote a letter to the CEO of Kentucky Fried Chicken , on behalf of PETA , urging them to stop mistreatment of birds by the fast @-@ food industry outlets and the killing of animals . He requested the boycott of KFC in India over animal welfare and conditions and was joined by Raveena Tandon and Rakhi Sawant in supporting the work of PETA in India . In addition , Madhavan was named PETA India ’ s 2012 " Person Of The Year " , while his son won PETA India 's " Compassionate Kid award " in December 2014 .
Madhavan has lent his support for the Chennai @-@ based charity , The Banyan , and appeared in the charity musical Netru , Indru , Naalai directed by Mani Ratnam for the cause . He appeared as a guest cook and newly launched restaurant in Chennai and cooked dosas for auction for the charity , helping raise forty five thousand rupees . He has been a part of an AIDS awareness programme initiated by Richard Gere in India and helped advertise the A Time for Heroes campaign appearing in a short film . Similarly Madhavan featured in a four @-@ minute film produced by Agaram Foundation , Herova ? Zerova ? , campaigning for educational awareness alongside Suriya , Vijay and Jyothika . In 2010 , along with his cast and crew from 3 Idiots , he helped raise Rs . 2 @.@ 5 million for the renovation of the school in Leh , which was damaged by flash floods . Madhavan laid bricks and tiles at the London Business School in July 2011 , building a symbolic house to represent the 100 @,@ 000 houses that will be built in India by 2015 as a part of Habitat for Humanity 's campaign to improve substandard houses in India . During the 2015 South Indian floods , Madhavan worked alongside other Indian actors in coordinating the relief efforts . In 2016 , Lepra India signed him to work as a goodwill ambassador in helping promote action against leprosy .
= = In the media = =
Madhavan is one of the few actors in India who garners pan @-@ Indian appeal , with his success in establishing himself in the North and the South Indian film industries , seeing him receive multiple offers as a brand ambassador . Furthermore , it has led to producers offering him lead roles in bilingual films such as the English @-@ Malayalam crossover film Nothing But Life and the Hindi @-@ Tamil projects , Yavarum Nalam and Irudhi Suttru . Moreover , most of his Tamil films are dubbed into Telugu , where he has created a box office market without appearing in a single straight Telugu film as a lead actor . Madhavan holds a significant female fan following , which developed after his romantic roles in Alaipayuthey and Minnale . Madhavan has also been active in keeping in contact with fans , maintaining a fan email account , a Facebook fan page and a Twitter account as well as being one of the first actors of Tamil films to turn blogger with entries in the year 2000 .
He has appeared at functions as a special guest , and has enjoyed particularly close links with technology company , Sify , whom he signed on as his media partner for all his future releases after expressing satisfaction at the website they created for Rendu . Madhavan sat amongst a six @-@ man jury for the selection of CNN @-@ IBN Indian of the Year 2006 . He inaugurated the Chennai International Film Festival in 2007 , taking the opportunity to deliver a message on preserving the environment .
A gaming company , Paradox Studios Limited , launched a new game compatible with mobile phones in July 2006 , with Madhavan as the lead character . The company released two mobile game titles featuring Madhavan as their lead character . The first of the two games , Madhavan 's MIG , featured the actor making a reprise of his Rang De Basanti pilot 's role . In the other game titled Madhavan , the player had to help the actor get to the première of his latest movie evading the paparazzi . In 2007 , prominent entrepreneur N. R. Narayana Murthy requested Madhavan to be his interviewer at the India @-@ Singapore Exposition and Madhavan went on to claim that the experience was " unforgettable " as Murthy was an idol to him . Madhavan has also attended conferences as a motivational speaker , talking about issues including situational awareness and confidence , with a speech delivered at Damodaran Academy of Management , Coimbatore going viral online .
= = Personal life = =
Madhavan 's parents are Ranganathan Seshadri and Saroja . Despite Madhavan 's ambition of wanting to join the army , his parents insisted he go to management school and pursue a degree in electronics . After completing the degree , he went on to teach communication and public speaking at workshops around India . At the Maharashtra workshop , he encountered his wife Sarita Birje for the first time during 1991 , when she attended his class on the recommendation of her cousins . Sarita was able to use the skills she had learned from Madhavan 's classes to pass an interview to become an air hostess and after completing the course , the pair began dating . They later married in 1999 , before Madhavan entered mainstream films . The pair 's successful marriage has been covered by the media , with Madhavan citing that advise from his mentor Mani Ratnam was useful . Sarita has worked as a costume designer in a few of Madhavan 's films , most notably for Guru En Aalu ( 2009 ) when she worked along with Erum Ali , the wife of Madhavan 's co @-@ star , Abbas , for their respective husbands . Their son , Vedant was born in August 2005 , which eventually led to relocating to the boat @-@ club area in Chennai from Kilpauk , where Madhavan 's parents lived with him as well as his parents @-@ in @-@ law . In 2009 , he relocated to Kandivali , Mumbai with his wife and son , as he pursued a career in Hindi films ahead of films in the South Indian industries .
Madhavan has maintained close links with fellow actors and has described actor Suriya as his best friend in the film industry . The actor also is close friends with actresses Shilpa Shetty and Bipasha Basu , as well as actors Aamir Khan and Abhishek Bachchan . He is closely associated with actor Kamal Haasan , after their appearance together in Anbe Sivam , and has revealed that he considers the actor as his inspiration . He has also collaborated multiple times with directors Mani Ratnam , Rajkumar Hirani and Aanand Rai , citing that the film makers " understand him well " and share a good " comfort level " . He has also helped out actresses Reemma Sen , Sadha and Nisha Kothari by signing them on for roles in his films , when they were going through a barren spell .
Madhavan announced a sabbatical from films in late 2010 citing he would take the time off to visit London , lose weight , play golf , take treatment for his knee injury and spend time with family . Though he kept away from starting new projects , during the period he was involved in the promotional activity of two of his releases , Manmadan Ambu and Tanu Weds Manu . He later made a comeback , earlier than anticipated , after director Linguswamy convinced him to work on Vettai . The actor later took an extended sabbatical from 2012 onwards to work on his fitness and get into shape for his role as a retired boxer in Irudhi Suttru . Madhavan is a keen golf player , having played for pleasure alongside actor Amitabh Bachchan and director Mani Ratnam , while also appearing in a celebrity charity event in 2007 . He also made an appearance for Chennai Rhinos in the 2011 Celebrity Cricket League , playing against Karnataka Bulldozers . His experiences flying Cessna planes when he was with National Cadet Corps , also led to a passion for aero @-@ modelling , with the actor stating it " justified his decision " to pursue a degree in electronics .
= = Filmography = =
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= Alkaline diet =
Alkaline diet ( also known as the alkaline ash diet , alkaline acid diet , acid ash diet , and the acid alkaline diet ) describes a group of loosely related diets based on the belief that certain foods can affect the acidity and pH of bodily fluids , including the urine or blood , and can therefore be used to treat or prevent diseases . Due to the lack of credible evidence supporting any benefits of this diet , it is generally not recommended by dietitians and other health professionals .
The relationship between diet and acid @-@ base homeostasis , or the regulation of the acid @-@ base status of the body , has been studied for decades , though the medical applications of this hypothesis have largely focused on changing the acidity of urine . Traditionally , this diet has advocated for avoiding meat , poultry , cheese , and grains in order to make the urine more alkaline ( higher pH ) , changing the environment of the urine to prevent recurrent urinary tract infections ( UTIs ) and kidney stones ( nephrolithiasis ) . However , difficulties in effectively predicting the effects of this diet have led to medications , rather than diet modification , as the preferred method of changing urine pH . The " acid @-@ ash " hypothesis has been considered a risk factor for osteoporosis by various scientific publications , though more recently , the available weight of scientific evidence does not support this hypothesis .
The term " alkaline diet " has also been used by alternative medicine practitioners , with the proposal that such diets treat or prevent cancer , heart disease , low energy levels as well as other illnesses . These claims are not supported by medical evidence and make incorrect assumptions about how alkaline diets function that are contrary to modern understanding of human physiology .
= = Medical aspects = =
= = = Diet composition = = =
According to the traditional hypothesis underlying this diet , acid ash is produced by meat , poultry , cheese , fish , eggs , and grains . Alkaline ash is produced by fruits and vegetables , except cranberries , prunes and plums . Since the acid or alkaline ash designation is based on the residue left on combustion rather than the acidity of the food , foods such as citrus fruits that are generally considered acidic are actually considered alkaline producing in this diet .
= = = Current hypotheses = = =
It has been suggested that diets high in " acid ash " ( acid producing ) elements will cause the body to try to buffer ( or counteract ) any additional acid load in the body by breaking down bone , leading to weaker bones and increased risk for osteoporosis . Conversely , " alkaline ash " ( alkaline producing ) elements will hypothetically decrease the risk of osteoporosis . This hypothesis has been advanced in a position statement of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics , in a publication of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences , as well as other scientific publications , which have stated foods high in potassium and magnesium such as fruits and vegetables may decrease the risk of osteoporosis through increased alkaline ash production . This acceptance of the acid @-@ ash hypothesis as a major modifiable risk factor of osteoporosis by these publications , however , was largely made without significant critical review by high quality systematic analysis .
Recent systematic reviews have been published which have methodically analyzed the weight of available scientific evidence , and have found no significant evidence to support the acid @-@ ash hypothesis in regard to prevention of osteoporosis . A meta @-@ analysis of studies on the effect of dietary phosphate intake contradicted the expected results under the acid @-@ ash hypothesis with respect to calcium in the urine and bone metabolism . This result suggests use of this diet to prevent calcium loss from bone is not justified . Other meta @-@ analyses which have investigated the effect of total dietary acid intake have also found no evidence that acid intake increases the risk for osteoporosis as would be expected under the acid @-@ ash hypothesis . A review looked at the effects of dairy product intake , which have been hypothesized to increase the acid load of the body through phosphate and protein components . This review found no significant evidence suggesting dairy product intake causes acidosis or increases risk for osteoporosis . A meta @-@ analysis on the effects of alkaline potassium salts on calcium metabolism and bone health found that supplementation with alkaline potassium salts reduces loss of calcium in urine and reduces acid secretion .
It has also been speculated that this diet may have an effect on muscle wasting , growth hormone metabolism or back pain , though there is no conclusive evidence to confirm these hypotheses . Given an aging population , the effects of an alkaline diet on public health may be worth considering , though there is little scientific evidence in this area .
= = Alternative medicine = =
Alternative medicine practitioners who have promoted the alkaline diet have advocated its use in the treatment of various medical conditions including cancer . These claims have been mainly promoted on websites , magazines , direct mail , and books , and have been mainly directed at a lay audience . While it has been proposed that this diet can help increase energy , lose weight , and treat cancer and heart disease , there is no evidence to support any of these claims . This version of the diet , in addition to avoiding meats and other proteins , also advocates avoiding processed foods , white sugar , white flour , and caffeine , and can involve specific exercise and nutritional supplement regimens as well .
= = = Evidence base = = =
Advocates for alternative uses of an alkaline diet propose that since the normal pH of the blood is slightly alkaline , the goal of diet should be to mirror this by eating a diet that is alkaline producing as well . These advocates propose that diets high in acid @-@ producing elements will generally lead the body to become acidic , which can foster disease . This proposed mechanism , in which the diet can significantly change the acidity of the blood , goes against " everything we know about the chemistry of the human body " and has been called a " myth " in a statement by the American Institute for Cancer Research . Unlike the pH level in the urine , a selectively alkaline diet has not been shown to elicit a sustained change in blood pH levels , nor to provide the clinical benefits claimed by its proponents . Because of the body 's natural regulatory mechanisms , which do not require a special diet to work , eating an alkaline diet just can , at most , change the blood pH minimally and transiently .
A similar proposal by those advocating this diet suggests that cancer grows in an acidic environment , and that a proper alkaline diet can change the environment of the body to treat cancer . This proposal ignores the fact that while cancer tissue does grow in acidic environment , it is the cancer that creates the acidity . The rapid growth of cancer cells creates the acidic environment ; the acidic environment does not create cancer . The proposal also neglects to recognize that it is " virtually impossible " to create a less acidic environment in the body . " Extreme " dietary plans such as this diet have more risks than benefits for patients with cancer .
Other proposed benefits from eating an alkaline diet are likewise not supported by scientific evidence . Although it has been proposed that this diet will increase " energy " or treat cardiovascular disease , there is no evidence to support these assertions . A version of this diet has also been promoted by Robert O. Young as a method of weight loss in his book The pH Miracle . According to the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics , portions of his diet such as the emphasis on eating green leafy vegetables and exercise would likely be healthy . However , the " obscure theory " on which his diet is based and the reliance on complicated fasting regimens and nutritional supplements means that this diet " is not a healthy way to lose weight . " It has also been proposed that acid causes rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis , and that an alkaline diet can be used to treat these conditions . There is no evidence to support this proposal .
Urinary and / or saliva testing for acidity has been proposed as a way to measure the body 's acidity level and therefore the level of risk for diseases . However , there is no correlation between the urinary pH measured in home " test kits " and the acidity of the body .
= = Adverse effects = =
Because the alkaline diet promotes excluding certain families of foods , it could result in a less @-@ balanced diet with resulting nutrient deficiencies such as essential fatty acids and phytonutrients . Many websites and books promoting this diet sell courses of supplements and foods ; it should not be necessary to purchase any of these products . The level of effort needed to use this diet is considered " High " as there are many foods that need to be excluded in this diet .
= = History = =
The role of the diet and its influence on the acidity of urine has been studied for decades , as physiologists have studied the kidney 's role in the body 's regulatory mechanisms for controlling the acidity of body fluids . The French biologist Claude Bernard provided the classical observation of this effect when he found that changing the diet of rabbits from an herbivore ( mainly plant ) diet to a carnivore ( mainly meat ) diet changed the urine from more alkaline to more acid . Spurred by these observations , subsequent investigations focused on the chemical properties and acidity of constituents of the remains of foods combusted in a bomb calorimeter , described as ash . The " dietary ash hypothesis " proposed that these foods , when metabolized , would leave a similar " acid ash " or " alkaline ash " in the body as those oxidized in combustion .
Nutrition scientists began to refine this hypothesis in the early 20th century , emphasizing the role of negatively charged particles ( anions ) and positively charged particles ( cations ) in food . Diets high in chloride , phosphate and sulfate ( all of which are anions ) were presumed to be acid forming , while diets high in potassium , calcium and magnesium ( all of which are cations ) were presumed to be alkaline forming . Other investigations showed specific foods , such as cranberries , prunes and plums had unusual effects on urine pH . While these foods provided an alkaline ash in the laboratory , they contain a weak organic acid , hippuric acid , which caused the urine to become more acidic instead .
= = = Historical uses = = =
Historically , the medical application of this diet has largely focused on preventing recurrence of kidney stones as well as the prevention of recurrent urinary tract infections , by relying on the recognized ability of this diet to affect urinary pH . Years ago , this diet was used to adjust the acidity of the urinary environment that the stones formed in , and could hypothetically help prevent stones from forming or the development of UTIs . However , the analytical methods that attempted to precisely calculate the effects of food on urinary pH were not precise except in very general terms , making effective use of this diet difficult . Therefore , medications , which can more reliably alter the urine pH , rather than diet modification , have been the treatment of choice when trying to alter the pH of the urine . While there have been recent improvements in recognizing different variables that can affect acid excretion in the urine , the level of detail needed to predict the urinary pH based on diet is still daunting . Precise calculations require very detailed knowledge of the nutritional components of every meal as well as the rate of absorption of nutrients , which can vary substantially from individual to individual , making effective estimation of urine pH still not currently feasible .
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= Operation Windsor =
Operation Windsor ( 4 – 5 July 1944 ) , was a Canadian attack , which was part of the Battle of Normandy during the Second World War . The attack was undertaken by the 3rd Canadian Infantry Division to take Carpiquet and the adjacent airfield , from troops of the 12th SS @-@ Panzer Division Hitler Jugend of Panzergruppe West . The attack was originally intended to take place during the later stages of Operation Epsom , to protect the eastern flank of the main assault but was postponed for a week .
On 4 July , the 8th Canadian Infantry Brigade and an attached battalion of the 3rd Canadian Infantry Division attacked Carpiquet , supported on the flanks by the 2nd Canadian Armoured Brigade . The village was captured by mid @-@ afternoon but German resistance in the south defeated two attacks on the airfield , despite significant Allied tank and air support . Next day the Canadians repulsed German counter @-@ attacks and held the village , which served as a base for Operation Charnwood , a Second Army attack on Caen , involving the rest of the 3rd Canadian Infantry Division on 8 July and the airfield was captured by the Canadians on 9 July .
= = Background = =
Caen was an Operation Overlord goal for I Corps of the Anglo @-@ Canadian Second Army , which landed forces on two Norman beaches on 6 June 1944 , to capture the city and the Carpiquet area . German resistance prevented the town from being captured on D @-@ Day , a result considered possible by Lieutenant @-@ General Miles Dempsey the Second Army commander . For the next three weeks , positional warfare took place around Caen as both sides attacked and counter @-@ attacked for minor tactical advantage on the Anglo @-@ Canadian front and as part of a strategic intent to force the Germans to keep their most powerful armoured units away from the US First Army , as it captured Cherbourg and then pushed southwards through the bocage towards St. Lô .
From 26 – 30 June , the Second Army conducted Operation Epsom , with the VIII Corps which had recently arrived from Britain , to outflank Caen from the west and seize the high ground across the Orne near Bretteville @-@ sur @-@ Laize to the south . VIII Corps advanced 6 miles ( 9 @.@ 7 km ) through extensive field fortifications but the Germans were able to contain the offensive , after committing their last reserves . Depending on the success of VIII Corps , the 3rd Canadian Infantry Division and the 2nd Canadian Armoured Brigade were to capture the village and airfield of Carpiquet in Operation Ottawa , which was postponed .
After the Allied advance to the west of Caen , the I SS Panzer Corps held positions to the north and west of the city . Field defences on the River Orne and the vicinity of Carpiquet , 3 @.@ 5 mi ( 5 @.@ 6 km ) north @-@ west of the Caen town centre , obstructed an advance toward Caen from the north . The village was made an objective of the 3rd Canadian Infantry Division , under the command of Major @-@ General R. F. L. Keller . The Allied need for additional airfields on the Norman mainland , ensured that the capture of the Carpiquet area was a priority for the Allies and an equally important defensive position for the Germans .
= = Prelude = =
= = = German defences = = =
Carpiquet airfield was on a 1 @.@ 2 mi ( 1 @.@ 9 km ) expanse of level ground , which offered a " killing ground " for the defenders . The airfield had been fortified with minefields , field gun and machine gun emplacements , manned by I Battalion , SS @-@ Panzergrenadier Regiment 26 , an anti @-@ aircraft battery and fifteen tanks .
= = = Allied forces = = =
Keller selected the 8th Canadian Infantry Brigade , comprising the The Queen 's Own Rifles of Canada ( QRC ) , Le Régiment de la Chaudière and The North Shore ( New Brunswick ) Regiment ; The Royal Winnipeg Rifles ( RWR ) were attached from the 7th Canadian Infantry Brigade to lead the assault . Tank and machine @-@ gun support was to be provided by Canadian 10th Armoured Regiment ( The Fort Garry Horse ) , The Sherbrooke Fusiliers and the Cameron Highlanders Support Battalion . Two squadrons of Hawker Typhoon fighter @-@ bombers and three squadrons of specialized tanks from the British 79th Armoured Division were added later . On the evening of 3 July , the battleship HMS Rodney bombarded the buildings around Carpiquet from the Bay of the Seine at 26 @,@ 200 yards ( 24 @,@ 000 m ) range , with fifteen shells from its 16 @-@ inch ( 410 mm ) guns .
Operation Windsor was planned to commence at 05 : 00 on 4 July , following a bombardment by 21 artillery regiments , with Le Régiment de la Chaudière and The North Shore Regiment attacking Carpiquet , as a squadron of the Sherbrooke Fusiliers protected the northern flank with a diversionary attack on Franqueville . To the south , the RWR was to advance and seize the hangars of Carpiquet airfield . At the same time as the Canadian attack , the 43rd Division was to attack further south down the north side of the Odon to capture Verson . Once the regiments had captured Carpiquet , the QWR would push through and take control of the airfield control buildings . The capture of the airfield would enable further Anglo @-@ Canadian attacks against Caen .
= = Battle = =
= = = 4 July = = =
As dawn broke on 4 July the artillery regiments opened fire on German positions in and around Carpiquet , firing a creeping barrage 1 mi ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) wide and 400 yd ( 370 m ) deep . At 05 : 00 two Canadian infantry battalions advanced on Carpiquet , while the Sherbrooke Fusilier squadron staged the diversion to the north . The Sherbooke Fusiliers broke through the German minefields and attacked Chateau @-@ St @-@ Louet and Gruchy before withdrawing but the defensive positions of SS Panzergrenadier Regiment 26 remained intact and continued to fire on the North Shores . In the centre , the Chaudières avoided much of the fire directed at the North Shores as they advanced on Carpiquet . By 06 : 32 , both battalions had reached the outskirts of the village and met tanks of the 12th SS Panzer Division . In the village , a house @-@ to @-@ house fight began and tanks of the 10th Canadian Armoured Regiment assisted the infantry in overrunning German positions .
To the south , the RWR advanced slowly towards the airfield , with German mortar fire inflicting many casualties on the infantry and tanks . With a squadron of the Fort Garry Horse only available for indirect fire , it took the RWR ninety minutes to advance the 1 @.@ 5 mi ( 2 @.@ 4 km ) from Marcelet to the airfield hangars , under fire from the south bank of the Odon . Several Sherman tanks were knocked out and by mid @-@ day the RWR were forced to withdraw halfway to their original positions .
Unaware that the RWR had failed to gain control of the airfield , Keller sent the QRC to begin the second phase of the assault . The battalion moved forward into Carpiquet village , which was occupied by the Chaudières and The North Shore , who attacked German strong points bypassed in the initial assault . Infantry attacks , flame @-@ throwers , petard @-@ tanks ( Churchill tanks mounted with a 290 mm ( 11 in ) spigot mortar ) and the immolation of one strong point forced twelve surviving defenders to surrender ; the remaining garrison surrendered after determined resistance . The QRC reached the edge of Carpiquet as the RWR withdrew and was ordered to hold their positions until the RWR reorganized for a second attack .
For the second attack on the airfield , Keller obtained the support of two squadrons of Typhoon fighter @-@ bombers . The survivors of the RWR were ordered to " execute a sweeping attack by the lower ground around the enemy 's left flank " , with tank and artillery support , under the impression that the 43rd Division had reached Verson , although this position could not prevent a counter @-@ attack from the south @-@ east . In the late afternoon , the RWR resumed the attack on the airfield and reached the hangars but were unable to dislodge the German defenders . The Fort Garry tanks encountered a battlegroup of Panther tanks and was overwhelmed , the RWR was ordered to withdraw to their start @-@ line under the cover of darkness . In Carpiquet , the 8th Canadian Infantry Brigade rapidly consolidated its positions , which were the closest to Caen of any Allied unit . Although the Canadians had control of Carpiquet and the northern hangars , the southern hangars and control buildings remained in German hands .
= = = 5 July = = =
Less than 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) from the outskirts of Caen , the 8th Canadian Infantry Brigade posed a threat to German positions in the town . With most of the defence concentrated north of Caen and by the River Odon , it was feared that Anglo @-@ Canadian forces could attack from Carpiquet and bypass the majority of the defences . Despite growing misgivings about the effectiveness of immediate counter @-@ attacks , Kurt Meyer ordered the SS to retake Carpiquet . Units from the 1st SS @-@ Panzer Division prepared to counter @-@ attack Carpiquet from Francqueville with tanks , artillery , mortars and infantry .
Shortly after midnight , the first of the SS counter @-@ attacks began and although thirteen tanks had been lost the previous day , the 10th Canadian Armoured Regiment and the mortars of the Cameron Highlanders , defeated the attack and inflicted many casualties . By dawn , almost no ground had been gained by the attackers and by noon , the 8th Canadian Infantry Brigade and 10th Canadian Armoured Regiment had defeated three counter @-@ attacks , with the assistance of artillery and Typhoon fighter @-@ bombers . The village remained firmly in Canadian occupation , although subject to frequent Nebelwerfer and mortar bombardment .
= = Aftermath = =
= = = Analysis = = =
Windsor was the first set @-@ piece attack by the 3rd Canadian Division and left the Germans in control of Carpiquet airport , which obliged the 43rd Division to retire from Verson and Fontaine @-@ Etoupefour . In 2005 , Reid wrote that the attack should have been made by two brigades rather than one and an extra battalion . The attached battalion managed to reach the hangars and fight their way through them but were ordered to withdraw twice . The success of the Germans defenders in maintaining their hold on the airfield , except for the north end and Carpiquet village , left the Canadians in a salient which was counter @-@ attacked several times . The failure of the brigade to reach all its objectives , led to doubts about the fitness of Keller for his command , although the preparations for Operation Charnwood might have been the reason for Keller delegating planning for Operation Windsor to the 8th Canadian Infantry Brigade commander , Brigadier K. G. Blackader .
Three days after Operation Windsor , the 3rd Canadian Infantry Division took part in Operation Charnwood . On 9 July , the 8th Canadian Infantry Brigade captured Carpiquet airfield and by nightfall , the northern half of Caen had been captured . On 18 July British and Canadian forces launched Operation Atlantic and Operation Goodwood in which the Canadians captured the Caen districts on the south bank and the British captured ground to the east and south of the city . Canadian forces then attacked German positions on Verrières Ridge in Operation Spring .
= = = Casualties = = =
Canadian casualties for the operation totalled 377 , of which 127 men were killed , most on 4 July . The RWR and The North Shores each lost 132 casualties . The 10th Canadian Armoured Regiment lost 17 tanks and an unknown number of tanks were lost by the Sherbrooke Fusiliers . The I Battalion , Panzer @-@ grenadier Regiment 26 had 155 infantry casualties and the 1st SS @-@ Panzer Division ( Leibstandarte Adolf Hitler ) , which counter @-@ attacked on 5 July , lost c . 20 tanks . II Battalion , Panzer @-@ grenadier Regiment 1 had 115 casualties .
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= Limbo ( video game ) =
Limbo is a puzzle @-@ platform video game developed by independent studio Playdead . The game was released in July 2010 as a platform exclusive title on Xbox Live Arcade , and was later re @-@ released as part of a retail game pack along with Trials HD and ' Splosion Man in April 2011 . Ports of the game to the PlayStation 3 and Microsoft Windows were created by Playdead , released after the year @-@ long Xbox 360 exclusivity period was completed . An OS X version was released in December 2011 , followed by Linux port in June 2014 . Ports for PlayStation Vita and iOS were also released in June and July 2013 , respectively . An Xbox One port was given away for free on 23 November 2014 to the majority of customers who purchased an Xbox One on its original launch day , and a PlayStation 4 version was released on 24 February 2015 .
Limbo is a 2D sidescroller , incorporating the physics system Box2D to govern environmental objects and the player character . The player guides an unnamed boy through dangerous environments and traps as he searches for his sister . The developer built the game 's puzzles expecting the player to fail before finding the correct solution . Playdead called the style of play " trial and death " , and used gruesome imagery for the boy 's deaths to steer the player from unworkable solutions .
The game is presented in black @-@ and @-@ white tones , using lighting , film grain effects and minimal ambient sounds to create an eerie atmosphere often associated with the horror genre . Journalists praised the dark presentation , describing the work as comparable to film noir and German Expressionism . Based on its aesthetics , reviewers classified Limbo as an example of video games as an art form . Limbo received positive reviews , but its minimal story polarised critics ; some critics found the open @-@ ended work to have deeper meaning that tied well with the game 's mechanics , while others believed the lack of significant plot and abrupt ending detracted from the game . A common point of criticism from reviewers was that the high cost of the game relative to its short length might deter players from purchasing the title , but some reviews proposed that Limbo had an ideal length . The title was the third @-@ highest selling game on the Xbox Live Arcade service in 2010 , generating around $ 7 @.@ 5 million in revenue . The title won several awards from industry groups after its release , and was named as one of the top games for 2010 by several publications . Playdead released Inside in 2016 , supported financially by the success of Limbo and revisiting many of the same themes from it .
= = Plot = =
The primary character in Limbo is a nameless boy , who awakens in the middle of a forest on the " edge of hell " ( the game 's title is taken from the Latin limbus , meaning " edge " ) . While seeking his missing younger sister , he encounters only a few human characters who either attack him , run away , or are dead . At one point during his journey , he encounters a female character , who abruptly vanishes before he can reach her . The forest eventually gives way to a crumbling city environment . On completion of the final puzzle , the boy is thrown through a pane of glass and back into the forest . He walks a short distance until he again encounters a girl , who , upon his approach , stands up , startled . At this point , the game abruptly ends .
= = Gameplay = =
The player controls the boy throughout the game . As is typical of most two @-@ dimensional platform games , the boy can run left or right , jump , climb onto short ledges or up and down ladders and ropes , and push or pull objects . Limbo is presented through dark , greyscale graphics and with minimalist ambient sounds , creating an eerie , haunting environment . The dark visuals also hide numerous environmental and physical hazards , such as deadly bear traps on the forest floor , or lethal monsters hiding in the shadows , such as a giant spider . Among the hazards are glowing worms , which attach themselves to the boy 's head and force him to travel in only one direction unless bright light comes in contact with it , which changes the direction of the player until it is removed by static NPCs .
The game 's second half features mechanical puzzles and traps using machinery , electromagnets , and gravity . Many of these traps are not apparent until triggered , often with deadly consequences . The player is able to restart at the last encountered checkpoint , with no limits placed on how many times this can occur . Some traps can be avoided and used later in the game ; one bear trap is used to clamp onto an animal 's carcass , hung from the end of a rope , tearing the carcass off the rope and allowing the branch and rope to retract upwards and allow the boy to climb onto a ledge otherwise out of reach . As the player will likely encounter numerous deaths before they solve each puzzle and complete the game , the developers call Limbo a " trial and death " game . Some deaths are animated with images of the boy 's dismemberment or beheading , although an optional gore filter blacks out the screen instead of showing these deaths . Game achievements ( optional in @-@ game goals ) include finding hidden insect eggs and completing the game with five or fewer deaths .
= = Development = =
According to Playdead Co @-@ founder and CEO , Dino Patti and lead designer Jeppe Carlsen , Playdead 's game director , Arnt Jensen , conceived Limbo around 2004 . At that time , as a concept artist at IO Interactive , Jensen became dissatisfied with the increasingly corporate nature of the company . He had sketched a " mood image " of a " secret place " to get ideas , and the result , similar to the backgrounds of the final game , inspired Jensen to expand on it . Jensen initially tried on his own to program the game in Visual Basic around 2004 , but found he needed more help and proceeded to create an art style trailer by 2006 . He had only intended to use the trailer as a means to recruit a programmer to help him , but the video attracted substantial interest in the project from across the Internet , eventually leading him to meet with Patti , who was also dissatisfied with his job . Their collaboration led to the founding of Playdead . Although Patti helped in the first few months with programming , he realised that the project was much larger than the two of them could handle , and Patti developed the business around the game 's expanded development .
Initial development was funded personally by Jensen and Patti along with Danish government grants , including funding from the Nordic Game Program , while large investors were sought later in the development cycle . Jensen and Patti did not want to commit to major publishers , preferring to retain full creative control in developing the title . Jensen originally planned to release Limbo as a free Microsoft Windows title , but by this point , Jensen and Patti decided to make the game a retail title .
Playdead chose to ignore outside advice from investors and critics during development , such as to add multiplayer play and adjustable difficulty levels , and to extend the game 's length . According to Patti , Playdead felt these changes would break the integrity of Jensen 's original vision . Patti also felt that the investors " tried to control the company with no usable knowledge or respect " , citing that after Microsoft raised concerns about the death of the boy , " one of the investors suggested we make him appear older by giving him a moustache . " Numerous iterations of the game took place during a two @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half year development cycle , including changes Jensen had demanded to polish the title , some elements being added two months prior to the game 's release . Patti stated that they " trashed 70 % " of the content they had developed , due to it not fitting in well with the context of the game . The core development team size was about 8 developers , expanding to 16 at various stages with freelancers . Playdead developed the design tools for Limbo in Visual Studio ; Patti commented they would likely seek third @-@ party applications for their next project given the challenges in creating their own technology . Patti later revealed they had opted to use the Unity engine for their next project , citing the development of their custom engine for Limbo as a " double product , doing both engine and game " , and that their Limbo engine is limited to monochromatic visuals .
Limbo was released on 21 July 2010 on the Xbox Live Arcade service , as the first title in the yearly " Summer of Arcade " promotion . Although the Entertainment Software Rating Board ( ESRB ) had listed entries for Limbo for the PlayStation 3 and Microsoft Windows platforms , Playdead confirmed that this was a mistake on ESRB 's part , and that they had no plans for the game on these systems . Patti later clarified that they had planned on Windows and PlayStation 3 versions alongside the Xbox 360 version initially , but after reviewing their options , decided to go with Xbox 360 exclusivity , in part that " Microsoft provided us with an excellent opportunity , which included a lot of support for the title which in the end would mean a better visibility for Limbo " . According to producer Mads Wibroe , part of their decision not to release for the Windows platform was to avoid issues with software piracy , something they could control on the Xbox 360 . Patti stated that staying exclusive with the Xbox platform was an assurance that they would be able to recoup their investment in the game 's development . Sony Computer Entertainment executive Pete Smith stated later that while they had tried to vie with Microsoft for exclusivity for Limbo , Playdead refused to relinquish its intellectual property to Sony as part of the deal . Patti affirmed that Limbo would not be released for another console , but that their next game , already in development as of October 2010 , may see wider release .
However , in June 2011 , users found that a trailer for Limbo appeared on the Steam software service , which video game publications such as PC Gamer took as a preliminary sign that a Microsoft Windows version would be released . Similarly , a possible PlayStation 3 version was projected based on the title appearing on the Korea Media Rating Board in June 2011 . On 30 June 2011 , Playdead announced their ports of the game to the PlayStation 3 via the PlayStation Network , and to Microsoft Windows via Steam , later set for 19 July and 2 August 2011 , respectively . Patti clarified that their change of mind from their earlier Xbox 360 @-@ exclusive approach was because " we want as many people to play our games as possible " . The release was set for nearly a year after the original availability of the Xbox 360 version , after the expiration of the Xbox 360 exclusivity rights for the game . Both the PlayStation 3 and Windows versions of the game have additional secret content , according to Patti ; it is unknown if this content will be added in a patch to the Xbox 360 version . Playdead has since published a Mac OS X version of the game through the Mac App Store in December 2011 , fulfilling their promise to release the title before the end of 2011 ; though they had wanted to also release the Mac Steam version by then , this version was ultimately delayed to mid January 2012 . A Linux version of the game , based on a Wine @-@ encapsulated package prepared by CodeWeavers , premiered in the Humble Indie Bundle V charitable sales event in May 2012 . A native port for Linux was later released on 19 June 2014 , with porter Ryan C. Gordon bringing over the Wwise audio middleware that previously prevented a native port from being possible . The PlayStation Vita version of the game was developed by Playdead with assistance from the UK studio Double Eleven , and was released in June 2013 . The Vita version does not use the handheld 's touchpad features ; Patti stated that they " didn 't feel it would suit Limbo at all " and wanted to provide the " original experience " of the game to Vita players . The Vita version has Cross @-@ play support with the PlayStation 3 version , allowing the user to buy the game once to play on either platform . The iOS version of the game was announced shortly before its release in July 2013 , and was designed to optimize the game for use on the touchscreen devices .
In April 2011 , an Xbox 360 retail distribution of Limbo alongside other indie games Trials HD and ' Splosion Man was released . Playdead began selling a " Special Edition " physical copy of Limbo for Microsoft Windows and Mac OS X , which included art cards , the game 's soundtrack , and anaglyph stereoscopic glasses that work with a special version of the game to simulate three dimensions . The title was later ported to the Xbox One console and released in December 2014 , with early adopters of the console getting the title for free ; Microsoft 's Phil Spencer called the title a " must have played " game that affected their decision to give the game to the majority of early adopters . There is some confusion as not all early adopters received the game . A PlayStation 4 version of the game was released in February 2015 .
= = = Story , art and music direction = = =
From the game 's inception , Jensen set out three goals for the final Limbo product . The first goal was to create a specific mood and art style . Jensen wanted to create an aesthetic for the game without resorting to highly detailed three @-@ dimensional models , and instead directed the art towards a minimalistic style to allow the development to focus its attention on the gameplay . Jensen 's second goal was to only require two additional controls — jumping and grabbing — outside of the normal left @-@ and @-@ right movement controls , to keep the game easy to play . Finally , the finished game was to present no tutorial text to the player , requiring players to learn the game 's mechanics on their own . The game was purposely developed to avoid revealing details of its content ; the only tagline the company provided was , " Uncertain of his sister 's fate , a boy enters Limbo . " This was chosen so that players could interpret the game 's meaning for themselves .
Some aspects of Limbo bore out from Jensen 's own past , such as the forest areas that were similar to forests around the farm where he grew up , and the spider coming from Jensen 's arachnophobia . Jensen drew inspiration from film genres , including works of film noir , to set the art style of the game ; the team 's graphic artist , Morten Bramsen , is credited with recreating that art style . Much of the game 's flow was storyboarded very early in development , such as the boy 's encounters with spiders and mind @-@ controlling worms , as well as the overall transition from a forest to a city , then to an abstract environment . As development progressed , some of the original ideas became too difficult for the small team to complete . The storyline also changed ; originally , the spider sequences were to be present near the end of the game , but were later moved to the first part . In retrospect , Jensen was aware that the first half of the game contained more scripted events and encounters , while the second half of the game was lonelier and puzzle @-@ heavy ; Jensen attributed this to his lack of oversight during the latter stages of development . Jensen purposely left the game with an open ending though with a specific interpretation only he knew , though noted after the game 's release that some players , posting in forum boards , had suggested resolutions that were " scary close " to his ideas .
The game 's audio was created by Martin Stig Andersen , a graduate from the Royal Academy of Music in Aarhus . Andersen 's specialisation was in acousmatic music , non @-@ traditional music created from generated sounds that have no apparent visual source . He was drawn to work with Jensen on the game after seeing the initial trailer , having been drawn in by the expressions of the boy character ; Andersen compared the early visuals to his acousmatic music : " you have something recognizable and realistic , but at the same time it 's abstract " . Andersen sought to create acousmatic music exclusively incorporating the sound effects of the game 's environments . Two examples he pointed to was the use of electricity noises while in the presence of a ruined neon " HOTEL " sign , and silencing the wind sound as the spider approached the boy in the forest . Andersen avoided the use of easily recognizable sounds , distorting them when needed as to allow players to interpret the sounds ' meanings for themselves . Andersen constructed most of the game 's sounds through a number of " grains " instead of longer sound loops , allowing him to adjust the playback to give better feedback to the player without sounding repetitious ; one example he cites was the use of separate sounds for the boy 's toe and heel when they make contact with the ground , giving a more realistic sound for movement . Many reviews for the game stated that there was no music in Limbo , but Andersen countered that his sound arrangements helped to evoke emotions ; the acousmatic music was intended to leave room for interpretation by the player in the same manner as the game 's art and story . Andersen noted that this helps with immersion within the game by making no attempt to control the emotional tone ; " if [ the players are ] scared it will probably make them more scared when there 's no music to take them by the hand and tell them how to feel " . Due to fans ' requests , Playdead released the game 's soundtrack on iTunes Store on 11 July 2011 .
= = = Gameplay direction = = =
The gameplay was the second element created for the game , following the graphics created by Jensen . The gameplay was created and refined using rudimentary graphic elements to establish the types of puzzles they wanted to have , but aware of how these elements would be presented to the player in the released version . Limbo was designed to avoid the pitfalls of major titles , where the same gameplay mechanic is used repeatedly . Carlsen , initially brought aboard as a programmer for the custom game engine , became the lead designer after Playdead found him to be capable at creating puzzles . Carlsen stated that the puzzles within Limbo were designed to " [ keep ] you guessing all the way through " . Jensen also wanted to make the puzzles feel like a natural part of the environment , and to avoid the feeling that the player was simply moving from puzzle to puzzle through the course of the game . Carlsen identified examples of puzzles from other games that he wanted to avoid . He wanted to avoid simple puzzles that gave the player little satisfaction in its solution , such as a puzzle in Uncharted 2 : Among Thieves that involved simply moving a sun @-@ lit mirror to specific points in a room . In contrast , Carlsen wanted to avoid making the puzzle so complex with many separate parts that the player would resort to trial @-@ and @-@ error and eventually come out with the solution without thinking about why the solution worked ; Carlsen used an example of a puzzle from the 2008 Prince of Persia game that had seven different mechanics that he never bothered to figure out himself . Carlsen designed Limbo 's puzzles to fall between these limits , demonstrating one puzzle that only has three elements : a switch panel , an electrified floor , and a chain ; the goal — to use the chain to cross the electrified floor — is immediately obvious to the player , and then tasks the player to determine the right combination of moves and timing to complete it safely . They often had to strip away elements to make the puzzles more enjoyable and easier to figure out . The decision to provide little information to the player was an initial challenge in creating the game . From their initial pool of about 150 playtesters , several would have no idea of how to solve certain puzzles . To improve this , they created scenarios before troublesome spots that highlighted the appropriate actions ; for example , when they found players did not think about pulling a boat onto shore to use as a platform to reach a higher ledge , they presented the player with a box @-@ pulling puzzle earlier to demonstrate the pulling mechanics .
The team developed the game 's puzzles by first assuming the player was their " worst enemy " , and made puzzles as devious as possible , but then scaled back their difficulty or added visual and audible aids as if the player was a friend . One example given by Carlsen is a puzzle involving a spider early in the game ; the solution requires pushing a bear trap to snare the spider 's legs in it . Early designs of this puzzle had the bear trap on the same screen as the spider , and Playdead found playtesters focused too much on the trap . The developers altered the puzzle to put the trap in a tree in an earlier off @-@ screen section when facing the spider ; the spider 's actions would eventually cause this trap to drop to the ground and become a weapon against the spider . Carlsen stated that this arrangement created a situation where the player felt helpless when initially presented with the deadly spider , but then assisted the player through an audible cue when the trap had dropped , enabling the player to discover the solution .
One animator was dedicated full @-@ time during three years of the game 's development to work out the boy 's animations , including animations that showed anticipation on the player 's actions or events in the game , such as reaching out for a cart handle as the player moved the boy near it . Jensen felt this was important as the character was always at the center of the player 's screen , and the most important element to watch . Playdead included gruesome death sequences to highlight incorrect solutions and discourage players from repeating their mistakes . While they expected players to run the boy into numerous deaths while trying solutions , Carlsen stated that their goal was to ensure death wasn 't a penalty in the game , and made the death animations entertaining to keep the player interested . Carlsen noted several early puzzles were too complex for the game , but they would end up using a portion of these larger puzzles in the final release .
= = Reception = =
Limbo 's initial release on the Xbox 360 has received acclaim from video game critics and journalists ; the subsequent release of the game for the PlayStation 3 and Microsoft Windows platforms received similar praise , holding Metacritic aggregate scores of 90 / 100 and 88 / 100 , respectively , compared to the 90 / 100 earned by the Xbox 360 version . Some journalists compared Limbo to previous minimalist platform games such as Another World , Flashback , Heart of Darkness , Oddworld : Abe 's Oddysee , Ico , Portal and Braid . Reviews consistently noted Limbo 's short length for its higher selling price : two to five hours of gameplay for 15 euros or 15 U.S. dollars . Reviewers asserted this length @-@ to @-@ price ratio was the largest drawback for the game , and would be a deterrent for potential buyers . Some journalists contended that the length of the game was ideal ; The Daily Telegraph 's Tom Hoggins considered the short game to have a " perfectly formed running time " , while Daemon Hatfield of IGN commented that " it 's better for a game to leave us wanting more than to overstay its welcome " . Numerous independent game developers , in an organised " Size Doesn 't Matter " effort , commented on the critical response to Limbo 's length @-@ to @-@ price ratio . The independent developers questioned the need to quantify that ratio , and noted that it only seems to be used as a factor in judging video games and not other forms of entertainment such as films .
Limbo was generally praised for its puzzle design and the simplicity of its controls . Jake Gaskill of G4 TV was impressed by the complexity of the puzzles based on the two simple actions of jumping and grabbing onto objects , similar to LittleBigPlanet , with a variety of elements to assure " you 're always facing something new and challenging " during the game . Game Informer 's Matt Miller commented that part of the success of Limbo is that " every one of these [ puzzles ] stands alone " ; the game accomplishes this in Miller 's opinion by varying the elements throughout the game , and preventing the player from getting too accustomed to similar solutions since " everything changes " . GameSpy 's Ryan Scott believed that the game empowered the player to work through solutions themselves , and its puzzle design , " with its elegant simplicity , offers up what feels like a world of meaningful possibilities " . The frequency of death was not considered a distraction from the game ; not only were the deaths seen as necessary as part of learning and overcoming each obstacle , but reviewers found the checkpoints where the player would restart to be plentiful throughout the game . Will Freeman of The Guardian praised the game but noted that beyond the " smoke and mirrors " of Limbo 's artwork , the game is " undermined by the title 's lack of innovative gameplay " , which he says has been seen in earlier platform games .
= = = Presentation = = =
Limbo 's graphical and audio presentation were considered by reviewers as exceptional and powerful elements of the game . The monochrome approach , coupled with film grain filter , focusing techniques and lighting , were compared to both film noir and dreamlike tableaus of silent films , allowing the visual elements of the game to carry much of the story 's weight . Cian Hassett of PALGN likened the effect to watching the game through an old @-@ fashioned film projector that creates " one of the most unsettling and eerily beautiful environments " in video gaming . Garrett Martin of the Boston Herald compared the art style and game design decisions to German Expressionism with " dreamlike levels that twist and spin in unexpected angles " . The art style itself was praised as minimalistic , and considered reminiscent of the art of Lotte Reiniger , Edward Gorey , Fritz Lang , and Tim Burton . The use of misdirection in the visuals were also praised , such as by using silhouettes to avoid revealing the true nature of the characters or shadows , or by showing human figures across a chasm who disappear once the player crossed the chasm .
Reviewers found the sound effects within the game critical to the game 's impact . Sam Machkovech , writing for The Atlantic , called the sound direction , " far more colorful and organic than the fuzzed @-@ out looks would lead you to believe " . Edge magazine 's review noted that the few background noises " [ do ] little else than contribute towards Limbo ’ s tone " , while the sound effects generated by moving the boy character " are given an eerie clarity without the presence of a conventional soundtrack to cover them " .
IGN 's Hatfield concluded his review by stating , " Very few games are as original , atmospheric , and consistently brilliant as Limbo " . Chad Sapeiha of The Globe and Mail summarised his opinion of the game 's atmosphere as an " intensely scary , oddly beautiful , and immediately arresting aesthetic . " Limbo is said to be the first game to attempt a mix of the horror fiction genre with platform games . The game has been considered an art game through its visual and audio elements .
= = = Plot = = =
The game 's story and its ending have been open to much interpretation ; the ending was purposely left vague and unanswered by Playdead . It was compared to other open @-@ ended books , films and video games , where the viewer is left to interpret what they have read or seen . Some reviews suggested that the game is a representation of the religious nature of Limbo or purgatory , as the boy character completes the journey only to end at the same place he started , repeating the same journey when the player starts a new game . Another interpretation suggested the game is the boy 's journey through Hell to reach Heaven , or to find closure for his sister 's death . Another theory considers that either the boy or his sister or both are dead . Some theories attempted to incorporate details from the game , such as the change in setting as the boy travels through the game suggesting the progression of man from child to adult to elder , or the similarities and differences between the final screen of the game where the boy meets a girl and the main menu where what could be human remains stand in their places .
The absence of direct narrative , such as through cutscenes or in @-@ game text , was a mixed point for reviewers . John Teti of Eurogamer considered the game 's base story to be metaphorical for a " story of a search for companionship " , and that the few encounters with human characters served as " emotional touchstones " that drove the story forward ; ultimately , Teti stated that these elements make Limbo " a game that has very few humans , but a surplus of humanity " . Hatfield praised the simplicity of the game 's story , commenting that , " with no text , no dialogue , and no explanation , it manages to communicate circumstance and causality to the player more simply than most games " . Both Teti and Hatfield noted that some of the story elements were weaker in the second half of the game , when there are almost no human characters with whom the player comes into contact , but that the game ends with an unexpected revelation . GameSpot 's Tom McShae found no issues with the game posing questions on " death versus life and reality versus dream " , but purposely providing no answers for them , allowing the player to contemplate these on their own . McShae also considered that the brief but gruesome death scenes for the boy helped to create an " emotional immediacy that is difficult to forget " . The New York Daily News ' Stu Horvath noted that Limbo " turns its lack of obvious narrative into one of the most compelling riddles in videogames " .
Other reviews disliked the lack of story or its presentation within Limbo . Justin Haywald of 1UP.com was critical of the lacking narrative , feeling that the game failed to explain the purpose of the constructed traps or rationale for how the game 's world worked , and that the final act left him " more confused than when [ he ] began " . Haywald had contrasted Limbo to Braid , a similar platform game with minimalistic elements which communicates its metaphorical story to the player through in @-@ game text . Roger Hargreaves of Metro stated that the game has " very little evidence that [ Playdead ] really knew where they were going with the game " , citing the second half , when the player is traveling through a factory @-@ type setting and where he felt the game became more like a typical two @-@ dimensional platform game , and led to an anticlimactic ending ; Hargreaves contrasted this to more gruesome elements of the first half , such as encountering corpses of children and having to use those as part of the puzzle @-@ solving aspects .
= = = Sales and accolades = = =
Before its release , Limbo was awarded both the " Technical Excellence " and " Excellence in Visual Art " titles at the Independent Games Festival during the 2010 Game Developers Conference . At E3 2010 — about a month before its release — Limbo won GameSpot 's " Best Downloadable Game " , and was nominated for several other " Best of Show " awards , including " Best Platformer " by IGN , " Most Original Game " by G4 TV , and " Best Puzzle Game " by GameSpot . The game was nominated as one of 32 finalists at the 2010 IndieCade festival for independent developers , ultimately winning the " Sound " award .
Following its release , Limbo was named " Game of the Year " , " Best Indie Game " , and " Best Visual Art " at the 2010 European Milthon Awards during the Paris Game Show in September 2010 . Game Informer named Limbo their Game of the Month for August 2010 . Limbo was awarded the " Best Indie Game " at the 2010 Spike Video Game Awards . The game received the most nominations for the 11th Annual Game Developers Choice Awards , earning seven nominations including for the " Best Debut Game " , " Innovation " , and " Game of the Year " awards , and ultimately won for " Best Visual Art " . The title won the " Adventure Game of the Year " and " Outstanding Achievement in Sound Design " Interactive Achievement Awards from the Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences and was nominated for " Outstanding Achievement in Game Direction " and " Outstanding Innovation in Gaming " . The Academy also named Limbo as the winner of the 2010 Indie Game Challenge award in the " Professional " category , along with a $ 100 @,@ 000 prize . The game was selected as the 2010 Annie Award for Best Animated Video Game . Limbo was named as one of ten games for the publicly voted 2011 " Game of the Year " BAFTA Video Game Awards . In addition , the game was nominated for the committee @-@ determined BAFTA awards for " Artistic Achievement " , " Use of Audio " , " Gameplay " and " Best Game " . The inclusion of the independently developed Limbo among other larger commercially backed games such as Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood and Call of Duty : Black Ops for such " Best Game " awards is considered an indication that the video game industry has started to give more recognition to these smaller titles .
Several publications , including Time , Wired and the Toronto Sun placed Limbo as one of the top ten video games of 2010 . IGN named it the third best Xbox Live Arcade title of all time in two lists , published in 2010 and 2011 , in both cases following Shadow Complex and Pac Man Championship Edition . Limbo was spoofed by the comedy troope Mega64 during the 2011 Game Developers Conference , and later by the CollegeHumor sister website , Dorkly .
Within two weeks of its release on Xbox Live Arcade , Limbo gained more than 244 @,@ 000 players to the global leaderboards — a rough measure of full sales of the game — which was considered an " incredibly impressive feat " compared to previous Xbox Live Arcade titles , according to GamerBytes ' Ryan Langley . Within a month of its release , more than 300 @,@ 000 copies of the game were sold . By the end of August 2010 , the number of players on the global leaderboard grew to 371 @,@ 000 , exceeding the number of players of other Summer of Arcade games released in 2009 , and approaching the number of lifetime players of Braid , released two years earlier . Langley , who had expected Limbo 's sales to fall " due to the lack of repeatable content and being a strictly single player experience " , considered that these figures had " beaten everyone ’ s expectations " . Phil Spencer , the Vice @-@ President of Microsoft Game Studios , stated in September 2010 that Limbo was " our number one Summer of Arcade game by a long stretch " , and further posed that Limbo represents a shift in the type of game that gamers want out of online on @-@ demand game services ; " it 's becoming less about iconic [ intellectual property ] that people know and it 's becoming more diverse " . Limbo was the third @-@ highest selling Xbox Live Arcade title in 2010 , selling 527 @,@ 000 and generating about $ 7 @.@ 5 million in revenue . In March 2011 , Microsoft listed Limbo as the 11th @-@ highest selling game to date on Xbox Live . Playdead stated that more than two million users on the Xbox 360 service played through the demo within the year of the game 's release .
The developers announced that as of November 2011 , they had sold over 1 million copies of the game across the Xbox 360 , PlayStation 3 , and Microsoft Windows platforms . By June 2013 , just prior to the iOS release , Playdead announced that total sales of Limbo across all platforms exceeded 3 million . The PlayStation 3 version was the top selling third @-@ party downloadable game on the PlayStation Network service in 2011 . The PlayStation 3 version was also voted " Best Indie Game " in the 2012 PSN Gamers ' Choice Awards . The Mac OS X version of Limbo was awarded with Apple 's Design Award in 2012 .
Applications for grants from the Nordic Game Program , which had funded Limbo 's initial development , increased 50 % in the second half of 2010 , believed to be tied to the game 's success . Playdead was able to buy itself back from its investors in August 2011 from the revenue made from sales of Limbo . Playdead 's followup title , Inside , first released in June 2016 , is visually and thematically similar to Limbo , and includes some elements that were cut from Limbo 's development .
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= Red Auerbach =
Arnold Jacob " Red " Auerbach ( September 20 , 1917 – October 28 , 2006 ) was an American basketball coach of the Washington Capitols , the Tri @-@ Cities Blackhawks and the Boston Celtics . After he retired from coaching , he served as president and front office executive of the Celtics until his death . As a coach , he won 938 games ( a record at his retirement ) and nine National Basketball Association ( NBA ) championships in ten years ( a number surpassed only by Phil Jackson , who won 11 in twenty years ) . As general manager and team president of the Celtics , he won an additional seven NBA titles , for a grand total of 16 in a span of 29 years , making him one of the most successful team officials in the history of North American professional sports .
Auerbach is remembered as a pioneer of modern basketball , redefining basketball as a game dominated by team play and defense and for introducing the fast break as a potent offensive weapon . He groomed many players who went on to be inducted into the Basketball Hall of Fame . Additionally , Auerbach was vital in breaking down color barriers in the NBA . He made history by drafting the first African @-@ American NBA player , Chuck Cooper in 1950 , introduced the first African @-@ American starting five in 1964 , and hired the first African @-@ American head coach in North American sports ( Bill Russell in 1966 ) . Famous for his polarizing nature , he was well known for smoking a cigar when he thought a victory was assured , a habit that became , for many , " the ultimate symbol of victory " during his Boston tenure .
In 1967 , the NBA Coach of the Year award , which he had won in 1965 , was named the " Red Auerbach Trophy , " and Auerbach was inducted into the Basketball Hall of Fame in 1969 . In 1980 , he was named the greatest coach in the history of the NBA by the Professional Basketball Writers Association of America , and was NBA Executive of the Year in 1980 . In addition , Auerbach was voted one of the NBA 10 Greatest Coaches in history , was inducted into the National Jewish Sports Hall of Fame , and is honored with a retired number 2 jersey in the TD Garden , the home of the Boston Celtics .
= = Early life = =
Arnold Jacob Auerbach was one of the four children of Marie and Hyman Auerbach . Hyman was a Russian Jewish immigrant from Minsk , Russia , and Marie Auerbach , née Thompson , was American @-@ born . Auerbach Sr. had left Russia when he was 13 , and the couple owned a delicatessen store and later went into the dry @-@ cleaning business . Little Arnold spent his whole childhood in Williamsburg , Brooklyn , playing basketball . With his flaming red hair and fiery temper , Auerbach was soon nicknamed " Red . "
Amid the Great Depression , Red played basketball at PS 122 and in the Eastern District High School , where he was named " Second Team All @-@ Brooklyn " by the World @-@ Telegram in his senior year . Auerbach received an athletic scholarship to the basketball program of Bill Reinhart at George Washington University in Washington , D.C .. Auerbach was a standout basketball player and graduated with a M.A. in 1941 . In those years , Auerbach began to understand the importance of the fast break , appreciating how potent three charging attackers against two back @-@ pedalling defenders could be .
= = First coaching years ( 1941 – 1950 ) = =
In 1941 , Auerbach began coaching basketball at the St. Albans School and Roosevelt High School in Washington , D.C. Two years later , he joined the US Navy for three years , coaching the Navy basketball team in Norfolk . There , he caught the eye of Washington millionaire Mike Uline , who hired him to coach the Washington Capitols in the newly founded Basketball Association of America ( BAA ) , a predecessor of the NBA .
In the 1946 @-@ 47 BAA season , Auerbach led a fast break @-@ oriented team built around early BAA star Bones McKinney and various ex @-@ Navy players to a 49 – 11 win – loss record , including a standard @-@ setting 17 @-@ game winning streak that stood as the single @-@ season league record until 1969 . In the playoffs , however , they were defeated by the Chicago Stags in six games .
The next year the Capitols went 28 – 20 but were eliminated from the playoffs in a one @-@ game Western Division tie @-@ breaker . In the 1948 @-@ 49 BAA season , the Caps won their first 15 games and finished the season at 38 – 22 . The team reached the BAA Finals , but were beaten by the Minneapolis Lakers , who were led by Hall @-@ of @-@ Fame center George Mikan . In the next season , the BAA and the rival league National Basketball League merged to become the NBA , and Auerbach felt he had to rebuild his squad . However , owner Uline declined his proposals , and Auerbach resigned .
Auerbach was then approached by Ben Kerner , owner of the Tri @-@ Cities Blackhawks . After getting a green light to rebuild the team from scratch , Auerbach traded more than two dozen players in just six weeks , and the revamped Blackhawks improved , but ended the 1949 – 50 NBA season with a losing record of 28 – 29 . When Kerner traded Auerbach 's favorite player John Mahnken , an angry Auerbach resigned again .
= = Boston Celtics ( 1950 – 2006 ) = =
= = = The early years ( 1950 – 56 ) = = =
Prior to the 1950 – 51 NBA season , Walter Brown , owner of the Boston Celtics , was desperate to turn around his struggling and financially strapped franchise , which was reeling from a 22 – 46 record . Brown , in characteristic candor , said to a gathering of local Boston sportswriters , " Boys , I don 't know anything about basketball . Who would you recommend I hire as coach ? " The group vociferously answered that he get the recently available Auerbach , and Brown complied . In the 1950 NBA Draft , Auerbach made some notable moves . First , he famously snubbed Hall @-@ of @-@ Fame New England point guard Bob Cousy in the 1950 NBA Draft , infuriating the Boston crowd . He argued that the flashy Cousy lacked the poise necessary to make his team , taunting him as a " local yokel " . Second , he drafted African @-@ American Chuck Cooper , the first black player to be drafted by an NBA club . With that , Auerbach effectively broke down the color barrier in professional basketball .
In that year , the core of the Celtics consisted of Hall @-@ of @-@ Fame center Ed Macauley , Auerbach 's old favorite McKinney , and an unlikely addition , Cousy . Cousy had refused to report to the club that had drafted him ( ironically , the Blackhawks , Auerbach 's old club ) , and because his next team ( the Chicago Stags ) folded , he ended up with the Celtics . With Auerbach 's fast @-@ break tactics , the Celtics achieved a 39 – 30 record but lost in the 1951 NBA Playoffs to the New York Knicks . However , the relationship between Auerbach and Cousy improved when the coach saw that the " Houdini of the Hardwood " — as the spectacular dribbler and flashy passer Cousy was lovingly called — became the first great playmaker of the fledgling NBA .
In the following 1951 – 52 NBA season , Auerbach made a remarkable draft pick of future Hall @-@ of @-@ Fame guard Bill Sharman . With the high @-@ scoring Macauley , elite passer Cousy , and new prodigy Sharman , Auerbach had a core that provided high @-@ octane fast @-@ break basketball . Other notable players who joined the Celtics were forwards Frank Ramsey and Jim Loscutoff . In the next years until 1956 , the Celtics would make the playoffs every year , but never won the title . In fact , the Celtics often choked in the playoffs , going a mere 10 – 17 in the postseason from 1951 through 1956 . As Cousy put it : " We would get tired in the end and could not get the ball . " As a result , Auerbach sought a defensive big man who could both get easy rebounds , initiate fast breaks , and close out games .
= = = The dynasty ( 1956 – 66 ) = = =
Before the 1956 NBA Draft , Auerbach had already set his sights on defensive rebounding center Bill Russell . Via a draft @-@ day trade that sent Macauley and rookie Cliff Hagan to the rival St. Louis Hawks , he acquired a center in Russell , who would go on to become one of the greatest basketball players of all time . In the same draft , Auerbach picked up forward Tom Heinsohn and guard K.C. Jones , also two future Hall @-@ of @-@ Famers . Emphasizing team play rather than individual performances , and stressing that defense was more important than offense , Auerbach drilled his players to play tough defense and force opposing turnovers for easy fast @-@ break points . Forward Tom Sanders recalled that the teams were also regularly among the best @-@ conditioned and toughest squads .
Anchored by defensive stalwart Russell , the tough Celtics forced their opponents to take low @-@ percentage shots from farther distances ( there was no three @-@ point arc at the time ) ; misses were then often grabbed by perennial rebounding champion Russell , who then either passed it on to elite fast @-@ break distributor Cousy or made the outlet pass himself , providing their sprinting colleagues opportunities for an easy slam dunk or layup . Auerbach also emphasized the need for role players like Frank Ramsey and John Havlicek , who became two of the first legitimate sixth men in NBA history , a role later succeeded in by Don Nelson . Auerbach 's recipe proved devastating to the opposition . From 1957 to 1966 , the Celtics won nine of ten NBA championships . This included eight consecutive championships — which is the longest championship streak in North American sports — and six victories over the Los Angeles Lakers of Hall @-@ of @-@ Famers Elgin Baylor and Jerry West in the NBA Finals . The streak also denied perennial scoring and rebounding champion Wilt Chamberlain a title during Auerbach 's coaching reign .
Flowing from Auerbach 's emphasis on teamwork , what was also striking about his teams was that they never seemed to have a dominant scorer : in the 1960 – 61 NBA season , for instance , the Celtics had six players who scored between 15 and 21 points per game , but none made the Top 10 scoring list . In 1964 , he sent out the first @-@ ever NBA starting five consisting of an African @-@ American quintet , namely Russell , Willie Naulls , Tom Sanders , Sam Jones , and K. C. Jones . Auerbach would go a step further in the 1966 – 67 NBA season , when he stepped down after winning nine titles in 11 years , and made Bill Russell player @-@ coach . Auerbach also popularized smoking a victory cigar whenever he thought a game was already decided , a habit that became cult @-@ like in popularity in the Boston area . Furthermore , having acquired a reputation as a fierce competitor , he often got into verbal altercations with officials , receiving more fines and getting ejected more often than any other coach in NBA history .
All in all , Auerbach coached nine championship teams directly and mentored 4 players — Russell , Sharman , Heinsohn and K.C. Jones — who would go on to win an additional 7 NBA championships as coaches ( two each for Russell , Heinsohn and Jones , all with the Celtics , and one for Sharman with the Lakers ) . Ten players who played for Auerbach have been inducted into the Basketball Hall of Fame — Macauley , Ramsey , Cousy , Sharman , Heinsohn , Russell , K. C. Jones , Havlicek , Sam Jones and Bailey Howell . Although Don Nelson played for Auerbach only during his last year as coach , his influence was profound : Nelson would later join Auerbach as one of the 10 Greatest Coaches in NBA history . Sharman and Heinsohn would become two of only four people to be inducted into the Hall of Fame as both a player and a coach . Few , if any , coaches can match Auerbach 's record of wins and successful mentorship of his players .
= = = General manager ( 1966 – 84 ) = = =
Prior to the 1965 @-@ 66 NBA season , Auerbach announced the coming year would be his last as coach , stating to the rest of the league , " This is your chance to take your last shot at me . " After losing game 1 of the 1966 finals to the Lakers , he publicly named his successor , center Bill Russell . The Celtics won the series in seven games , sending Auerbach out on top . Russell then took over as a player @-@ coach , and so became the first African @-@ American head coach ever in the four major North American professional team sports . While his pupil led the Celtics to two further titles in 1968 and 1969 , Auerbach rebuilt the aging Celtics with shrewd draft picks , among them Jo Jo White and future Hall @-@ of @-@ Famers Dave Cowens , Paul Westphal , and Don Chaney . With his ex @-@ player Tom Heinsohn coaching the Celtics and led by former sixth man John Havlicek , Auerbach 's new recruits won the Atlantic Division every year from 1972 to 1976 , winning the NBA title in 1974 and 1976 . Auerbach also signed veteran forward / center Paul Silas and ex @-@ ABA star Charlie Scott .
However , Auerbach could not prevent the Celtics from going into a slump at the end of the 1970s . He traded away both Silas and Westphal because they wanted salary increases that would have made them higher earners than the best player on the Celtics ( Cowens ) , which was not acceptable to Auerbach . While the Westphal trade to the Phoenix Suns in exchange for Charlie Scott was considered a success due to the Celtics ' 13th title in 1976 , Auerbach later admitted he erred in letting Silas go , even after Cowens personally begged him to give Silas a new deal . When scoring champion Havlicek retired in 1978 , the Celtics went 61 – 103 in two seasons . In the summer of 1978 , after the worst in a string of contentious clashes with several different owners after Walter Brown 's passing in 1964 , Auerbach hopped into a taxi to take him to Logan Airport , where he was to board a flight to New York to consider a lucrative contract offer from Knicks owner Sonny Werblin . However , the cab driver pleaded with him to stay , emphasizing how much Bostonians loved him and considered him family . Soon after , heading a team press conference , and with his typical bravado , Auerbach puffed on his trademark cigar and stated simply , " I 'm not going anywhere . We 're going to sign Larry Bird , and we 're going to be on top again . " Despite knowing that Bird , a talented young player from unheralded Indiana State , had a year of college eligibility remaining , he had drafted Bird as a junior eligible in the 1978 NBA Draft and waited for a year until the future Hall @-@ of @-@ Fame forward Bird arrived , finally setting aside his team salary rules when it became clear that his choices were paying Bird a record @-@ setting rookie salary or watch him simply re @-@ enter the 1979 draft . Bird then became the highest @-@ paid Celtic as a rookie , with a $ 650 @,@ 000 @-@ per year deal . Auerbach knew that the brilliant , hardworking Bird would be the cornerstone of a new Celtics generation .
In 1980 , Auerbach achieved another great coup , which was dubbed " The Steal of The Century " . He convinced the Golden State Warriors to trade him a # 3 overall pick and future Hall @-@ of @-@ Fame center Robert Parish in exchange for two picks in the 1980 NBA Draft : # 1 overall Joe Barry Carroll , who went on to have an unremarkable career , and the # 13 pick Rickey Brown . With the # 3 pick , Auerbach selected the player he most wanted in the draft , Kevin McHale , who would also be inducted into the Hall of Fame . The frontcourt of Parish @-@ McHale @-@ Bird became one of the greatest front lines in NBA history . Auerbach hired head coach Bill Fitch who led the revamped Celtics to the 1981 title .
In 1983 , Auerbach named former Celtics player K.C. Jones coach of the Celtics . Starting in 1984 , Jones coached the Celtics to four straight appearances in the NBA Finals , winning championships in 1984 and 1986 .
= = = President and vice chairman ( 1984 – 2006 ) = = =
In 1984 , Auerbach relinquished his general managing duties and became president and later vice @-@ chairman of the Boston Celtics . In a surprising move after winning their 15th title , he traded popular guard Gerald Henderson , the game 2 hero in the finals against the Lakers , for Seattle 's first round draft pick in 1986 . Two years later , after the Celtics defeated Houston in the finals for their 16th championship , he used the second overall pick in the 1986 draft , the pick acquired from Seattle , to take college prodigy Len Bias from Maryland , arguably the most brilliant coup in Auerbach 's stellar career . With the team 's star players still in their prime , the defending champions appeared set to compete at the top for years . However , tragedy struck just two days later , when Bias died of a cocaine overdose . Several years later , Celtics star player Reggie Lewis died suddenly in 1993 , and without any league compensation for either loss , the team fell into decline , not seeing another Finals in Auerbach 's lifetime .
In an interview , Auerbach confessed that he lost interest in big @-@ time managing in the early 1990s , preferring to stay in the background and concentrating on his pastimes , racquetball and his beloved cigar @-@ smoking . He would , however , stay on with the Celtics as president until 1997 , as vice chairman until 2001 , and then became president again , a position he held until his death , although in his final years , he was weakened by heart problems and often used a wheelchair .
= = Personal life = =
Auerbach was one of four children of American @-@ born Marie Auerbach and Russian Jewish immigrant Hyman Auerbach in Brooklyn . His brother Zang Auerbach , four years his junior , was a respected cartoonist and portraitist at the Washington Star . He married Dorothy Lewis in the spring of 1941 . The couple had two daughters , Nancy and Randy .
Auerbach was known for his love for cigar smoking . Because Red made his victory cigars a cult in the 1960s , Boston restaurants would often say " no cigar or pipe smoking , except for Red Auerbach " . In addition , Auerbach was well known for his love of Chinese food . In an interview shortly before his death , he explained that since the 1950s , Chinese takeout was the most convenient nutrition : back then , NBA teams travelled on regular flights and had a tight time schedule , so filling up the stomach with heavier non @-@ Chinese food meant wasting time and risking travel @-@ sickness . Over the years , Auerbach became so fond of this food that he even became a part @-@ owner of a Chinese restaurant in Boston . Despite a heart operation , he remained active in his 80s , playing racquetball and making frequent public appearances .
Despite his fierce nature , Auerbach was popular among his players . He recalled that on his 75th birthday party , 45 of his former players showed up ; and when he turned 80 , his perennial 1960s victim Wilt Chamberlain showed up , a gesture which Auerbach dearly appreciated .
In an interview with ESPN , Auerbach stated that his all @-@ star fantasy team would consist of Bill Russell — who in the former 's opinion was the ultimate player to start a franchise with — as well as Bob Pettit , Elgin Baylor , Oscar Robertson and Jerry West , with John Havlicek as the sixth man . Regarding greatest basketballers of all time , Auerbach 's candidates were Russell , Larry Bird , Magic Johnson , Kareem Abdul @-@ Jabbar , Michael Jordan , and Robertson . "
= = = Death = = =
Auerbach died of a heart attack on October 28 , 2006 at the age of 89 . NBA commissioner David Stern said , " the void caused by his death will never be filled " and players Bill Russell , K.C. Jones , John Havlicek and Larry Bird , as well as contemporaries like Jerry West , Pat Riley , and Wayne Embry universally hailed Auerbach as one of the greatest personalities in NBA history . Bird stated " Red shared our passion for the game , our commitment to excellence , and our desire to do whatever it takes to win . " Auerbach was survived by his two daughters , Nancy and Randy . Auerbach was interred in Falls Church , Virginia at King David Memorial Gardens within National Memorial Park on October 31 , 2006 . Attendees included basketball dignitaries Bill Russell , Kevin McHale , Danny Ainge , and David Stern .
During the 2006 – 07 NBA season , NBA TV and NBA.com aired reruns of Auerbach 's four @-@ minute instructional videos known as " Red on Roundball " previously aired during NBA on CBS halftime shows in the 1970s and 1980s , and as a testament to his importance in the Boston sports world , the Boston Red Sox honored Auerbach at their April 20 , 2007 game against the New York Yankees by wearing green uniforms and by hanging replicated Celtics championship banners on the " Green Monster " at Fenway Park . Boston won 7 – 6 .
Prior to Boston 's season opener against the Wizards , his signature was officially placed on the parquet floor near center court , thereby naming the court as " Red Auerbach Parquet Floor . " The ceremony was attended by his daughter Randy and some of the Celtics legends . The signature replaced the Red Auerbach memorial logo used during the 2007 season .
= = Writing = =
Auerbach was the author of seven books . His first , Basketball for the Player , the Fan and Coach , has been translated into seven languages and is the best @-@ selling basketball book in print . His second book , co @-@ authored with Paul Sann , was Winning the Hard Way . He also wrote a pair of books with Joe Fitzgerald : Red Auerbach : An Autobiography and Red Auerbach On and Off the Court . In October 1991 M.B.A. : Management by Auerbach was co @-@ authored with Ken Dooley . In 1994 , Seeing Red was written with Dan Shaughnessy . In October 2004 , his last book , Let Me Tell You A Story , was co @-@ authored with sports journalist John Feinstein .
= = Legacy = =
Among Auerbach 's accomplishments during his 20 @-@ year professional coaching career were eleven Eastern Division titles ( including nine in a row from 1957 – 65 ) , 11 appearances in the finals ( including ten in a row from 1957 – 66 ) , and nine NBA championships . With a total of 16 NBA championship rings in a span of 29 years ( 1957 – 86 ) as the Celtics coach , general manager , and team president , Auerbach is the most successful team official in NBA history . He is credited with creating several generations of championship Boston Celtics teams , including the first Celtics dynasty with Bill Russell , which won an NBA record eight titles in a row ( 1959 – 66 ) . As Celtics general manager , he created championship @-@ winning teams around Hall @-@ of @-@ Famers Dave Cowens in the 1970s and Larry Bird in the 1980s .
In addition to coaching , Auerbach was a highly effective mentor ; several players coached by Auerbach would become successful coaches themselves . Bill Russell won two titles as Auerbach 's successor , Tom Heinsohn won a pair of championships as a Celtics coach in the 1970s , K.C. Jones led the Celtics to two further titles in the 1980s , and Bill Sharman coached the Los Angeles Lakers to their first title in 1972 . In addition , prototypical sixth man Don Nelson had a highly successful coaching career and joined his mentor Auerbach as one of 10 Greatest Coaches in NBA history .
Throughout his coaching tenure in Boston , Auerbach served several other roles including , but not limited to , general manager , head of scouting , personnel director and travel agent . [ < articles.latimes.com / 2006 / oct / 29 / local / me @-@ auerbach29 > ] In the early offseasons , he would take the Celtics on barnstorming tours around New England , promoting the still fledgling NBA . At the end of every season , regardless of their on @-@ court success , he would approach owner Brown and ask , " Walter , are our last paychecks going to clear ? " to which Brown would always positively respond , and they would . Despite Brown 's own close association with the NHL 's Boston Bruins , whose owners also possessed the Boston Garden , the Celtics were fleeced on concessions and profits as tenants . During this era , when most team owners not only thought of , but also treated their players as cattle and / or slaves , athletes from all the four major professional sports leagues were fighting for their rights and economic fairness . As Auerbach represented management of the Celtics , team members frustrated with their salaries had only him to complain to , or about , in their role in the formation of the players ' union . These interpersonal dynamics are construed as follows by journalist David Halberstam :
The hard core of the union came from the Celtics . That was not surprising ; Red Auerbach went after the players of the highest intelligence and character , and then of course paid them horribly . That made the Celtics a mass of contradictions . They had great coherence as a team , great personal loyalty to each other , great respect and love for Auerbach , who had created this unique institution and honored each of them by making him a part of it , and then of course great anger at him for paying them so little .
Pertaining to the above , it should be noted that Walter Brown was not rich ; also that as Auerbach was as tough at the negotiating table as he was on the practice court and in the locker room , it was always for the purpose of getting the most out of his players . In the summer of 1984 , with much trepidation , Auerbach reluctantly signed former finals MVP Cedric Maxwell to a lucrative guaranteed contract to stay with the Celtics . Then , Auerbach 's worst fears came true when Maxwell arrived that fall out of shape , and , suffering from various injuries , provided little contribution as the team lost a playoff for the first time ever to the Lakers in the 1985 Finals . Two subsequent facts are perhaps most relevant in evaluating Auerbach 's legacy : First , he was able to trade Maxwell to San Diego in exchange for former MVP Bill Walton , who was a major contributor to the team winning its 16th title in 1986 , the last of Auerbach 's career . Second , Maxwell continues to be embraced as a beloved member of the Celtics family , including having his number retired alongside the team 's legendary greats .
In Auerbach 's honor , the Celtics have retired a number @-@ 2 jersey with the name " AUERBACH , " memorializing his role as the second most important Celtic ever , behind founder Walter Brown , in whose honor the number @-@ 1 " BROWN " jersey is retired .
His story is documented in The First Basket , the first and most comprehensive documentary on the history of Jews and Basketball . He is also featured as an interviews subject for the film .
= = = Coaching pioneer = = =
From his early days , Auerbach was convinced that the fast break , where a team used a quick outlet pass to fast guards who run downcourt and score before the opponent had re @-@ established position , was a potent tactical weapon . This new strategy proved lethal for the opposition . Further , Auerbach moved emphasis away from individual accolades and instilled the teamwork element into his players . He also invented the concept of the role player and of the sixth man , stating : " Individual honors are nice , but no Celtic has ever gone out of his way to achieve them . We have never had the league 's top scorer . In fact , we won seven league championships without placing even one among the league 's top 10 scorers . Our pride was never rooted in statistics . "
While Auerbach was not known for his tactical bandwidth , famously restricting his teams to just seven plays , he was well known for his psychological warfare , often provoking opposing players and officials with unabashed trash talk . For his fiery temper , he was ejected more often and received more fines than any other coach in NBA history . Age did nothing to diminish his fire ; in 1983 , after star Larry Bird was ejected from a preseason game against Philadelphia at the Garden along with the Sixers ' role player Marc Iavaroni , Auerbach stormed onto the court and after taking the officials to task , screamed nose @-@ to @-@ nose with the 6 ' 10 " 260 @-@ pound Moses Malone . Concerning his own team , Auerbach was softer . Earl Lloyd , the first black player to play in the NBA , said : " Red Auerbach convinced his players that he loved them [ ... ] so all they wanted to do was please him . "
= = = No color barrier = = =
Auerbach was known for choosing players for talent and motivation , with disregard for skin color or ethnicity . In 1950 , he made NBA history by drafting the league 's first African @-@ American player , Chuck Cooper . He constantly added new black players to his squad , including Bill Russell , Tom Sanders , Sam Jones , K.C. Jones , and Willie Naulls . In 1964 , these five players became the first African @-@ American starting five in the NBA . When Auerbach gave up coaching to become the Celtics general manager in 1966 , he appointed Bill Russell as his successor . Russell became the first black NBA coach , and was the first black coach of a professional sports organization since Fritz Pollard in 1925 . Similarly , in the 1980s , as the Celtics GM , Auerbach fielded an earnest , hardworking team that was derided as being " too white . " While the 1980s Celts were , in actuality , neither predominantly white nor black , the NBA at the time was predominately black . White players like Larry Bird , Kevin McHale , Danny Ainge , and Bill Walton played alongside Tiny Archibald , Dennis Johnson , Robert Parish , and Cedric Maxwell to bring three more championships in the ' 80s under coaches Bill Fitch ( white ) and K.C. Jones ( black ) .
Auerbach is prominently featured in the documentary film , " The First Basket " about Jewish basketball history .
= = = Arnold " Red " Auerbach Award = = =
To honor Auerbach , the Celtics created the Arnold " Red " Auerbach award in 2006 . It is an award given annually to the current Celtic player or coach who " best exemplifies the spirit and meaning of what it is to be a Celtic . This award is named in honor of the legendary Coach , General Manager and President of the organization , Arnold ' Red ' Auerbach . "
Winners :
= = = NBA Coach of the Year Award = = =
The NBA gives out an annual coach of the year award to honor the league 's best coach as voted by a panel of sportswriters . The trophy is named the ' Red Auerbach trophy ' and has a figure of Auerbach sitting on a bench .
= = = NBA = = =
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= Agathaeromys =
Agathaeromys is an extinct genus of oryzomyine rodents from the Pleistocene of Bonaire , West Indies . Two species are known , which differ in size and some details of tooth morphology . The larger A. donovani , the type species , is known from hundreds of teeth , found in four localities that are probably 900 @,@ 000 to 540 @,@ 000 years old . A. praeuniversitatis , the smaller species , is known from 35 teeth found in a single fossil site , which is probably 540 @,@ 000 to 230 @,@ 000 years old .
Although material of Agathaeromys was first described in 1959 , the genus was not formally named and diagnosed until 2010 . It probably belongs to " clade D " within the oryzomyine group , together with many other island @-@ dwelling species . The molars of both species possess several accessory crests in addition to the main cusps . In addition to some differences in features of the chewing surface of the molars , A. donovani has more roots on its lower molars than does A. praeuniversitatis .
= = Taxonomy = =
Material of Agathaeromys was first described by Dirk Hooijer in 1959 in the same paper that first named the extinct giant rat of Curaçao , Megalomys curazensis . Hooijer described a few fossil teeth and jaws from Fontein , Bonaire , as an indeterminate species of Thomasomys ( " Thomasomys sp . " ) and considered them to be similar to species now placed in Delomys . In his 1974 monograph on the geology of the ABC islands ( Aruba , Bonaire , and Curaçao — three Dutch islands off northwestern Venezuela ) , Paul Henri de Buisonjé listed Thomasomys sp. from additional fossil sites on Bonaire and additionally mentioned Oryzomys sp. from a different Bonaire site , Seroe Grandi . Although the Bonaire material represented one of the few fossil records of Thomasomys , it was only rarely mentioned in the literature .
In 2010 , Jelle Zijlstra , Anneke Madern , and Lars van den Hoek Ostende reviewed the material . They considered it unlikely that the Bonaire " Thomasomys " would belong to the southern Brazilian genus Delomys or to Thomasomys , which occurs only in the mountains of the Andes . Using a cladistic analysis of the Sigmodontinae , they provided evidence that the Bonaire material belonged to the tribe Oryzomyini , rather than Thomasomyini ( which includes Thomasomys ) . They carried out another cladistic analysis focused on Oryzomyini , which suggested that the Bonaire " Thomasomys " and the material from Seroe Grandi ( De Buisonjé 's " Oryzomys sp . " ) were closely related , but distinct from any recognized oryzomyine genus . Therefore , they named a new oryzomyine genus , Agathaeromys , with two species : Agathaeromys donovani ( type species ) for the material previously identified as Thomasomys ; and Agathaeromys praeuniversitatis for the material from Seroe Grandi . The name Agathaeromys combines the Greek words ἀγαθός agathos " good " , ἀήρ aêr " air " , and μυς mys " mouse " , referring to the name of the island of Bonaire and to the " fresh air " that contributions by Marcelo Weksler and colleagues brought to the classification of Oryzomyini . The name donovani honors Stephen Donovan for his contributions to the scientific knowledge of the Caribbean and praeuniversitatis refers to Leiden University 's Pre @-@ University College , which provided an opportunity for Zijlstra to participate in the project that led to the identification of Agathaeromys .
Although Zijlstra and colleagues could not precisely determine the position of Agathaeromys within Oryzomyini , their results suggest that it occupies a position near the base of " clade D " , one of the major subgroups of Oryzomyini . This clade contains a number of species only occurring on islands — including members of Aegialomys , Agathaeromys , Megalomys , Nesoryzomys , Noronhomys , Oryzomys , and Pennatomys . Zijlstra and colleagues suggested that this is related to the high proportion of semiaquatic and non @-@ forest species in clade D — most other oryzomyines are forest dwellers . However , subsequent phylogenetic studies based on variations of the same data set used by Zijlstra and colleagues did not corroborate this placement . In their 2012 description of Megalomys georginae , Turvey and colleagues recovered Agathaeromys outside each of the major groups of Oryzomyini . Zijlstra placed Agathaeromys within " clade C " in a clade with Oligoryzomys victus and an undescribed fossil species of Oligoryzomys from Aruba in his 2012 paper naming Dushimys .
As a whole , Oryzomyini includes over a hundred species in about thirty genera . Oryzomyini is one of several tribes within the subfamily Sigmodontinae of the family Cricetidae , which encompasses hundreds of other species of mainly small rodents , distributed chiefly in Eurasia and the Americas .
= = Description = =
Agathaeromys is characterized mainly on the basis of features of the molar teeth . As usual in muroid rodents , there are three molars on both sides of the upper jaw ( referred to as M1 , M2 , and M3 from front to back ) and lower jaw ( referred to as m1 , m2 , and m3 ) . Agathaeromys is generally similar to other oryzomyines , but differs from other genera in a variety of details of the molar crowns . Agathaeromys donovani ( M1 length 2 @.@ 03 – 2 @.@ 84 mm ) is substantially larger than A. praeuniversitatis ( M1 length 1 @.@ 77 – 1 @.@ 94 mm ) .
= = = Upper dentition = = =
The cusp at the front of M1 , the anterocone , is separated into two smaller cusps by an indentation . In A. donovani , a ridge generally connects the two cusps at the front margin of the tooth , so that the indentation separating them is closed at the front ( an anteromedian fossette ) , but in A. praeuniversitatis , it is open toward the front ( an anteromedian flexus ) . An additional crest , the anteroloph , is present behind the anterocone . Further to the back , there is a pair of cusps — the protocone at the lingual , or inner , side and the paracone at the labial , or outer , side . A crest issues from the paracone and is attached to the front or middle part of the protocone . Behind the paracone , the mesoloph crest is present ; an additional crest usually connects the two . At the back of the tooth , there are two additional large cusps — the hypocone ( lingual ) and metacone ( labial ) — and a prominent crest , the posteroloph , issues from the hypocone and is located behind the metacone . In A. donovani , the metacone is generally connected to the posteroloph , but in A. praeuniversitatis , it is directly connected to the hypocone . The valleys that separate the cusps extend from the lingual and labial margins to about the midline of the molar . In addition to a large root at the front and two large roots at the back ( one labial , one lingual ) there is a small additional labial root .
There is no anterocone on M2 , but a large anteroloph is present in front of the paracone . There is a protoflexus — an indentation in the crown in front of the protocone . As in M1 , the paracone is connected to the front or middle of the protocone , the mesoloph is well @-@ developed , and the valleys meet at the midline of the tooth . There are three roots : two at the labial and one at the lingual side .
M3 is a small , triangular tooth . There is large basin in the middle , and a mesoloph is present . At the back of the tooth , there is a distinct posteroloph . In A. donovani , there are two roots at the front ( labial and lingual ) and one at the back . There are no M3 of A. praeuniversitatis with preserved roots .
= = = Lower dentition = = =
The anteroconid — the cusp at the front of m1 — is usually divided in two by a central indentation ( the anteromedian fossettid ) in A. donovani , but this fossettid is absent in A. praeuniversitatis . Behind the anteroconid is the protoconid — metaconid pair of cusps . There is an anterolabial cingulum — a crest at the front labial margin , in front of the protoconid . There is a long crest behind the metaconid , a mesolophid . There is usually no corresponding crest ( an ectolophid ) behind the protoconid . Another pair of cusps — the hypoconid and the entoconid — is located at the back of the tooth . The entoconid , the lingual cusp of the two , is oriented forwards . There is always a large root at the front of the tooth and another at the back . A. donovani usually has a small labial root between the two large roots and often also another small root at the lingual side , but only one of four A. praeuniversitatis m1s even has the labial rootlet .
There is no anteroconid in m2 and the tooth lacks an additional crest ( the anterolophid ) in front of the metaconid , but there is an anterolabial cingulum in front of the protoconid . There is a mesolophid . In addition to a large root at the back , there are two roots at the front in A. donovani , which are sometimes partially fused , but only one in A. praeuniversitatis .
The anterolabial cingulum and anteroconid are both absent on m3 . The mesolophid is usually absent . As in m2 , there are two roots at the front in A. donovani and only one in A. praeuniversitatis , but the front roots are usually fused in A. donovani .
= = = Jaws = = =
The maxilla ( upper jaw ) is known only for A. donovani . In these fossils , the back margin of the incisive foramen ( an opening in the palate ) is about at the same level as the front of M1 , and the back margin of the zygomatic plate ( a bony plate at the side of the skull , connected to the zygomatic arch ) is also close to the front of M1 . Mandibles ( lower jaws ) of both species are known . The mental foramen ( an opening in the front of the jaw bone ) opens towards the labial side of the bone , except in one mandible of A. praeuniversitatis , in which its opening is located higher . There is a well @-@ developed capsular process — a raising in the bone that houses the root of the lower incisor . The masseteric ridges ( two ridges on the labial side of the bone that anchor some of the chewing muscles ) are joined into a single crest towards the front and reach to a point below the front of m1 .
A single mandible from Porto Spanjo ( one of the sites where fossils of A. donovani have been found ) , without preserved molars , differs from all Agathaeromys dentaries and is thought to represent an unknown different sigmodontine rodent . This jaw is more slender than A. donovani dentaries , has a shorter diastema ( gap ) between the incisors and molars , has the incisor less shifted lingually relative to the molars , and has more roots under the molars , as shown by the preserved alveoli .
= = Age and range = =
Agathaeromys donovani is known from four fossil sites — Fontein , Porto Spanjo , Barcadera @-@ Karpata , and " 80 m above sea level " — that have yielded 259 , 148 , 54 , and 5 molars , respectively . Agathaeromys praeuniversitatis is known from 35 molars from a single site ( Seroe Grandi ) . Although the deposits have not been precisely dated , Zijlstra and colleagues suggested on the basis of correlations with similar deposits on nearby Curaçao and sea level fluctuations that the material of A. praeuniversitatis is likely 540 @,@ 000 to 230 @,@ 000 years old and that of A. donovani is likely 900 @,@ 000 to 540 @,@ 000 years old . Similarly aged fossil sites are also known from the nearby islands of Curaçao and Aruba , but these contain various other rodents , including Megalomys curazensis and Dushimys larsi on Curaçao and species of Oligoryzomys , Sigmodon , and Zygodontomys on Aruba . Agathaeromys probably descends from an unknown oryzomyine that migrated to the island from mainland Venezuela sometime during the Pleistocene .
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= 2009 NBA All @-@ Star Game =
The 2009 NBA All @-@ Star Game was an exhibition basketball game played on February 15 , 2009 at US Airways Center in Phoenix , Arizona , home of the Phoenix Suns . The game was the 58th edition of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) All @-@ Star Game and was played during the 2008 – 09 NBA season . This was the third time that Phoenix had hosted the All @-@ Star Game ; the city had previously hosted the event in 1975 and 1995 . Phoenix was awarded the All @-@ Star Game in an announcement by commissioner David Stern on November 8 , 2007 . The other reported contenders for the 2009 contest were Air Canada Centre at Toronto , Madison Square Garden at New York City , Oracle Arena at Oakland and Bradley Center at Milwaukee .
The All @-@ Star Weekend began on Friday , February 13 , 2009 with the Celebrity Game and the Rookie Challenge , a game between the league 's best rookies and second @-@ year players . On Saturday , the event continued with the All @-@ Star Saturday Night , which featured the Shooting Stars Competition , Skills Challenge , Three @-@ Point Shootout and Slam Dunk Contest . The H – O – R – S – E Competition was first introduced and was played before the All @-@ Star Saturday Night . The third D @-@ League All @-@ Star Game and the second D @-@ League Dream Factory Friday Night , the latter of which was modeled after the NBA All @-@ Star Saturday Night , also took place during the All @-@ Star Weekend . The D @-@ League Dream Factory Friday Night was held on Friday and the D @-@ League All @-@ Star Game was held on Saturday .
The Western Conference All @-@ Star team defeated the Eastern Conference All @-@ Star team 146 – 119 . West 's Kobe Bryant and Shaquille O 'Neal were named joint @-@ winners of the game 's MVP . In the Rookie Challenge , the Sophomores defeated the Rookies , with Sophomores ' Kevin Durant named as the game MVP . In the All @-@ Star Saturday Night events , Nate Robinson won his second Slam Dunk Contest while Daequan Cook and Derrick Rose won the Three @-@ Point Shootout and Skills Challenge respectively . Team Detroit won their second Shootings Stars Competition , beating the home team , Team Phoenix in the final round . Kevin Durant also took home another trophy by winning the inaugural H – O – R – S – E Competition .
= = All @-@ Star Game = =
= = = Coaches = = =
The coaches for the All @-@ Star game are the head coaches who currently lead the teams with the best winning percentage in their conference through the Sunday two weeks before the All @-@ Star game . The head coaches from the previous year , Doc Rivers and Byron Scott were not eligible for selection .
The coach for the Western Conference team was Los Angeles Lakers head coach Phil Jackson . This was the fourth time Jackson was selected to be an All @-@ Star coach , after previously selected in 1992 , 1996 and 2000 . The Lakers entered the All @-@ Star break with 42 – 10 record , the best winning percentage in the Western Conference and in the league .
The coach for the Eastern Conference team was Cleveland Cavaliers head coach Mike Brown . This was the first time Brown was selected to be an All @-@ Star coach . He became only the second Cavaliers coach to lead an All @-@ Star team , after Lenny Wilkens in 1989 . The Cavaliers entered the All @-@ Star break with 40 – 11 record , the second best winning percentage in the Eastern Conference , behind Doc Rivers ' Boston Celtics .
= = = Players = = =
The rosters for the All @-@ Star Game is chosen in two ways . The starters were chosen via a fan ballot . Two guards , two forwards and one center who receive the highest vote were named the All @-@ Star starters . The reserves were chosen by votes among the NBA head coaches in their respective conferences . The coaches were not permitted to vote for their own players . The reserves consists of two guards , two forwards , one center and two players regardless of position . If a player is unable to participate due to injury , the commissioner will select a replacement .
Dwight Howard of the Orlando Magic topped the All @-@ Star Ballots with 3 @,@ 150 @,@ 181 votes , which earned him a starting position in the Eastern Conference team . He became the first player to get more than 3 million votes from the fans . LeBron James , Dwyane Wade , Kevin Garnett and Allen Iverson completed the Eastern Conference starting position . The Eastern Conference reserves includes 4 first @-@ time selections , Danny Granger , Devin Harris , Jameer Nelson and Mo Williams , who was named as a replacement for the injured Chris Bosh . Jameer Nelson was unable to participate due to injury and Ray Allen was named to replace him . Both Boston Celtics and Orlando Magic were represented by three players on the roster .
The Western Conference leading vote @-@ getter was Kobe Bryant with 2 @,@ 805 @,@ 397 votes . Yao Ming , Tim Duncan , Amar 'e Stoudemire and Chris Paul completed the Western Conference starting position . The Western Conference roster includes five international players in Yao Ming ( China ) , Tim Duncan ( U.S. Virgin Islands ) , Pau Gasol ( Spain ) , Dirk Nowitzki ( Germany ) and Tony Parker ( France ) . Shaquille O 'Neal returned to the All @-@ Star game after one @-@ year absence with his 15th selection , the second most selection in NBA history , behind Kareem Abdul @-@ Jabbar with 19 All @-@ Star selections . This also marked the first time O 'Neal and Bryant were in the same team since their much publicized feud . Bryant and O 'Neal also reunited with coach Phil Jackson . The three of them won three successive NBA championship together with the Los Angeles Lakers in early 2000s .
= = = Roster = = =
= = = Game = = =
Phoenix Suns ' Shaquille O 'Neal marked his return to the NBA All @-@ Star Game after one @-@ year absence with an unusual entry to the game . O 'Neal , the last reserve called during the player introduction , came out with a white mask and began dancing with the dance group JabbaWockeeZ before finally opening his mask and joining the rest of the players on the court . O 'Neal and previous year 's regular season MVP Kobe Bryant led the West to a 146 – 119 victory and were named co @-@ MVPs . This was the third All @-@ Star Game MVP award for both players .
The East led 20 – 10 early in the game before West coach , Phil Jackson decided to send O 'Neal to the court . With O 'Neal and Bryant on the court for the first time since 2004 NBA Finals , the West embarked on a 19 – 0 run to take the lead . The West continued to extend the lead in the second half and finally won the game by 27 points . Bryant finished with 27 points while Chris Paul added a game high 14 assists . Previous year 's All @-@ Star Game MVP LeBron James led the East with 20 points , but was unable to prevent the loss .
= = = Guest performances = = =
Five @-@ time Grammy Award @-@ winning singer and songwriter John Legend and 17 @-@ time Latin Grammy winner Juanes performed during the halftime . Both singers collaborated in the extended version of Legend 's song " If You 're Out There " , a song about hope and inspiration . The extended version includes Spanish lyrics which was sung by Juanes . A special taped message from the United States President , Barack Obama , also aired during the halftime . In the message , President Obama encouraged people to do more public service for the community . A ring ceremony to honor the gold medalists at the 2008 Olympics was also held during the halftime . Six members of USA men 's national basketball team , Chris Bosh , Kobe Bryant , Dwight Howard , LeBron James , Chris Paul and Dwyane Wade , and two members of USA women 's national basketball team , Lisa Leslie and Tina Thompson were awarded with their ring at the ceremony .
The national anthem of both the United States and Canada were sung before the game . Arizona native and American Idol winner Jordin Sparks sang U.S. national anthem , " The Star @-@ Spangled Banner " . The Canadian national anthem , " O Canada " were sung by Tamia , Canadian singer who is also the wife of Phoenix Suns player Grant Hill . The pre @-@ game introduction included a dance performance by the America 's Best Dance Crew winner , the Jabbawockeez . Grammy @-@ nominated singer Chris Brown was originally scheduled to appear during the pre @-@ game introductions . He , however , withdrew from the performance due to an ongoing domestic violence case against him .
Other musical guests during the All @-@ Star Weekend were singers Corbin Bleu and Kevin Rudolf . Bleu performed " Moments That Matter " at the halftime of the Rookie Challenge on Friday while Rudolf performed " Let It Rock " during the NBA All @-@ Star Saturday Night .
= = All @-@ Star Weekend = =
= = = Rookie Challenge = = =
The T @-@ Mobile Rookie Challenge featured a team of standout first @-@ year players ( ' Rookies ' ) against a team of standout second @-@ year players ( ' Sophomores ' ) . The game was divided into two twenty @-@ minute halves , similar to college basketball . The participating players were chosen by voting among the league 's assistant coaches . The Rookies team includes the first overall draft pick in 2008 NBA Draft , Derrick Rose . The rest of the Rookies team consists of five of the top ten pick in the 2008 Draft and three players from the 2007 NBA Draft who were in their first NBA season . The three players are the first overall draft pick Greg Oden and two Spanish players Rudy Fernández and Marc Gasol . The Sophomores team features four players from the previous Rookie Challenge game which are Kevin Durant , Jeff Green , Al Horford and Luis Scola .
The head coaches for the Rookies and Sophomores teams were the lead assistants from the 2009 NBA All @-@ Star Game coaching staffs , Kurt Rambis from the Los Angeles Lakers and John Kuester from the Cleveland Cavaliers . For the first time in the game 's history , two active NBA players were selected as leading assistant coach . Two All @-@ Star starters Dwyane Wade and Dwight Howard were selected as the assistant coaches for the Rookies and Sophomores team respectively .
This year , the first ever EA Sports Jersey Creator Contest was held to design the jerseys for both the rookie and the sophomore team . The contest called for the participants to come up with a computer @-@ generated jersey design that would replace the individual team jerseys worn by the players during the Rookie Challenge . Of 12 @,@ 000 participants , 18 @-@ year @-@ old Tim Ahmed , a freshman at Baruch College , won the contest . Ahmed won a free trip to Phoenix and a chance to meet players . This marks the first time that a fan @-@ designed uniform has ever been worn during an NBA game or NBA event . The Sophomores wore fan @-@ designed white jerseys and the Rookies wore fan @-@ designed purple jerseys in the game .
The Sophomores won the game 122 – 116 with Sophomore 's Kevin Durant named as the Rookie Challenge MVP . Durant scored a record 46 points in the game , breaking Amar 'e Stoudemire 's 36 points in 2004 . The Rookies led by 3 at halftime , but Durant took over in the second half , scoring 30 of his 46 points in the second half as the Sophomores outscored the Rookies by 6 points to win the game . The game marked the seventh consecutive loss for the Rookies team .
= = = Slam Dunk Contest = = =
The Sprite Slam Dunk Contest was contested by defending champion Dwight Howard , 2006 champion Nate Robinson , 2005 contestant J. R. Smith and rookie Rudy Fernández . Fernández won the online voting on NBA.com to determine the fourth contestants , beating fellow rookies Joe Alexander and Russell Westbrook . This was the first time a dunk contestant was chosen by the fans . Fernández also became the first ever international player to participate in the contest . Smith was named as a late replacement for Rudy Gay , who was forced to withdraw from the contest due to injury .
Each contestant performed two slam dunks in each round . The two best contestants in the first round , as rated by the panel of judges , advanced to the final round , where the winner was determined by fan voting . The panel of judges for this year contest consists of five former Phoenix Suns players , the inaugural Slam Dunk champion Larry Nance , 1992 champion Cedric Ceballos , 1987 All @-@ Star Game MVP Tom Chambers and three @-@ time All @-@ Stars , Kevin Johnson and Dan Majerle .
Dwight Howard began his title defence with two 50 @-@ point dunks to advance to the final round with a perfect score . One of his dunks employed a 12 @-@ foot high hoop . Howard also used a prop phone booth to change into his Superman cape before completing the dunk on the 12 @-@ foot hoop . Nate Robinson also advanced to the final round with 87 points , beating Smith and Fernández who had 85 and 84 points respectively .
In the final round , Robinson changed his uniform into the New York Knicks ' green uniform originally designed for Saint Patrick 's Day . The green uniform symbolized Kryptonite , a fictional substance known to have detrimental effect on Superman . The Krypto @-@ Nate vs. Superman theme continued when Robinson , in his final dunk , used a green basketball and leaped over the 6 ' 11 " Howard who wore his Superman cape . Robinson ended up with 52 % of fan vote to win his second dunk title . He joined Michael Jordan , Dominique Wilkins , Harold Miner and Jason Richardson as the only two @-@ time winners of the contest .
= = = Three @-@ Point Shootout = = =
The Foot Locker Three @-@ Point Shootout was contested by six players . Two @-@ time winner Jason Kapono returned to defend his title along with two former contestants , Rashard Lewis and Mike Bibby . They were joined by three first @-@ time contestants , Daequan Cook , Danny Granger and Roger Mason . In this contest , contestants attempt to make as many three @-@ point field goals as possible from five shooting stations behind the three @-@ point arc in one minute . Players begin shooting from one corner of the court , and move from station to station along the three @-@ point arc until they reach the other corner . Each station has four standard balls , worth one point each , and one specially colored " money ball " , worth two points .
Cook won the first round with 18 points as he advanced to the final round along with Lewis and Kapono . The second round was a tight contest between Cook and Lewis , both tied at 15 points , and Kapono , with 14 . Because of the tied score , Cook and Lewis played an extra tiebreaker round . Cook went on to beat his first round score with 19 points , while Lewis finished with 7 points .
= = = Skills Challenge = = =
The PlayStation Skills Challenge was contested by four players . Derrick Rose , the first overall draft pick in 2008 NBA Draft , was joined by three All @-@ Star guards , Devin Harris , Jameer Nelson and Tony Parker . However , Nelson was injured and was subsequently replaced by All @-@ Star Mo Williams . In this contest , the contestants have to complete an " obstacle course " consisting of dribbling , passing and shooting stations . A contestant who finish the course with the fastest time wins the contest . All contestants must comply with basic NBA ball @-@ handling rules while completing the course .
Rose led all the contestants with 33 @.@ 3 seconds in the first round , 3 @.@ 3 seconds ahead of Harris . Williams was eliminated after recording 37 @.@ 5 seconds , 4 @.@ 2 seconds behind the lead . Parker was eliminated with the slowest time in the Skills Challenge history with 50 @.@ 8 seconds . He previously held the slowest time of 45 @.@ 5 points during the 2003 competition . In the second round , Harris went first and finished the course with 39 @.@ 6 seconds , 3 @.@ 1 seconds worse than his previous attempt . Rose went on to win the contest by recording a 35 @.@ 3 seconds time while finishing the course with a dunk . Rose also became the first rookie winner of the Skills Challenge competition .
= = = Shooting Stars Competition = = =
The Haier Shooting Stars Competition was competed between four teams of three players , with each team representing a city which has both NBA and WNBA teams . Each team consisted of one current NBA player , one current WNBA player , and one NBA legend . Team San Antonio , the defending champion , was joined by the inaugural champion , Team Los Angeles , 2005 champion , Team Phoenix and 2007 champion , Team Detroit . In this competition , each team must make six shots from six shooting locations of increasing difficulties . The team who makes all six shots with the fastest time wins the competition .
In the first round , the defending champion , Team San Antonio was eliminated along with Team Los Angeles . Both teams took over 15 shots from the half court location to score . Team Detroit and Team Phoenix both advanced to the final round . Team Phoenix recorded the fastest completion time in the first round with 53 @.@ 3 seconds , six seconds faster than Team Detroit . In the final round , Team Detroit made the first five shots in 13 attempts and used only 7 attempts to make the half court shot with a time of 58 @.@ 4 seconds . Team Phoenix responded by making their first five shots in a single attempt each . However , they needed 22 attempts to make the half @-@ court shot , finishing with a time of 1 minute and 19 seconds . Team Detroit won their second Shooting Stars title , joining Team San Antonio as the only two @-@ time winners of the competition . Detroit Pistons legend and Detroit Shock head coach , Bill Laimbeer also became the first person to win the Shooting Stars Competition twice ; he won his first title with Team Detroit in 2007 .
= = = H – O – R – S – E Competition = = =
On February 5 , 2009 , TNT announced the addition of H – O – R – S – E to its All @-@ Star Weekend coverage . The competition was held outdoors on a half @-@ sized court during the special Inside the NBA show prior to the All @-@ Star Saturday Night events . The objective of this competition is to accrue as few of the five letters as possible . A player is given a letter every time they fail to duplicate the shot of another player . Each player was given 24 seconds to make or duplicate the shot ( dunking was prohibited ) . Each player who fails to duplicate five shots was eliminated from the competition . An NBA referee was assigned to rule whether the shot was done properly .
The inaugural H – O – R – S – E Competition was sponsored by American auto insurance company GEICO and hence the word G – E – I – C – O was used in replacement of H – O – R – S – E. Three NBA players , Kevin Durant , Joe Johnson and O. J. Mayo were selected to compete in the H – O – R – S – E competition . Johnson was the first to be eliminated , having failed to duplicate Mayo 's shot from the free @-@ throw line . Durant then made a series of three @-@ point shots to eliminate Mayo to win the inaugural H – O – R – S – E Competition .
= = = Celebrity Game = = =
The 2009 McDonald 's NBA All @-@ Star Celebrity Game was played on Friday , February 13 at the Phoenix Convention Center . A total of 16 celebrities took part in the game , including several former NBA players . Basketball Hall of Famers Magic Johnson and Julius Erving , who combined for 23 NBA All @-@ Star appearances , served as coaches for the celebrity teams . NBA legends , Dominique Wilkins and Clyde Drexler , were joined by former players , Dan Majerle and Rick Fox , in the celebrity team roster . WNBA stars Lisa Leslie and Kara Lawson also participated in the game along with four Harlem Globetrotters players .
Previous year 's MVP , Terrell Owens scored a game @-@ high 17 points and led the East Sunrisers to a 60 – 57 victory over the West Sunsetters . Owens , an American football star for Dallas Cowboys , was also named as the Celebrity Game MVP for the second successive year . The game was marked by a surprise appearance by another Hall of Famer Nancy Lieberman in the middle of the game , where she joined and played with the East Sunrisers . ESPN play @-@ by @-@ play commentator Mike Breen also made a surprise appearance as the referee for the game .
= = D @-@ League All @-@ Star = =
= = = D @-@ League All @-@ Star Game = = =
Twenty of the NBA Development League 's top players were selected to the D @-@ League All @-@ Star Game rosters by a combination of fan balloting on the official D @-@ League website and voting by the 16 head coaches of D @-@ League teams . The selections were divided up into two teams , the Red Team and the Blue Team , by members of the NBA and NBA D @-@ League 's Basketball Operations staff . Players who have been selected by coaches and fans must be on an active roster of a D @-@ League team . Iowa Energy head coach Nick Nurse and Austin Toros head coach Quin Snyder were selected as the coach for the Red Team and the Blue Team respectively . Both coaches earned the honor by securing the best records in the D @-@ League through January 27 .
In the third annual D @-@ League All @-@ Star Game , the Red Team defeated the Blue team 113 – 103 . The Red Team trailed by 8 points at the half , but managed to outscore the Blue Team 70 – 52 in the second half to secure the win . Dakota 's guard Blake Ahearn scored 13 points and dished 13 assists while Iowa 's center Courtney Sims scored 15 points and grabbed 8 rebounds . Both players were named Co @-@ MVPs of the D @-@ League All @-@ Star Game .
= = = D @-@ League Dream Factory Friday Night = = =
= = = = Slam Dunk Contest = = = =
James White won the second annual D @-@ League Slam Dunk Contest , beating Keith Clark in the final round with a perfect score of 100 . Defending champion Brent Petway was unable to repeat his last year 's performance and was eliminated in the first round along with Othyus Jeffers .
= = = = Three @-@ Point Shootout = = = =
Blake Ahearn won the second annual D @-@ League Three @-@ Point Shootout , beating Ernest Scott in the final round by a score of 22 – 19 . Ahearn scored four of the five money balls in the last stations . For the first time , the last station consists of five " money balls " , instead of four standard balls and one " money ball " . Gary Forbes and Trey Johnson were eliminated in the first round .
= = = = H – O – R – S – E Competition = = = =
Will Conroy won the second annual D @-@ League H – O – R – S – E Competition , beating the defending champion Lance Allred with a through @-@ the @-@ legs @-@ off @-@ the @-@ backboard lay @-@ up .
= = Broadcast = =
Turner Broadcasting Network ( TNT ) broadcast the All @-@ Star Game for the sixth straight year in the United States while The Sports Network ( TSN ) broadcast the All @-@ Star Game in Canada . TNT also broadcast the Rookie Challenge and the All @-@ Star Saturday Night events . The Celebrity Game was broadcast by ESPN and the D @-@ League All @-@ Star events were broadcast by NBA TV .
= = = International = = =
Aside from TNT and TSN in United States and Canada , the following television channels also broadcast the All @-@ Star game all around the world .
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= A Room with No View =
" ' A Room With No View " is the twentieth episode of the second season of the American crime @-@ thriller television series Millennium . It premiered on the Fox network on April 24 , 1998 . The episode was written by Ken Horton , and directed by Thomas J. Wright . " A Room With No View " featured an appearance by recurring guest star Sarah @-@ Jane Redmond .
Millennium Group member Frank Black ( Lance Henriksen ) learns that a figure from his past has been abducting students , seemingly in an attempt to quash their hopes and aspirations . The episode was Horton 's first script for the series , and saw the return of villain Lucy Butler ( Redmond ) , who appeared sporadically throughout the series . " A Room With No View " received positive feedback from television critics , and was viewed by approximately 4 @.@ 7 million households in its initial broadcast .
= = Plot = =
A young man tunnels out of a farmhouse in Oregon City , Oregon , escaping into the night . He finds an abandoned car and attempts to hot @-@ wire it ; someone inside starts the engine and run him off the road , injuring his ankle . A woman , face obscured , and her male accomplice exit the car and throw the man into its trunk .
In Seattle , two friends argue about applying for college . Landon Bryce ( Christopher Kennedy Masterson ) tells his friend Howard Gordon ( Michael R. Coleman ) to apply , but Gordon has been convinced by school counselor Teresa Roe ( Mariangela Pino ) that his progress is too mediocre to make it worthwhile . Bryce accosts Roe , calling her a failure . That night , Gordon is killed , and Bryce is kidnapped . Millennium Group criminal profiler Frank Black ( Lance Henriksen ) learns that Gordon died of a heart attack , which the coroner believes was caused by fear . Black visits the crime scene , and sees visions of Lucy Butler ( Sarah @-@ Jane Redmond ) , a woman who killed his friend and colleague Bob Bletcher ( in season one 's Lamentation ) . Meanwhile , Bryce is bound and gagged in a remote farmhouse , then left in a room with the would @-@ be escapee . The woman from earlier tells Bryce she loves him .
Black speaks to fellow Group member Peter Watts ( Terry O 'Quinn ) about his Butler vision . Watts informs Black that a Group member , Olson , has been tasked with monitoring Butler since her release . Watts and Black travel to Butler 's last known address and find Olson 's long @-@ dead body . They realize Butler had been filing her own surveillance reports in Olson 's name . Meanwhile , Bryce attempts to escape , but is subdued and later comforted by Lucy Butler . Black interviews Roe , suspecting her involvement when she continually refers to Bryce in the past tense . He later discovers that in every school she has worked for , students have been kidnapped ; all the victims resembled Bryce in being average students who showed signs of promise .
Bryce learns about the tunnel from his cellmate , and the two escape again . Emerging from the tunnel , they are met by Butler and a dog that attacks Bryce . After being brought back to the farmhouse , Bryce is told to accept that he is mediocre and ordinary . Elsewhere , Black and Watts interview Roe again , who seems to espouse the same mindset . Black reveals that he knows Roe was once a promising student , and accuses her of being cowed by a fear of failure . Frightened , she reveals the location of Butler 's farm . Police raid the farm , freeing several captive youths , including Bryce , but Butler is nowhere to be found .
= = Production = =
" A Room With No View " was directed by Thomas J. Wright , who helmed a total of twenty @-@ six episodes across all three seasons . Wright would also go on to direct " Millennium " , the series ' crossover episode with its sister show The X @-@ Files . " A Room With No View " was the first to have been written by producer Ken Horton , and his only solo writing credit . Horton would pen a further two episodes in the third season , both with Chip Johannessen .
" A Room With No View " saw the third appearance of recurring villain Lucy Butler , who had previously appeared in " Lamentation " and " Powers , Principalities , Thrones and Dominions " , and would return for the third season episodes " Antipas " and " Saturn Dreaming of Mercury " . Redmond , a fan of series creator Chris Carter and recurring series director David Nutter , had initially auditioned for another episode of the first season which would have been directed by Nutter . Redmond did not get the part she auditioned for but was instead contacted about portraying a minor recurring role instead , which led to her casting as Butler . The episode features the repeated use of the song " Love Is Blue " , performed by Paul Mauriat .
= = Broadcast and reception = =
" A Room With No View " was first broadcast on the Fox network on April 24 , 1998 . The episode earned a Nielsen rating of 4 @.@ 8 during its original broadcast , meaning that 4 @.@ 8 percent of households in the United States viewed the episode . This represented approximately 4 @.@ 7 million households , and left the episode the eighty @-@ second most @-@ viewed broadcast that week .
The episode has received positive reviews from critics . The A.V. Club 's Zack Handlen rated the episode an " A " , finding it to be a particularly well @-@ executed version of kidnapping trope in crime thrillers . Handlen also praised the development of the Lucy Butler character , feeling positively that her scenes did not seem like " rote horror " but made use of clear motives and characterization . Bill Gibron , writing for DVD Talk , rated the episode 4 @.@ 5 out of 5 , praising the dialogue and the use of " Love Is Blue " . However , Gibron felt that the episode did little to move the series along , not exploring any of the season 's themes or mythology . Robert Shearman and Lars Pearson , in their book Wanting to Believe : A Critical Guide to The X @-@ Files , Millennium & The Lone Gunmen , rated " A Room With No View " five stars out of five . Shearman felt the episode was the season 's most frightening installment , as it dispensed with the wider theological trappings that he felt lessened the impact of other episodes . He also praised the decision to bring back Redmond as Lucy Butler , finding the character to be a good balance between the different depictions of evil depicted throughout the series .
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= Little Miss Obsessive =
" Little Miss Obsessive " is a song recorded by American singer Ashlee Simpson for her third studio album , Bittersweet World ( 2008 ) . It features uncredited guest vocals from Tom Higginson , the lead singer of the Plain White T 's . The song was written by Simpson , Jim Beanz , Victor Valentine and Karl Berringer . " Little Miss Obsessive " was produced by Jack Joseph Puig and Berringer , with vocal production by Beanz . The song was released as the " first official single " from Bittersweet World on March 11 , 2008 , following the commercial disappointment of its predecessor , " Outta My Head ( Ay Ya Ya ) " .
" Little Miss Obsessive " is a pop rock power ballad that chronicles the " ostensibly aural dance " of a couple " who break up to make up – and like it " . Simpson looked to herself for inspiration when writing the song . Music critics were divided on " Little Miss Obsessive " ; some critics felt the song was impressive , while others were critical of Simpson 's vocals and the song 's lyrics . The song only managed to chart on the national charts of Canada and the United States , where it peaked at 72 and 96 , respectively .
= = Writing and production = =
" Little Miss Obsessive " was written by Ashlee Simpson , Jim Beanz , Victor Valentine and Karl Berringer . The song was produced by Jack Joseph Puig and Berringer . Simpson 's vocals , which were produced by Beanz , were recorded at Archon Studios in Los Angeles and at Chalice Studios in Hollywood by Aris Achontis and Tal Herzberg , respectively . Tom Higginson , the lead singer of the Plain White T 's , performed guest vocals in the song , as well as background vocals alongside Simpson and Mateo Laboriel , who also provided programming for the song . The guitar was played by Ray Brady , while Joey Kamani played the bass guitar and Abe Laboriel , Jr played the drums in the song . Dean Nelson engineered the song , while Puig mixed the song at Ocean Way Recording in Hollywood .
Simpson looked to herself for inspiration when writing " Little Miss Obsessive " , which chronicles the " ostensibly aural dance " of a couple " who break up to make up – and like it " . Of the song 's concept , Simpson commented : " It 's what we can all become in a relationship sometimes . We put our foot in our mouths and we wish we didn 't — ' No , I didn 't mean to say it . I take it back . I take it back . ' " According to Simpson , the song " kind of relates to the last album [ I Am Me ] , but it grew with the new record . And every girl has gone through that situation . You put your foot in your mouth and you go , ' Wait , why did I do that ? ' We 're on our phones writing and texting too much ! "
= = Composition and critical response = =
" Little Miss Obsessive " is a pop rock power ballad , with a duration of three minutes and forty @-@ two seconds ( 3 : 42 ) . The song features " crashing " guitars , " drum thuds " , " confused Avril @-@ style rants " and a " swelling chorus " . " Little Miss Obsessive " begins with a mid @-@ tempo piano line , before transcending into a " more rollicking " chorus , which sees Simpson sing : " Little miss obsessive , can 't get over it " . Lyrically , Simpson laments about a breakup with the " youthful fervor of a late @-@ night text message " .
Sophie Bruce of BBC Music wrote that the song is the " standout success " of Bittersweet World and that is " deserves to take Ashlee to the forefront of female pop " . Entertainment Weekly 's Leah Greenblatt called " Little Miss Obsessive " a " well @-@ wrought breakup anthem " . Jennifer Cady of E ! Online cited the song as sounding " more like her older stuff " and wrote that it will probably be " more attractive to radio stations " , than " Outta My Head ( Ay Ya Ya ) " , the first single from Bittersweet World . Nick Levine of Digital Spy called " Little Miss Obsessive " a " decent enough tune , not a million miles away from ' Pieces of Me ' , but we can 't see it reviving the album 's fortunes " .
Alex Fletcher of Digital Spy wrote that despite a " surging power @-@ pop chorus " , " Little Miss Obsessive " lacks " the wow factor " required to " get people talking about Simpson 's music again " . Glenn Gamboa of Newsday called " Little Miss Obsessive " a " passable Pinkish pop " song , but stated that it isn 't enough to keep Bittersweet World from " going sour " . Nick Levine of Digital Spy wrote that Simpson 's voice is " insufficiently meaty " to be able to sing the song . Stephen Thomas Erlewine of Allmusic called the song " quite awful " , writing that exploring " the endless possibilities of the word ' over ' in the chorus " is " a bit of a slog " .
= = Release and promotion = =
Simpson premiered " Little Miss Obsessive " on the KISS FM DreX Morning Show in Chicago on February 21 . The song was later announced to be the " first official single " from Simpson 's third studio album Bittersweet World . It was speculated that the song was labelled as the album 's " first official single " because " Outta My Head ( Ay Ya Ya ) " , had performed below expectations . The song was released for digital download in the United States on March 11 , 2008 . It was sent to mainstream radio in the United States on March 18 , 2008 . Simpson performed " Little Miss Obsessive " for the first time on MTV 's Total Request Live on April 15 , for the episode that aired on April 17 . She also performed it on The Today Show on April 18 . " Little Miss Obsessive " was released in the United Kingdom on August 4 , 2008 .
= = Charts = =
= = Credits and personnel = =
Credits adapted from the liner notes of Bittersweet World .
Locations
Vocals recorded at Archon Studios , Los Angeles , California and Chalice Studios , Hollywood , California
Mixed at Ocean Way Recording , Hollywood , California
Personnel
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= Burn ( Usher song ) =
" Burn " is a song by American R & B singer Usher , which he wrote with American songwriters Jermaine Dupri , Bryan @-@ Michael Cox . The song was produced by Dupri and Cox for Usher 's fourth studio album , Confessions ( 2004 ) . " Burn " is about breakup in a relationship , and the public referred to it as an allusion to Usher 's personal struggles . Originally planned as the album 's lead single , " Burn " was pushed back after favorable responses for the song " Yeah ! " . " Burn " was released as the second single from the album on March 21 , 2004 .
" Burn " topped various charts around the world , including the Billboard Hot 100 for eight non @-@ consecutive weeks ; it succeeded " Yeah ! " at number one . Both singles gave Usher nineteen consecutive weeks at the top spot , longer than any solo artist of the Hot 100 era . " Burn " was certified platinum in Australia and United States , and gold in New Zealand . The song was well received by critics and garnered award nominations . In 2009 it was named the 21st most successful song of the 2000s , on the Billboard Hot 100 Songs of the Decade . This song won the 2005 Kids ' Choice Award for Favorite Song .
= = Background = =
When Usher planned to make a new record after his third album , 8701 ( 2001 ) , he decided to not branch out that much with musical collaborators and continue building music with his previous producers . Usher again enlisted record @-@ producer Jermaine Dupri , who had collaborated on his two previous albums , along with The Neptunes , R. Kelly , among others to work on his fourth studio album Confessions ( 2004 ) . Dupri contacted his frequent collaborator Bryan @-@ Michael Cox , who had also made hits like the 2001 single " U Got It Bad " for Usher . During the early session for the album , Dupri and Cox talked about a situation which later became " Burn " . At that time , Usher 's two @-@ year relationship with TLC 's Chilli was flaming out . They said , " Yo , you gotta let that burn ... That 's a song right there " , and started writing .
= = Release = =
Usher submitted the album to his label Arista Records after he felt it was already completed . After he and the company 's then @-@ president Antonio " LA " Reid listened to the songs , they felt the album needed a first single and that they needed one or two more songs to create , which caused the postponement of the album 's release . Usher went back to the studio and collaborated with Lil Jon who said , " He needed a single . They had ' Burn , ' ' Burn ' was hot , but they needed that first powerful monster . That 's when I came in . " They worked for few more tracks , including " Red Light " , which was not included in the first release of the album , and " Yeah ! " , which features Ludacris and Lil Jon .
However , everybody in the label was scared to decide what to consider as the lead single . Reid was choosing whether " Yeah ! " would be released then , considering that they had " Burn " . Usher was also doubtful if the former was the right choice , after he wanted an R & B record . Until " Yeah ! " was leaked , " Burn " was chosen as the official first single from Confessions . " Yeah ! " , which was intended as a promotional song and a teaser for Usher 's fans , was released to street DJs and mixtapes . However , the song 's favorable responses led to another direction ; " Yeah ! " was pursued to be the lead single and " Burn " was set as its follow @-@ up . " Burn " was released in the United States on July 6 , 2004 as a CD single and 7 " single .
= = Lyrical interpretation = =
Usher decided about the new material " to let it all hang out by singing about some of his own little secrets , as well as a few bones from his homies ' skeleton @-@ filled closets . " The public speculated that the material in the new album he was referring to was his recent personal struggles in which he promised a " real talk " on it . In early 2004 , Usher broke up with Chilli due to " irreconcilable differences and because they found it almost impossible to make compromises . " Usher said in an interview : " It 's unfortunate when you have to let a situation go because it 's not working " , which added reference to the breakup . It was later revealed that chilli , in fact broke up with usher because of cheating and the media said otherwise because of the lyrics in the song , which was not based on their relationship . Dupri , however , confessed that his personal life is the real story of the album . Usher said he took inspirations collectively by looking at his friends ' personal situations that they gone through .
= = Composition = =
" Burn " is a slow jam , combining R & B and ballad genres . The song is performed with a moderate groove . It is composed in the key of C @-@ sharp major . The melody line of the song has influences from " Ignition ( Remix ) " by R. Kelly and " How to Deal " by Frankie J. " Burn " crb has a combination of robotic noises , synthesized strings and guitar lines .
The lyrics are constructed in the traditional verse @-@ chorus form . The song starts a spoken intro , giving way to the first verse . It continues to the chorus , following the second verse and chorus . The bridge follows , leading to a break and finalizing in the chorus . " Burn " was considered a " window to Usher 's inner thoughts " , along with the controversial track " Confessions " and " Confessions Part II " . The song is about breakups and ending relationships . According to Matt Cibula of Popmatters , " Burn " is constructed from " two @-@ step concept " . In the lyrics " You know that it 's over / You know that it was through / Let it burn / Got to let it burn " , Usher breaks up with his woman but found her sad about feeling bad about what happened to their relationship . However , Usher says that she must deal with it before she can accept the truth . For the lines " It 's been fifty @-@ eleven days / Umpteen hours / I 'm gonna be burnin ' / Till you return " , the direction changes after Usher realized that breaking up with her was a huge mistake and that he wanted her back to him .
= = Critical reception = =
" Burn " was lauded by contemporary music critics . Jem Aswad of Entertainment Weekly complimented Dupri and Cox for producing what he called the " best song " from the album , along with " Confessions Part II " which they also produced . Aswad found the songs feature " mellifluous melodies " . Laura Sinagra of Rolling Stone found Usher 's singing a " sweet falsetto on the weepy breakup song " , adding , it " convincingly marries resolve and regret , but when it comes to rough stuff , there 's still no ' u ' in p @-@ i @-@ m @-@ p . " Cibula called the song brilliant and considers its step one and step two technique a hit . Jon Caramanica of Blender complimented the song for living up as the only " serviceable " among all ballad @-@ influenced songs in the album which " often drown in their own inanity . " Ande Kellman of Allmusic considered " Burn " as one of the Usher 's best moments in the album , together with " Caught Up " , the final single from Confessions . Steve Jones of USA Today stated that Usher is singing about a relationship that cannot be saved because of the " flame has simply died " .
" Burn " was nominated at the 47th Grammy Awards for Best Male R & B Vocal Performance and Best R & B Song . The song earned British record company EMI the " Publisher of the Year " at the American Society of Composers , Authors , and Publishers 2005 Pop Music Awards .
= = Chart performance = =
" Burn " was another commercial success for Usher . In the United States , the single debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 at number sixty @-@ five , months prior to its physical release . It reached the top spot on May 29 , 2004 , replacing " Yeah ! " ' s twelve @-@ week run at number one . The single was beaten by Fantasia 's 2004 single " I Believe " , which propelled on the chart on its debut . It returned to number one for one last week , before it was finally knocked off by the album 's third single " Confessions Part II " . The single failed to remain on the top spot as long as " Yeah ! " did , staying only for eight non @-@ consecutive weeks . " Burn " was the fifth most @-@ played song in 2004 for earning 355 @,@ 228 total plays , alongside " Yeah ! " which topped the tally for 496 @,@ 805 spins . The single was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America for shipping 1 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 units . It became the second best @-@ selling single in the United States , behind Usher 's single " Yeah ! " . This gives him the distinction , alongside The Beatles in 1964 , to have 2 of his singles occupying the top 2 spots on the Billboard Year @-@ End Chart . Like " Yeah ! " , " Burn " helped Confessions remain on the top spot .
Internationally , several music markets responded equally well . In the United Kingdom , the single debuted at number one and stayed for two weeks . Across European countries , the single performed well , reaching the top ten in Denmark , Ireland , Norway , the Netherlands , and Switzerland . It entered the top twenty in Austria , Belgium , Germany and Sweden . In Australia , the single debuted at number three and peaked at number two . The single was certified platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association for selling 70 @,@ 000 units . At the 2004 year ender charts , " Burn " became the thirty @-@ first best @-@ selling single in Australia . In the New Zealand , it peaked at number one for three weeks , and remained on the chart for twenty @-@ three weeks . The single was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of New Zealand .
= = Music video = =
= = = Background = = =
The music video for " Burn " was directed by Jake Nava , who had produced a wide array of videos for Atomic Kitten , Beyoncé Knowles , among others . It was shot at the former Hollywood house of American popular singer Frank Sinatra . The video features model Jessica Clark . In the July 2008 issue of Vibe magazine , Usher told writer Mitzi Miller , " Women have started to become lovers of each other as a result of not having enough men . " On June 26 , 2008 , AfterEllen.com writer Sarah Warn revealed that Jessica Clark , the lead in Usher 's " Burn " music video , was in fact an openly gay model . In the article , Warn writes , " Maybe it 's not a lack of men that 's turning women gay , Usher--maybe it 's you ! "
= = = Synopsis and reception = = =
The video starts with Usher sitting on a sofa with a backdrop of his girlfriend . When the verse starts , Usher went to a wide glass window pane , looking at his girlfriend swimming in the pool . The surface aflame after she immersed in the water . The next scene continues to Usher with his mistress having sex . While sitting on the edge of the bed , Usher reminisces the moments he and his girlfriend were having an intimate moment in the same bed . The bedsheets burns , following to Usher riding a silver right @-@ hand drive Aston Martin DB5 with a British registration - EGF 158B ( the car was featured in the TV series Fastlane ) . The video cuts with the backdrop also burning . Continuing to the car scene , Usher stops as he sees his imaginary girl again . He went out and dances , executing various hand routines . Video intercuts follow and the video ends with Usher standing with his back . Also , right before the last chorus , the screen changes from a small screen , to a full one with no framework .
The music video debuted on MTV 's Total Request Live at number six on May 4 , 2004 , the same debut with " Confessions Part II " . The video reached the top spot and remained on the countdown for thirty @-@ three days . " Burn " topped MuchMusic 's Countdown on July 24 , 2004 , and remained on the chart for fifteen weeks .
= = Impact = =
Besides from Usher , Cox has benefited for co @-@ creating Confessions , as well as from the success of " Burn " . He has been doing records for Alicia Keys , B2K , Mariah Carey and Destiny 's Child , but he felt 2004 introduced him to another landscape in the music industry . His contribution to the song has elevated him to fame , as well as people looking back to his past records . " Burn " earned him two Grammy nominations . Cox stated , " Everybody who does this for a living , dreams about being nominated . It 's the ultimate accomplishment . I 've always been the silent guy — I come in , do my job and head out . I like to leave all the glory and shine to others , but this is the validation that means the most to me . It also makes me want to work harder to get that same recognition again . "
= = Charts = =
= = Certifications = =
= = Other versions = =
An a cappella version was created by South Asian fusion a cappella group Stanford Raagapella .
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= Cri @-@ Zelda Brits =
Cri @-@ Zelda Brits , also written Crizelda Brits and Cri @-@ zelda Brits ( born 20 November 1983 ) is an international cricketer . A right @-@ handed batsman and right @-@ arm medium @-@ fast bowler , Brits was originally called up to the South Africa national women 's cricket team as an opening bowler in 2002 . She developed into an all @-@ rounder , and since 2005 has established herself as a specialist batsman . She captained South Africa in 23 matches in 2007 and 2008 , but was replaced as captain in 2009 in order to " concentrate entirely on her own performance . " She was reappointed as captain for the 2010 ICC Women 's World Twenty20 . Between 2007 and 2011 she captain South Africa a total of 36 times ( 1 Test , 23 One Day Internationals and 12 Twenty20 Internationals ) .
She is one of South Africa women 's most prolific batsmen ; being the first South African woman to have scored a half @-@ century in a Twenty20 International , and one of only six women to have scored a century for South Africa in a One Day International ( ODI ) . She is the leading South African run @-@ scorer in ODI with 1622 runs .
= = Career = =
= = = Early career = = =
Born in Rustenburg , Transvaal , Brits began her cricket career aged 11 when she entered the sport playing in boys ' teams . At the age of 14 , Brits made two appearances for South Africa Under @-@ 21s women against the touring England side in 1998 , playing as wicket @-@ keeper during two 50 @-@ over contests . In the first , an eight run victory for South Africa , she claimed a stumping and a catch but was not required to bat . For the second match , she was promoted up the order from number eight to number five and made 14 runs off 13 balls as South Africa lost by 42 runs .
Four years later , Brits made her full international debut in a One Day International against India women . Brits was selected as a bowler , placed at number nine in the batting order , and opening the bowling for South Africa . The match was first shortened and then abandoned , and Brits only bowled two overs , conceding two runs , before the conclusion . Brits retained this role in the second ODI , claiming two wickets as South Africa won by 29 runs using the Duckworth – Lewis method . She claimed three further wickets in the final two ODIs of the series . In the fourth ODI , she was promoted up the batting order to number five , though she only managed to score ten runs as South Africa failed to chase down an Indian total of 160 . At the conclusion of the ODI series , the two sides played a Test match , with Brits reprising her role as opening bowler . She took two wickets and conceded 91 runs ( 2 / 91 ) as India amassed 404 / 9 declared in their first @-@ innings . Despite her move up the batting order in the shorter format of the game , Brits batted as part of the tail during the Test match , scoring nine runs at number eleven in the first @-@ innings and then as South Africa were forced to follow @-@ on , she made eleven runs from number ten in the second @-@ innings .
= = = England series : 2003 , 2003 – 04 = = =
She reprised this role for South Africa during their 2003 tour of England . During three 50 @-@ over warm @-@ up matches , Brits claimed four wickets and scored 33 runs while opening the bowling and batting as part of the tail . During the first Test , Brits showed her ability with the bat , scoring 32 runs as part of a 59 @-@ run partnership with fellow tail @-@ ender Sune van Zyl . She claimed two wickets in England 's response , claiming the wickets of opener Charlotte Edwards and captain Clare Connor . In the following ODIs , she claimed three wickets , all in the second match , as England claimed the series 2 – 1 . Unrequired to bat during South Africa 's solitary victory , she made ducks in both the other matches . She continued her string of ducks in the first @-@ innings of the second Test , falling leg before wicket ( lbw ) facing her eighth delivery . However , after claiming two English wickets , Brits top @-@ scored for South Africa in the second @-@ innings , making 61 off 67 balls , including 13 fours . Despite this innings , South Africa lost the match by an innings and 96 runs .
In the South African summer of 2003 – 04 , England women toured South Africa , playing five ODIs . In the first match , Brits claimed three wickets as England were restricted to 151 , a total South Africa passed with the last ball of the allocated 50 overs . Brits went wicket @-@ less in the next two matches , both England victories , but claimed another three wickets in the fourth match of the series . Despite her wickets , England set South Africa a total of 242 to chase , and Brits was moved up the batting order to open the innings alongside Terblanche . The tactic failed : South Africa needed to score almost five runs an over to win the match , and when Brits was dismissed in the fourteenth over for 20 , the pair had only scored 38 runs , roughly two and a half runs an over . South Africa finished on 142 / 9 , over a hundred runs short of their target . For the 2004 season , Brits joined Kent women , playing in all five of their Women 's County Championship matches . She finished the competition with eight wickets , including a four @-@ wicket haul against Yorkshire in her final match .
= = = Women 's Cricket World Cup in South Africa : 2005 = = =
Brits was named as part of the South African squad to compete in the 2005 Women 's Cricket World Cup . Prior to the tournament , South Africa played two ODIs against England . Brits opened the innings alongside Terblanche in both matches , as she would continue to do throughout the World Cup , and made scores of 23 and 11 . She enjoyed more success during the tournament itself , finishing as South Africa 's leading run @-@ scorer with 206 runs , 92 more than her closest compatriot , Shandre Fritz . Her five wickets ranked her second among South African women behind Alicia Smith . During South Africa 's second round @-@ robin match , against the West Indies women , Brits made both her highest score of the tournament , making 72 , and her best bowling analysis , taking four wickets . She received the man of the match award for her achievement , as South Africa won the match by one run . Though she did not make any further half @-@ centuries during the tournament , she was twice dismissed in the forties , scoring 49 against Australia women and 46 against England women .
Despite Brits ' relative success in the tournament , the win against the West Indies women was South Africa 's only victory , and they finished the group stage in seventh place , meaning that they failed to qualify for the knockout phase . A three match ODI series was hastily arranged against the West Indies women , who had also been eliminated . By this stage , Brits was starting to bowl less frequently . She had opened the bowling in three of South Africa 's World Cup fixtures , but did not bowl at all against England women , and was used as the fourth @-@ change bowler against Sri Lanka women , bowling only four overs . Against the West Indies women , Brits bowled two overs in the first match , being used as the first @-@ change bowler , and has only bowled once in ODI cricket since . Her good form with the bat continued against the West Indies women as she passed 50 in two of the three matches , 2004 / 05 though the West Indies won the series 2 – 1 .
= = = Pakistan series , Afro @-@ Asia Cup : 2006 – 07 , 2007 = = =
An injury to Fritz , who had been selected as South African captain for the home series against Pakistan in 2006 – 07 , saw Brits named as her replacement eight days before the first ODI . South Africa women won the first match of the series by 98 runs , with Brits scoring 39 runs from 42 balls , including 6 fours , in " an attractive cameo " . She top @-@ scored for South Africa in the second and third matches with half @-@ centuries , helping to secure the series victory . South Africa eventually won the series 4 – 0 , and Brits was named as player of the series , having scored 183 runs and captained South Africa to their first series win since beating India women in 2002 . Brits was subsequently named as captain of the African women side to compete in a Twenty20 match against an Asian women XI during the 2007 Afro @-@ Asia Cup . The side , which contained four South Africans , lost by 60 runs . Brits was one of ten African players to be dismissed with a single @-@ figure score , and five members of the team were dismissed for ducks .
= = = European tour : 2007 = = =
South Africa began their preparation for the 2008 Women 's World Cup Qualifying series with a tour of Europe , beginning with a Test match and an ODI series against Netherlands women , and then moving into England for more ODIs . Brits remained as South African captain for the tour , and became the only South African to captain her side to a woman 's Test victory , as they beat Netherlands by 159 runs . Although Brits had only managed a score of 21 in the first @-@ innings of the Test match , and had declared with herself unbeaten on 5 in the second , she showed her continued form with the bat by scoring 46 in the first ODI and 59 in the second , partnering Daleen Terblanche in a 131 @-@ run third wicket stand , a South African record for that wicket . A century from Johmari Logtenberg in the final ODI helped South Africa secure a 3 – 0 series whitewash .
Once in England , South Africa played two 50 @-@ over contests against an England Development Squad , each side taking one win apiece , Brits top @-@ scoring in South Africa 's victory with 78 runs . This was followed by South Africa 's first two Twenty20 Internationals , against New Zealand women and England women at the County Ground , Taunton . The first match , against New Zealand , was marked by a spate of run outs , each team having four players dismissed in this fashion . South Africa lost by 97 runs , with Brits one of only three players to make it into double @-@ figures , scoring 23 at just under a @-@ run @-@ a @-@ ball . In the second match , held on the same day , South Africa again struggled for runs , with Brits this time being one of four players to make it out of single figures as South Africa lost by 86 runs .
= = = World Cup Qualifying Series : 2007 / 08 = = =
In order to qualify for the 2009 Women 's Cricket World Cup in Australia , South Africa had to compete in the qualifying series , which they hosted in Stellenbosch , the event having been postponed and then cancelled in Pakistan due to security concerns . Brits was not required to bat in the first match , a ten @-@ wicket victory over Bermuda in which eight of the Bermudans failed to score a run , and the remaining three were all dismissed for just one apiece . After scoring 17 in the second match , against Papua New Guinea , Brits made her highest score in One Day International cricket in the next match , against Netherlands . Coming in at number three after opener Daleen Terblanche had been dismissed for a duck after five balls of the match , Brits batted through the remainder of the innings and finished on 107 not out . Brits only managed 3 in the victory against Ireland in the semi @-@ finals which guaranteed South Africa a place in the 2009 World Cup , and was dismissed for a duck in the final as South Africa easily overcame Pakistan to win the competition . Brits was named as the 2008 CSA Women 's Cricketer of the Year .
= = = United Kingdom tour : 2008 = = =
Brits represented Central women during the Pro20 Women 's Super4 's in 2008 , and finished the tournament with 103 runs , trailing only Highveld 's Mignon du Preez , who scored the competition 's only half @-@ century . Upon the completion of the competition , the national team flew over to Ireland to begin their tour of the United Kingdom which started with an ODI just four days later . South Africa enjoyed a comfortable ten @-@ wicket victory in the tour opener , with Brits bowling an expensive two overs , conceding 17 runs including eight wides . She had not bowled in international cricket since 2005 , and has not again since . After making 13 in the Twenty20 match against the Irish , Brits fell for successive ducks in a 20 @-@ over match against England Academy and the first ODI against England . She continued to struggle with the bat in the remaining three ODIs , failing to pass 20 as England eased to a 4 – 0 series win . She dropped down the order for the Twenty20 matches , batting at five and six , but after remaining 20 not out at the close of play in the first match , she was dismissed for 2 in both the following games .
= = = Cricket World Cup , World Twenty20 : 2009 = = =
Following their successful qualifying campaign , South Africa were one of eight women 's teams represented in the 2009 Women 's Cricket World Cup . Prior to the tournament , it had been announced that Sunette Loubser would replace Brits as captain of the national team . Denise Reid , the convenor of selectors , stated that the change had been made in order for Brits to " concentrate entirely on her own performance " as " [ South Africa ] require her undivided attention at the role assigned to her " . During her time as captain , Brits had averaged 32 @.@ 07 with the bat , however twelve of her sixteen matches were against Ireland , Pakistan and Netherlands women , both teams that South Africa had beaten easily in the World Cup Qualifying Series ; against the more competitive England side , she had averaged a much lower 8 @.@ 75 with the bat . Brits made modest totals in the two warm @-@ up matches against India and Pakistan , but averaged 33 @.@ 00 in the World Cup matches , second among the South African team behind Trisha Chetty . After scoring 7 against the West Indies in their first match , she made 36 against reigning World Champions Australia . South Africa finished the group @-@ stage winless when they suffered a 199 run defeat to New Zealand in the final group match ; chasing 250 , South Africa only managed to make 51 , with Brits ' score of 25 making her the only South African to make it into double figures . Brits remained 31 not out in the seventh place play @-@ off as South Africa successfully chased down the Sri Lankan score of 75 with over 20 overs to spare .
Brits finished the 2009 ICC Women 's World Twenty20 as South Africa 's top @-@ scorer with 71 runs . Her half @-@ century against New Zealand in the second match is the highest score by a South African woman in a Twenty20 International , surpassing the record of 38 set only four days earlier by du Preez . Despite her record , South Africa lost to the New Zealanders by 6 wickets , though Brits had the small consolation of being named man of the match . Brits scored seven runs in each of the other matches for South Africa , both defeats , against West Indies and Australia respectively .
= = = West Indies series : 2009 – 10 = = =
South Africa and Brits had a point to prove during their 2009 – 10 series against the West Indies , and were keen to improve on their recent performances . Brits top @-@ scored for the South Africans in the first of four ODIs with 48 , but an unbeaten century from West Indies opener Stafanie Taylor helped the tourists to chase down the total and win with 51 balls remaining . Brits made 31 in the second match as South Africa levelled the series , and then scored a match @-@ winning 60 not out in the third match to give South Africa the lead in the series . During this innings , she became only the second South African woman to pass 1 @,@ 000 career ODI runs . Brits missed the following Twenty20 series with bronchitis .
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= Quinceañera ( film ) =
Quinceañera ( English : " Fifteen @-@ year @-@ old " , referring to a coming @-@ of @-@ age ceremony in Latin American communities ) is a 2006 American independent drama film written and directed by Richard Glatzer and Wash Westmoreland . Set in Echo Park , Los Angeles , the film follows the lives of two young Mexican American cousins who become estranged from their families — Magdalena ( played by Emily Rios ) because of her unwed teenage pregnancy and Carlos ( Jesse Garcia ) because of his homosexuality — and are taken in by their elderly great @-@ uncle Tomas ( Chalo González ) .
The film was inspired by Glatzer and Westmoreland 's experience as a white gay couple moving into the gentrifying neighborhood of Echo Park , a predominantly Latino working @-@ class community . They wrote , cast and filmed Quinceañera over four months in 2005 after securing a US $ 400 @,@ 000 budget from investors . It was filmed in Echo Park with the assistance of Glatzer and Westmoreland 's neighbors and a cast of largely nonprofessional actors . It premiered at the Sundance Film Festival on January 23 , 2006 , where it won the Grand Jury Prize and the Audience Award . It was released in the United States on August 2 , 2006 , to mostly positive reviews and earned $ 2 @.@ 5 million at the box office .
= = Plot = =
Magdalena , a fourteen @-@ year @-@ old girl from a working @-@ class Mexican American family in Echo Park , Los Angeles , attends her cousin Eileen 's quinceañera , an extravagant coming @-@ of @-@ age ceremony to celebrate her fifteenth birthday . Eileen 's older brother Carlos — who has been disowned by his family due to his homosexuality and now lives with his great @-@ uncle Tomas — arrives at the celebrations but is forced to leave by his father . Magdalena herself is about to turn fifteen but her parents cannot afford to host a quinceañera as lavish as Eileen 's , and they deny her repeated requests to hire a Hummer limousine for the occasion . While preparing for her quinceañera , Magdalena learns that she is pregnant by her friend Herman although they had only once engaged in non @-@ penetrative intercourse . Her Christian father is furious , believing that Magdalena has had premarital sex despite her protestations that she is still a virgin . She leaves her family to move in with Tomas and Carlos and continues to see Herman until she discovers that his mother has sent him away to live with relatives to prevent him from seeing Magdalena .
Carlos becomes sexually involved with the Caucasian gay couple , James and Gary , who recently bought Tomas 's property and are now his landlords and neighbors , but he eventually begins a secret affair with Gary without James 's knowledge . With Magdalena 's pregnancy progressing , Carlos offers to financially support her and to act as a surrogate father for the child once it is born . When James discovers his partner 's affair with Carlos he feels betrayed and Tomas soon receives a letter notifying him that his landlords are evicting him . Tomas , Magdalena and Carlos struggle to find an affordable place to live due to the gentrification of the area and the rising real estate prices , but Tomas dies in his sleep shortly before they are due to be evicted . In the aftermath , Magdalena is reunited with her mother and together they visit a gynecologist , who confirms that Magdalena conceived without having penetrative sex . Magdalena 's father apologizes to her at Tomas 's funeral , believing her conception to be a miracle , and she forgives him .
Magdalena eventually receives the quinceañera she had wished for , complete with a Hummer limousine , with her parents in attendance and Carlos as her escort .
= = Cast = =
Emily Rios as Magdalena
Jesse Garcia as Carlos
Chalo González as Tio Tomas
J.R. Cruz as Herman
David W. Ross as Gary
Alicia Sixtos as Eileen
Jesus Castaños @-@ Chima as Ernesto
Jason L. Wood as James
Araceli Guzman @-@ Rico as Maria
= = Production = =
Quinceañera was written and directed by Richard Glatzer and Wash Westmoreland , filmmaking partners and a romantic couple . They conceived the idea for the film in January 2005 , based on their own experiences as a white gay couple moving into the predominantly Latino working @-@ class neighborhood of Echo Park , Los Angeles , as the area underwent gentrification . They were inspired to make a film about the traditional quinceañera celebration after being invited to their fifteen @-@ year @-@ old neighbor 's ceremony . With producer Anne Clements , they pitched the idea to three investors — immigrants to the United States from Greece and Israel — who agreed to provide $ 300 @,@ 000 to finance the project . ( The budget was later raised to $ 400 @,@ 000 . ) Glatzer and Westmoreland then wrote the screenplay over three weeks in February .
Casting for the film took place over March 2005 through the internet , a Los Angeles @-@ based organization for Latino actors , and word of mouth . Glatzer and Westmoreland chose to cast non @-@ union actors ; none of the cast except Chalo González belonged to the Screen Actors Guild . Most of the actors were nonprofessional and had never acted in a film before . Emily Rios 's only experience before playing the lead role of Magdalena was in a school play , while Jesse Garcia had only acted in commercials . The film 's own casting director , Jason L. Wood , ended up playing the character of James , and Glatzer and Westmoreland cast their cleaning lady in a small role . They borrowed props from their cleaner 's niece , who had recently had a quinceañera , and mimicked her video of the ceremony to create part of the film . Although the script called for the actors to speak " Spanglish " — a mixture of English and Spanish — neither Glatzer nor Westmoreland were fluent in Spanish , so many of the actors translated their own lines from English . The teenage cast members also improvised dialogue for some scenes and provided their own clothes to wear in character .
The film was shot over eighteen days in April 2005 . It was filmed on location in Echo Park inside Glatzer and Westmoreland 's house and in three houses on their block that their neighbors allowed them to use for little or no money . Many of Glatzer and Westmoreland 's Echo Park neighbors also stood in as extras . Due to California 's child labor laws , they could only film with the underage cast members for six hours a day , so cinematographer Eric Steelberg used a hand @-@ held camera with few accessories to maximize the time they could spend filming . Steelberg filmed the project in high @-@ definition video format , which was converted to film during post @-@ production . The film 's soundtrack included reggaeton songs as well as music composed by Westmoreland 's brother as a favor since the filmmakers could afford little else . Robin Katz finished editing the film in August 2005 .
= = Release = =
Quinceañera premiered on January 23 , 2006 , at the Sundance Film Festival , where it won both the Grand Jury Prize and the Audience Award in the dramatic feature category . Its U.S. distribution rights were bought by Sony Pictures Classics while its international rights were purchased by Celluloid Dreams . The film was later screened at the Berlin International Film Festival before its theatrical release .
The film opened in limited release in the United States on August 4 , 2006 , earning $ 95 @,@ 400 on its opening weekend from eight theatres . It gradually expanded over the next three weeks , achieving a widest release of 96 theatres by its fourth weekend . Its theatrical run lasted for 14 weeks , concluding with a total gross of $ 1 @,@ 692 @,@ 693 . It grossed $ 830 @,@ 094 internationally , making a total box office gross of $ 2 @,@ 522 @,@ 787 .
It was released in DVD format on January 9 , 2007 . Extra features on the DVD included an audio commentary with Glatzer , Westmoreland and the film 's actors , a " making @-@ of " featurette , and a mock quinceañera home video made by Glatzer and Westmoreland .
= = Reception = =
= = = Critical response = = =
Quinceañera received generally positive reviews from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes , the film holds a rating of 86 % , based on 95 reviews , with an average rating of 7 @.@ 1 / 10 . The site 's consensus reads , " This slice @-@ of @-@ life story of a teenage girl in Echo Park is both a sweet crowd @-@ pleaser and a perceptive look at socioeconomic community issues . " On Metacritic , the film has a score of 72 out of 100 , based on reviews from 31 critics , indicating " generally favorable reviews " .
Variety critic David Rooney summarized Quinceañera as " a fresh , spirited drama , charming and unpretentious " as well as a " small gem of a movie with a stirring soul " . He praised the " subdued , natural performances " of the inexperienced teenaged actors as well as Chalo González 's portrayal of Tomas . Stephen Holden of The New York Times described the film as " smart and warmhearted " with " a wonderfully organic feel for the fluid interaction of cultures and generations " in Los Angeles . Slate 's Dana Stevens commended the film for avoiding clichés and for its " sharp @-@ eyed analysis of class conflict " . She singled out the performance of Emily Rios , whom she said " carries the movie on her square broad shoulders " . Claudia Puig of USA Today awarded the film three out of four stars and described it as " spirited and poignant " , with Rios ' performance providing " the heart of the film " . Wesley Morris , writing for The Boston Globe , found the film to be " a modest but remarkably poignant comedy " and believed that , despite the predictability of the broader story , " somehow it feels authentic in all its small details " . The San Francisco Chronicle 's Ruthe Stein commented that the film was " directed with obvious love " by Glatzer and Westmoreland and commended González for his " hypnotic performance " as Tomas . Gianni Truzzi , who reviewed the film for the Seattle Post @-@ Intelligencer , wrote of its " charm , sensitivity and intelligence " as well as the " great authenticity " of Rios 's portrayal of Magdalena .
Conversely , Lisa Schwarzbaum of Entertainment Weekly , who gave the film a C grade , found the plot " contrived " and melodramatic , and summarized it as " suds being sold as ethno @-@ sensitive reality " . The Christian Science Monitor 's Peter Rainer felt that the Quinceañera " is best approached with lowered expectations " , and that despite being " heartfelt and well @-@ observed " it failed to adequately explore its contrasting themes of race , sexuality and religion .
= = = Awards and nominations = = =
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= Royal baccarat scandal =
The royal baccarat scandal , also known as the Tranby Croft affair , was a British gambling scandal of the late 19th century involving the Prince of Wales — the future King Edward VII . The scandal started during a house party in September 1890 , when Sir William Gordon @-@ Cumming , a decorated lieutenant colonel in the Scots Guards , was accused of cheating at baccarat .
Edward had been invited to stay at Tranby Croft , Yorkshire , the home of Arthur Wilson and his family . Among Edward 's party were his advisers , Lord Coventry and Lieutenant @-@ General Owen Williams ; Gordon @-@ Cumming , a friend of the prince , was also invited . On the first night the guests played baccarat , and Stanley Wilson thought he saw Gordon @-@ Cumming illegally adding to his stake . Stanley informed other members of the Wilson family , and they agreed to watch him on the following evening . Gordon @-@ Cumming was again seen to be acting in a suspicious manner . The family members asked the advice of the royal courtiers who , with the agreement of the prince , confronted Gordon @-@ Cumming and pressured him into signing a document that declared he would never play cards again , in exchange for the silence of the guests .
The secret was not kept for long , and Gordon @-@ Cumming demanded a retraction from the Wilson family , whom he considered to blame for divulging the news . They refused , and he filed a writ for slander in February 1891 . Despite the efforts of the prince 's courtiers to have the matter dealt with by a military court , the case was heard in June 1891 . The atmosphere at trial was described as being like a theatre , and Edward was called as a witness , the first time the heir to the throne had been compelled to appear in court since 1411 . Gordon @-@ Cumming 's senior counsel , the Solicitor General Sir Edward Clarke , did not persuade any of the defendants to change their stories , but he highlighted several inaccuracies and serious discrepancies in their evidence . Despite a strong and well @-@ regarded closing speech by Clarke on Gordon @-@ Cumming 's behalf , the judge 's summing up was described as biased by some , and the jury found against the lieutenant colonel .
Gordon @-@ Cumming was dismissed from the army the following day , and was ostracised from society for the rest of his life . A leader in The Times stated that " He has committed a mortal offence . Society can know him no more . " Public opinion was on his side , and the prince was at his most unpopular for several years afterwards . The affair has been of subsequent interest to writers ; two books have examined the matter , and there have been two fictionalised accounts of the events .
= = Background = =
= = = Sir William Gordon @-@ Cumming = = =
At the time of the events at the country home Tranby Croft , Yorkshire , Sir William Gordon @-@ Cumming was a 42 @-@ year @-@ old decorated lieutenant colonel in the Scots Guards , having seen service in South Africa ( 1879 ) , Egypt ( 1882 ) and Sudan ( 1884 – 85 ) . Gordon @-@ Cumming 's biographer , Jason Tomes , thought that his subject possessed " audacity and wit [ and ] gloried in the sobriquet of the most arrogant man in London " , while Sporting Life described him as " possibly the most handsome man in London , and certainly the rudest " . In addition to considerable land holdings in Scotland , Gordon @-@ Cumming owned a house in Belgravia , London ; he was a friend of the Prince of Wales , and would lend it to the prince for assignations with royal mistresses . Gordon @-@ Cumming was a womaniser , and stated that his aim was to " perforate " members of " the sex " ; his liaisons included Lillie Langtry , Sarah Bernhardt and Lady Randolph Churchill . He was unmarried at the time of the events and subsequent court case .
= = = Edward , Prince of Wales ; the Marlborough House set = = =
Edward , Prince of Wales was a 49 @-@ year @-@ old married father of five at the time he visited Tranby Croft , and had a history of association with scandals . In 1866 he had incurred the censure of his mother , Queen Victoria , when he became involved with " the fast racing set " , and his betting had " harm [ ed ] his reputation and contribute [ d ] to the widespread unpopularity of the monarchy in this period " , according to his biographer , Sidney Lee .
In April 1869 Sir Charles Mordaunt ( 1836 – 1897 ) learnt that his wife had had three separate affairs , and that her lovers included the heir to the throne . Although Mordaunt did not carry out his threat of citing the prince as co @-@ respondent in the subsequent divorce case , Edward was subpoenaed to appear in court as a witness . Although Edward did not want to appear — and the queen wrote to the Lord Chancellor to see if this could be avoided — the law was such that the heir to the throne could be forced to appear if necessary . The prince appeared voluntarily and was in the witness box for seven minutes , during which time he denied having had a sexual relationship with Mordaunt 's wife ; he was not cross @-@ examined . Edward 's biographer , Colin Matthew , wrote that " the hearing coincided with general criticism of the very different deportments of both the queen and the prince . The latter was several times booed in public " . Despite the " taboo on open criticism on [ the prince 's ] actions , an undercurrent of dissatisfaction existed " with him and his actions . For Edward , although such affairs could be discussed between friends , scandal was to be avoided wherever possible .
In 1890 the prince gave up dancing , telling his son George that " I am getting too old and fat for these amusements " ; he replaced dancing with other pursuits , like attending the opera and playing baccarat . He enjoyed baccarat so much that when he travelled he brought a set of leather counters , valued on one side from five shillings to £ 10 and engraved with his feathers on the other ; the counters had been a present from his friend Reuben Sassoon , a member of the well @-@ known banking family .
Surrounding the prince was a fashionable clique known as the Marlborough House set , named after the prince 's home overlooking The Mall , London . The set was a mixture of old titled families and " plutocratic and parvenu " families with fortunes from new industry , and Edward carried out an active policy to spread the social circle of the royal family to include new industrialists such as the shipping magnate Arthur Wilson .
= = = Arthur Wilson and family = = =
Arthur Wilson was the 52 @-@ year @-@ old Hull @-@ based owner of a shipping business . He built his home at Tranby Croft , in the East Riding of Yorkshire , as a Victorian country house , and he and his family moved in during the summer of 1876 . As well as a wife , Mary , he also had a son , ( Arthur ) Stanley Wilson , and a daughter , Ethel ; her husband , Edward Lycett Green was the son of the local manufacturer and MP , Sir Edward Green . Tomes reports that Gordon @-@ Cumming may have previously propositioned Ethel Lycett Green .
= = = Gambling and baccarat in 1890 = = =
Baccarat is a game for up to 20 players , together with a banker and croupier ; several packs of cards are used , depending on the number of players . The value of the ace to nine cards are as their pip value , while tens and court cards count as zero . A player is dealt two cards and adds up the combined pips , discounting 10 's and court cards , and only using the single digit value as a score - a King and a 6 will equal 16 , but their value will be 6 ; two 8s will equal 16 , and their value will also be 6 . Two court cards will count as zero , or baccarat ) . The idea of the game is to get 9 points . A player may ask for one extra card to be added to their hand . Betting is between the player and the bank , with the closest to reach 9 on a hand receiving the stake .
In 1886 the High Court of Justice in London ruled in the Parks case — Jenks v. Turpin — that baccarat was a game of chance rather than skill , and was therefore illegal when gambling was involved . In reporting the case , The Times described baccarat as " a new game , partly of chance , at which £ 1 @,@ 000 may be lost in 20 minutes " . After a solicitor asked the Home Secretary , Henry Matthews , to clarify the position regarding baccarat in social clubs and private houses , the Home Office civil servant Godfrey Lushington stated that there was nothing in the court 's judgment that made baccarat illegal if not played for money .
The former Shadow Home Secretary and historian Roy Hattersley comments that although baccarat was illegal , " worse still in the eyes of many Englishmen , [ it was ] thought to be popular in France " .
= = Visit to Tranby Croft = =
= = = Preliminary events = = =
In the years running up to 1890 the Prince of Wales had taken to visiting Doncaster Racecourse for the Doncaster Cup . In previous years he had stayed at Brantingham Thorpe with his friend Sir Christopher Sykes , the Conservative Member of Parliament for Beverley . Sykes had run into financial difficulties and could not afford to host Edward , and Tranby Croft , home to Arthur Wilson and family , became the venue . After consulting with the prince , the Wilsons also invited some of Edward 's inner circle , including Sykes , Gordon @-@ Cumming and the prince 's courtiers : the equerry Tyrwhitt Wilson , Lord Coventry , Lord Edward Somerset , Captain Arthur Somerset — his cousin — and Lieutenant @-@ General Owen Williams , along with their wives . Also accompanying the party was Lieutenant Berkeley Levett , a brother officer to Gordon @-@ Cumming in the Scots Guards and a friend of the Wilson family .
Among those originally invited were Lord Brooke and his wife Daisy ; her step @-@ father died two days before the party was due to leave London , and she and her husband withdrew from the trip . Daisy , the prince 's mistress at the time , was known to some journalists as " babbling " Brooke because of her propensity to gossip . On 6 September Edward returned early from travelling in Europe ; he visited Harriet Street where he found Daisy Brooke " in Gordon @-@ Cumming 's arms " , which soured the relationship between the two men .
= = = Events of 8 – 11 September = = =
After dinner on 8 September , the guests at Tranby Croft listened to music from Ethel Lycett Green until about 11 pm , when the prince suggested a game of baccarat . Although the Wilsons did not have a suitably @-@ sized table , Stanley Wilson improvised , putting two card tables alongside the smoking room table — all of which were of differing sizes — and covered them with a tapestry cloth . Among the evening 's players were the prince , who acted as dealer ; Sassoon , who took the part of banker ; and Gordon @-@ Cumming . Sitting next to the last @-@ named was Stanley Wilson , who was on Levett 's left .
As the game began Gordon @-@ Cumming discussed the tapestry with Wilson , commenting that the different colours of the cloth made it difficult to see the counters ; Gordon @-@ Cumming put a piece of white paper in front of him on which to place his now highly @-@ visible stake . Although many of the inexperienced party were playing for small stakes , Gordon @-@ Cumming was betting between £ 5 and £ 25 for a coup ; he played the coup de trois system of betting , in which if he won a hand with a £ 5 stake , he would add his winnings to the stake , together with another £ 5 , as the stake for the next hand . Soon after play began Stanley Wilson thought he saw Gordon @-@ Cumming add two red £ 5 counters onto his stake after the hand had finished , but before the stake had been paid — a method of cheating known in casinos as la poussette ; after he thought that this had happened a second time , Wilson turned to Levett and , according to the later court transcripts , whispered " My God , Berkeley , this is too hot ! " further explaining that " the man next to me is cheating ! " After Levett also watched for a few minutes , he agreed , saying to Wilson " this is too hot " . After half an hour the game was completed and the prince congratulated Gordon @-@ Cumming on his play ; the future king also asked Mrs Wilson for a more suitable table for the following day . Stanley Wilson instructed the butler to move a longer , three @-@ foot wide table in and cover it with green baize . Wilson then discussed the cheating with Levett . The two men were uncertain what steps to take , and agreed that Stanley would ask his brother @-@ in @-@ law , Lycett Green , for his advice . Although Lycett Green thought it impossible that Gordon @-@ Cumming would have cheated , Stanley told him that he was certain , as was Levett .
The following day , 9 September , the party visited the races , where the prince 's horse won the Clumber Stakes . After dinner the prince once again wanted to play baccarat and asked for a chalk line to be drawn on the baize , six inches from the edge , behind which players were to keep their counters when not placing their stake . Edward was banker and Williams acted as the croupier . When Gordon @-@ Cumming arrived at the table , there were only two vacant seats . At either of them , Gordon @-@ Cumming would be surrounded by members of the Wilson family , all of whom had been informed of Stanley and Levett 's suspicions .
After half an hour 's play Lycett Green once again became convinced that Gordon @-@ Cumming was cheating . He left the table and sent a note to his mother @-@ in @-@ law — still at the table — recounting his suspicions : she took no action . By the time the game was finished Mary Wilson , the two Lycett Greens and Stanley Wilson — all of whom had been watching Gordon @-@ Cumming closely — were convinced that he had been cheating , although they differed in their versions of what they saw . Others saw nothing , including people sitting closer to him , such as the prince , Lady Coventry ( sitting next to Gordon @-@ Cumming ) and Levett ( sitting opposite him ) . Over the two nights ' play Gordon @-@ Cumming won a total of £ 225 .
Mary Wilson 's brother died unexpectedly that night in Hull ; although she and her husband did not attend for a second day 's racing , they asked all the other guests not to interrupt the plans , and the remainder of the party attended , watching the St. Leger Stakes . During the journey to the racecourse , Lycett Green asked Edward Somerset his advice , telling the peer that several members of the party were convinced of Gordon @-@ Cumming 's guilt . Edward Somerset decided to consult his cousin , Arthur Somerset , and the two men suggested that Lycett Green inform the prince 's senior courtier , Lord Coventry .
When the party returned to Tranby Croft that evening Lycett Green , Stanley Wilson and both Somersets met Coventry ; Levett refused to attend . After Lycett Green had told Coventry what he had seen , the latter summoned Williams , who was a mutual friend of both the prince and Gordon @-@ Cumming . Lycett Green repeated the allegation once again . Williams later recounted that he was " shocked and overwhelmed with a sense of calamity " , and said that Edward must be informed immediately . There was some disagreement between the courtiers on whether to tell the prince ; Coventry and Wilson both thought it the right move , but Arthur Somerset felt that the matter could and should be dealt with by those present . Later he was persuaded that informing the prince was the right course of action . Lycett Green grew more pugnacious throughout the discussions , and threatened to accuse Gordon @-@ Cumming in public at the races the following day ; he also stated that " I will not be a party to letting Gordon @-@ Cumming prey on society in future " . The men decided that Gordon @-@ Cumming should sign a document admitting his guilt in exchange for their silence , and Williams and Coventry went to Edward to inform him of what had been happening . The two men told the prince that " the evidence they had heard was absolutely conclusive and they did not believe Sir William Gordon @-@ Cumming had a leg to stand on " .
The prince believed what he had been told by his courtiers , and also assumed that cheating had taken place ; he later said that with accusations from five witnesses he believed the worst of his friend straight away . At no point had any of those concerned investigated the situation more closely , by asking others present or seeking out Gordon @-@ Cumming 's side of events , but they had believed the events as told to them by Lycett Green and Stanley Wilson . After informing the prince , the two courtiers sought out the accused man and informed him of what had been said . Coventry broke the news to him , saying that " There is a very disagreeable thing that has occurred in this house . Some of the people staying here object ... to the way you play baccarat " , and that the accusation was that he had " resorted to foul play " at the game . Gordon @-@ Cumming denied the accusation , asking " Do you believe the statements of a parcel of inexperienced boys ? " , and demanded to see the prince .
After dinner the guests signed the visitors book , after which the prince — accompanied by Coventry , Williams and the two Somersets — received Lycett Green and the other accusers . After hearing what they had to say , the prince dismissed all except Coventry and Williams , and called for Gordon @-@ Cumming , who told Edward that the accusation was " foul and abominable " ; the prince pointed out that " there are five accusers against you " . Gordon @-@ Cumming then withdrew while the royal party discussed what the next steps would be . He returned after half an hour to find just the two courtiers , who urged him to sign a document that they had drafted . Under pressure , and still denying the accusations , Gordon @-@ Cumming signed the document without knowing who else would sign it afterwards .
" In consideration of the promise made by the gentlemen whose names are subscribed to preserve my silence with reference to an accusation which has been made in regard to my conduct at baccarat on the nights of Monday and Tuesday the 8th and 9th at Tranby Croft , I will on my part solemnly undertake never to play cards again as long as I live . "
The courtiers took the document to Edward , who summoned the other members of the house ; he read the note to them and signed it , pointing out to everyone that the promise of secrecy was incumbent on all of them . He also added that Gordon @-@ Cumming was still protesting his innocence , despite signing a paper that " practically admitted his guilt " . The paper was then signed by the men present : the prince , Coventry , Williams , Wilson and his son , both Somersets , Lycett Green , Levett and Sassoon . Although the prince hoped that this would bring an end to the affair , Arthur Somerset pointed out that it would not remain secret . Edward asked him " not even when gentlemen have given their word not to divulge it ? " ; Somerset replied that " It is impossible , sir . Nothing in the world known to ten people was ever kept secret " .
On the advice of Williams , Gordon @-@ Cumming left Tranby Croft early the following morning , 11 September ; he left behind a letter to Mary Wilson apologising for his early departure , and one for Williams , again stating his innocence , but acknowledging that " it is essential to avoid an open row and the scandal arising therefrom . "
= = Developments : the path to the High Court = =
Once he was back in London Gordon @-@ Cumming received a response to the letter he had written to Williams . Signed by the prince , Coventry and Williams , the note advised him that " you must clearly understand that in the face of the overwhelming evidence against you , it is useless to attempt to deny the accusations " . Gordon @-@ Cumming wrote to Edward with a " final appeal to show how utterly it remains in your power to utterly damn , morally and physically , one who has ever been a loyal and devoted subject " : it went unanswered by prince and courtiers .
Instead of hunting big game abroad as he usually did over the winter months , Gordon @-@ Cumming remained in Britain , and spent time in London and at his Scottish estate . He was also seen in the presence of an American heiress , Florence Garner , and the two became engaged . On 27 December he received an anonymous message from Paris that read : " they are beginning to talk much here of ... your sad adventure ... They have talked too much in England . He sent the message to Williams and asked him to let the prince know the contents .
A fortnight later Gordon @-@ Cumming was informed by a lady acquaintance that the events at Tranby Croft were being discussed in London society ; he again wrote to Williams to inform him of developments and received an unsatisfactory response . Gordon @-@ Cumming then sent a telegram to the prince asking to meet and informing him that " information I have recently received to the effect that the whole story is the subject of comment at the Turf Club ... the promise of secrecy made has been broken by those concerned " . Although Edward acknowledged receipt of the message , he declined to meet . After the negative response from the prince , Gordon @-@ Cumming lost patience and decided to fight the situation . He released his fiancée from their engagement and then visited his solicitors , Wontner & Sons . Wontners had some knowledge of the law surrounding baccarat as they had previously been involved in the Jenks v. Turpin case .
On the advice of his solicitors Gordon @-@ Cumming obtained a written summary of events from Coventry and Williams , and informed his commanding officer , Colonel Stacey , of the situation . Stacey told Gordon @-@ Cumming that , according to Article 41 of the Queen 's Regulations , he should already have reported the matter . Gordon @-@ Cumming replied that because the prince had been involved , and because all present had been sworn to secrecy , he had been unable to fulfil the requirement of the Regulations . He then " placed his commission in Stacey 's hands pending the result of ... [ the ] action " .
As the matter involved the prince , Stacey consulted other officers in the regiment about what should be done , and found that opinion was divided between allowing Gordon @-@ Cumming to remain in the regiment while he defended himself , or removing him straight away . The Colonel @-@ in @-@ Chief of the Scots Guards , the prince 's younger brother , the Duke of Connaught , was also asked : according to Havers , Grayson and Shankland , the duke " insisted that Gordon @-@ Cumming must be crushed " . Stacey disagreed , and thought that the whole story needed to be brought out before such a decision was taken . He reported the situation to the Adjutant @-@ General to the Forces , General Sir Redvers Buller , and requested permission to let Gordon @-@ Cumming retire on half @-@ pay . Buller agreed to the request , but stated that if Gordon @-@ Cumming 's legal action failed , the permission would be reviewed . Stacey relayed the message to Gordon @-@ Cumming and told him that signing the note was an error : " Because you signed that document you will never put on a sword in the regiment . If you bring a successful action you will be allowed to retire : if you fail , you will be dismissed [ from ] the service " . The Duke of Connaught strongly disapproved of Buller 's decision , and he withdrew to Portsmouth , refusing to again be drawn on the affair , even after his brother requested further advice .
On 27 January Gordon @-@ Cumming made a final attempt to have the rumours scotched by instructing his solicitors to write to the two Lycett Greens , Stanley Wilson , Levett and Mary Wilson , to demand retraction of the accusation or face a writ for slander . On 6 February , with no withdrawal forthcoming , Gordon @-@ Cumming issued writs against the five , claiming £ 5 @,@ 000 against each of them .
On receipt of the writ the Wilsons consulted their solicitor George Lewis , who had also acted for the prince on previous occasions . Lewis briefed Sir Charles Russell to act as counsel for the defence , assisted by H. H. Asquith , the future Liberal Prime Minister . Wontner & Sons approached the Solicitor General , Sir Edward Clarke , to act as counsel on Gordon @-@ Cumming 's behalf . One of Lewis 's early concerns was to ensure Edward did not appear in court . If Gordon @-@ Cumming could be found guilty by a military tribunal , then the rationale for a court case would disappear . Lewis asked Coventry and Williams to raise the matter again with Buller , who rejected their entreaties . Buller explained his decision in a letter to the queen 's secretary , Sir Henry Ponsonby , writing that " I absolutely declined to take action against ... [ Gordon @-@ Cumming ] upon street rumours .
After Buller received a letter from Wontners confirming that civil action was taking place , he consulted the Judge Advocate General , who informed him that no military enquiry should take place while such a case was proceeding . Lewis then tried to persuade the Guards ' Club , of which Gordon @-@ Cumming was a member , to carry out an enquiry into the events , which would have negated much of the need for a trial . A vote of the members rejected the possibility , and the civil trial remained the outcome . The prince was furious with the Guards , and wrote to Ponsonby that " The decision of the Guards Club is a terrible blow to the Scots Guards ; and I feel most deeply for the officers who have the honour of their regiment so much at heart . "
Journalists drew their own conclusions from the manoeuvrings by the prince and his entourage , with the radical press quick to attack the attempts to avoid the scrutiny of a civil court . The Echo wrote that " The Baccarat Scandal is to be hushed up ... It is , no doubt , a very comfortable arrangement for all parties concerned " , while even The New York Times , normally sympathetic to Edward , foresaw political problems if the trial was prejudiced by such actions .
It was decided the case would be heard by the Lord Chief Justice , Lord Coleridge . His court at the Royal Courts of Justice , London , was converted to accommodate the case by raising the height of the bench and witness box and installing new seating . In May it was announced that the case would start on 1 June , and that entry to the court would be by ticket only .
= = Trial = =
The trial opened on 1 June 1891 . Ticket holders began queuing at 9 : 30 am , and the court was full half an hour before its 11 am start time . The prince sat on a red leather chair on a raised platform between the judge and the witness box ; his appearance was the first time since 1411 that an heir to the throne had appeared involuntarily in court . The Pall Mall Gazette stated that " the court presented an appearance which , save for the dignity of its own fittings and its rows of learned @-@ looking law books , might have been taken for a theatre at a fashionable matinée " , with society ladies watching proceedings with opera glasses or lorgnettes . The correspondent of The Manchester Guardian described the opening of the case as being " in the presence of a carefully selected and fashionable assembly " , while Clarke later wrote that " the court had a strange appearance . Lord Coleridge had appropriated half of the public gallery , and had given tickets to his friends " .
Clarke opened the case for the plaintiff , telling the jury that " It is a simple question , aye or no , did Sir William Gordon @-@ Cumming cheat at cards ? " After describing Gordon @-@ Cumming 's background and record , he explained the rules of baccarat , which he described as " the most unintelligent mode of losing your own money , or getting somebody else 's , I ever heard of " . Clarke also outlined Gordon @-@ Cumming 's coup de trois system of placing bets which , he explained , could have been mistaken by the inexperienced players as cheating , rather than a correct method of gambling . After his opening speech , Clarke then questioned Gordon @-@ Cumming , and his approach was to show that Gordon @-@ Cumming " was a man of honour who had been sacrificed to save the courtiers " .
After an adjournment for lunch Gordon @-@ Cumming returned to the witness box , where he was cross @-@ examined by Russell . During the session Russell provided a model of the table used and a photograph of the room , and questioned Gordon @-@ Cumming about the bets where cheating had been suspected . Russell also asked him about why he had signed the document agreeing not to play cards : Gordon @-@ Cumming stated that he had " lost my head ... on that occasion . If I had not lost my head I would not have signed that document " . Gordon @-@ Cumming 's cross @-@ examination ran into the second day , after which he was then re @-@ examined by Clarke ; his time in the witness box lasted until 1 pm . The Illustrated London News considered that " Gordon @-@ Cumming made an admirable witness ... leaning easily on the rail , his grey @-@ gloved left hand resting easily on the bare right , perfectly dressed , his tones equable , firm , neither over @-@ hurried nor over @-@ deliberate , cool , but not too cool " .
Gordon @-@ Cumming was replaced in the witness box by the prince . Examined by Clarke , he stated that he had not seen any cheating , and was ignorant of the accusations until he was told by Coventry and Williams . After 20 minutes of questions from both Clarke and Russell , the prince was free to depart . As the prince was leaving the witness box , a member of the jury put two questions to Edward : whether the heir had seen " nothing of the alleged malpractices of the plaintiff ? " , and " what was your Royal Highness 's opinion at the time as to the charges made against Sir William Gordon @-@ Cumming ? " To the first question the prince replied that he had not , although he explained that " it is not usual for a banker to see anything in dealing cards " ; to the second , he stated that " the charges appeared to be so unanimous that it was the proper course — no other course was open to me — than to believe them " . In comparison with Gordon @-@ Cumming 's performance in the witness box , Edward did not make a strong impression ; the reporter for The New York Times noticed " that the heir apparent was decidedly fidgety , that he kept changing his position , and that he did not seem able to keep his hands still ... Except to those near him , only two or three of his answers were fairly audible throughout the courtroom " . The Daily News agreed , and stated that the impression gained from the prince 's performance was unfavourable .
The court adjourned for lunch after Edward 's examination , and after the break Clarke called his last witness , Williams . Under Clarke 's questioning Williams confirmed that he had seen no actions by Gordon @-@ Cumming that he considered as unfair . After Clarke finished questioning Williams , Asquith cross @-@ examined the soldier for the remainder of the session ; after a brief re @-@ examination by Clarke , the day — and the case for the plaintiff — came to an end . The third day began with the opening speech for the defendants , after which Stanley Wilson took the stand for the remainder of the day , and on into the fourth day . Examined by Asquith , Stanley recounted seeing Gordon @-@ Cumming illicitly add counters to his stake twice on the first night and at least twice on the second night , although he could not remember the full details . When cross @-@ examined by Clarke he was not brow @-@ beaten by the lawyer 's questions , although Clarke made him appear " brash , conceited and callow " . Stanley was replaced in the witness box by Levett ; The Morning Advertiser considered that Levett " felt somewhat uncomfortable " appearing against Gordon @-@ Cumming , and reported that he had " described his position as an ' awkward ' one " . Despite his discomfort , Levett confirmed that on the first evening he had seen Gordon @-@ Cumming add counters after the hand had finished but before the stake had been paid . He was unsure of other details of the evening 's play , and had not witnessed anything on the second night .
Edward Lycett Green , described by Havers , Grayson and Shankland as " the emotional force behind the accusations " , was next in the witness box . Although Lycett Green had not played on the first night , Clarke considered him a potentially dangerous witness who was capable of giving vital evidence . Lycett Green stated that he had seen Gordon @-@ Cumming twice push counters over the chalk line when he should not have done so ; he had considered accusing Gordon @-@ Cumming at the time , but decided against it because he " did not like to make a scene before ladies " . At points in the examination by Asquith , Lycett Green contradicted the course of events outlined by Stanley Wilson — which Levett had also done — and on one point regarding a question the prince put to Levett ; his answer was " highly suspect " . Havers , Grayson and Shankland later wrote that " it is remarkable that he , the prime mover in the affair , seemed unable to say anything without qualifying it with some such remark as , ' I don 't exactly remember ' ... The hedging by the principal accuser certainly weakens the defendants ' case " . They also thought that " [ h ] is refusal to remember anything was obviously humbug , a deliberate policy " .
Lycett Green was followed into the witness box by his wife , and her testimony ran into the following day . Under questioning she confirmed that she had seldom played baccarat before ; although she had seen nothing untoward on the first night , she accepted her husband 's second @-@ hand version of events as the truth , but did not agree that as a result she had been watching Gordon @-@ Cumming . Although she " gave the most important part of her evidence with clarity and conviction " , and had impressed the public and press , according to Havers , Grayson and Shankland , she provided a different series of events to those outlined by other witnesses , although she stated that she thought she had seen Gordon @-@ Cumming illicitly add to his stake .
After Mrs Lycett Green had finished her testimony on the fifth day , her place was taken by Mrs Wilson . On examination by Russell , Mrs Wilson stated that she thought she saw Gordon @-@ Cumming cheat twice by adding additional counters to his stake . When Clarke cross @-@ examined her , he asked if anyone had placed a stake of £ 15 . Mrs Wilson stated that only her husband had placed such an amount , but Wilson had not played on either night as he disliked both the game and high @-@ stakes gambling . Havers , Grayson and Shankland consider it " rather shocking really , considering that she had sworn to tell the truth , ... to find her coming out with this ... lie spoken , apparently , with the complete self @-@ assurance that the other members of her family had shown " .
The final witness called for the defence was Coventry . He was one of the non @-@ playing members of the party who had witnessed no cheating , understood little about gambling and , as a non @-@ soldier , knew nothing of Article 41 of the Queen 's Regulations . When cross @-@ examined by Clarke , Coventry confirmed that as far as he was aware , the witnesses had all decided to watch Gordon @-@ Cumming 's play on the second night , despite their claims to the contrary .
As the defence closed , the Daily Chronicle considered " the obvious doubts which tainted the accusations of the defendants ... they and the Prince 's flunkeys all contradicted each other on material points " . Russell 's summing up for the defence took the remainder of the day and the court adjourned until the following Monday , when he continued . He referred to a possible thirteen acts of cheating that the defendants were alleged to have seen , and that " we have five persons who believe he cheated , swearing unmistakably they saw him cheat , and telling you how they saw him cheat " .
Once Russell had completed his speech for the defendants , Clarke gave his reply , which the Daily Chronicle considered to be " a very brilliant , powerful , wily and courageous effort " . Clarke pointed to the many inaccuracies in both the written statement prepared by Coventry and Williams , and in the memories of all concerned . He went on to outline that there had been celebrations at the races — the prince 's horse had won on the first day , and the St Leger had been run on the second — combined with the full hospitality of the Wilsons to consider : according to the court reporter for The Times , Clarke " alluded to the profuse hospitalities of Tranby Croft , not with any idea of suggesting drunkenness , but as indicating that the guests might not be in a state for accurate observation " . He also drew the jury 's attention to the gaps in the defendants ' memories , where they were so precise about some of their observations , but could not remember other , key , details . Clarke lampooned some of the involved parties , referring to Lycett Green as " a Master of Hounds who hunts four days a week " , while Stanley Wilson was a spoiled wastrel from a rich family who lacked initiative and drive . Above all , Clarke indicated , the defendants — with the exception of Stanley Wilson — saw what they had been told to expect : " the eye saw what it expected or sought to see ... there was only one witness who saw Sir William Gordon @-@ Cumming cheat without expecting it — young Mr. [ Stanley ] Wilson . The others were all told there had been cheating , and expected to see it " . At the end of his reply , Clarke 's speech was greeted by applause amongst those in the galleries . The British lawyer Heber Hart later wrote that Clarke 's speech was " probably the most conspicuous example of the moral courage and independence of the Bar that has occurred in modern times " , while Clarke considered it to be " one of the best speeches I ever made . "
The following day , 9 June , Coleridge began his four @-@ hour summing up . His summary was a response to Clarke 's , and he went through on a point @-@ by @-@ point basis to discredit the solicitor general 's speech , although in places his description " was directly contrary to the evidence " . Tomes relates that " many opined that the judge 's summing @-@ up had been unacceptably biased " ; Havers , Grayson and Shankland call Coleridge 's speech " biased " , while The National Observer considered it " a melancholy and flagrant violation of the best traditions of the English bench . " Some sections of the press , however , were more sympathetic ; The Pall Mall Gazette thought the summing up to be justified , while The Daily Telegraph thought Coleridge 's summary to have been " nobly comprehensive and eloquent ... he fulfilled his duty perfectly , displaying nothing but impartial desire for the truth " .
The jury deliberated for only 13 minutes before finding in favour of the defendants ; their decision was greeted by prolonged hissing from some members of the galleries . According to the historian Christopher Hibbert " the demonstrations in court were an accurate reflection of the feelings of the people outside " . The historian Philip Magnus @-@ Allcroft later wrote that " a storm of obloquy broke over the head of the Prince of Wales . It would be difficult to exaggerate the momentary unpopularity of the Prince " , and he was booed at Ascot that month .
= = Aftermath = =
Gordon @-@ Cumming was dismissed from the army on 10 June 1891 , the day after the case closed , and he resigned his membership of his four London clubs : the Carlton , Guards ' , Marlborough and Turf . Although he offered to break his engagement for a second time , he married his American heiress fiancée the same day ; she had stood by him throughout the scandal and the couple went on to have five children together . He retired to his Scottish estate and his property in Dawlish , Devon . He never re @-@ entered society and the prince " declined to meet anyone who henceforth acknowledged the Scottish baronet " . The leader in The Times stated that " He is ... condemned by the verdict of the jury to social extinction . His brilliant record is wiped out and he must , so to speak , begin life again . Such is the inexorable social rule ... He has committed a mortal offence . Society can know him no more . " None of Gordon @-@ Cumming 's close friends spoke to him again , although some relented after Edward 's death in 1910 ; Gordon @-@ Cumming remained bitter about the events until his death in 1930 . Clarke retained his faith in his client and , in his 1918 memoirs , wrote that " I believe the verdict was wrong , and that Sir William Gordon @-@ Cumming was innocent " .
Following the trial the prince changed his behaviour to some extent , and although he continued to gamble , he did so in a more discreet manner ; he stopped playing baccarat altogether , taking up whist instead . While he was unpopular at the end of the case , Ridley considers that the matter " probably did little serious damage to ... [ the prince 's ] standing " ; Havers , Grayson and Shankland agree , and write that by 1896 , when the prince 's horse Persimmon won the Epsom Derby , the prince " had never been more popular " . Matthew observes that it was only when one of the prince 's own circle of confidantes brought him to court that the newspapers would " seriously harr [ y ] him ... the British in the 1890s had no general wish to see their future monarch fail " .
The scandal and court case have been the subject of factual and fictional publications . Most biographies of Edward VII contain some details of the scandal , but the first book to cover it in detail did not appear until 1932 . This was Teignmouth Shore 's The Baccarat Case , published in the Notable British Trials series and incorporating a full transcript of the case . In 1977 Havers , Grayson and Shankland wrote The Royal Baccarat Scandal , which was subsequently dramatised in a play of the same name by Royce Ryton ; the play was first produced at the Chichester Festival Theatre . Ryton 's work was also broadcast in December 1991 as a two @-@ hour drama on BBC Radio 4 . In 2000 George MacDonald Fraser placed his fictional antihero , Harry Flashman , into the scandal in the short story " The Subtleties of Baccarat " , one of the three stories in Flashman and the Tiger .
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= WrestleMania XI =
WrestleMania XI was the eleventh annual WrestleMania pay @-@ per @-@ view event held by the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF ) at the Hartford Civic Center in Hartford , Connecticut on April 2 , 1995 .
The main event was a match between NFL linebacker Lawrence Taylor , who faced Bam Bam Bigelow as the result of an argument that took place between the two at the 1995 Royal Rumble . Taylor won the match , which led to Bigelow being kicked out of Ted DiBiase 's Million Dollar Corporation . Shawn Michaels faced WWF World Heavyweight Champion Diesel in a title match but was unable to win the championship . Jeff Jarrett retained his WWF Intercontinental Championship against Razor Ramon . Owen Hart and his mystery partner , Yokozuna , challenged The Smoking Gunns for the WWF Tag Team Championship and won the title belts .
The match between Taylor and Bigelow brought the WWF mainstream press coverage . The reactions to the match were mixed ; some people thought that Taylor performed surprisingly well for a non @-@ wrestler . Others thought that the WWF pushing a football player to defeat a wrestler made professional wrestling look bad . Reviews of the event as a whole have also been mixed , and the event has been called both the worst WrestleMania of all time and the event that saved the WWF .
= = Production = =
Special Olympian Kathy Huey sang a rendition of " America the Beautiful " during the event , replacing the advertised Fishbone band . Prior to Lawrence Taylor 's match against Bam Bam Bigelow , Salt @-@ n @-@ Pepa sang Whatta Man . Several other celebrities also had roles at WrestleMania . Nicholas Turturro , one of the stars of NYPD Blue , conducted interviews and served as a guest ring announcer . Jonathan Taylor Thomas of Home Improvement was a guest timekeeper for the match between Diesel and Shawn Michaels .
On September 30 , 1995 , a one @-@ hour special including the Diesel vs. Shawn Michaels match and the Lawrence Taylor vs. Bam Bam Bigelow match was broadcast on the FOX Network . At the WrestleMania weekend , the WWF also held its Fan Fest , a promotional event during which wrestlers interacted with fans and signed autographs .
The WWF released the event on VHS in North America in 1995 . The VHS version was then re @-@ released on March 2 , 1999 . The event was also released on DVD in North America as part of the WrestleMania Complete Anthology boxed set on November 1 , 2005 . In the United Kingdom , the event was released on VHS on July 10 , 1995 . Packaged together with WrestleMania XII , it was then released on DVD in the United Kingdom as part of the WWE Tagged Classics line on August 7 , 2006 .
= = Background = =
The most heavily promoted feud going into the event was between Bam Bam Bigelow and Lawrence Taylor . At Royal Rumble 1995 , Bigelow teamed with Tatanka in the final round of a tournament for the WWF Tag Team Championship . Bigelow was pinned at the end of the match , which led to the crowd heckling him . He responded by pushing NFL player Lawrence Taylor , who was sitting at ringside . Bigelow refused to apologize and instead challenged Taylor to a wrestling match . Taylor agreed and trained with WWF World Heavyweight Champion Diesel to prepare for the match . The storyline between Bigelow and Taylor brought the WWF much mainstream exposure , as the match was discussed by several news outlets .
The other main event at WrestleMania was a match for the WWF World Heavyweight Championship between Diesel and Shawn Michaels . Diesel had originally entered the WWF as Michaels 's bodyguard but later began wrestling and forming a tag team with Michaels . The pair held the WWF Tag Team Championship together in 1994 . At Survivor Series 1994 , however , Michaels accidentally kicked Diesel in the face . This led to an argument during which Diesel dissolved the tag team and vacated the championship . Three days later , Diesel defeated Bob Backlund to become the new WWF Champion . At Royal Rumble 1995 , Michaels won the battle royal main event , which earned him a match against Diesel for the title belt at WrestleMania .
The WWF Intercontinental Championship was also defended at WrestleMania . Jeff Jarrett , the champion , had been feuding with Razor Ramon , the challenger , for several months . At Royal Rumble 1995 , Jarrett was accompanied by The Roadie , who interfered on Jarrett 's behalf and helped Jarrett win the championship . To even the sides in the rematch at WrestleMania , Ramon was accompanied by his friend , the 1 – 2 – 3 Kid .
In a match for the WWF Tag Team Championship , The Smoking Gunns defended their title . Their opponents were Owen Hart and a mystery partner . Hart refused to tell anyone the name of his partner , which left the Gunns uncertain who they would be facing and led to much speculation about the identity of the mystery partner .
Bret Hart faced Bob Backlund in an " I Quit " match at WrestleMania . The feud began the previous summer , when Hart defended the WWF World Heavyweight Championship against Backlund . Backlund mistakenly thought he won the match and began celebrating , but Hart pinned him to retain the title . After the match , Backlund turned heel by attacking Hart . This led to a title match at Survivor Series 1994 , in which Backlund won the title from Hart . Although Backlund soon lost the belt , the feud continued and Backlund attacked Hart during Hart 's match at Royal Rumble 1995 .
Also at Royal Rumble 1995 , The Undertaker faced Irwin R. Schyster as part of The Undertaker 's feud with Ted DiBiase 's Million Dollar Corporation . During the match , King Kong Bundy , another Corporation member , interfered and enabled the Corporation to steal The Undertaker 's urn , which was said to be the source of his power .
= = Event = =
In the opening match , The Allied Powers ( Davey Boy Smith and Lex Luger ) faced the Blu Brothers ( Eli and Jacob ) . Smith started out on the offensive , but Jacob gained control with a running bulldog throw . The Blus capitalized on the fact that they are identical twins by switching places while the referee was not looking . Luger came into the match near the end and performed a running forearm smash on Eli . Jacob tried to throw Luger with a powerbomb , but Luger tagged in Smith , who performed a sunset flip to pin Jacob and win the match .
The second match pitted Razor Ramon , with the 1 – 2 – 3 Kid in his corner , against WWF Intercontinental Champion Jeff Jarrett , who had The Roadie in his corner . Ramon took control at the beginning of the match by using power moves against Jarrett . Jarrett tried to leave the match , but the 1 – 2 – 3 Kid forced him back into the ring . Jarrett took advantage of one of Ramon 's mistakes to gain the advantage . He applied a sleeper hold on Ramon , who used his strength advantage to escape the move . After Ramon threw Jarrett , the Kid attempted to interfere but was kicked by Jarrett . Ramon jumped off the ropes to attack Jarrett , but Jarrett avoided the move and applied a figure four leglock on Ramon . Ramon reversed the move to place the pressure on Jarrett 's legs . He then threw Jarrett to the mat with a suplex from the second rope and prepared to execute the Razor 's Edge , his finishing move . The Roadie entered the ring and attacked Ramon , prompting the referee to disqualify Jarrett ; because titles cannot change hands on a disqualification , Jarrett retained his championship .
In the next match , The Undertaker faced King Kong Bundy . Ted DiBiase was at ringside holding the urn that his wrestlers had stolen from The Undertaker . Larry Young , a legit American League umpire , was the special referee for the match . Young 's storyline was as an out @-@ of @-@ work sports official because of the recently ended MLB Players Association strike and a lockout of the Major League Umpires Association umpires ( which led to the eventual dissolution of the MLUA in 2000 ; prior to the new union , umpires were split by league ) . The Undertaker took control at the beginning of the match by jumping off the top rope and hitting Bundy . He then performed several clothesline attacks on Bundy . Bundy responded with a clothesline that knocked The Undertaker out of the ring . Seeing DiBiase close , The Undertaker took back his urn . After The Undertaker returned to the ring , DiBiase called Kama , another Corporation member , to the ring . Kama stole the urn , and Bundy attacked The Undertaker in order to let Kama escape backstage . Bundy picked The Undertaker up and powerslammed him to the mat . He then performed an Avalanche splash to squish The Undertaker against the corner of the ring . The Undertaker was unharmed , however , and performed a powerslam and a clothesline on Bundy before pinning him to win the match .
The Smoking Gunns defended their WWF Tag Team Championship in the next match against Owen Hart and his mystery partner , who was revealed to be Yokozuna . The Gunns worked together to control the match at the beginning , but Yokozuna gained control by performing a leg drop on Billy Gunn . Hart attempted to perform a dropkick from the top rope but accidentally hit Yokozuna . The Gunns briefly took control until Yokozuna performed a belly to belly suplex and landed on Billy . He then performed a Banzai Drop , jumping from the second rope and sitting on Billy 's chest . Hart tagged in and considered performing the Sharpshooter submission hold ; instead , he pinned Billy Gunn to win the title belts for his team .
The next match , an " I Quit " match , took place between Bret Hart and Bob Backlund , with Roddy Piper as the guest referee . It was explained that , in order to win the match , a wrestler must force his opponent to say " I quit " into a microphone held by Piper . Hart attempted to perform the Sharpshooter early in the match ; when Backlund blocked it , Hart executed a figure four leglock instead . Backlund escaped the hold and began trying to injure Hart 's arm with an armbar hold . Hart then tried to attack Backlund in the corner of the ring , but Backlund moved and Hart hit his shoulder against the ring post . Backlund tried to perform the crossface chickenwing , his signature submission hold . Hart blocked him and performed the same hold on Backlund instead . Backlund made an unintelligible sound into the microphone , and Piper determined that he had submitted . As a result , the win was awarded to Bret Hart .
In the next match , which was for the WWF World Heavyweight Championship , challenger Shawn Michaels was accompanied to the ring by Jenny McCarthy and Diesel , the champion , was escorted by Pamela Anderson . Michaels relied on his quickness in the opening stages , while Diesel used his strength advantage against Michaels . Diesel threw Michaels out of the ring and onto the arena floor , but Michaels later performed a clothesline that knocked Diesel out of the ring . Michaels capitalized on his advantage by performing several aerial moves , including a flying crossbody , flying bulldog throw , and a diving elbow drop . He was unable to pin Diesel , however , so he performed a sleeper hold to wear Diesel down . They brawled outside the ring , after which Michaels performed a superkick , his finishing move , but Sid , Michaels 's bodyguard , had the referee distracted and unable to count the pinfall . Diesel recovered and controlled the remainder of the match with power moves before throwing Michaels to the mat with a Jackknife powerbomb and getting the pinfall victory .
The final bout of the event was the main event match between Bam Bam Bigelow and Lawrence Taylor . Bigelow was accompanied by the members of DiBiase 's Million Dollar Corporation : King Kong Bundy , Tatanka , Irwin R. Schyster , Kama , and Nikolai Volkoff . To prevent the Corporation members from interfering , Taylor brought several football players : Ken Norton Jr . , Chris Spielman , Rickey Jackson , Carl Banks , Reggie White , and Steve McMichael . Taylor gained the advantage early and performed a clothesline that knocked Bigelow out of the ring . Once he returned to the ring , Bigelow took control of the match by kicking Taylor repeatedly and performing a Boston crab submission hold to hurt Taylor 's back . Taylor got out of the hold and threw Bigelow with a suplex . Bigelow recovered and performed several headbutts on Taylor before executing a moonsault flip to knock Taylor down to the mat . Taylor began to take control of the match again , but Bigelow kicked him in the back of the head and then performed a headbutt from the top rope . Bigelow was unable to pin Taylor , however . Taylor climbed to the second rope , jumped off , and used his forearm to hit Bigelow . He then covered Bigelow to win the match .
= = Reception = =
The event was attended by 15 @,@ 000 fans , who paid a total of $ 750 @,@ 000 in admission fees . This was down from the previous year 's attendance of 18 @,@ 065 , but the decline could be attributed to the smaller size of the venue for WrestleMania XI . The attendance figure was also lower than the following year 's figure of 18 @,@ 852 fans at WrestleMania XII . The pay @-@ per @-@ view buyrate for WrestleMania XI was 1 @.@ 3 , which was lower than the 1 @.@ 68 buyrate for WrestleMania X but higher than the 1 @.@ 2 buyrate for WrestleMania XII .
Writing for 411mania , columnist Dustin James rated the event as the seventeenth best of the first twenty @-@ three WrestleManias . He stated that the event did not have any truly amazing matches but that Lawrence Taylor put on a solid performance . John Powell of SLAM ! Wrestling rated the event as the worst WrestleMania of all time . The specific concerns he mentioned in his review are Diesel 's championship reign and WWF allowing a football player to defeat a wrestler in what he describes as a " sham of a match " . In contrast , Pro Wrestling Illustrated columnist Dave Rosenbaum stated that WrestleMania " saved " the WWF in its feud with rival World Championship Wrestling . He argued that Taylor " looked like a pro " and contributed to an " incredible " match . He also observed that the tag team matches helped rejuvenate an area of wrestling that had been suffering in the WWF and that the match between Michaels and Diesel was a candidate for match of the year .
= = Aftermath = =
Shortly after WrestleMania , Diesel offered Shawn Michaels a rematch . Michaels blamed Sid for the loss and informed him that he would not be needed during the match . Sid got angry and attacked Michaels until Diesel saved him . Diesel and Michaels became allies once again , and they teamed up to win the WWF Tag Team Championship later that year . Diesel feuded with Sid and defeated him at the In Your House 1 and In Your House 2 pay @-@ per @-@ view events . The animosity lingered between Michaels and Sid , but they did not face each other to settle the feud until the September 11 , 1995 episode of Monday Night Raw .
Bam Bam Bigelow was embarrassed after losing to Lawrence Taylor . To redeem himself , he challenged Diesel to a match for the WWF Championship . During the match , Tatanka turned on Bigelow and caused him to get pinned . Bigelow was kicked out of the Million Dollar Corporation and attacked by DiBiase 's wrestlers . Diesel saved Bigelow from the attack , which led to a friendship being formed between the two . Bigelow defeated Tatanka in a dark match at In Your House 2 . At King of the Ring 1995 , Sid , DiBiase 's latest addition to the Corporation , teamed with Tatanka in a loss to the team of Diesel and Bigelow .
Razor Ramon and the 1 – 2 – 3 Kid were scheduled to face Jeff Jarrett and The Roadie at In Your House 1 the month after WrestleMania . The Kid sustained a legit injury , however , and was unable to compete . As a result , Ramon wrestled a two @-@ on @-@ one handicap match against Jarrett and The Roadie instead . Ramon won the bout , but the feud continued . At In Your House 2 , The Roadie faced the 1 – 2 – 3 Kid and defeated him . Ramon and Jarrett wrestled several times , and Ramon regained the Intercontinental Championship on May 19 , 1995 . He held the belt for three days before dropping it back to Jarrett .
After WrestleMania , Kama melted down The Undertaker 's urn and made it into a necklace . The Undertaker defeated Kama in dark matches at both In Your House 1 and In Your House 2 . He then won a casket match against Kama at SummerSlam 1995 to end the feud .
The Smoking Gunns were given a rematch for the WWF Tag Team Championship at In Your House 1 . Hart pinned Bart Gunn to retain the championship for his team . Hart and Yokozuna then moved on to face other competition , and the Gunns did not become serious contenders for the title again until late in 1995 , when they defeated Hart and Yokozuna to regain the championship .
= = Results = =
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= Campus of University of the Philippines Los Baños =
The main campus of University of the Philippines at Los Baños ( UPLB ) is located in the towns of Los Baños and Bay in the province of Laguna , 64 km ( 40 mi ) southeast of Manila . The complex covers 5 @,@ 445 ha ( 13 @,@ 450 acres ) of land encompassing the entire Makiling Forest Reserve ( MFR ) and surrounding areas . Its land grants in the provinces of Laguna , Negros Occidental , and Quezon have a combined area of 9 @,@ 760 ha ( 24 @,@ 100 acres ) .
The campus contains over 300 buildings . Equipment and facilities are estimated to be worth ₱ 10 @.@ 6 billion ( US $ 245 million ) according to UPLB 's financial statement for 2009 . The university manages eight student dormitories inside the campus , which housed 2 @,@ 170 of the 11 @,@ 980 students enrolled in 2008 .
As of 2007 , UPLB 's 12 libraries , collectively referred to as the University Library , hold a total of 346 @,@ 061 volumes . The University Library is a periodic recipient of publications from the United Nations agencies ( namely the UNFAO , UN @-@ HABITAT , and UNU ) and the World Bank . It is a contributor to the International Information System for Agricultural Services and Technology , to which it contributed almost 30 @,@ 000 titles between 1975 and 2010 .
= = History = =
The campus was established in 1909 on 72 @.@ 63 ha ( 179 @.@ 5 acres ) of abandoned farmland at the foot of Mount Makiling , purchased by the University of the Philippines ( UP ) Board of Regents to serve as the campus of the newly created UP College of Agriculture ( UPCA ) . Students helped clear the land , and the first classes were held in tents . Practical instruction was done at plantations on campus , such as those for corn , sugar cane and tobacco . Act 2730 of the Philippine Legislature in February 1918 authorized the appropriation of 379 ha ( 940 acres ) for the creation of an agricultural experiment station . At the same time , funding of ₱ 125 @,@ 000 ( US $ 2 @,@ 890 ) was used by the college to acquire 261 @.@ 76 ha ( 646 @.@ 8 acres ) for experimental farms and pasture .
Most of the early structures were demolished during the Japanese occupation of the Philippines ( 1941 – 1945 ) , but some still exist , including the Palma Bridge and Baker Memorial Hall ( both built during Dean Bienvenido M. Gonzalez 's term from 1927 to 1938 ) . All the student residences , 23 College of Agriculture buildings , 13 student dormitories and bungalows , and 22 faculty and employee houses were destroyed during the Second World War . The School of Forestry was also devastated . Only the agricultural engineering building was left undamaged .
Grants from USAID and Mutual Security Agency in the 1950s accelerated the development of the campus . The Graduate School building , the UPCA Library ( now College of Arts and Sciences building ) , and the Women 's Dormitory ( now the Math Building ) were built as a result . Meanwhile , grants from the United States Economic Cooperation Agency ( worth US $ 239 @,@ 552 ) , the International Cooperation Administration ( ICA ) ( worth US $ 175 @,@ 000 ) , and ICA @-@ National Economic Council allowed the construction of the Forest Products Laboratory ( claimed by Centennial Panorama : Pictorial History of UPLB to be the " largest and best equipped in the eastern hemisphere " at the time it was constructed ) in 1954 , the Agricultural Credit and Cooperatives Institute in 1957 , and further construction of school and dormitory buildings in the School of Forestry campus in the 1960s .
Aside from international assistance , five @-@ year development programs during the terms of Dean Domingo Lantican ( 1958 – 1971 ) of the School of Forestry , and Dean Dioscoro Umali ( 1959 – 1970 ) of the College of Agriculture were also instrumental in developing the campus . During the implementation of these programs , the administration buildings of the College of Agriculture and the College of Development Communication as well as staff houses and roads were built .
Since 2008 efforts have been put into renovation and beautification of existing structures to repair damage from Typhoon Xangsane in 2006 and to promote the campus as a " walking museum " and ecotourism center . Construction of an 11 @,@ 000 @-@ seater convention center and cable cars connecting the lower and upper campuses have been proposed as part of the ecotourism plan . Beautification projects include paving of pathways and construction of lampposts . Some students criticized the program , arguing that the funds would have been better allocated for the renovation of classrooms , laboratories , and other academic facilities .
A memorandum issued by Chancellor Luis Rey I. Velasco in 2010 instructed UPLB to conserve energy to reduce operating costs . The plan calls for reduced use of electric appliances ( such as air conditioners , electric stoves and ovens ) , car pooling , and recycling .
= = Areas = =
= = = Upper campus = = =
The College of Forestry and Natural Resources , College of Public Affairs , ASEAN Center for Biodiversity , National Arts Center , Philippine High School for the Arts , the site of the National Jamboree of the Boy Scouts of the Philippines , and the Center for Philippine Raptors are in the upper campus . It includes the entire 4 @,@ 347 @-@ hectare ( 10 @,@ 740 @-@ acre ) Makiling Forest Reserve . It is also the site of the Bureau of Plant Industry @-@ Makiling Botanic Gardens , one of the oldest parts of the campus . The gardens are located where the tents used as classrooms were set up during the first four months of the university 's history .
The MFR serves as an outdoor laboratory to students , primarily of the College of Forestry and Natural Resources . ₱ 5 million ( US $ 156 @,@ 000 ) was designated for its conservation and development in 2011 . The MFR was created in 1910 under the Bureau of Forestry . Jurisdiction over MFR was transferred to UP in 1960 . The National Power Corporation acquired complete jurisdiction of the MFR in 1987 as part of the Philippines ' energy development program under President Corazon Aquino . The MFR was returned to UPLB three years later under the terms of Republic Act 6967 .
In 2008 Representative Del De Guzman of the 2nd district of Makati filed HB 1143 , which , if passed into law , would have transferred 57 @.@ 77 ha ( 142 @.@ 8 acres ) of the MFR to the jurisdiction of the Boy Scouts of the Philippines . The bill was strongly opposed by UPLB , citing possible mismanagement and deforestation of the site if placed under the BSP , among other reasons . The bill has been pending in the House Committee on Natural Resources since August 2007 .
= = = Lower campus = = =
The 1 @,@ 098 @-@ hectare ( 2 @,@ 710 @-@ acre ) lower campus , located at the foot of Mt . Makiling , is the location of most UPLB units and affiliated entities , including the International Rice Research Institute , World Agroforestry Centre , and the Southeast Asian Regional Center for Graduate Study and Research in Agriculture ( SEARCA ) .
The Molawin River , a tributary of Laguna de Bay , runs through the campus . Several bridges , such as the Palma Bridge ( named after UP President Rafael V. Palma ) , cross the river . A 1996 UPLB study found high concentrations of nitrates and phosphates in the river , believed to be from decaying garbage and domestic waste . There have been recent efforts to rehabilitate the river , such as planting Mussaenda and Hibiscus on its banks .
= = = Land grants = = =
UPLB has three major land grants provided by the government of the Philippines : the Laguna @-@ Quezon Land Grant , the La Carlota Land Grant , and the Laguna Land Grant .
The 5 @,@ 719 @-@ hectare ( 14 @,@ 130 @-@ acre ) Laguna @-@ Quezon Land Grant , acquired in February 1930 , is located in the towns of Real , Quezon , and Siniloan , Laguna . It covers some portions of the Sierra Madre mountain range , and hosts the university ’ s Citronella and lemongrass plantations . The 705 @-@ hectare ( 1 @,@ 740 @-@ acre ) La Carlota Land Grant is situated in Negros Occidental , a province in the Western Visayas region . Acquired in May 1964 , it houses the PCARRD @-@ DOST La Granja Agricultural Research Center , which serves as a research center for various upland crops . The 3 @,@ 336 @-@ hectare ( 8 @,@ 240 @-@ acre ) Laguna Land Grant , located in Paete , Laguna , is mostly undeveloped .
Numerous parties have expressed interest in developing the land grants . Proposed projects include construction of dams and tree farms for Moringa oleifera , pineapples and rubber . UPLB has not entertained the potential investors due to the " lack of a solid development plan . "
= = Buildings and landmarks = =
Many of the prominent buildings in the campus were designed by Leandro Locsin , a National Artist for Architecture who is known for his extensive use of concrete and simplistic designs .
The Dioscoro L. Umali Hall , an auditorium named after Dean Dioscoro L. Umali , was built during Umali 's US $ 6 @-@ million and ₱ 23 @-@ million ( US $ 533 @,@ 000 ) Five @-@ Year Development Program implemented in 1965 . Arkitekturang Filipino , a collaboration of the National Commission for Culture and the Arts and the United Architects of the Philippines , calls it a " clear example of his distinct architecture " , and notes its resemblance to the Nicanor Abelardo Hall at the Cultural Center of the Philippines . It houses the Sining Makiling art gallery .
The Main Library , with a floor area of 6 @,@ 336 m2 ( 68 @,@ 200 sq ft ) and a seating capacity of 510 , is the largest library in UPLB . It holds 195 @,@ 282 volumes , theses , and digital sources , and 1 @,@ 215 serial titles . It was originally built as the SEARCA library in 1974 . It was eventually transferred to the university as the successor of the University of the Philippines College of Agriculture Library . It is believed to be the largest agricultural library in Asia .
The Rizal Centenary Carillon , built in 1996 , is named after Philippine National Hero José Rizal . It has 37 bells ranging from F three octaves below middle C up to G above middle C , making it the second largest non @-@ traditional carillon in the Asia @-@ Pacific region in terms of number of bells . It is one of only two non @-@ traditional carillons in the Philippines .
The Student Union Building houses the offices of the Office of Student Affairs , University Food Service , University Student Council , and UPLB Perspective ( the official student publication of UPLB ) . The Student Union , along with the three aforementioned buildings , was designed by Locsin .
A replica of the Oblation and the Philippine Pegasus ( also referred to as the Pegaraw ; a winged tamaraw ) were sculpted by National Artist Napoleon Abueva . The original Oblation is a 3 @.@ 5 @-@ metre ( 11 ft ) statue by Guillermo Tolentino , Abueva 's mentor , commissioned in 1935 by UP President Rafael Palma . The sculpture is based on the second stanza of Rizal 's Mi último adiós ( Spanish for My last farewell ) . A replica of the Oblation can be found on each of the major UP campuses , and has become the campuses ' identifying landmark .
= = Transportation and amenities = =
Public utility jeepneys are a popular means of transportation around the campus . Jeepney drivers are required to post kanan ( Tagalog for " right " ) or kaliwa ( Tagalog for " left " ) , in reference to their direction . Since August 2007 a new jeepney route has been in force . The new route prohibits access to the middle campus — which contains most of the university 's main buildings — to promote walking and to lessen noise and air pollution inside the campus . As this part of the campus was the destination of many passengers , jeepney drivers estimated the change would result in a loss of ₱ 200 – 300 ( US $ 5 – 7 ) and a 90 percent loss of passengers . Due to this , the implementation was met with protests , including a transport strike . A walkout was staged by around 500 students , citing the lack of community consultation before implementation of the plan . The mayor of Los Baños refused to interfere .
The campus is also served by the UP Los Baños railway station operated by Philippine National Railways , although currently no trains stop at the station .
Numerous congregations can be found near UPLB . These include the Catholic parishes of St. Therese of the Child Jesus and San Antonio de Padua , the UCCP Church Among the Palms , and Victory Los Baños . Other amenities include banks ( including LBP , Plantersbank , and PNB ) and malls , such as Robinsons Town Mall Los Baños . Security is provided by the University Police Force and the Community Support Brigade in addition to the police force of the local government . Medical services are provided by the University Health Service , a 30 @-@ bed hospital with specialized facilities , such as a diabetes clinic and a neonatal intensive @-@ care unit , in addition to its emergency and operating rooms . It is identified as a " Center of Quality " by PhilHealth .
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= The Warped Ones =
The Warped Ones ( 狂熱の季節 , Kyōnetsu no kisetsu , aka Season of Heat , Wild Love @-@ Makers and The Weird Lovemakers ) is a 1960 Japanese Sun Tribe film directed by Koreyoshi Kurahara and starring Tamio Kawachi , Eiji Go , Yuko Chishiro and Noriko Matsumoto . It was produced and distributed by the Nikkatsu Company . The story concerns the young hoodlum Akira , his friends , their transgressions and specifically their revenge on the couple that got him sent to jail , a reporter and his fiancée . When the fiancée finds herself pregnant by Akira she enlists his help with her finance who has become distant since the attack .
Often compared by critics to Breathless ( 1960 ) and Rebel Without a Cause ( 1955 ) , it is a stylistic departure from studio norms , driven by its jazz score and employing filmic techniques described as being as energetic and frantic as its characters . It achieved success in Japan and was followed by Black Sun ( 1964 ) , featuring many of the same cast , crew and characters , with the addition of acclaimed drummer Max Roach to the soundtrack . Audubon Films released The Warped Ones in the United States in 1963 where it was marketed as a sexploitation film .
= = Plot = =
Criminal and jazz aficionado Akira ( Tamio Kawachi ) and his prostitute girlfriend Yuki ( Yuko Chishiro ) are arrested when they are spotted fleecing foreigners in a jazz club by a reporter named Kashiwagi ( Hiroyuki Nagato ) . In jail , Akira meets Masaru ( Eiji Go ) and on their release they and Yuki resume criminal activities . They spot Kashiwagi and his artist fiancée , Fumiko ( Noriko Matsumoto ) , hit him with a stolen car and kidnap her . They take her to a remote beach where Akira rapes her while Masaru and Yuki fornicate in the ocean .
Soon after , the three rent an apartment with money earned from fencing the stolen car . Masaru and Yuki commit to starting a family , while he joins a yakuza gang , to the derision of Akira . Fumiko tracks Akira down and informs him that she is pregnant . Kashiwagi has become distant and haughty and she pleads with Akira for help . Akira arranges for Yuki to seduce Kashiwagi so that the couple might again be on equal terms . Masaru is killed by a rival yakuza . Yuki discovers that she too is pregnant but without Masaru 's support she resolves to get an abortion and resume her prostitution career . Akira and Yuki meet Kashiwagi and Fumiko by chance at an abortion clinic where Akira reveals that each woman was impregnated by the other man , to the amusement of the former couple and befuddlement of the latter .
= = Production = =
The Nikkatsu Company made three popular Sun Tribe films in 1956 , a genre based on a contemporary youth subculture whose interests revolved around beach life , jazz music and their progressive attitudes towards sex . The films met with moral public outcries and a fourth production was shut down at the behest of Eirin ( The Motion Picture Code of Ethics Committee ) . However , the genre later experienced a resurgence which included The Warped Ones . The film marked director Koreyoshi Kurahara 's first collaboration with screenwriter Nobuo Yamada . They reused a many elements of Kurahara 's earlier Sun Tribe film The Time of Youth ( 1959 ) , including abortion , a near fatality via an opened gas cock and a criminal act near water , an explosion beside a stream in the former and the rape on the beach in the latter .
Nikkatsu was promoting lead actor Tamio Kawachi as one of its Bad Boy Trio , along with Akira Kobayashi and Tadao Sawamoto . Kurahara asked him to think of his character as a " hungry lion roaring at the sun . " He turned in what writer Mark Schilling described as his most unusual , and one of his best , performances of the period . Supporting actress Noriko Matsumoto came to the film as a relative unknown . Hiroyuki Nagato had starred in The Time of Youth . Eiji Go was the younger brother of future Diamond Line star Joe Shishido . The film was completed on August 18 , 1960 .
= = Style = =
As writer Mark Schilling put it , " the soundtrack drives the action , " and composer Toshirō Mayuzumi 's jazz score moves swiftly . Cinematographer Yoshi Mamiya and editor Akira Suzuki employed swish @-@ pans , freeze frames and jump cuts , alternating between carefully composed shots and seemingly recklessly hand @-@ held camera work . The titular youths of the film too move violently and speak in grunts , screams , whistles and sound effects , Akira frequently greeting women with , " Wanna get laid ? " or Masura 's scat , " At @-@ tatatatatataaaaa ! " They are portrayed as amoral , impulsive narcissists and hedonists , pickpocketing and stealing cars with equal nonchalance . The antihero , Akira , described as possessing the " face @-@ rubbing mannerisms of [ Marlon ] Brando and the tortured swagger of James Dean , " varies between the sadistic and the indifferent — save when in a jazz @-@ induced fervor — and reaches extremes largely unseen in the contemporaneous cinema of the West . The film 's subject matter is sensationalistic and it contains much incident in its short run time . The overall style is matched to the characters ' verve and the story 's frantic pace .
While not portraying Akira sympathetically , the film does offer a socio @-@ political view on the origins and inevitability of such criminal types in society . The tenements in which the youths reside are depicted as inhospitable and sterile . Lacking education , proper role models and moral codes , critic Bryan Hartzheim posited , crime and base pleasures are their most open recourse . They seem aware of the injustices in their environments and rail against society at large . However , Akira is illustrated as being capable of innocent pleasure , particularly in one fleeting scene in which he and his black friend Gil ( Chico Rolands ) , whom he views as a fellow outcast , frolic in the ocean .
= = Reception = =
The Warped Ones was originally released in Japan by the Nikkatsu Company on September 3 , 1960 . The film was successful in Japan , although not so much so that Tamio Kawachi was ever elevated to major star status and after his " Bad Boy " period he was mainly relegated to second lead and supporting parts . In July 1961 , Arthur Davis ' newly formed , American , foreign film distribution company Kanji Pictures announced it had acquired ten Nikkatsu films for North and South American markets and parts of Europe . The films included The Warped Ones , Shohei Imamura 's Pigs and Battleships ( 1961 ) and Kon Ichikawa 's The Burmese Harp ( 1956 ) and were to be distributed by Kanji or sold to other distribution companies . An English @-@ dubbed version of The Warped Ones was then released in the United States on December 18 , 1963 , by Radley Metzger 's sexploitation @-@ centric Audubon Films , initially as the The Weird Lovemakers , then The Warped Ones became the more common title . It was marketed as an American film , and misleadingly implied to contain sexually explicit material , in order to appeal to a wider audience .
The original film resurfaced some four decades later at the 2005 Udine Far East Film Festival in the No Borders , No Limits : Nikkatsu Action Cinema retrospective . Mark Schilling curated the retrospective in order to expose international audiences to 1960s Nikkatsu Action films which , aside from the films of Seijun Suzuki , remained predominately unseen outside Japan . Schilling originally titled the film Season of Heat — a literal translation of the Japanese title — but it was retitled The Warped Ones for subsequent incarnations of the retrospective , which included runs in Austin and New York . It also appeared in a 12 @-@ film retrospective of Koreyoshi Kurahara 's Nikkatsu films at the 2008 Tokyo Filmex International Film Festival in Japan . It was screened with English subtitles .
Critics have most often compared the film to landmark youth films Breathless ( also 1960 ) — released in France five months earlier — directed by Jean @-@ Luc Godard and Nicholas Ray 's Rebel Without a Cause ( 1955 ) , although , Bryan Hartzheim found it takes its youths more seriously and with less sympathy . He stated , " [ The Warped Ones takes ] a wrecking ball to what can be considered the indulgencies of the [ youth film ] genre , an exhibition of the horrors of uninhibited youth taken to its carnal extremes and matched by a visual accompaniment akin to the abstract and improvised style of a Miles Davis score . " Tim Lucas of Video Watchdog magazine called the film " an important rediscovery on many fronts ... one of the great jazz films , and possibly the best illustration the cinema has ever given us of the jazz buff . It 's the only film I 've ever seen that makes jazz seem scarier than the darkest heavy metal , that makes jazz seem dangerous . " For TokyoScope : The Japanese Cult Film Companion , Alvin Lu commended the score as " stunning " and Kawachi 's performance as " ferocious , the very incarnation of the kind of social chaos that could be engendered by too much exposure to jazz , Coke , and hot dogs . " The Boston Globe 's Wesley Morris wrote , " [ Koreyoshi ] Kurahara takes the movie to extremes of behavior and style , merging the two until the form seems as violently unstable as the characters . He makes a wave that in Europe was called ' French ' and ' new . ' But with all due respect to Jean @-@ Luc Godard , this is breathless - and more interesting , too . " Morris further qualified that while Breathless may appeal to contemporary viewers academically , The Warped Ones retains a spontaneous , documentary feel . Schilling discerned the film , " Among [ Kurahara 's ] boldest departures from studio convention . "
Reviewer Peter Martin confided , " The Warped Ones baffled and mystified me , but I liked it very much . " J.R. Jones , for The Reader 's Guide to Arts & Entertainment , found the film " actually celebrates the values it 's supposed to be condemning , " but recommended it for its kineticism and action . TV Guide and Allmovie did not recommended it , both gave it one star in their respective four and five star rating systems .
= = Legacy = =
The success of the film lead Koreyoshi Kurahara and Nobuo Yamada to write and direct a couple more original scripts , where Kurahara was primarily known for his adaptations of novels . This included the follow @-@ up Black Sun ( 1964 ) which again featured Tamio Kawachi , who reprised his role from The Warped Ones , as did several of the other actors , and a lot of jazz music . In it , Kawachi 's Akira shelters a black G.I. , Gil , played by Chico Rolands , who goes A.W.O.L. after killing a white man in a bar fight . The film explores the two men 's friendship and race relations . It was also the first reversal on rashamen @-@ themed films , post @-@ war , often American @-@ Japanese co @-@ productions focusing on friendships or romances between a Japanese and an American . Rashamen films were intended as to promote goodwill between the two nations but were generally less well received in Japan , seen as unrealistic or patronizing . Film historian Tadao Sato described Black Sun as the first film of this sort where Japanese pity Americans instead of the reverse as Akira 's preconceptions of black Americans are undone . Mark Schilling characterized Kawachi as bringing an " explosive energy " to the film and Roland a " piping screech of fear and desperation . " Acclaimed American jazz musician Max Roach contributed to the score .
Alvin Lu found The Warped Ones to be a prime example of the Sun Tribe genre and placed it among those films whose outlook made way for the Japanese pink film . In the film Tim Lucas noted antecedents and a possible influence to " the most hellbent characters " in the films of acclaimed director Quentin Tarantino 's films and specifically to Stanley Kubrick 's iconic A Clockwork Orange ( 1971 ) . Lucas drew comparisons between The Warped Ones ' main character Akira and A Clockwork Orange 's Alex DeLarge , including their respective obsessions with hard jazz and the music of Ludwig van Beethoven , the former with a framed copy of Ornette Coleman 's album The Shape of Jazz to Come next to his bed , the latter an engraving of Beethoven . Also , scenes of the former 's verbal deconstructions by a group of art students versus the latter 's by the government . Akira 's attacks on abstract art and DeLarge 's on pop art – lined homes . Finally , the character 's regular hangouts , both painted with black walls , the former 's adorned with portraits of jazz legends , the latter 's with advertisements for " Vellocet " and " Drencrom " — the fictional drugs DeLarge and his gang use to invigorate themselves before their criminal acts . Lucas concluded , " Kubrick simply had to have seen it . "
Two American music groups took their name from The Warped Ones ' alternate sexploitation title , The Weird Lovemakers . The now defunct Tucson punk band The Weird Lovemakers assumed the name in 1994 and held it until their disbandment in 2000 . The Oakland , California – based electropop band The Lovemakers planned to use the same name on their inception in 2002 but dropped the " Weird " upon their discovery of the former band having taken the name .
= = Home video = =
In North America , an abridged , dubbed , VHS version of the film is available from Something Weird Video under the moniker The Weird Lovemakers . In 2007 , a DVD @-@ R version was also made available . A DVD for The Warped Ones will be released by the Criterion Collection on August 23 , 2011 as part of their " The Warped World of Koreyoshi Kurahara " compilation .
= = Soundtrack = =
On February 23 , 2007 , the Japanese label Think ! Records reissued the soundtrack on Compact Disc as a part of its Cine Jazz series , which featured 1960s Nikkatsu Action film scores . It is part of a two disc set , the first contains music from Toshirō Mayuzumi 's score for Black Sun ( 1964 ) and the second from his score for The Warped Ones . The first disc features American jazz musicians Max Roach on drums , Clifford Jordan on tenor saxophone , Ronnie Mathews on piano , Eddie Kahn on bass and vocals by Abbey Lincoln . The second disc features the Nikkatsu Jazz Group
= = = Track listing = = =
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= Apolo Ohno =
Apolo Anton Ohno ( / əˈpɒloʊ ˈæntɒn ˈoʊnoʊ / ; born May 22 , 1982 ) is a retired American short track speed skating competitor and an eight @-@ time medalist ( two gold , two silver , four bronze ) in the Winter Olympics .
Raised by his father , Ohno began training full @-@ time in 1996 . He has been the face of short track in the United States since winning his medals at the 2002 Winter Olympics . At the age of 14 , he became the youngest U.S. national champion in 1997 and was the reigning champion from 2001 – 2009 , winning the title a total of 12 times . In December 1999 , he became the youngest skater to win a World Cup event title , and became the first American to win a World Cup overall title in 2001 , which he won again in 2003 and 2005 . He won his first overall World Championship title at the 2008 championships .
Ohno 's accolades and accomplishments include being the United States Olympic Committee 's Male Athlete of the Month in October 2003 and March 2008 , the U.S. Speedskating 's Athlete of the Year for 2003 , and was a 2002 , 2003 and 2006 finalist for the Sullivan Award , which recognizes the best amateur athlete in the United States . Since gaining recognition through his sport , Ohno has worked as a motivational speaker , philanthropist , started a nutritional supplement business called 8 Zone , and in 2007 , competed on and won the reality TV show Dancing with the Stars . Ohno later became host of a revival of Minute to Win It on Game Show Network and served as a commentator for NBC 's coverage of the 2014 Winter Games in Sochi .
= = Early life = =
Ohno was born in Seattle , Washington , to a Japanese @-@ born father , Yuki Ohno ( 大野 幸 , Ōno Yuki ) and a European American mother , Jerrie Lee . He attended Saghalie Middle School in Federal Way . Ohno 's parents divorced when he was an infant , and he was raised in Seattle by his father . He has had little contact with his biological mother and as of 2002 had expressed no interest in knowing her or his older half @-@ brother . Ohno 's father , a hair stylist and owner of the salon Yuki 's Diffusion , often worked 12 @-@ hour shifts , and with no family in the United States , found it hard to balance career and family . His father chose to name his son Apolo after the Greek words apo , which means to " steer away from " and lo , which means " look out ; here he comes . "
When Ohno was very young , his father meticulously researched childcare providers to care for his son during his long work hours . As he grew older , his father became concerned his son would become a latchkey kid , so he got his son involved with competitive swimming and quad @-@ speed roller skating at age 6 . He later switched from the instruction of Benton Redford , a National Champion , to a team in Federal Way , WA called Pattisons Team Extreme and became a national inline speedskating champion and record holder himself . His father used Inline Speedskating to fill his spare time . Ohno 's days were spent with morning swimming practices , followed by schooling , and finally skating practices in the afternoon .
When Ohno was 12 , he won the Washington state championship in the breaststroke but preferred inline speed skating over swimming . He has stated that by the time he turned 13 years of age he attended parties with older teenagers if he did not have competitions on the weekends . His father has stated that it was a struggle balancing his son 's desire for independence while helping him reach his potential as a young athlete .
= = Career = =
= = = Beginnings = = =
When he was 12 years old , Ohno became interested in short track speed skating after seeing the sport during the 1994 Olympics in Lillehammer . His father capitalized on this interest by driving him to short track competitions throughout the northwest United States and Canada , and Ohno won several competitions in his age divisions . His father wanted to encourage Ohno to develop his skills and , although Ohno was underage , he got him admitted to the Lake Placid Olympic Training Center in 1996 to train full @-@ time for short track . At 13 years of age , Ohno was the youngest skater admitted to the center .
At first , Ohno 's commitment at Lake Placid was low until his teammates nicknamed him " Chunky " , which motivated him to train harder . In January , he failed to make the 1997 U.S. Junior World Team . Ohno adjusted his training and made a comeback winning the 1997 U.S. Senior Championships overall title , taking a gold medal in the 1500 m , a silver in the 300 m , and came in fourth in the 500 m races . At the age of 14 , he became the youngest person to win the title . Ohno then relocated to the Colorado Springs Olympic Training Center to begin training with the senior level skaters , despite being only 14 years old .
However , Ohno would struggle at the 1997 World Championships in Nagano , Japan , finishing 19th overall . After this disappointing defeat at his first appearance at a world championships , Ohno returned home to Seattle . He did not train from April to August 1997 , so he gained weight and was ill @-@ prepared for the 1998 Nagano Winter Olympics . As a result , he finished last in the Olympic trials and did not qualify for the Olympic team . Because of his losses at the World Championships and his failure to qualify for the Olympic team , Ohno recommitted himself to the sport and returned to junior @-@ level skating at Lake Placid , rather than at Colorado Springs .
At the 1999 World Junior Championships , Ohno won first overall , placing first in the 1000 m and 1500 m , and winning silver in the 500 m . He won his second senior U.S. national championship in 1999 . He finished fourth overall at the 1999 World Championships and earned a silver medal in the 500 m . At the 2000 U.S. Championships , Ohno was unable to defend his title and finished third overall . At the 2000 World Championships , Ohno finished ninth overall . In the 2000 – 2001 season , Ohno won his first World Cup overall title , regained his National title , and finished second overall in the World Championships , losing to Chinese skater Li Jiajun .
= = = 2002 Winter Olympics = = =
= = = = Qualification race controversy = = = =
In December 2001 , during the U.S. Short Track Speed Skating 2002 Olympic Trials , speed skater Shani Davis was racing for a position on the short track team . Ohno and fellow skater Rusty Smith had already earned slots on the six @-@ man team due to points earned from earlier races . In order for Davis to qualify , he had to place first in the final race — the 1000 m — by overcoming stronger skaters Ohno , Smith , and Ron Biondo . Since Ohno had been dominant in the meet to this point by winning every race he entered , a win by Davis seemed to be unlikely .
Though Ohno , Smith and Biondo were heavily favored to win the 1000 m , the race ended with Ohno finishing third , Smith second , and Davis at the top of the podium . Prior to crossing the finish line , Ohno started celebrating for Davis and Smith . Davis ' first @-@ place finish earned enough points to move past Tommy O 'Hare in the final point standings and to qualify for sixth place . By finishing second , Smith earned the opportunity to skate individually in the 1000 m . The victory celebration was short @-@ lived as rumors began that Ohno and Smith , both good friends of Davis , intentionally threw the race so Davis would win .
After returning to Colorado Springs , O 'Hare , who did not skate in the 1000 m , filed a formal complaint . The complaint was founded on Ohno 's seemingly deliberate attempt to stop Biondo from being able to pass Smith . Because of that blocking move on Biondo , Smith finished in second place and Davis finished first . For three days , Ohno , Smith , and Davis stood before an arbitration panel of the United States Olympic Committee . During the hearing , Davis was never accused of being at fault and Smith made the statement : " Any allegation that there was a fix , conspiracy or understanding between Apolo and me , or anyone else , to let Shani win the race is completely false . Shani is a great athlete , skated a great race , and deserves to be on the team . " The final verdict was that O 'Hare 's claims went unproven , all three were absolved of guilt , and the claim was dismissed . After the dismissal , Ohno stated , " I am thrilled that the arbitration process has officially vindicated me ... As I 've said since the moment of these accusations , they were untrue and I did nothing wrong " .
= = = = Games = = = =
At the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City , Utah , Ohno emerged as the face of short @-@ track speed skating among American fans . He was a medalist in two events but there was controversy associated with the results .
After a disqualification in the 500 m race , he was leading the skaters in the 1000 m race . During a turn around the final corner , Ohno , Ahn Hyun Soo , Li Jiajun and Mathieu Turcotte all fell in a series of collisions . The last man standing was Steven Bradbury from Australia , who was trailing behind at the time , and skated through to win the gold medal , becoming the first person from the southern hemisphere to win a gold medal at a Winter Olympics . Ohno quickly got to his feet and crossed the finish line to win silver with Turcotte winning the bronze . Ohno , coincidentally was wearing skates , made by Bradbury 's own boot company , Revolutionary Boot Company . Bradbury had given them to Ohno , expecting for Ohno to win wearing them . Rather than the other way around .
In the 1500 m final race , with one lap remaining and currently in second place , Ohno attempted to make a pass on the leader Kim Dong @-@ Sung , who then drifted to the inside and as a result , Ohno raised his arms to signal he was blocked . Kim finished first ahead of Ohno but was diqualified for impeding , awarding the gold medal to Ohno . Fourth @-@ place finisher of the race , Fabio Carta of Italy , showed his disagreement with the disqualification decision saying it was " absurd that the Korean was disqualified " . China 's Jiajun Li , who moved from bronze to silver , remained neutral saying : " I respect the decision of the referee , I 'm not going to say any more " . Steven Bradbury , the 1000 m gold @-@ medal winner , also shared his views : " Whether Dong @-@ Sung moved across enough to be called for cross @-@ tracking , I don 't know , he obviously moved across a bit . It 's the judge 's interpretation . A lot of people will say it was right and a lot of people will say it 's wrong . I 've seen moves like that before that were not called . But I 've seen them called too " .
The South Korean team immediately protested the decision of the chief official of the race , but their protests were denied by the International Skating Union ( ISU ) . The Korean team then appealed to the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) and the Court of Arbitration for Sport ( CAS ) . The IOC refused to see the case , stating , " This is a matter for the ISU to decide on . At this time , the IOC has received no proposal and taken no action " . The CAS sided with the officials of the race as " there is no provision in the short @-@ track rule book for overturning a judgment call by the referee " after the Korean team asked to have a video replay be used to determine whether or not there was a rule violation .
The disqualification upset South Korean supporters , many of whom directed their anger at Ohno and the International Olympic Committee . A large number of e @-@ mails protesting the race results crashed the Olympic Committee 's email server , and thousands of accusatory letters , many of which contained death threats , were sent to Ohno and the committee . Ohno shared his thoughts on the Koreans ' hostile reaction by saying , " I was really bothered by it . I grew up around many Asian cultures , Korean one of them . A lot of my best friends were Korean growing up . I just didn 't understand . Later on I realized that was built up by certain people and that was directed at me , negative energy from other things , not even resulting around the sport , but around politics , using me to stand on the pedestal as the anti @-@ American sentiment " . Earlier the same year , President George Bush had named North Korea as one of three members of the Axis of Evil , which had upset some South Koreans ; directing their anger at Ohno was a less direct way of voicing anger against Bush 's decision . The controversy continued at the 2002 FIFA World Cup , held jointly in South Korea and Japan several months after the Olympics . When the South Korean football ( soccer ) team scored a goal against the U.S. team , Korean players Ahn Jung @-@ Hwan and Lee Chun @-@ Soo made an exaggerated move imitating the move Ohno had made during the speed skating event to indicate the other athlete had drifted into his lane .
= = = After Salt Lake = = =
Ohno continued to perform well in the sport after the 2002 Winter Games . He declined to participate in a 2003 World Cup short @-@ track event in Korea for security reasons . Despite the absence , he successfully defended his World Cup title during the 2003 season . He continued his dominance by winning the World Cup title again in the 2004 – 2005 season .
At the first event of the 2005 World Cup event in China , Ohno severely sprained his ankle and withdrew from the event . At the second event in South Korea , an estimated 100 riot police stood guard at Incheon International Airport to prevent harm from happening to Ohno . Their concern stemmed from a possible lingering negative reaction from the 2002 Olympic Games disqualification controversy .
Ohno won two gold medals , as well as the overall title at the meet despite suffering from a severe stomach illness , and was surprised when the Korean crowd cheered his victories , saying , " I was really happy with the crowd 's reaction . It was pretty positive right from the time we landed . I was really happy it wasn 't ( hostile ) . Everything went really smooth . We were happy . " He was unable to defend his World Cup title from the previous three seasons , finishing third in the 2005 – 2006 overall standings . At the 2005 World Championships , he finished second overall , winning the 1000 m and 3000 m races .
= = = 2006 Winter Olympics = = =
In the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin , Italy , Ohno stumbled during a semifinal heat in the 1500 m . Finishing fifth , he was unable to defend his 2002 gold medal in the event . Ohno was able to win the bronze medal in the 1000 m , with Korean skaters Ahn Hyun Soo and Lee Ho @-@ suk finishing before him .
After two false starts from other skaters , Ohno won gold in the 500 m when he took the lead with an explosive start and held it until the finish . Despite criticism that he appeared to move before the start , a violation of the rules , the race start was validated by the officials . Afterward , Ohno said , " I was in the moment at the time . I thought I timed the start just perfect . The starter had been pretty quick all day , so that 's why there were so many false starts at the beginning . But that was really good for me . "
On the same day as his 500 m gold win , he earned a bronze medal in the men 's 5000 m relay , with an inside pass on Italian skater Nicola Rodigari on the final leg to put the United States in third position . Later , during the medals ceremony for the event , the winning South Korean team and the Americans embraced , followed by a group picture featuring the medalists .
= = = Post @-@ Olympic hiatus and return = = =
Taking a year off from competitive skating when the 2006 Winter Olympics ended , Ohno returned to win his eighth national title , placing first in every event during the U.S. Championships held from February 23 – 25 , 2007 . On April 26 , 2007 , he was inducted into the Asian Hall of Fame , an award which honors achievements of Asian Americans .
From March 9 – 11 , 2007 , he competed at the 2007 World Championships held in Milan , Italy , winning gold in the 1500 m due to the disqualification of Song Kyung @-@ Taek , who had blocked a passing attempt made by Ohno . He won bronze in the 1000 m , 3000 m , and the 5000 m relay with teammates , Jordan Malone , Travis Jayner , and Ryan Bedford . Because of his wins , he became the overall bronze medalist , behind silver medalist Charles Hamelin and Ahn Hyun Soo , who became the first man to become a five @-@ time World Champion .
On December 24 , 2007 , in Kearns , Utah , Ohno won his ninth national title , finishing first in the 1000 m and the 1500 m . He also finished first in the 500 m , but was disqualified for crosstracking . In the 3000 m , he finished second . At the 2008 World Championships in Gangneung , South Korea , Ohno won his first overall title , placing first place in the 500 m , second in the 1000 m , and third place in the 3000 m . He defeated South Koreans Lee Ho @-@ Suk , silver medalist and Song Kyung @-@ Taek who finished third in points . In 2009 , he won his 10th national title and qualified for the world team . Unable to defend his championship , he finished fifth in the overall rankings at the 2009 World Championships in Vienna , Austria , placing second at the 1000 m , and winning gold with the 5000 m relay team .
= = = 2010 Winter Olympics = = =
In preparation for the 2010 Winter Olympics , Ohno lost over 9 kilograms ( 20 pounds ) of weight from when he appeared at the 2002 Winter Games . He went down to a 65 @.@ 7 kg ( 145 lb ) bodyframe and a 2 @.@ 5 % Body fat percentage enduring a 5 @-@ month 3 @-@ a @-@ day training program combined with a strict nutritional program . As a result , he could lift double the weight he could before the training . With respect to his training regimen , Ohno said : " Come these Games , there 's no one who 's going to be fitter than me . There 's just no way . Whether I can put it together on the ice or not and feel good , that 's a different story . But I know , from a physical training standpoint , nobody 's even close ... I 've never prepared like this in my life — for anything . I want to leave nothing on the table . "
= = = = Trials = = = =
During the U.S. Olympic Trials held September 8 – 12 , 2009 , in Marquette , Michigan , Ohno won the overall meet title and defended his national title . He won the finals during the 500 m , 1000 m , and 1500 m races . However , during the 1000 m time trial , Ohno came in second to J. R. Celski despite skating a personal best of 1 : 24 @.@ 500 to Celski 's personal best of 1 : 23 @.@ 981 . Celski , who finished second overall and was leading in points after the first two nights of the trials , was injured during a crash in the semifinals of the 1000 m race when his right skate sliced into his left leg ; he did not skate in the 1000 m finals . Ohno had a narrow victory in the 500 m , beating out the silver place finisher Jeff Simon by only .039 of a second . Ohno , Celski , Jordan Malone , Travis Jayner , and Simon Cho were the top five finishers at the trials . Afterwards , Ohno said of the nominated team : " This is the strongest team we 've ever had . I feel really good about how we will do in the next Olympics . "
= = = = Games = = = =
In the 1500 m final , Ohno placed second after two Korean skaters , Lee Ho @-@ Suk and Sung Si @-@ Bak , made contact and crashed into the wall during the final turn of the final lap . He was in fourth place leading into the crash , and as a result , moved into second place , earning the silver . Fellow American skater J. R. Celski finished with the bronze medal . The gold medal went to South Korea 's Lee Jung @-@ Su . This win allowed Ohno , with six career medals , to tie Bonnie Blair for most medals won by a U.S. Winter Olympian .
Heading into the 1000 m final , Ohno had won the overall silver medal for the 1000 m during the 2009 – 10 World Cup by competing in three of the four competitions during the season . During the finals of the 1000 m , Ohno finished in third place , making a comeback from a slip with less than three laps remaining . With the bronze medal win , he became the most decorated American athlete ever at the Winter Games with seven career medals . Bonnie Blair , the former record holder , said she was happy for his accomplishment , adding : " It 's a great feat for him , U.S. speedskating , and the United States of America . We hope that more kids will see his accomplishments and want to try our great sport that has been so good to us and taught us so much about what it takes to be successful in life . "
In the 500 m final , Ohno finished the race in second place behind Canada 's Charles Hamelin . However , he was disqualified after impeding François @-@ Louis Tremblay of Canada around the final turn . The silver medal went to Sung Si @-@ Bak , with Tremblay taking the bronze .
The 5000 m relay team for the United States finished with the bronze medal . The team , consisting of J. R. Celski , Simon Cho , Travis Jayner , Jordan Malone , and Ohno , were in the fourth position for the majority of the race . With a strong push from Celski with two laps to go , Ohno as the anchor leg was able to pass the Chinese team for third place ; Canada won the gold and South Korea took silver . This bronze medal was the eighth Olympic medal of his career .
= = Personal life = =
In the United States , Ohno is credited with popularizing and being the face of his sport . He said it is amazing being a role model to younger skaters . Growing up , he did not have that influence within his sport , but looked up to other athletes outside his sport , such as Muhammad Ali , Joe Frazier , and Lance Armstrong . Training for short track has been the main focus of Ohno 's life , but he has been able to work on other endeavors . He studied business at the University of Colorado at Colorado Springs . Believing in healthy eating habits , Ohno worked with his training coach John Schaeffer during preparations for the 2010 Winter Games to develop a nutritional supplement business called 8 Zone . The supplements consist of eight @-@ hour segments where a dose is administered . He hopes this business will be able to be a sponsor for future Olympic Games .
After the 2010 Winter Games , he created the Apolo Anton Ohno Foundation and partnered with the Century Council 's Ask , Listen , Learn Program to discourage underage drinking of alcohol and to promote a healthy lifestyle . Furthering his goal of promoting healthier food choices and working with the endorsement of the Washington State Potato Commission , he will be working on a cookbook with top Seattle chefs in 2010 .
He has an interest in pursuing a career in the entertainment world . He participated and won the fourth season of the U.S. reality show Dancing with the Stars . He returned for the 15th Season which features all @-@ star celebrities . Ohno 's interests in fashion led him to be a guest judge on the fashion reality show Project Runway in 2008 , and to an endorsement deal with Omega , the maker of luxury watches , in 2010 . Omega President Stephen Urquhart said , " We are very proud to support Apolo here in Vancouver and congratulate him on his outstanding performance . He is poised to make history of his own here and we are thrilled that he is part of the Omega family " . He also appeared on Minute to Win It as the host of the GSN revival in 2013 since he is a fan of the show .
Ohno has an interest in being a philanthropist . He participated in GAP 's campaign to fight the spread of HIV / AIDS in Africa by joining Product Red . Half of the proceeds went to The Global Fund to Fight AIDS , Tuberculosis and Malaria . Besides working with The Salvation Army and the Clothes off our Back Foundations , he used his fame to help raise funds for a Ronald McDonald House in Seattle after the 2002 Winter Games . He helped raise $ 20 @,@ 000 for Nikkei Concerns , a provider of care and services for Japanese elders living in the Pacific Northwest . Later that year , Ohno joined Senator Ted Kennedy in Washington , D.C. to show the importance of math and science education by helping launch the " Math Moves U Hippest Homework Happening " program , which gave students the opportunity to do math homework online with celebrities and athletes .
He has also volunteered with Special Olympics and taken part in Unified Sports , which brings together athletes with intellectual disabilities and without on the same team . Ohno currently serves as a Special Olympics Global Ambassador ahead of the 2015 World Summer Games taking place in Los Angeles , California .
Ohno dated fellow Olympian speedskater Allison Baver .
= = = Sponsorships = = =
Using his recognition and fame from his sport , he has accumulated a list of sponsors that include McDonald 's , General Electric , The Century Council , Vicks and Coca @-@ Cola . Ohno 's father , Yuki , said about sponsorships : " He 's not like a professional athlete who has a multi @-@ million @-@ dollar contract with a team ... He has to have sponsorships to pay the bills " . Capitalizing on Ohno 's fame , Alaska Airlines were his primary sponsor for the 2010 Winter Games and designed a Boeing 737 – 800 jet with his image on the side .
He was critical of the leaders of the U.S. Speedskating Organization when a donation of $ 250 @,@ 000 was raised by viewers of the Comedy Central show The Colbert Report for the organization after their largest commercial sponsor , the Dutch DSB Bank , declared bankruptcy and was unable to donate its $ 300 @,@ 000 in November 2009 . In an email to Time , he wrote it was " a bit embarrassing that our leadership couldn 't secure other sponsors three months before the Olympic Games " but credited the show 's host Stephen Colbert for " his willingness to help out our nation 's greatest athletes " . In return for The Colbert Report donation , long track and short track skaters had the " Colbert Nation " logo on their uniforms for World Cup events leading up to the 2010 Winter Games . Ohno did not wear the logo because Alaska Airlines was his primary sponsor for the 2010 Games . He was also part of Oreo 's Team DSRL sketch in 2011 .
= = Dancing with the Stars = =
= = = Season 4 – with Julianne Hough = = =
Ohno participated on the fourth season of the reality show , Dancing with the Stars . He was paired with dancing partner Julianne Hough , and both appeared on the show for the first time on March 19 , 2007 . Together , they received the competition 's first perfect score of 30 for their samba routine on April 16 , 2007 . The dancing duo became finalists in the competition , and went on to become the champions in May 2007 .
= = = Season 15 – with Karina Smirnoff = = =
In July 2012 , it was announced Ohno would return for the all @-@ star fifteenth season for a second chance to win the mirrorball trophy ; this time he was paired with Season 13 champion professional Karina Smirnoff . They were voted off during the ninth week of the competition .
* Note : Paula Abdul was guest @-@ judge during Week 4 , Opponents ' Choice Week .
During the Swing Marathon , the judges eliminated each pair until only one pair remained , earning 10 points . Apolo was the third eliminated and earned 6 points from the judges .
= = Other appearances = =
In 2012 , Ohno appeared as a guest star in the 17th episode of the 2nd season of Hawaii Five @-@ 0 , as a suspect . He also had a guest appearance on The Biggest Loser in Season 12 , Episode 9 and Season 15 , Episode 12 .
In 2013 , Ohno appeared as the character " Stone " in the Syfy Original Movie Tasmanian Devils , as well as the host of GSN 's Minute to Win It .
In 2015 , Ohno appeared as a live guest during the season finale of NBC 's live variety show Best Time Ever with Neil Patrick Harris .
In 2016 , Ohno appeared as a guest star on Hollywood Game Night hosted by Jane Lynch on NBC .
= = Apolo Ohno Invitational = =
In November 2014 Ohno sponsored a speedskating race in Salt Lake City , UT that featured the four top men and women skaters from the US , China , Canada and the Netherlands . It aired on NBCSN on 21 November 2014 at 10 : 00 pm EST .
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= Bergen Air Transport =
Bergen Air Transport AS is an airline based at Bergen Airport , Flesland in Norway . In addition to charter aviation and an aviation workshop , it offers a scheduled service between Bergen and Notodden Airport , Tuven . The airline operates two Beechcraft B200 King Air aircraft and one Cessna Citation CJ2 . The airline was established in 1998 , offering seaplane charter flights using Cessna 421 aircraft . The service to Notodden started in 2000 ; a Cessna 441 was acquired in 2003 , and from 2006 the company has used two Beechcraft . The company is owned by Geir Hellsten and Håkon Lie @-@ Nielsen .
= = Operation = =
The airline operates two 12 @-@ seat Beechcraft King Air B200 aircraft , and one seven @-@ seat Cessna Citation CJ2 executive jet . It has its main operational base at Bergen Airport , Flesland , but also has facilities at Notodden Airport , Tuven . The company has ten pilots ; its main services are private charter and aviation @-@ mechanical services , but the company also operates a single scheduled service , with six weekly round trips between Bergen and Notodden . In 2011 , it had a revenue of NOK 31 @.@ 0 million and a NOK 0 @.@ 25 million profit .
= = History = =
Bergen Air Transport was founded in 1998 by Geir Hellsten and Håkon Lie @-@ Nielsen , and commenced operations the following year . Initial operations consisted of charter services , using a Cessna 421B . In 2000 , the company replaced this aircraft with a Cessna 421C , and started the scheduled route between Bergen and Notodden using the six @-@ seat aircraft . In 2000 , the company had eleven employees and NOK 2 @.@ 6 million in revenue . To begin with , it made four round trips per week , but in 2001 it chose to increase to five , after experiencing high cabin loads . It transported 1 @,@ 000 passengers in 2000 , and 1 @,@ 500 the following year . During the summer of 2002 , the company also attempted to fly from Notodden to Kristiansund Airport , Kvernberget , but was forced to give up due to lack of passengers .
A hangar was built at Bergen Airport in 2003 , and at the same time the airline was certified as a mechanical aviation workshop . The following year , the Cessna 421 was replaced with a Cessna 441 Conquest II . In 2006 , two Beechcraft King Air were bought , and the last Cessna sold . On 20 November 2003 , Notodden Airport was closed for all scheduled traffic by the Norwegian Civil Aviation Authority , due to a lack of safety requirements . Bergen Air Transport was forced to reroute all its aircraft to Skien Airport , Geiteryggen . Following an investment of NOK 500 @,@ 000 from the airline and NOK 1 @.@ 2 million from the municipality , which owns the airport , scheduled services commenced again . From 1 October 2004 , NOK 250 @,@ 000 was invested at Notodden Airport . Starting in October 2004 , the airline also introduced security control of all passengers at Notodden Airport . In 2005 , the company had a revenue of NOK 10 @.@ 3 million ; this increased to NOK 20 @.@ 1 million in 2006 , giving a profit of NOK 2 @.@ 8 million , when the airline transported 2 @,@ 841 passengers .
In September 2007 , the company bought a new hangar at Notodden , giving it ample space for expansion , and new arrival and departure facilities . At the same time , the airline bought its first jet , a Cessna Citation CJ2 . That year saw the airline transport 3441 passengers on 552 flights on the Bergen – Notodden route .
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= The Tunnel ( TV series ) =
The Tunnel ( French : Tunnel ) is a British @-@ French crime drama television series , adapted from the 2011 Danish / Swedish crime series The Bridge ( Broen / Bron ) . The Tunnel began broadcast on 16 October 2013 on Sky Atlantic in the UK , and on 11 November 2013 on Canal + in France . The series stars Stephen Dillane and Clémence Poésy as British and French police detectives Karl Roebuck and Elise Wassermann , respectively . The plot follows the two detectives working together to find a serial killer who left the upper @-@ half body of a French politician and the lower @-@ half of a British prostitute in the Channel Tunnel , at the midpoint between France and the UK . They later learn that the killer — who comes to be nicknamed the " Truth Terrorist " — is on a moral crusade to highlight many social problems , terrorising both countries in the process . As the series progresses , the killer 's true intention is revealed .
The Anglo @-@ French adaption of The Bridge was announced as a joint project between Sky and Canal + in January 2013 . Ben Richards , the head writer of The Tunnel , worked with Hans Rosenfeldt , the creator of the original series . Due to the setting , the dialogue of the series is bilingual , a first for British and French television . With a budget of £ 15 million , filming took place between February and August 2013 , and was shot on location in Kent , England and northern France . It was produced with both British and French crew members . The premieres on both Sky Atlantic and Canal + received strong ratings for the respective channels , with an initial consolidated figure of almost 900 @,@ 000 in the UK , and 1 @.@ 3 million in France . Critical reception of the series has been generally positive , with Dillane and Poésy 's acting being praised , as well as the plot 's grittiness . The comparisons with The Bridge were also viewed favourably by some reviewers , though others criticised The Tunnel for being identical . The producers admit that the first episode is a copy of the original .
In February 2015 , Sky announced that a second series of the show was set to air in early 2016 . Titled The Tunnel : Sabotage , it would focus on the crash of an airliner into the English channel . Stephen Dillane and Clémence Poésy would return as Karl Roebuck and Elise Wasserman . Consisting of eight episodes , it debuted on Sky Atlantic on Tuesday 12 April 2016 , although the video trailer on the series homepage indicated that it would start on 5 April 2016 - the debut was put back a week following the Brussels terrorist attacks on 22 March . The complete second series was made available on 12 April , via Sky 's On Demand service . As of June 2016 , The Tunnel 's first season airs in the United States on public television .
= = Characters = =
Stephen Dillane plays Detective Chief Inspector Karl Roebuck of Northbourne Police ( a fictional counterpart to the real life Kent Police ) , an aging British detective used to getting his own way . Roebuck 's role parallels that of Martin Rohde ( played by Kim Bodnia ) , the Danish detective in The Bridge . Karl and Martin share some characteristics , but also differ in certain ways ; for instance , Karl is " more educated and a more troubled man . " Dillane was drawn to the political questions raised in the storyline , as well as the series ' " novelistic telling " .
Clémence Poésy plays Capitaine ( later Commander ) Elise Wassermann of the DCPJ , the French detective and Roebuck 's opposite . Wasserman 's role parallels that of Saga Norén ( played by Sofia Helin ) , the Swedish detective in The Bridge . Elise shares some characteristics with Saga , including driving a Porsche ( in Elise 's case , a Porsche 944 ) , picking up men from bars for casual sex , and exhibiting behaviour consistent with Asperger syndrome . The innate seriousness of the character was a trait that Poésy found " quite annoying " , but the actress came to appreciate Elise 's honesty . Both Dillane and Poésy opted not to view the Scandinavian original series , with the latter stating that it would allow her more freedom in interpreting the character . Poésy dubbed her English lines for the French broadcast .
The series includes several guest stars . Joseph Mawle plays a social worker named Stephen Beaumont , Tom Bateman appears as journalist Danny Hiller , and Tobi Bakare plays Chuks Akinade . Thibault de Montalembert plays Olivier Pujol , who is the head of the Calais police service , and Elise 's superior . Sigrid Bouaziz plays Cécile Cabrillac and Cédric Vieira plays Philippe Viot ; these characters are police officers who work with Elise . Mathieu Carrière and Jeanne Balibar play banker Alain Joubert , and his wife Charlotte , respectively . Merlin actress Angel Coulby stars as Laura Roebuck , Karl 's wife , while Jack Lowden plays Adam , his son . Keeley Hawes guest starred as Suze Harcourt , a care worker and drug addict , along with Liz Smith , who plays Harriet , an elderly woman under Harcourt 's care .
James Frain plays Kieran Ashton , a former colleague of Karl , who faked his suicide and became the Truth Terrorist , serving as the primary antagonist . The character is motivated by the loss of his identity and family , as well as betrayal from Karl by his affair with Kieran 's wife before her death . Frain believed that Kieran is the most disturbing character he has played . Portraying the character , the actor wanted to make his actions understandable , though not justifiable .
= = Cast = =
Stephen Dillane as Detective Chief Inspector Karl Roebuck
Clémence Poésy as Commander Elise Wassermann
Thibault de Montalembert as Olivier Pujol
Cédric Vieira as Phillipe Viot
Fanny Leurent as Julie
Angel Coulby as Laura Roebuck
= = = Recurring cast = = =
= = Production = =
= = = Development and writing = = =
The Anglo @-@ French adaption of the Danish / Swedish series The Bridge was first announced by Sky in January 2013 . The ten @-@ part series was to be a co @-@ production between British broadcaster Sky and French broadcaster Canal + . Sky Atlantic Director Elaine Pyke commissioned the show with the intention of establishing the channel as a home for British dramas following the channel 's release of the drama series Hit & Miss and Falcón . Due to the setting of the series , it would be bilingual , with dialogue being spoken in English and French . This would make The Tunnel — the producers claim — the first series in British and French television to be bilingual .
Being a " 50 – 50 co @-@ production " between the British and French , the crew were a mix from both countries , and neither party has " final control " . The series employed both British and French writers and directors to collaborate on the series , with former Spooks writer Ben Richards leading the writing team . Multiple versions of the script were used , which were translated for both languages . Five directors were hired for the series , three of them British and the other two French . Dominik Moll is considered the head director , with the other directors being Hettie MacDonald , Thomas Vincent , Udayan Prasad , and Philip Martin . The series ' executive producers are Sky 's Anne Mensah ; Canal + ' s Fabrice De La Patellière ; Kudos ' Jane Featherstone , Karen Wilson , Manda Levin , and Ben Richards ; Shine France 's Nora Melhli ; and Filmlance 's Lars Blomgren . Ruth Kenley @-@ Letts is the series producer . On the British / French collaboration of the series , Jane Featherstone — the chief executive of the production company Kudos — stated : " We have had to work very collaboratively to make sure we are appealing to both nations . I honestly don 't know if we have got that right yet . The French like things to be slightly slower , we like them pacier . "
In developing the storyline of the series Featherstone said that " the team took what was wonderful from [ the original ] and then forgot about it , in the nicest possible way , and made their own show . " While working for the series Richards worked with Hans Rosenfeldt , the Swedish writer who created The Bridge . Many aspects of the first episode are virtual copies of the first episode of the Scandinavian series , including : the female lead " stripping unselfconsciously to her underwear in the office " , the male lead 's relationship with his teenage son and the " sleazy journalist [ being ] held captive in his own car with a ticking bomb " , the last of which was a sequence Richards wanted to repeat in the remake . However Richards said that as the series progressed and the drama unfolded the storylines would diverge from the original . Featherstone also noted there would be plenty of changes , saying that many had " seen both [ The Bridge and The Tunnel ] , who feel that they get satisfaction because the characters go on different journeys and the actors all bring a whole new level of interest in it . "
= = = Filming and locations = = =
The budget of the series is estimated to be £ 15 million . Filming began in February 2013 and concluded in August 2013 , with location shooting largely taken place in Kent and northern France . Filming in Kent was based in Discovery Park in Sandwich and was supported by the Kent Film Office . A former Pfizer facility was used as a number of sets , including the Calais police station and Elise 's apartment . The series was filmed throughout five districts : Canterbury , Dover , Shepway , Swale and Thanet . Several prominent locales were featured , including Folkestone Harbour ; The Turner Contemporary art gallery ; Westwood Cross shopping centre ; and the towns of Dover , Folkestone and Margate . Production also made use of the Kent Film Office 's legal powers to close certain roads for uninterrupted filming . An estimated £ 2 @.@ 5 million of the budget was spent on , among other services , accommodation , locations , parking and catering , providing a boost for the Kent economy . The filming in France was supported by the Nord @-@ Pas de Calais Film Commission and benefited from the Tax Rebate International . Shooting took place over 31 days across Boulogne @-@ sur @-@ Mer , Calais and Dunkerque .
Some scenes of The Tunnel were also shot in the Channel Tunnel itself , which makes the series the first television drama production to do so . The producers spent " months of gentle negotiation " with Eurotunnel , the company that operates the tunnel , for permission to shoot scenes there . Eurotunnel allowed it . According to Moll , " The only thing they didn 't want was to see train passengers in danger or fires . " Moll also noted that they did not shoot in the actual midpoint of the tunnel , stating " once you are a few kilometres in , it all looks the same . "
Series two once again returned to Kent and France to film . The production filmed for 85 days in Kent between April and July 2015 with a further 50 days in the county for pre and post @-@ production , spending an estimated £ 1 @.@ 5 million .
The Kent filming locations include Euro Tunnel , Folkestone Harbour , Discovery Park , Deal including the Pier , Folkestone , Dover including the Port and Dover Castle , Westwood Industrial Estate Margate , Ramsgate , The Barn in Upstreet , St Martin ’ s Hospital , Knowlton Court plus many more .
= = Release and reception = =
= = = Broadcast and ratings = = =
The Tunnel had a world premiere hosted at the international television market Mipcom in Cannes , France on 7 October 2013 . In the United Kingdom , Sky Atlantic premiered the series at 9pm on Wednesday , 16 October 2013 , and continued weekly until 18 December . The premiere episode was seen by an average of 362 @,@ 000 overnight viewers , considered strong ratings for the channel . With consolidated ratings taken into account , the first episode went up to 803 @,@ 000 viewers on Sky Atlantic , with an extra 90 @,@ 000 viewing from its catch @-@ up channel , Sky Atlantic + 1 . However , the second episode dropped a third of its overnight audience , leaving it with 236 @,@ 000 viewers . The finale was seen by 267 @,@ 000 overnight viewers . In France , the series premiered on Canal + on 8 : 55pm at Monday , 11 November 2013 . The first episode attracted 1 @.@ 3 million viewers , marking it as one of the highest rated original series premieres for the channel . The first series was viewed by an average audience of 1 @.@ 04 million viewers per episode .
= = = Critical reception = = =
The Tunnel received generally positive reviews from television critics . Alex Fletcher of Digital Spy stated that while remakes are " often underwhelming " , The Tunnel was " gripping stuff " , and believed that viewers " should find plenty to enjoy " in The Tunnel . The performances of Dillane and Poésy were also lauded . Gerard Gilbert of The Independent was positive in his assessment of the series , stating " as an avid fan of The Bridge , I am happy to report that The Tunnel works well in its own right – it 's intelligently made , well cast and ambitiously cinematic " , adding that it had " succeeded in its high @-@ risk strategy of re @-@ working a near @-@ flawless Scandi @-@ drama in our Anglo @-@ French image . " Ellen E Jones , also of The Independent , said that Dillane and Poésy 's performances " stuck closely " to the original characterisation of the leads from the Scandinavian version . Of the execution , Jones stated " should you bother watching The Tunnel even if you 've already seen the original ? The early signs are good . The makers obviously have sense enough to preserve what was effective about the original , and invention enough to distinguish their work too . "
Harry Venning of The Stage believed that — plotwise — the collaboration between the British and French police forces and style were " all very effectively done , creepily atmospheric and splendidly gruesome " , but also stated that the best thing about the series was " the interplay between Stephen Dillane 's easygoing , laddish , rosbif detective inspector and his po @-@ faced , glacial but – wouldn 't you know it – extremely sexy Gallic counterpart , played by Clemence Poesy . " Metro reviewer Keith Watson — having rated the series four stars out of five — stated " the idea is great . But what 's surprising about The Tunnel ( Sky Atlantic ) is that it 's less a version of , more a faithful re @-@ make . "
The Guardian posted a number of reviews on its website . Julia Reaside deemed the series a " perfectly cast remake of Swedish @-@ Danish crime hit " , and stated that " this confirms Dillane as one of our very finest . Such control . Poésy is beautifully chilly and Joseph Mawle ( another cracker ) leads an asylum @-@ seeker subplot . It 's also really funny . " Writing about the finale , Reaside stated of Dillane 's performance : " If this were on a terrestrial channel , he 'd be up for all the awards . " On the Karl / Elise partnership , she stated : " I wasn 't sure about them as a pairing but was immediately convinced by their uncomfortable chemistry . " Andrew Anthony — having not enjoyed The Bridge — called The Tunnel an " attractive proposition " , adding that " there 's an engaging confidence to the slow revelation of the story . All in all , this looks good . " However , Sam Wollaston was more critical of the series , stating that — while the tone was " atmospheric , intriguing , gripping " and there were strong performances from the lead cast members — The Tunnel was " exactly the same as the ( recent ) original . " Wollaston felt that the only " obvious " difference was that , in the original series , there " was a bridge , this is a tunnel . However magnificent an engineering feat the Channel tunnel is , it can 't compete as a spectacular location with the Oresund Bridge . "
Gerard O 'Donovan of The Daily Telegraph was also mixed on the series , saying : " there was no sense that this was doing much different from other mainstream crime thrillers . Sticking too close to the original script meant a golden opportunity was missed to dig deeper into the attitudes and history that both connect and divide the UK and France " . However , he also wrote that he would be " happy to be persuaded otherwise if the action develops . "
= = = Home media and other releases = = =
The series was first released on DVD in France on 20 December 2013 , with special features including a making of feature and interviews featuring Moll and Poésy on a four @-@ disc set . A release in the United Kingdom followed on 13 January 2014 on DVD and Blu @-@ ray Disc by publisher Acorn Media UK , and includes three discs , with special features including a making @-@ of feature , cast and crew interviews , and a picture gallery .
Starting on 1 February 2014 in the UK , the first episodes of The Tunnel — along with some other original Sky series — will be released for free on the video sharing website YouTube , in an attempt to attract more Sky subscribers .
= = Episodes = =
= = = Series 1 ( 2013 ) = = =
= = = Series 2 : Sabotage ( 2016 ) = = =
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= Formation and evolution of the Solar System =
The formation of the Solar System began 4 @.@ 6 billion years ago with the gravitational collapse of a small part of a giant molecular cloud . Most of the collapsing mass collected in the center , forming the Sun , while the rest flattened into a protoplanetary disk out of which the planets , moons , asteroids , and other small Solar System bodies formed .
This model , known as the nebular hypothesis , was first developed in the 18th century by Emanuel Swedenborg , Immanuel Kant , and Pierre @-@ Simon Laplace . Its subsequent development has interwoven a variety of scientific disciplines including astronomy , physics , geology , and planetary science . Since the dawn of the space age in the 1950s and the discovery of extrasolar planets in the 1990s , the model has been both challenged and refined to account for new observations .
The Solar System has evolved considerably since its initial formation . Many moons have formed from circling discs of gas and dust around their parent planets , while other moons are thought to have formed independently and later been captured by their planets . Still others , such as Earth 's Moon , may be the result of giant collisions . Collisions between bodies have occurred continually up to the present day and have been central to the evolution of the Solar System . The positions of the planets often shifted due to gravitational interactions . This planetary migration is now thought to have been responsible for much of the Solar System 's early evolution .
In roughly 5 billion years , the Sun will cool and expand outward many times its current diameter ( becoming a red giant ) , before casting off its outer layers as a planetary nebula and leaving behind a stellar remnant known as a white dwarf . In the far distant future , the gravity of passing stars will gradually reduce the Sun 's retinue of planets . Some planets will be destroyed , others ejected into interstellar space . Ultimately , over the course of tens of billions of years , it is likely that the Sun will be left with none of the original bodies in orbit around it .
= = History = =
Ideas concerning the origin and fate of the world date from the earliest known writings ; however , for almost all of that time , there was no attempt to link such theories to the existence of a " Solar System " , simply because it was not generally thought that the Solar System , in the sense we now understand it , existed . The first step toward a theory of Solar System formation and evolution was the general acceptance of heliocentrism , which placed the Sun at the centre of the system and the Earth in orbit around it . This conception had gestated for millennia ( Aristarchus of Samos had suggested it as early as 250 BC ) , but was not widely accepted until the end of the 17th century . The first recorded use of the term " Solar System " dates from 1704 .
The current standard theory for Solar System formation , the nebular hypothesis , has fallen into and out of favour since its formulation by Emanuel Swedenborg , Immanuel Kant , and Pierre @-@ Simon Laplace in the 18th century . The most significant criticism of the hypothesis was its apparent inability to explain the Sun 's relative lack of angular momentum when compared to the planets . However , since the early 1980s studies of young stars have shown them to be surrounded by cool discs of dust and gas , exactly as the nebular hypothesis predicts , which has led to its re @-@ acceptance .
Understanding of how the Sun will continue to evolve required an understanding of the source of its power . Arthur Stanley Eddington 's confirmation of Albert Einstein 's theory of relativity led to his realisation that the Sun 's energy comes from nuclear fusion reactions in its core , fusing hydrogen into helium . In 1935 , Eddington went further and suggested that other elements also might form within stars . Fred Hoyle elaborated on this premise by arguing that evolved stars called red giants created many elements heavier than hydrogen and helium in their cores . When a red giant finally casts off its outer layers , these elements would then be recycled to form other star systems .
= = Formation = =
= = = Pre @-@ solar nebula = = =
The nebular hypothesis maintains that the Solar System formed from the gravitational collapse of a fragment of a giant molecular cloud . The cloud itself had a size of about 20 parsec ( 65 light years ) , while the fragments were roughly 1 parsec ( three and a quarter light @-@ years ) across . The further collapse of the fragments led to the formation of dense cores 0 @.@ 01 – 0 @.@ 1 pc ( 2 @,@ 000 – 20 @,@ 000 AU ) in size . One of these collapsing fragments ( known as the pre @-@ solar nebula ) would form what became the Solar System . The composition of this region with a mass just over that of the Sun ( M ☉ ) was about the same as that of the Sun today , with hydrogen , along with helium and trace amounts of lithium produced by Big Bang nucleosynthesis , forming about 98 % of its mass . The remaining 2 % of the mass consisted of heavier elements that were created by nucleosynthesis in earlier generations of stars . Late in the life of these stars , they ejected heavier elements into the interstellar medium .
The oldest inclusions found in meteorites , thought to trace the first solid material to form in the pre @-@ solar nebula , are 4568 @.@ 2 million years old , which is one definition of the age of the Solar System . Studies of ancient meteorites reveal traces of stable daughter nuclei of short @-@ lived isotopes , such as iron @-@ 60 , that only form in exploding , short @-@ lived stars . This indicates that one or more supernovae occurred near the Sun while it was forming . A shock wave from a supernova may have triggered the formation of the Sun by creating regions of over @-@ density within the cloud , causing these regions to collapse . Because only massive , short @-@ lived stars produce supernovae , the Sun must have formed in a large star @-@ forming region that produced massive stars , possibly similar to the Orion Nebula . Studies of the structure of the Kuiper belt and of anomalous materials within it suggest that the Sun formed within a cluster of between 1 @,@ 000 and 10 @,@ 000 stars with a diameter of between 6 @.@ 5 and 19 @.@ 5 light @-@ years and a collective mass of 3 @,@ 000 M ☉ . This cluster began to break apart between 135 million and 535 million years after formation . Several simulations of our young Sun interacting with close @-@ passing stars over the first 100 million years of its life produce anomalous orbits observed in the outer Solar System , such as detached objects .
Because of the conservation of angular momentum , the nebula spun faster as it collapsed . As the material within the nebula condensed , the atoms within it began to collide with increasing frequency , converting their kinetic energy into heat . The centre , where most of the mass collected , became increasingly hotter than the surrounding disc . Over about 100 @,@ 000 years , the competing forces of gravity , gas pressure , magnetic fields , and rotation caused the contracting nebula to flatten into a spinning protoplanetary disc with a diameter of ~ 200 AU and form a hot , dense protostar ( a star in which hydrogen fusion has not yet begun ) at the centre .
At this point in its evolution , the Sun is thought to have been a T Tauri star . Studies of T Tauri stars show that they are often accompanied by discs of pre @-@ planetary matter with masses of 0 @.@ 001 – 0 @.@ 1 M ☉ . These discs extend to several hundred AU — the Hubble Space Telescope has observed protoplanetary discs of up to 1000 AU in diameter in star @-@ forming regions such as the Orion Nebula — and are rather cool , reaching a surface temperature of only one thousand kelvin at their hottest . Within 50 million years , the temperature and pressure at the core of the Sun became so great that its hydrogen began to fuse , creating an internal source of energy that countered gravitational contraction until hydrostatic equilibrium was achieved . This marked the Sun 's entry into the prime phase of its life , known as the main sequence . Main @-@ sequence stars derive energy from the fusion of hydrogen into helium in their cores . The Sun remains a main @-@ sequence star today .
= = = Formation of the planets = = =
The various planets are thought to have formed from the solar nebula , the disc @-@ shaped cloud of gas and dust left over from the Sun 's formation . The currently accepted method by which the planets formed is accretion , in which the planets began as dust grains in orbit around the central protostar . Through direct contact , these grains formed into clumps up to 200 metres in diameter , which in turn collided to form larger bodies ( planetesimals ) of ~ 10 kilometres ( km ) in size . These gradually increased through further collisions , growing at the rate of centimetres per year over the course of the next few million years .
The inner Solar System , the region of the Solar System inside 4 AU , was too warm for volatile molecules like water and methane to condense , so the planetesimals that formed there could only form from compounds with high melting points , such as metals ( like iron , nickel , and aluminium ) and rocky silicates . These rocky bodies would become the terrestrial planets ( Mercury , Venus , Earth , and Mars ) . These compounds are quite rare in the Universe , comprising only 0 @.@ 6 % of the mass of the nebula , so the terrestrial planets could not grow very large . The terrestrial embryos grew to about 0 @.@ 05 Earth masses ( M ⊕ ) and ceased accumulating matter about 100 @,@ 000 years after the formation of the Sun ; subsequent collisions and mergers between these planet @-@ sized bodies allowed terrestrial planets to grow to their present sizes ( see Terrestrial planets below ) .
When the terrestrial planets were forming , they remained immersed in a disk of gas and dust . The gas was partially supported by pressure and so did not orbit the Sun as rapidly as the planets . The resulting drag caused a transfer of angular momentum , and as a result the planets gradually migrated to new orbits . Models show that density and temperature variations in the disk governed this rate of migration , but the net trend was for the inner planets to migrate inward as the disk dissipated , leaving the planets in their current orbits .
The giant planets ( Jupiter , Saturn , Uranus , and Neptune ) formed further out , beyond the frost line , the point between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter where the material is cool enough for volatile icy compounds to remain solid . The ices that formed the Jovian planets were more abundant than the metals and silicates that formed the terrestrial planets , allowing the giant planets to grow massive enough to capture hydrogen and helium , the lightest and most abundant elements . Planetesimals beyond the frost line accumulated up to 4 M ⊕ within about 3 million years . Today , the four giant planets comprise just under 99 % of all the mass orbiting the Sun . Theorists believe it is no accident that Jupiter lies just beyond the frost line . Because the frost line accumulated large amounts of water via evaporation from infalling icy material , it created a region of lower pressure that increased the speed of orbiting dust particles and halted their motion toward the Sun . In effect , the frost line acted as a barrier that caused material to accumulate rapidly at ~ 5 AU from the Sun . This excess material coalesced into a large embryo ( or core ) on the order of 10 M ⊕ , which began to accumulate an envelope via accretion of gas from the surrounding disc at an ever increasing rate . Once the envelope mass became about equal to the solid core mass , growth proceeded very rapidly , reaching about 150 Earth masses ~ 105 years thereafter and finally topping out at 318 M ⊕ . Saturn may owe its substantially lower mass simply to having formed a few million years after Jupiter , when there was less gas available to consume .
T Tauri stars like the young Sun have far stronger stellar winds than more stable , older stars . Uranus and Neptune are thought to have formed after Jupiter and Saturn did , when the strong solar wind had blown away much of the disc material . As a result , the planets accumulated little hydrogen and helium — not more than 1 M ⊕ each . Uranus and Neptune are sometimes referred to as failed cores . The main problem with formation theories for these planets is the timescale of their formation . At the current locations it would have taken a hundred million years for their cores to accrete . This means that Uranus and Neptune probably formed closer to the Sun — near or even between Jupiter and Saturn — and later migrated or were ejected outward ( see Planetary migration below ) . Motion in the planetesimal era was not all inward toward the Sun ; the Stardust sample return from Comet Wild 2 has suggested that materials from the early formation of the Solar System migrated from the warmer inner Solar System to the region of the Kuiper belt .
After between three and ten million years , the young Sun 's solar wind would have cleared away all the gas and dust in the protoplanetary disc , blowing it into interstellar space , thus ending the growth of the planets .
= = Subsequent evolution = =
The planets were originally thought to have formed in or near their current orbits . However , this view underwent radical change during the late 20th and early 21st centuries . Currently , it is thought that the Solar System looked very different after its initial formation : several objects at least as massive as Mercury were present in the inner Solar System , the outer Solar System was much more compact than it is now , and the Kuiper belt was much closer to the Sun .
= = = Terrestrial planets = = =
At the end of the planetary formation epoch the inner Solar System was populated by 50 – 100 Moon- to Mars @-@ sized planetary embryos . Further growth was possible only because these bodies collided and merged , which took less than 100 million years . These objects would have gravitationally interacted with one another , tugging at each other 's orbits until they collided , growing larger until the four terrestrial planets we know today took shape . One such giant collision is thought to have formed the Moon ( see Moons below ) , while another removed the outer envelope of the young Mercury .
One unresolved issue with this model is that it cannot explain how the initial orbits of the proto @-@ terrestrial planets , which would have needed to be highly eccentric to collide , produced the remarkably stable and nearly circular orbits they have today . One hypothesis for this " eccentricity dumping " is that the terrestrials formed in a disc of gas still not expelled by the Sun . The " gravitational drag " of this residual gas would have eventually lowered the planets ' energy , smoothing out their orbits . However , such gas , if it existed , would have prevented the terrestrial planets ' orbits from becoming so eccentric in the first place . Another hypothesis is that gravitational drag occurred not between the planets and residual gas but between the planets and the remaining small bodies . As the large bodies moved through the crowd of smaller objects , the smaller objects , attracted by the larger planets ' gravity , formed a region of higher density , a " gravitational wake " , in the larger objects ' path . As they did so , the increased gravity of the wake slowed the larger objects down into more regular orbits .
= = = Asteroid belt = = =
The outer edge of the terrestrial region , between 2 and 4 AU from the Sun , is called the asteroid belt . The asteroid belt initially contained more than enough matter to form 2 – 3 Earth @-@ like planets , and , indeed , a large number of planetesimals formed there . As with the terrestrials , planetesimals in this region later coalesced and formed 20 – 30 Moon- to Mars @-@ sized planetary embryos ; however , the proximity of Jupiter meant that after this planet formed , 3 million years after the Sun , the region 's history changed dramatically . Orbital resonances with Jupiter and Saturn are particularly strong in the asteroid belt , and gravitational interactions with more massive embryos scattered many planetesimals into those resonances . Jupiter 's gravity increased the velocity of objects within these resonances , causing them to shatter upon collision with other bodies , rather than accrete .
As Jupiter migrated inward following its formation ( see Planetary migration below ) , resonances would have swept across the asteroid belt , dynamically exciting the region 's population and increasing their velocities relative to each other . The cumulative action of the resonances and the embryos either scattered the planetesimals away from the asteroid belt or excited their orbital inclinations and eccentricities . Some of those massive embryos too were ejected by Jupiter , while others may have migrated to the inner Solar System and played a role in the final accretion of the terrestrial planets . During this primary depletion period , the effects of the giant planets and planetary embryos left the asteroid belt with a total mass equivalent to less than 1 % that of the Earth , composed mainly of small planetesimals . This is still 10 – 20 times more than the current mass in the main belt , which is now about 1 / 2 @,@ 000 M ⊕ . A secondary depletion period that brought the asteroid belt down close to its present mass is thought to have followed when Jupiter and Saturn entered a temporary 2 : 1 orbital resonance ( see below ) .
The inner Solar System 's period of giant impacts probably played a role in the Earth acquiring its current water content ( ~ 6 × 1021 kg ) from the early asteroid belt . Water is too volatile to have been present at Earth 's formation and must have been subsequently delivered from outer , colder parts of the Solar System . The water was probably delivered by planetary embryos and small planetesimals thrown out of the asteroid belt by Jupiter . A population of main @-@ belt comets discovered in 2006 has been also suggested as a possible source for Earth 's water . In contrast , comets from the Kuiper belt or farther regions delivered not more than about 6 % of Earth 's water . The panspermia hypothesis holds that life itself may have been deposited on Earth in this way , although this idea is not widely accepted .
= = = Planetary migration = = =
According to the nebular hypothesis , the outer two planets are in the " wrong place " . Uranus and Neptune ( known as the " ice giants " ) exist in a region where the reduced density of the solar nebula and longer orbital times render their formation highly implausible . The two are instead thought to have formed in orbits near Jupiter and Saturn , where more material was available , and to have migrated outward to their current positions over hundreds of millions of years .
The migration of the outer planets is also necessary to account for the existence and properties of the Solar System 's outermost regions . Beyond Neptune , the Solar System continues into the Kuiper belt , the scattered disc , and the Oort cloud , three sparse populations of small icy bodies thought to be the points of origin for most observed comets . At their distance from the Sun , accretion was too slow to allow planets to form before the solar nebula dispersed , and thus the initial disc lacked enough mass density to consolidate into a planet . The Kuiper belt lies between 30 and 55 AU from the Sun , while the farther scattered disc extends to over 100 AU , and the distant Oort cloud begins at about 50 @,@ 000 AU . Originally , however , the Kuiper belt was much denser and closer to the Sun , with an outer edge at approximately 30 AU . Its inner edge would have been just beyond the orbits of Uranus and Neptune , which were in turn far closer to the Sun when they formed ( most likely in the range of 15 – 20 AU ) , and in opposite locations , with Uranus farther from the Sun than Neptune .
According to the so @-@ called Nice model , after the formation of the Solar System , the orbits of all the giant planets continued to change slowly , influenced by their interaction with the large number of remaining planetesimals . After 500 – 600 million years ( about 4 billion years ago ) Jupiter and Saturn fell into a 2 : 1 resonance : Saturn orbited the Sun once for every two Jupiter orbits . This resonance created a gravitational push against the outer planets , causing Neptune to surge past Uranus and plough into the ancient Kuiper belt . The planets scattered the majority of the small icy bodies inwards , while themselves moving outwards . These planetesimals then scattered off the next planet they encountered in a similar manner , moving the planets ' orbits outwards while they moved inwards . This process continued until the planetesimals interacted with Jupiter , whose immense gravity sent them into highly elliptical orbits or even ejected them outright from the Solar System . This caused Jupiter to move slightly inward . Those objects scattered by Jupiter into highly elliptical orbits formed the Oort cloud ; those objects scattered to a lesser degree by the migrating Neptune formed the current Kuiper belt and scattered disc . This scenario explains the Kuiper belt 's and scattered disc 's present low mass . Some of the scattered objects , including Pluto , became gravitationally tied to Neptune 's orbit , forcing them into mean @-@ motion resonances . Eventually , friction within the planetesimal disc made the orbits of Uranus and Neptune circular again .
In contrast to the outer planets , the inner planets are not thought to have migrated significantly over the age of the Solar System , because their orbits have remained stable following the period of giant impacts .
Another question is why Mars came out so small compared with Earth . A study by Southwest Research Institute , San Antonio , Texas , published June 6 , 2011 ( called the Grand Tack Hypothesis ) , proposes that Jupiter had migrated inward to 1 @.@ 5 AU . After Saturn formed , migrated inward , and established the 2 : 3 mean motion resonance with Jupiter , the study assumes that both planets migrated back to their present positions . Jupiter thus would have consumed much of the material that would have created a bigger Mars . The same simulations also reproduce the characteristics of the modern asteroid belt , with dry asteroids and water @-@ rich objects similar to comets . However , it is unclear whether conditions in the solar nebula would have allowed Jupiter and Saturn to move back to their current positions , and according to current estimates this possibility appears unlikely . Moreover , alternative explanations for the small mass of Mars exist .
= = = Late Heavy Bombardment and after = = =
Gravitational disruption from the outer planets ' migration would have sent large numbers of asteroids into the inner Solar System , severely depleting the original belt until it reached today 's extremely low mass . This event may have triggered the Late Heavy Bombardment that occurred approximately 4 billion years ago , 500 – 600 million years after the formation of the Solar System . This period of heavy bombardment lasted several hundred million years and is evident in the cratering still visible on geologically dead bodies of the inner Solar System such as the Moon and Mercury . The oldest known evidence for life on Earth dates to 3 @.@ 8 billion years ago — almost immediately after the end of the Late Heavy Bombardment .
Impacts are thought to be a regular ( if currently infrequent ) part of the evolution of the Solar System . That they continue to happen is evidenced by the collision of Comet Shoemaker – Levy 9 with Jupiter in 1994 , the 2009 Jupiter impact event , the Tunguska event , the Chelyabinsk meteor and the impact feature Meteor Crater in Arizona . The process of accretion , therefore , is not complete , and may still pose a threat to life on Earth .
Over the course of the Solar System 's evolution , comets were ejected out of the inner Solar System by the gravity of the giant planets , and sent thousands of AU outward to form the Oort cloud , a spherical outer swarm of cometary nuclei at the farthest extent of the Sun 's gravitational pull . Eventually , after about 800 million years , the gravitational disruption caused by galactic tides , passing stars and giant molecular clouds began to deplete the cloud , sending comets into the inner Solar System . The evolution of the outer Solar System also appears to have been influenced by space weathering from the solar wind , micrometeorites , and the neutral components of the interstellar medium .
The evolution of the asteroid belt after Late Heavy Bombardment was mainly governed by collisions . Objects with large mass have enough gravity to retain any material ejected by a violent collision . In the asteroid belt this usually is not the case . As a result , many larger objects have been broken apart , and sometimes newer objects have been forged from the remnants in less violent collisions . Moons around some asteroids currently can only be explained as consolidations of material flung away from the parent object without enough energy to entirely escape its gravity .
= = Moons = =
Moons have come to exist around most planets and many other Solar System bodies . These natural satellites originated by one of three possible mechanisms :
Co @-@ formation from a circum @-@ planetary disc ( only in the cases of the giant planets ) ;
Formation from impact debris ( given a large enough impact at a shallow angle ) ; and
Capture of a passing object .
Jupiter and Saturn have several large moons , such as Io , Europa , Ganymede and Titan , which may have originated from discs around each giant planet in much the same way that the planets formed from the disc around the Sun . This origin is indicated by the large sizes of the moons and their proximity to the planet . These attributes are impossible to achieve via capture , while the gaseous nature of the primaries also make formation from collision debris unlikely . The outer moons of the giant planets tend to be small and have eccentric orbits with arbitrary inclinations . These are the characteristics expected of captured bodies . Most such moons orbit in the direction opposite the rotation of their primary . The largest irregular moon is Neptune 's moon Triton , which is thought to be a captured Kuiper belt object .
Moons of solid Solar System bodies have been created by both collisions and capture . Mars 's two small moons , Deimos and Phobos , are thought to be captured asteroids . The Earth 's Moon is thought to have formed as a result of a single , large oblique collision . The impacting object probably had a mass comparable to that of Mars , and the impact probably occurred near the end of the period of giant impacts . The collision kicked into orbit some of the impactor 's mantle , which then coalesced into the Moon . The impact was probably the last in the series of mergers that formed the Earth . It has been further hypothesized that the Mars @-@ sized object may have formed at one of the stable Earth – Sun Lagrangian points ( either L4 or L5 ) and drifted from its position . The moons of trans @-@ Neptunian objects Pluto ( Charon ) and Orcus ( Vanth ) may also have formed by means of a large collision : the Pluto – Charon , Orcus – Vanth and Earth – Moon systems are unusual in the Solar System in that the satellite 's mass is at least 1 % that of the larger body .
= = Future = =
Astronomers estimate that the Solar System as we know it today will not change drastically until the Sun has fused almost all the hydrogen fuel in its core into helium , beginning its evolution from the main sequence of the Hertzsprung – Russell diagram and into its red @-@ giant phase . Even so , the Solar System will continue to evolve until then .
= = = Long @-@ term stability = = =
The Solar System is chaotic over million- and billion @-@ year timescales , with the orbits of the planets open to long @-@ term variations . One notable example of this chaos is the Neptune – Pluto system , which lies in a 3 : 2 orbital resonance . Although the resonance itself will remain stable , it becomes impossible to predict the position of Pluto with any degree of accuracy more than 10 – 20 million years ( the Lyapunov time ) into the future . Another example is Earth 's axial tilt , which , due to friction raised within Earth 's mantle by tidal interactions with the Moon ( see below ) , will be incomputable at some point between 1 @.@ 5 and 4 @.@ 5 billion years from now .
The outer planets ' orbits are chaotic over longer timescales , with a Lyapunov time in the range of 2 – 230 million years . In all cases this means that the position of a planet along its orbit ultimately becomes impossible to predict with any certainty ( so , for example , the timing of winter and summer become uncertain ) , but in some cases the orbits themselves may change dramatically . Such chaos manifests most strongly as changes in eccentricity , with some planets ' orbits becoming significantly more — or less — elliptical .
Ultimately , the Solar System is stable in that none of the planets are likely to collide with each other or be ejected from the system in the next few billion years . Beyond this , within five billion years or so Mars 's eccentricity may grow to around 0 @.@ 2 , such that it lies on an Earth @-@ crossing orbit , leading to a potential collision . In the same timescale , Mercury 's eccentricity may grow even further , and a close encounter with Venus could theoretically eject it from the Solar System altogether or send it on a collision course with Venus or Earth . This could happen within a billion years , according to numerical simulations in which Mercury 's orbit is perturbed .
= = = Moon – ring systems = = =
The evolution of moon systems is driven by tidal forces . A moon will raise a tidal bulge in the object it orbits ( the primary ) due to the differential gravitational force across diameter of the primary . If a moon is revolving in the same direction as the planet 's rotation and the planet is rotating faster than the orbital period of the moon , the bulge will constantly be pulled ahead of the moon . In this situation , angular momentum is transferred from the rotation of the primary to the revolution of the satellite . The moon gains energy and gradually spirals outward , while the primary rotates more slowly over time .
The Earth and its Moon are one example of this configuration . Today , the Moon is tidally locked to the Earth ; one of its revolutions around the Earth ( currently about 29 days ) is equal to one of its rotations about its axis , so it always shows one face to the Earth . The Moon will continue to recede from Earth , and Earth 's spin will continue to slow gradually . In about 50 billion years , if they survive the Sun 's expansion , the Earth and Moon will become tidally locked to each other ; each will be caught up in what is called a " spin – orbit resonance " in which the Moon will circle the Earth in about 47 days and both Moon and Earth will rotate around their axes in the same time , each only visible from one hemisphere of the other . Other examples are the Galilean moons of Jupiter ( as well as many of Jupiter 's smaller moons ) and most of the larger moons of Saturn .
A different scenario occurs when the moon is either revolving around the primary faster than the primary rotates , or is revolving in the direction opposite the planet 's rotation . In these cases , the tidal bulge lags behind the moon in its orbit . In the former case , the direction of angular momentum transfer is reversed , so the rotation of the primary speeds up while the satellite 's orbit shrinks . In the latter case , the angular momentum of the rotation and revolution have opposite signs , so transfer leads to decreases in the magnitude of each ( that cancel each other out ) . In both cases , tidal deceleration causes the moon to spiral in towards the primary until it either is torn apart by tidal stresses , potentially creating a planetary ring system , or crashes into the planet 's surface or atmosphere . Such a fate awaits the moons Phobos of Mars ( within 30 to 50 million years ) , Triton of Neptune ( in 3 @.@ 6 billion years ) , Metis and Adrastea of Jupiter , and at least 16 small satellites of Uranus and Neptune . Uranus 's Desdemona may even collide with one of its neighboring moons .
A third possibility is where the primary and moon are tidally locked to each other . In that case , the tidal bulge stays directly under the moon , there is no transfer of angular momentum , and the orbital period will not change . Pluto and Charon are an example of this type of configuration .
Prior to the 2004 arrival of the Cassini – Huygens spacecraft , the rings of Saturn were widely thought to be much younger than the Solar System and were not expected to survive beyond another 300 million years . Gravitational interactions with Saturn 's moons were expected to gradually sweep the rings ' outer edge toward the planet , with abrasion by meteorites and Saturn 's gravity eventually taking the rest , leaving Saturn unadorned . However , data from the Cassini mission led scientists to revise that early view . Observations revealed 10 km @-@ wide icy clumps of material that repeatedly break apart and reform , keeping the rings fresh . Saturn 's rings are far more massive than the rings of the other giant planets . This large mass is thought to have preserved Saturn 's rings since it first formed 4 @.@ 5 billion years ago , and is likely to preserve them for billions of years to come .
= = = The Sun and planetary environments = = =
In the long term , the greatest changes in the Solar System will come from changes in the Sun itself as it ages . As the Sun burns through its supply of hydrogen fuel , it gets hotter and burns the remaining fuel even faster . As a result , the Sun is growing brighter at a rate of ten percent every 1 @.@ 1 billion years . In one billion years ' time , as the Sun 's radiation output increases , its circumstellar habitable zone will move outwards , making the Earth 's surface too hot for liquid water to exist there naturally . At this point , all life on land will become extinct . Evaporation of water , a potent greenhouse gas , from the oceans ' surface could accelerate temperature increase , potentially ending all life on Earth even sooner . During this time , it is possible that as Mars 's surface temperature gradually rises , carbon dioxide and water currently frozen under the surface regolith will release into the atmosphere , creating a greenhouse effect that will heat the planet until it achieves conditions parallel to Earth today , providing a potential future abode for life . By 3 @.@ 5 billion years from now , Earth 's surface conditions will be similar to those of Venus today .
Around 5 @.@ 4 billion years from now , the core of the Sun will become hot enough to trigger hydrogen fusion in its surrounding shell . This will cause the outer layers of the star to expand greatly , and the star will enter a phase of its life in which it is called a red giant . Within 7 @.@ 5 billion years , the Sun will have expanded to a radius of 1 @.@ 2 AU — 256 times its current size . At the tip of the red giant branch , as a result of the vastly increased surface area , the Sun 's surface will be much cooler ( about 2600 K ) than now and its luminosity much higher — up to 2 @,@ 700 current solar luminosities . For part of its red giant life , the Sun will have a strong stellar wind that will carry away around 33 % of its mass . During these times , it is possible that Saturn 's moon Titan could achieve surface temperatures necessary to support life .
As the Sun expands , it will swallow the planets Mercury and Venus . Earth 's fate is less clear ; although the Sun will envelop Earth 's current orbit , the star 's loss of mass ( and thus weaker gravity ) will cause the planets ' orbits to move farther out . If it were only for this , Venus and Earth would probably escape incineration , but a 2008 study suggests that Earth will likely be swallowed up as a result of tidal interactions with the Sun 's weakly bound outer envelope .
Gradually , the hydrogen burning in the shell around the solar core will increase the mass of the core until it reaches about 45 % of the present solar mass . At this point the density and temperature will become so high that the fusion of helium into carbon will begin , leading to a helium flash ; the Sun will shrink from around 250 to 11 times its present ( main @-@ sequence ) radius . Consequently , its luminosity will decrease from around 3 @,@ 000 to 54 times its current level , and its surface temperature will increase to about 4770 K. The Sun will become a horizontal giant , burning helium in its core in a stable fashion much like it burns hydrogen today . The helium @-@ fusing stage will last only 100 million years . Eventually , it will have to again resort to the reserves of hydrogen and helium in its outer layers and will expand a second time , turning into what is known as an asymptotic giant . Here the luminosity of the Sun will increase again , reaching about 2 @,@ 090 present luminosities , and it will cool to about 3500 K. This phase lasts about 30 million years , after which , over the course of a further 100 @,@ 000 years , the Sun 's remaining outer layers will fall away , ejecting a vast stream of matter into space and forming a halo known ( misleadingly ) as a planetary nebula . The ejected material will contain the helium and carbon produced by the Sun 's nuclear reactions , continuing the enrichment of the interstellar medium with heavy elements for future generations of stars .
This is a relatively peaceful event , nothing akin to a supernova , which the Sun is too small to undergo as part of its evolution . Any observer present to witness this occurrence would see a massive increase in the speed of the solar wind , but not enough to destroy a planet completely . However , the star 's loss of mass could send the orbits of the surviving planets into chaos , causing some to collide , others to be ejected from the Solar System , and still others to be torn apart by tidal interactions . Afterwards , all that will remain of the Sun is a white dwarf , an extraordinarily dense object , 54 % its original mass but only the size of the Earth . Initially , this white dwarf may be 100 times as luminous as the Sun is now . It will consist entirely of degenerate carbon and oxygen , but will never reach temperatures hot enough to fuse these elements . Thus the white dwarf Sun will gradually cool , growing dimmer and dimmer .
As the Sun dies , its gravitational pull on the orbiting bodies such as planets , comets and asteroids will weaken due to its mass loss . All remaining planets ' orbits will expand ; if Venus , Earth , and Mars still exist , their orbits will lie roughly at 1 @.@ 4 AU ( 210 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 km ) , 1 @.@ 9 AU ( 280 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 km ) , and 2 @.@ 8 AU ( 420 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 km ) . They and the other remaining planets will become dark , frigid hulks , completely devoid of any form of life . They will continue to orbit their star , their speed slowed due to their increased distance from the Sun and the Sun 's reduced gravity . Two billion years later , when the Sun has cooled to the 6000 – 8000K range , the carbon and oxygen in the Sun 's core will freeze , with over 90 % of its remaining mass assuming a crystalline structure . Eventually , after billions more years , the Sun will finally cease to shine altogether , becoming a black dwarf .
= = Galactic interaction = =
The Solar System travels alone through the Milky Way in a circular orbit approximately 30 @,@ 000 light years from the Galactic Centre . Its speed is about 220 km / s . The period required for the Solar System to complete one revolution around the Galactic Centre , the galactic year , is in the range of 220 – 250 million years . Since its formation , the Solar System has completed at least 20 such revolutions .
Various scientists have speculated that the Solar System 's path through the galaxy is a factor in the periodicity of mass extinctions observed in the Earth 's fossil record . One hypothesis supposes that vertical oscillations made by the Sun as it orbits the Galactic Centre cause it to regularly pass through the galactic plane . When the Sun 's orbit takes it outside the galactic disc , the influence of the galactic tide is weaker ; as it re @-@ enters the galactic disc , as it does every 20 – 25 million years , it comes under the influence of the far stronger " disc tides " , which , according to mathematical models , increase the flux of Oort cloud comets into the Solar System by a factor of 4 , leading to a massive increase in the likelihood of a devastating impact .
However , others argue that the Sun is currently close to the galactic plane , and yet the last great extinction event was 15 million years ago . Therefore , the Sun 's vertical position cannot alone explain such periodic extinctions , and that extinctions instead occur when the Sun passes through the galaxy 's spiral arms . Spiral arms are home not only to larger numbers of molecular clouds , whose gravity may distort the Oort cloud , but also to higher concentrations of bright blue giants , which live for relatively short periods and then explode violently as supernovae .
= = = Galactic collision and planetary disruption = = =
Although the vast majority of galaxies in the Universe are moving away from the Milky Way , the Andromeda Galaxy , the largest member of the Local Group of galaxies , is heading toward it at about 120 km / s . In 4 billion years , Andromeda and the Milky Way will collide , causing both to deform as tidal forces distort their outer arms into vast tidal tails . If this initial disruption occurs , astronomers calculate a 12 % chance that the Solar System will be pulled outward into the Milky Way 's tidal tail and a 3 % chance that it will become gravitationally bound to Andromeda and thus a part of that galaxy . After a further series of glancing blows , during which the likelihood of the Solar System 's ejection rises to 30 % , the galaxies ' supermassive black holes will merge . Eventually , in roughly 6 billion years , the Milky Way and Andromeda will complete their merger into a giant elliptical galaxy . During the merger , if there is enough gas , the increased gravity will force the gas to the centre of the forming elliptical galaxy . This may lead to a short period of intensive star formation called a starburst . In addition , the infalling gas will feed the newly formed black hole , transforming it into an active galactic nucleus . The force of these interactions will likely push the Solar System into the new galaxy 's outer halo , leaving it relatively unscathed by the radiation from these collisions .
It is a common misconception that this collision will disrupt the orbits of the planets in the Solar System . Although it is true that the gravity of passing stars can detach planets into interstellar space , distances between stars are so great that the likelihood of the Milky Way – Andromeda collision causing such disruption to any individual star system is negligible . Although the Solar System as a whole could be affected by these events , the Sun and planets are not expected to be disturbed .
However , over time , the cumulative probability of a chance encounter with a star increases , and disruption of the planets becomes all but inevitable . Assuming that the Big Crunch or Big Rip scenarios for the end of the Universe do not occur , calculations suggest that the gravity of passing stars will have completely stripped the dead Sun of its remaining planets within 1 quadrillion ( 1015 ) years . This point marks the end of the Solar System . Although the Sun and planets may survive , the Solar System , in any meaningful sense , will cease to exist .
= = Chronology = =
The time frame of the Solar System 's formation has been determined using radiometric dating . Scientists estimate that the Solar System is 4 @.@ 6 billion years old . The oldest known mineral grains on Earth are approximately 4 @.@ 4 billion years old . Rocks this old are rare , as Earth 's surface is constantly being reshaped by erosion , volcanism , and plate tectonics . To estimate the age of the Solar System , scientists use meteorites , which were formed during the early condensation of the solar nebula . Almost all meteorites ( see the Canyon Diablo meteorite ) are found to have an age of 4 @.@ 6 billion years , suggesting that the Solar System must be at least this old .
Studies of discs around other stars have also done much to establish a time frame for Solar System formation . Stars between one and three million years old have discs rich in gas , whereas discs around stars more than 10 million years old have little to no gas , suggesting that giant planets within them have ceased forming .
= = = Timeline of Solar System evolution = = =
Note : All dates and times in this chronology are approximate and should be taken as an order of magnitude indicator only .
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= Hex Enduction Hour =
Hex Enduction Hour is the fourth studio album by the English post @-@ punk band the Fall . Released on 8 March 1982 , it builds on the low @-@ fidelity production values and caustic lyrical content of their earlier recordings . Fall frontman Mark E. Smith establishes an abrasive Northern aesthetic built in part from the 20th century literary traditions of kitchen sink and magic realism . Smith described it as an often satirical , but deliberate reaction to the contemporary music scene ; a stand against " bland bastards like Elvis Costello and Spandau Ballet ... [ and ] all that shit . "
Recording began during a 1981 three concert visit of Iceland , when Smith was inspired both by the otherworldliness of the landscape , its history and the enthusiasm of an audience unused to visiting rock groups . The Fall recorded " Hip Priest " , " Iceland " and non @-@ album single " Look , Know " at the Hljóðriti studio in Reykjavík , and the remaining tracks in a disused cinema in Hitchin , Hertfordshire on their return to England . The album was widely praised on release as fully capturing their aggressive live sound . The UK recordings and later promotion were funded by the independent record label Kamera following a bitter and protracted dispute between Smith and former label Rough Trade Records . Hex Enduction Hour was well received by critics , and sold well relative to its release on a small label , and earned The Fall their first UK Albums Chart placing at No. 71 . Today it is considered a hallmark of the post @-@ punk era .
= = Background and recording = =
By 1981 the Fall had released three critically acclaimed albums , but band leader Mark E Smith felt they were undervalued and poorly supported by their label Rough Trade Records , whom he regarded as " a bunch of well meaning but inept hippies " . He felt constrained by the label 's ethos and worried that the Fall were in danger of becoming " just another Rough Trade band " . Frustrated and believing his career was nearing its end , Smith made overtures to other labels , and found kindred adventurous spirits at heavy metal specialists Kamera records . He proposed that Kamera record the band 's final album , which he wanted to last exactly one hour . They had already recorded several songs at the Hljóðriti studio in Reykjavík during their 1981 visit . Hljóðriti had lava walls , which according to Smith have a sound as if they had played in an igloo , which critics agree was a large factor in giving the songs their otherworldly ambience .
Smith wanted to record the remaining album tracks in a relatively open space , eventually using a disused cinema in Hitchin . He had hoped that the ambience of such a space would begin to resemble their live sound . Kamera agreed to pay costs for the post Iceland recordings , which were mostly songs that appeared in their October 1981 UK tour . Smith was impressed by their openness and signed , relieved to be free of Rough Trade . The uncertainty around a label change , and Smith 's doubts over The Fall 's longevity , seep into and contribute to the album 's edgy and unsettled sound . Music critic John Doran described " Hex " as the work of a band with a gun pressed to their heads .
Hex Enduction Hour takes influence from the Velvet Underground 's " Sister Ray " , Captain Beefheart and the early 1970s Krautrock band Can . Smith has said that the title was intended to invoke witchcraft , but that the word Enduction was made up , a word he just liked the sound of . His vocals are higher in the mix than on previous Fall releases and were described in 1982 by Sounds as " emerg [ ing ] like a loudhailer from a fog of guitar scratch " . The songs were deliberately produced in a raw and low @-@ fi approach by Smith , Grant Showbiz and Richard Mazda in a sound described at the time as a " well produced noise " that was acceptable by Fall standards . Critic Mark Storace claimed that he " could have done a better job on a 4 @-@ track if I was pissed out of my head " . Smith responded by saying that " nowadays people just can 't just shut up if they don 't know what they 're talking about . " Elaborating on the purposely amateurish production values , Smith remarked that " it was all recorded in deliberately bad places ... deliberately simple sort of thing . Three songs were written at rehearsal and done the next time . "
= = Music and lyrics = =
The album was their first to include Karl Burns and Paul Hanley in the band 's classic two @-@ drummer lineup . Smith intended the album 's lyrics " to be like reading a really good book . You have a couple of beers , sit down and immerse yourself . None of those fuckers Elvis Costello or Spandau Ballet did that " . Hex Enduction Hour was written during an unusually prolific period in his career . Many of the tracks had already been dropped from their live set by the time they visited Australia and New Zealand in the autumn of 1982 . The earlier single , " Look , Know " was recorded during the Icelandic sessions but not included on the album . This was characteristic of Smith 's " never look back " approach .
The opening track " The Classical " acts as a statement of intent similar to " Crap Rap 2 / Like to Blow " on their debut album Live at the Witch Trials . Whereas on that song Smith described himself as " Northern white crap that talks back " , on the opening lines of Hex Enduction Hour he complains that the fact that contemporary music lacks culture is his " brag " , observing that a " taste for bullshit reveals a lust for a home of office " and references " obligatory niggers " , before accusingly shouting " Hey there , fuckface , hey there , fuckface " . Pavement released a less offensive , sanitised cover of the track in the early 1990s , and Smith dismissed them later as mere Fall copyists . " Jawbone and the Air Rifle " depicts a nightmare folklorish tale of a poacher ( described as a " Rabbit Killer " ) bored by a decades @-@ old marriage who escapes by roaming the local countryside at night hunting prey . One night the protagonist " lets out a misplaced shot " which draws the Hex of the ' Broken Brothers Pentacle Church ' . The song 's main focal point is towards the end when the lyrics detail a series of semi @-@ religious , semi @-@ pagan horrific and repeating hallucinations .
" Hip Priest " was recorded in Iceland in a single take , and is one of Smith 's most personal songs , apparently written in bemusement following a recent rise in the band 's popularity . The track has been compared to dub but in its Northern bleakness if " it had been invented in a drizzly motorway rather than in recording studios in Jamaica . " " Hip Priest " was re @-@ recorded in 1988 in a glam rock style as " Big New Prinz " for the album " I Am Kurious Oranj " . An excerpt of " Hip Priest " was used in 1991 in a closing scenes of Jonathan Demme 's film The Silence of the Lambs .
" Fortress / Deer Park " starts with a Casio VL @-@ 1 rhythm preset , same as used by Trio on their 1982 hit single " Da Da Da " . Its lyrics form a broad and jaundiced look at English culture and subcultures in the early 1980s . It mentions [ fucking ] Jimmy Savile while the lines " I took a walk down W11 ; I had to walk through 500 European punks " are a dry put @-@ down of the fashion @-@ oriented .
" Winter " comprises two songs broken by a fade out and fade in ; " Winter ( Hostel @-@ Maxi ) " closes side one of the record , " Winter 2 " opens side two . The tracks were described by Smith in early press releases as " concerning an insane child who is taken over by a spirit from the mind of a cooped @-@ up alcoholic " . During the intro of " Winter ( Hostel @-@ Maxi ) " , the narrator describes waiting , hungover , in the early afternoon for the pubs to open . The remainder of the song consists of descriptions of and encounters with a dry out house , a cleaning lady , a feminist wearing anti @-@ nicotine and anti @-@ nuclear badges , and a " half @-@ wit " child . After this the lyrics move towards magic realism and ad @-@ libbed inscrutability : " The mad kid had four lights : the average is two point @-@ five @-@ lights ; the mediocre is two lights " .
" Who Makes the Nazis " mentions the philosopher Colin Wilson before concluding that Nazis are born of " intellectual halfwits " . The track contains a number of sounds played through a dictaphone , a device that was to feature heavily in later Fall albums , most notably This Nation 's Saving Grace .
" Iceland " was improvised in a single take . Smith was taken by a country which he described in 2008 as still inaccessible and " totally unlike what it is now . Beer was against the law . You could only drink shit like pints of peach schnapps " . It consists of a two note piano figure and a banjo part , over which Smith played a tape recording he had made of the wind howling outside his bedroom window . According to guitarist Marc Riley , " He [ Smith ] just said he needed a tune , something Dylanish , and we knocked around on the piano in the studio and came up with that . But we hadn 't heard the words until he suddenly did them . " The line " Fall down flat in the Cafe Iol without a glance from the clientele " describes an incident that had happened to Smith that morning . He had tripped in a nearby cafe and fallen across several tables . He was surprised by the lack of response from the other customers , who seemed to have dismissed him as just another drunk .
The closing track , " And This Day " originally lasted about 25 minutes ; but was edited down to ten minutes to fit the album 's length , it still remains one of the longest studio songs by The Fall .
= = Cover art = =
Hex Enduction Hour 's all @-@ white cover with scribbles was described by music critic Robertson as " meticulously shoddy " . It consists of a series of biro scribbles laid down by Smith . The markings are mostly random rhetorical phrases and sentence fragments such as " Lie @-@ Dream 80 % of 10 % OR 6 % over no less than 1 / 4 = ? ? ? ? ? ? " , " Hail Sainsbury 's ! " , " CHUMMY LIFESTYLE " , " HAVE A BLEEDIN GUESS " and " CIGS . SMOKED HERE " . In an interview with Sounds that summer , Smith mentioned that he liked art work to reflect the album content and that his graphic choices reflected his attitude to music . He mentioned how he was drawn to cheap and misspelt posters , amateur layouts of local papers and printed cash and carry signs with " inverted commas where you don 't need them " .
The album art was seen by many within the industry as coarse and lacking accepted layout or typographical qualities . HMV would only shelve the sleeve back to front on their racking shelves .
= = Reception = =
Hex Enduction Hour was the first Fall album to make the UK Albums Chart , where it spent three weeks , peaking at no . 71 . By mid @-@ 1983 it had sold twenty thousand copies , reflecting a surge in the band 's popularity , and five years into their career brought them to the attention of record labels . Critics were highly enthusiastic ; according to Simon Ford , they could " have hardly been more supportive " . Reviewing the album in the NME , Richard Cook described the band as tighter and more disciplined than in earlier recordings , " their master piece to date " , while still maintaining their impact . He praised their having utilised recording studio techniques and atmospherics without resorting to glamorisation . Melody Maker 's Colin Irwin said it was " incredibly exciting and utterly compelling " . A dissenter was Neil McCormick of Irish fortnightly Hot Press , who dismissed the album as second hand melodramatic punk , and wondered if the album was " meant to be minimalist or primitive then it fatally ignores the true primitivism of the strong melody and accessible lyrics found in folk music . "
Later , Record Collector described the album as a " taut , twitchy and ominous masterclass in DIY post @-@ punk " , and singled out Smith 's lyrics for praise . The Quietus , in 2009 , wrote of the album as " arguably ... The Fall 's mightiest hour " , while Stylus Magazine wrote that " Hex demonstrates the culmination of ' early ' Fall : a monolithic beast of ragged grooves piloted through the embittering miasma of English society by the verbose acidity / Joycean all @-@ inclusiveness of Mark E. Smith . " Pitchfork listed Hex Enduction Hour as the 33rd best album of the 1980s .
According to Smith , the album 's lyrics had a negative impact on their later career . In 1984 Motown Records expressed interest in signing the band to a new UK division , with a provisional offer of a £ 46 @,@ 000 upfront advance . The label executive asked to hear something from their back catalogue . Hex was the only album Smith had to hand , and remembered thinking , " when he hears that , we 've had it . " The rejection letter stated that the label saw " no commercial potential in this band whatsoever " . Smith believes this was due to the " obligatory niggers " line from the opening track " The Classical " .
= = Re @-@ issues = =
The album went out of print when the Kamera label folded in 1983 , but a German edition on the Line imprint remained available , with copies pressed on white vinyl . Line issued a CD edition , flat transferred from a later generation tape . In 2002 , a new edition titled Hex Enduction Hour + ( adding both sides of the " Look , Know " single ) was released via Smith 's Cog Sinister imprint .
The album was remastered and issued in 2005 by Sanctuary Records , along with a disc of bonus live material . Smith conceded that the remastering was an improvement , but when asked if he liked the bonus live tracks he admitted that he hadn 't listened " that far " .
= = Track listing = =
All lyrics written by Mark E. Smith .
= = Personnel = =
The Fall
Karl Burns – drums , backing vocals , tape operation on " Fortress / Deer Park "
Kay Carroll – percussion , backing vocals
Paul Hanley – drums , guitar on " Winter "
Steve Hanley – bass guitar , backing vocals , xylophone on " Hip Priest "
Marc Riley – electronic organ , guitar , piano , backing vocals , banjo on " Iceland "
Craig Scanlon – guitar , backing vocals , piano on " Iceland "
Mark E. Smith – vocals , tape operation on " Fortress / Deer Park " and " Iceland " , guitar , production , cover design
Technical personnel
Richard Mazda – production
Alan Skinner – cover design
Tony J. Sutcliffe – engineering
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= New Jersey Route 21 =
Route 21 is a highway in northern New Jersey , running 14 @.@ 35 mi ( 23 @.@ 09 km ) from the Newark Airport Interchange with U.S. Route 1 / 9 and U.S. Route 22 in Newark , Essex County to an interchange with U.S. Route 46 in Clifton , Passaic County . The route is a four- to six @-@ lane divided highway known as McCarter Highway on its southern portion in Newark that serves as a connector between the Newark and Paterson areas , following the west bank of the Passaic River for much of its length . It also serves as the main north – south highway through the central part of Newark , connecting attractions in downtown Newark with the Newark Liberty International Airport . The portion of Route 21 through Newark is a surface arterial that runs alongside the elevated Northeast Corridor rail line through the southern part of the city and continues north through Downtown Newark while the portion north of Downtown Newark is a freeway . Route 21 intersects many major roads including Interstate 78 , Route 27 , and Interstate 280 in Newark , Route 7 in Belleville , and Route 3 in Clifton .
Route 21 was created in 1927 to run from Newark to Belleville . In 1948 , the route was extended north to Paterson . In the 1950s construction began on the freeway portion of Route 21 and it was completed in stages between Chester Avenue in Newark and Monroe Street in Passaic between 1958 and 1973 . Plans were made to extend the freeway north to Interstate 80 in Elmwood Park ; however , they were opposed by residents living on the east side of the Passaic River . In the 1980s , another northern extension of the Route 21 freeway was proposed to U.S. Route 46 in Clifton ; this section was built between 1997 and 2000 . The surface portion of Route 21 through Newark underwent many improvements in the 1990s and 2000s .
= = Route description = =
= = = Essex County = = =
Route 21 heads north from the Newark Airport Interchange with U.S. Route 1 / 9 and U.S. Route 22 in Newark near the Newark Liberty International Airport on the six @-@ lane , divided McCarter Highway . This portion of Route 21 serves to connect Newark Liberty with downtown Newark . The route interchanges with Interstate 78 and then crosses over the Northeast Corridor rail line on a viaduct , coming to an interchange with Broad Street that provides access to Route 27 . The route continues north , paralleling the elevated Northeast Corridor ( former Pennsylvania Railroad ) tracks that lead up to Newark Penn Station . At the Emmet Street intersection , Route 21 becomes a four @-@ lane , undivided road and intersects Murray Street , which provides access to the Ironbound neighborhood of Newark . This section of Route 21 through the southern part of Newark has a high accident rate due to the heavy concentration of businesses and traffic lights along this portion of road . The road widens to six lanes and the route intersects County Route 510 ( Market Street ) near Newark Penn Station and continues north into downtown Newark , splitting from the Northeast Corridor rail line . It crosses Raymond Boulevard and the route meets County Route 508 ( Center Street ) , with which it forms a concurrency .
Route 21 and County Route 508 head along the west bank of the Passaic River , passing by the New Jersey Performing Arts Center . County Route 508 splits from Route 21 by heading east on Bridge Street , crossing the Passaic River , and Route 21 continues north , passing by Bears & Eagles Riverfront Stadium before interchanging with Interstate 280 . The route intersects County Route 506 Spur ( Clay Street ) . Past the intersection with 3rd Avenue , Route 21 becomes a six @-@ lane freeway . After about a quarter mile , the northbound side swings under the southbound side and the freeway becomes a double @-@ decker , passes by Mt . Pleasant Cemetery , and returns to single @-@ decker configuration . It then interchanges with Chester Avenue / Riverside Avenue with a southbound exit and northbound entrance . Route 21 comes to a northbound exit and southbound entrance for Grafton Avenue and Mill Street ; this interchange actually connects with the originally McCarter Highway , a street that retains this name and acts as a service road to Route 21 for a few blocks in this area . Route 21 briefly becomes a double @-@ decker freeway again past the latter interchange , before crossing into Belleville at the Second River crossing . The freeway features a southbound exit for Mill Street and a northbound exit for Route 7 and County Route 506 ( Rutgers Street / Belleville Turnpike ) as it passes by houses on the left side of the freeway . Route 21 features an interchange with Main Street that has a southbound exit and an entrance in both directions . It enters Nutley where the freeway interchanges with County Route 646 ( Park Avenue ) , continuing north through residential areas along the Passaic River .
= = = Passaic County = = =
Route 21 crosses into Clifton , Passaic County . It passes under Route 3 and comes to an interchange that provides access to that route . Past Route 3 , the freeway comes to a northbound exit and southbound entrance for southbound County Route 624 ( River Road ) , passing through residential neighborhoods , and enters Passaic . In Passaic , Route 21 interchanges with County Route 608 ( Brook Avenue ) , County Route 614 ( Van Houten Avenue ) , and County Route 624 . The route features an interchange with County Route 624 ( River Drive ) and County Route 601 ( Main Avenue ) and meets State Street at a partial interchange with a northbound exit and southbound entrance . It provide access to the Union Avenue Bridge over the Passaic . Route 21 briefly enters Wallington , Bergen County before crossing back into Passaic , where it heads farther to the west of the Passaic River , passing through industrial and residential areas of Passaic . The freeway comes to an interchange that provides access to County Route 619 ( Market Street ) , Dayton Avenue , and Monroe Street . Route 21 continues to the north and resumes along the west bank of the Passaic River , narrowing to four lanes and crossing back into Clifton . Upon entering Clifton , the route comes to an interchange with Ackerman Avenue . The freeway heads to the northwest , passing by a park and featuring a southbound exit and northbound entrance for Lexington Avenue before ending at an interchange with U.S. Route 46 .
= = History = =
Route 21 was first defined in the 1927 New Jersey state highway renumbering to run from Route 25 ( now U.S. Route 1 / 9 ) and Route 29 ( now U.S. Route 22 ) in Newark north to Belleville . The surface portion of Route 21 in Newark , which follows the Northeast Corridor rail line , was commissioned in 1934 between Routes 25 and 29 and Market Street and the portion through downtown Newark was commissioned in 1936 between Market Street and Clay Street . In 1948 , the Route 21 designation was extended north to Paterson .
Plans for a freeway along the Route 21 corridor between Newark and Paterson date back to the early 1930s and became official in 1951 . In 1958 , the highway was extended northward as a freeway along the west bank of the Passaic River to an interchange with Park Avenue in Nutley . Route 21 was extended to the Passaic Park interchange in 1962 , Main Avenue in 1968 , and Monroe Street in 1973 . With the completion of the freeway , a portion of the former route was briefly known as Route 21A .
The Route 21 freeway was planned to extend north to Interstate 80 in Elmwood Park at the interchange with County Route 507 , crossing over the Passaic River . However , this extension was opposed by residents who lived on the east side of the Passaic River , and for a quarter @-@ century , traffic headed for Paterson had to use local streets in Passaic . In the 1980s , plans were resurrected for completing the Route 21 freeway along the west bank of the Passaic River to U.S. Route 46 in Clifton . Official plans were made in 1996 , and in late 1997 , construction began on this portion of the freeway . It opened on December 20 , 2000 at a cost of $ 136 million .
Sections of Route 21 through Newark were improved in the 1990s and the 2000s . The four @-@ lane viaduct over the Northeast Corridor , which was built in the 1920s , was replaced between 1997 and 2003 at a cost of $ 253 million . A major reconstruction is planned for the intersection with Interstate 280 at the William A. Stickel Memorial Bridge in Newark in 2015 @-@ 2018 .
= = Major intersections = =
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= Sideshow Bob Roberts =
" Sideshow Bob Roberts " is the fifth episode of The Simpsons ' sixth season . It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on October 9 , 1994 . Kelsey Grammer returns as villain Sideshow Bob , who , in this episode , wins the Springfield mayoral election through electoral fraud . The episode was written by Bill Oakley and Josh Weinstein , and directed by Mark Kirkland . Oakley and Weinstein drew inspiration for the episode from the Watergate scandal , and included many cultural references to political films , as well as real @-@ life events . These included the film All the President 's Men and the first televised debate between Richard Nixon and John F. Kennedy during the 1960 United States presidential election .
The episode received favorable reception in the media , including a positive mention in I Can 't Believe It 's a Bigger and Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide and Green Bay Press @-@ Gazette . A review in Press & Sun @-@ Bulletin placed the episode as the seventh best of the series .
= = Plot = =
In Springfield Prison , Sideshow Bob calls local right @-@ wing talk show host Birch Barlow and complains about being unfairly imprisoned . Barlow and Springfield 's residents pressure Mayor Quimby into releasing Bob . Bob is soon unveiled as the Republican candidate for the Springfield mayoral election . Determined to keep Bob from becoming mayor , Bart and Lisa decide to campaign for Quimby . Unfortunately , due to Bob 's charisma and Quimby 's drowsy , overmedicated appearance at a televised debate , Bob wins the election by a massive margin . Among those voting for Bob are Krusty , who , though Bob framed him for armed robbery , " is aching for that upper @-@ class tax break " he has promised , and Homer , who disagrees with Bob 's " Bart @-@ killing policy " but does approve of his " Selma @-@ killing policy . "
The Simpsons awake to find that their house is in the way of Bob 's new " Matlock Expressway " and that it will soon be demolished , which will leave the Simpsons homeless . Principal Skinner who was excited by Bob 's elections , happily demotes Bart to kindergarten at Springfield Elementary School . Bart and Lisa begin to suspect that Bob somehow rigged the election . Lisa goes through the voting records but is unable to find any proof that the election was rigged . Lisa receives a message from a whistleblower to meet at night in an underground parking garage , who turns out to be Waylon Smithers , after Homer unintentionally exposes him from the cover of darkness due to his car lights . Bob 's policies disagree with Smithers ' " choice of lifestyle , " so he tells Bart and Lisa to find a voter named Edgar Neubauer , who will lead them to evidence of electoral fraud .
Eventually , Bart discovers the name Edgar Neubauer on a tombstone at the cemetery . After he explains this to Lisa , she discovers that many of those listed as voting for Bob are in fact long dead , including her former cat , Snowball I , making Lisa angry and makes her bring on her A game . At the trial that follows after Bart and Lisa reveal their story to the public , they trick Bob into confessing his crime by accusing him of being Barlow 's political puppet ( causing Bob to become annoyed ) resulting in Bob blurting out that he was indeed the mastermind , saying that he would never need help to rig an election . He then reveals that he did this because of what he perceives as the town 's stupidity at voting for Quimby , the Democrat , whereas Bob claims they really desire and need " a cold @-@ hearted Republican to cut [ their ] taxes , brutalize criminals , and rule [ them ] like a king . " The court then strips Bob of his position and sends him back to prison . The Simpsons get their house back , Quimby regains his job as mayor , Bart returns to the fourth grade , and the " Matlock Expressway " is put on hold . Bob vows revenge from his minimum security prison , though he quickly finds a new goal to be accomplished : helping the Yale alumni inmates beat the Princeton alumni at rowing .
= = Production = =
Although the episode primarily mocks the Republican Party , the writers included several jokes at the expense of the Democratic Party , liberal and conservative politics , to try to be as neutral as possible . Writers Bill Oakley and Josh Weinstein were very interested in the Watergate scandal and based a lot of the second act on that . Mark Kirkland directed the episode .
The episode sees Kelsey Grammer return as Sideshow Bob for his fourth appearance . Clips from previous episodes featuring Bob were used to remind viewers who he was and what he had done . Bob 's Cape Fear musical cue from the episode " Cape Feare " is also reused . Showrunner David Mirkin found directing Grammer " a joy " . Dr. Demento also guest @-@ starred , as did Larry King for the second time , while Henry Corden voices Fred Flintstone . One of the prisoners in Bob 's campaign advert is a caricature of producer Richard Sakai . The " Les Wynan " joke was pitched by Mike Reiss . The episode does not feature a chalkboard or couch gag , cutting straight from the clouds to the TV . Some syndication edits have included a couch gag .
The episode contains the first use of the word " meh " in the show . The word , which was later included in the Collins English Dictionary , is credited as being popularized by the show , principally following its usage in the season twelve episode " Hungry , Hungry Homer " . In " Sideshow Bob Roberts " , the word is used by the librarian who provides Lisa with the town 's voting records , in response to her questioning their unclassified nature .
= = Cultural references = =
Much of the episode is based on the Watergate scandal , as well as other real @-@ life political events . The two Republicans who follow Bob around were based on H. R. Haldeman and John Ehrlichman , two of Richard Nixon 's closest advisors during Watergate . Sideshow Bob 's campaign advert was based on the famous Willie Horton and Revolving Door political advertisements used by George H.W. Bush during the 1988 United States presidential election . Birch Barlow 's question to Mayor Quimby about whether his stance on crime would differ if it was his family being attacked is a reference to Bernard Shaw 's similar question to Democratic candidate Michael Dukakis during the 1988 presidential debates . Quimby 's appearance during the debate parodies Richard Nixon 's appearance during his first televised debate with John F. Kennedy during the 1960 presidential election . Nixon had recently recovered from a cold , and sweated considerably throughout , something that was detrimental to the impression he made in the debate .
Many political films are also referenced . The episode features several references to the film All the President 's Men , which chronicled Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein 's investigation of the Watergate scandal . These include the pull @-@ out of Lisa looking over the voting records , the music , and the clandestine meeting with Smithers in a parking garage . The end court scene , as well as Sideshow Bob 's speech , echo the 1992 film A Few Good Men , including Jack Nicholson 's speech with the line " You can 't handle the truth " . Bob 's sudden confession that he did rig the election was a vague reference to " every episode of Perry Mason " . Sideshow Bob gives his acceptance speech underneath a giant poster with a picture of himself on it ; this is a reference to the campaign speech scene in Citizen Kane . The title and several plot elements , including Bob entering Burns ' meeting draped in an American flag , are references to the 1992 film Bob Roberts .
The character Birch Barlow is a take @-@ off of American talk show host and political commentator Rush Limbaugh . Barlow mentions Colonel Oliver North , Officer Stacey Koon and advertising mascot Joe Camel as being " intelligent conservative [ s ] , railroaded by our liberal justice system " . Also , the language spoken at Republican Party headquarters is inspired by Enochian , a language associated with occult and Satanic ceremonies .
The Springfield Minimum Security Prison is a parody of Allenwood Minimum Security Prison . When Lisa drives , she is listening to " St. Elmo 's Fire " by John Parr , a choice David Mirkin found " very sad " . Archie Comics characters Archie Andrews , Reggie Mantle , Moose Mason and Jughead Jones are shown throwing Homer on the Simpsons ' lawn and warning him to " stay out of Riverdale ! " Some of the deceased voters are Buddy Holly , Ritchie Valens and The Big Bopper , who all died in a plane crash on February 3 , 1959 . The epitaph on The Big Bopper 's gravestone is " Gooooodbye , Baby ! " a reference to the opening line of his song " Chantilly Lace " - " Hellooo Baby ! " . Finally , the Simpsons ' home being demolished to make way for a bypass is a very slight reference to the opening of The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy .
= = Themes and analysis = =
David L.G. Arnold comments in the book Leaving Springfield that the episode is a satire on " society 's lazy , uninformed attitude about the electoral process , " as well as " a comment on the role in society of a cadre of elites ( the Republican party ) who see themselves as naturally suited to lead . " The episode also portrays Republicans as willing to break the law in order to achieve this ; in this case , Bob commits electoral fraud . This is most displayed in Bob 's line : " Your guilty conscience may force you to vote Democratic , but deep down inside you secretly long for a cold @-@ hearted Republican to lower taxes , brutalize criminals , and rule you like a king . That 's why I did this : to protect you from yourselves . "
Matthew Henry writes in the same book that the episode " well illustrates the battle of [ political ] ideologies … and its engagement with the politics of sexuality . " He refers to the scene where Smithers intimates that Bob rigged the election ; his motivation for whistleblowing is Bob 's conservative policies , which disagree with his " choice of lifestyle " , namely his homosexuality . Henry concludes the scene shows that conservative politics and homosexuality " cannot coexist " and that the scene marks the point where Smithers ' sexuality became " public and overtly political . "
= = Reception = =
In its original American broadcast , " Sideshow Bob Roberts " finished tied for 64th place in the weekly ratings for the week of October 3 to October 9 , 1994 with a Nielsen rating of 8 @.@ 6 . It was the sixth highest rated show on Fox that week .
Warren Martyn and Adrian Wood , the authors of the book I Can 't Believe It 's a Bigger and Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide noted the episode was : " A stunningly outspoken political satire that drew considerable disapproval from the Republican Party when it was aired . " Eric Reinagel , Brian Moritz and John Hill of the Press & Sun @-@ Bulletin named " Sideshow Bob Roberts " as the seventh best episode of the show . Thomas Rozwadowski of Green Bay Press @-@ Gazette placed the episode among his list of the ten best episodes of the show which have lessons : " Corrupt politicians always get their comeuppance . Or not . " He also highlighted Bob 's campaign advert and Kent Brockman 's line : " And the results are in . For Sideshow Bob , 100 percent . For Joe Quimby , 1 percent . And we remind you , there is a 1 percent margin of error . "
The episode has been used in a course at Columbia College Chicago . The course titled " The Simpsons as Satirical Authors " featured " Sideshow Bob Roberts " as one of the episodes used screened for the " What 's ( Not ) Wrong with America ? Critiquing the U.S. Government " topic .
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= Last use of capital punishment in Spain =
The last use of capital punishment in Spain took place on 27 September 1975 when two members of the armed Basque nationalist and separatist group ETA political @-@ military and three members of the Revolutionary Antifascist Patriotic Front ( FRAP ) were shot dead by firing squads after having been convicted and sentenced to death by military tribunals for the murder of policemen and civil guards . Spain was Western Europe 's last dictatorship at this time and had been unpopular and internationally isolated in the post @-@ war period due to its relations with Nazi Germany in the 1930s and the fact that the authoritarian Spanish leader , Francisco Franco , had come to power by overthrowing a democratically elected government . As a result , the executions resulted in substantial criticism of the Spanish government , both domestically and abroad . Reactions included street protests , attacks on Spanish embassies , international criticism of the Spanish government and diplomatic measures , such as the withdrawal of the ambassadors of fifteen European countries .
This was the last use of the death penalty in Spain ; following the death of Francisco Franco , two months later , no further executions took place . The 1978 Spanish Constitution largely abolished the death penalty , with the exception of limited cases in times of war , and these exceptions were abolished in 1995 . In 2012 , a Basque Government commission found that the processes used to convict two of those executed had violated their rights and awarded compensation to their families .
= = Background = =
Franco had come to power in 1939 after the Spanish Civil War , during which various factions had committed mass executions of political opponents . Numerous historians , including Helen Graham , Paul Preston , Antony Beevor , Gabriel Jackson , Hugh Thomas , and Ian Gibson believe that the summary executions of political opponents by the Francoist side , which became known as the " White Terror " , was a deliberate policy . In contrast , the executions their opponents perpetrated lacked the approval of the Spanish government which Franco was seeking to overthrow . The death penalty , which had been abolished in 1932 for civil cases , was revived by Franco in 1938 .
= = = Hostility to Spain in the post @-@ war period = = =
While Spain was neutral in World War II , Franco 's sympathies remained with the Axis powers and he considered entering the war on their side . He maintained good relations with Nazi Germany and many Francoists remained sympathetic to Nazism . This led Spain to be shunned by the international community , especially the Western European democracies and the United States , in the immediate post @-@ war period . Europe @-@ wide popular demonstrations against the Franco government occurred in 1946 . In the 1950s , a thawing of relations occurred as Cold War tensions escalated and Franco 's hostility to communism made him a reliable ally . This would result in reluctance on the part of the US government to support measures which could destabilise the Franco government .
Following the fall of the authoritarian government in Portugal in 1974 , the Spanish government was the sole surviving dictatorship in Western Europe , where several countries in 1975 were ruled by socialist parties which had long loathed Franco for coming to power by overthrowing a socialist democracy . Hostility to the use of capital punishment was widespread in Western Europe at this time and most Western European countries had ceased using it .
= = = Declining use of the death penalty in Spain = = =
Although up to 200 @,@ 000 people were executed during the Spanish Civil War and its immediate aftermath 48 people were executed in the period from 1948 to the time of the 1975 executions . Of those , 17 were executed by firing squad and 31 by garrotting . Historically , the garrote had been the preferred execution method in Spain , with firing squads used for political and military prisoners .
No executions took place from 1966 to 1972 . The Burgos trials ( es ) of September 1970 sentenced six ETA members to death , but , following international pressure and criticism , Franco commuted the death sentences .
= = = New legislation = = =
In reaction to left @-@ wing and Basque separatist violence , the government passed a new anti @-@ terrorist law on 26 August 1975 . Sympathising with terrorists would now carry a penalty of up to 12 years imprisonment . The law re @-@ established military tribunals , empowered to order executions of those they found guilty of terrorism against the state . It extended the time that suspects could be held for interrogation from 3 to 5 days , with an option of up to 19 days with judicial approval . In response , the European Parliament debated a motion proposed by the Confederation of the Socialist Parties of the European Community condemning the new law as an infringement of human rights and calling for the suspension of relations between the EEC and Spain .
= = Trials and sentencing = =
The new law was rapidly enforced . The first military tribunal took place on 28 August 1975 in Castrillo del Val when ETA members José Antonio Garmendia and Ángel Otaegui were sentenced to death for killing a civil guard , Gregorio Posadas , on 3 April 1974 in Azpeitia . Garmendia was accused of shooting Posadas and Otaegui of helping him to flee from police . Garmendia was shot during his interrogations and ended in a coma and , due to his physical condition , was unable to sign his confession , instead having to place his fingerprint on a confession previously written which implicated Otaegui . Though witnesses failed to identify Garamendi and doctors testified that he was in no fit state to validate the confession , together with Otaegui , he was found guilty of the charges .
On 11 September 1975 , near Hoyo de Manzanares , the trial of five FRAP members took place , despite attempts by their lawyers to have it postponed . The lawyers also interrupted the prosecutor 's opening statement , claiming that it was wrong and omitted key details . They also believed that their clients could not receive a fair trial due to negative press reports describing them as " assassins . "
As a result of the trial , FRAP members VIadimiro Fernández , Manuel Blanco and José Humberto Baena received the death penalty for the killing of Lucio Rodríguez , an armed policeman , in Madrid on 14 July 1975 . Humberto had been an activist in the then @-@ illegal Communist Party of Spain and had been arrested and jailed following a student demonstration in 1970 . His parents claimed that he had been in Portugal at the time of the killing and that one of the main witnesses was not allowed to attend the trial . Though the prosecution had sought the death penalty for all five accused , Pablo Mayoral Ronda and Fernando Siera Marco received sentences of 30 and 25 years respectively . Lawyers of the three sentenced to death appealed the sentences .
The third military tribunal , on 16 September 1975 , also held in Hoyo de Manzanares , sentenced FRAP members Manuel Cañaveras , María Jesús Dasca , Concepción Trisián , José Luis Sánchez @-@ Bravo and Ramón García Sanz to death , for their involvement in the killing of a civil guard , Antonio Pose , in Madrid on 16 August 1975 . The final tribunal took place in Barcelona , on 19 September , and gave the death penalty to ETA member Juan Txiki Paredes Manot , for killing armed policeman , Ovidio Díaz , in Barcelona on 6 June 1975 .
On 26 September , the Council of Ministers , headed by Franco , confirmed the death penalty for five of those sentenced : FRAP members José Humberto Baena , Ramón García Sanz and José Luis Sánchez Bravo and ETA members Ángel Otaegui and Juan Paredes , while commuting the death penalty in the case of the remaining six .
= = Reactions to sentences = =
The sentences provoked international criticism and protests against the Spanish government . Large demonstrations took place in Italy , Stockholm and Oslo , with the Swedish Prime Minister , Olof Palme , heading the Swedish demonstration . The Dutch foreign minister made a formal protest to the Spanish Ambassador . The Spanish Embassy in Lisbon was attacked and set on fire . The Spanish embassy in Switzerland was occupied for 2 hours by protesters . President of Mexico , Luis Echeverría , called for Spanish membership of the United Nations Security Council to be suspended , but this was vetoed by the US , who considered it an internal Spanish matter . Pope Paul VI asked the Spanish government to grant clemency to the condemned at his Sunday blessing in St. Peter 's Square , though he also condemned the crimes that the condemned were convicted of . Franco 's brother , Nicolás Franco , joined calls for clemency , appealing to Franco 's Christianity .
A group of French intellectuals , including the actor Yves Montand , the film director Costa @-@ Gavras and the journalist Régis Debray , attempted to organise a press conference in Madrid to read a prepared statement condemning the sentences , but were detained by police and expelled from Spain .
= = Executions = =
The executions took place on 27 September 1975 . Ángel Otaegui was the first executed , at 08 : 30 in Villalón prison . Juan Paredes was executed at 08 : 35 in Barcelona . Paredes , according to his brother , was led to his execution smiling and singing an anthem of the Basque Army . The remaining three were executed in Hoyo de Manzanares , José Humberto Baena at 09 : 20 , Ramón García Sanz at 09 : 40 and José Luis Sánchez Bravo at 10 : 00 .
= = Burials = =
The three FRAP members were buried the same morning in Hoyo de Manzanares . The executed men 's families claimed they were denied access to their graves in the village graveyard and scuffles with police took place . However , Gustavo Catalán Deus , a photographer who witnessed the burials , said that some family members had been present , together with police , members of the military and lawyers . The families had previously alleged that police had assaulted the mother of one of the condemned in Carabanchel Prison in Madrid during her final meeting with her son . The remains of Sánchez Bravo were later reinterred in Murcia , with those of Ramón García Sanz being reinterred in Madrid . Juan Paredes , who had been buried in Barcelona , was reinterred in Zarautz on 12 January 1977 .
= = Reactions to executions = =
= = = Domestic reactions = = =
In the Basque Country , 3 @,@ 000 people took part in a protest march in Azpeitia , while a larger demonstration in San Sebastián saw 30 @,@ 000 people in attendance . Six people were injured after being shot by police during a demonstration in Algorta . A mass in Madrid in memorial of the executed was followed by protests and arrests . 200 @,@ 000 people took part in a two @-@ day general strike in the Basque country , which began on 30 September 1975 .
= = = International reactions = = =
Demonstrations occurred at Spain 's embassy and consulates in France . The Spanish embassy in Brussels was fire @-@ bombed . A day of national demonstration was organised by the Dutch government and a protest in Utrecht was led by Prime Minister Joop den Uyl . In Britain , the governing Labour Party passed a resolution condemning the executions . Poland and Hungary withdrew their commercial representatives in Spain , and 15 European countries ( West Germany , East Germany , the United Kingdom , Belgium , the Netherlands , France , Switzerland , Portugal , Austria , Sweden , Ireland , Luxembourg and Italy ) withdrew their ambassadors to Spain in protest . In response , Spain withdrew its ambassadors from Norway , East Germany , The Vatican , West Germany and The Netherlands for consultations , with its ambassador to Portugal unconditionally withdrawn in protest at the embassy attack . Spain 's central bank also suspended trade in the Portuguese escudo .
Swedish prime minister Olof Palme denounced the Franco government as " devilish murderers . " In the United Nations , the Swedish government attempted to pass a declaration condemning the Spanish government , but the US government amended this to a general declaration condemning human rights violations , without specific reference to Spain .
= = = Reaction within Spain = = =
The Spanish press , controlled by the Spanish government , was supportive of the executions . La Vanguardia condemned the " vile and intolerable " crimes of the executed and argued that , while any death was regrettable , a " strong state at the service of a truly free society " was necessary against " fanatics who seek to disturb the peace . " ABC criticised foreign security forces for failing to defend Spanish property abroad against attacks from what they identified as " the extreme left " and stated that they hoped that the Spanish people 's desire for " internal peace " would be respected by Western European governments .
On 1 October , a demonstration in support of the government took place in Madrid , with Spanish TV claiming that more than a million people had taken part . Franco addressed the crowds and denounced " the leftist @-@ Masonic conspiracy assisting communist subversion " of Spain . This was the last demonstration that Franco attended before his death .
= = Aftermath = =
In the immediate aftermath of the executions , there was speculation that up to 27 more prisoners could face the death penalty . Ultimately , these predictions proved ill @-@ founded . Franco fell ill in late October 1975 and never recovered , dying on 20 November 1975 . His death resulted in the de facto abolition of the death penalty , as no further executions took place . Capital punishment was abolished for all civil crimes by the Spanish Constitution of 1978 , with sanctioned military executions in war time the sole exceptions . In 1995 , the Spanish parliament abolished the death penalty in all circumstances .
The families of those executed continued to seek the overturning of the sentences and compensation , based on the irregularity of the processes used to convict their relatives . In 2004 , they appealed to the Constitutional Court of Spain , which rejected their application on the grounds that it did not have the power to deal with cases prior to December 1978 , when the Constitution came into effect . In September 2005 , the European Court of Human Rights rejected their petition on similar grounds : that Spain had not been a signatory to the European Convention on Human Rights in 1975 . In November 2012 , a Basque Government commission found that the processes used to convict Txiki and Otaegui had violated their right to a fair trial and awarded € 135 @,@ 000 in compensation to their families . Flor Baena , the sister of José Humberto Baena , continued to campaign for her brother , stating that she wanted to clear his name , not financial compensation .
In November 2014 , Spanish police refused an Argentinian request to Interpol , made under the terms of a 1987 treaty , to extradite 20 Francoists , among them those involved in the executions , for crimes against humanity .
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= Fay Ripley =
Fay Ripley ( born 26 February 1966 ) is an English actress and recipe author . She is a graduate of the Guildhall School of Music and Drama ( 1990 ) . Her first professional role was in the chorus of a pantomime version of Around the World in 80 Days . Ripley 's early film and television appearances were limited , so she supplemented her earnings by working as a children 's entertainer and by selling menswear door @-@ to @-@ door . After her scenes as a prostitute were cut from Frankenstein ( 1994 ) , Ripley gained her first major film role playing Karen Hughes in Mute Witness ( 1995 ) .
In 1996 , Ripley was cast in her breakthrough role of Jenny Gifford in the ITV series Cold Feet . Initially a supporting role in the pilot episode , Ripley 's character was expanded when a series was commissioned in 1998 . She stayed with the show for three full series before leaving to take more varied roles and to spend more time with her family . She returned for a guest appearance in the fifth series . After leaving Cold Feet , Ripley played a succession of leading roles in comedies and dramas including Green @-@ Eyed Monster ( 2001 ) , I Saw You ( 2002 ) , The Stretford Wives ( 2002 ) , and Dead Gorgeous ( 2002 ) . Each role won her critical acclaim . In 2006 , she filmed a leading role in the ITV drama Bon Voyage , before taking time away from acting after the birth of her second child . Ripley returned to television in 2009 , starring as human resources manager Christine Frances in the ITV comedy drama Monday Monday , and Nicola Perrin alongside Martin Clunes in BBC One 's Reggie Perrin .
Since 2009 , Ripley has authored two recipe books ; Fay 's Family Food in 2009 and What 's For Dinner ? in 2012 . She is married to actor Daniel Lapaine , with whom she has two children — a daughter and a son — and is an advocate of several charities and causes .
= = Early life = =
Ripley was born in Wimbledon , south @-@ west London to Bev ( erley ) William Deacon Ripley and Tina Ripley ( née Forster ) on 26 February 1966 . Her father was a successful businessman- the son of Sydney William Leonard Ripley J.P. , D.L. , a member of Greater London Council , whose father had owned a printing company that produced movie posters- and brother of 1960s pop singer Twinkle , and her mother an antiques dealer . They separated when Ripley was two years old and both remarried , so Ripley spent her childhood moving around Surrey between two families . She was the only child from her parents ' marriage but had several half @-@ brothers and sisters from their new relationships . In her early life , she lived in various Surrey towns , including Walton @-@ on @-@ Thames , Weybridge , Esher and Cobham . Her father wanted her to have a good education so , despite the family 's Protestant religion , sent her to various Catholic convent schools around the county . One was St Maur 's Convent School in Weybridge , which she attended with Liza Tarbuck . Ripley did not feel academically challenged there , and later declared the school mediocre .
At school , Ripley enjoyed drama lessons , spurred on by the positive remarks she received from her drama teacher Susan Ford . She said of Ford , " When I was 15 , one of the few people who said , ' Well done ' , was my drama teacher , and she was really brilliant . She was a powerful woman . Those women change your life . You always remember them . There was something about her . She basically made me feel very good about myself as a 15 @-@ year @-@ old girl . " Abandoning her childhood ambition to become a nurse , Ripley decided to go into acting . Her father wanted to send her to a finishing school in Switzerland but , in an effort to rebel from her middle class Home Counties background , Ripley instead went to a local state college in Surrey , where she took A @-@ levels in communication studies , art , and drama . During her time at the college , Ripley performed her own small shows at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe . In an effort to " bring Brecht to the masses " , she performed The Resistible Rise of Arturo Ui at the 1983 festival .
After completing her A @-@ levels , Ripley sought entry to the Guildhall School of Music and Drama . It took her three attempts before she was accepted onto an acting course at the age of 20 . While at drama school , Ripley lived in a flat in Streatham , South London , during a time she described as " horrible and penniless " . To support herself financially , she sold menswear door @-@ to @-@ door , timeshares on Kensington High Street and Oxford Street , worked as a receptionist at a health club , and spent five years as children 's entertainer " Miss Chief the Clown " . As Miss Chief , Ripley performed magic tricks and painted faces at children 's parties . The work paid off when she was able to get a mortgage on her first flat , stating clown as her occupation .
= = Early career = =
Ripley graduated from drama school in 1990 . Her first role afterwards was playing Osatko in the chorus of Around the World in 80 Days at the Liverpool Playhouse during the 1990 – 91 pantomime season . She had ten lines in Japanese . Her next role came at the end of the year in the Manchester Royal Exchange 's production of Medea . Ripley recalled , " It was only my second job , and I took it all very seriously , in my Greek sarong and my torch of fire , having to burble in tongues . "
Ripley 's early television and film career was characterised by minor roles as prostitutes or mistresses ; in what was to be her film debut , she filmed two scenes as a prostitute in the film Frankenstein ( Kenneth Branagh , 1994 ) . In the first scene , her character was strangled by the creature ( played by Robert De Niro 's stand @-@ in ) . The second scene featured De Niro himself , though Ripley 's character was lying dead in a mortuary throughout . Pleased with what looked like her breakout role , Ripley bought a dress for the premiere , though she was distraught when Branagh sent her a card apologising for cutting her scenes from the finished film . The same year , she filmed the role of Karen Hughes , the sister of a mute character who believes she sees a murder , in the low @-@ budget film Mute Witness ( Anthony Waller , 1995 ) . After Mute Witness 's British television premiere in 1999 , a Daily Record critic wrote that Ripley 's dramatic scenes were not as good as her comic ones .
In 1995 , she appeared in an episode of Channel 4 's Alan Davies vehicle One for the Road and made her last theatre appearance as a cast member in the Bush Theatre 's Two Lips , Indifferent Red . In 1996 , she had a role in Stephen Poliakoff 's Frontiers , and played a club barmaid in Dennis Potter 's penultimate television series Karaoke . The following year she had roles in the comedy film Roseanna 's Grave ( Paul Weiland , 1997 ) , an episode of The Bill — as a woman whose nanny is accused of stealing from her — and a two @-@ part episode of the Kevin Whately series The Broker 's Man as a police officer . Her role in The Broker 's Man was one of the few occasions on which Ripley played a police officer ; she has frequently declined offers of similar roles because she does not want to " summon up the misery " to play a character that performs post @-@ mortem examinations or investigates murders when she could be starring in more true to life and funny programmes .
= = Breakthrough roles = =
In 1996 , Ripley auditioned for Granada Television 's Cold Feet , a television pilot about the romances of three couples living in Manchester . She believed she was reading for the role of Rachel , the " young , pretty one " , and was surprised to discover that she was wanted for Jenny , the " northern housewife " . In the audition , she performed with an inelegant approximation of a local Manchester accent . The producers found her approach to the role refreshing from other actresses , who were seen as too " finger @-@ wagging " . Ripley won the role , and appeared opposite John Thomson and James Nesbitt in the programme . After the pilot won an award , ITV 's director of programmes commissioned a series of Cold Feet , so Ripley worked on improving her character 's accent by speaking to locals and mimicking their speech . Her supporting character from the pilot episode was given a bigger role in the series ; in the first episode ( broadcast in 1998 ) , Jenny gives birth to her first child . At that time , Ripley had never experienced childbirth , so copied birth scenes she had seen in other television series . An Independent review of the first series in November 1998 noted , " Fay Ripley has a range of quirky mannerisms that are more reminiscent of Elaine in Seinfeld than of any other Brit @-@ com woman . " The character also gained Ripley public recognition ; after being noticed by a member of staff in Marks & Spencer , she was so pleased that she invited the woman to dinner .
Ripley 's performance in the first series won her a nomination for Best TV Comedy Actress at the British Comedy Awards 1999 . For her performance in the third series ( 2000 ) , in which her character separates from her husband and dates another man ( played by Ben Miles ) , she was nominated for the British Academy Television Award for Best Actress . During pre @-@ production of the fourth series ( 2001 ) , Ripley announced to the producers that she would be leaving the show , partly because she did not want to spend five months living in Manchester away from her home in London and wanted to spend more time with her husband , and partly to take other roles which she would otherwise not be able to do . She asked the writer Mike Bullen to either kill off Jenny or have her lose a limb . Bullen refused and instead wrote a plot in which Jenny moves to New York . Ripley returned to the series for a guest appearance in the final episode ( 2003 ) . She had originally planned not to return to the show , but reprised the role so she could have an on @-@ screen record of the final stages of her pregnancy with her first child .
In 2000 , Ripley appeared in the British dogme film The Announcement , as well as playing lead female character Grace Bingley — opposite Paul Rhys — in the Granada television pilot I Saw You , which used many of the same production staff as Cold Feet . David Belcher of The Herald called Ripley " perfectly scatty , tousled and self @-@ sufficient " in the role , and Joe Joseph of The Times complimented her comic timing . Ripley returned to I Saw You for a three @-@ episode miniseries in 2002 . She considers I Saw You , in which she acted alongside her husband Daniel Lapaine , the television show she is most proud to have worked on .
= = Leading roles = =
Having left Cold Feet , Ripley began to take on more leading roles ; her first role was as housewife Deanna in the BBC thriller Green @-@ Eyed Monster , which was broadcast in September 2001 . She researched her character , a murderer , by visiting a coroner . Guardian critic Gareth McLean wrote of her performance , " Ripley did a good job of exorcising the ghost of Jenny Gifford [ ... ] by coolly cranking up the insane desperation and needy malevolence to an impressive degree . " In 2002 , she played domestic abuse victim Donna Massey in Danny Brocklehurst 's The Stretford Wives . Ripley was initially not eager to play another character from around Manchester so soon after leaving Cold Feet , but she changed her mind after reading the script . She did not research spousal abuse to play her character , a woman struggling to bring up her two children in a run @-@ down house while her husband is imprisoned , because she did not find it difficult to " work out what it 's like to be scared and want to protect your kids " . Also in 2002 , Ripley played Rose Bell in the ITV post @-@ war period drama Dead Gorgeous , alongside Helen McCrory . The following year , she provided the voice of Meg in the ITV adaptation of the Meg and Mog children 's books , before playing Jill in the third series of the BBC One sitcom Bedtime at the end of 2003 .
In 2004 , Ripley had her first of three on @-@ screen partnerships with Martin Clunes , playing Jane White in the CBBC adaptation of Fungus the Bogeyman . The following year , she played the guest role of corrupt police inspector Sam Phillips in the BBC TV series Hustle , a role that received praise from The Times and The Sun newspapers . In 2006 , Ripley played the role of child abductor Linda Holder in the two @-@ part ITV drama Bon Voyage , starring alongside Ben Miles , Rachael Blake and Daniel Ryan . She was offered the part without having to audition , and took it because she wanted the opportunity to play an antagonist . She liked the style of Canadian director John Fawcett in making the thriller , as it differed to that of other British thrillers , which she believed were poorly filmed . Ripley filmed the role in Canada during the later weeks of her second pregnancy , so her character was dressed in baggy clothes to hide her bump . Her pregnancy also caused changes to the script ; originally her character was to run through a forest , fall off a cliff and " die a gruesome death " . Reviewing , Thomas Sutcliffe of The Independent and Gareth McLean of The Guardian noted that Ripley 's pregnancy was poorly disguised . In complimenting the performance of the whole cast , Brian McIver of the Daily Record praised Ripley 's portrayal of Linda as " scary but sympathetic " .
Bon Voyage marked Ripley 's last television acting appearance until 2009 . During that time she appeared as a guest on panel shows and talk shows . In 2009 , she returned to television screens as Nicola Perrin alongside Martin Clunes ' eponymous character in the BBC One sitcom Reggie Perrin . She took the role because she had previously worked with Clunes and the writer Simon Nye . As the series was Ripley 's first studio sitcom , she approached the role with apprehension ; she told The Independent on Sunday , " I basically just hung off Martin 's coat @-@ tails and hoped for the best . " Ripley compared Nicola to Reggie 's house @-@ bound wife Elizabeth in the original series , noting that the modern character needed a job and independence from her husband because of changes in society . She reprised the role in the second series in 2010 , after which the series was cancelled . 2009 also saw the broadcast of Monday Monday , an ITV comedy drama series in which Ripley plays Christine Frances , an alcoholic human resources manager at a supermarket head office that moves from London to Leeds . She took the role because it was different to characters she had previously played .
= = Other work = =
During her time on Cold Feet , Ripley hosted the Channel 4 show Sofa Melt , a relationships chat show in the vein of Trisha . The show lasted for one series of 60 episodes , broadcast in 1999 . In Scotland on Sunday , critic Stewart Hennessey called Ripley 's presenting fantastic and called the show itself " utterly without any intelligent merit whatsoever . It is just unmissable because the people on it are hilariously stupid . Set the vid , show it at parties . " Ripley said of the show retrospectively , " It was the most terrifying thing I 've ever done . " In 2003 , she presented a short film advocating Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire for the BBC 's Big Read series and in 2009 , she presented an episode of the Blighty documentary series My Brilliant Britain .
In 2004 , she appeared on the Star in a Reasonably Priced Car segment of Top Gear , where she discussed her car history with presenter Jeremy Clarkson . On her celebrity lap of the Top Gear test track , she achieved a lap time of 1 : 53 , making her 38th on the Suzuki Liana leader board . The same year , she participated in a major advertising venture by The National Lottery , playing " Lady Luck " alongside a unicorn voiced by Graham Norton . In 2008 , she appeared alongside Martin Clunes in a series of advertisements for Tesco Direct and , since 2009 , has starred with Mark Addy in a series of adverts for Tesco 's various brands .
In 2007 , Ripley announced that she would be writing a cookbook about family food . She said , " I want to help people prepare good food for their kids , really practical stuff that 's easy , quick , healthy and you can whizz up in the blender for the baby . " Fay 's Family Food was published by Michael Joseph , an imprint of Penguin Books , in April 2009 and was selected by Marie @-@ Claire Digby of The Irish Times as a " summer read " . Ripley 's second book , entitled What 's For Dinner , was published in April 2012 . Since the release of her first book , she has resisted offers from television production companies to make her own cookery series .
= = Personal life = =
Ripley met English actor James Purefoy when the two were starring in the eponymous roles in a college production of Romeo and Juliet in 1983 . They began an 11 @-@ year relationship that ended when Ripley was 27 . Ripley said of the relationship in 2006 , " We were just kids when we met and , therefore , the relationship had more than run its course . " She was single for five years , before being introduced to Australian actor Daniel Lapaine at a party hosted by mutual friends . Neither of them thought the other was interested in dating and they drifted apart . After meeting again on separate holidays in New York , they began dating and married in October 2001 in a ceremony in Tuscany , Italy . Ripley gave birth to the couple 's first child , a daughter , in October 2002 . She gave birth to a son in October 2006 .
Ripley is a patron of several charities and causes . In 2007 she took part in What 's it going to take ? , a campaign by Women 's Aid to raise awareness of domestic abuse against women . She visited Tanzania with ActionAid in October 2008 to raise awareness of child sponsorship . While in the country , Ripley visited community projects set up by ActionAid in Bagamoyo and Mkuranga . Ripley was already sponsoring a child and had been asked by ActionAid to participate in a visit but had always declined because of conflicts with her work . Ripley also fronted a " Climate Action Now " protest with novelist Rebecca Frayn and actress Rula Lenska in 2008 , opposing government support of the then planned third runway at Heathrow Airport .
= = Filmography = =
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= 2009 Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup Final =
The 2009 Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup Final was played on September 2 , 2009 , at Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium in Washington , D.C. The match determined the winner of the 2009 Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup , a tournament open to amateur and professional soccer teams affiliated with the United States Soccer Federation . This was the 96th edition of the oldest competition in United States soccer . The match was won by Seattle Sounders FC , who defeated D.C. United 2 – 1 . Clyde Simms scored D.C. United 's only goal . Fredy Montero and Roger Levesque scored Seattle 's two goals as the club became the second expansion team in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) history to win the tournament in their inaugural season .
D.C. United entered the tournament as the competition 's defending champions . They had previously won the tournament in 1996 as well . Both Sounders FC and D.C. United had to play through two qualification rounds for MLS teams before entering the official tournament . Prior to the final , there was a public dispute between the owners of the two clubs regarding the selection of D.C. United to host it at their home field , RFK Stadium .
As the tournament champions , Sounders FC earned a berth in the preliminary round of the 2010 – 11 CONCACAF Champions League . The club also received a $ 100 @,@ 000 cash prize , while D.C. United received $ 50 @,@ 000 as the runner @-@ up .
= = Road to the final = =
The U.S. Open Cup is an annual American soccer competition open to all United States Soccer Federation affiliated teams , from amateur adult club teams to the professional clubs of Major League Soccer ( MLS ) . In 2009 , Major League Soccer , which has teams that play in both the United States and Canada , was allowed to enter eight of its U.S.-based teams in the tournament . The top six MLS teams from the previous season qualified automatically , and the remaining two spots are determined by preliminary qualification matches . The eight MLS entries begin play in the third round of the tournament .
In 2009 , MLS expanded into the Seattle market adding a new team to the league , Seattle Sounders FC . As an expansion team , they had to play through the qualification matches before entering the tournament . Likewise , D.C. United did not finish among the top six 2008 MLS teams , and therefore had to play through qualification rounds before entering the official tournament .
= = = Sounders FC = = =
Prior to their first qualification match against Real Salt Lake , Sounders FC coach Sigi Schmid asserted that the U.S. Open Cup was important to the club and that they were playing to win . Sounders FC played U.S. Open Cup home games at the Starfire Sports Complex in Tukwila , Washington . The facility is smaller than the club 's home stadium for league matches , Qwest Field , but Sounders FC representatives preferred the atmosphere at Starfire for smaller cup matches .
On April 28 , 2009 , Sounders FC defeated Real Salt Lake 4 – 1 in their first qualification match . Sebastian Le Toux scored two goals , and Roger Levesque had three assists in front of a sold @-@ out crowd at Starfire . Sounders FC hosted their second qualification match on May 26 , 2009 , also at Starfire , this time against the Colorado Rapids . Reserve player Kevin Forrest scored the only goal in the match as Seattle defeated the Rapids 1 – 0 , securing their entry into the third round of the official cup competition as one of the eight teams representing MLS .
On July 1 , 2009 , Sounders FC traveled to Portland and defeated the Timbers of the USL First Division 2 – 1 in front of a sold @-@ out crowd . Roger Levesque and Nate Jaqua both scored for Seattle . The following week , in a quarterfinal match at Starfire , Sounders FC defeated visiting Kansas City 1 – 0 on a penalty kick in the 89th minute scored by Sebastien Le Toux . Three weeks later , on July 21 , Sounders FC won their semifinal match 2 – 1 over the Houston Dynamo at Starfire . Seattle took the lead for good when Stephen King scored a goal five minutes into extra time , sending Sounders FC to the cup final .
= = = D.C. United = = =
MLS clubs were first included in the U.S. Open Cup tournament in 1996 . D.C. United won the tournament that year , and repeated their success in 2008 . In 2009 , the club began its title defense in the MLS qualification rounds . This meant that they had to win six games instead of the four needed to obtain the cup in 2008 .
In their first qualifying match on March 28 , 2009 , they hosted FC Dallas at RFK Stadium in Washington , D.C. They defeated Dallas 2 – 0 , with Fred and Brandon Barklage scoring in the 21st and 66th minutes , respectively . D.C. United 's second qualification match was also played at RFK Stadium , on May 20 , 2009 . In a high @-@ scoring match against the New York Red Bulls , D.C. won 5 – 3 . Chris Pontius scored two of United 's five goals , qualifying D.C. for the third round of the official tournament .
On June 30 , 2009 , D.C. United began official cup competition against the Ocean City Barons of the USL Premier Development League . The match , hosted by United at Maryland SoccerPlex in Boyds , Maryland , ended with D.C. on top 2 – 0 . As a fourth @-@ tier club , the Barons lineup had featured amateur players while United 's included only three regular starters . The match remained scoreless for 74 minutes before D.C. took the lead on a penalty kick by late substitution Christian Gomez . One week later , on July 7 , D.C. United hosted their quarterfinal match at the SoccerPlex again and defeated the Harrisburg City Islanders of the USL Second Division 2 – 1 . On July 21 , 2009 , D.C. United hosted another lower tier team in their semifinal match at the SoccerPlex . This time they defeated the Rochester Rhinos of the USL First Division 2 – 1 . The match was tied 1 – 1 until the 82nd minute when Boyzzz Khumalo 's goal propelled D.C. into the cup final .
= = Pre @-@ match = =
= = = Venue selection = = =
Both Seattle Sounders FC and D.C. United submitted bids to U.S. Soccer to host the final . D.C. United 's bid included a proposal to host the match at RFK Stadium , their home stadium in Washington , D.C. with a capacity of 45 @,@ 596 . Sounders FC 's bid proposed to host the match at Qwest Field , their home stadium in Seattle , with a capacity of 32 @,@ 400 for soccer matches . The procedure for selecting the winning bid was kept private . When D.C. United 's bid was chosen , Sounders FC general manager Adrian Hanauer expressed skepticism that it had been better than the Seattle bid . He further noted that if Seattle had hosted the match , it likely would have sold out . This prompted a reply from D.C. United president Kevin Payne , who argued that D.C. United had won the bidding process fairly , and said that he was offended by Hanauer 's comments . Following this public disagreement , D.C. United launched a marketing campaign to sell more match tickets , which included a new web site , WeWinTrophies.com , which chronicled the club 's history of titles as an original MLS franchise . The campaign also included an open letter in local newspapers stating that Sounders FC and its fans did not think D.C. deserved to host the match and declared D.C. fans as " the standard " for support in the league . Videos from local celebrities were posted on the team 's official blog urging fans to attend the final . Ticket discounts and special pricing on concessions for the match were also announced as part of the special marketing effort for the cup final .
= = = Analysis = = =
Prior to meeting in the U.S. Open Cup final , Sounders FC and D.C. United had met only once , on June 17 at Qwest Field in Seattle . In that meeting , Sounders FC squandered a 3 – 1 second half lead by allowing D.C. United to score two goals late in the match . It ended in a 3 – 3 tie .
Since 1996 , when MLS teams were first included in the tournament , the home team had won nine times and lost only twice in the final match . Commenting on what his team brings to the game , Sounders FC coach Sigi Schmid stated , " We bring a clean slate . We haven 't had any negative experiences in championship games , so we want to just build up a positive legacy for our team and we know we have a chance to make some history for our team . Every player knows that and that 's something we want to try and do . " D.C. United had previously won the U.S. Open Cup twice in 1996 and 2008 and this was their fourth appearance ever in the tournament final . D.C. United president Kevin Payne simply stated , " We want to win anything we enter . "
Sounders FC general manager Adrian Hanauer commented on his club 's desire to win the cup and a berth into the CONCACAF Champions League , " That 's one step towards our stated goal of competing in the world club championships , because the winner of the CONCACAF Champions League wins a spot in the World Club Championships . "
= = Match = =
The 2009 U.S. Open Cup Final was played on September 2 at RFK Stadium in Washington D.C. A total of 17 @,@ 329 fans attended the match , 38 % of the stadium 's available capacity . Approximately 200 Sounders FC fans sat together in the upper deck . Both the travel distance and the mid @-@ week scheduling made it difficult for Seattle fans to attend . Live television coverage was provided nationally by Fox Soccer Channel .
= = = First half = = =
Both clubs had used a mix of reserve players and starting ( first choice ) players in previous tournament matches , but for the final neither team used reserve players in their starting lineups . Seattle took the field in a 4 @-@ 4 @-@ 2 formation while D.C United was in a 3 @-@ 4 @-@ 3 formation . The match kicked off at 7 : 37 pm local time .
Five minutes into the match , D.C. United first @-@ year player Chris Pontius had the first chance of the evening as he pushed past Sounders FC defender Leonardo González to receive a diagonal pass from Clyde Simms . However , due to the difficult shooting angle , Pontius ' shot was wide of the far post . In the 10th minute , Sounders FC forward Fredy Montero had a close range shot on goal , but D.C. goalkeeper Josh Wicks parried the shot away . Seven minutes later , Christian Gomez had a goal scoring opportunity with a direct free kick from 28 yards ( 26 m ) , but his low kick curled just wide of the target . In the 18th minute , Seattle midfielder Sebastian Le Toux played a ball in to teammate Freddie Ljungberg , whose shot on goal was barely saved by Wicks , who kicked out a foot to block the shot . Just before halftime , Le Toux crossed to an unmarked Montero , whose direct header on goal was just in reach of Wicks , who again made the save to keep the score level , 0 – 0 . Seattle outshot D.C. 9 – 6 in the first half .
= = = Second half = = =
As the players took the field for the second half , D.C. coach Tom Soehn decided to replace Fred , who had been a non @-@ factor in the first half , with Santino Quaranta . In the 60th minute , Gomez , Pontius and Luciano Emilio combined inside Seattle 's 18 @-@ yard box for a United opportunity , but Pontius mishit the shot , which resulted in an easy save for Seattle 's goalkeeper , Kasey Keller . Seven minutes later , another failed D.C. United opportunity resulted in a Sounders FC counterattack , where Freddie Ljungberg 's shot was saved by Wicks . The rebound rolled in front of Fredy Montero , who dove feet first and kicked the ball into the goal , giving Sounders FC a 1 – 0 lead . Following the goal , frustrated D.C. United goalkeeper Josh Wicks stomped on Montero 's leg while he was still on the ground . After consulting with the fourth official , referee Alex Prus showed Wicks a red card for his behavior , dismissing him from the match . United 's backup goalkeeper , Milos Kocic , was substituted for Christian Gomez after the incident , and D.C. played with 10 men for the remainder of the match .
Despite being down a man , D.C. United controlled possession of the ball as the match progressed towards full @-@ time . Just four minutes before full @-@ time , Seattle 's Sebastian Le Toux pushed D.C. defender Dejan Jakovic off the ball , dribbled in towards goal , and then provided a centering pass to teammate Roger Levesque who scored , extending the Seattle lead to 2 – 0 . With time ticking away , United desperately threw every man forward and managed to narrow the scoring difference to one in the 89th minute when Simms kicked home a loose ball after a Quaranta free kick . During the five minutes of stoppage time , D.C. continued with repeated crosses and shots attempting to get an equalizer .
In the end , Sounders FC was able to withstand D.C. ' s late push for a 2 – 1 victory , becoming the second MLS expansion team in league history ( Chicago Fire was the first ) to win the U.S. Open Cup in their inaugural season . Players and coaches ran onto the field after the final whistle , jumped up and down together and hurried to a corner of the field to acknowledge the Sounders FC fans cheering in the upper deck .
= = = Match details = = =
= = = Statistics = = =
Overall
= = Post match = =
In the post @-@ game press conference , Josh Wicks discussed his ejection , saying : " It was a mistake on my part and I 've got to learn my lesson . The fourth official made a call and the ref made the final decision . That was it . I 've got no excuses for it . Tremendously , very , very disappointing . " One month after the stomping incident , U.S. Soccer announced that Wicks would be suspended from the U.S. Open Cup tournament for five matches .
After the victory , many Sounders FC fans gathered at King County International Airport to greet the team as they returned to Seattle . The trophy was put on display at several events around Seattle in the weeks following Sounders FC 's victory . On September 19 , the cup was presented to Sounders FC fans to carry in the March to the Match prior to a Sounders FC league game at Qwest Field against Chivas USA .
By winning the U.S. Open Cup tournament , Sounders FC earned a berth in the preliminary round of the 2010 – 11 CONCACAF Champions League . Seattle also received the winner 's $ 100 @,@ 000 cash prize , while D.C. United received $ 50 @,@ 000 as the tournament runner @-@ up . Kevin Forrest , whose game @-@ winning goal against Colorado allowed Sounders FC to qualify for the tournament , received a share of the prize money and a medal , despite being released by the team before the final .
In January 2010 , the club 's success in the U.S. Open Cup tournament was listed among the many reasons the Washington State Senate passed a resolution honoring Sounders FC .
On October 5 , 2010 , Seattle returned to the final and defeated the Columbus Crew 2 – 1 to repeat as U.S. Open Cup champion . This time Sounders FC hosted the final at Qwest Field , drawing an attendance of 31 @,@ 311 which broke the 81 @-@ year @-@ old record for the event .
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= Hurricane Madeline ( 1998 ) =
Hurricane Madeline was the final tropical cyclone of the 1998 Pacific hurricane season . Madeline originated from a tropical wave that emerged off the coast of Africa on September 25 , 1998 . The wave traversed the Atlantic Ocean and crossed over Central America on October 5 or 6 . Gradually , the system intensified and was classified as a tropical depression on October 16 , a tropical storm later that day , and a hurricane on October 17 . The storm reached peak winds of 85 mph ( 140 km / h ) about 95 miles ( 150 km ) southwest of San Blas , Nayarit , and after 18 hours it subsequently began to weaken . Although Madeline never made landfall , numerous rainbands affected the Mexican coast causing no known damage or fatalities . The remnant moisture moved north and contributed to flooding in central Texas , which killed 31 people and caused $ 750 million ( 1998 USD ) in damage .
= = Meteorological history = =
On September 25 , 1998 a tropical wave emerged off the coast of Africa , producing intermittent concentrated clusters of convective activity . The wave traversed the Atlantic Ocean and the Caribbean Sea before crossing Central America on October 5 or October 6 . After several days , convection increased , and Dvorak classifications initiated . Satellite imagery indicated that the system dissipated on October 11 , although an area of cloudiness persisted off the coast of Mexico . After four days , the system regenerated and under diffluent flow aloft , deep convection became more concentrated ; it is estimated that a tropical depression formed at 0000 UTC on October 16 , about 230 mi ( 370 km ) west @-@ southwest of Manzanillo , Mexico . Initially , due to disorganization , determining the forward movement of depression was difficult , although a few hours later it was estimated that the system was tracking to the north @-@ northwest . With favorable conditions aloft , the deep convection became more concentrated , and 12 hours after first developing , the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Madeline about 170 miles ( 270 km ) southwest of Cabo Corrientes .
During the afternoon , convective cloud tops warmed slightly although the storm continued to intensify . Soon after , thunderstorm activity became limited as Madeline remained generally stationary in movement . An approaching mid @-@ level trough turned Madeline to the northeast . Banding features gradually improved in organization , and late on October 17 the storm attained hurricane status . However , satellite imagery indicated that convective activity was confined to the western portion of the storm , and at the same time an eye began to form . Early on October 18 , data from a Reconnaissance aircraft flight into the storm found a minimum central pressure of 985 mbar ( 29 @.@ 1 inHg ) , as the storm was drifting to the northeast at around 4 mph ( 6 @.@ 4 km / h ) near the western edge of a large @-@ scale east – west ridge axis . The apparent eye became cloud @-@ filled shortly thereafter , and a slight increase in temperature was discovered near the center . Despite this , upper @-@ level outflow was favorable , leading to predictions of slight intensification .
Shortly thereafter , Madeline attained peak winds of 85 mph ( 140 km / h ) about 95 miles ( 150 km ) southwest of San Blas , Nayarit . The hurricane maintained peak winds for about 18 hours while curving again to the northwest . With evidence of southern wind shear , only a small area of deep thunderstorm activity existed on October 19 , and the system began to appear ill @-@ defined of satellite imagery . The hurricane quickly weakened into a tropical storm , and by later that day , the storm became void of convection due to strong wind shear . On October 19 , the storm was downgraded to a tropical depression , leaving just a swirl of low clouds midway between the southern tip of Baja California and mainland Mexico . By 0600 UTC on October 20 , the remnants of Madeline had completely dissipated .
= = Preparations and impact = =
In anticipation of Madeline , the government of Mexico issued a tropical storm warning for the Baja California Peninsula southward from La Paz , and a hurricane warning from San Patricio , Jalisco to El Dorado , Sinaloa , including the Islas Marías . The storm was initially forecast to move ashore near Mazatlán , prompting officials to close the city 's port . President Ernesto Zedillo advised potentially affected residents to stay indoors or seek refuge in shelters . Also , the threat of the hurricane canceled a fishing expedition in the Gulf of California due to rough surf . The expedition was to provide a new aquarium in downtown Denver , Colorado with about 8 @,@ 500 fish . Mexican authorities deployed 2 @,@ 000 soldiers in remote areas of the Pacific coast state of Sinaloa to prepare for the hurricane . Several thousand residents and tourists at the resorts of Puerto Vallarta and Mazatlan were put on standby to evacuate their homes . Authorities along the coast in the state of Nayarit went house to house , advising people about the oncoming storm . In addition , ships from Salina Cruz to Acapulco were advised to stay in port .
Although Madeline never crossed the coast , numerous rainbands affected the Mexican coast , dropping up to 9 @.@ 8 in ( 250 mm ) . Despite this , no damage or fatalities were reported in Mexico . After the storm had dissipated , the remnant plume of moisture contributed to severe flooding in central Texas . Rainfall in Texas reached 22 inches ( 560 mm ) in some locations . Thirty @-@ one people died due to the flooding , and damage totaled to $ 750 million ( 1998 USD ) . A total of 24 of the deaths were drownings , 22 of them were caused by driving vehicles into high water on a road flooded by the torrential downpours . There were 16 different incidents when these types of deaths occurred , four of them involving in multiple deaths . Three others died due to trauma , and one died from hypothermia after the person was submerged in the water . The greatest impact was in Southern Texas , which included the urban areas of San Antonio and Austin , and all of their surrounding suburbs . The counties with the most significant rainfall , damage , and fatalities were Travis County , Bexar County , Guadalupe County , Comal County , and Caldwell County . This area included both the cities of San Antonio and Austin . In a small area in Caldwell County , there was 29 inches ( 740 mm ) of rain estimated by the United States Geological Survey . This included the area of Lockhart , Texas , which was badly flooded by the storm due to its close proximity to the San Marcos River . Most of the county picked up an estimated 20 to 30 in ( 510 to 760 mm ) of rain , including San Marcos , Texas , New Braunfels , Texas , and Kyle , Texas . In all , portions of 60 counties in Texas were flooded and hundreds of people were forced to flee their homes .
Due to the flooding , twenty counties were declared federal disaster areas , clearing the way for assistance such as federal loans . Then @-@ president Bill Clinton promised aid to the victims of the storm and then @-@ governor George W. Bush took a tour of the devastated region with the Federal Emergency Management Agency director .
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= You 'll See =
" You 'll See " is a song by American recording artist Madonna from her ballads compilation , Something to Remember ( 1995 ) . The album was released with the intention of toning down the image of Madonna , who was being heavily criticized at the time . The singer decided to work with producer David Foster , who co @-@ wrote and produced three songs with Madonna in September 1995 . " You 'll See " was released on October 30 , 1995 , by Maverick Records as the lead single from the album . An acoustic pop ballad , " You 'll See " features instrumentation from percussion , tremolo guitar and piano , while lyrically it speaks of independence after end of a love affair . The song received positive reception from contemporary critics , with reviewers praising Madonna 's vocals . The American Society of Composers , Authors and Publishers ( ASCAP ) honored it as the Most Performed Song , in their annual ASCAP Pop Awards for 1997 .
" You 'll See " was commercially successful , reaching the top five in Austria , Canada , Finland , Italy and the United Kingdom . The single also managed to peak at number six on the US Billboard Hot 100 making it Madonna 's 29th top @-@ ten single on the chart . An accompanying music video was directed by Michael Haussman , where the story line served as a sequel to Madonna 's previous music video for " Take a Bow " . An alternate Spanish version , written by Argentine singer @-@ songwriter Paz Martinez , also received a music video , and was included on the Latin American edition of Something to Remember . Madonna has performed the song live on the British television program Top of the Pops and on selected US shows of her 2001 Drowned World Tour . In 2009 , Scottish singer Susan Boyle included a cover of the song on her debut studio album I Dreamed a Dream .
= = Background and development = =
After a controversy @-@ fueled period , Madonna 's personal life had started to dominate over her musical career . " She knew it was time to make a change " as said by one anonymous member of her management team who claimed that she wanted to prove there was more to her than the constant media circus surrounding her . In November 1995 , Madonna released a compilation album , Something to Remember , featuring a selection of her ballads over a decade of her career and three new songs ; described as a " love letter from Madonna to her fans and music lovers alike " the compilation was targeted to emphasize the singer 's musical abilities , and away from the theatrics . On the album 's liner notes , Madonna further explained :
So much controversy has swirled around my career this past decade that very little attention ever gets paid to my music . The songs are all but forgotten . While I have no regrets regarding the choices I 've made artistically , I 've learned to appreciate the idea of doing things in a simpler way . So without a lot of fanfare , without any distractions , I present to you this collection of ballads . Some are old , some are new . All of them are from my heart .
For the new songs , Madonna worked with David Foster , a well @-@ known producer who had worked with the likes of Barbra Streisand , Al Jarreau and Earth , Wind & Fire . Foster initially did not expect Madonna would collaborate with him , as he believed that his music would not " really [ be ] hip enough for her " . The recording session with Foster resulted in two new songs to the final track list , " You 'll See " and " One More Chance " . Foster commented : " At the end of the day , the songs we did were not particularly impressive , though one of them , ' You 'll See ' , was really neat . Madonna had written a great lyric ( ' You think that I can 't live without your love / You 'll see ' ) and I thought my music was great " . The track was produced and arranged by Madonna and Foster , who worked on the song during the third weekend of September 1995 .
= = Recording and composition = =
Recording of the song was done in Brooklyn Studios and assisted by Ronnie Rivera . It was engineered and mixed by David Reitzas , who also produced the remix of " Love Don 't Live Here Anymore " for Something to Remember . Simon Franglen provided synclavier programming for the song . Only three instruments were used for the song — acoustic guitar played by Dean Parks , electric guitar played by Michael Thompson and keyboard played by Foster . A Spanish version of the song , titled " Verás " , was recorded by Madonna at Gloria and Emilio Estefan 's studio in Miami . The song was translated into Spanish by Paz Martinez and was included as a bonus track on the Latin American editions of Something to Remember . " You 'll See " premiered on the radio forums of the official Warner Bros. Records ' website on October 18 , 1995 and was officially released as the album 's lead single on October 30 , 1995 .
Musically " You 'll See " is an acoustic pop ballad . It is set in the time signature of common time , having a tempo of 120 beats per minute . The song is played in the key of G Major , with a basic sequence of Em – D – Em as its chord progression during the first verse , while piano and guitar are used to play the background music . The sequence shifts to Em – C – D – G – C – F ♯ during the chorus . Madonna 's voice spans from G3 to C ♭ 5 . Throughout the chord changes progression to give Madonna 's vocals dominance in the song , and after a minute the percussion starts with a tremolo guitar added later . String synths and drums build the track further with the second verse seeing the singer harmonizing with herself . During the recording of the track , the singer used her vocal lessons for Evita ; she said " If you listen to those songs , you can hear how I was trying to absorb and utilize what I was learning for the recording [ of Evita ] . " Lyrically the song talks of independence after the end of a love affair stating that Madonna will go onto greater things . When asked if the track was about revenge , the singer replied " No , it 's about empowering yourself " . However , she also added that " there 's another side too which is — ' Don 't fuck with me , I don 't need anybody . I can do what I want ' , and ' You 'll See ' reflects that " .
= = Critical reception = =
Upon release , the song received generally positive feedback . According to Entertainment Weekly 's Ken Tucker , " You 'll See " is just one of the " consumer enticements that just add to the allure " . J. Randy Taraborrelli , the author of Madonna : An Intimate Biography , called the song , along with " One More Chance " , as one of " the most sombre songs [ Madonna ] has ever recorded . " Billboard 's Keith Caulfield opined that the track " showcased Madonna 's newly @-@ trained vocal abilities , which would prepare audiences for her lead role in the following year 's Evita " . AllMusic 's Jose F. Promis described the song as " an empowered , somewhat melodramatic , Latin @-@ tinged ballad that helped to even further cement Madonna as a constant on adult contemporary radio , which , in turn , further distanced her from her raunchier days earlier in the decade " . Promis also praised the Spanish version " Verás " ; " [ Madonna ] sings the Spanish lyrics surprisingly well " . Billboard critic Timothy White called it a " bittersweet serenade . " In another review from the publication , Larry Flick called it a " deliciously fruitful collaboration with ... Foster " . Flick further added in his review :
Foster 's flair for musical melodrama inspires Madonna to turn in what is easily her most assured and full @-@ bodied vocal performance to date . Amid a swirl of strings and Spanish guitars , she spews the song 's declaration of romantic independence with a theatrical verve that perfectly matches the stagey , potentially overpowering tone of Foster 's arrangement without flying over the heads of her youthful top 40 following . A stunning effort that could easily become the ' I Will Survive ' of this generation .
The Huffington Post ranked the song sixth on their list of " The 13 Most Underrated Madonna Songs " ; author Pandora Boxx wrote : " This song takes a sad break @-@ up and empowers it [ ... ] This is truly a hidden gem in the vast Madonna library " . Louis Virtel , from TheBacklot.com , placed " You 'll See " at number 48 of his list " The 100 Greatest Madonna Songs " . He wrote ; " Madonna 's declaration of independence over beautiful Spanish guitar @-@ playing is organic and inspired " . Writing for The Huffington Post , Matthew Jacobs gave the song a more negative review ; " it could be credited as a curtsy to Madonna 's impending Evita / Ray of Light comeback . Unfortunately , it also sounds like a dull displacement from a compilation of yearning ' 80s ballads " . Nevertheless , he placed " You 'll See " at number 69 of his list " The Definitive Ranking Of Madonna Singles " . The American Society of Composers , Authors and Publishers ( ASCAP ) honored it as the Most Performed Song , in their annual ASCAP Pop Awards for 1997 .
= = Chart performance = =
" You 'll See " debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 at number 8 the week of December 9 , 1995 . It became Madonna 's highest debuting single of her career , following " Erotica " ( number 13 in 1992 ) and " Rescue Me " ( number 15 in 1991 ) . The single reached a peak position of number six the following week , thus making Madonna the third act in history ( after Aretha Franklin and Marvin Gaye ) to have a hit peak at each position from one to ten on the chart . The track ranked at number 51 on the Billboard year end chart for 1996 . It was eventually certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) on February 27 , 1996 , for shipments of 500 @,@ 000 copies . The song also reached the top @-@ ten of the Adult Contemporary and Mainstream Top 40 charts . Billboard ranked it at number 28 on their list of " Madonna 's 40 Biggest Hits " on the Hot 100 . In Canada , the song debuted at number 97 on the RPM Top Singles chart , the week of November 6 , 1995 . After nine weeks , on January 15 , 1996 , it peaked at the second position of the chart . " You 'll See " also reached number three on the RPM Adult Contemporary chart .
In the United Kingdom , the song reached a peak of number 5 on the UK Singles Chart the week of November 4 , 1995 , and was present on the top 100 for a total of 14 weeks . According to the Official Charts Company , the single has sold over 305 @,@ 000 physical units as of October 2010 , and was certified Silver by the British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) . In Australia , " You 'll See " peaked at number 9 on the ARIA Singles Chart the week of February 18 , 1996 , staying on this position for two week and a total of eleven weeks on the chart . It also ranked at number 87 on the ARIA year @-@ end charts for 1995 , and was certified Gold by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) for shipment of 35 @,@ 000 copies of the single . In Italy , it reached the fifth position of the FIMI Singles Chart . On the year @-@ end Italian charts , it was ranked at number 21 . " You 'll See " reached a peak of number 2 in Finland , and also reached a peak of number 13 on the Irish Singles Chart . Across Europe , the song reached a peak of number eight on the European Hot 100 Singles chart on January 27 , 1995 .
= = Promotion and cover = =
The music video for " You 'll See " was directed by Michael Haussman , and premiered on November 7 , 1995 . The video became Madonna 's first sequel clip , as it followed the storyline of the singer 's previous video for " Take a Bow " , the second single from Bedtime Stories . The video for the latter had portrayed the singer being mistreated by her lover , played by Spanish Torero Emilio Muñoz . In the music video for " You 'll See " , Madonna walks out leaving him behind in despair . Also present are scenes of the singer riding a train and later on a plane , with Muñoz trying to catch up with her . The last frame of the video shows Madonna smiling hopefully for a better life . The video 's wardrobe was styled by noted fashion editor and stylist Lori Goldstein , who had previously worked with Madonna on " Take a Bow " . Another music video was created for the song 's Spanish version , " Verás " , which was released only in Latin America . This one intersperses scenes from the original video with footage of Madonna recording the Spanish version of the song . The music video for " You 'll See " was nominated for an MTV Video Music Award for Best Cinematography in 1996 . The Spanish version of the video won the MTV Latino award for Best Female Video .
On November 2 , 1995 , Madonna performed the song on British television program Top of the Pops . Six years later , Madonna performed " You 'll See " on some US shows of her Drowned World Tour . In his review of the show at New York City 's Madison Square Garden , Slant Magazine 's Sal Cinquemani praised the " French @-@ techno / acoustic revamping of the powerful ' You 'll See ' " . The performance was not included on the tour 's live video album release , Drowned World Tour 2001 .
Scottish singer Susan Boyle covered the song for her debut album , I Dreamed a Dream ( 2009 ) . Reportedly , Boyle loved the song for years , and used to sing the ballad at auditions when she was cruelly turned away . At the end of the number Boyle , sometimes " reduced to tears " , would assert " You 'll see " . Reviewing the album for the New York Daily News , Jim Farber felt that Boyle 's voice sounded " remote and idealized " on the album , until " You 'll See " , where the characteristic " anger and vengeance " in her vocals " give her a harder character to chew on " . The cover was included on the first episode of Brazilian telenovela Ti Ti Ti ( 2010 ) . When Boyle started working on the musical I Dreamed a Dream which was based on her life , she had asked Madonna 's permission to use the song onstage , but Madonna denied usage of the track .
= = Track listings = =
= = Credits and personnel = =
Madonna – songwriter , producer , arranger , vocals
David Foster – songwriter , producer , arranger , keyboards
Simon Franglen – synclavier programming
Suzie Katayama – cello
Dean Parks – acoustic guitar
David Reitzas – engineer , mixing
Ronnie Rivera – assistant
Credits adapted from the album 's liner notes .
= = Charts = =
= = Certifications = =
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= Kii @-@ class battleship =
The Kii @-@ class battleship was a planned class of four fast battleships to be built for the Imperial Japanese Navy ( IJN ) during the 1920s . Only two of the ships received names . They were intended to reinforce Japan 's " eight @-@ eight fleet " of eight battleships and eight battlecruisers after the United States announced a major naval construction program in 1919 . However , after the signing of the Washington Naval Treaty in 1922 , work on the ships was suspended ; one pair was cancelled in November 1923 and the other in April 1924 .
= = Design and background = =
By 1918 , the Navy had gained approval for an " eight @-@ six " fleet of eight battleships and six battlecruisers , all ships under eight years old . However , having four large battleships ( two each of the Nagato and Tosa classes ) and four Amagi @-@ class battlecruisers on order put an enormous financial strain on Japan , which was spending about a third of its national budget on the Navy . Despite this , the IJN gained approval of the " eight @-@ eight @-@ eight " plan in 1920 after American President Woodrow Wilson announced plans in 1919 to re @-@ initiate the 1916 plan for ten additional battleships and six battlecruisers . The Japanese response was to plan the construction of eight additional fast battleships in the Kii and the Number 13 classes .
Designed by Captain Yuzuru Hiraga , the Kii class was based largely on the preceding Amagi @-@ class battlecruisers , which were in turn based on a less @-@ armored Tosa @-@ class design . The only major difference between the Kiis and Amagis was their speed and armor — the Amagis were .25 knots ( 0 @.@ 46 km / h ; 0 @.@ 29 mph ) faster , and the Kiis had a thicker belt . Despite this lineage , the Kiis were classified as " fast battleships " by the Japanese , as they had decided to end the distinction between " battleship " and " battlecruiser . "
= = = Description = = =
The ships had a length of 234 @.@ 9 meters ( 770 ft 8 in ) between perpendiculars and 250 @.@ 1 meters ( 820 ft 6 in ) overall . They had a beam of 30 @.@ 8 meters ( 101 ft 1 in ) and a draft of 9 @.@ 7 meters ( 31 ft 10 in ) . The normal displacement of the battleships was 42 @,@ 600 metric tons ( 41 @,@ 900 long tons ) .
The class was intended to be equipped with four Gijutsu @-@ Hombu geared steam turbines , each of which drove one propeller shaft . The turbines were designed to produce a total of 131 @,@ 200 shaft horsepower ( 97 @,@ 800 kW ) , using steam provided by 19 Kampon oil @-@ fired water @-@ tube boilers , to reach a maximum speed of 29 @.@ 75 knots ( 55 @.@ 10 km / h ; 34 @.@ 24 mph ) .
The primary armament of the Kii class was ten 45 @-@ caliber 41 @-@ centimeter guns in five twin @-@ gun turrets , two fore and three aft of the superstructure . This gun fired a 1 @,@ 000 @-@ kilogram ( 2 @,@ 200 lb ) shell at a muzzle velocity of 790 meters per second ( 2 @,@ 600 ft / s ) . The secondary battery consisted of 16 single 50 @-@ caliber 14 @-@ centimeter guns was mounted in casemates in the superstructure . The manually operated guns had a maximum range of 19 @,@ 750 meters ( 21 @,@ 600 yd ) at an elevation of + 35 ° and fired at a rate up to 10 rounds per minute . The ships ' anti @-@ aircraft defenses consisted of four single 45 @-@ caliber 12 @-@ centimeter 10th Year Type anti @-@ aircraft guns mounted around the single funnel . Each of these guns had a maximum elevation of + 75 ° and a maximum rate of fire of 10 – 11 rounds per minute . They could fire a 20 @.@ 41 @-@ kilogram ( 45 @.@ 0 lb ) projectile with a muzzle velocity of 825 – 830 m / s ( 2 @,@ 710 – 2 @,@ 720 ft / s ) to a maximum height of 10 @,@ 000 meters ( 32 @,@ 808 ft ) . The Kii class was also fitted with eight 61 @-@ centimeter ( 24 in ) above @-@ water torpedo tubes , four on each broadside .
The ships would have been protected by a waterline belt of armor 293 millimeters ( 12 in ) thick , sloped 15 ° outwards at the top to increase its ability to resist penetration at short range . The belt armor was designed to be able to defeat 16 @-@ inch ( 410 mm ) shells from a distance of 12 @,@ 000 – 20 @,@ 000 meters ( 13 @,@ 000 – 22 @,@ 000 yd ) . The main battery turrets and barbettes would have had between 280 – 229 millimeters ( 11 – 9 in ) of armor plating , and the conning tower would have had been protected by armor 356 millimeters ( 14 in ) thick . The decks would have been 120 millimeters ( 5 in ) thick . The Kii @-@ class battleships would have had a torpedo bulkhead 75 millimeters ( 3 in ) thick , which connected at the top to a 38 @-@ millimeter ( 1 @.@ 5 in ) splinter deck beneath the main deck .
= = Construction = =
Two ships were ordered on 12 October 1921 , and two more were ordered later that year . Kii was allocated to Kure Naval Arsenal , Kure , with a projected completion date of November 1923 , and Owari was allocated to the Yokosuka Naval Arsenal , Yokosuka , with completion in September . Two more unnamed ships , Numbers 11 and 12 , were assigned to Kawasaki in Kobe and Mitsubishi in Nagasaki , respectively . The ships ' keel laying was stopped on 5 February because the terms of the Washington Naval Treaty that forbade the construction of all battleships over 35 @,@ 000 long tons ( 36 @,@ 000 t ) . Numbers 11 and 12 were formally canceled on 19 November 1923 ; Kii and Owari followed on 14 April 1924 .
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= Alzheimer 's disease =
Alzheimer 's disease ( AD ) , also known as just Alzheimer 's , is a chronic neurodegenerative disease that usually starts slowly and gets worse over time . It is the cause of 60 % to 70 % of cases of dementia . The most common early symptom is difficulty in remembering recent events ( short @-@ term memory loss ) . As the disease advances , symptoms can include problems with language , disorientation ( including easily getting lost ) , mood swings , loss of motivation , not managing self care , and behavioural issues . As a person 's condition declines , they often withdraw from family and society . Gradually , bodily functions are lost , ultimately leading to death . Although the speed of progression can vary , the average life expectancy following diagnosis is three to nine years .
The cause of Alzheimer 's disease is poorly understood . About 70 % of the risk is believed to be genetic with many genes usually involved . Other risk factors include a history of head injuries , depression , or hypertension . The disease process is associated with plaques and tangles in the brain . A probable diagnosis is based on the history of the illness and cognitive testing with medical imaging and blood tests to rule out other possible causes . Initial symptoms are often mistaken for normal aging . Examination of brain tissue is needed for a definite diagnosis . Mental and physical exercise , and avoiding obesity may decrease the risk of AD . There are no medications or supplements that decrease risk .
No treatments stop or reverse its progression , though some may temporarily improve symptoms . Affected people increasingly rely on others for assistance , often placing a burden on the caregiver ; the pressures can include social , psychological , physical , and economic elements . Exercise programmes are beneficial with respect to activities of daily living and can potentially improve outcomes . Treatment of behavioural problems or psychosis due to dementia with antipsychotics is common but not usually recommended due to there often being little benefit and an increased risk of early death .
In 2015 , there were approximately 48 million people worldwide with AD . It most often begins in people over 65 years of age , although 4 % to 5 % of cases are early @-@ onset Alzheimer 's which begin before this . It affects about 6 % of people 65 years and older . In 2010 , dementia resulted in about 486 @,@ 000 deaths . It was first described by , and later named after , German psychiatrist and pathologist Alois Alzheimer in 1906 . In developed countries , AD is one of the most financially costly diseases .
= = Signs and symptoms = =
The disease course is divided into four stages , with a progressive pattern of cognitive and functional impairment .
= = = Pre @-@ dementia = = =
The first symptoms are often mistakenly attributed to ageing or stress . Detailed neuropsychological testing can reveal mild cognitive difficulties up to eight years before a person fulfills the clinical criteria for diagnosis of AD . These early symptoms can affect the most complex activities of daily living . The most noticeable deficit is short term memory loss , which shows up as difficulty in remembering recently learned facts and inability to acquire new information .
Subtle problems with the executive functions of attentiveness , planning , flexibility , and abstract thinking , or impairments in semantic memory ( memory of meanings , and concept relationships ) can also be symptomatic of the early stages of AD . Apathy can be observed at this stage , and remains the most persistent neuropsychiatric symptom throughout the course of the disease . Depressive symptoms , irritability and reduced awareness of subtle memory difficulties are also common . The preclinical stage of the disease has also been termed mild cognitive impairment ( MCI ) . This is often found to be a transitional stage between normal ageing and dementia . MCI can present with a variety of symptoms , and when memory loss is the predominant symptom , it is termed " amnestic MCI " and is frequently seen as a prodromal stage of Alzheimer 's disease .
= = = Early = = =
In people with AD , the increasing impairment of learning and memory eventually leads to a definitive diagnosis . In a small percentage , difficulties with language , executive functions , perception ( agnosia ) , or execution of movements ( apraxia ) are more prominent than memory problems . AD does not affect all memory capacities equally . Older memories of the person 's life ( episodic memory ) , facts learned ( semantic memory ) , and implicit memory ( the memory of the body on how to do things , such as using a fork to eat ) are affected to a lesser degree than new facts or memories .
Language problems are mainly characterised by a shrinking vocabulary and decreased word fluency , leading to a general impoverishment of oral and written language . In this stage , the person with Alzheimer 's is usually capable of communicating basic ideas adequately . While performing fine motor tasks such as writing , drawing or dressing , certain movement coordination and planning difficulties ( apraxia ) may be present , but they are commonly unnoticed . As the disease progresses , people with AD can often continue to perform many tasks independently , but may need assistance or supervision with the most cognitively demanding activities .
= = = Moderate = = =
Progressive deterioration eventually hinders independence , with subjects being unable to perform most common activities of daily living . Speech difficulties become evident due to an inability to recall vocabulary , which leads to frequent incorrect word substitutions ( paraphasias ) . Reading and writing skills are also progressively lost . Complex motor sequences become less coordinated as time passes and AD progresses , so the risk of falling increases . During this phase , memory problems worsen , and the person may fail to recognise close relatives . Long @-@ term memory , which was previously intact , becomes impaired .
Behavioural and neuropsychiatric changes become more prevalent . Common manifestations are wandering , irritability and labile affect , leading to crying , outbursts of unpremeditated aggression , or resistance to caregiving . Sundowning can also appear . Approximately 30 % of people with AD develop illusionary misidentifications and other delusional symptoms . Subjects also lose insight of their disease process and limitations ( anosognosia ) . Urinary incontinence can develop . These symptoms create stress for relatives and carers , which can be reduced by moving the person from home care to other long @-@ term care facilities .
= = = Advanced = = =
During the final stages , the patient is completely dependent upon caregivers . Language is reduced to simple phrases or even single words , eventually leading to complete loss of speech . Despite the loss of verbal language abilities , people can often understand and return emotional signals . Although aggressiveness can still be present , extreme apathy and exhaustion are much more common symptoms . People with Alzheimer 's disease will ultimately not be able to perform even the simplest tasks independently ; muscle mass and mobility deteriorate to the point where they are bedridden and unable to feed themselves . The cause of death is usually an external factor , such as infection of pressure ulcers or pneumonia , not the disease itself .
= = Cause = =
The cause for most Alzheimer 's cases is still mostly unknown except for 1 % to 5 % of cases where genetic differences have been identified .
Several competing hypotheses exist trying to explain the cause of the disease :
= = = Genetics = = =
The genetic heritability of Alzheimer 's disease ( and memory components thereof ) , based on reviews of twin and family studies , range from 49 % to 79 % . Around 0 @.@ 1 % of the cases are familial forms of autosomal ( not sex @-@ linked ) dominant inheritance , which have an onset before age 65 . This form of the disease is known as early onset familial Alzheimer 's disease . Most of autosomal dominant familial AD can be attributed to mutations in one of three genes : those encoding amyloid precursor protein ( APP ) and presenilins 1 and 2 . Most mutations in the APP and presenilin genes increase the production of a small protein called Aβ42 , which is the main component of senile plaques . Some of the mutations merely alter the ratio between Aβ42 and the other major forms — particularly Aβ40 — without increasing Aβ42 levels . This suggests that presenilin mutations can cause disease even if they lower the total amount of Aβ produced and may point to other roles of presenilin or a role for alterations in the function of APP and / or its fragments other than Aβ . There exist variants of the APP gene which are protective .
Most cases of Alzheimer 's disease do not exhibit autosomal @-@ dominant inheritance and are termed sporadic AD , in which environmental and genetic differences may act as risk factors . The best known genetic risk factor is the inheritance of the ε4 allele of the apolipoprotein E ( APOE ) . Between 40 and 80 % of people with AD possess at least one APOEε4 allele . The APOEε4 allele increases the risk of the disease by three times in heterozygotes and by 15 times in homozygotes . Like many human diseases , environmental effects and genetic modifiers result in incomplete penetrance . For example , certain Nigerian populations do not show the relationship between dose of APOEε4 and incidence or age @-@ of @-@ onset for Alzheimer 's disease seen in other human populations . Early attempts to screen up to 400 candidate genes for association with late @-@ onset sporadic AD ( LOAD ) resulted in a low yield . More recent genome @-@ wide association studies ( GWAS ) have found 19 areas in genes that appear to affect the risk . These genes include : CASS4 , CELF1 , FERMT2 , HLA @-@ DRB5 , INPP5D , MEF2C , NME8 , PTK2B , SORL1 , ZCWPW1 , SlC24A4 , CLU , PICALM , CR1 , BIN1 , MS4A , ABCA7 , EPHA1 , and CD2AP .
Mutations in the TREM2 gene have been associated with a 3 to 5 times higher risk of developing Alzheimer 's disease . A suggested mechanism of action is that when TREM2 is mutated , white blood cells in the brain are no longer able to control the amount of beta amyloid present .
= = = Cholinergic hypothesis = = =
The oldest , on which most currently available drug therapies are based , is the cholinergic hypothesis , which proposes that AD is caused by reduced synthesis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine . The cholinergic hypothesis has not maintained widespread support , largely because medications intended to treat acetylcholine deficiency have not been very effective . Other cholinergic effects have also been proposed , for example , initiation of large @-@ scale aggregation of amyloid , leading to generalised neuroinflammation .
= = = Amyloid hypothesis = = =
In 1991 , the amyloid hypothesis postulated that extracellular amyloid beta ( Aβ ) deposits are the fundamental cause of the disease . Support for this postulate comes from the location of the gene for the amyloid precursor protein ( APP ) on chromosome 21 , together with the fact that people with trisomy 21 ( Down Syndrome ) who have an extra gene copy almost universally exhibit at least the earliest symptoms of AD by 40 years of age . Also , a specific isoform of apolipoprotein , APOE4 , is a major genetic risk factor for AD . Whilst apolipoproteins enhance the breakdown of beta amyloid , some isoforms are not very effective at this task ( such as APOE4 ) , leading to excess amyloid buildup in the brain . Further evidence comes from the finding that transgenic mice that express a mutant form of the human APP gene develop fibrillar amyloid plaques and Alzheimer 's @-@ like brain pathology with spatial learning deficits .
An experimental vaccine was found to clear the amyloid plaques in early human trials , but it did not have any significant effect on dementia . Researchers have been led to suspect non @-@ plaque Aβ oligomers ( aggregates of many monomers ) as the primary pathogenic form of Aβ . These toxic oligomers , also referred to as amyloid @-@ derived diffusible ligands ( ADDLs ) , bind to a surface receptor on neurons and change the structure of the synapse , thereby disrupting neuronal communication . One receptor for Aβ oligomers may be the prion protein , the same protein that has been linked to mad cow disease and the related human condition , Creutzfeldt – Jakob disease , thus potentially linking the underlying mechanism of these neurodegenerative disorders with that of Alzheimer 's disease . One study found possible evidence of human to human transmission .
In 2009 , this theory was updated , suggesting that a close relative of the beta @-@ amyloid protein , and not necessarily the beta @-@ amyloid itself , may be a major culprit in the disease . The theory holds that an amyloid @-@ related mechanism that prunes neuronal connections in the brain in the fast @-@ growth phase of early life may be triggered by ageing @-@ related processes in later life to cause the neuronal withering of Alzheimer 's disease . N @-@ APP , a fragment of APP from the peptide 's N @-@ terminus , is adjacent to beta @-@ amyloid and is cleaved from APP by one of the same enzymes . N @-@ APP triggers the self @-@ destruct pathway by binding to a neuronal receptor called death receptor 6 ( DR6 , also known as TNFRSF21 ) . DR6 is highly expressed in the human brain regions most affected by Alzheimer 's , so it is possible that the N @-@ APP / DR6 pathway might be hijacked in the ageing brain to cause damage . In this model , beta @-@ amyloid plays a complementary role , by depressing synaptic function .
= = = Tau hypothesis = = =
The tau hypothesis proposes that tau protein abnormalities initiate the disease cascade . In this model , hyperphosphorylated tau begins to pair with other threads of tau . Eventually , they form neurofibrillary tangles inside nerve cell bodies . When this occurs , the microtubules disintegrate , destroying the structure of the cell 's cytoskeleton which collapses the neuron 's transport system . This may result first in malfunctions in biochemical communication between neurons and later in the death of the cells .
= = = Other hypotheses = = =
A neurovascular hypothesis has been proposed which state that poor functioning of the blood brain barrier may be involved .
The cellular homeostasis of biometals such as ionic copper , iron , and zinc is disrupted in AD , though it remains unclear whether this is produced by or causes the changes in proteins . These ions affect and are affected by tau , APP , and APOE , and their dysregulation may cause oxidative stress that may contribute to the pathology . Some studies have shown an increased risk of developing AD with environmental factors such as the intake of metals , particularly aluminium . The quality of some of these studies has been criticised , and the link remains controversial . The majority of researchers do not support a causal connection with aluminium .
Smoking is a significant AD risk factor . Systemic markers of the innate immune system are risk factors for late @-@ onset AD .
There is tentative evidence that exposure to air pollution may be a contributing factor to the development of Alzheimer 's disease .
An infection with Spirochetes ( a bacterium ) in gum disease may cause dementia and may be involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer 's disease .
Retrogenesis is a medical hypothesis about the development and progress of Alzheimer 's disease proposed by Barry Reisberg in the 1980s . The hypothesis is that just as the fetus goes through a process of neurodevelopment beginning with neurulation and ending with myelination , the brains of people with AD go through a reverse neurodegeneration process starting with demyelination and death of axons ( white matter ) and ending with the death of gray matter . Likewise the hypothesis is , that as infants go through states of cognitive development , people with AD go through the reverse process of progressive cognitive impairment . Reisberg developed the caregiving assessment tool known as " FAST " ( Functional Assessment Staging Tool ) which he says allows those caring for AD patients to identify the stages of disease progression and that provides advice about the kind of care needed at each stage .
= = Pathophysiology = =
= = = Neuropathology = = =
Alzheimer 's disease is characterised by loss of neurons and synapses in the cerebral cortex and certain subcortical regions . This loss results in gross atrophy of the affected regions , including degeneration in the temporal lobe and parietal lobe , and parts of the frontal cortex and cingulate gyrus . Degeneration is also present in brainstem nuclei like the locus coeruleus . Studies using MRI and PET have documented reductions in the size of specific brain regions in people with AD as they progressed from mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer 's disease , and in comparison with similar images from healthy older adults .
Both amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles are clearly visible by microscopy in brains of those afflicted by AD . Plaques are dense , mostly insoluble deposits of beta @-@ amyloid peptide and cellular material outside and around neurons . Tangles ( neurofibrillary tangles ) are aggregates of the microtubule @-@ associated protein tau which has become hyperphosphorylated and accumulate inside the cells themselves . Although many older individuals develop some plaques and tangles as a consequence of ageing , the brains of people with AD have a greater number of them in specific brain regions such as the temporal lobe . Lewy bodies are not rare in the brains of people with AD .
= = = Biochemistry = = =
Alzheimer 's disease has been identified as a protein misfolding disease ( proteopathy ) , caused by plaque accumulation of abnormally folded amyloid beta protein , and tau protein in the brain . Plaques are made up of small peptides , 39 – 43 amino acids in length , called amyloid beta ( Aβ ) . Aβ is a fragment from the larger amyloid precursor protein ( APP ) . APP is a transmembrane protein that penetrates through the neuron 's membrane . APP is critical to neuron growth , survival , and post @-@ injury repair . In Alzheimer 's disease , gamma secretase and beta secretase act together in a proteolytic process which causes APP to be divided into smaller fragments . One of these fragments gives rise to fibrils of amyloid beta , which then form clumps that deposit outside neurons in dense formations known as senile plaques .
AD is also considered a tauopathy due to abnormal aggregation of the tau protein . Every neuron has a cytoskeleton , an internal support structure partly made up of structures called microtubules . These microtubules act like tracks , guiding nutrients and molecules from the body of the cell to the ends of the axon and back . A protein called tau stabilises the microtubules when phosphorylated , and is therefore called a microtubule @-@ associated protein . In AD , tau undergoes chemical changes , becoming hyperphosphorylated ; it then begins to pair with other threads , creating neurofibrillary tangles and disintegrating the neuron 's transport system .
= = = Disease mechanism = = =
Exactly how disturbances of production and aggregation of the beta @-@ amyloid peptide give rise to the pathology of AD is not known . The amyloid hypothesis traditionally points to the accumulation of beta @-@ amyloid peptides as the central event triggering neuron degeneration . Accumulation of aggregated amyloid fibrils , which are believed to be the toxic form of the protein responsible for disrupting the cell 's calcium ion homeostasis , induces programmed cell death ( apoptosis ) . It is also known that Aβ selectively builds up in the mitochondria in the cells of Alzheimer 's @-@ affected brains , and it also inhibits certain enzyme functions and the utilisation of glucose by neurons .
Various inflammatory processes and cytokines may also have a role in the pathology of Alzheimer 's disease . Inflammation is a general marker of tissue damage in any disease , and may be either secondary to tissue damage in AD or a marker of an immunological response . There is increasing evidence of a strong interaction between the neurons and the immunological mechanisms in the brain . Obesity and systemic inflammation may interfere with immunological processes which promote disease progression .
Alterations in the distribution of different neurotrophic factors and in the expression of their receptors such as the brain @-@ derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) have been described in AD .
= = Diagnosis = =
Alzheimer 's disease is usually diagnosed based on the person 's medical history , history from relatives , and behavioural observations . The presence of characteristic neurological and neuropsychological features and the absence of alternative conditions is supportive . Advanced medical imaging with computed tomography ( CT ) or magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI ) , and with single @-@ photon emission computed tomography ( SPECT ) or positron emission tomography ( PET ) can be used to help exclude other cerebral pathology or subtypes of dementia . Moreover , it may predict conversion from prodromal stages ( mild cognitive impairment ) to Alzheimer 's disease .
Assessment of intellectual functioning including memory testing can further characterise the state of the disease . Medical organisations have created diagnostic criteria to ease and standardise the diagnostic process for practising physicians . The diagnosis can be confirmed with very high accuracy post @-@ mortem when brain material is available and can be examined histologically .
= = = Criteria = = =
The National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke ( NINCDS ) and the Alzheimer 's Disease and Related Disorders Association ( ADRDA , now known as the Alzheimer 's Association ) established the most commonly used NINCDS @-@ ADRDA Alzheimer 's Criteria for diagnosis in 1984 , extensively updated in 2007 . These criteria require that the presence of cognitive impairment , and a suspected dementia syndrome , be confirmed by neuropsychological testing for a clinical diagnosis of possible or probable AD . A histopathologic confirmation including a microscopic examination of brain tissue is required for a definitive diagnosis . Good statistical reliability and validity have been shown between the diagnostic criteria and definitive histopathological confirmation . Eight cognitive domains are most commonly impaired in AD — memory , language , perceptual skills , attention , constructive abilities , orientation , problem solving and functional abilities . These domains are equivalent to the NINCDS @-@ ADRDA Alzheimer 's Criteria as listed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ( DSM @-@ IV @-@ TR ) published by the American Psychiatric Association .
= = = Techniques = = =
Neuropsychological tests such as the mini – mental state examination ( MMSE ) are widely used to evaluate the cognitive impairments needed for diagnosis . More comprehensive test arrays are necessary for high reliability of results , particularly in the earliest stages of the disease . Neurological examination in early AD will usually provide normal results , except for obvious cognitive impairment , which may not differ from that resulting from other diseases processes , including other causes of dementia .
Further neurological examinations are crucial in the differential diagnosis of AD and other diseases . Interviews with family members are also utilised in the assessment of the disease . Caregivers can supply important information on the daily living abilities , as well as on the decrease , over time , of the person 's mental function . A caregiver 's viewpoint is particularly important , since a person with AD is commonly unaware of his own deficits . Many times , families also have difficulties in the detection of initial dementia symptoms and may not communicate accurate information to a physician .
Supplemental testing provides extra information on some features of the disease or is used to rule out other diagnoses . Blood tests can identify other causes for dementia than AD — causes which may , in rare cases , be reversible . It is common to perform thyroid function tests , assess B12 , rule out syphilis , rule out metabolic problems ( including tests for kidney function , electrolyte levels and for diabetes ) , assess levels of heavy metals ( e.g. lead , mercury ) and anaemia . ( It is also necessary to rule out delirium ) .
Psychological tests for depression are employed , since depression can either be concurrent with AD ( see Depression of Alzheimer disease ) , an early sign of cognitive impairment , or even the cause .
= = Prevention = =
At present , there is no definitive evidence to support that any particular measure is effective in preventing AD . Global studies of measures to prevent or delay the onset of AD have often produced inconsistent results . Epidemiological studies have proposed relationships between certain modifiable factors , such as diet , cardiovascular risk , pharmaceutical products , or intellectual activities among others , and a population 's likelihood of developing AD . Only further research , including clinical trials , will reveal whether these factors can help to prevent AD .
= = = Medication = = =
Although cardiovascular risk factors , such as hypercholesterolaemia , hypertension , diabetes , and smoking , are associated with a higher risk of onset and course of AD , statins , which are cholesterol lowering drugs , have not been effective in preventing or improving the course of the disease .
Long @-@ term usage of non @-@ steroidal anti @-@ inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs ) is associated with a reduced likelihood of developing AD . Evidence also support the notion that NSAIDs can reduce inflammation related to amyloid plaques . No prevention trial has been completed . They do not appear to be useful as a treatment . Hormone replacement therapy , although previously used , may increase the risk of dementia .
= = = Lifestyle = = =
People who engage in intellectual activities such as reading , playing board games , completing crossword puzzles , playing musical instruments , or regular social interaction show a reduced risk for Alzheimer 's disease . This is compatible with the cognitive reserve theory , which states that some life experiences result in more efficient neural functioning providing the individual a cognitive reserve that delays the onset of dementia manifestations . Education delays the onset of AD syndrome , but is not related to earlier death after diagnosis . Learning a second language even later in life seems to delay getting Alzheimer disease . Physical activity is also associated with a reduced risk of AD .
= = = Diet = = =
People who eat a healthy , Japanese , or Mediterranean diet have a lower risk of AD . A Mediterranean diet may improve outcomes in those with the disease . Those who eat a diet high in saturated fats and simple carbohydrates ( mono- and disaccharide ) have a higher risk . The Mediterranean diet 's beneficial cardiovascular effect has been proposed as the mechanism of action .
Conclusions on dietary components have at times been difficult to ascertain as results have differed between population @-@ based studies and randomised controlled trials . There is limited evidence that light to moderate use of alcohol , particularly red wine , is associated with lower risk of AD . There is tentative evidence that caffeine may be protective . A number of foods high in flavonoids such as cocoa , red wine , and tea may decrease the risk of AD .
Reviews on the use of vitamins and minerals have not found enough consistent evidence to recommend them . This includes vitamin A , C , E , selenium , zinc , and folic acid with or without vitamin B12 . Additionally vitamin E is associated with health risks . Trials examining folic acid ( B9 ) and other B vitamins failed to show any significant association with cognitive decline . In those already affected with AD adding docosahexaenoic acid , an omega @-@ 3 fatty acid , to the diet has not been found to slow decline .
Curcumin as of 2010 has not shown benefit in people even though there is tentative evidence in animals . There is inconsistent and unconvincing evidence that ginkgo has any positive effect on cognitive impairment and dementia . As of 2008 there is no concrete evidence that cannabinoids are effective in improving the symptoms of AD or dementia ; however , some research looks promising .
= = Management = =
There is no cure for Alzheimer 's disease ; available treatments offer relatively small symptomatic benefit but remain palliative in nature . Current treatments can be divided into pharmaceutical , psychosocial and caregiving .
= = = Medications = = =
Five medications are currently used to treat the cognitive problems of AD : four are acetylcholinesterase inhibitors ( tacrine , rivastigmine , galantamine and donepezil ) and the other ( memantine ) is an NMDA receptor antagonist . The benefit from their use is small . No medication has been clearly shown to delay or halt the progression of the disease .
Reduction in the activity of the cholinergic neurons is a well @-@ known feature of Alzheimer 's disease . Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are employed to reduce the rate at which acetylcholine ( ACh ) is broken down , thereby increasing the concentration of ACh in the brain and combating the loss of ACh caused by the death of cholinergic neurons . There is evidence for the efficacy of these medications in mild to moderate Alzheimer 's disease , and some evidence for their use in the advanced stage . Only donepezil is approved for treatment of advanced AD dementia . The use of these drugs in mild cognitive impairment has not shown any effect in a delay of the onset of AD . The most common side effects are nausea and vomiting , both of which are linked to cholinergic excess . These side effects arise in approximately 10 – 20 % of users , are mild to moderate in severity , and can be managed by slowly adjusting medication doses . Less common secondary effects include muscle cramps , decreased heart rate ( bradycardia ) , decreased appetite and weight , and increased gastric acid production .
Glutamate is a useful excitatory neurotransmitter of the nervous system , although excessive amounts in the brain can lead to cell death through a process called excitotoxicity which consists of the overstimulation of glutamate receptors . Excitotoxicity occurs not only in Alzheimer 's disease , but also in other neurological diseases such as Parkinson 's disease and multiple sclerosis . Memantine is a noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist first used as an anti @-@ influenza agent . It acts on the glutamatergic system by blocking NMDA receptors and inhibiting their overstimulation by glutamate . Memantine has been shown to have a small benefit in the treatment of Alzheimer 's disease . Reported adverse events with memantine are infrequent and mild , including hallucinations , confusion , dizziness , headache and fatigue . The combination of memantine and donepezil has been shown to be " of statistically significant but clinically marginal effectiveness " .
Atypical antipsychotics are modestly useful in reducing aggression and psychosis in people with Alzheimer 's disease , but their advantages are offset by serious adverse effects , such as stroke , movement difficulties or cognitive decline . When used in the long @-@ term , they have been shown to associate with increased mortality . Stopping antipsychotic use in this group of people appears to be safe .
Huperzine A while promising , requires further evidence before it use can be recommended .
= = = Psychosocial intervention = = =
Psychosocial interventions are used as an adjunct to pharmaceutical treatment and can be classified within behaviour- , emotion- , cognition- or stimulation @-@ oriented approaches . Research on efficacy is unavailable and rarely specific to AD , focusing instead on dementia in general .
Behavioural interventions attempt to identify and reduce the antecedents and consequences of problem behaviours . This approach has not shown success in improving overall functioning , but can help to reduce some specific problem behaviours , such as incontinence . There is a lack of high quality data on the effectiveness of these techniques in other behaviour problems such as wandering .
Emotion @-@ oriented interventions include reminiscence therapy , validation therapy , supportive psychotherapy , sensory integration , also called snoezelen , and simulated presence therapy . Supportive psychotherapy has received little or no formal scientific study , but some clinicians find it useful in helping mildly impaired people adjust to their illness . Reminiscence therapy ( RT ) involves the discussion of past experiences individually or in group , many times with the aid of photographs , household items , music and sound recordings , or other familiar items from the past . Although there are few quality studies on the effectiveness of RT , it may be beneficial for cognition and mood . Simulated presence therapy ( SPT ) is based on attachment theories and involves playing a recording with voices of the closest relatives of the person with Alzheimer 's disease . There is partial evidence indicating that SPT may reduce challenging behaviours . Finally , validation therapy is based on acceptance of the reality and personal truth of another 's experience , while sensory integration is based on exercises aimed to stimulate senses . There is no evidence to support the usefulness of these therapies .
The aim of cognition @-@ oriented treatments , which include reality orientation and cognitive retraining , is the reduction of cognitive deficits . Reality orientation consists in the presentation of information about time , place or person to ease the understanding of the person about its surroundings and his or her place in them . On the other hand , cognitive retraining tries to improve impaired capacities by exercitation of mental abilities . Both have shown some efficacy improving cognitive capacities , although in some studies these effects were transient and negative effects , such as frustration , have also been reported .
Stimulation @-@ oriented treatments include art , music and pet therapies , exercise , and any other kind of recreational activities . Stimulation has modest support for improving behaviour , mood , and , to a lesser extent , function . Nevertheless , as important as these effects are , the main support for the use of stimulation therapies is the change in the person 's routine .
= = = Caregiving = = =
Since Alzheimer 's has no cure and it gradually renders people incapable of tending for their own needs , caregiving essentially is the treatment and must be carefully managed over the course of the disease .
During the early and moderate stages , modifications to the living environment and lifestyle can increase patient safety and reduce caretaker burden . Examples of such modifications are the adherence to simplified routines , the placing of safety locks , the labelling of household items to cue the person with the disease or the use of modified daily life objects . If eating becomes problematic , food will need to be prepared in smaller pieces or even pureed . When swallowing difficulties arise , the use of feeding tubes may be required . In such cases , the medical efficacy and ethics of continuing feeding is an important consideration of the caregivers and family members . The use of physical restraints is rarely indicated in any stage of the disease , although there are situations when they are necessary to prevent harm to the person with AD or their caregivers .
As the disease progresses , different medical issues can appear , such as oral and dental disease , pressure ulcers , malnutrition , hygiene problems , or respiratory , skin , or eye infections . Careful management can prevent them , while professional treatment is needed when they do arise . During the final stages of the disease , treatment is centred on relieving discomfort until death , often with the help of hospice .
= = = Feeding tubes = = =
People with Alzheimer 's disease ( and other forms of dementia ) often develop problems with eating , due to difficulties in swallowing , reduced appetite or the inability to recognise food . Their carers and families often request they have some form of feeding tube . However , there is no evidence that this helps people with advanced Alzheimer 's to gain weight , regain strength or improve their quality of life . In fact , their use might carry an increased risk of aspiration pneumonia , use of physical restraints , and increased risk of pressure ulcers .
= = Prognosis = =
The early stages of Alzheimer 's disease are difficult to diagnose . A definitive diagnosis is usually made once cognitive impairment compromises daily living activities , although the person may still be living independently . The symptoms will progress from mild cognitive problems , such as memory loss through increasing stages of cognitive and non @-@ cognitive disturbances , eliminating any possibility of independent living , especially in the late stages of the disease .
Life expectancy of the population with the disease is reduced . The mean life expectancy following diagnosis is approximately six years . Fewer than 3 % of people live more than fourteen years . Disease features significantly associated with reduced survival are an increased severity of cognitive impairment , decreased functional level , history of falls , and disturbances in the neurological examination . Other coincident diseases such as heart problems , diabetes or history of alcohol abuse are also related with shortened survival . While the earlier the age at onset the higher the total survival years , life expectancy is particularly reduced when compared to the healthy population among those who are younger . Men have a less favourable survival prognosis than women .
The disease is the underlying cause of death in 68 % of all cases . Pneumonia and dehydration are the most frequent immediate causes of death brought by AD , while cancer is a less frequent cause of death than in the general population .
= = Epidemiology = =
Two main measures are used in epidemiological studies : incidence and prevalence . Incidence is the number of new cases per unit of person – time at risk ( usually number of new cases per thousand person – years ) ; while prevalence is the total number of cases of the disease in the population at any given time .
Regarding incidence , cohort longitudinal studies ( studies where a disease @-@ free population is followed over the years ) provide rates between 10 and 15 per thousand person – years for all dementias and 5 – 8 for AD , which means that half of new dementia cases each year are AD . Advancing age is a primary risk factor for the disease and incidence rates are not equal for all ages : every five years after the age of 65 , the risk of acquiring the disease approximately doubles , increasing from 3 to as much as 69 per thousand person years . There are also sex differences in the incidence rates , women having a higher risk of developing AD particularly in the population older than 85 . The risk of dying from Alzheimer 's disease is twenty @-@ six percent higher among the non @-@ Hispanic white population than among the non @-@ Hispanic black population , whereas the Hispanic population has a thirty percent lower risk than the non @-@ Hispanic white population .
Prevalence of AD in populations is dependent upon different factors including incidence and survival . Since the incidence of AD increases with age , it is particularly important to include the mean age of the population of interest . In the United States , Alzheimer prevalence was estimated to be 1 @.@ 6 % in 2000 both overall and in the 65 – 74 age group , with the rate increasing to 19 % in the 75 – 84 group and to 42 % in the greater than 84 group . Prevalence rates in less developed regions are lower . The World Health Organization estimated that in 2005 , 0 @.@ 379 % of people worldwide had dementia , and that the prevalence would increase to 0 @.@ 441 % in 2015 and to 0 @.@ 556 % in 2030 . Other studies have reached similar conclusions . Another study estimated that in 2006 , 0 @.@ 40 % of the world population ( range 0 @.@ 17 – 0 @.@ 89 % ; absolute number 26 @.@ 6 million , range 11 @.@ 4 – 59 @.@ 4 million ) were afflicted by AD , and that the prevalence rate would triple and the absolute number would quadruple by 2050 .
It may contribute to 60 % to 70 % of cases of dementia .
= = History = =
The ancient Greek and Roman philosophers and physicians associated old age with increasing dementia . It was not until 1901 that German psychiatrist Alois Alzheimer identified the first case of what became known as Alzheimer 's disease in a fifty @-@ year @-@ old woman he called Auguste D. He followed her case until she died in 1906 , when he first reported publicly on it . During the next five years , eleven similar cases were reported in the medical literature , some of them already using the term Alzheimer 's disease . The disease was first described as a distinctive disease by Emil Kraepelin after suppressing some of the clinical ( delusions and hallucinations ) and pathological features ( arteriosclerotic changes ) contained in the original report of Auguste D. He included Alzheimer 's disease , also named presenile dementia by Kraepelin , as a subtype of senile dementia in the eighth edition of his Textbook of Psychiatry , published on 15 July , 1910 .
For most of the 20th century , the diagnosis of Alzheimer 's disease was reserved for individuals between the ages of 45 and 65 who developed symptoms of dementia . The terminology changed after 1977 when a conference on AD concluded that the clinical and pathological manifestations of presenile and senile dementia were almost identical , although the authors also added that this did not rule out the possibility that they had different causes . This eventually led to the diagnosis of Alzheimer 's disease independent of age . The term senile dementia of the Alzheimer type ( SDAT ) was used for a time to describe the condition in those over 65 , with classical Alzheimer 's disease being used to describe those who were younger . Eventually , the term Alzheimer 's disease was formally adopted in medical nomenclature to describe individuals of all ages with a characteristic common symptom pattern , disease course , and neuropathology .
= = Society and culture = =
= = = Social costs = = =
Dementia , and specifically Alzheimer 's disease , may be among the most costly diseases for society in Europe and the United States , while their costs in other countries such as Argentina , and South Korea , are also high and rising . These costs will probably increase with the ageing of society , becoming an important social problem . AD @-@ associated costs include direct medical costs such as nursing home care , direct nonmedical costs such as in @-@ home day care , and indirect costs such as lost productivity of both patient and caregiver . Numbers vary between studies but dementia costs worldwide have been calculated around $ 160 billion , while costs of Alzheimer 's disease in the United States may be $ 100 billion each year .
The greatest origin of costs for society is the long @-@ term care by health care professionals and particularly institutionalisation , which corresponds to 2 / 3 of the total costs for society . The cost of living at home is also very high , especially when informal costs for the family , such as caregiving time and caregiver 's lost earnings , are taken into account .
Costs increase with dementia severity and the presence of behavioural disturbances , and are related to the increased caregiving time required for the provision of physical care . Therefore , any treatment that slows cognitive decline , delays institutionalisation or reduces caregivers ' hours will have economic benefits . Economic evaluations of current treatments have shown positive results .
= = = Caregiving burden = = =
The role of the main caregiver is often taken by the spouse or a close relative . Alzheimer 's disease is known for placing a great burden on caregivers which includes social , psychological , physical or economic aspects . Home care is usually preferred by people with AD and their families . This option also delays or eliminates the need for more professional and costly levels of care . Nevertheless , two @-@ thirds of nursing home residents have dementias .
Dementia caregivers are subject to high rates of physical and mental disorders . Factors associated with greater psychosocial problems of the primary caregivers include having an affected person at home , the carer being a spouse , demanding behaviours of the cared person such as depression , behavioural disturbances , hallucinations , sleep problems or walking disruptions and social isolation . Regarding economic problems , family caregivers often give up time from work to spend 47 hours per week on average with the person with AD , while the costs of caring for them are high . Direct and indirect costs of caring for an Alzheimer 's patient average between $ 18 @,@ 000 and $ 77 @,@ 500 per year in the United States , depending on the study .
Cognitive behavioural therapy and the teaching of coping strategies either individually or in group have demonstrated their efficacy in improving caregivers ' psychological health .
= = = Notable cases = = =
Because Alzheimer 's disease is common , many notable people have developed it . Well @-@ known examples are former United States President Ronald Reagan and Irish writer Iris Murdoch , both of whom were the subjects of scientific articles examining how their cognitive capacities deteriorated with the disease . Other cases include the retired footballer Ferenc Puskás , former Prime Ministers Harold Wilson ( United Kingdom ) and Adolfo Suárez ( Spain ) , Indian politician George Fernandes , actress Rita Hayworth , actor Charlton Heston , actor @-@ director Robert Loggia , author Harnett Kane , Nobel laureate Charles K. Kao , novelist Terry Pratchett , director Jacques Rivette , and politician and activist Sargent Shriver .
= = = Entertainment = = =
AD has been portrayed in films such as : Iris ( 2001 ) , based on John Bayley 's memoir of his wife Iris Murdoch ; The Notebook ( 2004 ) , based on Nicholas Sparks ' 1996 novel of the same name ; A Moment to Remember ( 2004 ) ; Thanmathra ( 2005 ) ; Memories of Tomorrow ( Ashita no Kioku ) ( 2006 ) , based on Hiroshi Ogiwara 's novel of the same name ; Away from Her ( 2006 ) , based on Alice Munro 's short story " The Bear Came over the Mountain " ; Still Alice ( 2014 ) , about a Harvard professor who has early onset Alzheimer 's disease , based on Lisa Genova 's 2007 novel of the same name and featuring Julianne Moore in the title role . Documentaries on Alzheimer 's disease include Malcolm and Barbara : A Love Story ( 1999 ) and Malcolm and Barbara : Love 's Farewell ( 2007 ) , both featuring Malcolm Pointon .
= = Research directions = =
As of 2014 , the safety and efficacy of more than 400 pharmaceutical treatments had been or were being investigated in over 1 @,@ 500 clinical trials worldwide , and approximately a quarter of these compounds are in Phase III trials , the last step prior to review by regulatory agencies .
One area of clinical research is focused on treating the underlying disease pathology . Reduction of beta @-@ amyloid levels is a common target of compounds ( such as apomorphine ) under investigation . Immunotherapy or vaccination for the amyloid protein is one treatment modality under study . Unlike preventative vaccination , the putative therapy would be used to treat people already diagnosed . It is based upon the concept of training the immune system to recognise , attack , and reverse deposition of amyloid , thereby altering the course of the disease . An example of such a vaccine under investigation was ACC @-@ 001 , although the trials were suspended in 2008 . Another similar agent is bapineuzumab , an antibody designed as identical to the naturally induced anti @-@ amyloid antibody . Other approaches are neuroprotective agents , such as AL @-@ 108 , and metal @-@ protein interaction attenuation agents , such as PBT2 . A TNFα receptor @-@ blocking fusion protein , etanercept has showed encouraging results .
In 2008 , two separate clinical trials showed positive results in modifying the course of disease in mild to moderate AD with methylthioninium chloride , a drug that inhibits tau aggregation , and dimebon , an antihistamine . The consecutive phase @-@ III trial of dimebon failed to show positive effects in the primary and secondary endpoints . Work with methylthioninium chloride showed that bioavailability of methylthioninium from the gut was affected by feeding and by stomach acidity , leading to unexpectedly variable dosing . A new stabilized formulation , as the prodrug LMTX , is in phase @-@ III trials ( in 2014 ) .
The common herpes simplex virus HSV @-@ 1 has been found to colocate with amyloid plaques . This suggested the possibility that AD could be treated or prevented with antiviral medication .
Preliminary research on the effects of meditation on retrieving memory and cognitive functions have been encouraging .
A 2015 review suggests that mindfulness @-@ based interventions may prevent or delay the onset of mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer 's disease .
Rare cases of possible transmission between people are being studied , e.g. to growth hormone patients .
= = = Imaging = = =
Of the many medical imaging techniques available , single photon emission computed tomography ( SPECT ) appears to be superior in differentiating Alzheimer 's disease from other types of dementia , and this has been shown to give a greater level of accuracy compared with mental testing and medical history analysis . Advances have led to the proposal of new diagnostic criteria .
PiB PET remains investigational , but a similar PET scanning radiopharmaceutical called florbetapir , containing the longer @-@ lasting radionuclide fluorine @-@ 18 , has recently been tested as a diagnostic tool in Alzheimer 's disease , and given FDA approval for this use .
Amyloid imaging is likely to be used in conjunction with other markers rather than as an alternative . Volumetric MRI can detect changes in the size of brain regions . Measuring those regions that atrophy during the progress of Alzheimer 's disease is showing promise as a diagnostic indicator . It may prove less expensive than other imaging methods currently under study .
In 2011 An FDA panel voted unanimously to recommend approval of florbetapir , which is currently used in an investigational study . The imaging agent can help to detect Alzheimer 's brain plaques , but will require additional clinical research before it can be made available commercially .
= = = Early diagnosis = = =
Emphasis in Alzheimer 's research has been placed on diagnosing the condition before symptoms begin . A number of biochemical tests have been developed to attempt earlier detection . One such test involves the analysis of cerebrospinal fluid for beta @-@ amyloid or tau proteins , both total tau protein and phosphorylated tau181P protein concentrations .
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= Lauren Jackson =
Lauren Elizabeth Jackson AO ( born 11 May 1981 ) is an Australian former professional basketball player . The daughter of two national basketball team players , Jackson was awarded a scholarship to the Australian Institute of Sport ( AIS ) in 1997 , when she was 16 . In 1998 , she led the AIS side that won the Women 's National Basketball League ( WNBL ) championship . Jackson joined the Canberra Capitals for the 1999 season when she turned 18 , and played with the team off and on until 2006 , winning four more WNBL championships . From 2010 to 2016 , Jackson played with the Canberra Capitals , which she did during the Women 's National Basketball Association ( WNBA ) offseason during the time she continued WNBA play .
Jackson made the Australian under @-@ 20 team when she was only 14 years old , and was first called up to the Australian Women 's National Basketball Team ( nicknamed The Opals ) when she was 16 years old . She was a member the 2000 Summer Olympics , and 2004 Summer Olympics teams , captain of the 2008 Summer Olympics team , winning three silver medals . She was also part of the Australian team that won the bronze at the 2012 Summer Olympics . Jackson was a member of the Australian Senior Women 's Team that won a silver medal at the 2002 FIBA World Championship for Women in China , co @-@ captain of the team that won a gold medal at the 2006 Commonwealth Games in Melbourne , and captain of the team that won a gold medal at the 2006 FIBA World Championship for Women in Brazil .
In 2001 , Jackson entered the Women 's National Basketball Association ( WNBA ) draft and was selected by the Seattle Storm , which viewed Jackson as a franchise player . She has won two WNBA titles with the Storm , in 2004 and 2011 , the latter also earning Jackson the WNBA Finals Most Valuable Player Award . Jackson ranks among the top WNBA players in played games and minutes , field goals and three point shoots , and turnover percentage .
Jackson has played club basketball in Europe with WBC Spartak Moscow in Russia and Ros Casares Valencia in Spain . She has also played with the Women 's Korean Basketball League , where she was named the league 's Most Valuable Player and set a league record scoring 56 points , and the Women 's Chinese Basketball Association . Jackson announced her retirement from basketball on 31 March 2016 , citing a persistent knee injury as the reason for her decision . Besides her basketball career Jackson is in the process of attaining her university degree at the Macquarie University , majoring in gender studies .
= = Personal = =
Lauren Elizabeth Jackson , whose nicknames include " Loz " , " Jacko " and " LJ " , was born in Albury , New South Wales , on 11 May 1981 , the oldest of two children of Gary Jackson and his wife Maree Bennie . Both her parents played for Australia 's national basketball teams . Jackson inherited her height from her father , Gary , who played for the Boomers in 1975 , while her mother , Maree , played for the Opals from 1974 to 1982 . She played in two World Championships , and for the women 's basketball team at Louisiana State in the late 1980s , wearing the number 15 , the number Jackson wears in her mother 's honour . She was one of the first Australians to play in the American collegiate system , where she was known for her aggressive style of play and was nicknamed " the assassin " . Her parents continued to play basketball locally on the social level when Lauren and her brother were young , and her family had a basketball court in their backyard when Jackson was growing up . Her grandfather played for the Western Suburbs Magpies .
Jackson grew up in Albury , where she attended Murray High School . She earned her Higher School Certificate in Canberra while she was training with the Australian Institute of Sport . Jackson studied for a psychology degree at Lomonosov Moscow State University and continued via correspondence from America . In 2007 she was working on a university course in business management . When she finishes her playing career , Jackson wants to become a basketball administrator . She said " Where I put my time and energy is now crucial . I want to get involved in the political side of sport rather than the media and I need to learn from the people who have been there before . " In 2010 , she was taking classes at Macquarie University in Sydney . Her course work was centred in cultural studies and included topics like women 's rights and racism . Injuries have prevented her from studying around 2010 , but in 2012 , she was back working on her degree , and her aspirations have included becoming a United Nations diplomat . She has also considered becoming an advocate for women . Her interests regarding gender studies were inspired by a book regarding the rape during the Rwandan Genocide , and Jackson is even an embassador of a foundation that seeks to empower the abused women of that war .
As a youngster , Jackson was active in other sports . She was involved in athletics at school and played tennis , which she gave up because competitions conflicted with her ability to play basketball . Similarly , she played on her school netball team , until the age of 14 , giving it up because of basketball commitments . In the off season , Jackson trains by pumping weights .
Jackson is 195 centimetres ( 77 in ) tall . She was this tall by the time she turned 16 , after she gained 15 centimetres ( 5 @.@ 9 in ) in height when she was 15 years old .
= = Celebrity = =
By 2003 , she was being recognised around the world from countries like Portugal and Japan . She said of her private life : " I don 't really have a private life . I 've found it difficult as an athlete , to maintain a relationship . It 's not one of my best points but I 've got family and friends who compensate for that . When I was younger I went out and had a lot of fun , and there were moments when people criticised me for that , and you know what , I 'm young , I 'm going to do that , and anyone who is going to get on me for that ... I really didn 't care . " She does not like to go clubbing for two reasons : First , she gets recognised by too many people . Second , everyone wants to comment on her height . In response to getting a hug from Yao Ming at the 2008 Summer Olympics during the closing ceremonies , internet rumours started that Jackson and the married Ming were romantically involved . These rumours were incorrect . Jackson said of them : " When we came across this Yao Ming thing it was like , ' Oh ... My ... God ! When I tell you we were in hysterics ... because anybody who knows me knows that would be the last thing on my mind . A 7 foot 8 Chinese man ? That 's just not my thing . I really respect him as a player . And people who know me know I can be wild and over @-@ the @-@ top . I 'm affectionate and that night I guess I was affectionate with the wrong person . I guess the Chinese people don 't do that stuff very often , so the cultural [ differences ] was a big thing . But I don 't care . You have to laugh about things or you 'll be crying , which I would probably have been doing anyway [ because of the loss and surgery ] . I made the most of my last night at the Olympics and had a great time . " She partied a fair amount in her early 20s . By 2010 , she was not able to stay out at night clubs until 5 : 30 am any more because she lacked the stamina .
When people google Jackson , some of the first search results feature her in the nude . Jackson said of this : " Instead of being known for my basketball skills , all of these nudie shots are always the first thing you see . " She posed nude in an Australian magazine , Black + White , that featured Olympic athletes who were set to compete in Athens in the 2004 Summer Olympics . The expensively printed magazine / book has been produced for the last three Olympic Games and , by the 2004 edition , was considered uncontroversial in Australia with its " artistic " approach to nude photography , and its equal coverage of male and female athletes , although it did create a stir in the United States . She also posed for the 2005 edition of the Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue . Of posing nude , she said , " if offered the opportunity , I think that it 's a personal decision . Whether you do it for the money or whatever , again , I think it 's a personal decision . I don 't know whether I would say yes or no . I guess you cross that bridge when you come to it . I don 't think it 's a bad thing , I 'm not against it . "
Jackson has had multiple injuries . In 2008 , after the Olympics , she had surgery to fix her ankle . In 2009 , she had two stress fractures in her back . In December 2010 , she had an Achilles injury . She sustained the injury playing in Australia . Between January 2011 and February 2012 , she had surgeries to assist with Achilles and hip injuries . She had surgery on her left hip acetabular labrum in June 2011 in Vail , Colorado at the Richard Steadman Clinic . She said of the surgery : " This is a really , really tough decision , but after talking with my doctors and my family , we felt that immediate surgery is the best course of action . With something painful like this hip injury , I want to be especially proactive . I plan to stay in Seattle to be here with my team and try my best to be back on the court as soon as possible . My goal is to be at full strength by the end of the season . " She did rehab twice a day in an attempt to speed recovery . Afterwards , Jackson injured her right knee , requiring surgery in 2012 . Another knee injury while playing in China in 2014 degraded into arthritis and required many surgical intervention in the following years , including a hospitalization in January 2016 once the operated knee joint got infected . All the consequences of this knee problem lead to Jackson 's retirement in March . Jackson has expressed interest in undergoing a knee reconstruction , as " I don 't want to walk with a limp for the rest of my life . "
As Jackson got older , she took on a more activist role , working for domestic violence charities and helping children from Australia 's outback get involved in sport . In December 2002 , she helped launch the Smith Family Toy Drive at the Canberra Centre with the help of Ainslie school children . She is the patron for the NSW Rape Crisis Centre . She is passionate about preventing domestic abuse . In 2010 , she visited young basketball players at Batemans Bay 's Moruya Basketball .
= = Basketball = =
Lauren is the most famous basketball player in Australia , a position she reached by 2003 . Prior to this , Australia 's most famous player was Michelle Timms , Australia 's first player of either gender to play internationally . She was recognised as one of the world 's best basketball players by the time she was 21 . She has been described as Australia 's answer to Michael Jordan or Shaquille O 'Neal , and the best female basketball player in the world . She has said regarding being the best female basketball player in the world : " I don 't really think about it . Nobody really talks to me like that . It 's not something I 'm conscious of . My family and people who have known me all my life , they see me for who I am , and crack open a beer or a bottle of wine with me . They know I have to train , but the rest of it is really laid @-@ back . "
Jackson plays two positions , forward and centre , and has the ability to make jump shots and spinning bank shots .
= = = Early career = = =
Jackson started playing basketball at the Albury Sports Centre when she was four years old . As a six @-@ year @-@ old , she told others that she would one day play for the Australian national team in Basketball . Her mother taught her how to play . She first played competitive basketball as a six @-@ year @-@ old she played on a local under @-@ 10 side . Her mother was her coach for two years . This was difficult for both mother and daughter in order to change their personal dynamics . As an 11 @-@ year @-@ old , Jackson was not the best player in Albury , but she played in the under @-@ 14 Australian Country Championships . Her team made it to the Grand Final one year , and she played in the match despite having hurt her knee . She was upset after the event . In response to this , her parents sat down with her and explained she did not need to continue to play if she did not want to . Following this conversation , she went to her room and typed a message on her computer that said " from this day on , nothing will stand in my way ... "
When she was 14 years old , she led her New South Wales side to a national championship gold . Her performance in the tournament attracted the attention of the national team selectors . Tom Maher said of the game : " Right then and there , I said , ' Is this the best thing I 've ever seen ? ' It was just unbelievable . Those old guys had seen a lot of basketball , and they were drooling . " As a competitor at the 1999 Australian Under @-@ 20 national championships , she won the Bob Staunton Award for the tournament MVP . She was described as a basketball prodigy by the time she was seventeen years old .
She has played with Robyn Maher , Michelle Timms and Shelley Gorman . Jackson admires them . They all won bronze medals at the 1996 Summer Olympics . Jackson had a rivalry with American basketball player Lisa Leslie . Both women dislike each other , a dislike that goes back to when Jackson was on tour in the United States with the Opals as a 16 @-@ year @-@ old . The rivalry intensified in 2000 at the Olympics in the gold medal match when Jackson accidentally pulled off Leslie 's hair extension when Jackson was trying to grab a rebound . Jackson treated the incident as a joke , saying " It was something to joke about even though we lost the gold medal . " Leslie did not feel the same way about the extension pulling incident . The rivalry continued when Jackson transitioned to the WNBA and her Seattle Storm team played Leslie 's Los Angeles Sparks , who at the time were the best team in the league . The rivalry was so intense that their coaches had to coach around it , sometimes choosing to keep one off the floor when the other was on . The coaches feared if they left the players on the floor together , their own player would foul out in an attempt to get the best of the other player . Leslie and Jackson have played together as team members in the WNBA 's All @-@ Star game . Their relationship thawed some by 2007 but they did not become friends .
= = = Women 's Korean Basketball League = = =
In 2007 , Jackson played in the Women 's Korean Basketball League and was named the league 's Most Valuable Player . She played for Samsung Bichumi ( Samsung Insurance ) in Seoul , South Korea . Her stint with the team was only four months , and she was the only international player on the team . She averaged 30 @.@ 2 points per game . No one else on the team spoke English . Jackson claimed this allowed her to play drama free basketball . In a game with Samsung Bichumi against the Kumho Redwings , she scored 56 to set a league record in her team 's 96 – 76 victory . This was a personal best for her in her career . Two weeks prior to the 56 @-@ point record , she scored 47 points in a single game . She competed in the league 's all star game and was declared the Most Valuable Player of the match . She played two games a week with the league .
= = = European basketball = = =
Jackson has played club basketball in Europe . She first signed with a European side at the end of the 2005 WNBA season , and went to Russia on a lucrative contract . In 2007 , she was paid six figures American , four times her WNBA base salary , to play with WBC Spartak Moscow Region for one month . Her team mates included other international basketball Olympians : Sue Bird , Diana Taurasi and Tina Thompson . While playing for the team , she lived in a mansion owned by the team 's owner with a view of a nuclear power plant . As a member of the team , she helped Spartak win the 2007 Russian Superleague title . Subsequently , she continued playing for Spartak and won two more Russian Superleague titles with the team , in 2008 and 2009 . She scored 35 points in a EuroLeague Women 2008 in an 11 April 2008 game against UMMC Ekaterinburg while playing for Spartak . This was the most number of points she scored in a single game in a Euroleague game . Subsequently , Jackson played for Spartak in the EuroLeague Women finals in Brno , which her team won . She finished the 2008 season with an average of 23 @.@ 6 points per game and 7 @.@ 1 rebounds per game .
In 2009 , Jackson had an option of extending her contract with Spartak for two more years . First , it looked likely that Jackson would stay with Spartak . However , following the assassination of Shabtai Kalmanovich , the owner of the team , she announced in November 2009 that she would stop playing for the team and not extend her contract She subsequently changed her mind and returned to play with the Spartak in 2010 . In the 2009 / 2010 season games she averaged 15 @.@ 2 points per game and 5 @.@ 7 rebounds per game . On 3 December 2010 while playing with Spartak , she was named the EuroLeague Women Player of the Week . Playing in the team 's second match against a Kaunas Lithuanian side , she scored 28 points , had 2 blocks and had 5 rebounds while playing 31 minutes to lead her team to victory after having missed the first game where her team lost .
In the 2010 / 2011 season , Jackson played for Spartak where she averaged 17 @.@ 3 points per game and 8 @.@ 4 rebounds per game . She left the team in early January 2011 because of an injury , returning to Australia in order to recover . Part of her treatment involved getting an MRI . According to Jackson , she left Russia for Australia because " I couldn 't move , the swelling was very obvious and the pain was just a little bit too painful . That 's when I got home to all these messages and emails from people back in Australia who had seen the scans and said ' you need to come back ( to Australia ) and start your rehab right away ' . "
She played for the Ros Casares Valencia , Spain in 2011 and 2012 . She joined the team in 2011 . It was her first year with a Spanish team . She played in the power forward position with the team . She ranked 16th in the league for 3 @-@ point field goal shooting percentage at 41 @.@ 5 % . She ranked 17th in the league for 3 @-@ point field foals made per game at 1 @.@ 4 . In the game against Spartak , she played in a season high 31 minutes . She missed the game against Galatasaray MP , playing zero minutes . She scored 16 points in a 29 March 2012 game against Sparta & K M.R. Vidnoje , her highest total number of points in a single game in the 2011 / 2012 season . Casares plays in the Spanish Liga Femenina and the EuroLeague Women . After a February 2012 game , her Spanish team 's general manager Carme Lluveras described her performance as perfect . She has not started all games in the 2011 / 2012 season , coming off the bench on a few occasions because her team is stacked with talent . She was averaging 20 minutes , 8 @.@ 0 points and 2 @.@ 9 rebounds a game as of 10 February 2012 . In the 2011 / 2012 season , she scored 14 points against Bourges , 15 points in an away game against UMMC Ekaterinburg and six against Galatasaray at a home game . In the game against the Turkish Galatasary , she scored an important three pointer near the end of the game that helped stop a come from behind attempt by the opposition .
= = = WNBA = = =
Seattle viewed Jackson as a franchise player . On the court in the WNBA , she was known for her sharp and stinging comments directed at other players . Opposition players knew they could get at Jackson by giving her sneaky fouls and nettling her back with some trash talk . While playing in the WNBA , she has dyed her hair different colours several times . She ranks 35th in the league for total played games with 308 . She has played 9 @,@ 958 minutes in the league and ranks 16th all time in this category . In her career , she has made 2056 field goals , ranking third all time in this category . She ranked fifth all time in the league with 4 @,@ 456 field goal attempts . She ranked 34th overall career wise in the league with a field goal percentage of 46 @.@ 1 % . Career wise , she ranks 10th overall for three point field goals with 430 . She attempted 1219 three point field goals in her career , ranking 10th on the league 's all time leaderboard . She was ranked second all time in the league for turnover percentage with 9 @.@ 4 .
= = = = 2001 = = = =
In 2001 , she was drafted first when she entered the WNBA draft in the fifth year of the league having a draft and was selected by the Seattle Storm . Her parents stayed with her in Seattle for the first month she played in the WNBA in 2001 . Jackson 's first season included 32 games played over the course of 11 weeks , a much more difficult competition in terms of total games compared to Australia 's domestic league . She played in 21 games . She ranked eighth in the league with 406 field goal attempts . In her debut game with the team , she scored 21 points . On 3 July 2001 , she set a WNBA record for most minutes played in a single game with 55 in a game against Washington that had four overtime periods . That season , she averaged 15 @.@ 2 points per game , came in second for the WNBA 's Rookie of the Year award . At the end of the first season with the Storm , Jackson required surgery on her right shoulder . She attempted 129 three point field goals this season , ranking 8th in the league . She had a player efficiency rating of 22 @.@ 5 . She ranked seventh in the league in this category for the season , and was a WNBA All Star .
= = = = 2002 = = = =
Jackson was a WNBA All Star again in 2002 , and played in the All Star Game . She averaged 17 @.@ 2 points per game . She was the team 's captain , the youngest in the WNBA at the time . During one game which was attended by 11 @,@ 000 fans , the fans loudly chanted her name . In 2002 , Carrie Graf , who had been an assistant coach on the Australian national team from when Jackson for played for it , changed coaching positions in the WNBA from Phoenix to Seattle specifically to make Jackson feel more comfortable playing for the team . She was estimated to have earned $ 200 @,@ 000 to play for the Storm in 2002 .
In the second game of the 2002 final series against the Los Angeles Sparks , Jackson 's scored only four points in a loss by her team , after being kneed in the groin by Lisa Leslie . In 2002 , she only earned one technical foul the whole season . Her mother spent two weeks in Seattle with Jackson during this season . At the end of the second season with the Storm , she had severe pain as a result of shin splints . Jackson and Sue Bird first played together this season and would continue to play together for the Storm into the 2010 season . During the 2002 season , Jackson 's team got into a fight when they played the Los Angeles Sparks .
In the 2002 season , Jackson played in 28 games , averaging 31 @.@ 5 minutes per game . She averaged 2 @.@ 9 blocks per game , . and attempted 120 three point field goals this season , ranking 10th in the league . She ranked second in the league with 462 field goal attempts , and made 186 field goals , ranking 6th in the league in this category . She had a player efficiency of 24 @.@ 5 . She ranked fourth in the league in this category this season . She was ranked first in the league for turnover percentage with 8 @.@ 6 .
= = = = 2003 = = = =
Jackson was a WNBA All Star again in 2003 , and was named to the 2003 All @-@ WNBA First Team . This season , she averaged 21 @.@ 2 points per game . By the end of the season , she had scored 1 @,@ 000 points in the league , the youngest player to date to score that many points in the league . She was named the league 's MVP , and was one of the top five women in the league for average number of rebounds per games and blocks per game . She called Tom Maher and her Seattle Storm coach Anne Donovan after winning the award , and cried for an hour after learning she won . She was the first non @-@ American to be named the league 's MVP and the youngest player to earn this honour .
In the 2003 season , Jackson played in 33 games , averaging 33 @.@ 6 minutes per game . She averaged 1 @.@ 9 blocks per game . She ranked first in the league for field goals , with 254 , for total points with 698 , for field goal attempts with 526 , and for win shares with 9 @.@ 2 , and offensive win shares with 6 @.@ 7 . She also ranked first in the league with 21 @.@ 2 points per game average , and had a player efficiency of 32 @.@ 1 , likewise ranking first in the league , and led the league with win share per 48 minutes with 40 @.@ 0 % . She ranked third in the league with a field goal percentage of 48 @.@ 3 % , and for total minutes played with 1 @,@ 109 .
= = = = 2004 = = = =
In 2004 , her Seattle Storm team won the WNBA Championship . She was again named to the 2004 All @-@ WNBA First Team . This season , she averaged 20 @.@ 5 points per game . She played in 31 games , averaging 34 @.@ 5 minutes per game . She averaged 2 @.@ 0 blocks per game . She made 220 field goals and ranked second in the league in this category . She ranked fourth in the league with 460 field goal attempts . She ranked seventh in the league with a field goal percentage of 47 @.@ 8 % , and her three @-@ point field goal shooting percentage was 45 @.@ 2 % , ranking third in the league . She ranked first in the league for total points with 634 , and for points per game with 20 @.@ 52 points on average , and had a player efficiency of 28 @.@ 0 , second in the league in this category . She ranked third in the league with a true shooting percentage of 59 @.@ 0 % , and ranked first in the league for offensive win shares with 6 @.@ 1 .
= = = = 2005 = = = =
Jackson was a WNBA All Star again in 2005 , and was named to the 2005 All @-@ WNBA First Team . This season , she played in 34 games , averaging 34 @.@ 6 minutes per game . She averaged 17 @.@ 6 points per game , and 2 @.@ 0 blocks per game . She ranked third in the league for her 34 total games , and for her 206 field goals . She ranked fifth in the league for total minutes played with 1 @,@ 176 , and for field goal attempts , with 450 . She attempted 118 three point field goals this season , ranking eighth in the league , and was ranked first for total defensive rebounds with 217 . She had a player efficiency of 26 @.@ 7 . She ranked first in the league in this category this season . She was also ranked first in the league for turnover percentage with 10 @.@ 0 , in the offensive rating category with 117 @.@ 6 , for offensive win shares with 6 @.@ 0 , for win shares with 8 @.@ 2 , and with win share per 48 minutes with 33 @.@ 3 % .
= = = = 2006 = = = =
Jackson was still with the Seattle Storm in 2006 , coached by Anne Donovan . She was a WNBA All Star again in 2006 , and was named to the 2006 All @-@ WNBA First Team . In 2006 , she was named to the WNBA All @-@ Decade Team . Jackson of this said " That was cool . It was brilliant to be recognised like that in America . It 's a tough , emotionally draining lifestyle there but it 's fun . " She ranked first in the league with the number of free throws with 170 .
This season , she averaged 19 @.@ 5 points per game , she played in 30 games , averaging 28 @.@ 4 minutes per game . She averaged 1 @.@ 7 blocks per game . She made 193 field goals and ranked seventh in the league . She ranked second in the league with a field goal percentage of 53 @.@ 5 % She had a player efficiency of 34 @.@ 9 She ranked first in the league in this category this season .
She ranked first in the league with a true shooting percentage of 65 @.@ 8 % . In effective field goal percentage , she finished first in the league with 57 @.@ 5 % . She ranked first in the league in the offensive rating category with 135 @.@ 3 . She ranked first in the league for offensive win shares with 7 @.@ 4 . She ranked first in the league for win shares with 8 @.@ 8 . She ranked first in the league with win share per 48 minutes with 50 @.@ 0 % . At the end of the season , she had stress fractures in both of her shins , and her team exited the post season before making it to the league championship series .
= = = = 2007 = = = =
Jackson was a WNBA All Star for the sixth time in 2007 . On 24 July 2007 , she scored 47 points in a game against Washington and set a league high single game scoring total that she currently shares . In 2007 , she was named the WNBA Defensive Player of the Year . She was also named to the 2007 All @-@ WNBA First Team . She averaged 23 @.@ 8 points per game , the most points she had averaged per game for a season in the WNBA . She was also named the league 's Most Valuable Player . In voting , she received 473 points , with her nearest vote @-@ getting competitor , Becky Hammon , getting only 254 . In 2007 she became the first WNBA player to score 4 @,@ 000 total points the youngest player , as well as the fastest woman to reach the milestone ; being named the league MVP gave her a $ 18 @,@ 238 bonus and a Tiffany & Co. designed trophy .
Jackson played in 31 games in 2007 . She averaged 32 @.@ 9 minutes per game . Her field goal percentage was 51 @.@ 9 % . She averaged 22 @.@ 4 points , 2 @.@ 16 blocks , and 9 @.@ 3 rebounds per game at the time of the All @-@ Star Break , leading the league in points and blocks , and was second for rebounds . At the All @-@ Star break , she had a three @-@ point shooting percentage of 40 @.@ 5 % . At the end of the season , she expressed an interest in ending her WNBA career with the Storm as she could not see herself playing elsewhere . Her three @-@ point field goal percentage was 40 @.@ 2 % . She had a free throw shooting percentage of 88 @.@ 3 % . She averaged 2 @.@ 0 blocks per game . She made 258 field goals , ranking second in the league in this category . She ranked third in the league with 497 field goal attempts.She ranked third in the league with a field goal percentage of 51 @.@ 9 % . She ranked first in the league in defensive rebounds with 220 , for total rebounds with 300 , and for total average number of rebounds per game with 9 @.@ 7 .
Jackson had a player efficiency rating of 35 @.@ 0 , ranking ranked first in the league in this category this season . She ranked first in the league with a true shooting percentage of 63 @.@ 3 % . In effective field goal percentage , she finished first in the league with 56 @.@ 8 % . She was also ranked first in the league for turnover percentage with 8 @.@ 8 , for her offensive rating category of 127 @.@ 7 , for offensive win shares with 7 @.@ 9 , win shares with 9 @.@ 5 , and win share per 48 minutes with 44 @.@ 6 % . In all , she finished the season ranked in the top ten players in no less than twenty @-@ eight different statistical categories .
= = = = 2008 = = = =
In 2008 , Jackson averaged 20 @.@ 2 points per game . In July 2008 , she scored 33 points for the Seattle Storm in an 84 – 71 win against Washington . This was her season high scoring high . On the same day she was officially named to the 2008 Australian Olympic squad , and the Seattle Storm went out of the post season in the first round . In 2008 , she played in 21 games . She averaged 33 @.@ 1 minutes per game . Her field goal percentage was 45 @.@ 2 % , and her three @-@ point field goal percentage was 29 @.@ 5 % . She had a free throw shooting percentage of 93 @.@ 4 % , averaged 1 @.@ 6 blocks per game , and had a player efficiency of 26 @.@ 7 , ranking third in the league in this category this season .
= = = = 2009 = = = =
In 2009 , Jackson became a WNBA All Star for the seventh time and was named to the 2009 All @-@ WNBA First Team . This season , she averaged 19 @.@ 4 points per game . She played in 26 games , in which she averaged 32 @.@ 3 minutes per game . Her field goal percentage was 46 @.@ 3 % . Her three @-@ point field goal percentage was 43 @.@ 0 % , she had a free throw shooting percentage of 79 @.@ 7 % , and her three @-@ point field goal shooting percentage was 43 @.@ 0 % , ranking fifth in the league . Her player efficiency was 26 @.@ 1 , the highest efficiency of any player that season , and her win share of 33 @.@ 3 % per 48 minutes was the highest also .
= = = = 2010 = = = =
Jackson played for the WNBA All @-@ Stars at the Stars at the Sun game in 2010 , and her Seattle Storm team won the WNBA Championship . She was named to the 2010 All @-@ WNBA First Team . This season , she averaged 20 @.@ 5 points per game . On 2 September 2010 , Jackson was presented her third MVP Award at the Seattle Storm 's Game 1 of the Western Conference Finals against the Phoenix Mercury . On 17 September 2010 , the Storm beat the Atlanta Dream to win the WNBA championship for the second time . Jackson was named the finals MVP . In 2011 , she was voted in by fans as one of the Top 15 players in the fifteen @-@ year history of the WNBA .
Jackson played in 32 games . She averaged 31 @.@ 0 minutes per game , with a field goal percentage of 46 @.@ 2 % , and a three @-@ point field goal percentage of 34 @.@ 6 % . She had a free throw shooting percentage of 91 @.@ 0 % , She made 220 field goals , ranking sixth in the league , and ranked fifth in the league with 476 field goal attempts . She attempted 156 three point field goals this season , ranking eighth in the league . She had a player efficiency of 27 @.@ 9 , ranking first in the league in this category this season . She also ranked first in the league in the offensive rating category with 126 @.@ 3 , for offensive win shares with 6 @.@ 1 , for win shares with 8 @.@ 3 , and for win share per 48 minutes with 40 @.@ 0 % . In the locker room , Jackson would talk to her team mates about topics like women 's rights and Lady Gaga .
= = = = 2011 = = = =
In 2011 , Jackson had to deal with a number of injuries that kept her out for most of the season . She injured her hip in a game against the Tulsa Shock , and had surgery for it on 30 June . That season , she played in only 13 games . She missed 20 games in a season that is 34 games long . After she came back from her surgery , her team won 8 out of her first 9 games . She averaged 24 @.@ 9 minutes per game . Her field goal percentage was 39 @.@ 6 % , her three @-@ point field goal percentage was 31 @.@ 1 % , and had a free throw shooting percentage of 88 @.@ 4 % . In June 2011 , she signed a three @-@ year contract with the team .
= = = = 2012 = = = =
Lauren Jackson opted to sit out the early part of the 2012 season as she wanted to concentrate on making the national team and competing in the Olympics . She returned in September and helped the Storm in two blowout wins against the Tulsa Shock , but then an injury sustained during the Olympic preparations sidelined Jackson for three games . Upon her return on 21 September , Jackson became the fourth WNBA player to reach 6 @,@ 000 points . Jackson wound up playing just 167 minutes on the regular season . The Storm saw an early playoff exit in their series against the Minnesota Lynx , with Jackson attempting a buzzer beater in the third game but falling short . This turned out to be Jackson 's final game in the WNBA .
= = = = 2013 @-@ Retirement = = = =
A hamstring surgery forced Jackson out of the 2013 season , and she also missed the 2014 season after operating both her right knee and left Achilles in February . The final year of her Storm contract was suspended in 2013 and dissolved under the new collective @-@ bargaining agreement signed in 2014 , but Seattle still retained Jackson 's rights . During her 2014 recovery , Jackson expressed interest in returning to Seattle in 2015 , saying that despite so much time sidelined by injury , " I ’ ve just had too good of a career there to let that fall by the wayside . " However , these hopes of returning to the WNBA and the Storm for the 2015 season were sidelined when Jackson had further surgery on her right knee in the spring of 2015 . Her attentions turned to the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro . However , in November 2015 , Jackson announced that her rehabilitation had suffered a setback that would keep her from practicing until January 2016 . Upon taking the court again , she stated she would decide in February 2016 if she would participate in what would be her fifth Olympic games or retire from the sport . Her retirement was announced one month later .
= = = = WNBA career statistics = = = =
= = = = = Regular season = = = = =
= = = = = Postseason = = = = =
= = = WNBL = = =
The Women 's National Basketball League ( WNBL ) was founded the year Jackson was born . Between 1998 and 2008 , she played a total of 154 WNBL games , winning one championship with the Australian Institute of Sport ( AIS ) and four more with the Canberra Capitals .
Jackson was offered a scholarship with the AIS in 1996 , when she was just 15 , but her parents said no to this , as it required her to move from Albury to Canberra . The next year , she accepted a scholarship . The programme considers her one of its success stories . With Jackson leading a side composed of the best 16- to 17 @-@ year @-@ old development players in the country , the Australian Institute of Sport WNBL team won the WNBL Championship .
Jackson joined the Canberra Capitals for the 1999 season when she turned 18 , and played with the team off and on until 2006 . While with the team , she won four WNBL championships . In 1999 / 2000 , the Canberra Capitals who won the league championship in a finals match against Adelaide where they had a final score of 67 – 50 .
She played for the Canberra Capitals for the 2002 / 2003 season . In a November game in Penrith with a temperature of 40 ° C ( 104 ° F ) against the Sydney Flames , 500 people largely showed up to watch her play . This season , she was coached by Carrie Graf . In the Penrith game , she scored 9 of the Capital 's first 13 points . She finished the game with 29 points , 16 rebounds and 5 blocks , with her team winning 79 – 67 . In a December 2002 against the Australian Institute of Sport , she scored 33 points . After home games in Canberra , Jackson would hang out with her teammates at Tilley 's Devine Cafe .
In a December 2002 game against the Townsville Fire in Townsville was moved to the Townsville Entertainment and Convention Centre , which seated 5 @,@ 000 people instead of at the Fire 's normal 800 seat stadium , because it was felt Jackson would draw that large a crowd . She did , with 4 @,@ 110 people showing up to the game and setting a regular season attendance record for the Fire . Canberra lost the match , with Townsville figuring a way to contain Jackson , limiting her to 23 points , which was six below her average of 29 points per game so far in that the season . At the time , the attendance was the best ever for a regular season WNBL game , with only two Grand Finals games in the post season having more people in attendance .
In the 2002 / 2003 season , she was one of only three players who were taller than 190 centimetres ( 75 in ) . She played with the Capitals in the Women 's World Cup 2003 where she averaged 30 @.@ 6 points per game and 11 @.@ 4 rebounds . She also won the WNBL Grand Final as a member of the Capitals , and was named the Most Valuable Player in the Grand Finals match . During the 2003 / 2004 season , she scored 48 points in a single October 2003 game . This was her highest individual game point total at the time and is her single highest WNBL point scoring game .
Jackson returned to the Capitals for the last half of the 2009 / 2010 season . The Capitals started an effort to re @-@ sign Jackson , and in March 2011 , she signed a contract for a million dollars to play in the WNBL . This was the most an Australian woman had ever been offered to play for a domestic side in the country , with most of the top women earning only $ 50 @,@ 000 a year . Despite returning to Australia and being present at every Capitals game , injuries prevented Jackson from playing in the 2012 – 13 NBDL season . For the 2013 – 14 season , the Capitals missed the deadline date to sign Jackson and led her to play in China instead . Jackson was signed for the Capitals ' next two seasons , and expected to join the team in November 2014 , after recovering from a hip surgery she went through in September . Jackson 's return happened in December 19 against the Adelaide Lightning . Jackson managed to play five more games in the 2014 – 15 WNBL season , losing only one as she averaged 13 points and seven rebounds . Still her physical ailments prevented Jackson from training with her teammates , and requiring weekly drainings of synovial fluid out of her knee . During a double @-@ header road trip in Victoria , Jackson 's knee gave in . A subsequent MRI scan showed further damage to her knee that required new surgeries , forcing Jackson to sit out the rest of the season . The Capitals released Jackson from her contract in January 2016 .
= = = China 2013 = = =
After missing the 2013 WNBA season and with a deal with Canberra Capitals falling through , in September 2013 Jackson signed with the Heilongjiang Shenda of the Women 's Chinese Basketball Association . She helped Heilongjiang qualify to the playoffs with an average of 22 points , 9 @.@ 5 rebounds and 1 @.@ 8 steals per game , but a heel injury made Jackson lose the post @-@ season . Another injury during the season , where Jackson " pulled my meniscus out of the root of my bone " was not deemed too grave at the time , but the knee problems would escalate during the following years .
= = = National team = = =
Jackson made the Australian under @-@ 20 team when she was only 14 years old . She was first called up to the senior national team when she was 16 years old . Her national team coaches Tom Maher and Carrie Graf say positive things about Jackson to the press and others but they rarely have said those things to Jackson . This is a strategy designed to help motivate Jackson to play better . Tom Maher who was the coach her called her up said " She 's so good she could be the greatest sportswoman in the world . She 's that extraordinary . " Graf has described Jackson as one of the superstars of the game .
Jackson was a member of the 1997 Australian Junior Women 's Team that won a silver medal at the World Championships in Brazil . At the time , she was 16 years old . She averaged 14 @.@ 3 points per game and 9 @.@ 9 rebounds per game . She was also a member of the 1998 Australian Senior Women 's Team that won a bronze medal at the World Championships in Germany . At the time , she was 16 years old and the youngest Australian woman ever to be named to the team . In the tournament , she averaged 10 @.@ 9 points per game and 3 @.@ 9 rebounds per game . She was a key part of the team 's success . She was coached in the tournament by Tom Maher . She came off the bench to play .
In the Olympic test tournament in the lead up to the 2000 Summer Olympics , Jackson scored 18 points and 10 @.@ 7 rebounds per game . She was a member of the 2000 Summer Olympics team that won a silver medal . At the 2000 Games , she scored 127 total points , had 23 total blocked shots , 12 steals and 67 rebounds . She averaged 15 @.@ 9 points and 8 @.@ 4 rebounds per game . In the 76 – 54 loss in the gold medal game , she scored 24 points and had 13 rebounds . She led the team in points scored and total rebounds . Going into the Olympics , her team was ranked third in the world . At the Sydney Games , she was coached by Tom Maher . The gold medal final was against the United States .
Jackson was a member of the Australian Senior Women 's Team that won a silver medal in the World Championships in China in 2002 . She averaged 23 @.@ 1 points a game in the competition and was named to the All @-@ Star team for the tournament . She averaged 5 @.@ 4 rebounds per game . In a semi @-@ final match against the United States , Jackson fouled Lisa Leslie three times in the first six minutes of the game . The team lost while Jackson spent most of the time on the bench . By January 2003 , Jackson had played over 100 games with Australia 's senior side . She competed in the 2003 World Championships and was named the International Basketball Federation 's Most Valuable Player . At the FIBA Diamond Ball Tournament for Women 2004 , she averaged 22 @.@ 7 points and 14 @.@ 0 rebounds per game .
Jackson was a member of the Australian senior team that won a silver medal at the 2004 Summer Olympics , where she averaged 22 @.@ 9 points and 10 @.@ 0 rebounds per game . The gold medal final was against the United States . In 2006 , she was a co @-@ captain with Jenny Whittle of the Australian women 's senior team that won a gold medal at the Commonwealth Games . She played in the preliminary final against the Mozambique women 's national basketball team , and the gold deal match against New Zealand . Jackson was the captain of the Australian women 's senior team that won a gold medal at the World Championships in Brazil in 2006 that beat Russia in the Gold Medal match . This was the first time Australia had ever earned gold in the event . Jackson averaged 21 @.@ 3 points and 8 @.@ 9 rebounds per game . While the national team is called The Opals , Jackson asked Basketball Australia if they were to make rings for team members in honour of their win , if they would use diamonds instead of opals .
As captain of the 2008 Summer Olympics Australian women 's team that won a silver medal at the Olympics , Jackson averaged 17 @.@ 3 points and 8 @.@ 6 rebounds per game . In the FIBA Diamond Ball Tournament for Women 2008 , Jackson averaged 20 @.@ 3 points per game and 5 @.@ 0 rebounds per game . In 2010 , she was a member of the senior women 's national team that competed at the World Championships in the Czech Republic . She averaged 13 @.@ 4 points per game and 7 @.@ 9 rebounds per game .
Jackson missed the first training camp for the 2012 Summer Olympics squad in March , but was back by April to train with the team . In June , Jackson tore her adductor magnus muscle during the Australian training camp in the Czech Republic . She was one of the models for the 2012 Australian Olympic team uniforms , and chosen to carry the Australian Flag during the Opening Ceremony for the 2012 Olympic Games . The hamstring injury prevented Jackson from getting much play during the Olympic tournament , having only had significant court time in the matches against USA and the bronze medal play @-@ off with Russia .
After flying to Australia in February 2014 to operate on her heel and knee , Jackson committed to return to the Opals in time for the 2014 FIBA World Championship for Women . However , the delayed recovery of Jackson 's knee led her to give up on the tournament to have her right hip operated on to fix a torn labrum in September 2014 . She had gotten the tear while playing for Ros Casares Valencia in 2012 but went without surgery to not miss the then @-@ upcoming Olympics . Jackson would later express interest in attending her fifth Olympic tournament during the 2016 Summer Olympics as a way to close her career , while also pursuing her long @-@ standing dream of a gold medal . However , while attending the Opals training camp in Canberra , she announced her retirement saying her conditions were not improved enough and she needed an " absolute miracle " to get into shape .
= = Honours = =
Jackson was named the Australian International Player of the year in 1999 , 2000 and 2002 . In 2005 , she was inducted into the Australian Institute of Sport ' Best of the Best ' . In late 2011 , the Albury Sports Stadium was renamed the Lauren Jackson Sports Centre . A thousand people showed up at the renaming ceremony , at which Jackson was the guest of honour .
She was the flag bearer for Australia at the Summer 2012 London Olympic Games . On 8 June 2015 , she was appointed an Officer of the Order of Australia in the Queen 's Birthday Honours .
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= North Star ( Star Trek : Enterprise ) =
" North Star " is the sixty @-@ first episode of the American science fiction television series Star Trek : Enterprise , the ninth episode of the third season . It first aired on November 12 , 2003 on UPN . The episode was written by David A. Goodman and directed by David Straiton .
Set in the 22nd century , the series follows the adventures of the first Starfleet starship Enterprise , registration NX @-@ 01 . In this episode , the crew of the Enterprise discover a lost colony of humans in the Delphic Expanse . The colony originated from a wagon train from the American Old West in the 1860s which was abducted as slave labor by an alien race called the Skagarans . The humans overthrew the Skagarans and now treat them as second class citizens .
Goodman wrote the episode after he was set a challenge by executive producer Rick Berman , and wrote in references to the 1940 film Santa Fe Trail and The Original Series episode " Spectre of the Gun " . The episode was mostly filmed on the Western town set nicknamed " Six Points Texas " at the Universal Studios lot . Critical response to the episode was mixed , but the ratings held steady from the previous episode with a 2 @.@ 6 / 4 % share .
= = Plot = =
Whilst in the Delphic Expanse , Enterprise discovers a planet inhabited by 6 @,@ 000 humans who are living in the fashion of the 1860s American frontier . Captain Archer , Commander Tucker and Sub @-@ Commander T 'Pol beam @-@ down to the surface in period costume to investigate . They head into one of the numerous towns to observe the humans and aliens first @-@ hand , and while Tucker and T 'Pol acquire a horse , Archer stops Deputy Bennings from belittling a " Skag " waiter in the town 's tavern . After questioning Archer on his plans and intentions , Sheriff MacReady tells Bennings to keep a close eye on Archer .
Archer , wishing to learn more about the Skagarans , enters the house of a teacher named Bethany he had seen earlier . The two depart for " Skag Town " , the remnants of a 300 @-@ year @-@ old wrecked spacecraft , but the deputy notices them leave . They arrive and find Tucker and T 'Pol , who had arrived earlier . They then travel back to Enterprise to investigate some data logs found in the wreckage , while Archer stays behind . On Enterprise Ensign Sato discovers that the humans overthrew their Skagaran masters after being brought to the planet . Meanwhile Bennings and some men arrive and arrest Bethany for teaching the children , and she is later detained in prison . Archer helps her to escape , but she is shot in the process . Archer orders an emergency beam @-@ up in front of Bennings and other locals .
Doctor Phlox treats her injury and discovers that she is one @-@ quarter Skagaran . Meanwhile , back on the planet , Bennings hands in his deputy badge because MacReady orders him not to take any further action against the Skagarans . Archer returns in a shuttlepod along with T 'Pol and a security crew , led by Lieutenant Reed — all wearing their modern uniforms . Landing in the center of town , he informs the Sheriff that he is from Earth and will return to help them once their mission is over . Bennings then shoots MacReady , starting a firefight . In the chaos , Archer is also shot by Bennings , but finally overpowers him in a fistfight . Enterprise then departs , but not before returning Bethany to the surface , and providing her with a PADD to educate the local children about Earth 's recent history .
= = Production = =
" North Star " was the third episode of the season to be directed by David Straiton , while writer David A. Goodman had previously written the episodes " Judgment " and " Precious Cargo " . He also wrote the Star Trek themed Futurama episode " Where No Fan Has Gone Before " . Goodman explained after the episode that he was inspired by The Original Series episodes " A Piece of the Action " and " Patterns of Force " after executive producer Rick Berman set him the challenge of writing a " parallel Earth " story similar to those featured in TOS but would fit with Enterprise . These types of stories were featured in Gene Roddenberry 's original pitch for Star Trek to NBC , which was where humans had evolved societies on other planets similar to our own .
Goodman also added a reference to the TOS episode " Spectre of the Gun " with the naming of the character Cronin , but said that the character Kitty was named after a character in the 1940 film Santa Fe Trail rather than the radio / television series Gunsmoke . Goodman later described " North Star " as his favourite episode of the series . It was the third Western @-@ themed episode of Star Trek , after The Original Series 's " Spectre of the Gun " and The Next Generation 's " A Fistful of Datas " . This episode included a number of guest cast members . Emily Bergl appeared as Bethany in " North Star " , having previously appeared in the miniseries Taken , produced by the Sci Fi Channel . Glenn Morshower had previously appeared in episodes of The Next Generation and Voyager , and appeared once more in this episode as Sheriff MacReady . James Parks had also appeared in Voyager , and played Deputy Bennings in " North Star " .
It was the first episode to be filmed on location during season three , but the production only moved from the Paramount Studios lot to the Universal Studios backlot where the Western town set " Six Points Texas " was used . The shoot there started on the second day of filming over five days and utilized a number of sets including the main street , livery stable , saloon and schoolhouse . The sets have been used to film more movies than any other set in the world ; the livery stable in particular was used in the 1940 film My Little Chickadee . A shuttlepod set @-@ piece was brought from Paramount Studios and was used for filming scenes after it had landed , while in @-@ air shots were added with special effects after filming was completed .
Twelve horses were used , and due to safety considerations , in some scenes stunt doubles undertook the action scenes where main cast members were required to ride on horseback . The episode was heavy on the number of stunts , which were supervised by Vince Deadrick , Jr . Scenes using the standing sets at Paramount were filmed on the first and last days of shooting , which overlapped with the first day of shooting of the following episode , " Similitude " .
= = Reception and home media release = =
" North Star " was first aired on November 12 , 2003 on UPN . It received a 2 @.@ 6 / 4 % share among adults between the ages of 18 and 49 . This means that it was seen by 2 @.@ 6 percent of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds , and 4 percent of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds watching television at the time of the broadcast . This was the same as the ratings received by the previous episode entitled " Twilight " , but showed a loss of 200 @,@ 000 viewers overall . " North Star " received lower ratings than the following episode " Similitude " , which received a ratings share of 3 @.@ 0 / 5 % .
Michelle Erica Green watched the episode for TrekNation , saying that she was expecting something similar to The Original Series episode " Spectre of the Gun " but was pleased to find it was more similar to Voyager 's " The 37 's " . She said that , " because the episode is stylish and beautifully paced , the morality play doesn 't get too heavy @-@ handed or silly " , but felt that it was one @-@ sided because of the lack of information on the Skagarans . She summed up the " North Star " by describing it as a " fun , throw away " episode . Jamahl Epsicokhan on his website " Jammer 's Reviews " described it as a " shallow Trek adventure by the numbers " which was " all about setting and rarely about substance " . He gave it a score of two out of four . When Epsicokhan was summing up the whole of season three , " North Star " was described as one of the mediocre episodes in the season .
" North Star " was released as part of the season three DVD box set , released in the United States on September 27 , 2005 . The season was released on Blu @-@ ray in the United States on January 7 , 2014 .
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= Michael A. Monsoor =
Michael Anthony Monsoor ( April 5 , 1981 – September 29 , 2006 ) was a United States Navy SEAL who was killed during the Iraq War and posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor . Monsoor enlisted in the United States Navy in 2001 and graduated from Basic Underwater Demolition / SEAL training in 2004 . After further training he was assigned to Delta Platoon , SEAL Team 3 .
Delta Platoon was sent to Iraq in April 2006 and assigned to train Iraqi Army soldiers in Ramadi . Over the next five months , Monsoor and his platoon frequently engaged in combat with insurgent forces . On September 29 , 2006 , an insurgent threw a grenade onto a rooftop where Monsoor and several other SEALs and Iraqi soldiers were positioned . Monsoor quickly smothered the grenade with his body , absorbing the resulting explosion and saving his comrades from serious injury or death . Monsoor died about 30 minutes later from serious wounds caused by the grenade explosion .
On March 31 , 2008 , the United States Department of Defense confirmed that Michael Monsoor would posthumously receive the Medal of Honor . U.S. President George W. Bush presented the medal to Monsoor 's parents on April 8 , 2008 . In October 2008 , Secretary of the Navy Donald C. Winter announced that DDG @-@ 1001 , the second ship in the Zumwalt @-@ class of guided missile destroyers , would be named Michael Monsoor in his honor .
= = Early life and education = =
Monsoor was born April 5 , 1981 , in Long Beach , California , the third of four children of Sally Ann ( Boyle ) and George Paul Monsoor . His father also served in the United States military as a Marine . His father is of Lebanese and Irish descent , and his mother has Irish ancestry . When he was a child , Monsoor was afflicted with asthma but strengthened his lungs by racing his siblings in the family 's swimming pool . He attended Dr. Walter C. Ralston Intermediate School and Garden Grove High School in Garden Grove , California and played tight @-@ end on the school 's football team , graduating in 1999 .
= = Career = =
= = = U.S. Navy SEALs = = =
Monsoor enlisted in the United States Navy on March 21 , 2001 , and attended Basic Training at Recruit Training Command Great Lakes , Illinois . Upon graduation from basic training , he attended Quartermaster " A " School , and then transferred to Naval Air Station Sigonella , Italy for a short period of time . He entered Basic Underwater Demolition / SEAL ( BUD / S ) training and graduated from Class 250 on September 2 , 2004 , as one of the top performers in his class . After BUD / S , he completed advanced SEAL training courses including parachute training at Basic Airborne School , cold weather combat training in Kodiak , Alaska , and six months of SEAL Qualification Training in Coronado , California , graduating in March 2005 . The following month , his rating changed from Quartermaster to Master @-@ at @-@ Arms , and he was assigned to Delta Platoon , SEAL Team 3 .
= = = = Iraq War = = = =
During Operation Kentucky Jumper , SEAL Team Three was sent to Ramadi , Iraq in April 2006 and assigned to train Iraqi Army soldiers . As a communicator and machine @-@ gunner on patrols , Monsoor carried 100 pounds ( 45 kg ) of gear in temperatures often exceeding 100 degrees . He took a lead position to protect the platoon from frontal assault and the team was frequently involved in engagements with insurgent fighters . During the first five months of deployment , the team reportedly killed 84 insurgents .
During an engagement on May 9 , 2006 , Monsoor ran into a street while under continuous insurgent gunfire to rescue an injured comrade . Monsoor was awarded the Silver Star for this action , and was also awarded the Bronze Star for his service in Iraq .
= = Death = =
On September 29 , 2006 , Monsoor 's platoon engaged four insurgents in a firefight , killing one and injuring another . Anticipating further attacks , Monsoor , three SEAL snipers and three Iraqi Army soldiers took up a rooftop position . Civilians aiding the insurgents blocked off the streets , and a nearby mosque broadcast a message for people to fight against the Americans and the Iraqi soldiers . Monsoor was protecting other SEALs , two of whom were 15 feet away from him . Monsoor 's position made him the only SEAL on the rooftop with quick access to an escape route .
A grenade was thrown onto the rooftop by an insurgent on the street below . The grenade hit Monsoor in the chest and fell onto the floor . Immediately , Monsoor yelled " Grenade ! " and jumped onto the grenade , covering it with his body . The grenade exploded seconds later and Monsoor 's body absorbed most of the force of the blast . Monsoor was severely wounded and although evacuated immediately , he died 30 minutes later . Two other SEALs next to him at the time were injured by the explosion but survived .
Monsoor died on September 29 , 2006 , in ar @-@ Ramadi , Iraq , and was described as a " quiet professional " and a " fun @-@ loving guy " by those who knew him . He is buried at Fort Rosecrans National Cemetery in San Diego .
= = = Funeral = = =
During the funeral , as the coffin was moving from the hearse to the grave site , Navy SEALs were lined up forming a column of twos on both sides of the pallbearers route , with the coffin moving up the center . As the coffin passed each SEAL , they slapped down the gold Trident each had removed from his own uniform and deeply embedded it into the wooden coffin . For nearly 30 minutes the slaps were audible from across the cemetery as nearly every SEAL on the West Coast repeated the act .
The display moved many attending the funeral , including President Bush , who spoke about the incident later during a speech stating : " The procession went on nearly half an hour , and when it was all over , the simple wooden coffin had become a gold @-@ plated memorial to a hero who will never be forgotten . ”
= = Awards and decorations = =
= = = Medal of Honor = = =
On March 31 , 2008 , the United States Department of Defense confirmed that Michael Monsoor would posthumously receive the Medal of Honor from the President of the United States , George W. Bush . Monsoor 's parents , Sally and George Monsoor , received the medal on his behalf at an April 8 , ceremony at the White House held by the President . Monsoor became the fourth American servicemember and second Navy SEAL — each killed in the line of duty — to receive the United States ' highest military award during the War on Terrorism .
= = = = Medal of Honor citation = = = =
" The President of the United States in the name of The Congress takes pride in presenting the MEDAL OF HONOR posthumously to
MASTER AT ARMS SECOND CLASS , SEA , AIR and LANDMICHAEL A. MONSOOR
UNITED STATES NAVY
For service as set forth in the following CITATION :
" For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty while serving as Automatic Weapons Gunner for Naval Special Warfare Task Group Arabian Peninsula , in support of Operation IRAQI FREEDOM on 29 September 2006 . As a member of a combined SEAL and Iraqi Army sniper overwatch element , tasked with providing early warning and stand @-@ off protection from a rooftop in an insurgent @-@ held sector of Ar Ramadi , Iraq , Petty Officer Monsoor distinguished himself by his exceptional bravery in the face of grave danger . In the early morning , insurgents prepared to execute a coordinated attack by reconnoitering the area around the element 's position . Element snipers thwarted the enemy 's initial attempt by eliminating two insurgents . The enemy continued to assault the element , engaging them with a rocket @-@ propelled grenade and small arms fire . As enemy activity increased , Petty Officer Monsoor took position with his machine gun between two teammates on an outcropping of the roof . While the SEALs vigilantly watched for enemy activity , an insurgent threw a hand grenade from an unseen location , which bounced off Petty Officer Monsoor 's chest and landed in front of him . Although only he could have escaped the blast , Petty Officer Monsoor chose instead to protect his teammates . Instantly and without regard for his own safety , he threw himself onto the grenade to absorb the force of the explosion with his body , saving the lives of his two teammates . By his undaunted courage , fighting spirit , and unwavering devotion to duty in the face of certain death , Petty Officer Monsoor gallantly gave his life for his country , thereby reflecting great credit upon himself and upholding the highest traditions of the United States Naval Service . "
= = = = Silver Star citation = = = =
" For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity in action against the enemy as Platoon Machine Gunner in Sea , Air , Land Team THREE ( SEAL @-@ 3 ) , Naval Special Warfare Task Group Arabian Peninsula , Task Unit Ramadi , in support of Operation IRAQI FREEDOM on 9 May 2006 . Petty Officer Monsoor was the Platoon Machine Gunner of an overwatch element , providing security for an Iraqi Army Brigade during counter @-@ insurgency operations . While moving toward extraction , the Iraqi Army and Naval Special Warfare overwatch team received effective enemy automatic weapons fire resulting in one SEAL wounded in action . Immediately , Petty Officer Monsoor , with complete disregard for his own safety , exposed himself to heavy enemy fire in order to provide suppressive fire and fight his way to the wounded SEAL 's position . He continued to provide effective suppressive fire while simultaneously dragging the wounded SEAL to safety . Petty Officer Monsoor maintained suppressive fire as the wounded SEAL received tactical casualty treatment to his leg . He also helped load his wounded teammate into a High Mobility Multi @-@ Purpose Wheeled Vehicle for evacuation , then returned to combat . By his bold initiative , undaunted courage , and complete dedication to duty , Petty Officer Monsoor reflected great credit upon himself and upheld the highest traditions of the United States Naval Service . "
= = = = Bronze Star citation = = = =
" For heroic achievement in connection with combat operations against the enemy as Task Unit Ramadi , Iraq , Combat Advisor for Naval Special Warfare Task Group – Arabian Peninsula in Support of Operation IRAQI FREEDOM from April to September 2006 . On 11 different operations , Petty Officer Monsoor exposed himself to heavy enemy fire while shielding his teammates with suppressive fire . He aggressively stabilized each chaotic situation with focused determination and uncanny tactical awareness . Each time insurgents assaulted his team with small arms fire or rocket propelled grenades , he quickly assessed the situation , determined the best course of action to counter the enemy assaults , and implemented his plan to gain the best tactical advantage . His selfless , decisive , heroic actions resulted in 25 enemy killed and saved the lives of his teammates , other Coalition Forces and Iraqi Army soldiers . By his extraordinary guidance , zealous initiative , and total dedication to duty , Petty Officer Monsoor reflected great credit upon himself and upheld the highest traditions of the United States Naval Service . "
= = Legacy = =
In 2011 , the United States Department of Veterans Affairs honored Monsoor by naming one of the first three named streets at Miramar National Cemetery after him .
= = = USS Michael Monsoor ( DDG @-@ 1001 ) = = =
In October 2008 , United States Secretary of the Navy Donald C. Winter announced that the second ship in the Zumwalt @-@ class of destroyers would be named USS Michael Monsoor ( DDG @-@ 1001 ) in honor of Petty Officer Monsoor .
= = = U.S. Naval Sea Cadet Corps = = =
There is a U.S. Naval Sea Cadet Corps unit named the " Michael A. Monsoor Battalion " based in Camp Pendleton , California . The unit symbol is composed of Petty Officer Monsoor 's Medal of Honor , SEAL Trident , and Master @-@ at @-@ Arms shield . Everyone in the unit knows Petty Officer Michael A. Monsoor 's career history and shares it with all new cadets .
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= Little Boy =
" Little Boy " was the codename for the type of atomic bomb dropped on the Japanese city of Hiroshima on 6 August 1945 by the Boeing B @-@ 29 Superfortress Enola Gay , piloted by Colonel Paul W. Tibbets , Jr . , commander of the 509th Composite Group of the United States Army Air Forces . It was the first atomic bomb to be used in warfare . The Hiroshima bombing was the second artificial nuclear explosion in history , after the Trinity test , and the first uranium @-@ based detonation . It exploded with an energy of approximately 15 kilotons of TNT ( 63 TJ ) . The bomb caused significant destruction to the city of Hiroshima .
Little Boy was developed by Lieutenant Commander Francis Birch 's group of Captain William S. Parsons 's Ordnance ( O ) Division at the Manhattan Project 's Los Alamos Laboratory during World War II . Parsons flew on the Hiroshima mission as weaponeer . The Little Boy was a development of the unsuccessful Thin Man nuclear bomb . Like Thin Man , it was a gun @-@ type fission weapon , but derived its explosive power from the nuclear fission of uranium @-@ 235 . This was accomplished by shooting a hollow cylinder of enriched uranium ( the " bullet " ) onto a solid cylinder of the same material ( the " target " ) by means of a charge of nitrocellulose propellant powder . It contained 64 kg ( 141 lb ) of enriched uranium , of which less than a kilogram underwent nuclear fission . Its components were fabricated at three different plants so that no one would have a copy of the complete design .
After the war ended , it was not expected that the inefficient Little Boy design would ever again be required , and many plans and diagrams were destroyed , but by mid @-@ 1946 the Hanford Site reactors were suffering badly from the Wigner effect , so six Little Boy assemblies were produced at Sandia Base . The Navy Bureau of Ordnance built another 25 Little Boy assemblies in 1947 for use by the Lockheed P2V Neptune nuclear strike aircraft ( which could be launched from but not land on the Midway @-@ class aircraft carriers ) . All the Little Boy units were withdrawn from service by the end of January 1951 .
= = Naming = =
The names for all three atomic bomb design projects during World War II — Fat Man , Thin Man , and Little Boy — were created by Robert Serber , a former student of Los Alamos Laboratory director Robert Oppenheimer who worked on the Manhattan Project . According to Serber , he chose them based on their design shapes . The " Thin Man " was a long device , and its name came from the Dashiell Hammett detective novel and series of movies of the same name . The " Fat Man " was round and fat , and was named after Sydney Greenstreet 's " Kasper Gutman " character in The Maltese Falcon . Little Boy came last , and was named after Elisha Cook , Jr . ' s character in the same film , as referred to by Humphrey Bogart .
= = Development = =
Because uranium @-@ 235 was known to be fissionable , it was the first approach to bomb development pursued . As the first design developed ( as well as the first deployed for combat ) , it is sometimes known as the Mark I. The vast majority of the work came in the form of the isotope enrichment of the uranium necessary for the weapon , since uranium @-@ 235 makes up only 1 part in 140 of natural uranium . Enrichment was performed at Oak Ridge , Tennessee , where the electromagnetic separation plant , known as Y @-@ 12 , became fully operational in March 1944 . The first shipments of highly enriched uranium were sent to the Los Alamos Laboratory in June 1944 .
Most of the uranium necessary for the production of the bomb came from the Shinkolobwe mine and was made available thanks to the foresight of the CEO of the High Katanga Mining Union , Edgar Sengier , who had 1 @,@ 000 long tons ( 1 @,@ 000 t ) of uranium ore transported to a New York warehouse in 1939 . At least part of the 1 @,@ 200 long tons ( 1 @,@ 200 t ) of uranium ore and uranium oxide captured by the Alsos Mission in 1944 and 1945 was used in the bomb .
Little Boy was a simplification of Thin Man , the previous gun @-@ type fission weapon design . Thin Man , 17 feet ( 5 @.@ 2 m ) long , was designed to use plutonium , so it was also more than capable of using enriched uranium . The Thin Man design was abandoned after experiments by Emilio G. Segrè and his P @-@ 5 Group at Los Alamos on the newly reactor @-@ produced plutonium from Oak Ridge and the Hanford site showed that it contained impurities in the form of the isotope plutonium @-@ 240 . This has a far higher spontaneous fission rate and radioactivity than the cyclotron @-@ produced plutonium on which the original measurements had been made , and its inclusion in reactor @-@ bred plutonium appeared unavoidable . This meant that the background fission rate of the plutonium was so high that it would be highly likely the plutonium would predetonate and blow itself apart in the initial forming of a critical mass .
In July 1944 , almost all research at Los Alamos was redirected to the implosion @-@ type plutonium weapon . Overall responsibility for the uranium gun @-@ type weapon was assigned to Captain William S. Parsons 's Ordnance ( O ) Division . All the design , development , and technical work at Los Alamos was consolidated under Lieutenant Commander Francis Birch 's group .
In contrast to the plutonium implosion @-@ type nuclear weapon and the plutonium gun @-@ type fission weapon , the uranium gun @-@ type weapon was straightforward if not trivial to design . The concept was pursued so that in case of a failure to develop a plutonium bomb , it would still be possible to use the gun principle . The gun @-@ type design henceforth had to work with enriched uranium only , and this allowed the Thin Man design to be greatly simplified . A high @-@ velocity gun was no longer required , and a simpler weapon could be substituted . The simplified weapon was short enough to fit into a B @-@ 29 bomb bay .
The design specifications were completed in February 1945 , and contracts were let to build the components . Three different plants were used so that no one would have a copy of the complete design . The gun and breech were made by the Naval Gun Factory in Washington , D.C. ; the target case and some other components were by the Naval Ordnance Plant in Center Line , Michigan ; and the tail fairing and mounting brackets by the Expert Tool and Die Company in Detroit , Michigan . The bomb , except for the uranium payload , was ready at the beginning of May 1945 . The uranium 235 projectile was completed on 15 June , and the target on 24 July . The target and bomb pre @-@ assemblies ( partly assembled bombs without the fissile components ) left Hunters Point Naval Shipyard , California , on 16 July aboard the cruiser USS Indianapolis , arriving 26 July . The target inserts followed by air on 30 July .
Although all of its components had been tested , no full test of a gun @-@ type nuclear weapon occurred before the Little Boy was dropped over Hiroshima . The only test explosion of a nuclear weapon concept had been of an implosion @-@ type device employing plutonium as its fissile material , and took place on 16 July 1945 at the Trinity nuclear test . There were several reasons for not testing a Little Boy type of device . Primarily , there was little uranium @-@ 235 as compared with the relatively large amount of plutonium which , it was expected , could be produced by the Hanford Site reactors . Additionally , the weapon design was simple enough that it was only deemed necessary to do laboratory tests with the gun @-@ type assembly . Unlike the implosion design , which required sophisticated coordination of shaped explosive charges , the gun @-@ type design was considered almost certain to work .
The danger of accidental detonation made safety a concern . Little Boy incorporated basic safety mechanisms , but an accidental detonation could still occur . Tests were conducted to see whether a crash could drive the hollow " bullet " onto the " target " cylinder resulting in a massive release of radiation , or possibly nuclear detonation . These showed that this required an impact of 500 times that of gravity , which made it highly unlikely . There was still concern that a crash and a fire could trigger the explosives . If immersed in water , the uranium halves were subject to a neutron moderator effect . While this would not have caused an explosion , it could have created widespread radioactive contamination . For this reason , pilots were advised to crash on land rather than at sea .
= = Design = =
The Little Boy was 120 inches ( 300 cm ) in length , 28 inches ( 71 cm ) in diameter and weighed approximately 9 @,@ 700 pounds ( 4 @,@ 400 kg ) . The design used the gun method to explosively force a hollow sub @-@ critical mass of uranium @-@ 235 and a solid target cylinder together into a super @-@ critical mass , initiating a nuclear chain reaction . This was accomplished by shooting one piece of the uranium onto the other by means of four cylindrical silk bags of cordite . The bomb contained 64 kg ( 141 lb ) of enriched uranium . Most was enriched to 89 % but some was only 50 % uranium @-@ 235 , for an average enrichment of 80 % . Less than a kilogram of uranium underwent nuclear fission , and of this mass only 0 @.@ 6 g ( 0 @.@ 021 oz ) was transformed into several forms of energy , mostly kinetic energy , but also heat and radiation .
= = = Assembly details = = =
Inside the weapon , the uranium @-@ 235 material was divided into two parts , following the gun principle : the " projectile " and the " target " . The projectile was a hollow cylinder with 60 % of the total mass ( 38 @.@ 5 kg ( 85 lb ) ) . It consisted of a stack of 9 uranium rings , each 6 @.@ 25 @-@ inch ( 159 mm ) in diameter with a 4 @-@ inch ( 100 mm ) bore in the center , and a total length of 7 inches ( 180 mm ) , pressed together into the front end of a thin @-@ walled projectile 16 @.@ 25 inches ( 413 mm ) long . Filling in the remainder of the space behind these rings in the projectile was a tungsten carbide disc with a steel back . At ignition , the projectile slug was pushed 42 inches ( 1 @,@ 100 mm ) along the 72 @-@ inch ( 1 @,@ 800 mm ) long , 6 @.@ 5 @-@ inch ( 170 mm ) smooth @-@ bore gun barrel . The slug " insert " was a 4 inches ( 100 mm ) cylinder , 7 inches ( 180 mm ) in length with a 1 inch ( 25 mm ) axial hole . The slug comprised 40 % of the total fissile mass ( 25 @.@ 6 kg or 56 lb ) . The insert was a stack of 6 washer @-@ like uranium discs somewhat thicker than the projectile rings that were slid over a 1 inch ( 25 mm ) rod . This rod then extended forward through the tungsten carbide tamper plug , impact @-@ absorbing anvil , and nose plug backstop eventually protruding out the front of the bomb casing . This entire target assembly was secured at both ends with locknuts .
When the hollow @-@ front projectile reached the target and slid over the target insert , the assembled super @-@ critical mass of uranium would be completely surrounded by a tamper and neutron reflector of tungsten carbide and steel , both materials having a combined mass of 2 @,@ 300 kg ( 5 @,@ 100 lb ) . Neutron initiators at the base of the projectile were activated by the impact .
= = = Counter @-@ intuitive design = = =
For the first fifty years after 1945 , every published description and drawing of the Little Boy mechanism assumed that a small , solid projectile was fired into the center of a larger , stationary target . However , critical mass considerations dictated that in Little Boy the larger , hollow piece would be the projectile . The assembled fissile core had more than two critical masses of uranium 235 . This required one of the two pieces to have more than one critical mass , with the larger piece avoiding criticality prior to assembly by means of shape and minimal contact with the neutron @-@ reflecting tungsten carbide tamper .
A hole in the center of the larger piece dispersed the mass and increased the surface area , allowing more fission neutrons to escape , thus preventing a premature chain reaction . But , for this larger , hollow piece to have minimal contact with the tamper , it must be the projectile , since only the projectile 's back end was in contact with the tamper prior to detonation . The rest of the tungsten carbide surrounded the sub @-@ critical mass target cylinder ( called the " insert " by the designers ) with air space between it and the insert . This arrangement packs the maximum amount of fissile material into a gun @-@ assembly design .
= = = Fuze system = = =
The bomb employed a fusing system that was designed to detonate the bomb at the most destructive altitude . Calculations showed that for the largest destructive effect , the bomb should explode at an altitude of 580 metres ( 1 @,@ 900 ft ) . The resultant fuze design was a three @-@ stage interlock system :
A timer ensured that the bomb would not explode until at least fifteen seconds after release , one @-@ quarter of the predicted fall time , to ensure safety of the aircraft . The timer was activated when the electrical pull @-@ out plugs connecting it to the airplane pulled loose as the bomb fell , switching it to internal ( 24V battery ) power and starting the timer . At the end of the 15 seconds , the radar altimeters were powered up and responsibility was passed to the barometric stage .
The purpose of the barometric stage was to delay activating the radar altimeter firing command circuit until near detonation altitude . A thin metallic membrane enclosing a vacuum chamber ( a similar design is still used today in old @-@ fashioned wall barometers ) gradually deformed as ambient air pressure increased during descent . The barometric fuze was not considered accurate enough to detonate the bomb at the precise ignition height , because air pressure varies with local conditions . When the bomb reached the design height for this stage ( reportedly 2 @,@ 000 metres , 6 @,@ 600 ft ) , the membrane closed a circuit , activating the radar altimeters . The barometric stage was added because of a worry that external radar signals might detonate the bomb too early .
Two or more redundant radar altimeters were used to reliably detect final altitude . When the altimeters sensed the correct height , the firing switch closed , igniting the three BuOrd Mk15 , Mod 1 Navy gun primers in the breech plug , which set off the charge consisting of four silk powder bags each containing two pounds of WM slotted @-@ tube cordite . This launched the uranium projectile towards the opposite end of the gun barrel at an eventual muzzle velocity of 300 metres per second ( 980 ft / s ) . Approximately 10 milliseconds later the chain reaction occurred , lasting less than 1 microsecond . The radar altimeters used were modified U.S. Army Air Corps APS @-@ 13 tail warning radars , nicknamed " Archie " , normally used to warn a fighter pilot of another plane approaching from behind .
= = Rehearsals = =
The Little Boy pre @-@ assemblies were designated L @-@ 1 , L @-@ 2 , L @-@ 3 , L @-@ 4 , L @-@ 5 , L @-@ 6 , L @-@ 7 , and L @-@ 11 . L @-@ 1 , L @-@ 2 , L @-@ 5 , and L @-@ 6 were expended in test drops . The first drop test was conducted with L @-@ 1 on 23 July 1945 . It was dropped over the sea near Tinian in order to test the radar altimeter by the B @-@ 29 later known as Big Stink , piloted by Colonel Paul W. Tibbets , the commander of the 509th Composite Group . Two more drop tests over the sea were made on 24 and 25 July , using the L @-@ 2 and L @-@ 5 units in order to test all components . Tibbets was the pilot for both missions , but this time the bomber used was the one subsequently known as Jabit . L @-@ 6 was used as a dress rehearsal on 29 July . The B @-@ 29 Next Objective , piloted by Major Charles W. Sweeney , flew to Iwo Jima , where emergency procedures for loading the bomb onto a standby aircraft were practiced . This rehearsal was repeated on 31 July , but this time L @-@ 6 was reloaded onto a different B @-@ 29 , Enola Gay , piloted by Tibbets , and the bomb was test dropped near Tinian . L @-@ 11 was the assembly used for the Hiroshima bomb .
= = Bombing of Hiroshima = =
Parsons , the Enola Gay 's weaponeer , was concerned about the possibility of an accidental detonation if the plane crashed in takeoff , so he decided not to load the four cordite powder bags into the gun breech until the aircraft was in flight . Parsons and his assistant , Second Lieutenant Morris R. Jeppson , made their way into the bomb bay along the narrow catwalk on the port side . Jeppson held a flashlight while Parsons disconnected the primer wires , removed the breech plug , inserted the powder bags , replaced the breech plug , and reconnected the wires . Before climbing to altitude on approach to the target , Jeppson switched the three safety plugs between the electrical connectors of the internal battery and the firing mechanism from green to red . The bomb was then fully armed . Jeppson monitored the bomb 's circuits .
The bomb was dropped at approximately 08 : 15 ( JST ) 6 August 1945 . After falling for 44 @.@ 4 seconds , the time and barometric triggers started the firing mechanism . The detonation happened at an altitude of 1 @,@ 968 ± 50 feet ( 600 ± 15 m ) . It was less powerful than the Fat Man , which was dropped on Nagasaki , but the damage and the number of victims at Hiroshima were much higher , as Hiroshima was on flat terrain , while the hypocenter of Nagasaki lay in a small valley . According to figures published in 1945 , 66 @,@ 000 people were killed as a direct result of the Hiroshima blast , and 69 @,@ 000 were injured to varying degrees . Of those deaths , 20 @,@ 000 were members of the Imperial Japanese Army .
The exact measurement of the yield was problematic , since the weapon had never been tested . President Harry S. Truman officially announced that the yield was 20 kilotons of TNT ( 84 TJ ) . This was based on Parsons 's visual assessment that the blast was greater than what he had seen at the Trinity nuclear test . Since that had been estimated at 18 kilotons of TNT ( 75 TJ ) , speech writers rounded up to 20 kilotons . Further discussion was then suppressed , for fear of lessening the impact of the bomb on the Japanese . Data had been collected by Luis Alvarez , Harold Agnew , and Lawrence H. Johnston on the instrument plane , The Great Artiste , but this was not used to calculate the yield at the time .
After hostilities ended , a survey team from the Manhattan Project that included William Penney , Robert Serber , and George T. Reynolds was sent to Hiroshima to evaluate the effects of the blast . From evaluating the effects on objects and structures , Penney concluded that the yield was 12 ± 1 kilotons . Later calculations based on charring pointed to a yield of 13 to 14 kilotons . In 1953 , Frederick Reines calculated the yield as 13 kilotons . This figure became the official yield .
= = = Project Ichiban = = =
In 1962 , scientists at Los Alamos created a mockup of Little Boy known as " Project Ichiban " in order to answer some of the unanswered questions , but it failed to clear up all the issues . In 1982 , Los Alamos created a replica Little Boy from the original drawings and specifications . This was then tested with enriched uranium but in a safe configuration that would not cause a nuclear explosion . A hydraulic lift was used to move the projectile , and experiments were run to assess neutron emission . Based on this and the data from The Great Artiste , the yield was estimated at 16 @.@ 6 ± 0 @.@ 3 kilotons . After considering many estimation methods , a 1985 report concluded that the yield was 15 kilotons ± 20 % .
When 1 pound ( 0 @.@ 45 kg ) of uranium @-@ 235 undergoes complete fission , the yield is 8 kilotons . The 16 kiloton yield of the Little Boy bomb was therefore produced by the fission of no more than 2 pounds ( 0 @.@ 91 kg ) of uranium @-@ 235 , out of the 141 pounds ( 64 kg ) in the pit . The remaining 139 pounds ( 63 kg ) , 98 @.@ 5 % of the total , contributed nothing to the energy yield .
= = Physical effects of the bomb = =
After being selected in April 1945 , Hiroshima was spared conventional bombing to serve as a pristine target , where the effects of a nuclear bomb on an undamaged city could be observed . While damage could be studied later , the energy yield of the untested Little Boy design could be determined only at the moment of detonation , using instruments dropped by parachute from a plane flying in formation with the one that dropped the bomb . Radio @-@ transmitted data from these instruments indicated a yield of about 15 kilotons .
Comparing this yield to the observed damage produced a rule of thumb called the 5 psi lethal area rule . Approximately 100 % of people inside the area where the shock wave carries an overpressure of 5 psi or greater would be killed . At Hiroshima , that area was 3 @.@ 5 kilometres ( 2 @.@ 2 mi ) in diameter .
The damage came from three main effects : blast , fire , and radiation .
= = = Blast = = =
The blast from a nuclear bomb is the result of X @-@ ray @-@ heated air ( the fireball ) sending a shock wave or pressure wave in all directions , initially at a velocity greater than the speed of sound , analogous to thunder generated by lightning . Knowledge about urban blast destruction is based largely on studies of Little Boy at Hiroshima . Nagasaki buildings suffered similar damage at similar distances , but the Nagasaki bomb detonated 3 @.@ 2 kilometres ( 2 @.@ 0 mi ) from the city center over hilly terrain that was partially bare of buildings .
In Hiroshima almost everything within 1 @.@ 6 kilometres ( 1 @.@ 0 mi ) of the point directly under the explosion was completely destroyed , except for about 50 heavily reinforced , earthquake @-@ resistant concrete buildings , only the shells of which remained standing . Most were completely gutted , with their windows , doors , sashes , and frames ripped out . The perimeter of severe blast damage approximately followed the 5 psi ( 34 kPa ) contour at 1 @.@ 8 kilometres ( 1 @.@ 1 mi ) .
Later test explosions of nuclear weapons with houses and other test structures nearby confirmed the 5 psi overpressure threshold . Ordinary urban buildings experiencing it will be crushed , toppled , or gutted by the force of air pressure . The picture at right shows the effects of a nuclear @-@ bomb @-@ generated 5 psi pressure wave on a test structure in Nevada in 1953 .
A major effect of this kind of structural damage was that it created fuel for fires that were started simultaneously throughout the severe destruction region .
= = = Fire = = =
The first effect of the explosion was blinding light , accompanied by radiant heat from the fireball . The Hiroshima fireball was 370 metres ( 1 @,@ 200 ft ) in diameter , with a surface temperature of 6 @,@ 000 ° C ( 10 @,@ 830 ° F ) . Near ground zero , everything flammable burst into flame . One famous , anonymous Hiroshima victim , sitting on stone steps 260 metres ( 850 ft ) from the hypocenter , left only a shadow , having absorbed the fireball heat that permanently bleached the surrounding stone . Simultaneous fires were started throughout the blast @-@ damaged area by fireball heat and by overturned stoves and furnaces , electrical shorts , etc . Twenty minutes after the detonation , these fires had merged into a firestorm , pulling in surface air from all directions to feed an inferno which consumed everything flammable .
The Hiroshima firestorm was roughly 3 @.@ 2 kilometres ( 2 @.@ 0 mi ) in diameter , corresponding closely to the severe blast damage zone . ( See the USSBS map , right . ) Blast @-@ damaged buildings provided fuel for the fire . Structural lumber and furniture were splintered and scattered about . Debris @-@ choked roads obstructed fire fighters . Broken gas pipes fueled the fire , and broken water pipes rendered hydrants useless . At Nagasaki , the fires failed to merge into a single firestorm , and the fire @-@ damaged area was only one fourth as great as at Hiroshima , due in part to a southwest wind that pushed the fires away from the city .
As the map shows , the Hiroshima firestorm jumped natural firebreaks ( river channels ) , as well as prepared firebreaks . The spread of fire stopped only when it reached the edge of the blast @-@ damaged area , encountering less available fuel .
Accurate casualty figures are impossible to determine , because many victims were cremated by the firestorm , along with all record of their existence . The Manhattan Project report on Hiroshima estimated that 60 % of immediate deaths were caused by fire , but with the caveat that " many persons near the center of explosion suffered fatal injuries from more than one of the bomb effects . " In particular , many fire victims also received lethal doses of nuclear radiation .
= = = Radiation = = =
Local fallout is dust and ash from a bomb crater , contaminated with radioactive fission products . It falls to earth downwind of the crater and can produce , with radiation alone , a lethal area much larger than that from blast and fire . With an air burst , the fission products rise into the stratosphere , where they dissipate and become part of the global environment . Because Little Boy was an air burst 580 metres ( 1 @,@ 900 ft ) above the ground , there was no bomb crater and no local radioactive fallout .
However , a burst of intense neutron and gamma radiation came directly from the fireball . Its lethal radius was 1 @.@ 3 kilometres ( 0 @.@ 8 mi ) , covering about half of the firestorm area . An estimated 30 % of immediate fatalities were people who received lethal doses of this direct radiation , but died in the firestorm before their radiation injuries would have become apparent . Over 6 @,@ 000 people survived the blast and fire , but died of radiation injuries . Among injured survivors , 30 % had radiation injuries from which they recovered , but with a lifelong increase in cancer risk . To date , no radiation @-@ related evidence of heritable diseases has been observed among the survivors ' children .
= = = Conventional weapon equivalent = = =
Although Little Boy exploded with the energy equivalent of 16 @,@ 000 tons of TNT , the Strategic Bombing Survey estimated that the same blast and fire effect could have been caused by only 2 @,@ 100 tons of conventional bombs : " 220 B @-@ 29s carrying 1 @,@ 200 tons of incendiary bombs , 400 tons of high @-@ explosive bombs , and 500 tons of anti @-@ personnel fragmentation bombs . " Since the target was spread across a two @-@ dimensional plane , the vertical component of a single spherical nuclear explosion was largely wasted . A cluster bomb pattern of smaller explosions would have been a more energy @-@ efficient match to the target .
= = Post @-@ war = =
When the war ended , it was not expected that the inefficient Little Boy design would ever again be required , and many plans and diagrams were destroyed . However , by mid @-@ 1946 the Hanford Site reactors were suffering badly from the Wigner effect . Faced with the prospect of no more plutonium for new cores and no more polonium for the initiators for the cores that had already been produced , Groves ordered that a number of Little Boys be prepared as an interim measure until a cure could be found . No Little Boy assemblies were available , and no comprehensive set of diagrams of the Little Boy could be found , although there were drawings of the various components , and stocks of spare parts .
At Sandia Base , three Army officers , Captains Albert Bethel , Richard Meyer and Bobbie Griffin attempted to re @-@ create the Little Boy . They were supervised by Harlow W. Russ , an expert on Little Boy who served with Project Alberta on Tinian , and was now leader of the Z @-@ 11 Group of the Los Alamos Laboratory 's Z Division at Sandia . Gradually , they managed to locate the correct drawings and parts , and figured out how they went together . Eventually , they built six Little Boy assemblies . Although the casings , barrels , and components were tested , no enriched uranium was supplied for the bombs . By early 1947 , the problem caused by the Wigner effect was on its way to solution , and the three officers were reassigned .
The Navy Bureau of Ordnance built 25 Little Boy assemblies in 1947 for use by the nuclear @-@ capable Lockheed P2V Neptune aircraft carrier aircraft ( which could be launched from but not land on the Midway @-@ class aircraft carriers ) . Components were produced by the Naval Ordnance Plants in Pocatello , Idaho , and Louisville , Kentucky . Enough fissionable material was available by 1948 to build ten projectiles and targets , although there were only enough initiators for six . All the Little Boy units were withdrawn from service by the end of January 1951 .
The Smithsonian Institution displays a Little Boy ; it was complete , except for enriched uranium , until 1986 . The Department of Energy took the weapon from the museum to remove its inner components , so the bombs could not be stolen and detonated with fissile material . The government returned the emptied casing to the Smithsonian in 1993 . Three other disarmed bombs are on display in the United States ; another is at the Imperial War Museum in London .
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= Jab Tak Hai Jaan =
Jab Tak Hai Jaan ( English : As Long as I Live , literally " as long , or as far , as there is life " ) is a 2012 Indian romantic drama film directed by Yash Chopra and written and produced by Aditya Chopra under their production banner , Yash Raj Films . It features Shah Rukh Khan , Katrina Kaif and Anushka Sharma in lead roles . The movie is the first collaboration between Khan and Kaif , and the second between Khan and Sharma ( they previously featured in the 2008 film Rab Ne Bana Di Jodi ) . Yash Chopra returned to directing eight years after Veer @-@ Zaara . This was to be his final film before his death in October 2012 , at age 80 . The background score and soundtrack was composed by A.R. Rahman , with lyrics from Gulzar .
Set in London , England , Jab Tak Hai Jaan tells the story of Akira Rai ( Anushka Sharma ) , an ambitious , hardworking intern at the Discovery Channel . Akira finds the diary of Samar Anand ( Shah Rukh Khan ) , a bomb @-@ disposal expert . The diary recounts Samar 's time as a struggling immigrant to London , and later details his whirlwind romance with Meera Thapar ( Katrina Kaif ) . The film was released during the six @-@ day Diwali weekend beginning on 13 November 2012 . The movie received positive @-@ to @-@ mixed reviews from critics in India and positive reviews overseas . It opened well at the box office , and Box Office India declared the film a " hit " in India and a " blockbuster " overseas . Jab Tak Hai Jaan emerged as the third @-@ highest @-@ grossing Bollywood film overseas at that time , after 3 Idiots and My Name Is Khan ( 2010 ) .
The film was praised for its direction , cinematography and the chemistry between its lead actors . Khan and Sharma were lauded for their performances , though the movie 's predictable plot drew criticism . At the end of its theatrical run Jab Tak Hai Jaan received a number of awards , including four Filmfare Awards , which included trophies for Best Supporting Actress ( Anushka Sharma ) and Best Lyrics for Gulzar .
= = Plot = =
Samar Anand ( Shahrukh Khan ) , a major in the Indian Army , defuses a bomb in Ladakh without fear or regard for his safety . Akira Rai ( Anushka Sharma ) , a Discovery Channel filmmaker , dives into a river in Ladakh on a dare and soon regrets it after learning she has plunged into freezing water . Samar , who happens to be by the shore , rescues her . Samar gives her his jacket and leaves without retrieving it . Later , Akira finds his diary in the jacket pocket and begins reading .
The diary recounts Samar 's earlier years as a struggling immigrant in London , working as a busker who also performs other odd jobs to support himself and his roommate Zain ( Sharib Hashmi ) . One day while cleaning snow outside a church , he sees Meera Thapar ( Katrina Kaif ) for the first time and instantly begins to like her . Samar is working part @-@ time as a waiter when he meets Meera again at her and her fiance Roger 's engagement party . Samar is a little bit disheartened seeing that . Meera grew up , motherless , in an affluent Indian family . Meera 's mother ( Neetu Singh ) left her family for another man ( Rishi Kapoor ) when Meera was twelve . This leaves the dominant parental figure in her life to be her father ( Anupam Kher ) , for whose company she works . Meera approached Samar to teach her a beautiful Punjabi song for her father 's 50th birthday and in return Samar asks Meera to give him language tuitions for one month.Meanwhile , Samar founds out the real naughty Meera inside Meera . Samar notices that Meera often prays when he sees her at church , and after a night of wild street dancing , Samar and Meera begin to fall in love . Samar helps Meera face her past , taking her to visit her estranged mother and foster reconciliation . Some days later Meera decides to confess to her father about her relationship with Samar and break her engagement , but Samar has a serious accident on his motorbike . Meera , believing she is the cause of Samar 's spate of bad luck , prays to God to save his life and promises never to see him again . Samar recovers and Meera admits her vow to him . Angry , he leaves her and even London . Samar challenges God to keep him alive while he risks his life every day , because he believes his death is the only way to make Meera lose her faith in God . He goes to India and enlists in the army , becoming a bomb @-@ disposal expert .
When Akira finishes reading the diary , she obtains permission to make a documentary about bomb @-@ disposal squads . She asks Samar for help to make her film and develops an acquaintance with him and his team . Akira develops a crush on Samar ; however , he does not reciprocate her feelings owing to his unresolved passion for Meera . Akira makes a successful film and prepares to leave for London . She wants Samar come along to help her publicise the documentary . After he reluctantly agrees to come to London , he is struck by a car .
Samar is diagnosed with retrograde amnesia , and he remembers only the events before his first accident a decade ago . Concerned , Akira tracks Meera down and persuades her to aid in Samar 's recovery . Meera agrees , pretending to be Samar 's wife . In the meantime , Akira realises that Major Samar is only a fragment of the young Samar ; he used to be happy and sociable , but is now bitter and lonely . One day Samar finds a bomb planted in the London Underground , and helps defuse it . The event jogs his memory , and he realises that Meera is lying to him . Samar confronts Meera with a choice : to either be with him honestly , or to see him keep risking his life until he is dead . Meera is unable to give a definitive answer ; heartbroken , Samar leaves for Kashmir , where he continues defusing bombs . During a conversation with Akira , Meera realises that her beliefs and prayers subjected Samar to a fate worse than death ; realising her mistake , she goes to Kashmir and they reunite . Samar defuses his last bomb , and then proposes to her .
= = Cast = =
Shah Rukh Khan as Major Samar Anand ( Soldier for the Bomb Disposal Squad )
Katrina Kaif as Meera Thapar ( A businesswoman who falls in love with Samar )
Anushka Sharma as Akira Rai , a documentary filmmaker for Discovery Channel
Sarika Thakur as Dr. Zoya Ali Khan . The doctor who helps Samar get well
Andrew Bicknell as Frank , Samar 's boss
Sharib Hashmi as Zain , Samar 's best friend and roommate
Jahidul Islam Shuvo as Major 's friend
Jasmine Jardot as Maria , Zain 's wife
Gireesh Sahedev as Captain Jagdeep Deewan
Amarinder Sodhi as Captain Kamal Singh
Varun Thakur as Lieutenant Hari Krishnan
Jay Conroy as Roger
Anupam Kher as Mr Thapar , Meera 's father ( Special Appearance )
Rishi Kapoor as Imraan , Meera 's step @-@ father ( Special Appearance )
Neetu Singh as Pooja , Meera 's mother ( Special Appearance )
= = Production = =
In June 2011 , Yash Raj Films released a statement announcing a new directorial venture by Yash Chopra coinciding with the 50th anniversary of his Bollywood career . The producers also announced that the film would be released during the Diwali 2012 weekend . Chopra said the film was untitled at that time , similar to previous project Veer @-@ Zaara ( which was named on the day of its submission to the Central Board of Film Certification ) . The producers considered a number of titles but were not satisfied with any of them . In September 2012 , it was announced that the title of the film was Jab Tak Hai Jaan . It was inspired by a similarly titled song from the 1975 film , Sholay .
Aditya Chopra wanted his father , Yash Chopra , to make another film and approached him with the concept for Jab Tak Hai Jaan . Shah Rukh Khan was their first choice for the role of Samar Anand , due to his long @-@ standing relationship with the production house and the Chopra family . Khan , who was working on other projects at that time , was unavailable for the shooting schedule so it was changed . As in his previous productions , Yash Chopra wanted to introduce a fresh pairing in Jab Tak Hai Jaan and chose Katrina Kaif to star with Khan . Anushka Sharma was cast in a supporting role to complete her three @-@ film contract with Yash Raj Films , with whom she had worked on many previous projects . Though casting was quickly completed , shooting was delayed because the lead actors were busy with other projects .
Khan 's role spans two ages : one ( age 28 ) as a London @-@ based street musician and the other ( ten years later ) as an introverted , composed and dutiful army officer in Kashmir . In an interview , Khan revealed details about his character : Samar is " angry , unforgiving , with loads of emotional baggage . I play him sweet when he needs to be . Actually , he is a lot like I am . Samar is a combination of angst , tenderness , anger , and yeah , he ’ s pretty unforgiving . "
Kaif 's role was described as " the archetypal Yash Chopra seductress , an unattainable beauty " . She worked hard to make her character believable ( with help from Khan , who had previous experience with the director ) . Sharma 's character , Akira , was described as a " 21 @-@ year @-@ old who works for the Discovery Channel and makes documentaries . She is on a quest to discover the truth behind the story of The Man Who Cannot Die ( Samar Anand ) in the film . She is extremely ambitious and will do anything to make it big and realize her dreams . "
= = = Filming = = =
The film 's principal photography was expected to begin in November 2011 but was delayed because Khan wanted to take a break after his two previous films , Ra.One and Don 2 . Principal photography began on 9 January 2012 at Yash Raj Studios in Mumbai , where a significant part of was shot .
After filming in India , the crew began a 35 @-@ day shooting schedule in London on 22 February 2012 . It was shot under the working title Production 45 . Khan arrived in London on 21 February 2012 , and finished filming on 26 March 2012 . During the filming , photos of the actors on @-@ set were leaked on the Internet , triggering a camera ban by the producers and increased security . A number of locations throughout the city featured in Jab Tak Hai Jaan , including the Borough Market , Jubilee Walk , the Great Conservatory , the Palace of Westminster , Westminster Bridge , Trafalgar Square , the Hungerford Bridge and Golden Jubilee Bridges , the O2 Arena , the Tower Bridge and Canary Wharf . A dance sequence was filmed next to the law school of King 's College London in Somerset House . A car @-@ crash scene was filmed at Shepherd 's Bush by closing four streets in the area . Filming was completed on 27 March 2012 at an indoor location in East London .
The romantic scenes were directed by Chopra 's son , Aditya , to give them a more contemporary feel . The " Ishq Shava " dance scene was shot with the leading duo and freestyle dancers in an underground club and aboard a boat on the River Thames . The film 's climax , initially planned by Chopra to be shot in the mountains of Kashmir , was moved to Ladakh . This was reportedly suggested by Khan , whose Dil Se .. was shot in the area many years earlier . Portions of Jab Tak Hai Jaan were filmed in three Kashmiri cities : Srinagar , Pahalgam and Gulmarg .
Yash Chopra wanted to add scenes from the Swiss Alps to the title song ; however , the scheduled shoot was cancelled after his death . Aditya Chopra wanted to keep the film as it was because he felt that doing otherwise would " tamper " with his father 's vision .
= = Marketing = =
A preliminary trailer was released with Ek Tha Tiger and through the company 's official YouTube channel on 15 August 2012 . The 90 @-@ second clip featured glimpses of Yash Chopra 's successful , acclaimed directorial ventures and highlighted his upcoming film , incorporating the prelude of " Challa " as background music . The film remained untitled : A Yash Chopra Romance . The trailer had over one million views in less than three days .
The two @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half @-@ minute main theatrical trailer , with the film 's title , was released on 20 September 2012 on Yash Raj Films ' YouTube channel . It received a million views on the first day and thirty thousand " likes " within a week ( surpassing the record held by The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn – Part 2 ) , making it the first film trailer to have so many views so quickly . The trailer recorded more than eight million views on YouTube , making it the most @-@ watched Bollywood film trailer at that time .
Following the trailer 's success , Yash Raj Films released promotional videos of songs on YouTube and Bollywood Hungama . " Challa " , " Saans " , " Jiya Re " , " Heer " and " Ishq Shava " were well received . The marketing also involved public appearances by Kaif , Khan and Sharma . A premiere of Jab Tak Hai Jaan was held on 12 November 2012 ( a day before its worldwide release ) in honour of Yash Chopra .
= = Soundtrack = =
The music for the film was composed by A.R. Rahman , who teamed up with Yash Chopra for the first time . He signed to compose the soundtrack in May 2011 . The first song of the soundtrack was completed in December 2011 . By February 2012 , Rahman said in an interview with The Times of India that he had completed three songs for the film . He summarized the soundtrack album : " It 's a combination . They wanted to do my kind of songs at the same time they wanted the old charm and soul of music that Indian audience would love and which I wanted to do for a long time . " The soundtrack features nine songs , with eight lyrics by Gulzar and the title track written by Aditya Chopra . It was released by YRF Music on 9 October 2012 .
= = Release = =
Jab Tak Hai Jaan was released on 600 screens in overseas markets ; the estimated number of release screens in India was about 2 @,@ 500 . Yash Raj Films distributed the film to 1 @,@ 000 multiplexes and 1 @,@ 500 single @-@ screen cinemas . Jab Tak Hai Jaan was selected for the Doha Tribeca Film Festival and the Marrakech International Film Festival . It was chosen to " honour the legacy " of Yash Chopra , since it was his last project .
= = = Controversy = = =
Two weeks before Jab Tak Hai Jaan 's release , Ajay Devgn sent a notice to the Competition Commission of India accusing Yash Raj Films of monopolistic business practices ; the notice contended that they used " their dominant position in the Bollywood film market " to secure many desirable single @-@ screen theatres for their release . Yash Raj Films responded by saying that they were " shocked " and questioned Devgn 's " motives " . The studio denied Devgn 's claim that high @-@ quality single @-@ screens were unavailable , pointing out that they had only booked 1 @,@ 500 single @-@ screens for Jab Tak Hai Jaan out of the 10 @,@ 500 available in India . After the rebuttal by Yash Raj Films , Devgn said he only managed to book 600 single @-@ screens for Son of Sardaar and would take legal action if not allotted more . He accused Yash Raj Films of signing tie @-@ in agreements for Ek Tha Tiger with exhibitors , requiring them to show Jab Tak Hai Jaan on Diwali and keep it in cinemas for at least two weeks thereafter . A week before the release of Jab Tak Hai Jaan and Son of Sardaar , the commission dismissed Devgn 's claim . In an interview a commission spokesperson said , " We considered the plea application . We have not found any merit in the case as there is no case of abuse of dominant position . There is no violation . " After his notice was rejected , Devgn appealed the decision ; the Appellate Tribunal refused Devgn 's request to nullify agreements made with single @-@ screen exhibitors for the release of Jab Tak Hai Jaan , but agreed to reexamine the case to determine if Yash Raj Films engaged in monopolistic practices . Both films were released on 13 November 2012 in the number of single @-@ screens originally contracted .
= = Critical reception = =
Jab Tak Hai Jaan received positive @-@ to @-@ mixed reviews from critics in India and positive reviews from critics overseas . On Rotten Tomatoes , the film received an average rating of 67 % from the audience .
= = = India = = =
Taran Adarsh of Bollywood Hungama gave the film 4 ( out of 5 ) stars , saying that it was " attention @-@ grabbing from inception till conclusion . The drama only soars higher and the complex love story gets more and more gripping as the conflict between the characters come to the fore . " Rachit Gupta of Filmfare gave it 4 ( out of 5 ) stars : " At a gracious 3 hours runtime , JTHJ feels like an epic love story . And it is just that . JTHJ is the perfect adieu to a hallmark career . It is the best romantic film made in this generation . " Saibal Chatterjee of NDTV gave it 3 @.@ 5 ( out of 5 ) stars : " Despite the lovey @-@ dovey nothingness that drives the plot , Jab Tak Hai Jaan has more substance than most romantic films that come out of Bollywood . " Meena Iyer of The Times of India rated it 3 @.@ 5 ( out of 5 ) stars , saying " Every frame is picture @-@ perfect , the emotions are well nuanced . But there is one inherent flaw – the story by Aditya Chopra is hackneyed . " Subhash Jha ( also from The Times of India ) said , " Jab Tak Hai Jaan makes you fall in love with love all over again . " Anupama Chopra of the Hindustan Times gave the film 3 ( out of 5 ) stars : " Jab Tak Hai Jaan is too tangled to transport you . But I recommend that you see it . Because only Yash Chopra could make heartache so attractive and ennobling that his characters wear it like a badge of honor . " Rajeev Masand of CNN @-@ IBN gave it 3 ( out of 5 ) stars : " I 'm going with three out of five for the late Yash Chopra 's Jab Tak Hai Jaan . Despite its many script problems , it 's a consistently watchable film that oozes with feeling and real emotion . A fitting swan song . " OPEN magazine gave the film 3 ( out of 5 ) stars , praising Yash Chopra 's direction . Ajit Duara called it " a deeply @-@ felt cinematic perspective from 80 years of living . " Raja Sen of Rediff.com gave it 3 ( out of 5 ) stars , saying " As a swan @-@ song for the master director , Jab Tak Hai Jaan might only be a middling effort . But then , sometimes , all we need is a Khan @-@ song . " Shabana Ansari of Daily News and Analysis gave the film 3 ( out of 5 ) stars : " If you must , watch Jab Tak Hai Jaan for Shah Rukh , who can still convey love and passion in a fleeting look or a dimpled smile ; and for Yash Chopra who gave us some of the most enduring romances of all times . "
Shubhra Gupta of The Indian Express gave the film 2 @.@ 5 ( out of 5 ) stars , saying " watch this one for Shah Rukh , who can still do the dimpled boy wonder and the older , mature lover with a wry smile and wounded wink and sexy nudge . " Sukanya Verma ( also from Rediff.com ) described it as an " elegant , harmless entertainer for [ the ] most part " , praising the visuals , acting and music . She criticised the screenplay , contending that the film could have been " snappier " , and gave it 2 @.@ 5 ( out of 5 ) stars . Piyasree Dasgupta of First Post wrote , " You have seen everything Jab Tak Hai Jaan has many times before , just in other films . And probably with far better music than A.R. Rahman threw into this one . "
= = = Overseas = = =
Jab Tak Hai Jaan received positive reviews from critics overseas . Priya Joshi of Digital Spy gave it 3 ( out of 5 ) stars : " The film is invested with a healthy dose of Shah Rukh , the very heart and saans of Yash Chopra and the message which he lived and breathed through his films : that love is eternal . " Simon Foster of the Special Broadcasting Service also gave it 3 ( out of 5 ) stars , calling it " a grand cinematic work boasting all the pros and cons of the genre . " He observed , " Chopra fans will not hear complaints that the great producer @-@ director had become mired in a rut , or that his films are rote melodramas reliant on boisterous music ( here , a typically string @-@ heavy work from the omnipresent A.R. Rahman ) and over @-@ active camerawork . One could argue that it 's their very vivid cinematic nature that makes them particularly noteworthy , even when the dialogue ( at times , awful ) and plotting ( rarely based in logical realism ) can test one 's patience . " Mark Olsen of the Los Angeles Times wrote , " The film has a freshness that would never lead one to think it was directed by an 80 @-@ year @-@ old while at the same time it has a sureness of tone , a certainty about itself even at its most audacious , that only comes from the hand of a seasoned master ... Jab Tak Hai Jaan serves as a fitting tribute to the career of Chopra . " Lisa Tsering of The Hollywood Reporter wrote , " Director @-@ producer Yash Chopra 's film , his final project before he died , delivers not only the romance and human touch , but also reflects a modern sensibility . " Nicolas Rapold of The New York Times wrote , " Even though the film drags , the magic of Bollywood is that this story 's muddle of twists only clarifies the urgency behind the undying desires of all concerned parties . " Mazhar Farooqui of the Gulf News wrote , " Despite its inherent flaws , JTHJ comes across as a beguiling romantic film that takes you on a roller coaster ride of high emotions set amidst picture postcard locales but more than anyone the movie belongs to Chopra . In his swan song , the celebrated director once again proved why his legacy will be hard to match . "
= = Awards = =
Jab Tak Hai Jaan received a number of nominations and awards at Bollywood award shows . The film has been praised for its direction , cinematography and chemistry between the lead actors , with Shahrukh Khan and Anushka Sharma receiving accolades for their performances ; however , its script and predictable plot have been criticised . The film won four Filmfare Awards , five Zee Cine Awards and two Colors Screen Awards . Jab Tak Hai Jaan received several marketing and business awards for its overseas performance , promotions , distribution and music . However , Sharma and Kaif were nominated for Golden Kela and Ghanta awards ; some critics felt that their acting was less than stellar . Anushka Sharma and Shreya Ghoshal were the main recipients who were given awards .
= = Box office = =
Jab Tak Hai Jaan grossed ₹ 2 @.@ 11 billion ( US $ 31 million ) worldwide . Box Office India declared the film a hit in India and a blockbuster overseas .
= = = Domestic = = =
Jab Tak Hai Jaan had 95 to 100 @-@ percent occupancy at multiplexes and single screens across India on its opening day . It earned about ₹ 125 @.@ 0 million ( US $ 1 @.@ 9 million ) on its first day . Jab Tak Hai Jaan showed 50 @-@ percent growth and earned ₹ 195 @.@ 4 million ( US $ 2 @.@ 9 million ) on its second day , netting ₹ 448 @.@ 4 million ( US $ 6 @.@ 7 million ) during its first three days . The film earned ₹ 736 @.@ 8 million ( US $ 11 million ) over its long six @-@ day weekend .
Earnings dropped the following Monday to ₹ 48 @.@ 1 million ( US $ 710 @,@ 000 ) , bringing the total to ₹ 780 million ( US $ 12 million ) for its first week of release . The film continued to do well at the box office after its first week , netting ₹ 822 @.@ 4 million ( US $ 12 million ) in ten days . It faltered during its second week ( netting only ₹ 157 @.@ 9 million ( US $ 2 @.@ 3 million ) ) , and crossed the ₹ 1 billion ( US $ 15 million ) mark 20 days after release . After three weeks , Jab Tak Hai Jaan earned ₹ 1 @.@ 02 billion ( US $ 15 million ) . The distributor share was ₹ 570 million ( US $ 8 @.@ 5 million ) , and Box Office India declared it a hit in India .
The earnings of Jab Tak Hai Jaan and Son of Sardaar were affected by their conflict on Diwali day . Jab Tak Hai Jaan outperformed Son of Sardaar , earning ₹ 140 million ( US $ 2 @.@ 1 million ) more than Son of Sardaar in India and ₹ 580 million ( US $ 8 @.@ 6 million ) more overseas . According to Box Office India , Jab Tak Hai Jaan netted ₹ 1 @.@ 02 billion ( US $ 15 million ) domestically near the end of its run and Son of Sardaar netted ₹ 880 million ( US $ 13 million ) . The earnings difference between the films was greater abroad ; Son of Sardaar earned $ 3 million overseas , and Jab Tak Hai Jaan earned more than $ 13 million .
= = = Overseas = = =
Jab Tak Hai Jaan earned US $ 1 @.@ 3 million on its first day and $ 3 @.@ 50 million at the end of three days in overseas markets . After the first weekend , the film earned $ 7 @.@ 58 million in six days . Jab Tak Hai Jaan grossed about $ 11 million overseas in thirteen days before the number of screens decreased . At the end of its theatrical run , it is estimated to have earned ₹ 745 @.@ 0 million ( US $ 11 million ) . Box Office India declared it a blockbuster overseas .
= = = Records = = =
At the time of release , Jab Tak Hai Jaan set records for the highest opening @-@ day earnings in Singapore and Pakistan by grossing $ 100 @,@ 000 . Jab Tak Hai Jaan became the highest @-@ grossing Bollywood film in the United Arab Emirates and the Middle East , earning more than $ 4 million . It was the highest @-@ grossing Bollywood film overseas for 2012 , and the third @-@ highest @-@ grossing Bollywood film that year , after Ek Tha Tiger and Dabangg 2 .
= = Home media = =
Yash Raj Films launched Jab Tak Hai Jaan in VCD , DVD and region @-@ free high @-@ definition Blu @-@ ray Disc formats on 3 January 2013 . The Blu @-@ ray Disc edition featured Dolby TrueHD 96k upsampling , DTS @-@ HD Master Audio 5 @.@ 1 , Dolby Surround 5 @.@ 1 sound and two additional DVDs . Four hours of extra footage were included on the discs , including the making of the film and songs , an interview with Yash Chopra and Shahrukh Khan , deleted scenes , videos of Khan learning to play the guitar and ride a bicycle , and a preview from the film 's premiere held in a specially constructed vintage theatre at Yash Raj Studios .
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= Tjunkiya Napaltjarri =
Tjunkiya Napaltjarri ( also known as Tjunkiya Kamayi , Tjungkiya , Tunkaii Napaltari , Kowai or Kamayi ) ( c . 1927 – 2009 ) was a Pintupi @-@ speaking Indigenous artist from Australia 's Western Desert region . She is the sister of artist Wintjiya Napaltjarri .
Tjunkiya 's paintings are held in major public art collections , including those of the National Gallery of Australia , the Art Gallery of New South Wales , the Museum and Art Gallery of the Northern Territory and the National Gallery of Victoria .
= = Life = =
Tjunkiya was born around 1927 : the main biographical reference work for the region gives a date of circa 1927 ; while the Art Gallery of New South Wales suggests circa 1930 . The ambiguity around the year of birth is in part because Indigenous Australians operate using a different conception of time , often estimating dates through comparisons with the occurrence of other events .
'Napaljarri ' ( in Warlpiri ) or ' Napaltjarri ' ( in Western Desert dialects ) is a skin name , one of sixteen used to denote the subsections or subgroups in the kinship system of central Australian Indigenous people . These names define kinship relationships that influence preferred marriage partners and may be associated with particular totems . Although they may be used as terms of address , they are not surnames in the sense used by Europeans . Thus ' Tjunkiya ' is the element of the artist 's name that is specifically hers .
A Pintupi speaker , Tjunkiya was born in the area northwest of Walungurru ( known as Kintore , Northern Territory ) , near the Western Australian border , and west of Alice Springs ) , after which her family moved to Haasts Bluff . She became second wife to Toba Tjakamarra , father of one of the prominent founders of the Papunya Tula art movement , Turkey Tolson Tjupurrula . At Haasts Bluff she had ten children : these included sons Billy Rowe and Riley Rowe , both of whom painted for Papunya Tula , and daughter Mitjili ( born c . 1948 ) , who married Long Tom Tjapanangka and went on to paint at Haasts Bluff . From Haasts Bluff the family moved to Papunya and in 1981 to Kintore .
Tjunkiya was the sister of artist Wintjiya Napaltjarri , who was also a wife to Toba . Seriously ill in the mid @-@ 1990s , Tjunkiya died in 2009 .
= = Art = =
= = = Background = = =
Contemporary Indigenous art of the western desert began when Indigenous men at Papunya began painting in 1971 , assisted by teacher Geoffrey Bardon . Their work , which used acrylic paints to create designs representing body painting and ground sculptures , rapidly spread across Indigenous communities of central Australia , particularly following the commencement of a government @-@ sanctioned art program in central Australia in 1983 . By the 1980s and 1990s , such work was being exhibited internationally . The first artists , including all of the founders of the Papunya Tula artists ' company , had been men , and there was resistance amongst the Pintupi men of central Australia to women painting . However , there was also a desire amongst many of the women to participate , and in the 1990s large numbers of them began to create paintings . In the western desert communities such as Kintore , Yuendumu , Balgo , and on the outstations , people were beginning to create art works expressly for exhibition and sale .
= = = Career = = =
Like a number of the other central and western desert women in the region , Tjunkiya was introduced to painting through the Minyma Tjukurrpa ( Women 's Dreaming ) painting project in the mid @-@ 1990s . Along with sister Wintjiya and other women , she participated in a painting camp in 1994 which resulted in " a series of very large collaborative canvases of the group 's shared Dreamings " . Western Desert artists such as Tjunkiya frequently paint particular ' dreamings ' , or stories , for which they have responsibility or rights . In this case , twenty @-@ five women were involved in planning the works , which included three canvases that were 3 metres square , as well as two that were 3 by 1 @.@ 5 metres , and Tjunkiya and Wintjiya performed a ceremonial dance as part of the preparations . Tjunkiya and her sister were determined to participate in the project despite cataracts interfering with their vision . Sources differ on when Tjunkiya and her sister Wintjiya had the cataracts removed : Vivien Johnson implies around 1999 , but art centre coordinator Marina Strocchi , who worked closely with the women , states that both had the operation in 1994 .
In the early 2000s she and her sister painted at Kintore , but in 2008 they were working from their home : " the widows ' camp outside her ' son ' Turkey Tolson 's former residence " . Tjunkiya and her sister Wintjiya did not confine their activities to painting canvases . The National Gallery of Victoria in 2001 purchased a collaborative batik work , created in 1994 by the sisters in cooperation with several other artists , together with a work completed by Tjunkiya alone . The sisters also worked using drypoint etching , with 2004 a print by Tjunkiya – Rumiya kutjarra # 2 – held by the National Gallery of Australia .
Works by Tjunkiya are held in major private collections , such as Nangara ( also known as the Ebes Collection ) . Her work has been acquired by the Art Gallery of New South Wales , the National Gallery of Australia , the National Gallery of Victoria , the Museum and Art Gallery of the Northern Territory , and the Northern Territory Supreme Court . Works by both Tjunkiya and her sister Wintjiya are traded in the auction market , fetching prices of a few thousand dollars .
In 1996 , Tjunkiya was represented in the Papunya Women group exhibition at Utopia Art Gallery in Sydney , while in 2000 she had an exhibition at Melbourne 's William Mora Galleries and was included in the Art Gallery of New South Wales ' major exhibition , Papunya Tula : Genesis and Genius .
= = Collections = =
National Gallery of Australia
Araluen Collection ( Alice Springs )
Art Gallery of New South Wales
Campbelltown City Art Gallery
Museum and Art Gallery of the Northern Territory
National Gallery of Victoria
Supreme Court of the Northern Territory
Artbank
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= ReactOS =
ReactOS is an open @-@ source operating system for x86 / x64 PCs intended to be binary @-@ compatible with computer programs and device drivers made for Windows Server 2003 .
Development started in 1996 , as a Windows 95 clone project , which was in 1998 continued as ReactOS with the incremental addition of features of later Windows versions . ReactOS has been noted as a potential open @-@ source drop @-@ in replacement for Windows and for its information on undocumented Windows APIs . As stated on the official website , " The main goal of the ReactOS project is to provide an operating system which is binary compatible with Windows ... such that people accustomed to the familiar user interface of Windows would find using ReactOS straightforward . The ultimate goal of ReactOS is to allow you to remove Windows and install ReactOS without the end user noticing the change . " As of May 2016 , ReactOS is considered alpha software , feature @-@ incomplete but with many Windows applications already working ( e.g. Adobe Reader 6 @.@ 0 , OpenOffice etc ) , and therefore recommended by the developers only for evaluation and testing purposes .
ReactOS is primarily written in C , with some elements , such as ReactOS File Explorer , written in C + + . The project partially implements Windows API functionality and has been ported to the ARM and AMD64 processor architectures . ReactOS , as part of the FOSS ecosystem , re @-@ uses and collaborates with many other FOSS projects , most notably the Wine project which develops a Windows compatibility layer for Unix @-@ like operating systems .
= = History = =
= = = Early development = = =
Around 1996 , a group of free and open @-@ source software developers started a project called FreeWin95 to implement a clone of Windows 95 . The project stalled in discussions of the design of the system .
While FreeWin95 had started out with high expectations , there still had not been any builds released to the public by the end of 1997 . As a result , the project members , led by coordinator Jason Filby , joined together to revive the project . The revived project sought to duplicate the functionality of Windows NT . In creating the new project , a new name , ReactOS , was chosen . The project began development in February 1998 by creating the basis for a new NT kernel and basic drivers . The name ReactOS was coined by Jeff Knox . While the term " OS " stood for operating system , the term " react " referred to the group 's dissatisfaction with – and reaction to – Microsoft 's monopolistic position .
= = = Ekush OS fork = = =
In 2004 , a copyright / license violation of ReactOS GPL 'ed code ( and other FOSS code ) was found when someone distributed a ReactOS fork under the name Ekush OS . The webpage later went offline .
= = = Internal audit = = =
In order to avoid copyright prosecution , ReactOS must be expressively completely distinct and non @-@ derivative from Windows , a goal which needs very careful work . A claim was made on 17 January 2006 , by now former developer Hartmut Birr on the ReactOS developers mailing list ( ros @-@ dev ) that ReactOS contained code derived from disassembling Microsoft Windows . The code that Birr disputed involved the function BadStack in syscall.S. as well as other unspecified items . Comparing this function to disassembled binaries from Windows XP , Birr argued that the BadStack function was simply copy @-@ pasted from Windows XP , given that they were identical . Alex Ionescu , the author of the code , asserted that while the Windows XP binary in question was indeed disassembled and studied , the code was not merely copy @-@ pasted , but reimplemented ; the reason why the functions were identical , Ionescu claimed , was because there was only one possible way to implement the function .
On 27 January 2006 , the developers responsible for maintaining the ReactOS code repository disabled access after a meeting was held to discuss the allegations . When approached by NewsForge , Microsoft declined to comment about the incident . Since ReactOS is a free and open source software development project , the claim triggered a negative reaction by the free software community ; in particular , Wine barred several ( as of 2016 ) inactive developers from providing contributions and formal high level cooperation between the two projects remains difficult to this date . Contributions from several active ReactOS developers have been accepted post @-@ audit , and low level cooperation for bug fixes still occurs .
In a statement on its website , ReactOS cited differing legal definitions of what constitutes clean @-@ room reverse engineering as a cause for the conflict . Some countries , including the United States , require that a reimplementation based on disassembled code must be written by someone other than the person having disassembled and examined the original code , whereas other countries allow both tasks to be performed by the same individual . Consequently , ReactOS clarified that its Intellectual Property Policy Statement requirements on clean room reverse engineering conform to US law . An internal source code audit was conducted to ensure that only clean room reverse engineering was used , and all developers were made to sign an agreement committing them to comply with the project 's policies on reverse engineering . Contributors to its development were not affected by these events , and all access to the software development tools was restored shortly afterward . In September 2007 , with the audit nearing completion , the audit status was removed from the ReactOS homepage . Though the audit was completed , specific details were not made public as it was only an internal effort to ensure compliance with the project 's own policies .
Much of the assembly code that was allegedly copied has also been replaced as a natural progression in ReactOS development , with developers having reimplemented the functionality in C for portability reasons .
Also , the 2004 leaked Windows source code was not seen as legal risk for ReactOS , as the trade secret was considered indefensible in court due to broad spread .
= = = Public demonstration = = =
Demonstrations of the operating system have been given , mainly to Russian political figures . Viktor Alksnis met with project coordinator Aleksey Bragin , who gave a presentation and demonstration of the project , showing ReactOS running with Total Commander and Mozilla Firefox in 2007 . Dmitry Medvedev was also given a demonstration during a visit as President of Russia to a high school in Verhnerusskoe , Stavropol , attended by one of the development team members in 2011 .
On 31 July 2012 , Vladimir Putin was also given a demonstration during his visit as President of Russia to Seliger Youth Forum , attended by Marat Karatov , one of the development team members .
= = = Funding campaigns = = =
On 1 May 2012 a 30 @,@ 000 euro funding campaign was started to finance additional development projects . On the end of the year approximately 50 % of the funding goal was achieved and it was decided to continue the funding campaign without deadlines . The money went to ReactOS Deutschland e . V .. As the tax law in Germany for this form of a registered voluntary association ( Eingetragener Verein ) makes it problematic to pay developers directly , indirect possibilities like Stipends were evaluated .
= = = Thorium Core Cloud Desktop project = = =
When ReactOS was awarded as Project of the Month on SourceForge on June 2013 , a crowdfunding campaign on Kickstarter was announced in an interview with the project 's coordinator , Aleksey Bragin . On 23 December 2013 the announced project was revealed as a Kickstarter campaign with the goal of US $ 120 @,@ 000 was started . The Thorium Core Cloud Desktop dubbed Cloud computing service would use ReactOS as core and could allow the use of Windows compatible applications from mobile devices ( like smartphones , tablets ) , workstations or any other connected device . On 21 February 2014 , fundraising ended short of the target amount , with $ 48 @,@ 965 of $ 120 @,@ 000 raised , resulting in no transferred money .
= = = ReactOS Community Edition = = =
In April 2014 , the ReactOS project announced an Indiegogo campaign to launch ReactOS Community Edition , a version of ReactOS based on the 0 @.@ 4 release . The flexible funding campaign had a goal of US $ 50 @,@ 000 with additional stretch goals beyond that . Development of ReactOS Community Edition would be community @-@ centric , with ReactOS users voting and funding to decide which software and hardware drivers the project will aim to support . On 1 June 2014 , the flexible crowdfunding campaign on Indiegogo was finished with raising $ 25 @,@ 141 for the development of the community edition , and the voting process to support hardware and software was started shortly after .
= = = ReactOS Hackfest 2015 = = =
The ReactOS project organized a Hackfest from 7 to 12 August 2015 , in the German city of Aachen .
= = = Google Summer of Code participation = = =
3 times - 2006 , 2011 , 2016
= = Release history = =
= = Development = =
= = = ReactOS core development = = =
ReactOS is primarily written in C , with some elements , such as ReactOS Explorer and the sound stack , written in C + + . The project compiles using both MinGW and Microsoft Visual Studio , and contributes to the development of the build systems used through the submission of patches to its components .
The developers aim to make the kernel more compatible with Windows NT version 5 @.@ 2 ( Windows Server 2003 ) , the usermode APIs with Windows NT 6 @.@ 3 ( Windows 8 @.@ 1 ) , and to add support for more applications and hardware . DirectX support is undertaken through ReactX , an in @-@ house implementation . 2D hardware @-@ accelerated rendering is done natively , while other drawing functionality is redirected to OpenGL as a stopgap solution .
The development progress is influenced by the size of the development team and the level of experience among them . As an estimate of the effort required to implement Windows 7 , Microsoft employed 1 @,@ 000 or so developers , organized into 25 teams , with each team averaging 40 developers . As of 2 September 2011 , in the ReactOS entry in Ohloh , the page followed through the " Very large , active development team " link lists 33 developers who have contributed over a 12 @-@ month period and a cumulative total of 104 present and former users who have contributed code to the project via Subversion since its inception . In his presentation at Hackmeeting 2009 in Milan , ReactOS developer Michele C. noted that most of the developers learn about Windows architecture while working on ReactOS and have no prior knowledge .
While ReactOS targets currently mainly the x86 / AMD64 PC platform , it has been also partially ported to the ARM architectures . Support for the Xbox , a variant IA @-@ 32 architecture , was added through the use of an architecture @-@ specific HAL , although this , along with a port to PowerPC , are no longer actively maintained .
= = = Collaboration and reuse = = =
While ReactOS has the aim to build a Windows @-@ compatible kernel as open @-@ source software , much of the surrounding required functionality to create a complete OS is already available in the greater open @-@ source ecosystem . When available and possible , ReactOS therefore builds on and collaborates with already existing open @-@ source projects . Wayaround , projects like Wine , Captive NTFS or Longene re @-@ use the open @-@ source ReactOS code @-@ base as well .
= = = = Hardware driver stack = = = =
On the hardware driver side , for instance the UniATA project provides Serial ATA drivers for ReactOS . The project has also experimented with using the FullFAT library in its rewrite of its FAT Installable File System . ReactOS makes use of the USB stack from Haiku both as a reference and as a foundation for its USB support . Mesa 3D provides OpenGL rendering .
= = = = Networking = = = =
ReactOS ' network stack is built on the TCP portion of OSKit 's port of the network stack in FreeBSD , along with an internally developed implementation for packet @-@ oriented protocols like IP . Later , lwIP was integrated into the ReactOS ' network stack . Windows network services like LSASS , SAM , NETLOGON , Print spooling are already available as open @-@ source alternative by the Samba / Samba TNG project . A fork of rdesktop is used as an implementation of a client software for Microsoft 's proprietary Remote Desktop Protocol .
= = = = Wine collaboration = = = =
The ReactOS and the Wine projects share the goal to run binary Windows software natively and can share therefore many dependencies and development . ReactOS uses portions of the Wine project so that it can benefit from Wine 's progress in implementing the Win32 API . While Wine 's NTDLL , USER32 , KERNEL32 , GDI32 and ADVAPI32 components cannot be used directly by ReactOS due to architectural differences , code snippets of them and other parts can be shared between both projects . The kernel is developed by ReactOS separately as Wine relies here on existing unixoid kernels .
Separately , the experimental Arwinss branch was created as an alternative means to improve USER32 and GDI32 support through an alternative implementation of the Win32 API . Whereas ReactOS 's original Win32 subsystem was closely modeled after its equivalent in Windows , Arwinss combines the architecture of that subsystem with the corresponding implementation in Wine . To this end , Arwinss uses Wine 's GDI32 and USER32 libraries with few changes to take fuller advantage of Wine 's existing software compatibility . Arwinss also allows the user to optionally use a remote X server instead of a local display .
= = = = Other = = = =
The Tango Desktop Project initiative provides open @-@ source design guidelines and resources ( as icons ) for applications on desktop environments . FreeType is an open @-@ source software development library , used to render text on to bitmaps and provides support for other font @-@ related operations . The KernelEx project is an Windows @-@ API extension and compatibility layer project , which provides open @-@ source implementations of some Windows @-@ APIs . Other contributing projects are MinGW , SYSLINUX , adns , ICU , GraphApp , Ext2 , GNU FreeFont , DejaVu fonts , and Liberation fonts .
= = Reception = =
Various people have acknowledged ReactOS and the implications of having a viable open @-@ source drop @-@ in replacement for Windows . A 2004 article and interview of the German weekly magazine Der Spiegel describes ReactOS as directed at Windows users who want to renounce use of proprietary commercial software without having to switch to Linux . DistroWatch , a Linux distribution 's monitoring website , lists also ReactOS and describes it as " a free and open @-@ source operating system based on the best design principles found in the Windows NT architecture . " .
In his column for Free Software Magazine , David Sugar noted in 2006 that ReactOS would allow the use of applications depending on older versions of Windows whose APIs have been deprecated . He also recognized its potential to expand the total deployed base of free software , and as a resource for developers wanting to know undocumented Windows APIs in the course of writing portable applications . PC Magazine columnist John C. Dvorak remarked in 2008 that the Windows NT architecture had remained largely unchanged , making it an ideal candidate for cloning , and believed that ReactOS could be " a bigger threat than Linux to Microsoft 's dominance " . In response to Dvorak 's column , ZDNet technology journalist Dana Blankenhorn noted in 2008 that a lack of corporate sponsors and partners had rendered the project harmless to Microsoft . Echoing this , Thom Holwerda of OSNews in 2009 categorized ReactOS under a family of hobby operating systems maintained only by small groups of developers working in their spare time , lacking the financial support of more mainstream operating systems and the legacy of formerly mainstream ones such as RISC OS .
In October 2015 , a Network World review of ReactOS v0.3.17 noted impressed " It 's just like running Windows 2000 " and praised the extension by an application package manager , a feature the original Windows is missing .
= = = Awards = = =
The ReactOS Project won on the annual Seliger Youth Forum " The Best Presentation " award with 100 @,@ 000 Russian rubles ( ≈ US $ 2700 ) in 2011 , attended by Alexander Rechitskiy , one of the development team members .
ReactOS was a featured project on SourceForge for the week beginning 27 February 2012 , and 25 April 2013 along with several others . It was Project of the Month on Sourceforge for June 2013 .
In 2015 , ReactOS was named by the Russian Ministry of Communications as support @-@ worthy " client operating system / Server Operating System " alternative , for its potential in reducing Russia 's dependency from proprietary software imports .
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= Friday the 13th ( 2009 film ) =
Friday the 13th is a 2009 American slasher film written by Damian Shannon and Mark Swift , and directed by Marcus Nispel . The film is a reboot of the Friday the 13th film series , which began in 1980 , and is the twelfth installment in the franchise . Nispel also directed the 2003 remake of Tobe Hooper 's The Texas Chain Saw Massacre ( 1974 ) . Shannon and Swift wrote the screenplay for the 2003 crossover Freddy vs. Jason . Friday the 13th follows Clay Miller ( Jared Padalecki ) as he searches for his missing sister , Whitney ( Amanda Righetti ) , who is captured by Jason Voorhees ( Derek Mears ) while camping in woodland at Crystal Lake .
The 2009 film was originally conceived as an origin story , but the project evolved into a re @-@ imagining of the first four Friday the 13th films . The character Jason Voorhees was redesigned as a lean , quick killer with a backstory that allows the viewer to feel a little sympathy for him , but not enough that he would lose his menace . Although this film rewrote the continuity , Jason 's iconic hockey mask — which was not introduced until the third film in the series — is acquired during the film . In keeping with the tone of the film , Jason 's mask was recreated from a mold of the original mask used for Part III ; though there were subtle changes . Friday the 13th includes some of Harry Manfredini 's musical score from the previous Friday the 13th films because the producers recognized its iconic status .
Friday the 13th was released in theaters on Friday , February 13 , 2009 . It received mainly negative reviews and earned approximately US $ 19 million on its opening night and $ 40 million during its opening weekend , when it broke two records ; the highest @-@ earning opening day for the film series and the highest @-@ earning opening weekend for any horror film . As of July 2014 , it is the second @-@ highest grossing film in the Friday the 13th film series ( $ 65 million ) , and has earned over $ 91 @.@ 3 million worldwide .
= = Plot = =
On June 13 , 1980 , a young Jason Voorhees ( Caleb Guss ) watches as his mother Pamela ( Nana Visitor ) is beheaded by a camp counselor ( Stephanie Rhodes ) , who was trying to escape Mrs. Voorhees 's murder spree around Camp Crystal Lake . Almost thirty years later , a group of friends — Wade ( Jonathan Sadowski ) , Richie ( Ben Feldman ) , Mike ( Nick Mennell ) , Whitney ( Amanda Righetti ) and Amanda ( America Olivo ) — arrive at Crystal Lake on a camping trip to search for marijuana growing in the woods . That night , Jason ( Derek Mears ) , now an adult , kills Wade , Amanda , and Richie . Jason also kills Mike , but he spares Whitney because she resembles his mother at a young age , and kidnaps her .
Six weeks later , Trent ( Travis Van Winkle ) , his girlfriend Jenna ( Danielle Panabaker ) , Chelsea ( Willa Ford ) , Bree ( Julianna Guill ) , Chewie ( Aaron Yoo ) , Nolan ( Ryan Hansen ) , and Lawrence ( Arlen Escarpeta ) arrive at Trent 's summer cabin on the shore of Crystal Lake . Meanwhile , Whitney 's brother Clay Miller ( Jared Padalecki ) arrives at the lake to search for her . Clay visits Trent 's cabin , and Jenna agrees to help him search for Whitney . As they search , Jason kills Chelsea and Nolan while they are wakeboarding on the lake . Clay and Jenna search the old Crystal Lake campgrounds where they see Jason hauling a body into the abandoned camp house .
Jenna and Clay run to warn the others about Jason , who arrives and disconnects the cabin 's electricity . Jason kills Chewie and Lawrence outside the cabin and sneaks inside and kills Bree . Trent , Clay , and Jenna escape the cabin , but Trent is killed when he reaches the main road . Jason chases Clay and Jenna back to the campgrounds , where Clay discovers Jason 's lair and finds his sister chained to the wall . Clay frees Whitney , and all three try to escape as Jason arrives . They find an exit , but Jenna is killed before she can escape . Jason chases Clay and Whitney ; Whitney pretends to be Pamela , to confuse Jason and stabs him in the chest with his own machete . Clay dumps Jason 's dead body into the lake , but before Clay and Whitney leave , Jason bursts through the wooden dock and grabs Whitney .
= = Production = =
= = = Development = = =
New Line Cinema 's Toby Emmerich approached Platinum Dunes producers Michael Bay , Brad Fuller and Andrew Form about remaking Friday the 13th in the same way they restarted the Texas Chainsaw Massacre franchise . They agreed and spent over a year obtaining the film rights from Paramount Pictures , New Line , and Crystal Lake Entertainment — the latter run by Friday the 13th creator Sean S. Cunningham . Paramount executives gave Platinum Dunes producers a license to use anything from the original films , including the title . Paramount was given the rights to distribute the film internationally and New Line retained U.S. distribution rights . Fuller and Form said they did not want to make Friday the 13th Part 11 or 12 , but wanted to rework the mythology . They liked elements from the first four films — such as plot points and ways particular characters are killed — and planned to use these in their remake , which they did with Paramount 's approval . Fuller said , " I think there are moments we want to address , like how does the hockey mask happen . It ’ ll happen differently in our movie than in the third one . Where is Jason from , why do these killings happen , and what is Crystal Lake ? " The producers initially expressed an interest in using Tommy Jarvis , a recurring character who first appeared in Friday the 13th : The Final Chapter , but the idea was scrapped .
Though the producers decided that Friday the 13th would not be an origin story , they said that they wanted to work out a logical origin story for Jason that would provide a sense of history as the film progressed . Form and Fuller explained that the audience gets to see how Jason attains his famous hockey mask , and is given a reason for why he puts it on . Jason would transition from wearing a bag over his head — similar to the one seen in Friday the 13th Part 2 — to finding and wearing his hockey mask , whereas in Friday the 13th Part III he obtains the mask off @-@ screen and comes out of a barn already wearing it .
Unlike The Texas Chainsaw Massacre remake ( 2003 ) and the The Amityville Horror remake ( 2005 ) — both of which were produced by Bay , Form , and Fuller — it was decided that Friday the 13th would not be a period piece . Form and Fuller said the film was not strictly a remake so there was no reason they could not set the story in the 2000s . In October 2007 , Damian Shannon and Mark Swift , the writers of Freddy vs. Jason , were hired to write a script for Friday the 13th . Jonathan Liebesman was in negotiations to direct the film , but scheduling conflicts meant he was unavailable and Fuller and Form chose Marcus Nispel . Nispel was apprehensive about taking the job , mainly because he would be taking over another film franchise , but Fuller eventually persuaded him to direct the project . Principal photography began on April 21 , 2008 , in Austin , Texas , and finished on June 13 , 2008 .
= = = Casting = = =
Stuntman Derek Mears was hired to portray Jason Voorhees at the recommendation of special make @-@ up effects supervisor Scott Stoddard . Before the producers contacted him , Mears had already heard about the production of a new Friday the 13th and had decided to start physical training so he could pursue the role . He was unaware that Stoddard and other industry professionals were suggesting him to the producers . The studio worried that Mears ' pleasant demeanor might affect his ability to portray a menacing character , but Mears assured them he was suitable for the role . Mears said he related to " Jason the victim " when he was growing up , and he wanted to portray Jason as a victim in the film . To Mears , Jason represents people who were bullied in high school — specifically those with physical deformities — for being outcasts . Jason is unusual because he exacts his revenge on those trying to take over his territory at Crystal Lake .
When Mears went to audition for the role , he was asked , " Why do we need an actor as opposed to just a guy in a mask ? " Mears said portraying Jason is similar to Greek Mask Work , in which the mask and the actor are separate entities , and depending on the scene , there will be various combinations of mask and actor in the performance . Mears said the energy from the actor 's thoughts will be picked up by the camera . He compared his experience behind the camera to a stock car race : he is the driver and the effects team is his pit crew . As he performs , the effects team subtly suggest ways he can give the character more life on camera .
Amanda Righetti had not read the script when she was offered the role of Whitney Miller . She wanted to be part of the Friday the 13th franchise from the start . Righetti said she wanted to act in the film after she read the script . Jared Padalecki describes Clay Miller as a real hero because he sets out " to do the right thing " when his sister goes missing , and goes about it as a " lone wolf " who wants to take on the responsibility alone . Adjustments were made to the filming schedule to accommodate Aaron Yoo , who portrays Chewie . Yoo had his appendix removed shortly before filming began , and could not film his scenes immediately . As soon as Yoo was ready for filming , Nispel immediately hung him upside down from some rafters , exposing the staples over his surgical wound for the character 's post @-@ death shot .
Fuller and Form said the casting process for Friday the 13th was more difficult than that for The Texas Chainsaw Massacre because thirteen young actors were involved in Friday the 13th , as opposed to five in The Texas Chainsaw Massacre . The pair continually recast roles to find which actors worked best together . This recasting process lasted until the start of filming . Hostel : Part II 's Richard Burgi , who was cast as Sheriff Bracke , did not sign his contract until twelve hours before he was due to start filming his scenes .
= = = Writing = = =
When Shannon and Swift began writing the script for Friday the 13th , they imposed some rules based on their experiences of writing Freddy vs. Jason on themselves . They wanted their teenage characters to " sound normal " . Shannon and Swift said they did not want the characters to know Jason 's name or to become what they considered " the Scooby @-@ Doo cliché where it 's a bunch of kids trying to figure something out " . The writers also wanted to distance themselves from self @-@ referential slasher films such as Scream and to give the film a gritty , more 1980s feel that had been lost in recent films . They wanted to create a quick , loose Jason . The writing team decided to create a version of Jason " who was actually in the woods surviving off the land " , and whose killings are presented as a way of defending his territory rather than randomly murdering whoever came along .
The writers did not want to spend a lot of time covering Jason 's childhood experiences , which they felt would remove the sense of mystery from the character . They tried to write scenes that would add verisimilitude , like the audience finding a deer carcass lying on the ground as they follow Jason through his underground tunnels . Fuller told the writers they would have to do without it because it would cost $ 100 @,@ 000 . Because of budget constraints , certain character deaths and the ending of the film were also scaled back from what Shannon and Swift originally envisioned .
The writers had written a scene in which Willa Ford 's character Chelsea is stranded on the lake for hours after she sees Jason standing on the shore . Eventually , the girl would tire and drown . Shannon and Swift felt this was something they had not seen in slasher films , but later decided to make the death quicker and more visceral . A similar incident occurred with Danielle Panabaker 's character Jenna . Panabaker said Jenna was scripted to survive longer than she did in the final version of the film ; Jenna was supposed to escape Jason 's lair and recite a " cute line " about a second date with Clay before an elaborate fight sequence that ends in her death . The writers wanted to strike a balance between finding new and interesting ways to kill characters and paying homage to popular death scenes that appeared in previous installments of the series . To accomplish this , Shannon and Swift included the presence of a wheelchair and a sweater in Jason 's tunnels ; the character Mark ( Tom McBride ) was a paraplegic who was killed by Jason in Friday the 13th Part 2 and Mrs. Voorhees wore the sweater in the original version of Friday the 13th .
The writers altered Jason 's character . Mears describes him as a combination of John Rambo , Tarzan , and the Abominable Snowman from Looney Tunes . To Mears , Jason is similar to Rambo because the audience sees him setting up the other characters to fall into his traps . Like Rambo , he is calculating because he feels he has been wronged and he is fighting back ; he is supposed to be more sympathetic in this film . However , Fuller and Form said they learned from their experience with The Texas Chainsaw Massacre : The Beginning not to make Jason too sympathetic to the audience . They decided against an origin story because they did not want to focus on Jason 's tormented childhood because the producers felt that would " demystify " the character in an unhelpful manner . Fuller said , " We do not want him to be sympathetic . Jason is not a comedic character , he is not sympathetic . He 's a killing machine . Plain and simple . "
= = = Visual effects = = =
The producers used Asylum Visual Effects to create digital effects for Friday the 13th . Although director Marcus Nispel is a proponent of practical effects , Asylum had to digitally create some shots to protect the actors and to allow the director to achieve a specific look . Visual effects supervisor Mitchell Drain assigned ten crew members to work on the visual effects ; they first analyzed the script in pre @-@ production to decide which shots would need digital effects . Asylum worked on 25 shots for the film .
One of the first scenes Asylum was given was the scene depicting the death of Amanda , in which Jason ties her into her sleeping bag and hangs her over a campfire . The risk to the actor and the surrounding woodland was deemed too great to physically perform the scene . Asylum created a composite of two shots to show Amanda burning to death in her sleeping bag . Instead of creating a computer generated ( CGI ) model of the campfire , a real campfire was filmed . Asylum compositor John Stewart blended that footage with shots of the hanging sleeping bag into a single shot . Stewart digitally altered the flames to keep continuity between frames . Another composite shot is used in the scene in which Chelsea is hit by a speedboat . Because the scene would be too dangerous for even a stuntperson to perform , Asylum digitally combined footage of Willa Ford reacting to an imaginary boat that runs over her with shots of the actual boat to create the effect .
Asylum also enhanced some of Jason 's signature machete kills . In several scenes , the company used a computer @-@ generated machete because Nispel wanted to show multiple characters ' deaths in one shot instead of cutting from the acts of murder to the aftermath of their deaths . In one scene , Jason kills Richie by slamming a machete into his head . Instead of using a real machete with a fake head , Nispel had Feldman act dead as Mears pulled a handle — with only a portion of the blade attached — away from Feldman 's head . Then , Asylum digitally created the rest of the machete blade to complete the effect . For this scene , Asylum adjusted the actor 's facial expressions to create a " post mortem " look . The special effects team digitally drooped half of the actor 's face to appear as though the nerves had been severed by Jason 's machete .
Asylum digitally created weapons for various scenes . In the scene in which Nolan is killed suddenly by a shot in the head from Jason 's arrow , Asylum created the arrow in post @-@ production . Another scene involved Jason hurling a hatchet at Lawrence as he runs away , striking him in the back . The shot of a hatchet flying through the air — in one instance appearing in the same frame as the actor — would be too difficult to achieve practically . Asylum rendered a complete 3D model of the hatchet then inserted the model into the frames leading up to the frame in which it hits the character in the back . One of the final images added by Asylum was for Trent 's death scene . Here , Asylum digitally created a metal spike that bursts through Trent 's chest as Jason slams him onto the back of a tow truck .
= = = Creating Jason = = =
Effects artist Scott Stoddard described his look for Jason 's face as a combination of Carl Fullerton 's design for Friday the 13th Part 2 and Tom Savini 's design for Friday the 13th : The Final Chapter . Stoddard 's vision of Jason included hair loss , skin rashes , and the traditional deformities in his face . Stoddard tried to craft Jason 's look so it would allow more human side of the character to be seen . Mears was required to wear full body make @-@ up from the chest upwards while performing as Jason . The actor wore a chest plate with fake skin that would adjust to his muscle movements . He wore a hump on his back to give the impression that Jason had scoliosis . A prosthetic eye was glued to Mears ' face to show realistic eye movements . Stoddard initially spent three @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half hours applying the make @-@ up to Mears ' head and torso . He was eventually able to reduce the required time to just over an hour for scenes in which Mears wore the hockey mask . For scenes in which Jason 's face is revealed , it took approximately four hours to apply the make @-@ up .
For Jason 's wardrobe , Mears was given a pair of combat boots and a " high @-@ priced t @-@ shirt " that allowed the special effects make @-@ up to be seen through holes in the shirt . The jacket Jason wears in the film was created by combining a hunting jacket and a military jacket . Mears wanted to use the hunting jacket , but the creative team liked the way the military jacket billowed as he was making his " kill movements . " The top of the hunting jacket was removed and placed over the top of the military jacket . Mears called it a " giant Frankenstein jacket . " He describes Jason as leaner in this film because the character does not eat much . A leaner Jason was deemed more functional and allowed more emphasis to be placed on the hump on his back . Stoddard was inspired by the third and fourth films when designing Jason 's hockey mask . Using an original mold , Stoddard made six new versions of the mask . He said , " Because I didn 't want to take something that already existed . There were things I thought were great , but there were things I wanted to change a bit . Make it custom , but keep all the fundamental designs . Especially the markings on the forehead and cheeks . Age them down a bit . Break them up . "
= = = Music = = =
Form and Fuller recognized the iconic status of the music used in the first four Friday the 13th films . For their 2009 film , they immediately had the studio attain the licensing rights to the music , which was composed and originally performed by Harry Manfredini . They did not plan to use the score in its entirety , but they used Steve Jablonsky to compose a score that was reminiscent of Manfredini 's and created the atmosphere for the 2009 film . Nispel contacted Jablonsky to score Friday the 13th after having worked with him on the remake of The Texas Chainsaw Massacre . Nispel told Jablonsky he wanted him to create something that Nispel could " whistle when [ he ] left the theater " , but was subtle enough that it would not immediately register while watching the film . Nispel said , " I don 't believe that , when you watch a Friday the 13th film , you want to feel like John Williams is sitting next to you with the London Symphony Orchestra " .
= = Release = =
On Friday , February 13 , 2009 , Friday the 13th was released in 3 @,@ 105 theaters in North America . The 2009 film was given the widest release of any Friday the 13th film , including the crossover film with A Nightmare on Elm Street . It was released in nearly three times as many theaters as the original 1980 film and exceeded Freddy vs. Jason by 91 theaters . Friday the 13th was also released in 2 @,@ 100 theaters in 28 markets outside North America . The film was released on DVD , Blu @-@ ray , and Apple TV on June 16 , 2009 . The DVD and Blu @-@ ray releases contain the theatrical release and an extended cut of the film .
= = = Box office = = =
On its opening day , Friday the 13th grossed $ 19 @,@ 293 @,@ 446 , and immediately exceeded the individual box office grosses for Jason Takes Manhattan ( 1989 ) , Jason Goes to Hell ( 1993 ) , and Jason X ( 2002 ) , which earned $ 14 @,@ 343 @,@ 976 , $ 15 @,@ 935 @,@ 068 , and $ 13 @,@ 121 @,@ 555 , respectively . From February 14 – 16 , Friday the 13th earned an additional $ 24 @,@ 292 @,@ 003 , making its four @-@ day President 's Day weekend total $ 43 @,@ 585 @,@ 449 . By the end of its three @-@ day opening weekend , it was already the second highest grossing film in the series , having earned $ 40 @,@ 570 @,@ 365 , slightly exceeding The Grudge ( 2004 ) for the best 3 @-@ day weekend opening of any horror film . When comparing the 2009 film 's opening weekend to that of its 1980 counterpart in adjusted 2009 US dollars , the original Friday the 13th film earned $ 17 @,@ 251 @,@ 975 . Although the 2009 film made more money , when factoring in the number of theaters each film was released in , the 1980 film earned an average of $ 15 @,@ 683 per theater , compared to the 2009 film 's average of $ 13 @,@ 066 .
Friday the 13th saw a significant drop in attendance in its second weekend at the box office . On its second Friday , the film earned $ 2 @,@ 802 @,@ 977 — a decrease of 85 @.@ 5 % from its opening Friday . By the end of its second weekend , the film had earned $ 7 @,@ 942 @,@ 472 — a decrease of 80 @.@ 4 % from the previous weekend . As a result , the film went from first place to sixth in the weekend box office chart . By its third weekend , Friday the 13th had left the top ten , earning $ 3 @,@ 689 @,@ 156 — a 53 @.@ 6 % decrease from its second weekend . By the end of its box office run , Friday the 13th earned an estimated $ 65 million at the United States box office , but failed to regain a top ten spot after its third weekend .
As of July 2014 , the 2009 film is the fifth @-@ highest earning President 's Day weekend with $ 45 @,@ 033 @,@ 454 . It is the eighth @-@ highest grossing weekend in the month of February , and the eighth- highest @-@ grossing weekend for the winter season — the period from the first day after the New Year weekend until the first Thursday of March . Friday the 13th finished as the fourth @-@ highest grossing film of any February with $ 59 @.@ 8 million , just behind Taken with $ 84 @.@ 3 million , He 's Just Not That into You with $ 77 @.@ 2 million , and Madea Goes to Jail , with $ 60 @.@ 9 million .
Friday the 13th was the fifteenth @-@ highest grossing R @-@ rated film of 2009 . Because of the significant decrease in box office revenues in its second weekend , the film had the sixth @-@ largest second @-@ weekend drop . It is the seventh @-@ largest drop for a film that opened as the top @-@ earning film in the United States . With its $ 65 million revenue at the North American box office , Friday the 13th is the highest @-@ grossing film among the recent slasher remakes , which comprise When a Stranger Calls ( 2006 ) , Black Christmas ( 2006 ) , Halloween ( 2007 ) , Prom Night ( 2008 ) , and My Bloody Valentine 3D ( 2009 ) . The film is ranked seventh @-@ highest earning of all horror remakes , and is the seventh @-@ highest earning slasher film in unadjusted dollars .
In addition to its North American box office gross , Friday the 13th earned over $ 9 @.@ 5 million in foreign markets on its opening weekend . The film 's biggest markets were the United Kingdom , Russia , Italy , Spain , and Germany . Friday the 13th took in approximately $ 1 @.@ 7 million in both the United Kingdom and Russia , an estimated $ 1 @.@ 1 million in Spain , and $ 1 million in both Italy and Germany . According to Paramount , this was the largest opening outside North America of any of the Friday the 13th films . The film finished its North American box office run with $ 65 @,@ 002 @,@ 019 ; coupled with its earnings of $ 26 @,@ 377 @,@ 032 outside North America , the film has accumulated $ 91 @,@ 379 @,@ 051 worldwide .
= = = Critical reception = = =
Based on 166 reviews collected by review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , Friday the 13th has a 25 % approval rating from critics with an average score of 4 @.@ 2 out of 10 . The consensus reads : " Though technically well @-@ constructed , Friday the 13th is a series rehash that features little to distinguish it from its predecessors . " Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics , calculated an average score of 34 based on 29 reviews . CinemaScore polls reported that average grade cinemagoers gave the film a " B- " on a scale of A + to F. Exit polls showed that 51 % of the audience was male and 59 % were at least 25 years old .
Alonso Duralde wrote that the film should please slasher fans , but that it added nothing new to the genre or the franchise and would not appeal to people who did not like slasher films . Duralde criticized the film for adding a black and an Asian character in an attempt to " update the movie for the new millennium " . He also said the prospect of another Friday the 13th — crafted by the film 's " sequel @-@ friendly " ending — did not leave him with a feeling of dread . Bill Goodykoontz of The Arizona Republic said the film accepts the " ridiculousness " of what it is trying to accomplish — mainly the " death and dismemberment " of " party @-@ hungry kids " , and that audiences would enjoy it if they also recognized that . Although Goodykoontz acknowledges the unique touches the film brings to certain characters ' deaths , he was unimpressed with the acting and said Padalecki 's presence gave the film a " less @-@ good episode of Supernatural " vibe .
The Washington Post 's Dan Zak wrote that the film fails to provide laughs , scares , suspense , or gore . Zak also said it fails to provide the exhibition of nudity expected of horror films that cannot deliver on the previously listed criteria . Mark Olsen of the Los Angeles Times said Nispel captured the despair he created with his Texas Chainsaw Massacre remake . Olsen also said the film failed to provide the " giddiness " , " teenage lust " , and " rambunctiousness " that made the previous Friday the 13th films work . Wesley Morris said Friday the 13th did have humor ; he said the characters continually act the clichéd role of would @-@ be @-@ victim , making it hard to fear for their safety . In his opinion , the 2009 film lacked the " psycho @-@ social " aspect — a mother killing out of revenge for her son 's death — crafted by its 1980 predecessor , and ultimately the film is " more hilarious than terrifying " .
The New York Post 's Kyle Smith said Nispel made no attempt to create a movie beyond blood and guts , and even those attempts were " forgettable " . Smith said that apart from Clay and Trent , the rest of the cast were merely " faces in the crowd " with no attempt to give them any sort of backstory . USA Today 's Claudia Puig said that the film keeps to the same formula as its predecessors , with a story that adds little to nothing to the franchise . She also said Padalecki and Panabaker filled their lead roles well , and that Aaron Yoo 's comic relief made him one of the most likable characters on screen . Rob Nelson of Variety also praised Panabaker and Yoo 's performances .
In contrast to the film 's detractors , The New York Times 's Nathan Lee said Friday the 13th managed to " reboot the concept " of the original films with style . Lee said the film takes pleasure in killing off each of its characters , that there is a desire among cinemagoers for this type of material , and that Friday the 13th satisfies that desire . Adam Graham from The Detroit News said the film is the most effective and scary film in the Friday the 13th series ; he praised its choice of allowing Jason to run after his victims — as opposed to slowly walking behind them , as became prominent in later sequels — because it made him more menacing . Graham also said the film does not " soften " Jason 's scariness by providing a sympathetic backstory . Entertainment Weekly 's Clark Collis said director Nispel made a competent film that performs better as a whole than the previously released remakes of Prom Night ( 2008 ) and My Bloody Valentine 3D ( 2009 ) , although it does provide a few too many unbelievable character moments .
Jason Anderson of the Toronto Star said the film added freshness to the standard formula of the previous films by focusing on the chasing and killing aspects instead of lingering on the prolonged suffering of victims like the Saw films . IGN 's Chris Carle said Aaron Yoo stole the film with his comic timing and with his " memorable death " . Carle said Derek Mears ' portrayal of Jason adds more to the character than being simply a stuntman ; Mears 's subtle movements , athleticism , and physicality created an imposing image of Jason .
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= Prospect Park Zoo =
The Prospect Park Zoo is a 12 @-@ acre ( 4 @.@ 9 ha ) zoo located off Flatbush Avenue on the eastern side of Prospect Park , Brooklyn , New York City . Its precursor , the Menagerie , opened in 1890 . The present facility first opened as a city zoo on July 3 , 1935 , and was part of a larger revitalization program of city parks , playgrounds and zoos initiated in 1934 by Parks Commissioner Robert Moses . It was built , in large part , through Civil Works Administration and Works Project Administration ( WPA ) labor and funding .
After 53 years of operation as a city zoo run by the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation , Prospect Park Zoo closed on June 1988 for reconstruction . The closure signaled the start of a five @-@ year , $ 37 million renovation program , that , save for the exteriors of the 1930s @-@ era buildings , completely replaced the zoo . It was rededicated on October 5 , 1993 , as the Prospect Park Wildlife Conservation Center , joining an integrated system of four zoos and one aquarium managed by the Wildlife Conservation Society ( WCS ) , all of which are accredited by the Association of Zoos and Aquariums ( AZA ) .
The Prospect Park Zoo presently offers children 's educational programs , is engaged in restoration of endangered species populations , runs a wildlife theater and reaches out to the local community through volunteer programs . The zoo houses nearly 630 animals representing about 101 species . It averages 300 @,@ 000 visitors annually .
= = Features = =
The Prospect Park Zoo is part of the Wildlife Conservation Society integrated network of zoos and aquaria spread throughout New York City . Located at 450 Flatbush Avenue , across from the Brooklyn Botanic Garden , the zoo is situated on a 12 @-@ acre ( 4 @.@ 9 ha ) plot somewhat lower than street level in Prospect Park . Visitors may enter through the Flatbush Avenue entrance or from within Prospect Park , near Leffert 's Homestead and the Carousel .
= = = Exhibits = = =
The zoo presents three themed exhibition venues , each housed in a dedicated building .
= = = = World of Animals = = = =
The World of Animals in the southern quadrant of the zoo , features the Discovery Trail . The trail begins in the World of Animals building , but visitors quickly pass to an outdoor path that winds through the southern third of the zoo . Animals from diverse corners of the globe are shown in settings not unlike their natural habitats . Visitors may find along the trail black @-@ tailed prairie dogs , porcupines , red pandas , emus , dingos , North American river otters , and other animals . Signs often ask challenging questions , reinforcing presentations made in the zoo 's Discovery Center , or alert viewers to look for signs of animal habitation . Along one part of the Discovery Trail , young visitors may crawl through " underground burrows " to observation posts roofed with clear , hemispherical observation ports . They may observe prairie dogs in the ground , right in the midst of the animals themselves .
= = = = Animal Lifestyles = = = =
Animal Lifestyles , in the western quadrant of the zoo , features indoor habitat exhibits . Visitors in the foyer of the building are shown Life in the Water , Life in Air , and Life on Land dioramas . Each diorama holds a carefully controlled environment that features select animals . These central displays broadly relate animals to their surrounds . Exhibits featuring more specific biota branch off from the central foyer . Side exhibits center on cotton @-@ top tamarins , meerkats , emerald tree boas , dwarf mongooses , desert monitors , among others . Some of these exhibits feature critically endangered animals . The Prospect Park Zoo is engaged in breeding species in captivity , a part of the larger wild life recovery program of the Wildlife Conservation Society .
The main Animal Lifestyles exhibit consists of a troop of hamadryas baboons . Zoo visitors may observe the troop in a large glassed @-@ in gallery which looks out into a rocky outcrop . Small caves in the outcrop lead to interior burrows where the animals may avoid inclement weather . The rear wall of the gallery illustrates common forms of baboon signalling and behavior , along with other social aspects of the animals . Ample seating allows visitors to observe the troop .
= = = = Animals in our Lives = = = =
Animals in our Lives in the northern quadrant of the zoo has both indoor and outdoor exhibits illustrating myriad relationships between animals and people and animal adaptations . The Animals in Art themed area occupies one side of the Animals in Our Lives building . At the art station , drawing supplies are provided , and young visitors learn to observe wildlife by taking the time to sketch it . Some animals found here have been the subjects of art through the ages , while other up @-@ close exhibits highlight the inherent beauty and form of certain species . The other side of the building showcases animals and their adaptations for a variety of survival needs . Here , visitors learn how colors help animals attract one another , blend into their surroundings or send off warning signals . A small nocturnal area showcases animals who have adapted to life at night .
A small working barn further north of the building contains the Animals in Our Lives exhibit . It is organized around a working barn with sheep , cows , goats , ducks , geese and other animals .
= = = Educational programs = = =
The zoo hosts educational venues as well as exhibits . These revolve around the Discovery Center , a building with classrooms and laboratories designed to introduce school @-@ age children to investigative practices of environmental and wildlife scientists . The Discovery Center introduces children to laboratory practices ; they learn about and use professional laboratory equipment and learn how to integrate what they observe into zoological theory . These programs are based on educational concepts developed through WIZE ( Wildlife Inquiry through Zoo Education ) , a program developed by Bronx Zoo educators .
The volunteer program at the Prospect Park Zoo engages members of the community ; it is a combination outreach and educational program for adults . Volunteer guides conduct tours for visitors , while volunteer docents augment the educational program . Docents enroll in a four @-@ month training program . Following their graduation , docents assist staff in putting on demonstrations and explaining exhibits .
= = = Facilities = = =
The zoo grounds and building exteriors were designed by Aymar Embury II . The facility consists of six red brick and lime @-@ stoned trimmed buildings grouped in a semi @-@ circular arrangement around a central courtyard with the sea lion pool occupying the center of the court . The building exteriors date to the 1930s while the interiors were built during the 1989 – 1993 reconstruction . There is a freestanding wooden barn just north of the circular group of buildings . A set of stairs from the main entrance leads visitors down to zoo level . A small restaurant and the administrative center is immediately to the left , occupying the southeastern quadrant of the zoo . The Discovery Center is immediately to the right , occupying the northeastern quadrant of the zoo . Arrayed in front of the visitor are the three exhibit buildings , The World of Animals to the south , the Animal Lifestyles building , behind the sea lion pool directly in front of the visitor , Animals in our Lives is to the right . Visitors may view the exhibits in any order .
= = History and context = =
= = = Proposal and menagerie = = =
The original 1866 proposal of Prospect Park featured a " Zoological Garden " on the western flank of the park , near the present Litchfield Villa , but the garden had not been started by the time Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux separated from the park in 1874 . This notwithstanding , a few features of the original park design did serve zoological purposes . A Wild Fowl Pond , once occupying the northern quadrant of the zoo grounds , served as a haven for water birds . A Deer Paddock , once occupying the southern quadrants of the zoo grounds , was a penned @-@ in area for deer . In addition , a flock of sheep regularly maintained the grass in the park meadows and were kept in a paddock on the eastern flank of Sullivan Hill , near the now @-@ demolished Dairy Farmhouse .
Interest in zoological gardens flowered in the last decade of the 19th century . An informal Menagerie began to take shape within Prospect Park in May 1890 when the newly appointed president of the City of Brooklyn Parks Commission , George V. Brower , donated " three young cinnamon bears . " State Treasurer Harry Adams followed with a donation of three white deer , establishing a pattern . It was mainly through donations of animals by rich or prominent individuals that the Menagerie grew . By 1893 , one observer noted that “ seven seals arrived , one buffalo , from the estate of Samuel B. Duryea , three red foxes , three bears , one sacred cow , two white deer , five red deer , seven seals , and twelve to fifteen peacocks . "
The animals were kept in pens on Sullivan Hill , situated across the East Drive from the zoo 's present location , near the sheep paddock and northeast of the Dairy Farmhouse . Of the original zoological facilities in the park , the Deer Paddock , located near the present Carousel , was converted into a meadow and the deer were moved to the new Menagerie , The Wild Fowl Pond remained , located on the east side of the park in a low area now forming the northern part of the zoo . The Menagerie continued to accrue animals in the first decades of the 20th century . These were generally donated by prominent individuals and institutions and formed a varied collection of specimens both native to North America and other regions of the world .
= = = Modern zoo creation = = =
After assuming office in January 1934 , New York City Mayor Fiorello La Guardia tapped Robert Moses to head a newly unified Parks Department . Moses soon prepared extensive plans to reconstruct the city 's parks , renovate existing facilities and create new swimming pools , zoos , playgrounds and parks . Moses acquired substantial Civil Works Administration , and later , Works Progress Administration funding and soon embarked upon an eight @-@ year city @-@ wide construction program , relieving some of the high unemployment in New York City in this Depression year .
Plans for the new Prospect Park Zoo , prepared by Aymar Embury II , were announced in March 1934 . The area between the Wild Fowl Pond and former Deer Paddock on the east side of the park , situated across the East Drive from the Menagerie , was chosen as the site for the new zoo . Architect Embury designed a half circle of six brick buildings centered on a seal pool . Built of red brick with limestone trim , the buildings featured bas @-@ relief scenes from Rudyard Kipling 's The Jungle Book .
Five sculptors executed a total of thirteen such scenes , not only on the front and back walls of zoo buildings , but also on all four sides of both brick entrance shelters at Flatbush Avenue . However , the positioning of some of the bas @-@ reliefs makes them less accessible than others .
Dedicated on July 3 , 1935 , as the Prospect Park Zoo , the buildings constituted an integrated facility and were seen as a great improvement over the somewhat haphazardly developed Menagerie . The zoo featured an extensive bear pit , a seal pool , a lion 's house ( the current Animals in our Lives building ) an elephant 's house ( the current Animal Lifestyles building ) and a house for monkeys , birds , and horned animals ( now the World of Animals building ) . With the completion of the new zoo , The Dairy Farmhouse , sheep paddock , and Menagerie were demolished and the sheep flock was replaced with mechanical mowers . The site of the old Menagerie has since been allowed to revert to forest land .
= = = Decline = = =
For the next fifty years , the zoo served as a showcase of large animals from far away places , appealing to a sense of wonder . An estimated one million people visited the Prospect Park Zoo annually prior to World War II , but attendance gradually declined , reaching about a half million by the early 1980s . Around this time , the facility showed signs of deterioration . Writing in New York Magazine in late 1970 , writer Erik Sanberg @-@ Diment termed the zoo the ' rattiest ' in New York – " in the literal sense of the word . ( I 've never been there without seeing several rodents romping in the bear lair ) " . He reported that ' Vultch ' , a Southern United States black vulture which was one of the zoo 's earliest residents " … is still there , looking down his beak at visitors littering the walks , and celebrating his 35th anniversary in the same old cage . "
A decade later , a New York Times reporter visiting the zoo noted that " ... an Asiatic Black Bear lay on a rock a short distance from a guard rail . A shattered wine bottle , a cracked stick , and a number of empty beer cans were strewn about the ground a few feet in front of him . ' How many times have I seen a bear lift his foot and leave a bloody foot print ? ' said John Kinzig , a park supervisor at the Prospect Park Zoo . ' Vandalism is a major problem , and deterioration is overtaking repairs . ' " Activists were pressing for major renovations of the zoo , which , in 1983 , was rated by the Humane Society of the United States as one of the " 10 worst " zoos in the country . Others felt that a zoo was not in keeping with the original design of Prospect Park and urged its complete removal from the grounds . A fatal accident of an 11 @-@ year @-@ old boy scaling the fence to the polar bear pit only served to underscore difficulties with the fifty @-@ year @-@ old facility .
After fifteen years of off @-@ again , on @-@ again , conversations , The Koch Administration and the then @-@ named NY Zoological Society ( now Wildlife Conservation Society ) , signed a fifty @-@ year agreement in April 1980 , where the Central , Prospect , and Queens zoos would be administered by the Society . Specific plans for Prospect Park Zoo were another seven years in the making . By late summer 1987 , an $ 18 million , two and a half year renovation plan was put forth to renovate Prospect Park Zoo and coordinate its venue with other facilities to avoid redundant programming . Prospect Park Zoo was slated to specialize in children programs and house smaller , unaggressive animal species .
= = = Renovation of a re @-@ purposed zoo = = =
The Prospect Park Zoo closed to the public in June 1988 . Over the next six months , new homes were found for the displaced animals in other zoos throughout the US . Demolition was managed by the Parks Department and began in June 1989 , commencing what became nearly a five @-@ year , $ 37 million effort , overrunning initial estimates by two years and $ 19 million . The exteriors of the Aymar Embury buildings were preserved , but badly deteriorated interiors were gutted , pits and cages were demolished , and new structures were built . The facilities were turned over to the NY Zoological Society in April 1993 .
A further six months were needed to repopulate the zoo , prepare exhibits , and ready the facility for the public . The re @-@ purposed zoo opened on October 5 , 1993 under the rubric " Prospect Park Wildlife Conservation Center " . The Zoological Society hoped that the new name would suggest that the ' Wildlife Conservation Center ' was far more than a mere ' zoo ' ; it was indeed a facility designed to preserve animal species . This name change coincided with the renaming of the zoological society to the ' Wildlife Conservation Society ' .
The programs of the new center were geared toward educating children . Classrooms for the Discovery Center were housed in a dedicated building on the north wing of the zoo . Exhibits housed smaller species , eschewing elephants , tigers , and lions , and augmented displays with interactive exhibits . The public , however , continued to call the facility ' The Prospect Park Zoo ' , and over the ensuing thirteen years the old name quietly stuck . Even in WCS literature ' Prospect Park Zoo ' is now used interchangeably with the new name .
= = = Budget issues = = =
The Wildlife Conservation Society , which supports the Prospect Park Zoo through a combination of private funds and subsidies from the city , is vulnerable to funding shortfalls such as the one on April 15 , 2003 , when Mayor Michael Bloomberg published his " doomsday budget " proposal for the fiscal year beginning in July 2003 . Among other cuts to help close an overall $ 3 @.@ 8 billion budget deficit , the Mayor proposed to cut all city funding for the Prospect Park Zoo and the Queens Zoo , as well as trim funding for the New York Aquarium and the Bronx Zoo . The two zoos were the smallest among the facilities managed by the Wildlife Conservation Society , and had the lowest annual attendance rates , approximately 200 @,@ 000 for each threatened zoo . In contrast , the Bronx Zoo boasted annual attendance of two million and the Central Park Zoo enjoyed one million visitors annually . Over the next two months , the fate of the two zoos hung in limbo while the city 's executive branch and City Council hammered out a compromise budget . While there were a number of items on the budget , the zoo closures remained among the more visible of anticipated losses .
In the middle of June , City Council Speaker Gifford Miller visited the zoo , and in a press conference outlined some of the pragmatic consequences of closure : a savings estimated by the city of $ 6 million for both facilities that would be offset by a WCS estimated expenditure of $ 8 million , to decommission facilities and — on short notice — find homes for 160 displaced animals . If the estimates were correct , reasoning went , it would be cheaper to run the zoos than to shut them down .
By the start of the new fiscal year in July 2003 , the approved budget restored a reduced funding level to the affected WCS facilities . To keep the Prospect Park and Queens Zoos open , the WCS had to close two classroom @-@ based instructional programs , lay off the supporting full- and part @-@ time instructors , and double admission fees . Funding levels for the Wildlife Conservation Society were restored in the 2007 city budget , though vulnerability to shortfalls remain . In the opening months of 2009 , the WCS itself faced the prospect of losing its fiscal year 2010 New York State funding . While not citing specifics concerning Prospect Park Zoo , the Wildlife Conservation Society reported in the NY Daily News that the proposed cuts will involve " ' layoffs [ that ] would cut across the board , ' and include ' front @-@ line workers ' in sales , groundskeeping and other positions , and include both union and nonunion positions " .
In 2007 , 234 @,@ 000 people visited the Prospect Park Zoo , a drop of 1 @,@ 000 from the 2006 level of 235 @,@ 000 . Visitation since then has shown a steady increase , with 269 @,@ 914 people visiting in 2009 .
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= Tommy Dunderdale =
Thomas Dunderdale ( 6 May 1887 – 15 December 1960 ) was a professional ice hockey forward . Born in Australia , he moved to Canada at the age of 6 , in 1894 . He played in Winnipeg for three seasons , from 1906 to 1910 . In 1910 , he joined the Montreal Shamrocks of the National Hockey Association ( NHA ) , before moving on to the Quebec Bulldogs the following season . In 1911 – 12 , he joined the Victoria Aristocrats of the newly formed Pacific Coast Hockey Association ( PCHA ) , playing nine seasons in total in Victoria . He split his seasons in Victoria with a three @-@ season stint with the Portland Rosebuds between 1915 and 1918 . After the PCHA folded in 1923 , Dunderdale played one season in the West Coast Hockey League ( WCHL ) , splitting the season between the Saskatoon Crescents and the Edmonton Eskimos . In 1974 , he became the only Australian @-@ born player to be inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame . Dunderdale is credited with scoring the first penalty shot goal in ice hockey history .
= = Early life = =
Dunderdale was born in Benalla , Victoria , Australia , on 6 May 1887 . His parents were originally from England , but in 1904 , the Dunderdales resettled to Ottawa , Ontario . Tommy first played organised ice hockey at the age of 17 with his Waller Street School team . In 1905 he moved to Winnipeg , Manitoba and played the 1905 – 06 season with the amateur Winnipeg Ramblers .
= = Playing career = =
Dunderdale turned professional in 1906 – 07 season with the Winnipeg Strathconas . He played three seasons for the franchise , which was also known as the Winnipeg Maple Leafs and the Winnipeg Shamrocks , scoring on average more than two points per game , with the majority of the points being goals . In 1909 – 10 , Dunderdale moved east , and played with the Montreal Shamrocks , first with the Canadian Hockey Association , and later with the National Hockey Association ( NHA ) . That season , he appeared in 15 games overall , and scored 21 goals . He played the 1910 – 11 season for the Quebec Bulldogs of the NHA , finishing second on the team in scoring , with 13 goals , even though he played only nine out of 16 games , and receiving 25 penalty minutes .
Dunderdale went back west in the 1911 – 12 season , joining the Victoria Aristocrats of the newly formed Pacific Coast Hockey Association ( PCHA ) . He would spend the rest of his career playing in the west , having played only two seasons east of the Manitoba @-@ Ontario border . Scoring 24 goals in 16 games , Dunderdale received his first out of six First All @-@ Star team selections in the PCHA , as well as his first of four consecutive . In the next two seasons , Dunderdale recorded similar statistics to his first season in the PCHA , again scoring 24 goals in both seasons , and he was named to the First All @-@ Star team in both seasons . The 1912 – 13 season saw the Victoria Aristocrats challenge the Quebec Bulldogs for the Stanley Cup . Although the Aristocrats won the series , their challenge was not accepted by the Stanley Cup trustees . The 1914 – 15 season saw Dunderdale named to the First All @-@ Star team for his fourth consecutive time , as he scored 17 goals and assisted on 10 others , for 27 points in 17 games .
In the 1915 – 16 season , Dunderdale joined the Portland Rosebuds . In his first season with the Rosebuds , he dropped below a point per game for the first time in his career . The Rosebuds became the first American team to challenge for the Stanley Cup that year , losing a best @-@ of @-@ five series 3 – 2 to the Montreal Canadiens . Dunderdale played in all five games of the series , scoring two points . The following season , he scored 22 goals in 24 games , returning to his usual offensive output . However , he was more noted that season for his number of penalty minutes , setting a league record with 141 minutes . The 1917 – 18 season was his last in Portland , as he scored 14 goals in 18 games . Dunderdale left as their leading penalty minute getter , and as their second @-@ most prolific goal scorer , with 50 goals .
Dunderdale rejoined the Victoria Aristocrats in the 1918 – 19 season . After recording only nine points in 20 games in his first season back with the Aristocrats , he scored 26 goals in 22 games in the 1919 – 20 season , en route to his fifth First All @-@ Star team selection . Dunderdale played three more seasons for Victoria , which was renamed from the Aristocrats to the Cougars for the 1921 – 22 season , playing 75 games in total and scoring 41 points . He scored a bit under a point per game during the 1920 – 21 and the 1921 – 22 season , while in the 1922 – 23 season , his last with Victoria , he was limited to only two goals in 27 games . He was named for his sixth time to the First All @-@ Star Team in 1922 . Following the conclusion of the 1922 – 23 season , the PCHA folded . Dunderdale played another season in the West Coast Hockey League ( WCHL ) , splitting the 1923 – 24 season between the Saskatoon Crescents and the Edmonton Eskimos , scoring three points in 17 games overall .
Dunderdale is credited with scoring the first penalty shot goal in history . The first goal was scored on 12 December 1921 by Dunderdale on Hugh Lehman . The shot was taken from one of three dots painted on the ice 35 feet ( 11 m ) from the goal . Players had to skate to the dot and shoot the puck from the dot .
= = Legacy = =
Dunderdale retired at the end of the 1923 – 24 season . He retired as the PCHA 's leading goal scorer , with 194 goals in total . He was a six @-@ time PCHA First Team All @-@ Star , and led the league in goals in three seasons , and in points in two . He was noted as being an excellent stickhandler and a fast skater . After retiring from playing , he coached and managed teams in Edmonton , Los Angeles , and Winnipeg . He died on 15 December 1960 , and became the only Australian @-@ born player to be inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame , in 1974 .
= = Career statistics = =
= = = Regular season and playoffs = = =
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= Dal Lake =
Dal Lake is a lake in Srinagar , the summer capital of Jammu and Kashmir . The urban lake , which is the second largest in the state , is integral to tourism and recreation in Kashmir and is named the " Jewel in the crown of Kashmir " or " Srinagar 's Jewel " . The lake is also an important source for commercial operations in fishing and water plant harvesting .
The shore line of the lake , is about 15 @.@ 5 kilometres ( 9 @.@ 6 mi ) , is encompassed by a boulevard lined with Mughal era gardens , parks , houseboats and hotels . Scenic views of the lake can be witnessed from the shore line Mughal gardens , such as Shalimar Bagh and Nishat Bagh built during the reign of Mughal Emperor Jahangir and from houseboats cruising along the lake in the colourful shikaras . During the winter season , the temperature sometimes reaches − 11 ° C ( 12 ° F ) , freezing the lake .
The lake covers an area of 18 square kilometres ( 6 @.@ 9 sq mi ) and is part of a natural wetland which covers 21 @.@ 1 square kilometres ( 8 @.@ 1 sq mi ) , including its floating gardens . The floating gardens , known as " Rad " in Kashmiri , blossom with lotus flowers during July and August . The wetland is divided by causeways into four basins ; Gagribal , Lokut Dal , Bod Dal and Nagin ( although Nagin is also considered as an independent lake ) . Lokut @-@ dal and Bod @-@ dal each have an island in the centre , known as Rup Lank ( or Char Chinari ) and Sona Lank respectively .
At present , the Dal Lake and its Mughal gardens , Shalimar Bagh and the Nishat Bagh on its periphery are undergoing intensive restoration measures to fully address the serious eutrophication problems experienced by the lake . Massive investments of approximately US $ 275 million ( ₹ 11 billion ) are being made by the Government of India to restore the lake to its original splendour .
= = History = =
Dal lake is mentioned as Mahasarit ( Sanskrti @-@ महासरित ् ) in ancient Sanskrit texts . Ancient history records mention that a village named Isabar to the east of Dal Lake was the residence of goddess Durga . This place was known as Sureshwari on the bank of the lake , which was sourced by a spring called the Satadhara .
During the Mughal period , the Mughal rulers of India designated Kashmir , Srinagar in particular , as their summer resort . They developed the precincts of the Dal lake in Srinagar with sprawling Mughal @-@ type gardens and pavilions as pleasure resorts to enjoy the salubrious cool climate . After the death of Aurangzeb in 1707 , which led to the disintegration of the Mughal Empire , Pashtun tribes in the area around the lake and city increased , and the Durrani Empire ruled the city for several decades . In 1814 a significant part of the Kashmir valley , including Srinagar , was annexed by Raja Ranjit Singh to his kingdom , and the Sikhs grew in influence in the region for 27 years .
During the British Raj , the British also made Srinagar their capital during the summer months , attracted by the cool climate of the Kashmir valley , amidst the back drop of the majestic snow covered Himalayan ranges . The lake precincts experience temperatures in the range of 1 – 11 ° C ( 34 – 52 ° F ) during winter and 12 – 30 ° C ( 54 – 86 ° F ) during the summer season . The lake freezes when temperatures drop to about − 11 ° C ( 12 ° F ) during severe winter . Although the Dogra Maharaja of Kashmir restricted the building of houses in the valley , the British circumvented this rule by commissioning lavish houseboats to be built on the Dal Lake . The houseboats have been referred to as , " each one a little piece of England afloat on Dal Lake . "
After the independence of India , the Kashmiri Hanji people have built , owned and maintained these houseboats , cultivating floating gardens and producing commodities for the market , making them the centre of their livelihoods . The houseboats , closely associated with Dal Lake also provide accommodation in Srinagar . Following the Mughal and British rule , the place has earned the epithet , " Jewel in the crown of Kashmir " .
= = Physical properties = =
= = = Topography = = =
The lake is located within a catchment area covering 316 square kilometres ( 122 sq mi ) in the Zabarwan mountain valley , in the foothills of the Shankracharya hills , which surrounds it on three sides . The lake , which lies to the east and north of Srinagar city covers an area of 18 square kilometres ( 6 @.@ 9 sq mi ) , although including the floating gardens of lotus blooms , it is 21 @.@ 2 square kilometres ( 8 @.@ 2 sq mi ) ( an estimated figure of 22 – 24 square kilometres ( 8 @.@ 5 – 9 @.@ 3 sq mi ) is also mentioned ) . The main basin draining the lake is a complex of five interconnected basins with causeways ; the Nehru Park basin , the Nishat basin , the Hazratbal basin , the Nagin basin and the Barari Nambad basin . Navigational channels provide the transportation links to all the five basins .
The average elevation of the lake is 1 @,@ 583 metres ( 5 @,@ 194 ft ) . The depth of water varies from 6 metres ( 20 ft ) at its deepest in Nagin lake to 2 @.@ 5 metres ( 8 @.@ 2 ft ) , the shallowest at Gagribal . The depth ratio between the maximum and minimum depths varies with the season between 0 @.@ 29 and 0 @.@ 25 , which is interpreted as flat bed slope . The length of the lake is 7 @.@ 44 kilometres ( 4 @.@ 62 mi ) with a width of 3 @.@ 5 kilometres ( 2 @.@ 2 mi ) . The lake has e basin hava shore length of 15 @.@ 5 kilometres ( 9 @.@ 6 mi ) and roads run all along the periphery . Irreversible changes through urbanThe lake is located within a catchment area covering 316 square kilometres ( 122 sq mi ) in the Zabarwan mountain vaplaced further restrictions on the flow of the lake and as a result , marshy lands have emerged on the peripheral zones , notably in the foothill areas of the Shankaracharya and Zaharbwan hills . These marshy lands have since been reclaimed and converted into large residential complexes .
= = = Geology = = =
Multiple theories explaining the origin of this lake have been formulated . One version is that it is the remnants of a post @-@ glacial lake , which has undergone drastic changes in size over the years and the other theory is that it is of fluvial origin from an old flood spill channel or ox @-@ bows of the Jhelum River . The dendritic drainage pattern of the catchment signifies that its rock strata have low levels of porosity . Lithologically , a variety of rock types have been discerned namely , igneous , metamorphic and sedimentary . The Dachigam Telbal Nallah system is conjectured to follow two major lineaments . Discontinuous surfaces seen in the terrain are attributed to the angular and parallel drainage pattern . The water table cuts the hill slopes , which is evidenced by the occurrence of numerous springs in the valley . Seismic activity in the valley is recorded under Zone V of the Seismic Zoning Map of India , the most severe zone where frequent damaging earthquakes of intensity IX could be expected . In the year 2005 , Kashmir valley experienced one of the severe earthquakes measured at 7 @.@ 6 on the Richter 's scale , which resulted in deaths and the destruction of many properties , leaving many homeless .
= = = Hydrology = = =
The shallow , open @-@ drainage lake is fed by Dachigam @-@ Telbal Nallah ( with perennial flow ) , Dara Nallah ( ' Nallah ' means " stream " ) and many other small streams . The lake is classified as ' warm monomictic ' under the sub @-@ tropical lake category . Spring sources also contribute to the flow , although no specific data is available to quantify their contribution . To address this , water balance studies to analyse and assess the characteristics of flow have been conducted in order to approximate the discharge contributed by the springs in the lake bed . The complex land use pattern of the valley is reflected in the urbanised Srinagar in its north , with rice fields , orchards and gardens in the lower slopes , and barren hills beyond steep sloping hills . The flat topography also affects drainage conditions . It receives an average annual rainfall of 655 millimetres ( 25 @.@ 8 in ) in the catchment , but during the summer , snow melt from the higher ranges of the catchment results in large inflows into the lake . The maximum flood discharge of Telbal Nallah has been assessed as 141 @.@ 5 metres3 / s for a one in hundred return period ; the 1973 observed flood in Telbal Nallah has been estimated as 113 metres3 / s . The average annual flow , according to discharge measurements , has been estimated as 291 @.@ 9 million cubic metres , with Telbal Nalah accounting for 80 % of the total and 20 % contributed by other sources . The silt load has been estimated at 80 @,@ 000 tonnes per year with 70 % contribution from the Telabal nallah , with 36 @,@ 000 tonnes recorded as settling in the lake .
There are two outlets from the lake , namely the Dalgate and Amir Khan Nallah that connects the lakes of Nagin and Anchar Lake . Dalgate is controlled by a weir and lock system . The outflow from these two outlets has been estimated as 275 @.@ 6 million cubic metres .
= = Flora and fauna = =
The ecosystem of Dal Lake is ecologically rich in macrophytes , submerged macrophytes , floating macrophytes and phytoplankton . Macrophyte flora recorded in the lake 's aquatic and marshland environment consists of 117 species , belonging to 69 genera and 42 families . The lake is noted in particular for its Nelumbo nucifera ( lotus flowers ) which bloom in July and August . The prolific growth of Ceratophyllum demersum in the eutrophic zones has been reported , with Myriophyllum spicatum and Potemogetton lucens cited as dominant species . Other macrophytes discerned in different zones of the lake include Typho angustata , Phragmites australis , Myriophyllum , Sparganium evectum and Myriophyllum verticillatum , which contribute to the production of macrophites . The rooted variety of the floating leaf type consists of Neelambium nucifera , Nymphaea alba , N.Tertagonia , N.Candida , Nymphoides peltatum , Salvinia natans , Hydrocharis dubia , Nymphaea sp. and Potamogeton natans , all of which occupy 29 @.@ 2 % of the lake . Phytoplanktons include Navicula radiosa , Nitzschia accicularis , Fragilaria crotonensis , Diatoma elongatum , Scenedesmus bijuga , Pediastrum duplex , Tetraedron minimum , Microcystis aeruginosa and Merismopedia elegans .
Since 1934 , some important changes have been observed in the lake 's biota , including a reduction in the number of Chara species , and an increase in the area covered by Salvinia since 1937 . Analysis of the lake has also revealed the tendency for it to develop monospecific communities of submerged macrophytes such as Ceratophyllum and Myriophyllum .
One of the Char Chinars
Woody vegetation in the catchment of the lake consists of Melia , Ailanthus , Robinia , Daphne , Celtis , Rose , Ephedra , Pinus roxburghii , Pinus halepensis , Pinus gerardiana , Cupressus torulosa and Cupressus arizonica . The valley also has a rich cultivation of crops such as paddy , wheat and fodder .
Floating gardens , labelled the ' Rad ' in tye Kashmiri language are a special feature of the lake . They basically constitute of matted vegetation and earth , but are floating . These are detached from the bottom of the lake and drawn to a suitable place ( generally to the north west of the houseboats ' location ) and anchored . Given its rich nutrient properties , tomatoes , cucumbers and melons are grown with noteworthy results .
The faunal distribution consists of Zooplanktons , Benthos and Fish . Zooplankton found in the lake include Keratella cochlearis , K. serrulata , Polyactis vulgaris , Brachionus plicatilis , Monostyla bulla , Alona monocantha , Cyclops ladakanus and Mesocyclops leukarti . Benthos include Chironomus sp. and Tubifex sp. and fish include Cyprinus carpio specularis ( economically important ) , C. carpio communis , Schizothorax niger , S. esocinus , S. curviformis and Crossochelius latius . It is also reported that Cyprinus , introduced during early sixties , is dominant and that the indigenous species Schizothorax is showing a declining trend .
Fishing resources
The fishing industry on Dal Lake is the second largest industry in the region and is central to many of the people 's livelihoods who reside on the lake 's periphery . Dal lake 's commercial fisheries are particularly reliant on carp fish species , which were introduced into the lake in 1957 . As a result , carp constitutes 70 % of all the fish caught in the lake while the schizothonax constitutes 20 % and other species account for 10 % . Fishermen use a locally manufactured cast net which comprises six parts with a diameter of 6 metres . It is operated from a wooden fishing boat made out of deodar , typically 20ftx4ft in size . The gradual decline in quality of the lake water through pollution has resulted in lower fish stocks and the extinction of endemic varieties of fish . The causes for such deterioration have been identified and remedial actions have been initiated.The various fishing nets being used in Dal Lake are cast net ( Zaal / Duph ) , Long line ( Walruz ) , Gill net ( Pachi , Shaitan zaal ) , Rod and line ( Bislai ) , Scoop net ( Attha zaal ) ( Bhat et al . , 2008 )
The lake is warm monomictic ( mixing type ) and the pH value recorded has varied from a minimum of 7 @.@ 2 to a maximum of 8 @.@ 8 on the surface over a yearly period . The Dissolved oxygen [ mg l − 1 ] value has varied from a minimum of 1 @.@ 4 to a maximum of 12 @.@ 3 on the surface within a year . The Recorded maximum nitrogen concentration ( NH4 @-@ N [ micro l − 1 ] has been recorded as 1315 on the surface and 22 at the bottom of the lake . Phosphorus concentration expressed in Total @-@ P [ micro l − 1 ] has varied from a high of 577 to a low of 35 during the 12 months of the year . The lake water temperature has varied from a minimum of 3 ° C ( 37 ° F ) in January to 26 ° C ( 79 ° F ) in June at the surface . Transparency , expressed as depth in metres , has varied from a maximum of 1 @.@ 95 metres ( 6 @.@ 4 ft ) in July to a minimum of 0 @.@ 53 metres ( 1 @.@ 7 ft ) in March , over the 12 months period .
Studies of the water quality of the lake in 1983 – 84 indicate a decline in quality since the 1965 – 66 analysis . Scientific research over the years also reveal that Telbal , Botkal , and sewage drains are responsible for a substantial influx of nitrogen and phosphorus into the lake . Quantitatively , fifteen drains and several other sources have released a total of 156 @.@ 62 tonnes ( 56 @.@ 36 tonnes by drains alone ) of phosphorus , and 241 @.@ 18 tonnes of inorganic nitrogen into the lake from a discharge of 11 @.@ 701 million cubic metres / year . Non @-@ point sources , such as seepage and diffused runoff , also add to this pollution and have been recorded as further adding 4 @.@ 5 tonnes of total phosphates and 18 @.@ 14 tonnes of nitrogen ( NO3 – N and NH4 – N ) to the lake . Based on the values mentioned above , it has been inferred that the water quality of the lake has deteriorated .
The major environmental problem facing the lake is eutrophication , which has required immediate remedial measures to combat it . Alarmingly , the size of the lake has shrunk from its original area of 22 square kilometres ( 8 @.@ 5 sq mi ) to the present area of 18 square kilometres ( 6 @.@ 9 sq mi ) , and there is a concerning rate of sediment deposition due to catchment area degradation . The water quality has also deteriorated due to intense pollution caused by the untreated sewage and solid waste that is fed into the lake from the peripheral areas and from the settlements and houseboats . Besides , some experts like Dr. A.A. Kazmi ( Associate Professor , IIT Roorkee and in charge of the Environmental Engineering Lab ) believe that deforestation in the catchment of Dal Lake and Telbal stream may have led to more nitrogen and phosphorus @-@ rich run @-@ off , further aiding eutrophication . Encroachments of water channels and consequent clogging has diminished the circulation and inflows into the lake , so with the building up of phosphates and nitrogen , this has led to extensive weed growth and consequences on the biodiversity of the lake .
= = = Public interest litigations and restoration works = = =
Identifying the above major issues as causes for the deterioration of the lake , a multidisciplinary team of experts have prepared a Detailed Project Report ( DPR ) , a responsible management plan entitled " Conservation and Management of Dal Lake " , which has the objective of achieving environment compatibility , cost effectiveness and sustainability , ecological improvement with minimum interventions and displacement and balancing the conflicts of interest . This plan is now under implementation with the financial assistance of the Government of India .
The serious nature of the environmental problems the lake has been experienced has been widely publicised and has been brought to the attention of the Supreme Court of India . Public Interest Litigations ( PILs ) have been filed in court demonstrating the environmental dangers posed to the lake by sewage , wastes and effluents . The PILs have sought injunctions of the court for setting up of an integrated ring sewage system encircling the Lake ; release of funds by the Government of India to undertake measures to check pollution and to inaugurate a High Powered Committee to monitor proper utilisation of the allotted funds . The committee is under obligation to post feedback of progression developments from time to time , directly to the Supreme Court . The PIL , filed in 2001 , has resulted in a number of directives from the court to the funding and implementing agencies and the case is continuing . Consequently , under the National Lake Conservation Plan of the Ministry of Environment and Forests of the Government of India , funds to the extent Rs 2987 @.@ 6 million were sanctioned in September 2005 for the conservation of the lake . The restoration and rehabilitation measures envisaged under the " Conservation and Management of Dal Lake " are under various stages of implementation with the funds allocated by the Government of India for the purpose . Some of the measures undertaken for rehabilitating the lake to bring it to its original eutrophication free status involved measures such as construction of siltation tanks , mechanical deweeding , regrouping of houseboats , deepening of outflow channel and removal of bunds and barricades , including some floating gardens . In addition , a moratorium has been imposed on new construction works close to the lakefront , including the building of new house boats . Resettlement plans for migrating the population from the lakefront have also evolved . The long @-@ term development plans also deal with the reafforestation of catchment area to reduce erosion movement and movement of silt and to regulate grazing by livestock . Recent reports indicate that , as of 2010 , 40 % of the measures have been implemented .
= = Uses and attractions = =
The lake is popular as a visitor attraction and a summer resort . Fisheries and the harvesting of food and fodder plants are also important on Dal Lake . Weeds from the lake are extracted and converted into compost for the gardens . It also serves as a flood lung of the Jhelum River . Swimming , boating , snow skiing ( particularly when the lake is frozen during the severe winter ) , and canoeing are amongst some of the water sports activities practised on the lake .
The lake has numerous sites and places of interest , many of which are important to the cultural heritage of Srinagar . Aside from the Shalimar Bagh and Nishat Bagh , some of the other places frequented by tourists are the Shankaracharya temple , the Hari Parbat , the Nagin Lake , the Chashme Shahi , the Hazratbal Shrine , and the Mazar @-@ e @-@ Shura cemetery containing the graves of famous Mughal @-@ era poets . Visitors and native alike also enjoy relaxing on the water in a houseboat or a shikara boat , often called " the Gondola of Kashmir " .
= = = Island of Char Chinar = = =
A famous landmark in Srinagar is an island on Dal Lake where four Chinar ( Platanus orientalis ) trees stand , named " Char Chinar " . Char in Hindi and Urdu means four .
= = = Nagin Lake = = =
Nagin Lake , though sometimes referred to as a separate lake , is actually part of Dal Lake , being linked through a causeway which permits only bikers and walkers to enter the lake precincts . The caseway carries the water supply pipeline to the Srinagar city in the east . The lake is bounded by the Shankaracharya hill ( Takht @-@ e @-@ Suleiman ) on the south and Hari Parbat on the west and is located at the foot of the Zabarwan hills . Willow and poplar trees flank the edges of the lake .
= = = Chashme Shahi = = =
Chashme Shahi , meaning " Royal Spring " , is a fresh water spring and garden known for its medicinal properties . Its source located above the Nehru Memorial Park . It is the smallest of all the Mughal gardens in Srinagar , measuring 108 metres ( 354 ft ) x 38 metres ( 125 ft ) and it has three terraces , an aqueduct , waterfalls and fountains . Ali Mardan Khan built the garden in 1632 , and is built in such a way that the spring water is the source of fountains . From the fountains , water flows along the floor of the pavilion and cascades to a lower terrace over a drop of 5 metres ( 16 ft ) along a polished black stone chute . A small shrine , known as the Chasma Sahibi , is located in the vicinity of the gardens and has a fresh water spring .
= = = Shankaracharya Temple = = =
The sacred Shankaracharya temple , also known as Jyeshteswara , occupies the top of the hills ( about 1 @,@ 000 feet ( 300 m ) above the surrounding Takht @-@ I @-@ Sulaiman plains in the south @-@ east of Srinagar . The site , initially named Gopadri , dates back to 250 BC as a Buddhist monument , probably built by Emperor Ashoka 's son Jhaloka . In the 7th century it was replaced by the present temple by King Lalitaditya . The philosopher Shankaracharya is documented as having stayed at this place when he visited Kashmir ten centuries ago to revive Sanātana Dharma .
Built on a high octagonal plinth ( 20 feet ( 6 @.@ 1 m ) high ) on solid rock and approached by a flight of steps with side walls that once bore inscriptions , the main surviving shrine consists of square building with a circular cell . It overlooks the Srinagar valley and can be approached by car . A modern ceiling covers the inner sanctum and a Persian inscription traces its origin to the reign of Emperor Shah Jahan . There is also a Shiva Linga coiled by a serpent , located in a basin inside the sanctum . The original ceiling was dome @-@ shaped and the current brick roof is said to be about a century old .
= = = Hari Parbat = = =
Hari Parbat , also known as the Mughal fort , is a hill fort on Sharika hill that provides panoramic views of the Srinagar city and the Dal Lake . It was first established by Mughal Emperor Akbar in 1590 . However , he only erected the outer wall of the fort and his plans to build a new capital called Naga Nagor within it did not materialise . The fort in its current state was built much later in 1808 under the reign of Shuja Shah Durrani . Within the fort 's precincts are temples , Muslim shrines , and a Sikh Gurudwara . The hill is the subject of many legends in Hindu mythology , and was said to have once been a large sea , inhabited by a demon known as Jalobhava and that the hill grew from a pebble .
= = = Hazratbal Shrine = = =
The Hazratbal Shrine ( Urdu : حضرت بل , literally : Majestic Place ) , also named Hazratbal , Assar @-@ e @-@ Sharief , or simply Dargah Sharif , is a Muslim shrine situated on the left bank of the Dal Lake and is considered to be Kashmir 's holiest Muslim shrine . It contains a relic believed by many Kashmiri Muslims to be the Moi @-@ e @-@ Muqqadas , a hair from the head of the Islamic prophet Muhammad . According to legend , the relic was first brought to India by Syed Abdullah , a descendant of Muhammad who left Medina and settled in Bijapur , near Hyderabad in 1635 . When Syed Abdullah died , his son , Syed Hamid , inherited the relic . Following the Mughal conquest of the region , Syed Hamid was stripped of his family estates . Finding himself unable to care for the relic , he gave it as the most precious gift to his close Mureed and a wealthy Kashmiri businessman , Khwaja Nur @-@ ud @-@ Din Ishbari .
= = = Mazar @-@ e @-@ Shura Cemetery = = =
Mazar @-@ e @-@ Shura ( Kashmiri : मज ़ ार @-@ ए @-@ शायरा , Urdu : مزارِ شُعاراء ; transliteration : Mazār @-@ i Shuʿārā , translation : The Cemetery of Poets ) is a cemetery on a small hill by the main road in Dalgate , an area of Srinagar , Jammu & Kashmir in India . Founded in the reign of the Mughul emperor Akbar the Great , it was built in a scenic location on the banks of the Dal Lake as a cemetery for eminent poets . Historical records show that there were at least five poets and men of letters buried in the cemetery : Shah Abu 'l @-@ Fatah , Haji Jan Muhammad Qudsi , Abu Talib Kalim Kashani , Muhammad Quli Salim Tehrani , and Tughra @-@ yi Mashhadi , all natives of Iran who emigrated to India and were associated with the Mughal court . Due to neglect , only three tombstones are currently visible , one of which bears an inscription that is only partially legible .
= = = Kashmir houseboat and shikara = = =
Houseboats and the Dal Lake are widely associated with Srinigar and are nicknamed " floating palaces " , built according to British customs . The houseboats are generally made from local cedar @-@ wood and measure 24 – 38 metres ( 79 – 125 ft ) in length and 3 – 6 metres ( 9 @.@ 8 – 19 @.@ 7 ft ) in width and are graded in a similar fashion to hotels according to level of comfort . Many of them have lavishly furnished rooms , with verandas and a terrace to serve as a sun @-@ deck or to serve evening cocktails . They are mainly moored along the western periphery of the lake , close to the lakeside boulevard in the vicinity of the Dal gate and on small islands in the lake . They are anchored individually , with interconnecting bridges providing access from one boat to the other . The kitchen @-@ boat is annexed to the main houseboat , which also serves as residence of the boatkeeper and his family .
Each houseboat has an exclusive shikara for ferrying guests to the shore . A shikara is small paddled taxi boat , often about 15 feet ( 4 @.@ 6 m ) long ) and made of wood with a canopy and a spade shaped bottom . It is the cultural symbol of Kashmir and is used not only for ferrying visitors but is also used for the vending of fruits , vegetables and flowers and for the fishing and harvesting of aquatic vegetation . All gardens in the lake periphery and houseboats anchored in the lake are approachable through shikaras . The boats are often navigated by two boatmen dressed in " Phiron " ( traditional dress ) and carry ' Kangris ' or portable heaters on the boat . A shikara can seat about six people and have heavily cushioned seats and backrests to provide comfort in Mughul style . All houseboat owners provide shikara transport to their house guests free of charge . The shikara is also used to provide for other sightseeing locations in the valley , notably a cruise along the Jhelum River , offering scenic views of the Pir Panjal mountains and passing through the famous seven bridges and the backwaters en route .
= = Transport connections = =
Dal Lake lies in heart of the Srinagar city and is well connected by road and air links . The nearest airport , which connects with other major cities in the country , is about 7 kilometres ( 4 @.@ 3 mi ) away at Badgam . The nearest railway station is 300 kilometres ( 190 mi ) away at Jammu . The National Highway NH1A connects the Kashmir valley with rest of the country . Shikaras provide a water taxi service available to see the sights in the Dal Lake and to approach the houseboats moored on the lake periphery .
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= 36th Engineer Brigade ( United States ) =
The 36th Engineer Brigade is a combat engineer brigade of the United States Army based at Fort Hood , Texas . The brigade is a subordinate unit of III Corps .
The unit is responsible for providing command and control to subordinate Engineer units . The unit was formerly designated as the 36th Engineer Group , and before that as the 36th Engineer Regiment . The 36th is the only unit that has been organized in all three command structures that are commanded by a Colonel in the U.S. Army ; regiment , group , and brigade .
With a lineage that dates back to 1933 , the 36th Engineer Brigade saw action in the North African Campaign and the Italian Campaign , and it eventually participated it the invasion of mainland Europe . Trained in amphibious assault , the brigade saw its role change several times , from combat engineers to front line infantry . It would later serve in the Korean War , earning several unit decorations . Recently , it has seen tours of duty in both Iraq and Afghanistan .
= = Organization = =
The 36th Engineer Brigade is part of III Corps , and consists of a Headquarters and Headquarters Company , which is located at Fort Hood , Texas and three engineering battalions : 2nd Engineer Battalion , 20th Engineer Battalion , 62nd Engineer Battalion . Additionally , the 507th Firefighting Detachment and the 557th Firefighting Detachment are also assigned to the brigade .
The brigade was the first of the US Army 's Engineer Brigades to be converted to a modular design . This means that the Brigade can be deployed and sustain itself independently , without a division or corps level command supporting it . Additionally , the brigade 's design allows it to take command of additional units within a theatre of operations , allowing for greater versatility on the battlefield .
= = History = =
= = = World War II = = =
The 36th Engineer Brigade was originally constituted on 1 October 1933 as the 36th Engineer Regiment and activated on 1 June 1941 at Plattsburgh Barracks , New York . During World War II the 36th Engineer Regiment consisted of nine combat engineer companies trained for amphibious assault and support operations . Because of this training , the unit ’ s distinctive insignia was designed with a seahorse on a red and white shield .
The brigade was deployed to the North African Campaign in 1942 , participating in Operation Torch , where it conducted its first amphibious assault , and earning the brigade its first campaign streamer for the battle around Algeria and French Morocco . It would continue supporting Allied units as they pushed Axis forces out of North Africa during the Tunisia Campaign .
The brigade would then participate in the Battle of Sicily , conducting its second amphibious landing along with the 7th Army . It would push on with the rest of the force , eventually forcing German and Italian forces off of the island . The Brigade followed in the quick invasion of mainland Italy soon after , with an amphibious assault in the Naples @-@ Foggia area , followed closely by another landing in support of Operation Shingle , near Anzio . For fifty days , during Operation Shingle , soldiers of the brigade held 7 miles ( 11 km ) of the front line and earned the distinction by the German army as “ The Little Seahorse Division ” .
The unit subsequently participated in the invasion of southern France in 1944 , code named Operation Dragoon , conducting its fifth and final amphibious assault of the war . It would support Allied units through three additional campaigns up until the end of the war ; the Rhineland Campaign , the Ardennes @-@ Alsace Campaign , and the Central Europe Campaign .
= = = Korean War = = =
On 15 February 1945 , the unit was redesignated as the 36th Engineer Combat Group , and following World War II it reorganized at Fort Lewis , Washington . The unit was broken up , its three battalions redesignated as the 2826th Combat Engineer Battalion , the 2827th Combat Engineer Battalion , and the 2828th Combat Engineer Battalion , respectively . They then assumed separate lineage , and the Regiment itself was inactivated on 30 November 1946 in Austria .
Reactivated on 5 May 1947 at Fort Lewis , Washington , the unit officially became the 36th Engineer Group on 10 April 1953 . During the Korean War , the 36th Engineer Combat Group consisted of four engineer battalions and four additional engineer companies , earning two Meritorious Unit Citations and the Republic of Korea Presidential Unit Citation . It served in the Korean theater from 1950 until 1954 , earning nine campaign streamers while supporting other army units in numerous engineering and construction projects , including rebuilding the Han river bridge just outside Seoul . During its assignment , the group was assigned to IX Corps of the Eighth United States Army . Projects that the group and its subordinate battalions completed included POW facilities , allied bases , and minefield clearing . Along with the rest of IX Corps , the group was forced back behind the Pusan Perimeter and remained stranded there until the Incheon Landings were conducted by X Corps . The group would follow IX Corps for the remainder of the Korean war .
After its withdrawal from Korea , the unit did not participate in any notable campaigns until its inactivation on 30 May 1972 at Fort Lewis . It was reactivated shortly after on 1 July 1973 as the 36th Engineer Group ( Construction ) at Fort Benning , Georgia . It would see no conflicts until the start of the Gulf War . In 1989 , it participated in " Exercise Camino De La Paz , " an unscheduled exercise conducted in the first half of 1989 on the Osa Peninsula of Costa Rica .
= = = Present day = = =
During the 1991 Gulf War , the 36th Engineer Group ( Construction ) fought in support of the 24th Infantry Division ’ s rapid attack to the Euphrates . The unit also deployed in support of peace enforcement missions during Operation Continue Hope in Somalia and Operation Uphold Democracy in Haiti . Most recently , the 36th Engineer Group ( Construction ) has twice deployed to Iraq in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom , executing a wide variety of construction missions in support of combat operations , including the construction of enemy prisoner of war camps , theater convoy support centers , and soldier life support areas . Some of the soldiers from the unit were still in Iraq as late as October 2007 .
On 16 June 2006 , the unit was reorganized and redesignated the 36th Engineer Brigade. and reassigned to Fort Hood , Texas as the United States Army ’ s first modular engineer brigade headquarters . The brigade deployed to Afghanistan in support of Operation Enduring Freedom in 2007 , holding a ceremony at III Corps Headquarters , casing its unit colors in preparation for its deployment on 28 February 2007 . The brigade supports operations conducted by the 82nd Airborne Division . It is part of Task Force Rugged , and among its duties are training Afghan citizens in skilled labor and other nationbuilding operations . Most of the brigade served in Afghanistan since February 2007 , while other elements of the unit served in Iraq . While in Afghanistan , the brigade headquarters were stationed at Forward Operating Base Sharana . It also began to undertake missions against Improvised Explosive Devices , a problem which had originated in Iraq but since became more of a threat in Afghanistan .
= = Honors = =
= = = Unit decorations = = =
= = = Campaign streamers = = =
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= Rajinikanth =
Shivaji Rao Gaekwad ( born 12 December 1950 ) , known by his mononymous stage name Rajinikanth , is an Indian film actor who works primarily in Tamil cinema . He began acting in plays while working in the Bangalore Transport Service as a bus conductor . In 1973 , he joined the Madras Film Institute to pursue a diploma in acting . Following his debut in K. Balachander 's Tamil drama Apoorva Raagangal ( 1975 ) , his acting career commenced with a brief phase of portraying antagonistic characters in Tamil films . After establishing himself as a lead actor in a number of commercially successful films , he began to be referred to as a " superstar " and has since continued to hold a matinée idol status in the popular culture of Tamil Nadu . His mannerisms and stylised delivery of dialogue in films contribute to his mass popularity and appeal .
After earning ₹ 26 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 55 crore or US $ 8 @.@ 2 million in 2016 ) for his role in Sivaji ( 2007 ) , he was the highest paid actor in Asia after Jackie Chan at the time . While working in other regional film industries of India , Rajinikanth has also appeared in the cinemas of other nations , including the the American film Bloodstone ( 1988 ) . As of 2014 , Rajinikanth has won six Tamil Nadu State Film Awards — four Best Actor Awards and two Special Awards for Best Actor — and a Filmfare Best Tamil Actor Award . In addition to acting , he has also worked as a producer and screenwriter . Apart from his film career , he is also a philanthropist , spiritualist , and serves as an influence in Dravidian politics .
The Government of India has honoured him with the Padma Bhushan in 2000 and the Padma Vibhushan in 2016 for his contributions to the arts . At the 45th International Film Festival of India ( 2014 ) , he was conferred with the " Centenary Award for Indian Film Personality of the Year " .
= = Early life = =
Rajinikanth was born on 12 December 1950 , in a Marathi family to his mother Ramabai , a housewife , and Ramoji Rao Gaekwad , a police constable , in Bangalore , Mysore State ( present day Karnataka ) . He was named Shivaji Rao Gaekwad after Chhatrapati Shivaji , a Maratha warrior King , and was brought up speaking Marathi at home and Kannada outside . Rajinikanth 's ancestors hailed from a village called Mavdi Kade Pathar , near Jejuri a part of the Purandar taluka of the present @-@ day Pune district , Maharashtra . He is the youngest of four siblings in a family consisting of two elder brothers , Satyanarayana Rao & Nageshwara Rao and a sister , Aswath Balubhai . After his father 's retirement from work in 1956 , the family moved to the suburb of Hanumantha nagar in Bangalore and built a house there . When he was nine years old , he lost his mother .
At the age of six , Rajinikanth was enrolled at the " Gavipuram Government Kannada Model Primary School " where he had his primary education . As a child , he was studious and " mischievous " with a great interest in cricket , football and basketball . It was during this time his brother enrolled him at the Ramakrishna Math , a Hindu monastery set up by Ramakrishna Mission . In the math , he was taught Vedas , tradition and history which eventually instilled a sense of spirituality in him . In addition to spiritual lessons , he also began acting in plays at the math . His aspiration towards theatre grew at the math and was once given an opportunity to enact the role of Ekalavya 's friend from the Hindu epic Mahabharata . His performance in the play received praise from the audience and Kannada poet D. R. Bendre in particular . After sixth grade , Rajinikanth was enrolled at the Acharya Pathasala Public School and studied there till completion of his pre @-@ university course . During his schooling at the Acharya Pathasala , he spent a lot of time acting in plays . In one such occasion , he performed the role of the villainous Duryodhana in the play Kurukshetra . At the age of 11 , Rajinikanth took the autograph of Kannada actor Rajkumar and he claimed in 2014 that it is the only autograph he has taken of someone in his life .
Upon completion of his school education , Rajinikanth continued to perform various jobs in the cities of Bangalore and Madras , including that of a coolie and carpenter , and finally ended up being recruited in the Bangalore Transport Service ( BTS ) as a bus conductor . He began to take part in stage plays after Kannada playwright Topi Muniappa offered him a chance to act in one of his mythological plays . During the time , he came across an advertisement issued by the newly formed Madras Film Institute which offered acting courses . Though his family was not fully supportive of his decision to join the institute , his friend and co @-@ worker Raj Bahadur motivated him to join the institute and financially supported him during this phase . During his stay at the institute , he was performing in a stage play and got noticed by Tamil film director K. Balachander . The director advised him to learn to speak Tamil , a recommendation that Rajinikanth quickly followed .
= = Acting career = =
= = = Early career ( 1975 – 77 ) = = =
Rajinikanth began his film career through the Tamil film Apoorva Raagangal ( 1975 ) . Balachander gave Rajinikanth a relatively small role as an abusive husband of Srividya . The film was controversial upon release as it explored relationships between people with wide age differences . However , it received wide critical acclaim as it went on to win three National Film Awards including the award for the Best Tamil Feature at the following year ceremony . A review from The Hindu noted that , " Newcomer Rajinikanth is dignified and impressive " . He followed that with Katha Sangama ( 1976 ) , an experimental film made by Puttanna Kanagal in the new wave style . The film was a portmanteau of three short stories had Rajinikanth playing a small character in the last segment where he appears as a village ruffian who rapes a blind woman in the absence of her husband . His next release was Anthuleni Katha , a Telugu film directed by Balachander . A remake of his own Tamil film Aval Oru Thodar Kathai ( 1974 ) , had Rajinikanth playing a pivotal role for the first time in his career . In the subsequent films , he continued to perform a series of negative roles mostly as a womaniser . In Moondru Mudichu — the first film to feature him in a prominent role — he plays a character that " blithely row [ s ] away " when his friend drowns accidentally into the lake only to fulfill his desire to marry the former 's girlfriend . His style of flipping the cigarette made him popular among the audience . His final release of the year Baalu Jenu , yet again saw him performing a role which troubles the female lead . He followed that with similar roles in Avargal , and 16 Vayadhinile . In 1977 , he accepted his first @-@ ever lead role in the Telugu film Chilakamma Cheppindi . Though Rajinikanth always refers to K. Balachander as his mentor , it was S. P. Muthuraman who revamped his image . Muthuraman first experimented with him in a positive role in Bhuvana Oru Kelvikkuri ( 1977 ) , as a failed lover in the first half of the film and a protagonist in the second half . The success of the film brought the duo together for 24 more films till the 1990s . The year saw Rajinikanth playing supporting roles in majority of the films with few of them being " villainous " . In Gayathri he was cast as pornographer who secretly films his relationship with his wife without the knowledge of her , while in Galate Samsara he played the role of a married man who develops an affair with a cabaret dancer . All in all , he had 15 of his films released during the year , much higher than the previous years .
= = = Experimentation and breakthrough ( 1978 – 89 ) = = =
In 1978 , Rajinikanth went on to star in 20 different films across Tamil , Telugu , and Kannada . His first film of the year was P. Madhavan 's Shankar Salim Simon . Following that he was seen in the Kannada film Kiladi Kittu co @-@ starring Vishnuvardhan , who was then a leading actor in Kannada . His next release Annadammula Savaal saw him playing the second lead with Krishna . Rajinikanth had reprised his role in the Kannada original . He then played an important role in Aayiram Jenmangal which was touted to be a supernatural thriller . He then appeared as a prime antagonist in Maathu Tappada Maga , which happened to be his 25th release . Bairavi released in the same year was the first Tamil film to cast Rajinikanth as a main hero directed by M.Bhaskar. It was in this film he earned the sobriquet " Superstar " . S. Thanu who was one of the film 's distributor placed a cut @-@ out of Rajinikanth over a height of 35 feet ( 11 m ) . His next appearance Ilamai Oonjal Aadukirathu , a quadrangular love story made by C. V. Sridhar , saw him playing the role of a man who sacrifices his love for his friend , played by Kamal Haasan . The film 's success prompted Sridhar to remake the film in Telugu and thus ended up directing Vayasu Pilichindi where the original cast in the Tamil film was retained . His next film Vanakkatukuriya Kathaliye has an introductory song to mark his entry , a trend that would soon catch up with his later films . Mullum Malarum that released during the same period received critical acclaim . The film marked the directional debut of J. Mahendran , had the screenplay adapted from a novel of the same name published in Kalki . It eventually won the Filmfare Award for Best Tamil Film and Rajinikanth a special prize for Best Actor at the Tamil Nadu State Film Awards . Following this , he made a foray into Malayalam cinema through the fantasy film Allauddinum Albhutha Vilakkum which was based on a story from Arabian Nights . The same year , he acted in Dharma Yuddam , in which he played a mentally ill person taking revenge for his parents ' deaths . He then co @-@ starred with N. T. Rama Rao in Tiger . With the completion of Tiger , Rajinikanth had acted in 50 films over a period of four years and spanning across four languages . Some of the popular films that also released during this period are the youthful entertainer Ninaithale Inikkum , the Tamil – Kannada bilingual Priya , the Telugu film Amma Evarikkaina Amma and the melodrama Aarilirunthu Arubathu Varai . Priya , based on a detective novel by Sujatha Rangarajan had the distinction of being the first film of Rajinikanth to be shot mostly outside India , mainly in Southeast Asia .
By 1980 , he became a popular actor in the South Indian cinema . During this phase of his career , Rajinikanth abruptly chose to quit acting , but was coaxed back . He made a comeback with the Tamil film Billa , which was a remake of the Bollywood film Don ( 1978 ) . It had Rajinikanth playing dual roles and eventually became his first ever commercial success . His pairing with Sridevi continued in Johnny where he was once again cast in a double role . He also starred in Murattu Kaalai which was a commercial success . In 1981 , he appeared in Garjanai which was shot simultaneously in Kannada and Malayalam , making it his last film in those two languages till date . In K. Balachander 's first home production , Netrikan , he performed dual roles as a womanising father and a responsible son . He acted in Thillu Mullu directed by K. Balachander , which was Rajinikanth 's first full @-@ length comedy . He agreed to it solely due to the strong suggestion by his mentor that he should do non @-@ commercial roles , to break the stereotyped action @-@ hero mould by which he was getting famous at the time . 1981 also saw the release of Thee , the remake of Amitabh Bachchan 's 1975 blockbuster Deewar , in which Rajinikanth reprised the role of Bachchan in the original . In 1982 , he starred in Pokkiri Raja , Moondru Mugam , Thanikattu Raja , Puthukavithai and Enkeyo Ketta Kural . Moondru Mugam had Rajinikanth playing three roles for the first time .
In 1983 , he starred in his first Bollywood film , Andha Kanoon , alongside Amitabh Bachchan and Hema Malini . The film went on to become one of the highest @-@ grossing films of that time . His 1984 film , Naan Mahaan Alla , was directed by Muturaman and produced by K. Balachander . He acted in his first cameo role in the film Anbulla Rajinikanth . He played a triple role in John Jani Janardhan . His performance in Nallavanuku Nallavan earned him a Filmfare Best Tamil Actor Award . In his 100th film , Sri Raghavendra ( 1985 ) , he played the Hindu saint Raghavendra Swami . His major success in Hindi films was his 101st film Bewafai . In 1985 , the film Bewafai , with Rajesh Khanna as the lead hero and Rajnikanth in negative role , released and became a success and grossed Rs 11 @.@ 95 crore at the box office that year .
In the second half of the 1980s , Rajinikanth acted in commercially successful films like Naan Sigappu Manithan ( 1985 ) , Padikkathavan ( 1985 ) , Mr. Bharath ( 1986 ) , Velaikaran ( 1987 ) , Guru Sishyan ( 1988 ) and Dharmathin Thalaivan ( 1988 ) . In 1988 , he made his only American film appearance in Bloodstone , directed by Dwight Little , in which he played an English @-@ speaking Indian taxi driver . Rajinikanth finished the decade with films including Rajadhi Raja , Siva , Raja Chinna Roja and Mappillai while also starring in a few Bollywood productions . Raja Chinna Roja was the first Indian film to feature live action and animation .
= = = Commercial stardom ( 1990 – 2001 ) = = =
By the 1990s , Rajinikanth established himself as a commercial entertainer . Almost all the films released during this period were highly successful at the box office .
He began the decade with a blockbuster in Panakkaran ( 1990 ) , which was a remake of Amitabh Bachchan 's 1981 film Laawaris . His next two Tamil films , the fantasy comedy Athisaya Piravi ( a remake of Chiranjeevi 's 1988 film Yamudiki Mogudu ) which also released in 1990 and the family drama Dharmadorai ( 1991 ) , did above @-@ average business at the box office . His stint with Bollywood continued since the past decade as he went on to star in more Hindi films . Hum released in 1991 saw him doing the second main lead with Amitabh Bachchan became an inspiration for Badsha . In 1991 , he worked with Mani Ratnam in Thalapathi , which was heavily inspired by the Mahabharata. in which he co @-@ starred with actor Mammooty ; the film dealt with the friendship between two unknown characters based on Karna and Duryodhana , respectively , and was set in a more contemporary milieu and was both critically acclaimed and successful upon release . He went on to appear in remakes of films from other languages , mostly from Hindi and Telugu . Annamalai , which released in 1992 , was yet another friendship centric film and was loosely based on the 1987 Bollywood film Khudgarz . Mannan , directed by P. Vasu and a remake of Kannada actor Rajkumar 's 1986 blockbuster Anuraga Aralithu , also released in 1992 and became a box @-@ office success . Rajinikanth wrote his first screenplay for the film Valli ( 1993 ) , in which he also made a special appearance . He also starred in the film Yejaman , in which he played the role of Vaanavaraayan , a village chieftain . His romantic @-@ comedy Veera ( 1994 ) was controversial for its climax but went on to become one of the highest @-@ grossing films in 1994 .
He joined hands with Suresh Krishna for Baasha ( 1995 ) , which emerged as an industry record , and is routinely touted by fans and critics alike as a major @-@ hit , as the film elevated him from being just another very popular actor to nearly a demigod status among the masses . He made a cameo in Peddarayudu for his friend Mohan Babu and also helped him in obtaining the remake rights . The same year , he acted in yet another gangster film , Aatank Hi Aatank with Aamir Khan which was also his last Hindi film in a major role till date . His film Muthu was another commercial success , directed by K. S. Ravikumar and produced by K. Balachander , and became the first Tamil film to be dubbed into Japanese , as Mutu : Odoru Maharaja . The film grossed a record US $ 1 @.@ 6 million in Japan in 1998 and was responsible for creating a large Japanese fan @-@ base for the actor . Muthu 's success in Japan led American news magazine Newsweek to comment in a 1999 article that Rajinikanth had " supplanted Leonardo DiCaprio as Japan 's trendiest heartthrob " . During a visit to Japan in 2006 , Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh acknowledged the success of Muthu in the country during a speech , justifying the positive relationship between the two nations . He also entered Bengali cinema through Bhagya Debata , which released at the end of 1995 . 1997 's Arunachalam was another commercial success . Rajinikanth released his last film of the millennium with Padayappa ( 1999 ) which went on to become a blockbuster success . It starred Ramya Krishnan and Soundarya , the former who was critically acclaimed for her performance . It was also the last , prominent role for veteran Tamil actor Sivaji Ganesan .
= = = Struggles , resurgence and acclaim ( 2002 – 10 ) = = =
After a brief gap , Rajinikanth starred in Baba in 2002 , for which he had also written the screenplay . Released with much fanfare and hype at the time , the film featured a story revolving around the reforming of a gangster , who is revealed to be the reincarnation of the Hindu saint Mahavatar Babaji , and fights against political corruption . It fell short of market expectations and the high bids reportedly translated to heavy losses for the distributors . Rajinikanth himself repaid the losses incurred by the distributors . The film was received with comments such as " the bloom was off the rose " and that " the gold does not glitter any more " . Pattali Makkal Katchi ( PMK ) leader S. Ramadoss condemned him for smoking and posing with beedis in the film . He was criticised for spoiling the Tamil youth by glorifying smoking and drinking . PMK volunteers attacked the theatres which screened the film and usurped film rolls and burnt it .
Two years later , Rajinikanth signed up for P. Vasu 's Chandramukhi ( 2005 ) , a remake of the Malayalam film Manichitrathazhu . Upon release the film was highly successful at the box @-@ office , and in 2007 it set the record of being the longest running Tamil film . Chandramukhi was also dubbed in Turkish and German as Der Geisterjäger and released in the respective nations . Following Chandramukhi 's release , it was reported that AVM Productions were set to produce a film directed by Shankar starring Rajinikanth — the largest collaboration yet for a Tamil film . The film was titled Sivaji and released in the summer of 2007 , following two years of filming and production . It became the first Tamil film to be charted as one of the " top @-@ ten best films " of the United Kingdom and South Africa box @-@ offices upon release . Rajinikanth received a salary of ₹ 26 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 55 crore or US $ 8 @.@ 2 million in 2016 ) , for his role in the film , which made him the second highest paid actor in Asia after Jackie Chan . During the production of Sivaji , Soundarya Rajinikanth announced her intention of producing a computer @-@ generated imagery film starring an animated version of her father titled Sultan : The Warrior . The film was set for release in 2008 , however it entered development hell and its development status would become unknown over the next few years .
He worked with P. Vasu again for Kuselan , remake of the Malayalam film Kadha Parayumbol which was made simultaneously in Telugu as Kathanayakudu , in which Rajinikanth played an extended cameo role as himself , a film star in the Indian cinema , and as a best friend to the film 's protagonist . According to Rajinikanth , the film somewhat narrated his early life . The film , however , performed poorly at box offices and led to many distributors incurring major losses . Rajinikanth also stated that he would work with Pyramid Saimira again to compensate for Kuselan .
Rajinikanth worked again with Shankar for the science fiction film , Enthiran . The film was released worldwide in 2010 as the most expensive Indian film ever made , ultimately becoming the second highest @-@ grossing film in India of its time . Rajinikanth was paid a remuneration of ₹ 45 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 71 crore or US $ 11 million in 2016 ) for the film . The film 's success lead to the Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad to use the film as a case study to analyze the business of cinema and its success story in a post @-@ graduate elective management course called Contemporary Film Industry : A Business Perspective . The course would also study Muthu .
= = = Hospitalisation and return ( 2011 – present ) = = =
In January 2011 , Rajinikanth was slated to appear in Rana , a period film to be produced by Soundarya Rajinikanth and directed by K. S. Ravikumar , who would work with the actor for a third time . During the principal photography of the film on 29 April 2011 , he suffered a mild foodborne illness on the sets , which led to vomiting , dehydration , and exhaustion . He was treated at St. Isabel 's Hospital for a day before being discharged . Five days later , he was rushed to the same hospital again after suffering from breathlessness and fever . He was diagnosed with bronchitis and was kept at the hospital for a week , while also spending a few days in an intensive care unit . Several conflicting reports of discharge dates arose , as well as claims of Rajinikanth 's health deteriorating , which were continuously denied by Latha Rajinikanth . By this time , CNN @-@ IBN reported that " Rajinikanth dead " was one of the top trends on Twitter and most searched term on Google in India . Two days after his last discharge , Rajinikanth was admitted to the Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute on 16 May 2011 for recurring respiratory and gastrointestinal problems . The hospital maintained that Rajinikanth was in stable condition and showed positive response to treatment . It was widely reported that he required a kidney transplantation , which was later denied by Dhanush . On 21 May 2011 , Aishwarya Rajinikanth released a photo of her and Rajinikanth in his hospital ward , both posing with a thumbs signal , responding to fans ' negative reaction to news reports . The hospital restricted unauthorised visitors . Rajinikanth 's brother , Sathyanarayana Rao Gaikwad , reported that the cause of the sudden illness was due to stress from rapid weight @-@ loss and changes in diet , as well as withdrawal of alcohol consumption and smoking cessation . After addressing fans in a 4 @-@ minute digitally recorded voice message to the media , Rajinikanth , under the advice of Amitabh Bachchan , travelled from Chennai to Singapore with his family on 21 May 2011 , where he was to undergo further treatment for nephropathy at Mount Elizabeth Hospital . After spending over two weeks at the hospital , he was finally discharged on 15 June 2011 and continued to recuperate in Singapore , before returning to Chennai on 13 July 2011 .
Despite several failed attempts to restart Rana upon his return , Rajinikanth reprised his Enthiran character , Chitti , in the Bollywood science @-@ fiction film Ra.One ( 2011 ) in a guest appearance alongside Shah Rukh Khan and Kareena Kapoor . In November 2011 , it was decided that Rana would be shelved in favour of a new project with Rajinikanth , titled Kochadaiiyaan . The motion capture film , which is the first of its kind in India , was released in 2014 to positive reviews . Kochadaiiyaan , and the 3D release of Sivaji in 2012 , made Rajinikanth the first Indian actor to have appeared in four different forms of cinema : black @-@ and @-@ white , colour , 3D and motion capture . Following the completion of Kochadaiiyaan , Rajinikanth began work in Ravikumar 's next directorial venture , titled Lingaa alongside Anushka Shetty and Sonakshi Sinha . The film was released on 12 December 2014 , coinciding with his birthday , and received mixed reviews from critics . Rajinikanth 's next film was director Pa . Ranjith 's crime drama Kabali , produced by S. Thanu . The film was released in July 2016 . Rajinikanth is filming for 2 @.@ 0 , a spiritual successor to Enthiran , that is scheduled for release in 2017 .
= = Image and influence = =
= = = Culture = = =
Rajinikanth has often been referred to as the most popular film actor in South India by the media and audiences . In 2015 , a film about his fandom , For the Love of a Man , premiered at the 71st Venice International Film Festival .
His popularity has been attributed to " his uniquely styled dialogues and idiosyncrasies in films , as well as his political statements and philanthropy " . Many also cite reasons for Rajinikanth 's popularity as coming from his larger @-@ than @-@ life super @-@ hero appearance in many films , supported by gravity @-@ defying stunts and charismatic expressions , all while attempting to maintain modesty in real @-@ life . Almost every film of Rajinikanth has punchlines delivered by him in an inimitable style , and these punchlines often have a message or even to warn the film 's antagonists . These dialogues are usually fabricated to create new ones or even taken in a comical way , but do not fail to create a sense of entertainment among viewers . It is suggested by the media that actresses such as Gouthami and Nayanthara got their initial breakthrough after co @-@ starring with Rajinikanth very early in their careers , giving other aspiring actors the urge to work with him .
Rajinikanth is also the only Indian actor to be featured in the Central Board of Secondary Education ( CBSE ) syllabus , in a lesson titled From Bus Conductor to Superstar . After opening his first official Twitter account in 2014 , Rajinikanth received over 210 @,@ 000 followers within 24 @-@ hours , which according to The Economic Times was deemed by social media research firms as the fastest rate of followers for any Indian celebrity , as well as among the top @-@ 10 in the world .
Much like Chuck Norris facts , " Rajinikanth facts " or " Rajinikanth jokes " are widely circulated in text messages and memes over the Internet . These satirical jokes have also inspired several mobile applications for iOS and Android .
= = = Politics = = =
Critics , such as Cho Ramaswamy , have commented that Rajinikanth has the potential to be successful in Indian politics due to his popularity and fan base alone . In 1995 , Rajinikanth began supporting the Indian National Congress after meeting Prime Minister P. V. Narasimha Rao . An opinion poll conducted by the magazine Kumudam predicted that Congress with Rajinikanth 's support might win up to 130 seats in Tamil Nadu Assembly . In 1996 , when the Congress Party decided to align with All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam ( AIADMK ) for the assembly election in Tamil Nadu , Rajinikanth changed loyalties and supported Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam ( DMK ) -Tamil Maanila Congress ( TMC ) alliance . The TMC used a bicycle as their election symbol and used an image of Rajinikanth riding a bicycle from the film Annamalai in their posters . Rajinikanth said , " Even God cannot save Tamil Nadu if AIADMK returns to power . " Rajinikanth wholeheartedly supported the DMK and TMC alliance and asked the people of Tamil Nadu and his fans to vote for that alliance . This alliance had a complete victory in 1996 . Rajinikanth also supported the DMK @-@ TMC alliance in the parliamentary election held the same year . Later in 2004 , Rajinikanth said he would personally vote for the Bharatiya Janata Party ( BJP ) but would not extend his support to any front during the upcoming Indian general election . The party however failed to win any seats in Tamil Nadu in the Lok Sabha .
Fans of Rajinikanth in Tamil Nadu have continuously speculated his entry in politics , particularly to run for Chief Minister of the state . In 2008 , a few fans in Coimbatore launched a political party for Rajinikanth , in an attempt to pressure his entry . The party was named the " Desiya Dravadar Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam " , with a dedicated party flag and symbol . After learning about this , Rajinikanth submitted an open letter to the media , declaring that he had no connection with these events and requested fans not to indulge in such activities , warning that he would take legal action if they failed to adhere . He also mentioned that he was not interested in politics and thus was only committed to working in films . He added that nobody can force him to enter politics , just as no one can stop him from entering it .
= = Personal life = =
= = = Family = = =
Rajinikanth married Latha Rangachari , a student of Ethiraj College for Women , who interviewed him for her college magazine . The marriage took place on 26 February 1981 , in Tirupati , Andhra Pradesh . The couple have two daughters named Aishwarya Rajinikanth and Soundarya Rajinikanth . Latha runs a school named " The Ashram " .
Aishwarya married actor Dhanush on 18 November 2004 and they have two sons , Yathra and Linga . His younger daughter , Soundarya , works in the Tamil film industry as a director , producer and graphic designer . She married industrialist Ashwin Ramkumar on 3 September 2010 and have a son Ved Krishna .
= = = Views = = =
Rajinikanth is a follower of Hinduism , spiritualism , and a strong believer of spirituality . He is also a practitioner of yoga and meditation . Rajinikanth has religiously visited major Hindu temples prior to the release of each of his films ; for instance he visited the Tirumala Venkateswara Temple before the release of Sivaji in 2007 and visited Sathya Sai Baba at Prasanthi Nilayam in Andhra Pradesh before the release of Kuselan the following year . He also occasionally leaves for pilgrimage to the Himalayas . He has often referred to Ramakrishna Paramahamsa , Swami Satchidananda , Ragavendra Swami , Mahavatar Babaji , and Ramana Maharishi as his favourite spiritual leaders ..
= = = Controversies = = =
In 2002 , Rajinikanth undertook a daylong fast to protest the Government of Karnataka 's decision to not release Kaveri River water into Tamil Nadu and announced that he would contribute ₹ 10 million ( US $ 150 @,@ 000 ) toward a plan to interlink Indian rivers . He met with Indian Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee and many experts to canvass support for the project . His hunger strike was independent of the Nadigar Sangam , who organised their own solidarity protest for the same cause . Film director Bharathi Raja lashed out against Rajinikanth , alleging him of dividing the film industry and saying that he was a " traitor who had a tacit understanding with the Karnataka government " .
In 2008 , Rajinikanth took part in a hunger strike organised by the Nadigar Sangam against Karnataka 's stance on the Hogenakkal Falls water dispute . In his speech , which was well received in Tamil Nadu , he warned leaders not to inflame the water project issue for political gains and requested that the issue should be resolved soon . He reprimanded politicians in Karnataka and urged them " to speak the truth " to the public . " They cannot be fooled and will not remain silent if you continue to act in such manner , " he stated . The speech led to Vatal Nagaraj , leader of the Kannada nationalist group Kannada Chaluvali Vatal Paksha , demanding an apology from Rajinikanth and threatening that he and his films would be boycotted from the state of Karnataka . The threats were echoed by other pro @-@ Kannada organisations , such as the Karnataka Rakshana Vedike . In a move to save the market of Tamil cinema in Karnataka and ensure welfare of Tamil Nadu @-@ based filmmakers , Rajinikanth apologised for his statements in a brief media appearance on TV9 Kannada . He later thanked the Kannada film industry for allowing the release of Kuselan and lifting the ban the industry had briefly imposed on it . This led to strong reactions from Nadigar Sangam members R. Sarathkumar , Sathyaraj and Radha Ravi , who called the apology a disgrace to Tamils and opined that his speech never provoked the sentiments of the Kannada people .
Rajinikanth 's support toward fellow actor Ajith Kumar , who in 2010 condemned the forceful inclusion of Tamil cinema personae in political affairs , broke into a controversy .
= = = Philanthropy = = =
According to Naman Ramachandran , the author of Rajinikanth : The Definitive Biography , most of Rajinikanth 's philanthropic activities went unpublicised because he did not want them to be so . Rajinikanth has given away half of his income to charities . In the 1980s , when superstitious beliefs prevented a majority of people from donating eyes , Rajinikanth took the case of campaigning in support of corneal transplantation via television and public speeches . In 2011 , Rajinikanth announced his support for the anti @-@ corruption movement led by Gandhian Anna Hazare and offered his marriage hall , the Raghavendra Kalyana Mandapam , in Chennai free of cost for the India Against Corruption members to hold their fast . Rajinikanth 's fan associations regularly organise blood donation and eye donation camps and distribute food during his birthday .
= = Awards and honours = =
Rajinikanth has received numerous awards for many of his films mostly in Tamil . He received his first Filmfare Award for Best Tamil Actor in 1984 for Nallavanuku Nallavan . Later he received Filmfare Award nominations for his performances in Sivaji ( 2007 ) and Enthiran ( 2010 ) . As of 2014 , Rajinikanth has received six Tamil Nadu State Film Awards for his performances in various films . He also received numerous awards from Cinema Express and Filmfans ' Association for his on @-@ screen performances and off @-@ screen contributions in writing and producing .
Rajinikanth received the Kalaimamani award in 1984 and the M. G. R. Award in 1989 , both from the Government of Tamil Nadu . In 1995 , the South Indian Film Artistes ' Association presented him with the Kalaichelvam Award . He was honoured with the Padma Bhushan ( 2000 ) and the Padma Vibhushan ( 2016 ) by the Government of India . He was selected as the Indian Entertainer of the Year for 2007 by NDTV , competing against the likes of Shahrukh Khan . The Government of Maharashtra honoured him with the Raj Kapoor Award the same year . He received the Chevalier Sivaji Ganesan Award for Excellence in Indian Cinema at the 4th Vijay Awards . Rajinikanth was also named one of the most influential persons in South Asia by Asiaweek . He was also named by Forbes India as the most influential Indian of the year 2010 . In 2011 , he was awarded the Entertainer of the Decade Award by NDTV for the year 2010 by the then Indian Minister for Home Affairs P. Chidambaram . In December 2013 , he was honoured by NDTV as one among the " 25 Greatest Global Living Legends " . In 2014 , he was presented with the " Centenary Award for Indian Film Personality of the Year " at the 45th International Film Festival of India held at Goa .
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= USS West Gate ( ID @-@ 3216 ) =
USS West Gate ( ID @-@ 3216 ) was a cargo ship for the United States Navy during World War I. The ship was laid down as SS War Agate , but she was launched in January 1918 as SS West Gate instead .
SS West Gate was one of the steam @-@ powered West boats that were built for the United States Shipping Board ( USSB ) . They were steel @-@ hulled cargo ships built on the West Coast of the United States for the World War I war effort . She was the 3rd ship built by the Columbia River Shipbuilding Company in Portland , Oregon . She was commissioned into the Naval Overseas Transportation Service ( NOTS ) of the United States Navy in April 1918 .
After experiencing engine trouble on her first attempt at a transatlantic crossing , West Gate was unsuccessfully attacked by two German submarines in early July 1918 while returning to port for repairs . After successfully completing her trip to France , she began her second transatlantic trip in early October . In the early morning hours of 7 October , West Gate 's steering gear jammed and American , another Navy cargo ship , collided with the West Gate , sinking her . Seven men lost their lives in the accident .
= = Design and construction = =
The ship was laid down at the Columbia River Shipbuilding Company of Portland , Oregon under the name War Agate as part of an order for the British Admiralty . Had she been sold to them , the War Agate would have been operated by the Cunard Line . However , the USSB commandeered and received title to all private shipbuilding projects in progress in mid @-@ 1917 , which included the still @-@ incomplete War Agate . The ship was renamed West Gate by the time of her launching on 27 January 1918 . She was one of the West ships , which were cargo ships of similar size and design built by several shipyards on the West Coast of the United States for the USSB for emergency use during the First World War . All of the West ships were given names that began with the word West , and West Gate was the 3rd of some 30 West ships built at Columbia River Shipbuilding .
West Gate was 5 @,@ 799 gross register tons ( GRT ) , and was 410 feet 1 inch ( 124 @.@ 99 m ) long ( between perpendiculars ) and 54 feet ( 16 @.@ 5 m ) abeam . She had a steel hull that displaced 12 @,@ 185 t with a mean draft of 24 feet 1 inch ( 7 @.@ 34 m ) . Her hold was 29 feet 9 inches ( 9 @.@ 07 m ) deep . West Gate 's power plant consisted of a single steam turbine driving a single screw propeller which moved the ship at up to 10 @.@ 5 knots ( 19 @.@ 4 km / h ) .
= = Career = =
After her April 1918 completion , West Gate was handed over to the United States Navy for use in the Naval Overseas Transportation Service ( NOTS ) . She was commissioned at Norfolk , Virginia , as USS West Gate ( ID @-@ 3216 ) the same day with Lieutenant Commander Alexander Watson , USNRF , in command .
After making her way to New York , West Gate took on 6 @,@ 700 tons of cargo that included locomotives , steel rails , and other materiel for the United States Army and departed in a convoy for France on 28 June . The ship soon developed engine trouble and dropped out of the convoy to head to St. John 's , Newfoundland , for repairs . While headed to St. John 's in moderate seas under a cloudy sky , West Gate was attacked by two German submarines at 19 : 15 on 3 July . One U @-@ boat surfaced in front of the cargo ship , crossing to starboard . As West Gate quickly turned to port to evade the U @-@ boat , a second U @-@ boat surfaced one point to starboard . While West Gate 's radio operator sent out a preemptive SOS , her gunners opened fire on the two submarines . Though her gunners made hits on neither boat , both were bracketed with fire , quickly submerged , and apparently departed the scene . West Gate arrived at St. John 's at 18 : 00 on 7 July without any further contact with enemy vessels .
After four days of repairs , West Gate departed St. John 's for France and arrived at the Gironde estuary on 22 July . She shifted to Saint @-@ Nazaire three days later where she unloaded her cargo . West Gate departed on 21 August for Newport News , Virginia , where she arrived on 10 September . Later in the month , she headed to New York for major engine repairs .
= = Final voyage = =
After taking on 7 @,@ 187 long tons ( 7 @,@ 302 t ) of Army materiel , she departed for Bordeaux on 4 October in a convoy escorted by cruiser Denver . On the night of 6 / 7 October — noted in the Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships as " particularly dark and rainy " — the ships were having trouble maintaining their stations in the convoy . West Gate was sailing in the first column to the starboard of the guide ship , Sagua .
At 02 : 28 on 7 October , while about 250 nautical miles ( 460 km ) south of Halifax , West Gate 's steering gear engine jammed , sending the ship veering sharply to the port . The crew put the ship 's engines at half speed to try to drop out of the convoy . Lieutenant Spencer , the chief engineer , and his assistant , Lieutenant ( j.g. ) Hillery , headed to the machinery spaces to see about effecting repairs . At 02 : 30 , men on the bridge sighted the red light from the oncoming American , which had been steaming behind and to the port of West Gate . Though the bridge ordered the engines raised to " full speed ahead " to avoid the collision , there was no time for the engines to respond before American 's bow cut into the starboard side of West Gate , near the poop deck .
West Gate 's engines were shut down while American backed out of the tangle . West Gate quickly began to settle and the order to abandon ship was issued . The chief engineer and his assistant , Spencer and Hillery , remained belowdecks long enough to extinguish the boilers and open safety valves to prevent the explosion of the boilers . They finished the task just before the aft bulkhead gave way to the inrushing seawater . Both arrived on deck in time to board lifeboat number 2 , which had been held as long as possible for men in the after part of the ship .
Chief Gunner 's Mate Michael B. Wallrath , who had assisted in lowering three lifeboats while he remained on board , jumped overboard after seeing to it that all the boats were away . Wallrath was pulled into lifeboat number 6 just before a wave capsized it and drowned two of its occupants . Lieutenant commander R. B. Vandervoort , USNRF , West Gate 's commanding officer , remained on board until he felt sure that the entire crew had departed the sinking ship . When he climbed up on the deckhouse to cut free a life raft and leave the ship , he discovered six men huddled on deck . Vandervoort was able to get the six on the life raft , but the suction caused by West Gate 's final plunge pulled him away and below the surface . After he managed to get back to the surface , he clung to floating wreckage for two hours until pulled aboard the very raft he had missed earlier . Vandervoort and the six men aboard the raft were rescued by one of American 's lifeboats at 06 : 00 , after some 3 ½ hours in the water .
A total of seven men from West Gate , two from lifeboat six and five others probably killed in the initial collision , lost their lives in the accident . The U.S. Navy awarded Chief Gunner 's Mate Wallrath a Letter of Commendation for his actions during the sinking of West Gate .
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= Lauren Ebsary =
Lauren Kaye Ebsary ( born 15 March 1983 ) is an Australian cricketer . Primarily a batsman , she is a former member of the Australia national women 's cricket team .
Ebsary made her senior debut for South Australia in the Women 's National Cricket League ( WNCL ) during the 2000 – 01 season at the age of 18 . Although she played in every match in her first season , she was shielded from much of the action and made only six runs . Ebsary was selected in every match in her first three seasons , but in that time , scored only 136 runs at a batting average of 8 @.@ 50 and took 13 wickets from 24 matches . The following year , Ebsary raised her career average above 10 for the first time and was selected in the Australian Under @-@ 23 team . In 2004 – 05 she made more than 100 runs in a season for the first time , and the following year she made 149 runs at 29 @.@ 80 . In 2006 – 07 , she struggled and totalled only 101 runs at 14 @.@ 42 and took three wickets , and after the season she transferred to Western Australia . The change of state yielded dividends in the 2007 – 08 season , as she made 236 runs and took eight wickets , her highest aggregate of runs and wickets in one tournament .
At the start of the 2008 – 09 season , Ebsary gained selection to the Australian national team and made her One Day International ( ODI ) debut in the home series against India . She made 37 runs at 18 @.@ 50 , and after scoring 207 runs in the WNCL season , was retained in the national team . After making her ODI top @-@ score of 86 in the Rose Bowl series against New Zealand , she was selected for the 2009 World Cup , but was in and out of the team , making 106 runs at 35 @.@ 33 . In June 2009 , she played in all of Australia 's matches at the 2009 World Twenty20 and made her Test debut against England in a bilateral series after the World Twenty20 . Ebsary scored 211 runs during the 2009 – 10 WNCL season to retain her position in the national squad for the Rose Bowl series , but after a series of poor performances , she spent the latter half of the campaign watching from the sidelines .
= = Early years = =
Born in Snowtown , South Australia , Lauren Ebsary was one of four children — two boys and two girls — of Peter and Kaye Ebsary . While pursuing her secondary education at Snowtown Area School , attended a cricket coaching clinic organised by her school in 1996 . It was there that her talent was noticed by Australian Test player and development officer for the South Australian Cricket Association ( SACA ) Joanne Broadbent , who said that Ebsary " had a lot of potential from the start " . After Ebsary made her debut for Australia , Broadbent said " I ’ ve always believed Lauren had the capacity to represent her country . " Ebsary was initially a tall and gangly pace bowler who mixed testing deliveries with erratic ones , including many wides .
During her teenage years before she acquired a driver 's licence , Ebsary 's mother drove her to the state capital , Adelaide — more than 100 km away — to play for the Flinders University Cricket Club in SACA 's district women 's competition on weekends . Back in Snowtown , she practised against her father and one of her brothers .
= = Cricket career = =
= = = Junior selection = = =
In 1997 – 98 she attended the state under @-@ 17s trials and was successful in gaining selection at the age of 14 . Due to the lack of opportunities to females to play cricket at local youth level , she played her first competitive game at the national championships in Brisbane . In January 2000 , at the age of 16 , Ebsary was chosen for the South Australian team for the Under @-@ 19 interstate championships . Playing as a specialist batsman — she bowled a solitary wicketless over in six matches — she did not failed to pass five in her first five matches , before scoring an unbeaten 34 in the final match against Tasmania . Nevertheless , it was not a successful tournament , yielding 45 runs at a batting average of 9 @.@ 00 .
= = = Senior debut = = =
Despite the lack of success at youth interstate level , Ebsary was promoted into the senior South Australian team in the 2000 – 01 season at the age of 17 , playing in all of her state 's eight matches in the Women 's National Cricket League ( WNCL ) . She made her debut against reigning champions New South Wales , and after not batting , took one wicket for the loss of six runs ( 1 / 6 ) from two overs as South Australia lost by seven wickets . In the next match of the double @-@ header the next day , she took 0 / 15 from two overs and was run out for a duck in her maiden senior innings in a 22 @-@ run loss . During the season , Ebsary often batted at the bottom of the order in a specialist bowler 's position and thus rarely batted , but she hardly bowled , delivering only six overs in total in her first seven matches . In effect , she was shielded from taking on a meaningful workload and not trusted to contribute with either bat or ball . In the last match of the season , she was finally given a substantial opportunity against Queensland , taking 3 / 21 from seven overs , as South Australia proceeded to a six @-@ wicket victory . Nevertheless , in eight matches she scored only six runs at 2 @.@ 00 in three innings , and took five wickets at a bowling average of 9 @.@ 40 and an economy rate of 3 @.@ 61 . South Australia won only three matches and did not make the finals .
During the 2001 – 02 WNCL , Ebsary played in all eight matches , and was given more responsibility . This season , she batted in seven innings and bowled 51 of a maximum possible 80 overs . In the first match of the season , she took 3 / 29 from 10 overs against the titleholders New South Wales , and she scored 51 in the fifth match against Victoria . Ebsary did not have a significant impact in the other matches , never taking more than one wicket per match or reaching double figures with the bat . She ended the season with 67 runs at 9 @.@ 57 and six wickets at 30 @.@ 83 at an economy rate of 3 @.@ 62 . South Australia won four of their eight matches and did not make the final .
Ebsary was 18 during the season and still eligible for the Under @-@ 19s and she represented her state during the tournament , which was held in the middle of a break in the WNCL . She scored 119 runs at 19 @.@ 83 and took nine wickets at 15 @.@ 55 with a best of 4 / 27 against the Australian Capital Territory . At the end of the season , Ebsary was chosen in the Australia Youth team to play New Zealand A and New Zealand . In four matches she took two wickets at 32 @.@ 00 at an economy rate of 2 @.@ 66 but had no impact with the bat , scoring five runs at 1 @.@ 66 .
In the 2002 – 03 WNCL , Ebsary played in all eight matches , but was given less responsibility with the ball and had little success . She bowled only 23 overs and took two wickets at 34 @.@ 00 . She also had little effect with the bat , scoring 63 runs at 11 @.@ 50 with a best score of 18 . South Australia won five of their matches , narrowly missing the finals . Up to this point her batting average in 16 completed innings was 8 @.@ 37 .
At the start of the 2003 – 04 season , Ebsary was chosen in an Australian Under @-@ 23 team that played a two @-@ innings match against the touring England team . Ebsary scored nine not out and took 4 / 35 and 0 / 4 from a total of 20 overs . She was somewhat more successful in the WNCL than in previous years , bowling 28 overs and taking five wickets at 17 @.@ 00 at an economy rate of 3 @.@ 03 with a best of 2 / 19 in the last match of the season with Victoria . She scored 91 runs at 15 @.@ 16 , her highest season aggregate and average to date , with a best of 26 . This brought Ebsary 's career average above 10 for the first time . South Australia won four of their matches and another was washed out , failing to make the final . She played in three matches for Australia Youth against New Zealand A at the end of the season , scoring 29 runs at 29 @.@ 00 and taking three wickets at 16 @.@ 66 at an economy rate of 4 @.@ 54 .
In 2004 – 05 , Ebsary scored more than 100 runs in a WNCL season for the first time . She scored 125 runs at 20 @.@ 83 , averaging more than 20 for the first time in a season . Her best score of 36 not out came in a ten @-@ wicket win over Western Australia , and in the other match against the state the preceding day , she scored 28 and took 2 / 26 in a 29 @-@ run win . Her best bowling performance came in the first match of the season as she took 3 / 32 and scored 25 in a six @-@ wicket win over Queensland . Ebsary ended the season with six wickets at 26 @.@ 83 . She bowled 37 overs and conceded 4 @.@ 35 runs per over .
In the 2005 – 06 WNCL season , Ebsary struggled to make an impact with the ball , taking four wickets at 43 @.@ 00 at the relatively high economy rate of 4 @.@ 91 . Her figures were flattered by a haul of 3 / 32 in the final match of the season against Western Australia , in which she also made 26 to help seal a three @-@ wicket win . Her batting continued to progress ; she scored 149 runs at 29 @.@ 80 , including a best of 43 against Victoria . South Australia won five of their eight matches , again missing the finals .
Ebsary had more difficult times in the 2006 – 07 WNCL season . She took only three wickets at 60 @.@ 33 and an economy rate of 5 @.@ 14 , the worst average and economy rate she had recorded for a WNCL season . She never took more than one wicket in any match . Her batting also regressed , making 101 runs at 14 @.@ 42 , more than half coming in a 51 against New South Wales in the last match of the season . This was Ebsary 's last season for her native state as she moved to Western Australia for the 2007 – 08 season .
= = = Move to Western Australia = = =
The transfer , in 2007 , coincided with an upturn in Ebsary 's career . After a slow start in the new WNCL season — Western Australia lost their first five matches — Ebsary became more productive . She scored 30 of 141 and took 1 / 16 in a low @-@ scoring win over New South Wales in the sixth match . In the last double @-@ header of the season , against Queensland , she made consecutive half @-@ centuries for the first time in her career . In the first match she made 72 before taking 4 / 46 to help secure a 104 @-@ run win , before scoring 62 the next day to lay the foundation for a five @-@ wicket win . Ebsary scored 236 runs at 29 @.@ 50 ; her previous best WNCL aggregate was 149 . However , she did have trouble in running between the wickets ; three of her eight dismissals were run outs . She took eight wickets at 33 @.@ 87 at an economy rate of 4 @.@ 43 and had a workload more than 50 % heavier than in previous seasons . Ebsary was not as successful in the fledgling Twenty20 format ; in two matches for the season , her first in the most abbreviated form of cricket , she scored 33 runs at 16 @.@ 50 and conceded 51 runs at an economy rate of 7 @.@ 46 without taking a wicket . Ebsary later said " Looking back , the move to the West has been the best thing for my cricket ... After settling our line @-@ up , it gave me a chance to let loose at the top of the order and helped my confidence to be aggressive at the batting crease ... Under the leadership of Avril Fahey , the West Aussies were very welcoming and I found my groove at the top of the order . "
= = = International debut = = =
Ebsary was rewarded with international selection for the five @-@ match One Day International ODI series against India at the start of the 2008 – 09 Australian season . Nerve damage in her toe ruled Ebsary out of contention for the first match at Hurstville Oval , which the hosts won by eight wickets with more than 12 overs to spare . The next day , she was given her debut in the second match of the series , at the Sydney Cricket Ground . Ebsary made five not out as the hosts made 6 / 215 batting first . Ebsary came in at 6 / 194 with 14 balls remaining in the Australia innings . She took a single off each of the five balls she faced , rotating the strike as her partner Lisa Sthalekar completed an unbeaten century . In the seventh over of India 's reply , Ebsary 's throw from the boundary ran out Jaya Sharma as the opener attempted to take a third run , leaving the tourists at 2 / 9 .
Bowling in the middle of the innings , she then took 1 / 17 from five overs , her maiden wicket being Thirush Kamini caught behind by wicket @-@ keeper Jodie Fields for one run , leaving India at 5 / 71 in the 26th over . She then claimed two catches to complete the eighth and ninth wickets — those of tail @-@ enders Amita Sharma and Nooshin Al Khadeer — as Australia won by 86 runs . Ebsary went on to play in the last four matches of the series . She was promoted to the No. 4 position in the next match , but failed to capitalise on her opportunity , making a duck . She bowled five overs without taking a wicket in a 54 @-@ run win . She then made 32 from 43 balls as an opener , hitting six boundaries in the fourth ODI at Manuka Oval in Canberra , helping to set up a 118 @-@ run win . In the final match , she took 1 / 13 from four overs , taking the wicket of leading Indian batsman Mithali Raj and was not required to bat in a seven @-@ wicket win . She ended her debut series with 37 runs at 18 @.@ 50 and two wickets at 34 @.@ 50 at an economy rate of 3 @.@ 83 . Australia took the series 5 – 0 in a dominant display ; all their wins were by at least seven wickets or 54 runs .
In the WNCL , Ebsary went wicketless for the entire season for the first time , conceding 127 runs at an economy rate of 4 @.@ 70 . She remained productive with the bat , scoring 207 runs at 25 @.@ 87 , making 43 and 57 , her two highest scores of the season , in the double @-@ header against Victoria . Western Australia won three of eight matches and did not make the final . Ebsary made 34 and 25 in her two T20 matches for the season , but had no success with the ball , conceding a total of 36 runs from three overs without taking a wicket .
= = = ODI and T20 World Cups in 2009 = = =
Despite her inability to take a wicket in the WNCL , Ebsary was retained in the national team and in the next five months of international cricket , she did not bowl a ball . Ahead of the 2009 World Cup , the Australians headed to New Zealand for a Rose Bowl series , Ebsary was left out of the first two ODIs against New Zealand , but was recalled for the next two matches at Seddon Park in Hamilton . She scored 30 from 47 balls in the first match before making her ODI top @-@ score of 86 the next day . Batting at No. 3 , she struck nine boundaries and faced only 76 balls , scoring at faster than a run @-@ a @-@ ball . This helped set up Australia 's 4 / 307 and they went on to win by 44 runs , their second consecutive victory . The teams returned to Australia where Ebsary made her T20 international debut at the Sydney Cricket Ground . She did not bat or bowl in a rain @-@ affected Australian win .
In two warm @-@ up matches ahead of the World Cup in Australia , Ebsary made 18 and 8 against England and Sri Lanka respectively . Nevertheless , Ebsary was retained for the match against New Zealand , scoring one at No. 7 as Australia failed in their run @-@ chase . It was the start of a tournament in which Ebsary was moved around in the Australian team structure . Ebsary was dropped for the second match against South Africa , which Australia won , and recalled for the last group match against the West Indies . She made 15 from 28 balls at No. 5 , in a 47 @-@ run win to reach the next round . In the first Super Six match , Ebsary made 39 not out from 36 balls at No. 7 in the closing stages of the game , attempting to hold together the Australian lower @-@ order as they fell 16 runs short of India 's 5 / 234 . She was then promoted to No. 3 in the following match , making 51 from 71 balls against Pakistan after Leah Poulton and Shelley Nitschke had put on a century opening stand , as the Australians completed a 107 @-@ run win . Ebsary was left out of the final Super Six match against England , which Australia won , which was not enough for them to reach the final . She missed the third @-@ place playoff against India , which was lost . She ended with 106 runs at 35 @.@ 33 from her four matches .
Ebsary was selected for Australia 's team for the inaugural Women 's World Twenty20 held in England in 2009 . The Australians hosted New Zealand for a three @-@ match series in tropical Darwin at the beginning of June before the World Cup , and Ebsary made 17 @.@ 00 at 8 @.@ 50 in her three innings . She then made 13 in the team 's warm @-@ up match on English soil , against the hosts , but was nevertheless retained for all the matches . She made a duck as Australia lost their opening match against New Zealand , and was not required to bat in the win over the West Indies . Ebsary made 23 run out in the final group match as Australia defeated South Africa to reach the semi @-@ finals . There she scored eight not out before England overhauled Australia 's score to reach the final , which they won . She ended the tournament with 44 runs at 22 @.@ 00 .
= = = Test debut = = =
After the World Twenty20 ended in June 2009 , Ebsary stayed in England for a bilateral series against the hosts , who were the reigning world champions in both ODIs and T20s . She scored 24 not out as Australia upset England in the only T20 by 34 runs . She played in all of the five ODIs , and after making 23 , 38 and 40 , her form tapered away in the last two matches , making single @-@ figure scores to end with 112 runs at 22 @.@ 40 . Batting in a variety of positions from No. 5 to 8 , she scored quickly at a strike rate of 88 @.@ 18 . In the fourth match , she took 1 / 16 , the first time she had bowled in 19 international matches , removing Claire Taylor . England won all the matches except the last , which was washed out .
Ebsary made her Test debut against England in a one @-@ off match at County Road in Worcestershire . Australia batted first and Ebsary came to the crease at No. 9 with the total on 7 / 271 . She scored 3 from 15 balls before being trapped leg before wicket by Katherine Brunt , as Australia were dismissed for 309 . She then took 2 / 35 . She claimed her maiden Test wicket by having Taylor caught by Poulton for 10 and then had Jenny Gunn caught behind by Jodie Fields for 41 . This ended a 77 @-@ run partnership with Beth Morgan and left the hosts at 6 / 136 but they recovered to reach 268 , still enough for Australia to take a 41 @-@ run lead . Ebsary was then promoted to No. 4 and made 21 as Australia set the hosts a target of 273 before the match was drawn .
= = = 2009 @-@ 2010 season = = =
The WNCL was expanded in 2009 – 10 with the addition of the Australian Capital Territory , so ten round @-@ robin matches were scheduled , and Ebsary played in all , scoring 211 runs at 21 @.@ 10 . After being wicketless the previous season , she took seven wickets at 31 @.@ 28 , although opposition batsmen did attack her bowling , scoring 5 @.@ 17 runs per over . Her best batting and bowling performances came in the same match against her native state , taking 3 / 37 from nine overs to help dismiss them for 191 before scoring 48 to help secure a two @-@ wicket win . In the last two matches of the season , she scored 43 and 42 in consecutive wins over Queensland .
Ebsary had a successful time in the domestic T20s , now part of a full interstate tournament instead of a series of one @-@ off matches , scoring 137 runs at 22 @.@ 83 and taking four wickets at 26 @.@ 25 at an economy rate of 7 @.@ 50 . Her best score of 41 came in a win over Tasmania on 11 November 2009 . She also scored 29 and took 2 / 14 in a win over the Australian Capital Territory on 11 December 2009 .
Ebsary was retained for the Rose Bowl series against New Zealand and played in the first four ODIs in Australia in February 2010 . She made 31 runs at 15 @.@ 50 in the first two matches and , after Poulton had made a century in the fourth match , was dropped for the fifth and final match as the hosts took a clean sweep . The ODIs were followed by three T20 matches at Bellerive Oval in Hobart and two more in New Zealand . Ebsary played in the first four T20 games , scoring 39 runs at 9 @.@ 75 before being left out of the final match as New Zealand took a clean sweep . She was overlooked for the three ODIs in New Zealand , which the tourists swept .
= = = Post 2010 = = =
From October 2010 until November 2015 , Ebsary played domestic cricket in the South Australia Women 's team . She also played in the New Zealand Women 's One @-@ Day Competition in the 2013 / 14 season for the Wellington Women 's team .
Ebsary played in the Women 's Big Bash League in the 2015 / 2016 season for the Adelaide Strikers Women 's team .
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= Agneta Matthes =
Agneta Wilhelmina Johanna van Marken @-@ Matthes ( 4 October 1847 – 5 October 1909 ) was a Dutch entrepreneur . She and her husband Jacques van Marken were involved in the manufacture of yeast throughout their lives , and were engaged in the cooperative movement , taking care of their workers . Matthes and Van Marken created living quarters for workers in her hometown , Delft in South Holland , named Agnetapark after her . These are considered a model for the cooperative development and construction of garden cities ( self @-@ contained communities ) for workers . Matthes founded and ran a Delft perfume factory , Maison Neuve , to take advantage of a by @-@ product from the yeast factory .
= = Life = =
= = = Family and childhood = = =
Agneta Wilhelmina Johanna Matthes was born on 4 October 1847 in Amsterdam in the Netherlands . Agneta Matthes was the daughter of Jan Willem Frederik Matthes , an insurance agent . She and her sister , Sara Elizabeth Marken @-@ Matthes ( 1849 – 1902 ) , grew up in upper middle @-@ class circumstances . Matthes was taught privately , and spent 1862 to 1864 in Utrecht in a boarding school . When she returned to Amsterdam , she studied piano and dance , and took art classes and religious instruction . Matthes ' sister Sara Elizabeth , who was affectionately known as Nora , married Zionist politician Arnold Kerdijk ( 1846 – 1907 ) , the founder of the Free @-@ thinking Democratic League , in 1876 . He was a Member of the House of Representatives of the Netherlands between 1877 and 1901 . Sara Elizabeth and Arnold lived at the Spoorsingel in Delft and had four children . Agneta maintained a close relationship with them , Nora called her first @-@ born daughter after her sister " Agneta " .
= = = Marriage = = =
In 1865 , Agneta met Jacob Cornelis van Marken , known as Jacques , who studied technology and sociology at the Polytechnical School of Delft , a precursor of the Delft University of Technology . During his studies he took a study tour to Austria @-@ Hungary and found a new method of producing yeast , which fascinated him . Later , when he heard a baker in Delft complain about the varying quality and poor availability of yeast in the Netherlands , he recalled the method which he learnt during his tour , and decided to produce industrial baker 's yeast of consistently high quality .
On 7 October 1869 the couple married just before the first yeast factory in the Netherlands , the Nederlandsche Gist & Spiritusfabriek NV , opened . The factory is now part of the multinational chemical company Koninklijke DSM . Jacques von Marten is regarded as one of the Dutch pioneers in the development of industrial food production because of his concept of factory production .
Their marriage was registered in the Delft population register on 10 November 1869 . Their first home was a modest apartment on a canal , but they moved frequently after that . As of 2012 , all of their homes are still standing and all are classified as historic buildings . Their last home , to which they moved on 3 June 1885 , was a villa in Agnetapark , Delft . When Matthes learnt that their marriage would be childless , she decided to dedicate her life to her husband 's business and career , and participated in the establishment and management operation . She accompanied her husband to the factory every day , having her own office . She also continued to have private lessons . In addition to administrative activities , their main interests were personnel policy issues . Matthes and van Marken maintained close contact with the employees of the factory and their families , which appealed to the couple 's sense of community ; they wanted to be part " of a larger whole " . Agneta Matthes shared her husband 's belief in progress , and they both promoted the personal development of their employees .
= = = Husband 's infidelity and children = = =
In 1886 , when Jacques van Marken was in France at a spa , Agneta Matthes found a letter from Mary Eringaard requesting the child support that he owed for their children , which led to Matthes discovering that her husband had begun a relationship with Eringaard in 1871 when she was aged 15 , and that he had four children by her . Matthes solved the financial problems discreetly . She did not tell van Markem that she knew about the affair till three years , but in 1889 , when Eringaard was 36 years old , two of her children died due to tuberculosis .
Van Marken and Matthes took care of the three surviving children , Cornelis , Clara , both adolescents , and Anna , a young child . Officially they were foster children , but it was an open secret ( officially secret but widely known ) in Dutch society that van Marken was their father . With the consent of Matthes , van Marken planned to adopt them , but his religious father vetoed the adoption . Jacob Cornelis Eringaard , the eldest illegitimate son of van Marken , later headed the Gist & Spiritusfabriek and pursued the social interests of his father and his wife . The youngest daughter , Anna Erry Eringaard , was married in 1932 to the diplomat and publisher Daniel Johannes von Balluseck ( 1895 – 1976 ) .
= = Activities and services = =
= = = Legal situation and sources of information = = =
Because legally , married women were required to have the approval of their husbands to do business , Agneta Matthes acted " for and on behalf " of her husband . Also because of this , extensive records of the business ventures and career of Jacques van Marken exist , while only a few sources mention the activities of Matthes . It is unclear , therefore , to what extent Agneta was responsible for ideas . She undoubtedly had operational control of the perfume factory , Maison Neuve . She undertook an empirical analysis of the housing needs of 48 working families , equipped Agnetapark significantly , and was influential at least during the early years in the management of her husband 's other companies , especially in matters of personnel .
= = = Start @-@ ups = = =
Matthes and van Marken , who was called a welfare engineer by his contemporaries , developed a premium wage system for his factory workers of the Nederlandsche Gist & Spiritusfabriek NV ( 1869 ) , under which all employees could receive bonuses of two to 20 percent of their salary in addition to their basic salary " for good work and because of zeal " . The company paid up to ten percent of its profits as a dividend to its employees . In 1880 , the engineer , Gerhard Knuttel , a grandnephew of van Marken , established a " Concerns van het Personeel " ( human resources management ) , the first such institution in the Netherlands . Due to van Marken 's health problems , François Gerard Waller , his nephew , was entrusted with the management of the factory in 1886 .
In 1873 , Agneta Matthes founded her own business , the Delft perfume factory , Maison Neuve , where her husband acted pro forma as owner because of the legal issues . The factory used the ethanol by @-@ product of the yeast production of Gist & Spiritusfabriek .
Agneta concentrated on the perfume factory in the following years , and collaborated with the Delft porcelain manufacturer De Koninklijke Porceleyne Fles , which created perfume bottles for her products . She participated in international exhibitions , where her perfume brand , PMN ( Parfumerie Maison Neuve ) , won several prizes and gained recognition for her company . She won the bronze medal of the 1878 on the Paris World 's Fair . In Australia , her perfumes won first prize at the international perfume fair . She sold the company in 1886 with profit .
In 1883 , the couple became interested in margarine , a young industry in the Netherlands at the time . With private capital and a legacy from Matthes ' mother , they founded the Nederlandsche Oliefabriek NV , and built a factory next to the yeast factory . In 1885 , they took over Delftse Lijm & Gelatinefabriek NV . Jacques van Marken officially acted as sole manager . To operate a purchasing cooperative in Agnetapark , they founded the Cooperative Winkelvereeniging in 1873 . In 1892 they also founded a printing company , which now is owned by the Koninklijke Drukkerij GJ Thieme . In all these companies , Matthes was instrumental in decision making , planning and organisation . The couple pursued the same personnel policy as in the Gist & Spiritusfabriek . In 1878 , they established the first works council of the Netherlands , called , " de Kern " ( the kernel ) . At the height of their success in 1885 , when they employed approximately 1 @,@ 250 employees , their companies were collectively known as , the Delftsche Nijverheid ( Delft Industry ) .
= = Factory journal = =
On 24 June 1882 , the first issue of an internal newspaper of the factory , called , Fabrieksbode ( " messenger of the factory " ) , was published . It was the first magazine of that kind in the world . Agneta helped her husband with other publications , such as his 1881 book , La question Ouvrière à la fabrique de Neerlandaise levure et d 'alcool . Essai de solution pratique ( The Labour Problem in the Dutch Yeast and Alcohol Factory . Attempt at a Practical Solution ) , and another in 1894 , L 'Organisation Sociale dans l 'industrie ( The Social System in the Industry ) , which was printed in two editions and translated into English and German . The full extent of Matthes ' participation is not known , but she was certainly in charge of the translations .
= = Social welfare = =
= = = Agnetapark = = =
In 1881 the couple began work on a housing quarter for their workers that followed the principles of the garden city movement . With financial support from Matthes ' mother , they purchased a 4 hectares ( 9 @.@ 9 acres ) plot of land for 16 @,@ 000 guilders. in Hof van Delft , then a rural , sparsely populated village well outside the Delft city limits . From 1882 to 1884 , the area was developed in the style of an English landscape garden , crisscrossed by streams , after the plans of landscape architect , Louis Paul Zocher , son of Jan David Zocher . Eugene Cowl , an architect , designed 48 row houses , other buildings , and a villa for Matthes and van Marken . The facility was named Agnetapark , after its founder . The residential park featured individual multi @-@ story apartments with private entrances , private bathrooms , and private garden areas . Matthes and van Marken established a corporation for the development of the settlement , and gave the park to its workers in 1870 as a cooperative , in order to prevent speculation .
To the great astonishment of the founders , the employees were not so happy as expected . The area was remote from urban infrastructure and lacked good transportation facilities . These disadvantages were offset by an improvement of community facilities in three buildings : De Gemeenschap ( the community ) , a large house with a kindergarten and an elementary school , which served as a gathering place and a dining room . Other features included a gymnasium , a billiards club , de Tent ( the tent ) – a music and event pavilion , and a grocery store , which later also sold clothes . The park had a playground , a bowling alley , a shooting range , and a boathouse with rowing boats for hire . A volunteer fire department , a brass band , and clubs for shooting , bowling , and cycling also were founded .
The employees , however , did not like living so close to their employers . They complained about the distance to the city and the transportation problems , and they criticised the rental rates and the reserves they had to make . After the deaths of Matthes and van Marken , however , the park gradually evolved into a desirable residential area . In 1931 the villa , Rust Roest , which had long been empty , was converted into a school . It was demolished in 1981 . Since 1989 , the park has been listed as Cultural heritage .
= = = Corporate citizenship = = =
In 1871 , van Marken was appointed secretary of the Vereeniging van het Volksonderwijs bevordering dead ( Association for the Advancement of Public Education ) , after which time Agneta Matthes regularly visited charity schools and was involved in the improvement of their situation .
During the winter of 1879 @-@ 1880 , extended periods of extreme cold affected the Netherlands . Permafrost and temperatures down to minus 16 degrees Celsius led to distress among the citizens of Delft . In response , Matthes founded the Vereeniging voor Armenzorg ( Association to care for the poor ) , helping regardless of religious or political beliefs . She prompted her husband to launch a Wintersnood @-@ Commissie , which was led by him , his brother @-@ in @-@ law Arnold Kerdijk , and CEO @-@ to @-@ be Gerard Knuttel .
In 1880 , the couple founded a health insurance scheme for bakers . This insurance was also the first step toward more regulated pensions . Insurance in case of accidents at work was established in 1884 .
= = Criticism = =
Van Marken was regarded as a " social entrepreneur " and a pioneer of his time regarding social issues , however , he was criticised for acting for his workers instead of letting them participate . Although she was not explicitly mentioned , Matthes also drew criticism . In 1906 , the journalist Frank van der Goes published van Marken 's obituary in Het Volk , the organ of the Social Democratic labour movement . Two critical articles were entitled , " Een levensleugen " ( A Delusion of a Life ) and imputed ulterior motives of van Marken 's undoubted social engagements . Van der Goes wrote that by providing care to his workers , van Marken had bribed their loyalty and wanted to exercise social control , while his staff was unduly dependent on him ; for example , they found difficulty changing jobs once they had moved into a house in Agnetapark .
Despite the disappointments regarding Agnetapark , it was an important model for the cooperative development and construction of garden cities for workers . The park is considered the first social housing scheme which cared about providing hygienic living conditions in a green environment for a high quality of life .
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= Myrmecia nigriceps =
Myrmecia nigriceps , also known as the black @-@ headed bull ant , is a species of ant endemic to Australia . A member of the genus Myrmecia in the subfamily Myrmeciinae , it was first described by Austrian entomologist Gustav Mayr in 1862 . These ants are large , varying from 19 to 23 millimetres ( 0 @.@ 75 to 0 @.@ 91 in ) in length . However , colonies contain workers that are much smaller , usually half the size of normal workers . The queens are the largest while the males are the smallest , which can be easily identified due to their small mandibles .
Mainly nocturnal M. nigriceps is found in hot hilly areas and woodland , nesting underground in mounds . The ant 's diet consists of sweet liquids from flowering plants and invertebrate prey , which are fed to the carnivorous larvae . Spiders are known to eat these ants , and echidnas consume the larvae and pupae . Like other Myrmecia species , M. nigriceps ants possess a powerful and painful sting , and the venom is capable of inducing allergic reactions in sensitive people .
= = Taxonomy = =
First identified by Gustav Mayr in 1862 , Mayr provided the first description of M. nigriceps in his journal Myrmecologische Studien . The species was described under the binomial name Myrmecia nigriceps , based on syntype workers collected from Gayndah and Sydney . In 1907 , Swiss myrmecologist Auguste Forel treated M. nigriceps as a variant of M. vindex , but he eventually treated it as a synonym in 1910 . M. nigriceps was revived as a full species in 1933 by American entomologist William Morton Wheeler , on the basis that it is distributed throughout Australia and its average size is greater than M. vindex . Scottish born Australian entomologist John S. Clark published one synonym – Myrmecia fasciata , now considered a junior synonym . M. nigriceps is a member of the genus Myrmecia , a part of the primitive subfamily Myrmeciinae ; most ancestors of the genus are only found in fossils , with the exception of the dinosaur ant ( Nothomyrmecia macrops ) .
M. nigriceps is a member of the M. gulosa species group , which is the largest species group of the nine groups described . The specific name , nigriceps , is a combination of nigri , which derives from the Latin word nigra , meaning " black " , and ceps , which is derived from the Greek word cephalē , meaning " head " . This references the distinctive black head of the ant . With this said , M. nigriceps is commonly known as the black @-@ headed bull ant .
= = Description = =
The size of worker ants varies from 19 to 23 millimetres ( 0 @.@ 75 to 0 @.@ 91 in ) . However , colonies contain very small workers , usually less than half the size of normal sized workers . Despite this , it is not known if M. nigriceps is polymorphic , due to little differences in morphology between the workers in comparison to Formicinae ants and Pheidole , with soldiers having enormous heads . The queens are the largest , measuring around 24 to 26 millimetres ( 0 @.@ 94 to 1 @.@ 02 in ) , and males being around similar sizes to worker ants at 18 to 20 millimetres ( 0 @.@ 71 to 0 @.@ 79 in ) . The head and gaster are black , and the thorax , node , and postpetiole are either red or yellowish red , while the antennae and legs are either yellow or testaceous . The mandibles and clypeus are also yellow . The hair is short and yellow in colour , erect on the body and suberect on the legs . The pubescence ( short , fine , soft hair ) is white and abundant all over the postpetiole and gaster . The head is almost as broad as its total length , and the mandibles are longer than the head with 13 teeth present .
The queen is similar in appearance to the worker , but they are the largest members of the colony . The hair is more abundant , and the head is broader . The mandibles are shorter and broader , although they are still as long as the head . The wings are yellowish in colour and translucent in appearance . Males are the smallest members of the colony and can be easily identifiable by their perceptibly smaller mandibles . The hairs on males are the longest and most abundant among the worker and queen castes , with a long and broad head .
M. nigriceps is similar in appearance to M. vindex , but several morphological characters distinguish these two species from each other . For example , M. nigriceps is generally larger than M. vindex , and its head is either black or dark brown ; the head is broader and more rectangular in workers . The thorax and pedicel are noticeably darker and brownish red . The nests and behaviour , however , of both ants are similar to each other .
= = Distribution and habitat = =
M. nigriceps is distributed throughout Australia , but the ant is absent from areas in central Australia and the northern Australian coast . The range of M. nigriceps extends from Queensland and down into New South Wales , the Australian Capital Territory and Victoria . It is also found in South Australia and Western Australia . Colonies are found in deserts , coastal areas , plateaus , woodland , native vegetation , hot hilly areas covered with scrubby vegetation and in rehabilitated sites , at elevations ranging from 300 to 460 metres ( 1 @,@ 000 to 1 @,@ 500 ft ) .
M. nigriceps is a mound constructing species , although colonies can be found under logs . Workers decorate the nest with a variety of items , including lateritic pebbles and soil crumbs , in a similar fashion of meat ant ( Iridomyrmex purpureus ) nests . Other items used for nest decorating include small stones and plant material .
= = Behaviour and ecology = =
M. nigriceps ants are crepuscular and nocturnal foragers , searching for food during the night . Workers are found foraging on Eucalyptus trees and is sympatric with many species . Adults are nectarivores , feeding on sweet liquids from plants and the larvae are carnivorous , feeding on captured invertebrates and other ants such as Camponotus workers and males . Cockroaches , such as Platyzosteria castanea and Platyzosteria ruficeps , can repel attacks by M. nigriceps by discharging a secretion that disorientates the attacking workers . Workers begin to forage one hour before sunset , with peak activity occurring during the twilight hours . These ants have excellent vision , having the largest eye lenses and photoreceptors than any other Myrmecia ant . These ants are capable of discriminating the distance and size of objects moving nearly a metre away , sensitive to motion and will rapidly charge towards any moving objects to attack it .
These ants are preyed on by the short @-@ beaked echidna ( Tachyglossus aculeatus ) , and by spiders in the genus Zenodorus , particularly Zenodorus metallescens . Blindsnakes are known to consume the larvae and pupae of these ants . Colonies are also a host for M. inquilina , a social parasite that lays its eggs inside the colony .
M. nigriceps is an extremely aggressive ant , and larger colonies may rival other colonies of a different Myrmecia species ( such as M. gulosa ) in terms of fierceness and pugnacity . While the mandibles cause little to no pain in humans , the ant is equipped with a painful and powerful sting that is found at the end of the gaster . Like other ants , the sting is not barbed , and workers are able to sting multiple times without injuring themselves . With a median lethal dose ( LD50 ) of 7.3mg / kg , the venom is relatively weak in comparison to other Myrmecia ants , whose LD50 is much lower . However , in a 2011 study , at least one patient had an allergic reaction to M. nigriceps venom . This study also concluded that many other Myrmecia species can cause anaphylaxis , as well as the Green @-@ head ant ( Rhytidoponera metallica ) . In the Starr sting pain scale , a scale which compares the overall pain of hymenopteran stings on a four @-@ point scale , the sting of M. nigriceps was ranked as two in pain , described as " painful " . M. nigriceps ants are able to enter colonies they do not reside in without being attacked ; this may be due to these ants failing to recognise foreigners , or the consequences of ignoring workers from other colonies is low .
Nuptial flight occurs after rain for several days , taking place between summer and mid @-@ autumn ( December to March ) . The males and virgin queens emerge from their nest , and unlike other species who mate on the ground or climb onto nearby trees or branches to fly off from , the reproductive alates will fly from the nest . Recorded nuptial flights usually took place on hilltops . M. nigriceps queens are not known to seal up their entrance during colony foundation , unlike other Myrmecia species such as M. regularis . Workers can live exceptionally long , with an average lifespan of 2 @.@ 2 years ; maximum longevity in workers varied from 2 @.@ 1 to 2 @.@ 4 years .
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= SS John Burke =
SS John Burke ( MC hull number 609 ) was an American Liberty Ship built during World War II , one of the 2 @,@ 710 type ' EC2 @-@ S @-@ C1 ' ships that carried all kinds and types of dry cargo during the war . The ship was named for John Burke ( February 25 , 1859 – May 14 , 1937 ) , the 10th Governor of North Dakota . Burke was built at Kaiser Shipbuilding Company 's Oregon Shipbuilding yard in Portland , Oregon . Burke 's keel was laid November 20 , 1942 and the hull was launched on December 13 . After fitting @-@ out , Burke was delivered to the US Navy December 23 , just 33 days after construction began . The Navy placed Burke under charter to Northland Transportation Company in early 1944 .
On December 28 , 1944 , while transporting ammunition to Mindoro , Philippines , Burke was hit by a Japanese kamikaze aircraft , and disintegrated in a tremendous explosion . John Burke was one of three Liberty Ships and one of forty @-@ seven ships sunk by kamikaze attack during World War II .
= = Construction and design = =
John Burke was powered by two oil @-@ fired boilers and a single 2 @,@ 500 hp ( 1 @,@ 864 kW ) vertical type , triple @-@ expansion reciprocating steam engine . The machinery space ( dark blue in the picture ) was located at the middle of the ship ( see the color @-@ coded image ) . The single propeller was driven through a long propeller shaft that ran through a tunnel ( lower green area in the picture ) under the aft cargo holds . The propeller rotated at 76 rpm , giving a speed of about 11 knots ( 20 km / h ; 13 mph ) . There were two decks running the full length of the ship , with seven watertight bulkheads dividing the machinery space and five cargo holds ( light blue in the picture ) , three ahead of the machinery space and two aft . Crew accommodations were provided in a large three @-@ deck structure located in the middle of the ship ( medium blue in the picture ) directly above the machinery space , and in a small structure ( medium blue in the picture ) located at the stern . The bridge , radio room and Captain 's quarters were located on the top deck ( yellow in the picture ) of the three @-@ deck structure . The fuel for the boiler was carried in several tanks ( red in the picture ) located throughout the ship . Ship 's storage ( light green in the picture ) was located at the bow and above the machinery space . Gun crew quarters and the ship 's hospital were located in the stern structure . When the ship was armed , the gun ' tubs ' ( white in the picture ) were located at the bow , stern and above the bridge . These could be any mixture of 5 inches ( 130 mm ) , 4 inches ( 101 @.@ 60 mm ) , 3 inches ( 76 mm ) , 40 millimetres ( 1 @.@ 57 in ) , 20 millimetres ( 0 @.@ 79 in ) and / or .5 inches ( 12 @.@ 70 mm ) caliber guns .
The ship 's steering was by a contrabalanced rudder ( black , at left in the picture ) , with its associated steering gear located in a compartment ( green in the picture ) above the rudder and below the aft structure . Steam @-@ powered generators provided electric power for radios , navigation equipment , refrigeration compressors , pumps , lighting , and degaussing . An evaporator produced fresh water for the boilers and for the crew . Large hatches above the cargo holds allowed steam winches and booms rigged to three centerline masts to quickly load or unload cargo .
= = History = =
Liberty ships were an expedient solution to a pressing problem , and it was never intended that they last more than five years . It is remarkable that two ( SS John W. Brown and SS Jeremiah O 'Brien ) have not only survived seventy plus years of service , but that they are in ' like @-@ new ' condition , and are open to the public as museums . The British needed a way to replace the ships lost to German U @-@ boats , but did not have the resources to build them . In 1939 they asked the United States to help solve the problem , bringing a ship design that they wanted built . The design was modified to fit American production methods , and five new shipyards were built to give the shipbuilding industry capacity . These ships were called Ocean ships with each ship 's name starting with Ocean .
The United States needed more ships as war approached . The ' Ocean ' design was revised and simplified to allow mass production . This new design was the basis for the Liberty ship . On December 7 , 1941 Japan attacked the military bases at Hawaii , Guam , and a few days later , the Philippines . Liberty ships carried weapons , ammunition , food , tools , hardware , vehicles , and other things for the war effort . They could also be equipped to carry a large number of troops by rigging bunks in the holds similar to those used by the armed guard . Liberty ships began taking troops and materials wherever they were needed , crossing both the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans . Like other Liberty Ships , John Burke transported war materials between the United States and the rear areas of the Pacific War , often calling at Pearl Harbor , Australia , Guadalcanal , Hollandia and Manaus .
On what would be her final trip , Burke departed Seattle , Washington for Guam , where she spent several days loading munitions for the invasion force on the island of Mindoro . Burke then departed with the 100 @-@ ship " Uncle Plus 13 " convoy , bound for Leyte in the Philippines . The convoy arrived at Leyte the night of December 27 .
Japanese forces were alerted to the convoy 's arrival shortly before daybreak on December 28 . A flight of six Japanese kamikaze fighter / bombers was sent up from Cebu Island shortly after dawn . If the convoy was destroyed , the U.S. forces on Mindoro would be cut off from their supply line .
That morning Burke and the other ships in the Mindoro @-@ bound TG 77 @.@ 11 ( under the command of Captain George F. Mentz ) were at general quarters shortly after receiving the dawn weather report that reported that air cover would not launch until the poor weather cleared . The crews began their wait for the inevitable arrival of Japanese aircraft .
= = The attack = =
At about 0815 hrs , the first kamikaze appeared on the American ship 's radar , and orders were immediately given for the convoy to begin evasive maneuvering . Through holes in the clouds , the Japanese pilots sighted the large American force as it steamed through calm seas South of Cebu and Bohol Islands . Finding the convoy without air cover , a group of six Japanese planes began their attack . One of the pilots , flying an Aichi D3A " Val " , chose John Burke as his target . Diving through heavy anti @-@ aircraft fire , the Japanese pilot had no intention of pulling out of his steep dive . At 1020 , despite the damage to his aircraft , he crashed between Burke 's # 2 and # 3 cargo holds .
A brief flash of fire was visible to most of the ships in the convoy , and for several seconds , only smoke could be seen billowing from her hold . A few seconds later , a huge pillar of fire shot out of Burke 's cargo hold , followed by an immense cloud of white smoke . Within seconds all eyes were drawn to Burke where an enormous fireball erupted as her entire cargo of munitions detonated , instantly destroying the ship and killing her crew of 40 merchant marine sailors and 28 or 29 armed guards . For several seconds , Burke was not visible under an enormous mushroom cloud of smoke , fire and explosions . Several ships nearby were damaged by the force of the blast and flying fragments . The shock wave rocked the entire convoy , and several ships reported that they had been torpedoed . A US Army " FS " type ship just aft of Burke was severely damaged by the blast , sinking before it could be identified . As the cloud of smoke cleared , nearby ships closed on Burke 's former position to search for survivors . It was soon clear that Burke , and all 68 men aboard her , were gone .
The Combat Air Patrol arrived at 1213 after the weather cleared , providing air cover for the next three hours .
The Japanese attack that morning was just the beginning of a two @-@ day series of attacks on the convoy , costing several more ships and hundreds of lives . In spite of the near @-@ constant attacks , the force reached its destination at 0648 December 30 with much @-@ needed material for the Mindoro invasion .
Today , SS John Burke 's fragments lie 1 @,@ 500 feet ( 457 m ) below the surface , in the vicinity of 9 ° 1 ' 11 " N 123 ° 26 ' 50 " E , the location the ship was last seen , in the strait between Negros , Siquijor Islands and Dapitan , Zamboanga del Norte , Mindanao , Philippines .
= = Liberty Ship Resources = =
SS John W. Brown website
SS JEREMIAH O 'BRIEN website
}
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= Still Into You =
" Still Into You " is a song by the American rock band Paramore . It was released on March 14 , 2013 , as the second single from their self @-@ titled fourth studio album , Paramore . Recorded in 2012 in Los Angeles , California , " Still Into You " is a departure from the sound of their previous single , " Now " , and incorporates a lighter pop rock sound , while being described as " sweet " and " sugary " .
The song received acclaim from music critics , who have praised the song and Hayley Williams ' vocals as " catchy " and " strong and effective " , as well as deeming it as one of the songs of the summer of 2013 . It is among their most commercially successful singles in the United States , becoming a top @-@ ten hit on the Mainstream Top 40 , ranking at number eight on Billboard 's Hot Rock Songs , and receiving double @-@ platinum certification in the United States .
= = Background = =
Paramore first performed " Still Into You " in Austin , Texas , as part of the South by Southwest festival . The song was then released as a single on March 14 , 2013 , and was uploaded to Fueled by Ramen 's YouTube channel , through a lyric video . The lyrical content finds Williams singing about her relationship with Chad Gilbert of New Found Glory fame and how her feelings seemingly have stayed the same since their first meeting .
In an interview with Spin , Williams stated " ' Still Into You ' is definitely a love song . It 's definitely happy . But to me anyway — and obviously I wrote it so maybe I 'm biased , but — it 's not a sappy love song . ... We 've never done that before , and honestly I don 't have a whole lot of experience writing love songs , or anyways lyrics that are like this . "
= = Composition = =
" Still Into You " has been described as a power pop , pop rock and new wave song with skeletal guitar lines similar to that of the artist Gotye , alternative dance glockenspiel and synths . It lacks a heavy guitar riff , which Paramore is typically known for , and is replaced by a back beat on the drums . James Montgomery at MTV compared the song to the new wave band The Cars , saying it could pass for one of their B @-@ sides .
= = Critical reception = =
" Still Into You " was acclaimed by music critics , who commended the song as fun and catchy , and praised Williams ' vocals . Marc Zanotti at Music Feeds called the song " a poppy , upbeat , sugary sweet number " . Scott Heisel of Alternative Press referred to it one of the best songs on Paramore , saying " There 's no question that this is still Paramore , only it 's better . The chorus hook will stay in your brain for days at a time , ... and when you throw in the band 's newfound embracing of electronics , you find yourself with what will ideally be one of the biggest hits of 2013 . " Maura Johnston from Popdust gave the song a 5 out of 5 , declaring " If there ’ s any justice in the world this ’ ll be a song of the summer , or at least of the late spring " . Joseph R. Atilano at Inquirer.net noted that " “ Still Into You ” is really directed to their youngest fans with its happy @-@ go @-@ lucky lyrics that are as cheerful as they can get and somewhat disarming in their simplicity " , considering it better than the previous single " Now " .
The song placed at number 95 on Rolling Stone magazine 's 100 Best Songs of 2013 list and number 19 on Billboard magazine 's 20 Best Songs of 2013 . Ed Masley at The Arizona Republic ranked it as the 10th best Paramore song , stating " " Still Into You " is a retro @-@ tastic hook explosion that somehow peaked at No. 83 on Billboard 's Hot 100 . "
= = Music video = =
The video was directed by Isaac Rentz . When shooting the music video , Jeremy Davis stated " I 've realized you can 't really consider it making a music video unless you get hurt , because every video , we end up in pain ... It 's awesome to do our own stunts ; we might as well be Jackie Chan . " Taylor York adds " A lot of people would hear the song and assume it would be about the story of people still being in love , but what was so appealing about Isaac 's treatment is that he wanted to capture what love feels like ... He had so many ideas , and it definitely jumped out at us . "
The official music video for " Still Into You " premiered on April 8 , 2013 on Fueled by Ramen 's YouTube channel . The music video features Paramore in a boat within a room filled with a balloons ; Williams on a bed surrounded by birthday cakes ; the trio riding around on bicycles ; Williams dancing with ballerinas ; and then all of Paramore are outside playing with Roman candles and sparkles with a fireworks show going on in the background .
= = Chart performance = =
The song has sold over 1 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 copies in the US as of December 2013 . It became one of Paramore 's most commercially successful singles to date in the United States , where it reached number 24 on the Billboard Hot 100 , and became their first top @-@ ten hit on the Mainstream Top 40 charts . It was included in Billboard 's year @-@ end charts , at number 100 on the Hot 100 songs of the year .
= = Charts = =
= = = Weekly charts = = =
= = = Year @-@ end charts = = =
= = Certifications = =
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= Peter Jones ( missionary ) =
Peter Jones ( January 1 , 1802 – June 29 , 1856 ) was an Ojibwa Methodist minister , translator , chief and author from Burlington Heights , Upper Canada . His Ojibwa name was Kahkewāquonāby ( Gakiiwegwanebi in the Fiero spelling ) , which means " [ Sacred ] Waving Feathers " . In Mohawk , he was called Desagondensta , meaning " he stands people on their feet " . In his youth his band of Mississaugas had been on the verge of destruction . As a preacher and a chieftain , as a role model and as a liaison to governments , his leadership helped his people survive contact with Europeans .
Jones was raised by his mother Tuhbenahneequay in the traditional culture and religion of the Mississauga Ojibwas until the age of 14 . After that , he went to live with his father Augustus Jones , a Welsh @-@ born United Empire Loyalist . There he learnt the customs and language of the white Christian settlers of Upper Canada and was taught how to farm . Jones converted to Methodism at age 21 after attending a camp @-@ meeting with his half sister . Methodist leaders in Upper Canada recognised his potential as a bridge between the white and Indian communities and recruited him as a preacher . As a bilingual and bicultural preacher , he enabled the Methodists to make significant inroads with the Mississaugas and Iroquois of Upper Canada , both by translating hymns and biblical texts in Ojibwe and Mohawk and by preaching to Indians who did not understand English . Beyond his preaching to the Indians of Upper Canada , he was an excellent fundraiser for the Canadian Methodists , and toured the United States and Great Britain giving sermons and speeches . Jones drew audiences of thousands , filling many of the buildings he spoke in , but came to resent the role , believing the audiences came to see Kahkewāquonāby , the exotic Indian , not Peter Jones , the good Christian he had worked so hard to become .
Jones was also a political leader . In 1825 , he wrote to the Indian Department ; his letter was the first the department had ever received from an Indian . This brought him into contact with Superintendent of the Indian Department James Givins and influential Bishop John Strachan , with whom he arranged the funding and support of the Credit Mission . There he lived and worked as a preacher and community leader , leading the conversion of Mississaugas to a European lifestyle of agriculture and Christianity , which enabled them to compete with the white settlers of Upper Canada . He was elected a chief of the Mississaugas of the Credit Mission in 1829 and acted as a spokesman for the band when petitioning the colonial government and its departments . During his British tours , he had audiences with King William IV and Queen Victoria , directly petitioning the latter on the issue of title deeds for the Mississaugas of Upper Canada . During his life , Jones did manage to obtain some concessions from various provincial governments , such as having control over the trust funds for the Mississaugas of Credit turned over to their chiefs , but he was never able to secure title deeds for the Credit settlement . In 1847 , Jones led the band to relocate to New Credit on land donated by the Six Nations , who were able to furnish the Mississaugas with title deeds . The Mississaugas of New Credit have since been able to retain title to the land , where they remain . Jones ' health had been declining for several years before the move to New Credit , and he was unable to accompany them to an unconstructed settlement , retiring to a nearby estate outside of Brantford , Canada West , where he died in the summer of 1856 .
= = Early life = =
= = = Raised by his mother = = =
Jones was born on January 1 , 1802 in Burlington Heights , Upper Canada . His father was Augustus Jones , an American born surveyor of Welsh descent . His mother was Tuhbenahneequay , a Mississauga woman whose band inhabited the area . His father worked as a surveyor in the land the British planned to settle on ; as was common among the European men who worked far from European settlements , he adopted the Indian custom of polygamy . While at his Stoney Creek farm he lived with his legal wife , a Mohawk woman named Sarah Tekarihogan , and while away surveying he lived with Tuhbenahneequay . While both the Mississaugas and Mohawks approved of polygamy , the white Christian settlers did not , and Augustus Jones ended his relationship with Tuhbenahneequay in 1802 . Peter and his elder brother John were raised by Tuhbenahneequay in the Midewiwin religion , customs and lifestyle of their Mississauga ancestors , and learned to hunt and fish to support themselves .
He was named Kahkewāquonāby by his maternal grandfather , Chief Wahbanosay , during a dedicated feast . A son of Wahbanosay 's who had died at age seven had been given the same name . The name translates into English as " [ sacred ] waving feathers " and denotes feathers plucked from the eagle , which was sacred to the Mississaugas . This put him under the guardianship of the Mississauga 's animikii ( thunderbird ) manidoo , as the eagle represented this manidoo . His mother was of the Eagle totem and the name belonged to that totem . At the feast Kahkewāquonāby was given a club to denote the power of the thunder spirit , and a bunch of eagle feathers to denote its flight .
Around 1811 , Jones was adopted by Captain Jim , a Mississauga chief . Captain Jim 's own son , also named Kahkewāquonāby , had died , and he petitioned Tuhbenahneequay to adopt Jones . Tuhbenahneequay approved the adoption , and Jones was sent to the Credit River to live with Captain Jim as one of his own children . During a long episode of drunken frolicking by all the adult Indians in Captain Jim 's band , hunger and exposure to the cold crippled Jones , making him unable to stand . After two or three months of this , his mother received news of Jones ' condition , and travelled to the Credit River with her relative Shegwahmaig ( Zhigwameg , " Marshfish " ) . The two women carried Jones back to Stoney Creek , where he resumed living with his mother . His lameness subsided with time .
During the War of 1812 , Jones ' band of Mississaugas experienced a share of the War 's hardship . Jones ' grandmother Puhgashkish , old and crippled , had been left behind by the band when it was forced to flee the soldiers advancing on York . She was never seen again . The band lost the warrior White John to the fighting , and several more were injured . Although Jones was too young to act as a warrior , he and his brother John visited the site of the Battle of Stoney Creek the day after the fighting , viewing the effects of battle firsthand . The land the band hunted and fished upon was beset with an influx of Indian refugees exceeding in number the population of the band . Jones went on his first vision quest about this time ; his lack of visions caused him to question his faith in the Mississauga 's religion . His faith was also troubled by the death of chief Kineubenae ( Giniw @-@ bine , " Golden Eagle [ -like Partridge ] " ) . Golden Eagle was a respected elder of the band , who experienced a vision promising spirits would make him invincible to arrows and bullet . To renew the declining faith of his people , some of whom had begun to adopt the lifestyle of the white settlers , Golden Eagle arranged a demonstration of his spirit @-@ granted invulnerability . He was killed attempting to catch a bullet with a tin pot . Jones witnessed the event .
= = = Raised by his father = = =
In 1816 , known as the Year Without a Summer , severe climate abnormalities caused an abysmal harvest , and the Mississauga band at the head of Lake Ontario was disintegrating . In the preceding twenty years community leaders Head Chief Wabakinine , band spokesman Golden Eagle and Jones ' grandfather Wahbanosay had died , and no new leaders had effectively assumed their roles . Alcoholism among the band members was rising . Many members had abandoned the band , travelling west to the Thames River valley or Grand River valley which were more isolated from white settlers .
Augustus Jones had learned of the band 's troubles and ventured into the interior to bring Peter and John to live with him at his farm in Saltfleet Township , with their stepmother and halfsiblings . As he knew only a few words of English , Peter was enrolled in a one @-@ room school in Stoney Creek . With the help of the local teacher , George Hughes , Peter learned English . The next year , the family moved to Brantford , where Augustus took Peter out of school and began to instruct him in farming . Sarah Tekarihogan 's Iroquois tribe had settled in the Grand River valley in and around Brantford . Here Jones was inducted into the Iroquois tribe and given the Mohawk name " Desagondensta " , meaning " he stands people on their feet " . Jones was baptised Anglican by Reverend Ralph Leeming at the request of his father in 1820 , but internally he did not accept Christianity . Jones would later say that although the instruction he received in Christianity from his father , his stepmother and his old schoolteacher George Hughes had attracted him to the religion , the conduct of the white Christian settlers " drunk , quarreling , fighting and cheating the poor Indians , and acting as if there was no God " convinced him there could be no truth in their religion . He allowed himself to be baptised primarily to become a full member of the white society of Upper Canada , with all the privileges it entailed . Given the behaviour of others who had been baptised , Jones expected it to have no effect upon him . Jones worked with his father farming until the summer of 1822 , when he found employment as a brickmaker working for his brother @-@ in @-@ law Archibald Russell to raise money so he might resume his schooling . He attended school in Fairchild 's Creek during the winter of 1822 – 3 studying arithmetic and writing , hoping to obtain work as a clerk in the fur trade . In spring 1823 , Jones left the school , returning to his father 's farm that May .
= = Ministry = =
= = = Conversion = = =
Jones had been attracted to the Methodist faith because it advocated teetotalism and that the Indians must convert to the white settler lifestyle . In June 1823 , he attended a camp @-@ meeting of the Methodist Episcopal Church in Ancaster Township , along with his half @-@ sister Mary . The camp @-@ meeting touched Jones , who converted there to Christianity . At this time Reverend William Case saw the potential to convert the Mississauga Indians through Jones . Case soon assumed the role of a mentor to Jones as a missionary . As Jones was bilingual and bicultural , he could speak to and relate to the Mississaugas and the white Christian settlers in Upper Canada . Later that year , Reverend Alvin Torry set up a congregation centered around Jones and Chief Thomas Davis ( Tehowagherengaraghkwen ) composed entirely of Indian members . The pair encouraged converted Indians to settle around Davis ' home , which acquired the name " Davis ' Hamlet " or " Davisville " . Jones and Seth Crawford taught Sunday school for the growing community , which began building a chapel in the spring of 1824 . Many of Jones ' relatives were quickly converted and moved to Davis ' Hamlet , including his mother Tuhbenahneequay , her daughter Wechikiwekapawiqua and Chief Wageezhegome ( Wegiizhigomi , " Who Possesses the Day " ) , Wechikiwekapawiqua 's husband and Jones ' uncle Joseph Sawyer ( Nawahjegezhegwabe ( Nawajii @-@ giizhigwabi , " He who Rests Sitting upon the Sky " ) ) . Jones received his first official position in the church – exhorter – on March 1 , 1825 . In this role , he spoke at services after local preachers and assisted travelling preachers during their circuit rides . Church officials including Torry and Case recognised the need for a member fluent in Ojibwe who could translate hymns and bible passages , and present the Christian religion to the Indians in terms they could understand . Jones was put to work as a teacher at the Grand River mission . Around this time he began speaking to groups about Methodism . In 1824 , a few of his relatives came to see him speak and stayed at the Grand River mission so they could enroll their children in Jones ' day school . The Methodists of Upper Canada commissioned Jones , along with his brother John , to begin translating religious and instructive works in Ojibwe for use in the Methodists ' schools . In 1825 , over half his band had converted to Christianity , and Jones decided to devote his life to missionary work .
= = = Credit mission = = =
In 1825 , Jones wrote a letter to Indian Agent James Givins regarding the year 's delivery of gifts ( due from various land purchases ) to the Mississaugas . The letter was the first Givins had received that had been written by an Indian . Givins arranged a meeting with Jones during the second week of July . Jones arrived at the Humber River at the prescribed time , leading the approximately 50 Christian Indians , and his former adoptive father Captain Jim arrived leading the approximately 150 non @-@ Christian Indians . At this meeting , a further 50 of the approximately 200 Indians of Jones ' band were converted . Givins was accompanied by several members of Upper Canada 's aristocracy , including Bishop John Strachan . The Christian dress and style of Jones ' band of converts , including their singing of hymns , which had been translated into Ojibwe by Jones , created a favourable impression of the group with Strachan and the other political leaders present . Although Strachan , an Anglican , had strongly denounced the Methodists , he saw in Jones the opportunity to Christianize the Indians of Upper Canada . He hoped to convert Jones ( and thereby his followers ) to Anglicanism later . The Crown had previously agreed to build a village on the Credit River for the Mississaugas in 1820 , but nothing had been done . Strachan told Jones he would make good on this agreement , and after a short meeting , all of the Christian Indians agreed to accept it . Construction of the settlement , called the Credit Mission , was soon underway and Jones moved there in 1826 . By the summer of 1826 , with construction of the settlement well under way , the rest of the band had joined the Methodist church and settled at the Credit Mission . Among the last holdouts was Jones ' former adoptive father , Captain Jim , and his family . At about this time Methodist Reverend Egerton Ryerson was assigned to the Credit Mission , and Jones quickly struck up a friendship with him . Ryerson 's work at the camp freed Jones to begin taking lengthy missionary expeditions to other parts of Upper Canada . During the period 1825 – 27 , Jones undertook missionary missions to Quinte , Munceytown , Rice Lake and Lake Simcoe . He preached in the native language , a key factor to helping the Indians understand and accept Christianity ; small groups of Indians in these areas soon converted to Christianity .
Jones ' knowledge of English and ties to prominent settlers allowed him act as a spokesperson for the band . In 1825 , he and his brother John had travelled to York to petition the government to end salmon fishing on the Credit river by European settlers ; the petition would be granted in 1829 . In 1826 , they were back when the Indian Department failed to pay the full annuity due the band from an 1818 land concession , as the band had received only £ 472 of the £ 522 the treaty specified . In the settlement , Jones also worked to teach the residents farming practices , which few knew . Jones believed that the acceptance of Christianity by his people , and their conversion to an agricultural lifestyle , would be critical to their survival . By 1827 , each family had a 0 @.@ 25 @-@ acre ( 1 @,@ 000 m2 ) plot of their own , and a 30 @-@ acre ( 120 @,@ 000 m2 ) communal plot was farmed . The success of the settlement , and his success converting Indians to Christianity , gave Jones a good reputation in Upper Canada . His sermons while travelling were well attended , and various groups donated money and goods , such as a heating stove for the schoolhouse and a plough for the band . In 1827 , Jones was granted a trial preaching license as an itinerant preacher . By 1828 , the Methodists ' practice of teetotaling had made significant inroads with the Mississaugas ; at the annual distribution of presents from the King in 1828 , Jones reported seeing a single Indian drunk , while drunkenness had been widespread at the annual distribution as recently as 1826 .
In January 1828 , Bishop Strachan approached Jones and his brother John , offering to pay them more as Anglican missionaries than the Methodists could afford to , but both brothers declined the offer . At the same time , Strachan and various government officers applied pressure to the Indian communities to abandon Methodism for Anglicanism , refusing to assist the Rice Lake Indians with the construction of a settlement as they had done with the Credit and Bay of Quinte missions , even though the Rice Lake Indians offered to fund the construction from their land surrender annuities . Tension remained between the Upper Canada government and the province 's Indians , including the Jones brothers in particular , over their religious affiliation until Lieutenant Governor Peregrine was replaced in late 1828 with Sir John Colborne . Colborne looked far more favourably on the Methodists , but still hoped to replace the influence of American Methodists with British Wesleyans .
= = = Election as Chief = = =
In 1829 , the Mississaugas of the Credit Mission elected Jones one of their three chiefs , replacing the recently deceased John Cameron . His election was influenced by his mastery of English ; he was one of the few members of the band who could deal with missionaries and the provincial government . Jones continued his missionary work to other Indian bands of Upper Canada , converting many of the Mississaugas at Rice Lake and at the Muncey Mission , as well as Ojibwas around Lake Simcoe and the eastern shore of Lake Huron . Along with his brother John , Jones began translating the Bible into Ojibwa .
= = = First British tour = = =
Also in 1829 , Jones embarked on a tour of the northern United States with Reverend William Case and several Indian converts to raise money for the Methodist missions in Upper Canada . The tour raised £ 600 , thirty percent of the Methodist Church 's annual expenditures across British North America . After his return to Upper Canada , the year 's annual Methodist conference named Jones " A Missionary to the Indian Tribes " on Case 's urging . The 1830 conference gave him the same appointment . He was also ordained as a deacon then . Upper Canada 's Methodists were in desperate need of money by 1831 ; that spring the church had been unable to pay all the salaries owed . To raise money for the church , Jones travelled with George Ryerson to the United Kingdom that spring where he gave more than sixty sermons and one hundred speeches which raised more than £ 1000 . These sermons were also held with Jones in Indian attire , which combined with his Indian name created curiosity and filled the halls , with four or five thousand attendees at his sermon for the London Missionary Society 's anniversary . Jones met with a number of prominent Englishmen , including James Cowles Prichard , who treated him when he fell ill in June 1831 , as well as Methodist leaders such as Adam Clarke , Hannah More and Richard Watson . This tour created significant public interest , and Jones met with King William IV on April 5 , 1832 , shortly before his return to Upper Canada .
During this tour , he met Eliza Field , to whom he proposed . She accepted , and Jones returned to Upper Canada in the spring of 1832 . Field came to North America in 1833 , arriving in New York City , where the pair married on September 8 , 1833 . Field had spent the intervening time learning domestic skills such as cooking and knitting to prepare for her new life . She came from a wealthy family and had previously been attended by servants . Field came to Upper Canada and worked along Jones in his ministry work and as a teacher in the Credit River settlement , instructing the Indian girls in sewing and other domestic skills . The Mississaugas of the Credit Mission dubbed Eliza " Kecheahgahmequa " ( Gichi @-@ agaamiikwe , " the lady from beyond the [ blue ] waters " / " woman from across the great shore " ) .
= = = Wesleyan politics = = =
Jones ' translation of the Gospel of Matthew was published in 1832 , and around the same time he served as an editor for his brother John 's translation of the Gospel of John . Jones was ordained a minister on October 6 , 1833 by Reverend George Marsden in York , Upper Canada . He was the first Ojibwa to be ordained as a Methodist preacher . The same year , the Canadian Methodists had unified their church with the British Wesleyans . The combined church was now run by the British , and Jones was passed over for positions within the church in favour of less qualified individuals , and his influence lessened . When the position of head of the Canadian Indian missionaries came open , it was filled by a British Wesleyan with no experience with Indians , Reverend Joseph Stinson . William Case was given the second in command position , with special attention towards translating scriptures into Ojibwe . Case spoke no Ojibwe . Case , whom Jones had seen as a mentor , made his headquarters at the Credit Mission . Jones began to chaff in the church , as he was being given little responsibilities and the church showed no confidence in his abilities . Case told Methodist minister James Evans to begin translating hymns and books of the Bible into Ojibwe , including those Jones had already translated . After the death of Augustus Jones in November 1836 , Peter invited his stepmother and two youngest brothers to live at the Credit mission .
= = = Second British tour = = =
In the mid @-@ 1830s , Lieutenant Governor Francis Bond Head devised a plan to relocate the Ojibwa of the Credit River , along with other Indian bands of southern Upper Canada , to Manitoulin Island . Bond Head believed that the Indians needed to be removed completely from the influence of the white settlers of Upper Canada . Jones , allied with Sir Augustus Frederick D ’ Este and Dr Thomas Hodgkin of the Aborigines ' Protection Society in Britain , opposed the move . They knew the poor soil of Manitoulin Island would force the Indian Bands to abandon farming and return to a hunter @-@ gatherer lifestyle . After the surrender of the Saugeen tract , protected by the Royal Proclamation of 1763 , Jones became convinced the only way to end the perpetual threat of relocation of the Mississaugas was to obtain title deeds to their lands . Jones travelled to England in 1837 to petition the Colonial Office directly on the issue . He was accompanied by his wife and their niece Catherine Sunegoo . The Colonial Secretary Lord Glenelg postponed meeting with Jones until the spring of 1838 , as he was occupied with the Rebellions of 1837 . In the meantime , Glenelg refused to approve Bond Head 's proposal . Jones spent the intervening time touring England , preaching , giving speeches and fundraising for the Canadian Methodists . Although Bond Head had sent a letter to Glenelg to discredit Jones , the Minister met with Jones in the spring of 1838 . The meeting went very well for Jones , as Glenelg promised to help secure title deeds for the Mississaugas . Glenelg also arranged an audience with Queen Victoria for Jones . Jones met with her in September of that year , and presented a petition to Queen Victoria from the chiefs of the Mississauga Ojibwa community asking for title deeds to their lands , to ensure the Credit Mississaugas would never lose the title to their lands . The petition was written in the Latin script , signed by the chiefs in pictographs and accompanied by wampum supplementing the information of the petition . Jones , dressed in his Ojibwa costume , presented the petition and interpreted it for Victoria , to ensure accurate and favourable reception . Victoria approved her minister 's recommendation that the Mississaugas be given title deeds . He returned to Upper Canada shortly thereafter .
= = = Fractured community = = =
In Upper Canada , he returned to a community that had begun to question his leadership . William and Lawrence Herchmer led a group within the community that opposed Jones ' influence , claiming it was turning the Mississaugas of the Credit Mission into " Brown Englishmen " . The brothers , while Christians , objected to the harsh discipline imposed on the young , the use of voting rather than consensus to govern and the loss of Indian lifestyle and culture . By 1840 , the settlement was very strained ; pressure from white settlers , scarcity of wood and the uncertainty of whether the band had claims to the land they occupied forced the band council to begin considering relocation . 1840 also saw the Methodist church split into two factions , Canadian Methodists and British Wesleyans . Various Indian bands aligned with either church , and competition hampered missionary work . Of Jones ' friends within the church , only Egerton Ryerson remained in the Canadian conference . With the background of these conflicts in the Credit Settlement , it became increasingly difficult for Jones to travel . Jones influence with the provincial government remained small . Although the Mississaugas of the Credit had been promised title deeds , Jones ' meeting with Lieutenant Governor George Arthur failed to produce them . Indian Agent Samuel Jarvis , appointed in 1837 , ignored the Mississaugas , failing to issue them the annual reports on their trust funds and failing to respond to letters . The strain of these community splits , combined with Jones ' responsibilities as a father after the birth of his first son , Charles Augustus ( Wahweyaakuhmegoo ( Waawiyekamigoo , " The Round World " ) ) in April 1839 , prevented Jones from undertaking many proselytizing tours . As Eliza had previously had two miscarriages and two stillbirths , the couple took great care in raising Charles .
Jones was assigned to the Muncey Mission in 1841 . Located south @-@ west of London , the mission proselytized to Indians of three different tribes ; Ojibwa , Munsee Delaware , and Oneida . Jones had hoped to relocate the Mississaugas of Credit here if they failed to obtain title deeds for New Credit , but this plan was opposed by Indian Agent Samuel Jarvis . At the Muncey Mission , each tribe spoke a different language , which made the work challenging for Jones , as did the large contingent of non @-@ Christian Indians . Here two more children were born to the couple , John Frederick ( Wahbegwuna ( Waabigwane , " Have a [ White Lily- ] Flower " ) ) and Peter Edmund ( Kahkewaquonaby ( Gakiiwegwanebi , " [ Sacred ] Waving Feathers " ) ) . John was named for Peter 's brother John and Eliza 's brother Frederick , Peter for Peter himself and Eliza 's brother Edmund . The work at Muncey Mission was stressful on Jones , and his health began to deteriorate . The 1844 Methodist conference found him in such ill health that he was declared a supernumerary . The same year , Jarvis was dismissed as chief superintendent of the Indian Agents . With Jarvis removed from office , Jones was able to secure an audience with lieutenant governor Charles Metcalfe . Metcalfe was favourably impressed with Jones ; he made available funds to build two schools at the Muncey Mission ( a boy 's school and a girl 's school ) and turned over administration of the Credit Mississaugas ' finances to their chiefs , making them the first Indian Band in Canada to have control over their trust funds .
= = = Third British tour = = =
Jones travelled to Great Britain in 1845 for a third fundraising tour , giving speeches and sermons . Wherever he travelled , Jones drew huge crowds , but inwardly he was depressed . He felt the crowds were only there to see the exotic Indian Kahkewāquonāby and his native costume , and did not appreciate all the work he had put into becoming a good Christian . Despite his misgivings about the trip , he raised £ 1000 , about two thirds of that total in Scotland , and one third in England . On August 4 , 1845 in Edinburgh Jones was photographed by Robert Adamson and David Octavius Hill . These were the first photographs taken of a North American Indian .
Jones ' health continued to decline , and he travelled to Paris to meet with Dr. Achille @-@ Louis Foville . Foville examined Jones , but did not prescribe any medicine , instead suggesting cold water sponge baths . With this advice but no effective treatment , Jones returned to England to complete his fundraising tour . Jones returned to Canada West in April 1846 .
= = = Mississaugas obtain title deeds = = =
Returning to the Credit Mission , Jones believed the most pressing issue for the Mississaugas was their lack of a clear title to their land . The settlement had established successful farms , and was almost self @-@ sufficient . It was also developing industry , with a pair of carpenters and a shoemaker . The Credit Mission Mississaugas had also funded the construction of a pair of piers at the mouth of the Credit River , the beginning of Port Credit . Although the settlement was prospering , Indian Superintendent Thomas G. Anderson pressured to band to move off the Credit Mission to a different location , hoping to group Indians into larger settlements where schools could be reasonably established and funded . As an inducement to motivate the Mississaugas to move , he promised them the title deeds which were Jones ' main goal for the band . The Saugeen Ojibwa invited the Credit Mississaugas to move to the Bruce Peninsula , which was the last large piece of unceded land in southern Ontario . The Credit Mississaugas believed this to be their best chance to obtain deeds to land , and so the band prepared for a move . They turned the Credit lands over to the province in trust , but the first survey of the Bruce returned with terrible news : The soil of the Bruce Peninsula was completely unsuitable for farming . Having already surrendered their land at the Credit Mission , the Mississaugas faced an uncertain situation . The Six Nations , hearing of the Mississaugas ' desperate situation offered a portion of their tract to the Credit Mississaugas , remembering that when the Six Nations had fled to Upper Canada the Mississaugas had donated the land the Six Nations . The Mississaugas relocated to this land along the Grand River that was donated by the Six Nations . Founded in 1847 , the settlement was named New Credit . Jones would continue in his role as a community leader here , petitioning various branches of government for funding to build the settlement . In 1848 , the Wesleyans and Methodists reconciled , and William Ryerson established a mission in New Credit .
Through the 1840s , Jones ' health had been in decline . By the time the Mississaugas moved to New Credit , Jones was too ill to move to an unbuilt settlement . Having to abandon the Credit Mission , he returned to Munceytown with his family . Jones resigned his position in the Methodist church , but continued to undertake work here and there as his health permitted . By 1850 , his doctor had ordered him to completely stop travelling and performing his clerical duties , but Jones ignored his advice . In 1851 , Jones moved to a new estate near Echo Place , which he dubbed Echo Villa . The estate was close to the established town of Brantford , but also allowed him to be close to New Credit . Although he continued to work , his failing health kept him at home often , and he began pursuing more domestic activities . Taking up woodcarving , he won £ 15 for his bowl and ladle at the annual provincial exhibition . He began writing for the Aborigines Protection Society , acting as their Canadian correspondent for their publication The Colonial Intelligencer ; or , Aborigines ' Friend . In the 1850s , Peter began to devote his time and efforts more to his wife and children . His son Charles attended Genesee College in Lima , New York , then studied law . Jones continued travelling when his health permitted . In 1851 , to Lake of Two Mountains in Canada East ; in 1852 , through Northern Ontario ; in 1853 , he travelled to New York City for a missionary meeting ; and in 1854 , he travelled to Syracuse , New York for a Methodist convention .
The New Credit settlement met with early difficulties , but soon began to prosper . An early sawmill was destroyed by arson in 1851 , but a new one was soon in operation . White squatters were driven off the land by about 1855 , although theft of logs remained a problem for several years afterwards .
Jones was struck by illness in December 1855 during a wagon ride home from New Credit to Echo Villa . Unable to shake the illness , Jones died in his home on June 29 , 1856 . He was buried at Greenwood Cemetery in Brantford . His wife Eliza supervised the publication of his books after his death . Life and Journals was published in 1860 and History of the Ojebway Indians in 1861 .
= = Memorials = =
In 1857 , a monument was erected in Jones ' honour at New Credit , inscribed " Erected by the Ojibeway and other Indian tribes to their revered and beloved Chief Kahkewaquonaby ( the Rev. Peter Jones ) . "
At the church in New Credit , built in 1852 , an inscribed marble tablet reads :
In Memory of KAHKEWAQUONABY , ( Peter Jones ) , THE FAITHFUL AND HEROIC OJIBEWAY MISSIONARY AND CHIEF : THE GUIDE , ADVISOR , AND BENEFACTOR OF HIS PEOPLE . Born January 1st , 1802 . Died June 29th , 1856 . HIS GOOD WORKS LIVE AFTER HIM , AND HIS MEMORY IS EMBALMED IN MANY GRATEFUL HEARTS .
In 1997 , Jones was declared a " Person of National Historic Significance " by the Minister of Canadian Heritage Andy Mitchell . To honour Jones and to underscore his role in helping the Mississaugas survive contact with the Europeans , a celebration of his recognition was held at New Credit . As well , the Ontario Archaeological and Historic Sites Board erected an historic plaque detailing Jones ' life . The location of the plaque is Echo Villa , the estate where Jones lived from 1851 until his death in 1856 .
= Ah @-@ ne @-@ she @-@ nah @-@ pa , Oo @-@ te @-@ ke @-@ too @-@ we @-@ nun ; Ka @-@ ke @-@ ke @-@ noo @-@ ah @-@ mah @-@ ween @-@ twah e @-@ kewh , Ka @-@ nah @-@ wah @-@ pahn @-@ tah @-@ gigk Mah @-@ ze @-@ nah @-@ e @-@ kun . ( York : Canada Conference Missionary Society , 1828 ) .
Tracts in the Chipeway and English , comprising seven hymns , the Decalogue , the Lord 's Prayer , the Apostles ' creed , and the fifth chapter of St. Matthew . =
O zhe pe e kun nun nah pun a i ee ah ne she nah pa moo mah kah toon ah sha wa ee tush ween ah gun osh she moo mah kah toon ne zhswah sweeh nah kah moo we nun kia Me tah sweeh e ki too we nun ough ke shah mune too kia ke shah munetoo o tah yum e ah win , kia Ta pwa yain tah moo win , kiapung ke o kah ke qua win ough kah noo che moo e nungh . Attributed to Peter Jones . ( New York , 1828 ) .
Ojebway Hymn Book ; translation . ( New York , 1829 ; 2nd ed . , Toronto )
Pungkeh ewh ooshke mahzenahekun tepahjemindt owh keetookemahwenon kahnahnauntahweenungk Jesus Christ . Part of the New Testament ... Translated into the Chippewa tongue , from the Gospel by St. Matthew by Peter Jones , native missionary . ( York , 1829 ) .
The sermon and speeches of the Rev. Peter Jones , alias Kah @-@ ke @-@ wa @-@ quon @-@ a @-@ by , the converted Indian chief delivered on the occasion of the eighteenth anniversary of the Wesleyan Methodist Missionary Society , for the Leeds District : held in Brunswick and Albion Street Chapels , Leeds , September the 25th , 26th , and 27th , 1831 . ( [ Leeds , England ? ] : [ s.n. ] , [ 1831 ? ] )
The Gospel According to St. John : Translated into the Chippeway Tongue , by British and Foreign Bible Society ; Translator : Jones , John ; Editor : Jones , Peter . ( London : British and Foreign Bible Society , 1831 ) .
The Gospel of St. Matthew : Translated into the Ojebway Language . ( Toronto , 1832 ; reprint : Boston , 1839 ) .
Netum Ewh Oomahzenahegun owh Moses , Genesis aszhenekahdaig . Kahahnekahnootah moobeung owh kahkewaquonaby , ahneshenahba Makadawekoonahya . ( Toronto : Auxiliary Bible Society , 1835 ) .
Discipline of the Wesleyan Methodist Church in Canada . Translated by Peter Jones , Indian Missionary . ( Toronto : 1835 ) .
NUgUmouinUn genUnUgUmouat igiu anishinabeg anUmiajig . ( Boston : Printed for the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions by Crocker & Brewster , 1836 ) .
A Collection of Chippeway and English Hymns , for the use of the Native Indians . Translated by Peter Jones , Indian Missionary . To which are added a Few Hymns translated by the Rev. James Evans and George Henry . ( New York : Lane and Tippett , 1847 ( 1851 ) ; New York , 1853 ( 1854 ) ) .
Life and Journals of Peter Jones . ( Toronto , 1860 ) .
History of the Ojebway Indians ; with especial reference to their Conversion to Christianity . By Rev. Peter Jones , ( Kahkewaquonaby ) ... . With a brief Memoir of the Writer ; and Introductory Notice by the Rev. G. Osborn , D.D. ( London : A. W. Bennett , 1861 ) .
Additional Hymns . Translated by the Rev. Peter Jones , Kah @-@ ke @-@ wa @-@ qu @-@ on @-@ a @-@ by . ( Brantford , 1861 . )
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= Sacrifice ( video game ) =
Sacrifice is a real @-@ time strategy video game published by Interplay Entertainment in 2000 for the Windows 98 platform . Developed by Shiny Entertainment the game features elements of action and other genres . Players control wizards who fight each other with spells and summoned creatures . The game was ported to Mac OS 9 @.@ 2 in 2001 .
Unlike many of its contemporary real @-@ time strategy games , Sacrifice places little emphasis on resource gathering and management . There is no system of workers ; the players ' wizards collect souls to summon creatures , and their mana — energy for casting spells — constantly regenerates . Players customize their attacks by choosing from spells and creatures aligned to five gods . To defeat an opponent , the player 's wizard sacrifices a friendly unit at the opposing wizard 's altar , thereby desecrating it and banishing the enemy wizard . Aside from a single @-@ player campaign , Sacrifice offers a multiplayer mode , in which up to four players can play against each other over computer networks .
Sacrifice was created by a small team of developers ; most of the work was done by four key personnel . The graphic engine of the game uses tesselation : thousands of polygons are used to display an object and as lesser details are needed , the number of polygons is reduced . By adjusting the required level of detail , Sacrifice can be run on various machines with the highest possible quality of graphics . Complementing the graphics of the game were the voice work of professional actors , such as Tim Curry , and the musical compositions of Kevin Manthei . Sacrifice was praised by reviewers for the novel designs of its creatures and for its humorous content . The high level of attention needed to manage its frenetic combat was mentioned as a flaw . Despite winning several awards , Sacrifice was not a commercial success , and no sequels are planned .
= = Gameplay = =
Published in 2000 for the Windows 98 platform ( and in the following year for Mac OS 9 @.@ 2 ) , Sacrifice is a real @-@ time strategy video game that incorporates elements of the action genre . Players control wizards , looking over their characters from behind . Each match starts the player with a wizard and an altar . Using the keyboard and mouse , players move their wizards around a virtual world , directing armies and casting spells to eliminate their opponents . A player 's wizard defeats an opponent by desecrating his or her altar through the magical " sacrifice " of a friendly unit .
Wizards can cast spells that harm opponents ( combat spells ) , heal damage taken , or summon creatures . More advanced combat spells affect large areas of the battlefield , taking the form of tornadoes and volcanoes . Casting spells requires energy , which the game represents in the form of mana . Recovery of mana is slow , but a wizard accelerates the process by staying close to his or her altar . Close proximity to one of several fountains of mana scattered across the world increases his or her recovery rate as well . A wizard can monopolize a mana fountain by erecting a structure known as a manalith over it . Because mana can always be regained , it is an infinite resource . Souls are the other type of resource in this game ; they are used , along with mana , to summon creatures , who form the mainstay of the players ' offensive capability . Unlike mana , souls are limited in quantity . Players start with a few souls and increase their resources by locating unclaimed souls , or by converting the souls of unfriendly creatures their wizards have killed .
Summoned creatures are mainly classified into three classes : melee , ranged , and air ( flyers ) . In a rock @-@ paper @-@ scissors manner , each class is a counter to another . Melee creatures inflict more damage to their ranged opponents , but cannot retaliate against flyers , which in turn are vulnerable to those who can attack at range . Several creatures also have special abilities , such as creating protective magical barriers , becoming invisible , or immobilizing their opponents . Two units , manahoars and sac doctors , have special purposes . Manahoars help to recharge their summoner 's mana by channeling energy from manaliths to him or her . Sac doctors are summoned to extract the souls of fallen opponents and bring them back to the altar for conversion . These units are also summoned to hold the sacrificial rituals required for desecrating enemy altars ; killing a sac doctor disrupts the process .
The spells and abilities of the creatures are designed along the ethos of five gods . Persephone , the Great Healer , bestows her followers with powers of regeneration and nature . Her counterpart , Charnel , God of Strife , celebrates death and decay ; his creatures are undead and his spells drains the life of others . The other three gods — James , Stratos , and Pyro — govern natural elements , granting their followers abilities associated with earth , air , and fire , respectively .
Unlike other real @-@ time strategy games released in or before 2000 , Sacrifice 's gameplay is not focused on large @-@ scale management of resources and bases . Instead , the game emphasizes micromanagement of the players ' units ; success in the game is linked to meticulous control of individuals or small groups to overcome enemies . Players order their armies to assume formations by pressing an assigned key or navigating through a pop @-@ up menu . The order can also be given by moving the mouse in specific patterns without waiting for the menu to appear .
= = = Single @-@ player campaign = = =
Sacrifice 's single @-@ player campaign begins with a meeting between the protagonist Eldred and the blind seer Mithras on a war @-@ torn world . Through voiceovers and cut scenes rendered by the game engine , Eldred recounts to Mithras his background and the events that led to the world 's current state . Eldred was a tyrannical emperor who ruled over the world of Jhera . However , his days of rule were numbered : his subjects were rebelling , and his enemies gathered at the borders of his realm . Turning to the mystical arts for a solution , Eldred summoned a demon , Marduk , to eliminate opposition to his rule . Marduk proved uncontrollable and ravaged Jhera . Eldred fled to the world that he and Mithras stand on . The world — having suffered a past cataclysm — was riven into a collection of five floating islands . A god rules over each realm , seeking to impose his or her own agenda . The rivalries among the gods are aggravated by Mithras 's prophecy of a traitor amongst them . Sensing the opportunity for a new lease on life , Eldred offers his service to the gods .
The campaign spans ten missions . In each mission , the player chooses a god for Eldred to champion , receiving creatures and spells from that god . The player can build up a selection of units and spells from different gods by changing Eldred 's allegiance between missions ; the selections are used in later missions or multiplayer sessions . As the game progresses , the player 's choices align Eldred with one god . Aside from the stated goals in each mission , there are secret objectives that if accomplished bestow bonuses to Eldred 's attributes ( magical and physical resistance , more mana , etc . ) .
Midway through the campaign , Eldred encounters Marduk again . The demon taunts the wizard and announces that this world will suffer the same fate as Jhera . Eldred warns the gods ; they believe one of them supports the demon and fall upon each other to eliminate the traitor . By the last stage of the campaign , Eldred has helped one god to kill the others . After the end of the wizard 's narration , Mithras reveals himself as Marduk . Stratos , the traitor , had planned for the demon to appear on this world and deliver the prophecy to the gods . Marduk berates Eldred for his naivety and starts the final battle . After defeating the demon , the player chooses one of two endings for Eldred : stay and help the last god rule the world , or leave and seek his destiny in other worlds .
= = = Multiplayer = = =
Sacrifice features the capability for players to play matches against each other over computer networks ; up to four players ( human- or computer @-@ controlled ) can participate in a multiplayer match . Four modes of play are available : Skirmish , Slaughter , Soul Harvest , and Domination . Skirmish 's gameplay is similar to that of the single @-@ player mode ; a player wins the match by banishing the others ' wizards . The winner of Domination is the wizard who controls a certain number of manaliths . The goal in Slaughter is to amass the most kills , while wizards in Soul Harvest have to collect the most souls .
Initially , the multiplayer games could only be played over small @-@ area networks of computers ( local area networks ) , or over the internet through an integrated matchmaking service . Later software patches added online rankings and the capability to connect computers via Internet Protocol Suite ( TCP / IP ) , allowing play over the internet without the matchmaking service . The Macintosh version 's matchmaking , handled by GameRanger , had to be installed through a patch . Multiplayer matches cannot be played between different computer platforms .
= = Development = =
Sacrifice 's development started in August 1997 . The game 's lead programmer , Martin Brownlow , was inspired by Chaos : The Battle of Wizards , which was released in 1985 for the ZX Spectrum computer . In the old game , players take turns to control wizards , summoning creatures and casting spells to eliminate each other . The video game industry was mostly ignorant of Sacrifice 's development , partly due to Shiny 's desire to avoid repeating the bad experience of marketing their last product Messiah . Released in March 2000 , the game was extravagantly promoted by Shiny during its development , and the resulting heavy scrutiny from the media greatly stressed the team who worked on the game . Learning from this mistake , Shiny adopted a low profile for Sacrifice ; until the last several months of its development , no one outside the company knew of the game . According to Brownlow , his team was able to concentrate on developing the game without the media or " fan base questioning every decision that gets made along the way " .
The bulk of the work was done by a small team . Game designer Eric Flannum , formerly of Blizzard Entertainment , recalls that there were only three other key personnel : two programmers and an animator . As more game features were developed , the team expanded . Flannum was tasked to lead four level designers , and Jon Gwyn joined Joby Otero on the art team . After the basic features of the game had been completed , James Phinney , lead designer and producer of Blizzard 's 1998 real @-@ time strategy game StarCraft , was hired to write the plot for the single @-@ player campaign . His first draft was used as the script for recording placeholder voiceovers , which helped the team to judge the atmosphere in the game . Later , Shiny employed professional actors , such as Tim Curry and Brad Garrett , and various voice artists , such as Jennifer Hale , to record the final voices for the game 's characters . Audio filters altered the voices for the gods , giving them a supernatural edge appropriate to their roles . For background music , Shiny hired Kevin Manthei , who had composed many scores for video games and big- and small @-@ screen entertainment , such as Scream 3 and Buffy the Vampire Slayer . His compositions for Sacrifice were played by an orchestra of 25 instruments . Shiny 's founder , David Perry , was so busy with the game 's development that he passed over the opportunity to create a video game for the science @-@ fiction movie The Matrix .
= = = Graphics = = =
Sacrifice 's graphics engine was developed from Messiah 's . The older game renders its characters by tesselation , using thousands of polygons to make up character models and decreasing the number of polygons when lesser details are required , such as drawing the object at a distance . A typical object in Sacrifice comprises 200 to 2 @,@ 500 polygons . Shiny expanded the technology 's application to the game 's virtual world . The environment is not decorated with grass , flowers , and rocks by overlaying two @-@ dimensional images of such objects on the terrain model . Instead , many tiny models of these terrain features litter the landscape . Objects in the game are composed of isosceles right triangles , each of which is infinitely divisible into two smaller isosceles right triangles . The array of infinite triangles derived from these divisions is stored in a binary triangle tree data structure , and the simplicity of the division and its data management algorithms frees up the graphic processor for other duties , allowing more resources to be spent on managing the level of detail . Sacrifice 's spell effects are composed of parametric surfaces , which also can be broken down into triangles , facilitating tessellation .
In early 2000 , the computer industry released the first video graphics cards capable of processing transform , clipping , and lighting ( T & L ) instructions . With the appropriate software , these new cards took over the burden of T & L processing from the computer 's processor , allowing more detailed graphics and smoother animation . Shiny capitalized on the breakthrough , spending a few weeks to rewrite a portion of Sacrifice 's software . Brownlow and his team refined and improved the game 's graphics , increasing the number of polygons per model and setting the software to scan through scenes a few more times to determine what objects to render and how to display them . Sacrifice was acknowledged as the first game on the market to make full use of the new graphic cards ( the GeForce 2 and Radeon series ) . Because of the adopted technology , animation in the game was smooth , without the jerkiness associated with overstressed graphical engines .
For the character models , Otero and his team eschewed conventional designs inspired by The Lord of the Rings and other fantasies . Otero 's ideal was that of " form follows function " , by which a creature 's capabilities or purposes are readily apparent from its appearance . In his opinion , a creature designed to kill enemies by exploding itself would simply be a " cartoon @-@ ish bomb with feet " . Otero 's simple designs were expanded and fleshed out in detail by Gwyn , who was also responsible for creating Eldred 's model . The artists ' incorporation of humor in their work did not escape the video game industry 's notice ; many pointed out the quirky allusion of James , God of Earth , to Earthworm Jim , star of Shiny 's previous games .
= = = Release = = =
By June , the major features of the game had been implemented , and Shiny proceeded to the next stage of development . It selected a thousand members of the public to participate in a beta test of Sacrifice 's multiplayer modes , receiving feedback on software bugs , performance issues , and possible improvements . The game 's publisher , Interplay Entertainment , assigned its quality assurance department to test the single @-@ player mode . Perry promoted the game by visiting professional game reviewers , such as FiringSquad , and giving copies of the beta version to them . On November 17 , 2000 , Interplay released the game for the Windows platform . Shiny packaged a level editor , Scapex , with the finished product , allowing gamers to create their own levels . The tool displays the user 's changes as they are added to the level . Users have total control over the positioning of models and scripting of events , although the tool does not provide the capability to create new spells or creatures . User @-@ created maps can be shared with other players during the connection phase of multiplayer games .
Earlier in the same month , Macintosh software publisher MacPlay announced that it was porting Sacrifice to the Apple computers . It took the company several months to adapt the source code to the Macintosh architecture , and on December 14 , 2001 , the Macintosh version of the game was released . It has almost the same features as the original version ; however , Scapex was excluded from the port . Another feature left out was multiplayer mode , which MacPlay added through a software patch .
= = Reception = =
Sacrifice was developed and released during a period of growth for the video games market ; the amount United States consumers spent on video games increased from US $ 3 @.@ 2 billion in 1995 to $ 6 @.@ 0 billion in 2000 . " Solid " real @-@ time strategy games could sell more than 100 @,@ 000 copies , and those that sold less than 75 @,@ 000 copies were considered commercial failures by the publishers . Many real @-@ time strategy game developers concentrated on enhancing their game 's visuals without concern for innovations in gameplay . Shiny was recognized by the industry for its unconventional games , which exhibited humorous content and unique artistic designs . When it became known that the company was developing Sacrifice as its first real @-@ time strategy game , several industry observers were keen to see whether it could deliver a quality product .
Initial reactions were favorable . Sacrifice 's art was a point of focus for reviewers : the fantasy creatures ' novel designs made deep impressions on the industry . The designs were so unconventional that gaming journalist Michael Eilers remarked , " It is as if Salvador Dalí and H. R. Giger got together and played around with 3D Studio Max for a few weeks with a cooler full of Bass Ale between them . " To fellow journalist Kieron Gillen , Sacrifice resembled a version of the strategy game Command and Conquer as designed by Renaissance painter Hieronymus Bosch . Aside from being impressed by the details in the graphics , GameSpy 's Lee Haumersen found the creatures ' movements fluid and believable , remarking , " flying dragons heave their bodies through the air reminiscent of Draco in the movie Dragonheart . " Journalist Tom Chick summed up the weird experience of seeing his wizard at the head of " a troop of flapping , crawling , loping , whirling , hopping things " as the essence of " what gaming is all about . "
The game 's spell effects also elicited positive reactions . Next Generation magazine 's Samuel Bass called them " awe @-@ inspiring " , while it was " positively breathtaking " for Eurogamer 's John Bye to see " flaming missiles raining down on the battlefield , tornados lifting [ his ] men up into the sky , or the ground swelling up beneath [ his wizard 's ] feet " . Although such effects were implemented in other games , as Gillen pointed out , it was a vastly different experience to watch them from the first person perspective . Reviewers of FiringSquad and PC Gamer were equally overwhelmed by the stunning visual effects . Despite filling the screen with " winged , fully animated demons " and " multiple gigantic twisters spiraling gorgeously into the clouds " , Sacrifice performed smoothly on the reviewers ' machines , impressing the staff of Edge magazine .
Aside from the visuals , the game 's audio attracted comments . GameSpot 's staff enjoyed listening to the story unfold through the recorded voices . They found that the voice actors did not overact their roles despite the extravagant appearances of the characters . Instead , the actors ' performance conveyed an extra depth to the personalities of these characters . Haumersen noted a few flaws in the game 's vocal presentation : the character models ' lip movements did not match their speech , and they had a limited number of gestures to accompany the words . Michael House of Allgame was not altogether impressed , finding the voice acting to be " spotty [ , ] ... ranging from hilarious to obnoxious . "
To several reviewers , Sacrifice was flawed in its handling of combat . They found that the game 's interface — which presented a viewpoint that looked over the wizard from behind — hindered them from having a clear picture of their characters ' surroundings . The game 's fast @-@ paced combat ensured that fights tended to be messy affairs , where aside from picking out their units from a chaotic mass to issue commands , players had to see to their wizards ' safety , and cast spells to support their army . Reviewers commented that once a player had lost a number of early battles , his or her army could never recover from its losses to win the match . Sacrifice 's multiplayer games , as GameSpot 's Sam Parker observed , tended to be long @-@ drawn stalemates until the wizards obtained more powerful spells . PC Zone 's Keith Pullin was disappointed that the game was not designed to reward tactics ; in his experience , he achieved victory by continually summoning groups of creatures to attack the enemy . Bass agreed that the game was lacking in tactical play , but other aspects impressed him enough to downplay this failing in his assessment .
The intensity and excitement generated by the frenetic gameplay pleased IGN 's Dan Adams , but Bye was so frustrated by his experience that he claimed to have suffered a massive increase in blood pressure . The game 's heavy demand for micromanagement convinced Maximum PC to name Sacrifice the " best argument for gamers [ to grow ] a third hand " , an opinion in line with Chick 's comment that the interface " [ seemed ] to have been designed for one of the game 's 13 @-@ fingered beasts " . Sacrifice 's gameplay had its supporters ; the staff at Edge , impressed with the game 's controls and visual perspective , named it one of the " few titles [ that took ] strategy into the third dimension and convincingly used the extra plane for more than a dazzling 3D makeover " .
No sales figures were released for Sacrifice , but several members of the video game industry acknowledged the game did not sell well . James Bell , Infogrames 's Senior Vice President of Creative Development , said that Sacrifice , although an excellent game , suffered poor sales because it was badly marketed and released at the wrong time . Another reason , offered by Gillen , for Sacrifice 's commercial failure was the small size of its development team . Based mostly on the efforts of four people , the game was built around their gaming preferences , failing to take into account the opinions of a wider variety ; hence , the game became a niche product .
= = = Legacy = = =
Impressing IGN with its " wonderful land full of character and imagination " , Sacrifice was the gaming site 's choice for the best strategy game of 2000 . It was honored in the same year by European Computer Trade Show as the Best PC Game of the Show . Since its release , Sacrifice has been one of PC Gamer 's Top 100 Games for at least eight consecutive years . Looking back at the history of real @-@ time strategy gaming , Geryk pointed out that Sacrifice 's " depth and originality " was unparalleled in the genre and often overlooked in favor of its graphics . The staff of gaming site UGO shared a similar opinion , naming the game in 2009 as its eighteenth top strategy game of all time .
Although Sacrifice was honored as a quality game , industry observers pointed out that its qualities were forgotten by most people ; the staff of GamesRadar said the game was " practically invisible to the gaming public " , and according to Gillen , few remembered Sacrifice as the pioneer of the mouse @-@ gesture control system , which was praised as revolutionary in Peter Molyneux 's later game Black & White . Gillen further lamented that Sacrifice 's release heralded the end of Shiny 's forays into creative game development , as the company switched to producing more mainstream products , such as Enter the Matrix . Despite receiving numerous calls for a sequel , Shiny said in 2002 that it would not produce one . Seven years later , GamesRadar repeated the call for a sequel while proclaiming Sacrifice " one of the most underappreciated games of all time " .
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= Herbal =
A herbal is " a collection of descriptions of plants put together for medicinal purposes . " Expressed more elaborately , it is a book containing the names and descriptions of plants , usually with information on their virtues ( properties ) – and in particular their medicinal , tonic , culinary , toxic , hallucinatory , aromatic , or magical powers , and the legends associated with them . A herbal may also classify the plants it describes , may give recipes for herbal extracts , tinctures , or potions , and sometimes include mineral and animal medicaments in addition to those obtained from plants . Herbals were often illustrated to assist plant identification .
Herbals were among the first literature produced in Ancient Egypt , China , India , and Europe as the medical wisdom of the day accumulated by herbalists , apothecaries and physicians . Herbals were also among the first books to be printed in both China and Europe . In Western Europe herbals flourished for two centuries following the introduction of moveable type ( c . 1470 – 1670 ) .
In the late 17th century , the rise of modern chemistry , toxicology and pharmacology reduced the medicinal value of the classical herbal . As reference manuals for botanical study and plant identification herbals were supplanted by Floras – systematic accounts of the plants found growing in a particular region , with scientifically accurate botanical descriptions , classification , and illustrations . Herbals have seen a modest revival in the western world since the last decades of the 20th century , as herbalism and related disciplines ( such as homeopathy and aromatherapy ) became popular forms of alternative medicine .
= = History = =
The word herbal is derived from the mediaeval Latin liber herbalis ( " book of herbs " ) : it is sometimes used in contrast to the word florilegium , which is a treatise on flowers with emphasis on their beauty and enjoyment rather than the herbal emphasis on their utility . Much of the information found in printed herbals arose out of traditional medicine and herbal knowledge that predated the invention of writing .
Before the advent of printing , herbals were produced as manuscripts , which could be kept as scrolls or loose sheets , or bound into codices . Early handwritten herbals were often illustrated with paintings and drawings . Like other manuscript books , herbals were " published " through repeated copying by hand , either by professional scribes or by the readers themselves . In the process of making a copy , the copyist would often translate , expand , adapt , or reorder the content . Most of the original herbals have been lost ; many have survived only as later copies ( of copies ... ) , and others are known only through references from other texts .
As printing became available , it was promptly used to publish herbals , the first printed matter being known as incunabula . In Europe , the first printed herbal with woodcut ( xylograph ) illustrations , the Puch der Natur of Konrad of Megenberg , appeared in 1475 . Metal @-@ engraved plates were first used in about 1580 . As woodcuts and metal engravings could be reproduced indefinitely they were traded among printers : there was therefore a large increase in the number of illustrations together with an improvement in quality and detail but a tendency for repetition .
As examples of some of the world 's most important records and first printed matter , researchers will find herbals scattered through the world 's most famous libraries including the Vatican Library in Rome , the Bodleian Library in Oxford , the Royal Library in Windsor , the British Library in London and the major continental libraries .
= = China , India , Mexico = =
= = = Shen Nung Pen Ts ’ ao ching of China = = =
China is renowned for its traditional herbal medicines that date back thousands of years . Legend has it that mythical Emperor Shennong , the founder of Chinese herbal medicine , composed the Shennong Bencao Jing or Great Herbal in about 2700 BCE as the forerunner of all later Chinese herbals . It survives as a copy made c . 500 CE and describes about 365 herbs . High quality herbals and monographs on particular plants were produced in the period to 1250 CE including : the Zhenlei bencao written by Tang Shenwei in 1108 , which passed through twelve editions until 1600 ; a monograph on the lychee by Cai Xiang in 1059 and one on the oranges of Wenzhhou by Han Yanzhi in 1178 . In 1406 Ming dynasty prince Zhu Xiao ( 朱橚 ) published the Jiuhuang Bencao illustrated herbal for famine foods . It contained high quality woodcuts and descriptions of 414 species of plants of which 276 were described for the first time , the book pre @-@ dating the first European printed book by 69 years . It was reprinted many times . Other herbals include Bencao Fahui in 1450 by Xu Yong and Bencao Gangmu of Li Shizhen in 1590 .
= = = Sushruta Samhita of India = = =
Traditional herbal medicine of India , known as Ayurveda , possibly dates back to the second millennium BCE tracing its origins to the holy Hindu Vedas and , in particular , the Atharvaveda . One authentic compilation of teachings is by the surgeon Sushruta , available in a treatise called Sushruta Samhita . This contains 184 chapters and description of 1120 illnesses , 700 medicinal plants , 64 preparations from mineral sources and 57 preparations based on animal sources . Other early works of Ayurveda include the Charaka Samhita , attributed to Charaka . This tradition , however is mostly oral . The earliest surviving written material which contains the works of Sushruta is the Bower Manuscript — dated to the 4th century CE .
= = = Hernandez – Rerum Medicarum and the Aztecs = = =
An illustrated herbal published in Mexico in 1552 , Libellus de Medicinalibus Indorum Herbis ( " Book of Medicinal Herbs of the Indies " ) , is written in the Aztec Nauhuatl language by a native physician , Martín Cruz . This is probably an extremely early account of the medicine of the Aztecs although the formal illustrations , resembling European ones , suggest that the artists were following the traditions of their Spanish masters rather than an indigenous style of drawing . In 1570 Francisco Hernández ( c.1514 – 1580 ) was sent from Spain to study the natural resources of New Spain ( now Mexico ) . Here he drew on indigenous sources , including the extensive botanical gardens that had been established by the Aztecs , to record c . 1200 plants in his Rerum Medicarum of 1615 . Nicolás Monardes ’ Dos Libros ( 1569 ) contains the first published illustration of tobacco .
= = Egypt , Mesopotamia , Greece and Rome = =
By about 2000 BCE , medical papyri in ancient Egypt included medical prescriptions based on plant matter and made reference to the herbalist 's combination of medicines and magic for healing .
= = = Papyrus Ebers = = =
The ancient Egyptian Papyrus Ebers is one of the earliest known herbals ; it dates to 1550 BCE and is based on sources , now lost , dating back a further 500 to 2000 years . The earliest Sumerian herbal dates from about 2500 BCE as a copied manuscript of the 7th century BCE . Inscribed Assyrian tablets dated 668 – 626 BCE list about 250 vegetable drugs : the tablets include herbal plant names that are still in use today including : saffron , cumin , turmeric and sesame .
The ancient Greeks gleaned much of their medicinal knowledge from Egypt and Mesopotamia . Hippocrates ( 460 – 377 BCE ) , the " father of medicine " ( renowned for the eponymous Hippocratic oath ) , used about 400 drugs , most being of plant origin . However , the first Greek herbal of any note was written by Diocles of Carystus in the fourth century BC — although nothing remains of this except its mention in the written record . It was Aristotle ’ s pupil Theophrastus ( 371 – 287 BCE ) in his Historia Plantarum , ( better known as the Enquiry into Plants ) and De Causis Plantarum ( On the Causes of Plants ) that established the scientific method of careful and critical observation associated with modern botanical science . Based largely on Aristotle ’ s notes , the Ninth Book of his Enquiry deals specifically with medicinal herbs and their uses including the recommendations of herbalists and druggists of the day , and his plant descriptions often included their natural habitat and geographic distribution . With the formation of the Alexandrian School c . 330 BCE medicine flourished and written herbals of this period included those of the physicians Herophilus , Mantias , Andreas of Karystos , Appolonius Mys , and Nicander . The work of rhizomatist ( the rhizomati were the doctors of the day , berated by Theophrastus for their superstition ) Krateuas ( fl . 110 BCE ) is of special note because he initiated the tradition of the illustrated herbal in the first century BCE .
= = = Dioscorides – De Materia Medica = = =
The De Materia Medica ( c . 40 – 90 CE ; Greek , Περί ύλης ιατρικής " Peri hules iatrikes " , ' On medical materials ' ) of Pedanios Dioscorides , a physician in the Roman army , was produced in about 65 CE . It was the single greatest classical authority on the subject and the most influential herbal ever written , serving as a model for herbals and pharmacopoeias , both oriental and occidental , for the next 1000 years up to the Renaissance . It drew together much of the accumulated herbal knowledge of the time , including some 500 medicinal plants . The original has been lost but a lavishly illustrated Byzantine copy known as the Vienna Dioscurides dating from about 512 CE remains .
= = = Pliny – Naturalis Historia = = =
Pliny the Elder 's ( 23 – 79 CE ) encyclopaedic Naturalis Historia ( c . 77 – 79 CE ) is a synthesis of the information contained in about 2000 scrolls and it includes myths and folklore ; there are about 200 extant copies of this work . It comprises 37 books of which sixteen ( Books 12 – 27 ) are devoted to trees , plants and medicaments and , of these , seven describe medicinal plants . In medieval herbals , along with De Materia Medica it is Pliny 's work that is the most frequently mentioned of the classical texts , even though the work De Simplicibus of Galen ( 131 – 201 CE ) is more detailed and notable . Another Latin translation of Greek works that was widely copied in the Middle Ages , probably illustrated in the original , was that attributed to Apuleius and this also contained the alternative names for particular plants given in several languages . It dates to about 400 CE and a surviving copy dates to about 600 CE .
= = The Middle Ages and Arab World = =
During the 600 years of the European Middle Ages from 600 to 1200 , the tradition of herbal lore fell to the monasteries . Many of the monks were skilled at producing books and manuscripts and tending both medicinal gardens and the sick , but written works of this period simply emulated those of the classical era .
Meanwhile , in the Arab world , by 900 the great Greek herbals had been translated and copies lodged in centres of learning in the Byzantine empire of the eastern Mediterranean including Byzantium , Damascus , Cairo and Baghdad where they were combined with the botanical and pharmacological lore of the Orient . In the medieval Islamic world , Muslim botanists and Muslim physicians made a major contribution to the knowledge of herbal medicines . Those associated with this period include Mesue Maior ( Masawaiyh , 777 – 857 ) who , in his Opera Medicinalia , synthesised the knowledge of Greeks , Persians , Arabs , Indians and Babylonians , this work was complemented by the medical encyclopaedia of Avicenna ( Ibn Sina , 980 – 1037 ) . Avicenna ’ s Canon of Medicine was used for centuries in both East and West . During this period Islamic science protected classical botanical knowledge that had been ignored in the West and Muslim pharmacy thrived .
= = = Albertus Magnus – De Vegetabilibus = = =
In the thirteenth century , scientific inquiry was returning and this was manifest through the production of encyclopaedias ; those noted for their plant content included a seven volume treatise by Albertus Magnus ( c . 1193 – 1280 ) a Suabian educated at the University of Padua and tutor to St Thomas Aquinas . It was called De Vegetabilibus ( c . 1256 AD ) and even though based on original observations and plant descriptions it bore a close resemblance to the earlier Greek , Roman and Arabic herbals . Other accounts of the period include De Proprietatibus Rerum ( c . 1230 – 1240 ) of English Franciscan monk Bartholomaeus Anglicus and a group of herbals called Tractatus de Herbis written and pained between 1280 and 1300 by Matthaeus Platearius at the East @-@ West cultural centre of Salerno Spain , the illustrations showing the fine detail of true botanical illustration .
= = Western Europe = =
Perhaps the best known herbals were produced in Europe between 1470 and 1670 . The invention in Germany of printing from movable type in a printing press c . 1440 was a great stimulus to herbalism . The new herbals were more detailed with greater general appeal and often with Gothic script and the addition of woodcut illustrations that more closely resembled the plants being described .
Three important herbals , all appearing before 1500 , were printed in Mainz , Germany . Two of these were by Peter Schoeffer , his Latin Herbarius in 1484 , followed by an updated and enlarged German version in 1485 , these being followed in 1491 by the Hortus Sanitatis printed by Jacob Meyderbach . Other early printed herbals include the Kreuterbuch of Hieronymus Tragus from Germany in 1539 and , in England , the New Herball of William Turner in 1551 were arranged , like the classical herbals , either alphabetically , according to their medicinal properties , or as " herbs , shrubs , trees " . Arrangement of plants in later herbals such as Cruydboeck of Dodoens and John Gerard ’ s Herball of 1597 became more related to their physical similarities and this heralded the beginnings of scientific classification . By 1640 a herbal had been printed that included about 3800 plants – nearly all the plants of the day that were known .
In the Modern Age and Renaissance , European herbals diversified and innovated , and came to rely more on direct observation than being mere adaptations of traditional models . Typical examples from the period are the fully illustrated De Historia Stirpium Commentarii Insignes by Leonhart Fuchs ( 1542 , with over 400 plants ) , the astrologically themed Complete Herbal by Nicholas Culpeper ( 1653 ) , and the Curious Herbal by Elizabeth Blackwell ( 1737 ) .
= = = Anglo @-@ Saxon herbals = = =
Anglo @-@ Saxon plant knowledge and gardening skills ( the garden was called a wyrtzerd , literally , herb @-@ yard ) appears to have exceeded that on the continent . Our limited knowledge of Anglo @-@ Saxon plant vernacular comes primarily from manuscripts that include : the Leechbook of Bald and the Lacnunga . The Leechbook of Bald ( Bald was probably a friend of King Alfred of England ) was painstakingly produced by the scribe Cild in about 900 – 950 CE . This was written in the vernacular ( native ) tongue and not derived from Greek texts . The oldest illustrated herbal from Saxon times is a translation of the Latin Herbarius Apulei Platonici , one of the most popular medical works of medieval times , the original dating from the fifth century ; this Saxon translation was produced about 1000 – 1050 CE and is housed in the British Library . Another vernacular herbal was the Buch der natur or " Book of Nature " by Konrad von Megenberg ( 1309 – 1374 ) which contains the first two botanical woodcuts ever made ; it is also the first work of its kind in the vernacular .
= = = Anglo @-@ Norman herbals = = =
In the 12th and early 13th centuries , under the influence of the Norman conquest , the herbals produced in Britain fell less under the influence of France and Germany and more that of Sicily and the Near East . This showed itself through the Byzantine @-@ influenced Romanesque framed illustrations . Anglo @-@ Saxon herbals in the vernacular were replaced by herbals in Latin including Macers Herbal , De Viribus Herbarum ( largely derived from Pliny ) , with the English translation completed in about 1373 .
= = = Fifteenth @-@ century incunabula = = =
The earliest printed books and broadsheets are known as incunabula . The first printed herbal appeared in 1469 , a version of Pliny 's Historia Naturalis ; it was published nine years before Dioscorides De Materia Medica was set in type . Important incunabula include the encyclopaedic De Proprietatibus Rerum of Franciscan monk Bartholomew Anglicus ( c . 1203 – 1272 ) which , as a manuscript , had first appeared between 1248 and 1260 in at least six languages and after being first printed in 1470 ran to 25 editions . Assyrian physician Mesue ( 926 – 1016 ) wrote the popular De Simplicibus , Grabadin and Liber Medicinarum Particularum the first of his printings being in 1471 . These were followed , in Italy , by the Herbarium of Apuleius Platonicus and three German works published in Mainz , the Latin Herbarius ( 1484 ) , the first herbal published in Germany , German Herbarius ( 1485 ) , the latter evolving into the Ortus Sanitatis ( 1491 ) . To these can be added Macer ’ s De Virtutibus Herbarum , based on Pliny 's work ; the 1477 edition is one of the first printed and illustrated herbals .
= = = Fifteenth @-@ century manuscripts = = =
In medieval times , medicinal herbs were generally referred to by the apothecaries ( physicians or doctors ) as " simples " or " officinals " . Before 1542 , the works principally used by apothecaries were the treatises on simples by Avicenna and Serapion ’ s Liber De Simplici Medicina . The De Synonymis and other publications of Simon Januensis , the Liber Servitoris of Bulchasim Ben Aberazerim , which described the preparations made from plants , animals and minerals , provided a model for the chemical treatment of modern pharmacopoeias . There was also the Antidotarium Nicolai of Nicolaus de Salerno , which contained Galenical compounds arranged in alphabetical order .
= = = Spain and Portugal – de Orta , Monardes , Hernandez = = =
The Spaniards and Portuguese were explorers , the Portuguese to India ( Vasco da Gama ) and Goa where physician Garcia de Orta ( 1490 – 1570 ) based his work Coloquios dos Simples ( 1563 ) . The first botanical knowledge of the New World came from Spaniard Nicolas Monardes ( 1493 – 1588 ) who published Dos Libros between 1569 and 1571 . The work of Hernandez on the herbal medicine of the Aztecs has already been discussed .
= = = Germany – Bock , Brunfels and Fuchs = = =
Otto Brunfels ( c . 1489 – 1534 ) , Leonhart Fuchs ( 1501 – 1566 ) and Hieronymus Bock ( 1498 – 1554 ) were known as the " German fathers of botany " although this title belies the fact that they trod in the steps of the scientifically feted Hildegard of Bingen whose writings on herbalism were Physica and Causae et Curae ( together known as Liber subtilatum ) of 1150 . The original manuscript is no longer in existence but a copy was printed in 1533 . Another major herbalist was Valerius Cordus ( 1515 – 1544 ) .
The 1530 , Herbarum Vivae Eicones of Brunfels contained the admired botanically accurate original woodcut colour illustrations of Hans Weiditz along with descriptions of 47 species new to science . Bock , in setting out to describe the plants of his native Germany , produced the New Kreuterbuch of 1539 describing the plants he had found in the woods and fields but without illustration ; this was supplemented by a second edition in 1546 that contained 365 woodcuts . Bock was possibly the first to adopt a botanical classification in his herbal which also covered details of ecology and plant communities . In this , he was placing emphasis on botanical rather than medicinal characteristics , unlike the other German herbals and foreshadowing the modern Flora . De Historia Stirpium ( 1542 with a German version in 1843 ) of Fuchs was a later publication with 509 high quality woodcuts that again paid close attention to botanical detail : it included many plants introduced to Germany in the sixteenth century that were new to science . The work of Fuchs is regarded as being among the most accomplished of the Renaissance period .
= = = Low Countries – Dodoens , Lobel , Clusius = = =
The Flemish printer Christopher Plantin established a reputation publishing the works of Dutch herbalists Rembert Dodoens and Carolus Clusius and developing a vast library of illustrations . Translations of early Greco @-@ Roman texts published in German by Bock in 1546 as Kreuterbuch were subsequently translated into Dutch as Pemptades by Dodoens ( 1517 – 1585 ) who was a Belgian botanist of world renown . This was an elaboration of his first publication Cruydeboeck ( 1554 ) . Matthias de Lobel ( 1538 – 1616 ) published his Stirpium Adversaria Nova ( 1570 – 1571 ) and a massive compilation of illustrations while Clusius ’ s ( 1526 – 1609 ) magnum opus was Rariorum Plantarum Historia of 1601 which was a compilation of his Spanish and Hungarian floras and included over 600 plants that were new to science .
= = = Italy – Mattioli , Calzolari , Alpino = = =
In Italy , two herbals were beginning to include botanical descriptions . Notable herbalists included Pietro Andrea Mattioli ( 1501 – 1577 ) , physician to the Italian aristocracy and his Commentarii ( 1544 ) , which included many newly described species , and his more traditional herbal Epistolarum Medicinalium Libri Quinque ( 1561 ) . Sometimes , the local flora was described as in the publication Viaggio di Monte Baldo ( 1566 ) of Francisco Calzolari . Prospero Alpino ( 1553 – 1617 ) published in 1592 the highly popular account of overseas plants De Plantis Aegypti and he also established a botanical garden in Padua in 1542 , which together with those at Pisa and Florence , rank among the world ’ s first .
= = = England – Turner , Gerard , Parkinson , Culpeper = = =
The first true herbal printed in Britain was Richard Banckes ' Herball of 1525 which , although popular in its day , was unillustrated and soon eclipsed by the most famous of the early printed herbals , Peter Treveris 's Grete Herball of 1526 ( derived in turn from the derivative French Grand Herbier ) .
William Turner ( ? 1508 – 7 to 1568 ) was an English naturalist , botanist , and theologian who studied at Cambridge University and eventually became known as the “ father of English botany . " His 1538 publication Libellus de re Herbaria Novus was the first essay on scientific botany in English . His three @-@ part A New Herball of 1551 – 1562 – 1568 , with woodcut illustrations taken from Fuchs , was noted for its original contributions and extensive medicinal content ; it was also more accessible to readers , being written in vernacular English . Turner described over 200 species native to England. and his work had a strong influence on later eminent botanists such as John Ray and Jean Bauhin .
John Gerard ( 1545 – 1612 ) is the most famous of all the English herbalists . His Herball of 1597 is , like most herbals , largely derivative . It appears to be a reformulation of Hieronymus Bock 's Kreuterbuch subsequently translated into Dutch as Pemptades by Rembert Dodoens ( 1517 – 1585 ) , and thence into English by Carolus Clusius , ( 1526 – 1609 ) then re @-@ worked by Henry Lyte in 1578 as A Nievve Herball . This became the basis of Gerard 's Herball or General Historie of Plantes. that appeared in 1597 with its 1800 woodcuts ( only 16 original ) . Although largely derivative , Gerard 's popularity can be attributed to his evocation of plants and places in Elizabethan England and to the clear influence of gardens and gardening on this work . He had published , in 1596 , Catalogus which was a list of 1033 plants growing in his garden .
John Parkinson ( 1567 – 1650 ) was apothecary to James I and a founding member of the Worshipful Society of Apothecaries . He was an enthusiastic and skilful gardener , his garden in Long Acre being stocked with rarities . He maintained an active correspondence with important English and Continental botanists , herbalists and plantsmen importing new and unusual plants from overseas , in particular the Levant and Virginia . Parkinson is celebrated for his two monumental works , the first Paradisi in Sole Paradisus Terrestris in 1629 : this was essentially a gardening book , a florilegium for which Charles I awarded him the title Botanicus Regius Primarius – Royal Botanist . The second was his Theatrum Botanicum of 1640 , the largest herbal ever produced in the English language . It lacked the quality illustrations of Gerard 's works , but was a massive and informative compendium including about 3800 plants ( twice the number of Gerard 's first edition Herball ) , over 1750 pages and over 2 @,@ 700 woodcuts . This was effectively the last and culminating herbal of its kind and , although it included more plants of no discernible economic or medicinal use than ever before , they were nevertheless arranged according to their properties rather than their natural affinities .
Nicholas Culpeper ( 1616 – 1654 ) was an English botanist , herbalist , physician , apothecary and astrologer from London 's East End . His published books were A Physicall Directory ( 1649 ) , which was a pseudoscientific pharmacopoeia . The English Physitian ( 1652 ) and the Complete Herbal ( 1653 ) , contain a rich store of pharmaceutical and herbal knowledge . His works lacked scientific credibility because of their use of astrology , though he combined diseases , plants and astrological prognosis into a simple integrated system that has proved popular to the present day .
= = Legacy = =
The legacy of the herbal extends beyond medicine to botany and horticulture . Herbal medicine is still practiced in many parts of the world but the traditional grand herbal , as described here , ended with the European Renaissance , the rise of modern medicine and the use of synthetic and industrialized drugs . The medicinal component of herbals has developed in several ways . Firstly , discussion of plant lore was reduced and with the increased medical content there emerged the official pharmacopoeia . The first British Pharmacopoeia was published in the English language in 1864 , but gave such general dissatisfaction both to the medical profession and to chemists and druggists that the General Medical Council brought out a new and amended edition in 1867 . Secondly , at a more popular level , there are the books on culinary herbs and herb gardens , medicinal and useful plants . Finally , the enduring desire for simple medicinal information on specific plants has resulted in contemporary herbals that echo the herbals of the past , an example being Maud Grieve 's A Modern Herbal , first published in 1931 but with many subsequent editions .
The magical and mystical side of the herbal also lives on . Herbals often explained plant lore , displaying a superstitious or spiritual side . There was , for example , the fanciful doctrine of signatures , the belief that there were similarities in the appearance of the part of the body affected the appearance of the plant to be used as a remedy . The astrology of Culpeper can be seen in contemporary anthroposophy ( biodynamic gardening ) and alternative medical approaches like homeopathy , aromatherapy and other new age medicine show connections with herbals and traditional medicine .
It is sometimes forgotten that the plants described in herbals were grown in special herb gardens ( physic gardens ) . Such herb gardens were , for example , part of the medieval monastery garden that supplied the simples or officinals used to treat the sick being cared for within the monastery . Early physic gardens were also associated with institutes of learning , whether a monastery , university or herbarium . It was this medieval garden of the fourteenth to sixteenth centuries , attended by apothecaries and physicians , that established a tradition leading to the systems gardens of the eighteenth century ( gardens that demonstrated the classification system of plants ) and the modern botanical garden . The advent of printing , woodcuts and metal engraving improved the means of communication . Herbals prepared the ground for modern botanical science by pioneering plant description , classification and illustration . From the time of the ancients like Dioscorides through to Parkinson in 1629 , the scope of the herbal remained essentially the same .
The greatest legacy of the herbal is to botany . Up to the seventeenth century , botany and medicine were one and the same but gradually greater emphasis was placed on the plants rather than their medicinal properties . During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries , plant description and classification began to relate plants to one another and not to man . This was the first glimpse of non @-@ anthropocentric botanical science since Theophrastus and , coupled with the new system of binomial nomenclature , resulted in " scientific herbals " called Floras that detailed and illustrated the plants growing in a particular region . These books were often backed by herbaria , collections of dried plants that verified the plant descriptions given in the Floras . In this way modern botany , especially plant taxonomy , was born out of medicine . As herbal historian Agnes Arber remarks – " Sibthorp 's monumental Flora Graeca is , indeed , the direct descendant in modern science of the De Materia Medica of Dioscorides . "
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= Saddlesore Galactica =
" Saddlesore Galactica " is the thirteenth episode of the eleventh season of the American animated sitcom The Simpsons . It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on February 6 , 2000 . In the episode , the Simpson family rescues a diving horse named Duncan from the abuse of his owner and keeps him as a pet . When the cost of keeping Duncan rises , Homer and Bart train him to be a racehorse . Duncan wins several races and , as a result , Homer is threatened with death by a group of jockeys . Meanwhile , Lisa is upset over her school unfairly losing the musical band competition at a state fair and writes a letter to U.S. President Bill Clinton in protest .
The episode features several guest appearances ; horse race caller Trevor Denman stars as himself , commentating the races in the episode , and voice artist Jim Cummings provides the animal sounds made by Duncan . Randy Bachman and Fred Turner appear as themselves as their rock band Bachman – Turner Overdrive performs at the state fair . " Saddlesore Galactica " was written by Tim Long and directed by Lance Kramer . A number of meta @-@ references are included in the episode , such as the character Comic Book Guy telling the Simpsons that they have owned a horse before in the episode " Lisa 's Pony " .
Around 9 @.@ 6 million American homes tuned in to watch the episode during its original airing . In 2008 , it was released on DVD , along with the rest of the episodes of the eleventh season . " Saddlesore Galactica " is despised by many television critics and fans according to Long . It has been described by About.com 's Nancy Basile as one of the season 's worst episodes , by Marco Ursi of Maclean 's as the worst episode of the series , and has frequently been cited by fans as an example of the show jumping the shark . Criticism has been directed at its outlandish plot , which , among other things , features elf @-@ like jockeys who lure Homer into their secret lair where they threaten him to stop Duncan from winning .
= = Plot = =
Lisa and the other members of Springfield Elementary 's school band enter a music competition together at a state fair , performing James Brown 's " Living in America " . However , they lose to the Ogdenville Elementary band , which performs John Philip Sousa 's " Stars and Stripes Forever " and uses red , white , and blue glowsticks to form a flag . Lisa accuses Ogdenville of cheating as the use of visual aids is against the rules of the competition . She later writes a letter to President Clinton , complaining about the situation . At the fair , Homer and Bart see a horse named Duncan that can dive into pools . The Simpsons take Duncan home after his sleazy owner is accused of animal cruelty and flees . However , they end up having financial issues because of Duncan ; it costs them US $ 500 a week to keep him .
Homer and Bart try to think of a way that Duncan can make money to help offset the costs of keeping him . Bart discovers that Duncan is a fast runner and suggests that he should be a racehorse . Homer enters Duncan at the Springfield Downs race track , with Bart as the jockey . However , a frightened Duncan loses his first race as he refuses to leave the stall until all other horses have finished . Homer and Bart find a strategy for Duncan to win by turning him into a frightening horse named " Furious D " , complete with dyed hair and one of Lisa 's bracelets for a nose ring . He intimidates the other horses and wins several races . Homer is soon invited by the losing jockeys to have a beer in their lounge , which turns out to be a secret lair . The jockeys reveal themselves to be murderous elf @-@ like creatures who want Homer to have Duncan lose the upcoming race . They threaten to eat Homer 's brain if he does not comply . Though intimidated at first , Homer later vows to deal with those " murderous trolls " .
At the Springfield Derby , Duncan wins the race , and the furious jockeys chase after Homer and Bart. With the help of Marge and Lisa , who spray water on the jockeys with a hose , Homer is able to put the jockeys into a garbage bag and get them sent to the dump . Afterwards , Homer and Bart prepare for Duncan 's retirement from racing to start a new life as a stud . President Clinton then shows up at the Simpsons 's house to see Lisa , presenting her with a plaque . Clinton says that Ogdenville was wrong to use glowsticks and that Springfield Elementary 's band is the true champion .
= = Production = =
" Saddlesore Galactica " was written by Tim Long and directed by Lance Kramer as part of the eleventh season of The Simpsons ( 1999 – 2000 ) . The title is a reference to the science fiction television series Battlestar Galactica . The idea of Duncan originally being a diving horse was inspired by an actual diving horse that used to jump into a pool at Steel Pier in Atlantic City , New Jersey at the beginning of the 20th century ; a postcard showing this horse was used as a reference by the animators for the scenes featuring the diving . When the animation process began , Kramer drew instructions to his animators on how horses move when they run and how their ankles work . He has said that because Duncan was a large part of the story , " we wanted him to have somewhat of a personality . So when everybody knew how to draw the horse and we got that out of the way , they could animate the horse acting . " Voice artist Jim Cummings provided the animal sounds made by Duncan in the episode .
American horse race caller Trevor Denman guest starred in the episode as himself , commentating on Duncan 's races over the public @-@ address system . Randy Bachman and Fred Turner , known for their rock band Bachman – Turner Overdrive , made an appearance in the episode as themselves . They perform on stage at the state fair during the beginning of the episode . When Bachman and Turner tell the audience that they are going to play some songs from their new album , Homer immediately yells out demands for them to play their old song " Takin ' Care of Business " . The band starts the song and Homer then yells , " Get to the ' workin overtime ' part ! " The band obliges , skipping straight to the chorus . Bachman had left the band when " Saddlesore Galactica " was recorded and because of tension between him and Turner , the two recorded their lines separately on different occasions . Long has said that the Simpsons staff members " were thrilled to have [ them ] on the show " and that the pair " could not have been nicer . "
= = Meta @-@ references = =
The episode is heavily self @-@ referential and contains a number of meta @-@ references . When the Simpsons take Duncan home from the fair , Comic Book Guy points out to the Simpsons that they have already taken in a horse as a pet ( as seen in " Lisa 's Pony " ) , and that " the expense forced Homer to work at the Kwik @-@ E @-@ Mart , with hilarious consequences . " In another scene later in the episode , when Lisa points out to Marge that Marge is showing signs of gambling problems , Comic Book Guy shows up again wearing a T @-@ shirt that says " Worst Episode Ever " and tells Lisa : " Hey , I 'm watching you ! " This refers to the fact that Marge 's gambling problems have already been explored in the episode " $ pringfield " .
Jonathan Gray analyzed the self @-@ referentiality in The Simpsons in his 2006 book Watching with The Simpsons : Television , Parody , and Intertextuality , writing that " Sitcoms constantly ' reset ' themselves , living in [ ... ] an ' existential circle ' in which nothing really changes , and every episode starts more or less where the last one started ; and The Simpsons frequently plays with this sitcom clock , and with the amnesia of sitcom memory . The family members often forget important events in their ' history ' [ ... ] " . Gray noted that in " Saddlesore Galactica " , " the action continues as normal , as sitcom memory ( or lack thereof ) is pointed out but comically not acted upon . Thus , where David Grote [ author of The End of Comedy : The Sit @-@ Com and the Comedic Tradition ] ( 1983 : 67 ) notes that sitcom episodes ' live in a kind of time @-@ warp without any reference to the other episodes , ' producing a situation whereby everything ' remains inviolate and undisturbed , no matter what transitory events may occur ' ( 1983 : 59 ) , The Simpsons comically reflects upon this . "
= = Reception = =
The episode originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on February 6 , 2000 . It was viewed in approximately 9 @.@ 6 million households that night . With a Nielsen rating of 9 @.@ 5 , " Saddlesore Galactica " finished 29th in the ratings for the week of January 31 – February 6 , 2000 . It was the second highest @-@ rated broadcast on Fox that week , following an episode of Malcolm in the Middle . On October 7 , 2008 , " Saddlesore Galactica " was released on DVD as part of the box set The Simpsons – The Complete Eleventh Season . Staff members Tim Long , Lance Kramer , Mike Scully , Matt Groening , George Meyer , Ian Maxtone @-@ Graham , Matt Selman , and Tom Martin participated in the DVD audio commentary for the episode . Deleted scenes from the episode were also included on the box set .
According to Long , " Saddlesore Galactica " is considered by many critics and fans as one of the worst episodes in the history of the show , particularly for the scenes featuring the jockey elves . In 2007 , Maclean 's writer Marco Ursi named it his least favorite episode of The Simpsons , elaborating : " This is the one where the Simpsons get a horse – again – and the plot devolves into something involving the secret land of the jockeys . Making meta @-@ references to the fact you ’ ve just made your ' worst episode ever ' doesn ’ t make it any funnier . " Nancy Basile of About.com listed the episode as one of the worst episodes of the season — one of the episodes that made her " cringe because they included blatant gimmicks and outlandish plots " .
Despite its criticisms , " Saddlesore Galactica " received some positive reviews . While reviewing the eleventh season of The Simpsons , DVD Movie Guide 's Colin Jacobson commented on the episode , writing : " I remember that ' Saddlesore ' was much despised when it first aired , though I can ’ t recall if I joined that chorus as well . Maybe the many iffy episodes since early 2000 have made it look better , but I think that ' Saddlesore ' offers a decent number of laughs . It goes off onto some dopey tangents and displays an unnerving tendency toward self @-@ awareness , but it provides reasonable entertainment . " DVD Talk 's Ian Jane described the cameo appearance by Bachman and Turner as " fun " .
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= Gunfighter =
Gunfighter and gunslinger / ˈɡʌnslɪŋər / are literary words used historically to refer to men in the American Old West who had gained a reputation of being dangerous with a gun and had participated in gunfights and shootouts . Gunman was a more common term used for these individuals in the 19th century . Today , the term " gunslinger " is now more or less used to denote someone who is quick on the draw with a pistol , but can also refer to riflemen and shotgun messengers . The gunfighter is also one of the most popular characters in the Western genre and has appeared in associated films , video games , and literature .
Gunfighters range from different occupations including lawman , outlaw , cowboy , exhibitionists and duelist , but are more commonly synonymous to a hired gun who made a living with his weapons in the Old West .
= = Origin of the term = =
The term " gun slinger " was used in the Western film Drag Harlan ( 1920 ) . The word was soon adopted by other Western writers , such as Zane Grey , and became common usage . In his introduction to The Shootist ( 1976 ) , author Glendon Swarthout says " gunslinger " and " gunfighter " are modern terms , and the more authentic terms for the period would have been " gunman " , " pistoleer " , " shootist , " or " bad man " ( sometimes written as " badman " ) . Swarthout seems to have been correct about " gunslinger " , but the term " gunfighter " existed in several newspapers in the 1870s , and as such the term existed in the 19th century . Bat Masterson used the term " gunfighter " in the newspaper articles which he wrote about the lawmen and outlaws whom he had known . However , Joseph Rosa noted that , even though Masterson used the term " gunfighter " , he " preferred the term ' mankiller ' " when discussing these individuals . Clay Allison ( 1841 – 1887 ) , a notorious New Mexico and Texas gunman and cattleman , originated the term " shootist " .
= = = Usage = = =
Often , the term has been applied to men who would hire out for contract killings or at a ranch embroiled in a range war where they would earn " fighting wages " . Others , like Billy the Kid , were notorious bandits , and still others were lawmen like Pat Garrett and Wyatt Earp . A gunfighter could be an outlaw — a robber or murderer who took advantage of the wilderness of the frontier to hide from genteel society and to make periodic raids on it . The gunfighter could also be an agent of the state , archetypically a lone avenger , but more often a sheriff , whose duty was to face the outlaw and bring him to justice or to personally administer it . There were also a few historical cowboys who were actual gunfighters , such as the Outlaw cowboy gang who participated in the bloody Skeleton Canyon Massacre .
= = Depiction in culture = =
Gunslingers frequently appear as stock characters in Western movies and novels , along with cowboys . Often , the hero of a Western meets his opposite " double " , a mirror of his own evil side that he has to destroy .
Western gunslinger heroes are portrayed as local lawmen or enforcement officers , ranchers , army officers , cowboys , territorial marshals , nomadic loners , or skilled fast @-@ draw artists . They are normally masculine persons of integrity and principle - courageous , moral , tough , solid , and self @-@ sufficient , maverick characters ( often with trusty sidekicks ) , possessing an independent and honorable attitude ( but often characterized as slow @-@ talking ) . They are depicted as similar to a knight @-@ errant , wandering from place to place with no particular direction , often facing curious and hostile enemies , while saving individuals or communities from those enemies in terms of chivalry . The Western hero usually stands alone and faces danger on his own , commonly against lawlessness , with an expert display of his physical skills ( roping , gun @-@ play , horse @-@ handling , pioneering abilities , etc . ) .
In films , the gunslinger often possesses a nearly superhuman speed and skill with the revolver . Twirling pistols , lightning draws , and trick shots are standard fare for the gunmen of the big screen . In the real world , however , gunmen who relied on flashy tricks and theatrics died quickly , and most gunslingers took a much more practical approach to their weapons . Real gunslingers did not shoot to disarm or to impress , but to kill .
Another classic bit of cinema that is largely a myth is the showdown at high noon , where two well @-@ matched gunslingers agree to meet for a climactic formal duel . These duels did occasionally happen , as in the case of the Luke Short – Jim Courtright duel , but gunfights were typically more spontaneous , a fight that turned deadly when one side reached for a weapon , and no one knew who actually won the fight for several minutes until the air finally cleared of smoke . Gunfights could be won by simple distraction , or pistols could be emptied as gunmen fought from behind cover without injury . When a gunman did square off , it rarely was with another gunfighter . Gunslingers usually gave each other a wide berth , and it was uncommon for two well @-@ known gunslingers to face off . The gunslinger 's reputation often was as valuable as any skills possessed . In Western films and books , young toughs often challenge experienced gunmen with the hopes of building a reputation , but this rarely happened in real life . A strong reputation was enough to keep others civil and often would spare a gunfighter from conflict . Even other gunslingers were likely to avoid any unnecessary confrontation .
In the days of the Old West , tales tended to grow with repeated telling , and a single fight might grow into a career @-@ making reputation . For instance , the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral made legends of Wyatt Earp and the Outlaw Cowboy gang , but they were relatively minor figures before that conflict . Some gunslingers , such as Bat Masterson , actively engaged in self @-@ promotion . Johnny Ringo built a reputation as a gunslinger while never taking part in a gunfight or killing unarmed civilians .
= = Fact and fiction = =
Most gunfights are portrayed in films or books as having two men square off , waiting for one to make the first move . This was rarely the case . Often , a gunfight was spur @-@ of @-@ the @-@ moment , with one drawing his pistol , and the other reacting . Often it would develop into a shootout where both men bolted for cover . In popular folklore , men who held noteworthy reputations as a gunfighter were eager to match up against another gunman with the same reputation . On the contrary , in cases where two men held a similar reputation , both would avoid confrontation with one another whenever possible . They rarely took undue risks , and usually weighed their options before confronting another well @-@ known gunman . This respect for one another is why most famous gunfights were rarely two or more well @-@ known gunmen matched up against one another , but rather one notable gunman against a lesser @-@ known opponent or opponents .
These fights were usually close @-@ up and personal , with a number of shots blasted from pistols , often resulting in innocent bystanders hit by bullets gone wild . Much of the time , it would be difficult to tell who had " won ” the gunfight for several minutes , as the black powder smoke from the pistols cleared the air . How famous gunfighters died is as varied as each man . Many well @-@ known gunfighters were so feared by the public because of their reputation that when they were killed , they died as a result of ambush rather than going down in a " blaze of glory " . Others died secluded deaths either from old age or illness .
Mythology and folklore often exaggerate the skills of famous gunfighters . Most of these historical figures were not known to be capable of trick shooting , nor did they necessarily have a reputation for precision sharpshooting . Such tropes that are frequently seen in Westerns include shooting the center of a coin , stylistic pistol twirling , glancing shots that intentionally only graze an opponent ( the bullet through the hat being an example ) , shooting an opponent 's belt buckle ( thus dropping his pants ) , a bullet cutting the hangman 's rope , or shooting the guns out of opponents ' hands ( typically as an alternative to killing ) . The latter was debunked by Mythbusters as an impossibility , as unjacketed bullets tend to shatter into fragments that can hurt or even kill . Ed McGivern dispelled the myth of the inaccuracy of pistol fanning by shooting tight groups while fanning the revolver .
In Western movies , the characters ' gun belts are often worn low on the hip and outer thigh , with the holster cut away around the pistol 's trigger and grip for a smooth , fast draw . This type of holster is a Hollywood anachronism . Fast @-@ draw artists can be distinguished from other movie cowboys because their guns will often be tied to their thigh . Long before holsters were steel @-@ lined , they were soft and supple for comfortable all @-@ day wear . A gunfighter would use tie @-@ downs to keep his pistol from catching on the holster while drawing . Most of the time , gunfighters would just hide their pistols in their pockets and waistbands . Wild Bill Hickok popularized the butt @-@ forward holster type , which worked better on horseback . Other gunfighters would use bridgeport rigs that gave a faster and easier draw . Revolvers were a popular weapon to gunfighters who were horsemen , cowboys , and lawmen because of their concealability and effectiveness on horseback . The Winchester rifle was also a popular weapon among gunfighters . Dubbed the " Gun that Won the West " , it was widely used during the settlement of the American frontier . Shotguns were also a popular weapon for " express messengers " and guards , especially those on stagecoaches and trains who were in charge of overseeing and guarding a valuable private shipment .
Although quick draw and hip shooting was an important skill in the West , only a handful of historically known gunslingers were known to be fast , such as Luke Short , John Wesley Hardin , Wild Bill Hickok , Doc Holliday , and Billy the Kid . Shooting a pistol with one hand is normally associated with gunslingers , and is also a standard for them of the era to carry two guns and fire ambidextrously . Capt. Jonathan R. Davis carried two revolvers in his iconic gunfight , while Jesse James himself carried over half a dozen revolvers in many of his gunfights .
Gunfighters King Fisher , John Wesley Hardin , Ben Thompson , Billy the Kid , Wild Bill Hickok and Pat Garrett all died as a result of ambush , killed by men who feared them because of their reputation . Gunmen Kid Curry , Jim Courtright , Dallas Stoudenmire and Dave Rudabaugh were killed in raging gun battles , much as portrayed in films about the era , and usually against more than one opponent . Bill Longley and Tom Horn were executed . Famed gunman Clay Allison died in a wagon accident . Gunmen Wyatt Earp , Bat Masterson , Bass Reeves , Commodore Perry Owens , and Luke Short all died of natural causes , living out their lives on reputation and avoiding conflict in secluded retirement . Gunfighter and lawman Frank Eaton , known as " Pistol Pete " lived into old age and gained further fame , before his death at age 97 , by becoming the mascot for Oklahoma A & M College ( now Oklahoma State University ) . Rare are the gunfighters who , like William Sidney " Cap " Light , died accidentally by their own hand .
= = Famous gunfights = =
The image of a Wild West filled with countless gunfights was a myth generated primarily by dime @-@ novel authors in the late 19th century . An estimate of 20 @,@ 000 men in the American West were killed by gunshot between 1866 and 1900 , and over 21 @,@ 586 total casualties during the American Indian Wars from 1850 to 1890 . The most notable and well @-@ known took place in the states / territories of Arizona , New Mexico , Kansas , Oklahoma , and Texas . Actual gunfights in the Old West were very rare , very few and far between , but when gunfights did occur , the cause for each varied . Some were simply the result of the heat of the moment , while others were longstanding feuds , or between bandits and lawmen . Lawless violence such as range wars like the Lincoln County War and clashes with Indians were also a cause . Some of these shootouts became famous , while others faded into history with only a few accounts surviving . To prevent gunfights from happening , many cities in the American frontier , such as Dodge City and Tombstone , put up a local ordinance to prohibit firearms in the area .
The Gunfight at the OK Corral is a famous example of a real @-@ life western shootout , between the Earp Brothers together with Doc Holliday , and the Clanton @-@ McLaury gang . It lasted only 30 seconds , contrary to many movie adaptations . The gunfight itself did not actually happen in the corral , but in a vacant lot outside of it . The shooting started when Billy Clanton and Frank McLaury cocked their pistols . Both parties simultaneously drew their guns , which added to the confusion of who fired first . It is not known who fired the first shot , but Wyatt 's bullet was the first to hit , tearing through Frank McLaury 's belly and sending McLaury ’ s own shot wild through Wyatt ’ s coattail . Billy Clanton fired at Virgil , but his shot also went astray when he was hit with Morgan 's shot through his ribcage . Billy Claiborne ran as soon as shots were fired and was already out of sight . Ike Clanton panicked as well and ran towards Wyatt pleading for his life . " Go to fighting or get away ! " , Wyatt yelled and watched Ike desert his brother Billy and run . Doc instantly killed Tom with blasts from his shotgun . Frank was running to Fremont Street , and he challenged Holliday for killing his brother , but Doc dropped his shotgun , drew his pistol , and shot Frank in the right temple . Wounded and dying , Billy Clanton fired blindly into the gun smoke encircling him , striking Virgil 's leg . Wyatt responded by sending several rounds into Billy .
In April 14 , 1881 , lawman Dallas Stoudenmire participated in a gunfight in El Paso , Texas which many dubbed the Four Dead in Five Seconds Gunfight , in which he killed three of the four fatalities with his twin .44 caliber Colt revolvers . One of those killed was an innocent Mexican bystander . Less than a year after these incidents , he would kill as many as six more men in gunfights while in the line of duty .
Another well @-@ documented gunfight resulted in the most kills by one person in a single event , when Capt. Jonathan R. Davis shot eleven bandits single @-@ handedly on 19 December 1854 . Unknown to Davis and his companions , a band of robbers was lying in wait in the canyon brush near the trail . They were a typically diverse and motley group of Gold Rush bandits : two Americans , one Frenchman , two Britons , five Sydney Ducks , and four Mexicans . As Captain Davis and his companions trudged on foot , the bandit gang charged out of the brush , pistols flaming . James McDonald died instantly , without time to draw his revolver or react in any way . Dr. Bolivar managed to get his six @-@ shooter out and fire twice at the highwaymen before he dropped , badly wounded . Captain Davis later described himself as being " in a fever of excitement at the time . " Unfazed , he stood his ground , pulling out both pistols and firing a barrage at the charging outlaws . He shot down his assailants , one after another . The outlaws ' bullets tore at Davis 's clothing , but caused only two slight flesh wounds . Within moments , seven of the bandits were dead or dying on the ground and Davis 's pistols were empty . Four of the remaining robbers now closed in on the captain to finish him off . Davis whipped out his Bowie knife , and quickly warded off the thrusts from the two of the bandits . He stabbed one of them to death ; the other he disarmed by knocking the knife from his grasp and slicing off his nose and a finger of his right hand . The two last attackers were the men who had been wounded in a previous bandit raid . Despite their weakened condition , they foolishly approached Davis with drawn knives . The captain reacted in an instant . Slashing with his heavy Bowie , he killed them both .
In December 1 , 1884 , a town sheriff named Elfego Baca came face @-@ to @-@ face against 80 gunmen which became known as the Frisco shootout . The battle started when Baca arrested a cowboy who had shot him . In turn the cowboy called upon 80 of his associates to murder Baca . Baca took refuge in an adobe house , and over the course of a 36 @-@ hour siege , the gunmen put 400 bullet holes in the house ( some accounts say a total of 4 @,@ 000 shots ) without touching Baca . He in turn killed 4 of them and wounded 8 . When the shooting was over as the attackers finally ran out of ammo , Baca strolled out of the house unscathed . Baca went on to a distinguished career as a lawyer and legislator and died in his bed in 1945 , age 80 .
In January 1887 Commodore Perry Owens took office as Sheriff of Apache County , Arizona . He sent two deputies to arrest Ike Clanton . Clanton had instigated the Gunfight at the OK Corral and was charged with the later ambush shooting of Virgil Earp . Wyatt Earp searched for Ike Clanton in his vendetta , but never found him - Ike move north to Apache County to continue rustling cattle and killing . Owens ' two deputies killed Ike Clanton ; Phin Clanton was arrested ; three other gang members were killed ; and the Clanton gang was done . Then Sheriff Owens turned his attention to the Blevins family , the other rustling gang in the county . In June 1887 Old Man Blevins disappeared , presumably killed by the Tewksbury faction of the Pleasant Valley War . The Blevins sons searched for their father and in August Hamp Blevins and another were killed by the Tewksbury side . So Andy Blevins ( aka Cooper ) ambushed and killed John Tewksbury and Bill Jacobs in revenge . Blevins returned to Holbrook and was heard bragging about his killings . Sheriff Owens had inherited a warrant for Andy Blevins ' ( Cooper ) arrest for horse theft so he rode to Holbook on September 2 , 1887 . Sheriff Owens had hunted buffalo for the railroad and could shoot his Winchester from the hip with great accuracy . Cradling his Winchester rifle in his arm , Sheriff Owens knocked on the Blevins ' door . Andy Blevins answered with a pistol in hand , the lawman told him to come out , that he had a warrant for arrest . Blevins refused and tried to close the door . Owens shot his rifle from his hip through the door , hitting Andy Blevins in the stomach . Andy 's half @-@ brother , John Blevins , pushed a pistol out the door to Owens ' right and fired at the Sheriff . He missed and Owens shot John Blevins in the arm , putting him out of the fight . Owens saw Andy Blevins in the window moving to shoot back . Owens shot through the wall , striking Andy in the right hip - he died that night . Mose Roberts , boarding with the family , jumped out of a side window with a pistol . Sheriff Owens shot him through his back and chest , killing him . Fifteen @-@ year @-@ old Samuel Houston Blevins ran out the front door , with his brother 's revolver , and yelled " I 'll get him . " His mother ran out after him . Owens shot and Sam fell backward , dying in his mother 's arms . The shootout took less than one minute and made Owens a legend . In eight months Sheriff Owens had rid Apache County of two notorious gangs of rustlers and killers .
In many early western films and literature , Native Americans were often portrayed as savages ; having conflicts and battles against gunfighters and white settlements . According to the U.S. Bureau of the Census ( 1894 ) , an estimate of 19 @,@ 000 white men , women and children were killed while the Indians killed numbered between 30 @,@ 000 and 45 @,@ 000 casualties during the American Indian Wars . Gunfighters in history did fight Native Americans . Among them was civilian Billy Dixon , who made one of the longest recorded sniper kills , by shooting an Indian off his horse almost a mile away with his Sharps rifle , during a standoff in the Second Battle of Adobe Walls .
General George S. Patton himself had a gunfight when he was a young second lieutenant chasing Pancho Villa all over northern Mexico in 1916 . Patton and 10 enlisted men had been sent to San Miguelito Ranch to look for Villa , who had recently raided the city of Columbus , New Mexico . Patton positioned his men by the south gate and was making his way up to the north gate when a trio of Villa 's men came into the ranch on horseback . Patton drew his obsolete single @-@ action Colt Peacemaker revolver and shot two of the men . The first man had been fatally wounded in the exchange and tried to draw his pistol before Patton killed him with a single shot . After his troops took down the remaining outlaw , Patton tied the three dead men to the hood of his touring car and drove the bodies back to his commanding officer .
= = = Real @-@ life Wild West duels = = =
The image of two gunslingers with violent reputation squaring off in a street in a duel , where each draws his pistol and tries to kill the other , is a Hollywood invention . However , Wild West duels did occur in real life ( though rarely ) and as such are not entirely a myth . These duels were first recorded in the South , brought by emigrants to the American Frontier as a crude form of the " code duello , " a highly formalized means of solving disputes between gentlemen with swords or guns that had its origins in European chivalry . By the second half of the 19th century , few Americans still fought duels to solve their problems , and became a thing of the past in the United States by the start of the 20th century . Writer Wyatt @-@ Brown in his book " Southern Honor : Ethics and Behavior in the Old South " described dueling in the American frontier as a " custom " , and was primarily used for teenage disputes , rise in ranking , status and scapegoating .
The most famous and well @-@ recorded duel occurred on 21 July 1865 , in Springfield , Missouri . Wild Bill Hickok and Davis Tutt quarreled over cards and decided to have a gunfight . They arranged to walk towards each other at 6 p.m. Wild Bill 's armed presence caused the crowd to immediately scatter to the safety of nearby buildings , leaving Tutt alone in the northwestern corner of the square . When they were about 50 yards apart , both men drew their guns . The two fired at the same time , but Hickok 's shot hit Tutt in the heart , while Tutt 's shot missed . This was the first recorded example of two men taking part in a quick @-@ draw duel . The following month Hickok was acquitted after pleading self @-@ defense . The first story of the shootout was detailed in an article in Harper 's Magazine in 1867 , and became a staple of the gunslinger legend .
The famous lawman Wyatt Earp gave an account of having participated a duel once during his vendetta . While in the South Pass of the Dragoon Mountains , Earp 's posse found one of the outlaw cowboys named " Indian Charlie " Cruz . One account says that after the party recognized Cruz , they chased him down and a gunfight ensued . The party manage to capture Cruz and he confessed to have taken part in Morgan 's murder , and that he identified Stilwell , Hank Swilling , Curly Bill and Johnny Ringo as other of Morgan 's killers . During that time , Wyatt allowed Cruz to keep his revolver to " give him a chance to fight like a man . " After the confession , Wyatt told Cruz to draw , challenging him to a duel , and the posse counted to three before Wyatt gunned Cruz down . The Langford - Peel duel occurred in July 22 , 1867 between gunmen John Bull and Langford Peel .
Doc Holliday himself had a duel in a saloon in Las Vegas , New Mexico . One of the women who worked there had an ex @-@ boyfriend named Mike Gordon who had just been discharged from the Army . Gordon wanted her to stop working . When she told him to leave her alone , he became angry , went outside the saloon , and started shooting out the windows with his pistol . As bullets went through the saloon , Doc unflinching , holstered his Colt Peacemaker revolver , and walked outside . Gordon then started shooting at him but missed . Holliday then drew his pistol and shot Gordon at long range with one shot . He then went back to the saloon . Gordon died the next day and Holliday fled . Doc Holliday has also been credited with wounding and shooting a pistol out of saloon owner Milt Joyce 's hand when he tried to brandish it at Holliday .
Another well @-@ known duel in the American West happened in Fort Worth , Texas , and was known as the Luke Short @-@ Jim Courtright Duel . Timothy Isaiah " Longhair Jim " Courtright was running the T.I.C. Commercial agency in Fort Worth , which provided " protection " to gambling dens and saloons in return for a portion of their profits . At the same time , Luke Short , a former friend of Courtright 's , was running the White Elephant Saloon and Jim was trying to get Short to utilize his services . But the Dodge City gunfighter told Courtright to " go to Hell , " that he could do anything that was necessary to take care of his business . On February 8 , 1887 , the two quarreled , and with Bat Masterson at Short 's side , Courtright and Short dueled in the street . They drew their pistols at close range , and Short fired first , blowing off Courtright 's thumb . Courtright attempted the " border shift " , a move where a gunfighter switches his gun to his uninjured hand , but he was too slow . Short shot him in the chest , killing him .
The Long Branch Saloon Shootout , involving Levi Richardson , a buffalo hunter , and " Cockeyed Frank " Loving , a professional gambler , happened on April 5 , 1879 . Richardson had developed some affection for Loving 's wife Mattie , and the two began to argue about her . In the saloon , Frank sat down at a long table , Richardson turned around and took a seat at the same table . The two were then heard speaking in low voices . After the conversation , Richardson drew his pistol , and Loving drew his in response . The Long Branch Saloon was then filled with smoke . Dodge City Marshal Charlie Bassett , who was in Beatty & Kelley 's Saloon , heard the shots and came running . Both men were still standing , although Richardson had fired five shots from his gun and Loving 's Remington No. 44 was empty . Deputy Sheriff Duffey threw Richardson down in a chair and took his gun , while Bassett disarmed Loving . Richardson then got up and started toward the billiard table , when he fell to the floor with a fatal gunshot in the chest , as well as a shot through the side and another through the right arm . Frank Loving , who had only a slight scratch on the hand , was immediately taken to jail . Two days later , the coroner 's inquest ruled that the killing had been in self @-@ defense and Loving was immediately released .
On March 9 , 1877 , gamblers Jim Levy and Charlie Harrison argued over a game of cards in a saloon in Cheyenne , Wyoming . They met in an alley following an argument about a card game . Harrison shot first , but missed . Levy aimed carefully and hit Harrison , who died a week later .
Not as well known today but famous in his time was the dapper , derby @-@ wearing train robber Marion Hedgepeth , who despite his swell appearance , " was a deadly killer and one of the fastest guns in the Wild , Wild West " . William Pinkerton , whose National Detective Agency had sought to capture Hedgepeth and his gang for years , noted that Hedgepeth once gunned down another outlaw who had already unholstered his pistol before Hedgepath had drawn his revolver . The infamous assassin Tom Horn was also said to have participated in a duel with a second lieutenant from the Mexican Army , due to a dispute with a prostitute when he was twenty @-@ six years old . Gunfighters Jim Levy and Tom Carberry became infamous for participating in at least two quick draw duels in their lifetimes .
= = Living on reputation = =
Most Old West men who were labeled as being " gunfighters " did not kill nearly as many men in gunfights as they were given credit for , if any at all . They were often labeled as such due to one particular instance , which developed from rumors into them having been involved in many more events than they actually were . Often their reputation was as much " self @-@ promotion " as anything else ; such was the case of Bat Masterson . Wyatt Earp with his brothers Morgan and Virgil along with Doc Holliday killed three outlaw Cowboys in the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral in Tombstone , Arizona Territory . He has been said to have been involved in more than one hundred gunfights in his lifetime . But Prof. Bill O 'Neal cites just five incidents in his Encyclopedia of Western Gunfighters . Earp expressed his dismay about the controversy that followed him his entire life . He wrote in a letter to John Hays Hammond on May 21 , 1925 , that " notoriety had been the bane of my life . "
After his brother Virgil was maimed in an ambush and Morgan was assassinated by hidden assailants , the men suspected of involvement were provided alibis by fellow Cowboys and released without trial . Wyatt and his brother Warren set out on a vendetta ride to locate and kill those they felt were responsible . Wyatt has been portrayed in a number of film and books as a fearless Western hero . He is often viewed as the central character and hero of the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral , at least in part because he was the only one who was not wounded or killed . In fact , his brother , Tombstone Marshal and Deputy U.S. Marshal Virgil Earp had considerably more experience with weapons and combat as a Union soldier in the Civil War , and in law enforcement as a sheriff , constable , and marshal . As city marshal , Virgil made the decision to disarm the Cowboys in Tombstone and requested Wyatt 's assistance . But because Wyatt outlived Virgil and due to a creative biography , Wyatt Earp : Frontier Marshal published two years after Wyatt 's death , Wyatt became famous and the subject of various movies , television shows , biographies and works of fiction .
There are no records to support the reputation that Johnny Ringo developed . Of the documented instances where Ringo killed men , they were unarmed , and there is no evidence to support his participation in a single gunfight . Others deserved the reputation associated with them . Jim Courtright and Dallas Stoudenmire both killed several men in gunfights both as lawmen and as civilians . Clay Allison and Ben Thompson had well @-@ deserved reputations . At the same time , gunmen like Scott Cooley are all but unknown , when they actually led a life reflective of what most would consider a gunfighter to be . In other cases , certain gunfighters were possibly confused , over time , with being someone else with a similar name . The most well known of Butch Cassidy 's Wild Bunch gang , the Sundance Kid , was in reality only known to have been in one shootout during his lifetime , and no gunfights . Some historians have since stated that it is possible that over time he was confused with another Wild Bunch member , Kid Curry , who was without a doubt the most dangerous member of the gang , having killed many lawmen and civilians during his lifetime before being killed himself . Hence , it is the Sundance Kid who is better known .
= = Outlaw or lawman = =
It is often difficult to separate lawmen of the Old West from outlaws of the Old West . In many cases , the term gunfighter was applied to constables . Despite idealistic portrayals in television , movies , and even in history books , very few lawmen / gunfighters could claim their law enforcement role as their only source of employment . Unlike contemporary peace officers , these lawmen generally pursued other occupations , often earning money as gamblers , business owners , or outlaws — as was the case with " Curly " Bill Brocius , who , while always referred to as an outlaw , served as a deputy sheriff under sheriff Johnny Behan . Many shootouts involving lawmen were caused by disputes arising from these alternative occupations , rather than the lawman 's attempts to enforce the law .
Tom Horn , historically cited as an assassin , served both as a deputy sheriff and as a Pinkerton detective , a job in which he shot at least three people as a killer for hire . Ben Thompson , best known as a gunfighter and gambler , was a very successful chief of police in Austin , Texas . King Fisher had great success as a county sheriff in Texas . Doc Holliday and Billy the Kid both wore badges as lawmen at least once . " Big " Steve Long served as deputy marshal for Laramie , Wyoming , while the entire time committing murders and forced theft of land deeds . A town with a substantial violent crime rate would often turn to a known gunman as their town marshal , chief , or sheriff , in the hopes that the gunman could stem the violence and bring order .
Known gunmen / lawmen were generally effective , and in time the violence would subside , usually after the gunman / lawman had been involved in several shooting incidents , eventually leading to a substantial and well earned fear that kept everyone in line . At times they were hired by cattlemen or other prominent figures to serve as henchmen or enforcers during cattle wars . Although sanctioned by law enforcement officials , the gunmen were not always actually deputized . Sometimes , however , just to make things " official " , they would go through the formality of deputization . A case in point : the service of the Jesse Evans Gang , and outlaw Jesse Evans himself , as agents for the Murphy @-@ Dolan faction during the Lincoln County War . While technically working as lawmen , they were little more than hired guns .
Usually , when a gunman was hired by a town as town marshal , they received the full support of the townspeople until order was restored , at which point the town would tactfully indicate it was time for a change to a less dangerous lawman who relied more on respect than fear to enforce the law . A good example was the 1882 decision by the El Paso , Texas , town council to dismiss Town Marshal Dallas Stoudenmire . He entered the council hall and dared the councilors to try to take his guns or his job , at which point they immediately changed their mind , saying he could keep his job . He resigned on his own a couple of days later .
= = Legacy = =
= = = Modern gunslinger = = =
People relive the Wild West both historically and in popular culture by participating in cowboy action shooting events , where each gunslinger adopts his or her own look representing a character from Western life in the late 1800s , and as part of that character , chooses an alias to go by . The sport originated in Southern California , USA , in the early 1980s but is now practiced in many places with several sanctioning organizations including the Single Action Shooting Society ( SASS ) , Western Action Shootists Association ( WASA ) , and National Congress of Old West Shooters ( NCOWS ) , as well as others in the USA and in other countries . There are different categories shooters can compete in . There 's the gunfighter , frontiersman , classic cowboy and duelist - each with its own specifications .
Alongside the iconic cowboy , gunfighters have become a cultural image of the American people abroad , and also as an idealized image of violence , frontier justice , and adventure . Even outside of the Western genre , the term ' gunslinger ' has been used in modern times to describe someone who is fast and accurate with pistols , either in real life or in other fictional action genre .
The quick draw which gunfighters help popularize , is still an important skill in the American military .
= = = In popular culture = = =
Gunfighters have been featured in media even outside the Western genre , often combined with other elements and genres , mainly science @-@ fiction Space Westerns , steampunk , and the contemporary setting . Abilities , clothing and attitude associated with gunfighters are seen in many other genres . An example of these is Han shot first , in which Han Solo , a gunfighter @-@ like protagonist in Star Wars , kills his opponent with a subtle , under @-@ the @-@ table draw . He also wore his holster low on , and tied to , the thigh with a cutaway for the trigger . Roland Deschain from the fantasy series The Dark Tower is a gunfighter pitted against fantasy @-@ themed monsters and enemies . Inspired by the " Man with No Name " and other spaghetti @-@ western characters , he himself is detached or unsympathetic , often reacting as uncaring or angry at signs of cowardice or self @-@ pity , yet he possesses a strong sense of heroism , often attempting to help those in need , a morality much seen in Westerns .
Jonah Hex , from DC Comics , is a ruthless bounty hunter bound by a personal code of honor to protect and avenge the innocent . IGN ranked Jonah Hex the 73rd greatest comic book hero of all time . Throughout the DC Universe , Hex has been , on many occasions , transported from the Old West to the contemporary setting and beyond . Even in an unfamiliar territory and time period , Hex managed to outgun his enemies with more advanced weaponry . Two @-@ Gun Kid is another comic book gunfighter from Marvel Comics . Skilled with revolvers , he has aided many super @-@ heroes in future timelines , most notably She @-@ Hulk .
Many Japanese manga and anime have also adopted the western genre . Yasuhiro Nightow is known for creating the space western Trigun . The story 's protagonist , Vash the Stampede , is a wandering gunslinger with a dark past . Unlike other violence @-@ themed gunslingers , Vash carries a Shane @-@ like pacifist attitude , and avoids killing men , even dangerous enemies . Behind him is the gun @-@ toting priest named Nicholas D. Wolfwood , who carries with him a heavy machine gun and rocket launcher shaped like a cross . Nicholas is more violent than Vash , and the two would often argue about killing opponents . Other western genre themed manga and anime include Cowboy Bebop and Kino 's Journey , who both incorporate knight @-@ errant gunslinger themes .
Modern @-@ day western gunslingers have also appeared in recent Neo @-@ Westerns . Raylan Givens from the television series Justified shares the same ambiguous moral code of an Old West sheriff , even using a fast draw to dispatch his enemies . The hitman Anton Chigurh from No Country For Old Men shares many elements of a hunted outlaw . Additionally , the comic book character Vigilante is a self @-@ proclaimed gunfighter born in the 1940s .
Gunfighters have also been featured in many video games , both in traditional Old West , and in contemporary and future settings . Colton White , the protagonist of 2005 's best @-@ selling western video game Gun . Another well @-@ known video game Western protagonist is John Marston from Red Dead Redemption , who was nominated for 2010 Spike 's Video Game Awards . The New York Times stated : " he and his creators conjure such a convincing , cohesive and enthralling re @-@ imagination of the real world that it sets a new standard for sophistication and ambition in electronic gaming . " The main character Caleb in the video games Blood and Blood II : The Chosen is also a former Old West gunfighter . Gunfighter is also a callsign for a group of two Apache Helicopters in the video game Medal of Honor . They appear on mission named " Gunfighters " , and the player will act as Captain Brad " Hawk " Hawkins from 1st Aviation Regiment .
Former professional American football quarterback Brett Favre was nicknamed " The Gunslinger " due to his rural , Southern upbringings and his wild , risky , quick @-@ throwing play @-@ style that led him to great success in the National Football League .
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= Daredevil ( season 2 ) =
The second season of the American web television series Daredevil , which is based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name , follows Matt Murdock / Daredevil , a blind lawyer @-@ by @-@ day who fights crime at night , crossing paths with the deadly Frank Castle / Punisher along with the return of an old girlfriend – Elektra Natchios . It is set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe ( MCU ) , sharing continuity with the films and other television series of the franchise . The season is produced by Marvel Television in association with ABC Studios , with Doug Petrie and Marco Ramirez serving as showrunners , and series creator Drew Goddard acting as consultant .
Charlie Cox stars as Murdock , while Jon Bernthal and Élodie Yung are introduced as Castle and Natchios . Deborah Ann Woll , Elden Henson , Rosario Dawson , and Vincent D 'Onofrio also return from the first season , with Stephen Rider joining them . The season was ordered in April 2015 after the successful release of the first , with Petrie and Ramirez replacing the season one showrunner Steven S. DeKnight . Production on the season began in July 2015 and continued through December , with the season focusing on the nature of heroism through comparison of Murdock to Castle and Natchios , and showing how the latter two affect Murdock 's life .
The first two episodes of the season premiered in Paris on March 7 , 2016 , with the full season of 13 episodes released on Netflix on March 18 . Critics praised the introduction of Castle and Natchios , as well as Bernthal 's performance in particular , the season 's action , and storylines . However , many missed the presence of Vondie Curtis @-@ Hall 's Ben Urich from season one , and D 'Onofrio 's Wilson Fisk during the first half of season two . The series was renewed for a third season in July 2016 .
= = Episodes = =
= = Cast and characters = =
= = Production = =
= = = Development = = =
When asked about the future of the series following the first season , showrunner Steven S. DeKnight said that Daredevil " is one part of the bigger plan — Jessica Jones , Luke Cage , Iron Fist , and then The Defenders . How that all fits together , and whether or not there will be a second season of this show — or if it will fold into the others — are questions nobody really has answers to yet . " In November 2014 , DeKnight said that there " probably will be more " seasons of Daredevil following the first . In January 2015 , Netflix COO Ted Sarandos stated the series was " eligible to go into multiple seasons for sure " and Netflix would look at " how well [ they ] are addressing both the Marvel fanbase but also the broader fanbase " to determine if additional seasons would be appropriate .
On April 21 , 2015 , Marvel and Netflix announced that the series had been renewed for a second season , with Doug Petrie and Marco Ramirez replacing DeKnight as showrunners as well as acting as executive producers ; both served as writers in the first season and worked closely with DeKnight and series creator Drew Goddard . The season introduces the Punisher , whom DeKnight and the writers had wanted to introduce in a post @-@ credits scene during the first season finale but were unable due to the way that Netflix begins the next episode during the credits of the current one . DeKnight felt that this " was the right decision . I think there ’ s a better , more organic way to introduce him to the world . " Ramirez referred to the second season internally as " Daredevil vs. the Punisher " . In September 2015 , Goddard explained that he was still involved with the season as an executive producer , consulting with Petrie and Ramirez when asked to . The season consists of 13 hour @-@ long episodes .
= = = Writing = = =
Ramirez talked about how the second season would be different from the first , saying that the writers had spent the first season wondering " if there was a place for dark and gritty content in superheroes " and because of the positive fan reaction to that ( " we got a loud answer of ' yes ' " ) , approached the second season with the mindset , " you wanted grounded and wanted dark , here ’ s Elektra and Punisher . You asked for it . " Petrie , talking about the potential use of flashbacks in the season , said that sometimes it is best to " peel back the layer of the onion through flashback , or two people in a room talking can have all the power in the world . That ’ s something we get to pick and choose . "
On including the Punisher specifically in the season , where he is introduced to the Marvel Cinematic Universe , Goddard felt television was the best fit for the character , as the writers are " able to do things on the small screen that fit that character better than if we had to water him down for the movies . " Goddard stated that the season 's approach to the characters and their actions would be to do what makes sense for the characters rather than " pushing the boundary " or looking to shock the audience , though he noted that this could still go in a more " adult ... darker , dirtier " way due to the freedom of Netflix and the presence of characters such as the Punisher . Petrie stated that the writers hoped to " stir the pot " and " get people to think " with the inclusion of the Punisher and his lethal methods , adding , " Taking lethal justice into your own hands in America in 2015 is tricky shit . We have not shied away from the rich complicated reality of Now . If you 've got a gun and you 're not the police you 're going to incite strong feelings . " Ramirez added that Castle was not referred to as " Punisher " in the writer 's room , similarly to Wilson Fisk not being called " Kingpin " for season one , as it allowed the writers to think " about [ Castle ] as a man with a vendetta , who made an oath to his dead family . The more specific it got , the less it became about issues outside of Hell ’ s Kitchen or other things . " In the series , the moniker of " The Punisher " is given to Castle by the media due to his aggressive actions .
For the timing of introducing the new characters , the showrunners decided to introduce the Punisher immediately and hold back on Elektra briefly , with Ramirez explaining that " one of the pitfalls when we have this many great characters to play with is wanting to throw them at the wall " , but it was important to take the time to introduce the new characters properly to the audience , particularly to the people who weren 't already familiar with them . Elaborating on the aim to keep the story focused on Murdock , Petrie revealed that the writers would often come up with " amazing stuff " for the season , but then realize that they had forgotten about Murdock and had to " completely turn it over and look at how this affects Matt and filter it through that prism . " Ramirez added ,
It could easily become The Punisher story or the Elektra story that Matt cameos in , and not vice versa . So , we built it like a Matt story , in terms of what we wanted to put him through , where we wanted to get him , by the end of the season , and what we wanted to have him learn about himself , and we used an Elektra and Frank story throughout , to get him there ... we talked about when we watch shows in 13 episode stretches , how do we watch them ? What is an exciting structure that we would like to think about here ? Do we divide it right down the middle ? Do we do a three @-@ act structure ? ... If you were to sit and watch 13 episodes , you would absolutely feel a structure , much like in the comics . That ’ s what we did this season .
Charlie Cox explained that with Wilson Fisk imprisoned following the first season , season two picks up with " the crime rate [ having ] plummeted . Things have returned to normal , if not better than normal " , which is when Punisher is introduced , who makes Matt Murdock " question everything . Matt has to reevaluate who is [ sic ] and what he does " . Jeph Loeb , head of Marvel Television , said that " if season one was really about Matt ’ s decision to become a hero , then season two really became about what is it to be a hero . " By introducing the Punisher and Elektra , the writers were able to " push and pull " on Murdock , contrasting their three ideologies — the Punisher seeing " justice in a very black @-@ and @-@ white kind of way " , and Elektra living " more in the gray " . On Elektra in particular , Loeb said that she has a very clear , self @-@ motivated agenda , and she challenges Murdock 's own agenda and " quest for justice . Who are you doing this for ? Why are you doing this ? What ’ s the end goal that you ’ re trying to achieve ? "
= = = Casting = = =
Charlie Cox , Deborah Ann Woll , Elden Henson , Rosario Dawson , and Vincent D 'Onofrio return from the first season as Matt Murdock / Daredevil , Karen Page , Franklin " Foggy " Nelson , Claire Temple , and Wilson Fisk / Kingpin , respectively . In June 2015 , Jon Bernthal was cast as Frank Castle / Punisher , and Élodie Yung was cast as Elektra a month later . In September , Stephen Rider joined the cast as Blake Tower .
Also returning from season one are Royce Johnson as Brett Mahoney , Susan Varon as Josie , Geoffrey Cantor as Mitchell Ellison , Scott Glenn as Stick , Peter Shinkoda as Nobu Yoshioka , Rob Morgan as Turk Barrett , Matt Gerald as Melvin Potter , Peter McRobbie as Lantom , Amy Rutberg as Marci Stahl , Kevin Nagle as Roscoe Sweeney , Wai Ching Ho as Gao , and Suzanne H. Smart as Shirley Benson . Ron Nakahara , John Pirkis , and Marilyn Torres have recurring roles as Hirochi , Stan Gibson , and Louisa Delgado , respectively , while Michelle Hurd and Carrie @-@ Anne Moss reprise their Jessica Jones roles of Samantha Reyes and Jeri Hogarth .
= = = Design = = =
Joshua Shaw designed costumes for characters in the season . Petrie stated that more layers were added to the series ' atmosphere to keep the season dark but provide more clarity to the viewer , an issue that occurred in the first season . Petrie also talked about the costumes for characters such as Elektra , noting that they had to not only look at the comics and " what looks cool " , but also " what would you really fight in ? What would protect you ? ... will people be wearing kick ass costumes in this show ? At some point , everybody does . We promise . But , that said , we want to make them feel as organic and grounded as possible .
Lorraine Calvert joined the series as costume designer for the season . On adapting Elektra 's costume for the season , which in the comics usually consists of impractically " strappy " red cloth , Calvert decided to make it utilitarian and appealing , while still being faithful to the comics . Originally starting out opposite of the eventual sleek design for both her fighting and daytime attire , Calvert said , " Ideas were tossed around about how she was possibly bohemian , [ because ] she was a free spirit who traveled all over the world with as much money as she possibly could . ” This eventually led to the final , sleeker design , because Elektra " really needs a very simple , elegant line because too much cloth is overwhelming . " The costume consisted of " black moto pants , a one @-@ piece zippered body suit , a sleeveless vest , and red cloth to provide the highlights and the hood covering Elektra ’ s face . " The shade of the red used for Elektra throughout the season was chosen so it would not clash with the red in Daredevil 's costume , as well as to match the darker tone of the series . Daredevil 's costume was also upgraded in the season , with Calvert calling it " a much more fluid suit and much more tactical in a way . ” The costume department " streamlined " the suit to make it simpler , using less material on the gauntlets and boots .
= = = Filming = = =
Production on the season began in July 2015 in East Harlem , with the working title Ringside , and a nine @-@ day @-@ per @-@ episode schedule . Filming ended in December 2015 . Martin Ahlgren joined the series as director of photography for the season , deciding to " go in a slightly different direction " than the first season , but retaining " the yellowish street light color that gave season one a very distinct style " . Ahlgren filmed season two in 4K resolution on RED Dragon cameras , and tried to use in @-@ shot lighting such as lamps and car headlights , as well as " 4 × 4 Light Blankets — flexible sheets of LED that was small enough to fit into tight locations and light enough that it could be taped to a wall , yet outputs a very nice soft light that can be adjusted from daylight to tungsten color " .
Ahlgren highlighted the car chase at the beginning of " Guilty as Sin " as a challenge , noting the many ninjas chasing the car , and the one that " jumps up on the car and travels on the roof for a block " , with all the stunts filmed on location . An Ultimate Arm , " a motorized crane mounted on a Porsche Cayenne " , was used for the sequence , a break from the series ' usual handheld and steadicam operations . The chase was shot over two nights in Greenpoint , Brooklyn , with the interior of the car then filmed on a green screen stage , a rarity for the series , " to give the actors a better environment to act in " .
On the season 's fight sequences and choreography , Bernthal said , " The fights are all character @-@ driven and the fights tell a story . " Cox added that " there is absolutely an attempt to make sure every punch or kick that is thrown is like a line of dialogue ; there is motive behind it , there is reason behind it , it means something . " Cox 's stunt double , Chris Brewster , explained how the series ' fight choreography has evolved , with the first season having shown Murdock just starting out as a vigilante — " he fought with all heart and soul , but wasn 't a polished fighter .... he was more raw and gritty " — while the second season sees the character having learned from previous mistakes — " his style is more defined and thought out now , but he will always fight with the Daredevil flair " . As for the fighting styles of Punisher and Elektra , Brewster said that because of the Punisher 's military background he uses a lot of weapons , and his " hand to hand style is more of a close quarter combat nature " , while Elektra was trained by Stick and the Hand , so she has similar movement to Daredevil who was also trained by Stick . " However , " Brewster continued , " The Hand are trained assassins who are all about stealth takeouts and quick kills . Her style shows elements of " that as well . The season uses multiple different martial art styles , including kali , Chinese kung fu , wing chun , kenjutsu , and boxing .
The one @-@ take fight in " New York 's Finest " in which Daredevil fights gang members down a staircase was described by Cox as " kind of like an homage " to the first season 's well received one @-@ take hallway fight scene , and " almost like that scene on crack " . Silvera noted that it is a metaphorical " descent into Hell " rather than a " test of will " like the first season 's scene . The stunt team had three days to prepare the fight , and the final sequence was filmed in a day and a half . Unlike the first season 's scene , which was shot on a set and used a camera mounted on a ceiling track , the stairwell sequence was filmed on location , and required the camera to be passed around multiple people to get the final shot . The season includes another homage to the hallway scene in " Seven Minutes in Heaven " , where the Punisher has his own hallway fight . Silvera noted that this " full @-@ blown " , murdering Punisher was " a strong contrast to Daredevil " . For all the season 's fights , the stunt team filmed a previsualization version using stunt doubles , with the actors , such as Cox , then shown this in sections on the day of filming , and allowed to make adjustments where necessary . Though the actors completed the majority of the fights , doubles were used for flips and major stunts .
= = = Visual effects = = =
Shade VFX returns from the first season to work on the visual effects for the series .
= = = Music = = =
By September 2015 , John Paesano had begun composing music for the season . He felt that the season 's new showrunners " were true to what we were trying to do in season one . There were just elements in season two that we had to acknowledge " such as the Punisher and Elektra . He jokingly said that " it ’ s not like we all of the sudden went into John Williams territory , you know ? It ’ s definitely still dark , still gritty ... but it definitely jumps up a couple levels . " When approaching the characters of Punisher and Elektra , with whom Paesano was familiar from the comics and previous adaptations , he " took all those preconceived notions I had with a grain of salt " and waited to see what the season 's interpretation of the characters would be . Paesano worked closely with the series ' sound design team , spotting episodes with them to coordinate where " we were going to hit what " and " maintain that definable aspect of New York " and its sound . A soundtrack album for the season was released digitally on July 15 , 2016 .
All music composed by John Paesano , unless otherwise noted .
= = = Marvel Cinematic Universe tie @-@ ins = = =
On references to the larger MCU , Ramirez said " those little Easter eggs that come along the way are fun " , but there were times when the writers did not take opportunities to reference the rest of the universe because they felt like distractions from the series ' narrative and characters . Petrie stated that the writers wanted to " keep it in Hell 's Kitchen " and focus on issues such as " the air conditioner doesn ’ t work at Nelson and Murdock . That ’ s really what we ’ re interested in . " He explained that the real life New York City " has a larger than life presence " with celebrities that live there — " If you see Derek Jeter walking down the street , that ’ s great , but then you turn the corner and you get into an argument with the guy who overcharged you for a pretzel . We want our guys to be real New Yorkers . " The season features the motorcycle gang Dogs of Hell , who were first introduced through their Nevada chapter in the Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. episode " Yes Men " , and Roxxon Energy Corporation , a company featured throughout the MCU . It also mentions the vigilantes Jessica Jones and Luke Cage , the death of Oscar Clemons , and the law firm Hogarth , Chao , and Benowitz , which are all references to the first season of Jessica Jones .
= = Release = =
The second season of Daredevil was released on March 18 , 2016 on the streaming service Netflix , in all territories where it is available , in Ultra HD 4K . Preparing for the release , Netflix created eight different images to use as cover art for the season on its site . The images were randomly distributed among select subscribers , with Netflix tracking to see which one was the best @-@ performing to eventually use for all subscribers . Netflix also debuted a countdown timer to a percentage of its users worldwide , allowing them to see how long it was until the season would debut .
= = = Marketing = = =
Footage from the season was shown at New York Comic Con in October 2015 , and at Comic Con Experience that December . On February 15 , 2016 , the first part of the season trailer was released focusing on the Punisher , while the second part focusing on Elektra was released 10 days later , on February 25 . Scott Mendelson of Forbes felt the first part is " clearly going for a vibe similar to that first full @-@ length Dark Knight teaser back in December of 2007 , with Castle being framed as a natural byproduct of / reaction to Daredevil ’ s own vigilantism " . He also appreciated that it appeared Castle would be presented as a villain , as the previous film adaptions of the character always had Castle " still a hero at the end . " Mendelson 's one drawback to the trailer was when Castle starts " monologue @-@ ing " in the last third , feeling Bernthal " casts such an imposing and grim shadow as a near @-@ silent angel of death that the [ haunting and mythological ] mood is almost broken " . Joanna Robinson at Vanity Fair felt that the premise of the trailer , with Daredevil facing the Punisher , is " right in line with the big superhero trend this spring " , comparing it to Captain America : Civil War and Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice , which feature Captain America fighting Iron Man and Batman fighting Superman , respectively . Robinson wondered if , like those films , the season also has a separate , " bigger bad waiting in the wings to unite our vigilantes " that the trailer is hiding .
On March 7 , 2016 , the first two episodes of the season premiered in Paris , with a premiere in New York City on March 10 . Also in early March , billboards were erected in Toronto featuring character posters for Daredevil , Punisher and Elektra . The series ' Twitter account encouraged users to vote for which character was their favorite , with the other two receiving blood and bruises added to their billboards .
= = Reception = =
= = = Critical response = = =
The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 74 % approval rating with an average rating of 7 @.@ 1 / 10 based on 31 reviews . The website 's critical consensus reads , " Bolstered by some impressive action , Daredevil keeps its footing in season two , even if the additions of Punisher and Elektra can 't quite fill the void left by Wilson Fisk . " Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned a score of 68 out of 100 , based on 12 critics , indicating " generally favorable reviews " .
Reviewing the first seven episodes , Brian Lowry of Variety said , the season begins " on an uneven note " , comparing some of the early moments to the works of Sam Peckinpah , " complete with slow @-@ motion bullets and blood sprays . Stick with it , though , and the show blossoms , featuring a few terrific action sequences while introducing into this grim world seminal characters the Punisher and Elektra . " Kevin Fitzpatrick of Screen Crush felt the first seven episodes of the season seemed " to have learned the best of both " from season one and Jessica Jones , " placing its most compelling imagery front and center straightaway , but still taking time to pick apart the characters beneath them , rather than shout platitudes about saving the city . " He also praised the castings of Bernthal and Yung as Punisher and Elektra , respectively , and enjoyed " the improved spotlight " for Foggy and Karen , given the reduction of Dawson saying , " So many superhero series struggle to draw its supporting characters as compellingly as the action , and Daredevil 's particular blend of set piece and legal thriller feels inescapably original . " However , Fitzpatrick did note the series lacked the presence Vondie Curtis @-@ Hall brought as Ben Urich in the first season . He concluded that the season 's progression " feels much cleaner " than the first 's , " moving almost in acts more than back and forth victories ... Even the aim feels that much more cohesive , to start in a place of Matt , Foggy and Karen all confident in their new roles , but wrestling with the consequence of their choice to always help the helpless . " Merrill Barr of Forbes said , " Daredevil season two is very much the same excellent show Daredevil season one was ... but in the places it isn ’ t , it ’ s also very much improved " . Barr praised Bernthal as the Punisher , and noted the reduction in the amount of " thick blacks " in the cinematography that the first season was criticized for .
Collider.com 's Chris Cabin also praised the first seven episodes of the season , giving it four stars , and saying that the series " finds overwhelmingly sincere and effective traces of humanity in a genre that has been hard @-@ pressed to feel overtly pre @-@ conceived in its political , societal , and philosophical ideas . " He said Daredevil , like Jessica Jones , " feels like a show that is constantly evolving , and consistently searching for challenges . " Cabin also felt that " the show ’ s use of sound and image to infer or suggest as much as any line of dialogue ... continues to set this series apart from its half @-@ measured kin . " He added that the season " goes to great lengths to make the stakes of " the moral and ethical issues , as seen by pitting Daredevil 's methods against the Punisher , " intensely involving and thrilling , " while also praising the action sequences of the season and the " streamlined focus on character in the writing " , claiming that " none of the [ MCU ] films have even an iota of the seductive intimacy and heart of this show . " Dennis Perkins writing for The A.V. Club awarded the season a " B + " , missing D ’ Onofrio ’ s " towering menace as Wilson Fisk " , but feeling that Bernthal and Yung " make Castle and Elektra an effective season @-@ long two @-@ pronged assault on Matt Murdock ’ s heroic identity , which gives Daredevil 's supporting characters a clearer purpose as well . " IGN reviewer Matt Fowler , after reviewing all the episodes of season two individually , gave the season a 9 @.@ 3 out of 10 , saying that it " excelled at both action and story while giving us a more complex and layered season than the first .... Gone was a notable ' main villain ' , but instead we were given fantastic performances by not only the main cast but by newcomers Jon Bernthal and Elodie Yung . "
Jack Shepherd of The Independent was slightly more critical of the early episodes of the season , saying the ideological battle between Murdock and Castle " is the crux of these first few episodes and also highlights the main problem with Daredevil " pointing out that " there is no real bad guy here " and there " is only so many times you can watch an episode end with Daredevil and Punisher beating each other up before you start thinking there is a glitch in the Matrix . " He also agreed with Fitzpatick regarding Curtis @-@ Hall 's presence as Ben Urich not being filled in the season . Despite this , Shepherd added that the season began to pick up by the fourth episode , with the introduction of Elektra , capping with episodes six and seven , which he called " by far the season ’ s best , laying the foundation for an exciting story ahead " , while also praising Cox , Henson , Woll , Bernthal and Yung for their performances . Daniel Fienberg , reviewing the first seven episodes for The Hollywood Reporter , expressed similar sentiments as Shepherd , feeling the episodes missed what Vincent D 'Onofrio brought as Wilson Fisk in the first season , or at least " the through @-@ line threat that he presented ... Fortunately , the [ Punisher and Elektra ] are vividly realized and the action is still visceral and brutal and maybe the big picture will emerge in the season 's second half . Because of the portrayals of those two characters , he felt " that there 's a challenge to remain wholly invested in plotlines that don 't involve them " . Despite being " right on the edge of desensitization " regarding the fight scenes , Fienberg still praised them , highlighting the different styles Elektra and the Punisher used " vary [ ing ] the dynamic enough " .
Entertainment Weekly 's Jeff Jensen award the season a " C " , calling it " a straight @-@ up disappointment . " Calling the early episodes with Daredevil 's face @-@ off with the Punisher " skimpy and sluggish from the get @-@ go " , Jensen also added that they were " a flatline of inert drama , with long scenes of windy exposition or dull skulking interrupted by the occasional well @-@ staged if ridiculously gory fight sequence . " Jensen added that " hope for improvement " came with the introduction of Elektra , and that the sixth episode should be a template for the rest of the season , which ultimately , he felt was " stiff and silly . " Daniel D 'Addario for Time was also disappointed with the season , saying , " it ’ s hard not to feel that one is being taken for a long , and not particularly enjoyable , ride ... Daredevil just wants to dole out fun doses of extreme gore on the path to an endpoint on a business plan . Any viewer committed to story is left searching in the dark . " Vulture 's Abraham Riesman joined the criticism , calling the seven episodes reviewed " a dour parade of one cliché after another , recycling themes , images , and rhetoric that audiences have seen countless times before . " Though he wouldn 't call it " bad " , he felt that with all the other superhero content released in the same year , " it feels woefully unnecessary . " However , he did praise Bernthal 's performance , saying it was " another excitingly sympathetic antagonist " after D 'Onofrio 's " standout performance " as Fisk in the first season , but was " nowhere near as fun " . In contrast to the first season of Jessica Jones , which Riseman called Marvel 's " first attempt to depict sex in any kind of realistic way " , he called the second season of Daredevil " astoundingly un @-@ sexy . "
= = = Accolades = = =
Got Your 6 , which " champions positive portrayals of military veterans in Hollywood " , deemed " Semper Fidelis " to be " 6 Certified " for " responsibly and accurately portray [ ing ] veterans via the character of Frank Castle , The Punisher , who insists that his legal representation not perpetuate veteran stereotypes of PTSD in order to defend his actions " .
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= Velites =
Velites ( singular : veles ) were a class of infantry in the Roman army of the mid @-@ Republic . Velites were light infantry and skirmishers who were armed with a number of light javelins ( Latin : hastae velitares ) to fling at the enemy , and also carried short thrusting swords , or gladii , for use in melee . They rarely wore armour as they were the youngest and poorest soldiers in the legion and could not afford much equipment . They did carry small wooden shields for protection though , and wore a headdress made from wolf skin to allow officers to differentiate between them and other heavier legionaries .
Velites did not form their own units ; a number of them were attached to each maniple of hastati , principes and triarii . They were typically used as a screening force , driving off enemy skirmishers and disrupting enemy formations with javelin throws before retiring behind the lines to allow the heavier @-@ armed hastati to attack . They were normally the ones who engaged war elephants and chariots if they were present on the field ; their high mobility and ranged weaponry made them much more effective against these enemies than heavy infantry . An early Roman legion contained approximately 1000 velites . Velites were eventually done away with after the Marian reforms .
= = Equipment and organization = =
Velites were the youngest and usually the poorest soldiers in the legion , and could rarely afford much equipment . They were armed with hastae velitares , light javelins with tips designed to bend on impact to prevent it being thrown back , similar to the heavier pila of other legionaries . As backup weapons , they also carried gladii , relatively short thrusting swords 74 centimetres ( 29 inches ) in length that were the main weapons of the hastati and principes . They fought in a very loose , staggered formation like most irregular troops and carried small round shields , 90 cm ( 3 feet ) in diameter .
In the legion , the velites were attached to each maniple of hastati , principes and triarii . They usually formed up at the front of the legion before battle to harass the enemy with javelin throws and to prevent the enemy doing the same before retiring behind the lines to allow the heavier infantry to attack . In a pitched battle , the velites would form up at the front of the legion and cover the advance of the hastati , who were armed with swords , and were the first line of attack . If the hastati failed to break the enemy , they would fall back and let the principes , similarly equipped though more experienced infantry , take over . If the principes failed , they would retire behind the triarii , heavily armoured , spear armed legionaries and let them carry on .
= = History = =
Velites were descended from an earlier class of light infantry , leves , dating from the Camillan legion of the 5th century BC , who had a very similar role to the velites . They were also the poorer and younger soldiers in the legion , though the rorarii and accensi classes were considerably poorer and were eventually done away with , having insufficient equipment to be effective soldiers . Leves were likewise armed with a number of javelins , but carried a spear rather than a sword . Like the velites , leves did not have their own units , but were attached to units of hastati .
Velites were first used at the siege of Capua in 211 BC , and were made up of citizens who would normally be too poor to join the hastati but were called up due a shortage of manpower . They were trained to ride on horseback with the Equites and jump down at a given signal to fling javelins at the enemy . After the siege , they were adopted into the legions as a force of irregular light infantry for ambushing and harassing the enemy with javelins before the battle began in earnest .
With the formal military reforms of Gaius Marius in 107 BC , designed to combat a shortage of manpower due to wars against Jugurtha , the different classes of units were done away with entirely . The wealth and age requirements were scrapped . Now soldiers would join as a career , rather than as service to the city , and would all be equipped as medium infantry with the same , state purchased equipment . Auxilliae , local irregular troops , would now be used to fulfill other roles such as archery , skirmishing and flanking .
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= Pengkhianatan G30S / PKI =
Pengkhianatan G30S / PKI ( [ peŋxiaˈnatan ˈɡe ˈtiɡa ˈpulʊh ˈɛs ˈpe ˈka ˈi ] ; Indonesian for Treachery of G30S / PKI ) is a 1984 Indonesian docudrama written and directed by Arifin C. Noer , produced by G. Dwipayana , and starring Amoroso Katamsi , Umar Kayam , and Syubah Asa . Produced over a period of two years with a budget of Rp . 800 million , the film was sponsored by Suharto 's New Order government . It was based on an official history of the 30 September Movement ( Gerakan 30 September , or G30S ) coup in 1965 written by Nugroho Notosusanto and Ismail Saleh , which depicted the coup as being orchestrated by the Communist Party of Indonesia ( Partai Komunis Indonesia , or PKI ) .
The film depicts the period leading up to the coup and several days after it . In a time of economic turmoil , six generals are kidnapped and killed by the PKI and Air Force , purportedly to pre @-@ empt a coup against President Sukarno . General Suharto destroys the coup and , afterwards urges the Indonesian populace to commemorate those killed and fight against all forms of communism . The film shows the G30S leadership as ruthless and planning " every move to the last detail " , taking joy in using excessive violence and torturing the generals , depictions which have been read as portraying " the state 's enemies as outside the realm of the human " .
The first commercially released domestic feature film to deal with the events of 1965 , Pengkhianatan G30S / PKI was a commercial and critical success . It was nominated for seven awards at the 1984 Indonesian Film Festival , winning one , and reached record viewership numbers – although in many cases audiences were required to see the film . It was used as a propaganda vehicle by the New Order government until its collapse ; televised annually on 30 September and became mandatory viewing for students . Since the fall of Suharto in 1998 , such use of the film has become less common . Although the film 's artistic aspects remain well @-@ received , its misrepresentation of history has been criticised .
= = Background = =
Pengkhianatan G30S / PKI was based on the version of the coup endorsed by Suharto 's New Order government , in which the 30 September Movement ( Gerakan 30 September , or G30S ) coup was orchestrated by the Communist Party of Indonesia ( Partai Komunis Indonesia , or PKI ) . In the early 1960s the PKI and other leftist parties had the support of President Sukarno , giving them great political power . By 1965 the PKI claimed millions of members , a growing number influenced by hyperinflation and widespread poverty . The Army , however , was distrustful of the PKI , a feeling which the PKI reciprocated .
On the night of 30 September – 1 October 1965 , a group of Indonesian National Armed Forces members calling themselves the 30 September Movement captured and killed six Army generals thought to belong to an anti @-@ revolutionary " Generals ' Council " , including Commander of the Army Ahmad Yani ; another target , Abdul Haris Nasution , escaped . The bodies , along with those of others captured by the G30S , were dumped down a well at Lubang Buaya , Jakarta . Later that morning , armed forces occupied Merdeka Square in central Jakarta . From the Radio Republik Indonesia ( RRI ) office there , Lieutenant @-@ Colonel Untung Syamsuri of the Presidential Guard announced that the movement had secured several key locations in the city in an attempt to forestall a coup by the Generals ' Council . They also announced that President Sukarno was under their power . The movement 's core leadership , later joined by the President , stayed at Halim Perdanakusuma Air Force Base .
Major @-@ General Suharto , the interim leader after Yani 's death , became aware of the movement on the morning of 1 October . By evening he had convinced a G30S battalion in Merdeka Square and those occupying the RRI building to surrender , without any bloodshed . Army loyalists under Suharto retook Halim Air Force Base early the following morning . By that time the G30S leadership had escaped , while Sukarno had withdrawn to his palace in Bogor . In the years that followed , the Indonesian Army and general populace undertook a campaign of retribution , killing or capturing registered and suspected PKI members – including most of the G30S leadership .
= = Plot = =
Indonesia is in turmoil . The populace lives in poverty , while the rich flaunt their wealth . President Sukarno ( Umar Kayam ) is ill and may die . Meanwhile , his political concept of Nasakom ( nationalism , religion , and communism ) has promoted an explosive growth in the PKI . The party , which staged a coup in 1948 , has been attacking and killing people throughout the country . The weakened president is also being manipulated by the party . The PKI has manufactured a story , based on the forged Gilchrist Document , that a Generals ' Council is preparing for a coup should Sukarno die . Aidit ( Syubah Asa ) , Syam , and the Communist Party leadership secretly plan to use this as an excuse for their own coup . The rank and file members of the Party accept the leadership 's explanation and , with the help of " forward @-@ thinking " soldiers and officers ( mostly from the Air Force ) , work to gather the Party 's forces . They plan to kidnap seven generals ( said to be members of the Generals ' Council ) , overtake the city , and secure Sukarno . The newly named G30S begins training . The rightist members of the Army are unaware of this upcoming coup , living happily with their families . By the time they realise that something is amiss , it is too late .
On the night of 30 September – 1 October , seven units are sent to kidnap the generals associated with the Council . Nasution manages to escape over a wall , while his attaché Pierre Tendean comes running out , wielding a gun ; Tendean is quickly captured and , when asked where Nasution is , confesses himself to be the general . Yani , who fights back , is killed in his home ; Major General M. T. Haryono meets a similar fate . Chief Military Prosecutor Sutoyo Siswomiharjo , Major General Siswondo Parman , and Lieutenant General Soeprapto are captured . Brigadier General D. I. Pandjaitan goes willingly , but when he prays for too long before entering the truck he is killed . The bodies and prisoners are taken to the G30S / PKI camp in Lubang Buaya , where the survivors are tortured and killed . Their bodies are then thrown into a well . Later that morning , members of the movement take over the RRI office and force the staff there to read a speech by Untung ( Bram Adrianto ) , which states that the G30S has moved to forestall a coup by the Generals ' Council and announces the formation of a " Revolutionary Council " . Other G30S / PKI men go to the palace to secure the president but find that he has already left . At Halim , the president speaks with the G30S leaders and declares that he will take full control of the Army . Another radio speech is soon read , outlining the composition of the new Revolutionary Council and announcing changes to Army hierarchy . The G30S leaders begin planning their escape from Halim , to be done before midnight .
Suharto ( Amoroso Katamsi ) , awoken early in the morning , denies Untung 's announcement , stating explicitly that there is no Generals ' Council and making an adjunct record notes on the true nature of G30S . As there is a power vacuum with Yani dead , Suharto takes temporary control of the Army and begins planning a counter @-@ assault with his men ; he is , however , unwilling to force a fight . He instead states that he will give a radio announcement , which is delivered after forces loyal to him retake the RRI office ; it outlines the situation , describes G30S as counter @-@ revolutionary , and states that the Army will deal with the coup . The G30S leaders flee Halim , and Suharto 's troops retake the air base . Some time later , forces under Suharto 's leadership attack a G30S / PKI headquarters . While PKI @-@ affiliated soldiers fight , the Party leadership escapes and separates , planning to continue their struggle underground .
Suharto is soon called to the secondary palace in Bogor to speak with Sukarno . There , the president says that he has received assurances from Air Marshal Omar Dani that the Air Force was not involved . Suharto refutes the statement , noting that the movement 's arms were like those of the Air Force . The meeting eventually results in Suharto being confirmed as leader of the Army , working together with Pranoto Reksosamodra . In their investigation of the events , the Army discovers the camp at Lubang Buaya – including the generals ' bodies , which are recovered while Suharto delivers a speech describing the coup and the PKI 's role in it . The generals are interred elsewhere and Suharto delivers a hagiographic eulogy in which he condemns the G30S and PKI and urges the Indonesian people to continue the fallen generals ' struggle .
= = Production = =
Pengkhianatan G30S / PKI was directed by Arifin C. Noer , a Citra Award @-@ winning director with a background in theatre . He had previous experience in the genre , having made the war film Serangan Fajar ( Dawn Attack ; 1981 ) , which emphasised Suharto 's role in the National Revolution . Noer was assigned to work on the film by the state @-@ owned National Film Production Company ( Perum Produksi Film Negara , or PPFN ) , which maintained a degree of control over the production . Professors of Indonesian culture Krishna Sen and David T. Hill suggest that Noer 's creative input was minimal . Instead , " for all intents and purposes " the film was the work of its producer , Brigadier @-@ General Gufran Dwipayana , then the head of PPFN and a member of the presidential staff . However , Noer 's wife Jajang C. Noer insists that he had remained independent while making the film .
The screenplay for Pengkhianatan G30S / PKI was based on a 1968 book by the military historian Nugroho Notosusanto and the investigator Ismail Saleh entitled The Coup Attempt of the 30 September Movement in Indonesia . The book , which was meant to counter foreign theories about the coup , detailed the 30 September Movement as the government viewed it . Only Notosusanto , the higher @-@ ranking of the two authors , was credited for his contribution . In adapting the book Noer read much of the available literature ( including court documents ) and interviewed numerous eyewitnesses ; Jajang , in a 1998 interview , said that her husband had not only read the official government version , but also the controversial Cornell Paper , which portrayed the coup as entirely an internal Army affair . During filming the crew emphasised realism , " paying great attention to detail " and using the generals ' actual homes .
Owing to the large number of roles – including some 100 bit parts and more than 10 @,@ 000 extras – casting for Pengkhianatan G30S / PKI was difficult . Noer attempted to cast actors who resembled the historical figures depicted ; Rano Karno later recalled that he was rejected for the role of Pierre Tendean as the latter did not have a mole on his face . Ultimately the film starred Bram Adrianto as Untung , Amoroso Katamsi as Suharto , Umar Kayam as Sukarno , and Syubah Asa as Aidit ; other actors included Ade Irawan , Sofia W.D. , Dani Marsuni , and Charlie Sahetapy . Kayam , then a lecturer at Gadjah Mada University in Yogyakarta , did not have the time to research Sukarno 's mannerisms from his books and speeches ; instead , he portrayed the president based on testimonials from the staff at the Bogor palace . Katamsi , on the other hand , studied Suharto 's role from books and , by the time filming had commenced , felt as if " was Pak Harto , not an imitation of Pak Harto . " Sanusi , meanwhile , considered his own performance underwhelming .
Production of Pengkhianatan G30S / PKI , originally titled Sejarah Orde Baru ( History of the New Order ) , took nearly two years , spending four months in pre @-@ production and a year and half in filming . It cost Rp . 800 million , receiving funding from the government . Cinematography was handled by Hasan Basri , with music by Arifin 's brother Embie C. Noer . Editing was done by Supandi . Parts of the film , particularly the final ten minutes , reused archival footage and newspaper clippings contemporaneous to the events .
= = Themes = =
Pengkhianatan G30S / PKI portrays the PKI and communism as inherently evil , with its followers " beyond redemption " , while the G30S leadership are seen as cunning and ruthless , plotting " every move to the last detail " . The historian Katherine McGregor finds this emphasised in the film 's portrayal of the G30S leadership as gangsters , sitting in secret meetings amidst clouds of cigarette smoke . She considers an opening scene , where the PKI attacks an Islamic school , as likewise meant to show the " evil " nature of communists .
The PKI are portrayed as enjoying violence , with the film heavily featuring " eye @-@ gouging women and decomposed , tortured bodies " . The generals are kidnapped , and in several cases killed , in front of their families ; later the captured generals are tortured while the communists dance around a bonfire . The sociologist Adrian Vickers suggests that the film 's violence was meant to portray " the state 's enemies as outside the realm of the human " , similar to monsters in horror films . Yoseph Yapi Taum of Sanata Dharma University notes that members of the leftist women 's movement Gerwani are shown as part of a " crazy " Communist Party , dancing in the nude and cutting off the general 's penises . However , Vickers considers these portrayals as ambiguous , suggesting that the New Order government was allowed a monopoly on violence . McGregor suggests that the violence in once @-@ tranquil homes shows the " ' destruction ' of the family " . Sen notes the violence belies a " representation of chaos before order " which is common in New Order films .
= = Release = =
Before its commercial release , Pengkhianatan G30S / PKI was pre @-@ screened for high @-@ ranking military officers who had been involved in stopping the coup , including Suharto and Sarwo Edhie Wibowo . The film was released in 1984 , the first commercially released domestic feature film to deal with the events of 1965 . It was seen by 699 @,@ 282 people in Jakarta by the end of 1984 , a national record which remained unbroken for over a decade . However , not all audiences attended of their own volition . The Indonesian sociologist Ariel Heryanto records students as being " required to pay " to see the film during school hours , a fact not reflected in contemporary records . A novelisation by popular writer Arswendo Atmowiloto likewise helped promote the film .
Dwipayana 's influence ensured that contemporary reviews , especially synopses , repeated the government 's position on the G30S coup . This is not to say all reviews were positive . Marselli of Kompas , for instance , found that Pengkhianatan G30S / PKI was highly detailed , with extensive work and quality acting going to represent events accurately . He felt , however , that the film felt too long and , as viewers knew instantly who the good and bad characters were , it became " nothing but a black @-@ and @-@ white portrait without any complex issues " , which ignored the underlying problems which had sparked the G30S movement .
Suharto , after viewing an early screening , stated that the story was unfinished and suggested that a sequel was necessary . Two sequels by PPFN , Operasi Trisula ( Operation Trisula ; 1987 ) and Djakarta 1966 ( Jakarta 1966 ; 1988 ) , followed . Operasi Trisula , directed by BZ Kadaryono , dealt with the extermination of G30S and PKI members in Blitar , East Java . Djakarta 1966 , meanwhile , was directed by Noer and showed the lead @-@ up to the signing of Supersemar on 11 March 1966 , in which Sukarno gave Suharto authority to take whatever measures he " deemed necessary " ; Kayam and Katamsi reprised their roles for the latter film , which won seven awards at the 1989 Bandung Film Festival .
= = Propaganda use = =
Beginning in 1984 the New Order government used Pengkhianatan G30S / PKI as a propaganda vehicle , showing it annually on 30 September . The film was broadcast by the state @-@ owned network TVRI , and later on private television stations after they were established . It was also shown at schools and government institutions ; students would be taken to open fields to view the film in a group . Because of this use , Sen and Hill suggest that Pengkhianatan G30S / PKI is the most @-@ broadcast and most @-@ watched Indonesian film of all time . A 2000 survey by the Indonesian magazine Tempo found 97 per cent of the 1 @,@ 101 students surveyed had seen the film ; 87 per cent of them had seen it more than once .
During the remainder of the 1980s and early 1990s the historical accuracy of Pengkhianatan G30S / PKI was little disputed , and the film became representative of canonical history ; its version of the 1965 events was the only one allowed in open discourse . By the mid @-@ 1990s , however , anonymous internet communities and small publications had begun questioning the movie 's contents ; one online message , sent anonymously through a mailing list , asked " If only a small section of the PKI leadership and military agents knew about [ the coup , as in the film ] , how is it that over a million people were killed and thousands of people who knew nothing had to be imprisoned , exiled , and lost their civil rights ? " Heryanto suggests that this resulted from an unintended polyphony in the film , while Sen and Hill opine that Noer may have been aware of the government 's intent for propaganda and thus made the film 's political message " obviously contradictory " .
In September 1998 , four months after the fall of Suharto , the Information Minister Yunus Yosfiah declared that the film would no longer be compulsory viewing material , reasoning that it was an attempt to manipulate history and create a cult with Suharto in the centre . Tempo reported in 2012 that Saleh Basarah of the Air Force had influenced this decree . The magazine stated that Basarah had called the Education Minister Juwono Sudarsono and asked him to not screen Pengkhianatan G30S / PKI , as it was damaging to the Air Force . Two other films , Janur Kuning ( Yellow Coconut Leaves ; 1979 ) and Serangan Fajar , were likewise affected by the decree ; Janur Kuning portrayed Suharto as the hero behind the 1 March 1949 General Assault while Serangan Fajar showed him as a major hero of the revolution . At the time it was suggested that TVRI was attempting to distance itself from the former president . This occurred in a period of desanctifying symbols related to the events , and by the early 2000s non @-@ government versions of the G30S coup were easily available in Indonesia .
= = Legacy = =
Pengkhianatan G30S / PKI has proven Noer 's most controversial film , although until his death in 1995 the director remained publicly ambivalent . The film 's visuals have generally received positive reviews , but its use for propaganda and historical accuracy have been widely condemned . The Indonesian director Hanung Bramantyo praised the film 's style , stating that close @-@ up shots of men smoking were " brilliant " and that , at times , he felt " it 's not a film . But real ! " The director Monty Tiwa likewise praised the film 's shots , citing a scene where Pandjaitan 's daughter cries hysterically as her father is shot as " full of drama and using a shot [ he had ] never seen before in an Indonesian film " . Sen and Hill , however , find " none of the aesthetic hallmarks " of the director 's other works .
Hilmar Farid , an Indonesian historian , called the film propaganda mixed with " some [ of the New Order 's ] fantasies " . The reporter Hendro Subroto , who recorded the retrieval of the generals ' bodies from Lubang Buaya , criticised the film 's accuracy in 2001 ; he stated that the bodies did not show any evidence of torture . The former Lekra writer Putu Oka Sukanta , meanwhile , described the film as underplaying the suffering of PKI members and other leftists in the events following the G30S coup , thus becoming " a lie to the people " . The historian John Roosa contrasts the portrayal of the G30S leadership with a document by Brigadier General M.A. Supardjo , which portrays the coup – led by " flummoxed , indecisive , and disorganized " men – as largely defeating itself .
In a 2012 interview , Katamsi admitted the film was in part overacted and that it had been a potent way to spread and indoctrinate viewers in the New Order 's ideology . The Tempo survey suggested that it was effective propaganda , leading viewers to " reject all that smelled of the PKI and communism " . Although it is no longer broadcast on 30 September , the film remains available . A video CD edition was released by Virgo in 2001 and the G30S / PKI museum at Lubang Buaya offers regular screenings in an on @-@ site cinema . Both a 35 mm and VHS copy are stored at Sinematek Indonesia in Jakarta .
= = Awards = =
Pengkhianatan G30S / PKI received seven nominations at the 1984 Indonesian Film Festival ( Festival Film Indonesia , or FFI ) , winning one Citra Award for Best Screenplay . It was beaten in four categories , for Best Director , Best Cinematography , Best Leading Actor , and Best Musical Direction , by Sjumandjaja 's Budak Nafsu ( Slave to Passion ) , while Slamet Rahardjo 's Ponirah Terpidana ( Ponirah Convicted ) took Best Artistic Direction . At the 1985 FFI Pengkhianatan G30S / PKI received an Antemas Award as the best @-@ selling film of the preceding calendar year . The film scholar Thomas Barker suggests that the film 's awards were , in part , a conjunction of state and FFI interests : both were focused on promoting a united national culture .
= = Explanatory notes = =
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= Louise Nevelson =
Louise Nevelson ( September 23 , 1899 – April 17 , 1988 ) was an American sculptor known for her monumental , monochromatic , wooden wall pieces and outdoor sculptures .
Born in the Poltava Governorate of the Russian Empire ( present @-@ day Ukraine ) , she emigrated with her family to the United States in the early 20th century . Nevelson learned English at school , as she spoke Yiddish at home .
By the early 1930s she was attending art classes at the Art Students League of New York , and in 1941 she had her first solo exhibition . A student of Hans Hofmann and Chaim Gross , Nevelson experimented with early conceptual art using found objects , and dabbled in painting and printing before dedicating her lifework to sculpture . Usually created out of wood , her sculptures appear puzzle @-@ like , with multiple intricately cut pieces placed into wall sculptures or independently standing pieces , often 3 @-@ D. A unique feature of her work is that her figures are often painted in monochromatic black or white . A figure in the international art scene , Nevelson was showcased at the 31st Venice Biennale . Her work is seen in major collections in museums and corporations . Nevelson remains one of the most important figures in 20th @-@ century American sculpture .
= = Early personal life = =
Louise Nevelson was born Leah Berliawsky in 1899 in Perislav , Poltava Governorate , Russian Empire , to Minna Sadie and Isaac Berliawsky , a contractor and lumber merchant . Even though the family lived comfortably , Nevelson 's relatives had begun to leave the Russian Empire for America in the 1880s . The Berliawskys had to stay behind , as Isaac , the youngest brother , had to care for his parents . While still in Europe , Minna gave birth to two of Nevelson 's siblings : Nathan ( born 1898 ) and Anita ( 1902 ) . On his mother 's death , Isaac moved to the United States in 1902 . After he left , Minna and the children moved to the Kiev area . According to family lore , young Nevelson was so forlorn about her father 's departure that she became mute for six months .
In 1905 , Minna and the children emigrated to the United States , where they joined Isaac in Rockland , Maine . Isaac initially struggled to establish himself there , suffering from depression while the family settled into their new home . He worked as a woodcutter before opening a junkyard . His work as a lumberjack made wood a consistent presence in the family household , a material that would figure prominently in Nevelson 's work . Eventually he became a successful lumberyard owner and realtor . The family had another child , Lillian , in 1906 . Nevelson was very close to her mother , who suffered from depression , a condition believed to be brought on by the family 's migration from Russia and their minority status as a Jewish family living in Maine . Minna overly compensated for this , dressing herself and the children up in clothing " regarded as sophisticated in the Old Country " . Her mother wore flamboyant outfits with heavy make @-@ up ; Nevelson described her mother 's " dressing up " as " art , her pride , and her job " , also describing her as someone who should have lived " in a palace " .
Nevelson 's first experience of art was at the age of nine at the Rockland Public Library , where she saw a plaster cast of Joan of Arc . Shortly thereafter she decided to study art , taking drawing in high school , where she also served as basketball captain . She painted watercolor interiors , in which furniture appeared molecular in structure , rather like her later professional work . Female figures made frequent appearances . In school , she practiced her English , her second language , as Yiddish was spoken at home . Unhappy with her family 's economic status , language differences , the religious discrimination of the community , and her school , Nevelson set her sights on moving to high school in New York .
She graduated from high school in 1918 , and began working as a stenographer at a local law office . There she met Bernard Nevelson , co @-@ owner with his brother Charles of the Nevelson Brothers Company , a shipping business . Bernard introduced her to his brother , and Charles and Louise Nevelson were married in June 1920 in a Jewish wedding at the Copley Plaza Hotel in Boston . Having satisfied her parent 's hope that she would marry into a wealthy family , she and her new husband moved to New York City , where she began to study painting , drawing , singing , acting and dancing . She also became pregnant , and in 1922 she gave birth to her son Myron ( later called Mike ) , who grew up to be a sculptor . Nevelson studied art , despite the disapproval of her parents @-@ in @-@ law . She commented : " My husband 's family was terribly refined . Within that circle you could know Beethoven , but God forbid if you were Beethoven . "
In 1924 the family moved to Mount Vernon , New York , a popular Jewish area of Westchester County . Nevelson was upset with the move , which removed her from city life and her artistic environment . During the winter of 1932 – 1933 she separated from Charles , unwilling to becoming the socialite wife he expected her to be . She never sought financial support from Charles , and in 1941 the couple divorced .
= = Artistic career = =
= = = 1930s = = =
Starting in 1929 , Nevelson studied art full @-@ time under Kenneth Hayes Miller and Kimon Nicolaides at the Art Students League . Nevelson credited an exhibition of Noh kimonos at the Metropolitan Museum of Art as a catalyst for her to study art further . In 1931 she sent her son Mike to live with family and went to Europe , paying for the trip by selling a diamond bracelet that her now ex @-@ husband had given her on the occasion of Mike 's birth . In Munich she studied with Hans Hofmann before visiting Italy and France . Returning to New York in 1932 she once again studied under Hofmann , who was serving as a guest instructor at the Art Students League . She met Diego Rivera in 1933 and worked as his assistant on his mural Man at the Crossroads at Rockefeller Plaza . The two had an affair which caused a rift between Nevelson and Rivera 's wife , Frida Kahlo , an artist Nevelson greatly admired . Shortly thereafter , Nevelson started taking Chaim Gross 's sculpture classes at the Educational Alliance . She continued to experiment with other artistic mediums , including lithography and etching , but decided to focus on sculpture . Her early works were created from plaster , clay and tattistone . During the 1930s Nevelson began exhibiting her work in group shows . In 1935 , she taught mural painting at the Madison Square Boys and Girls Club in Brooklyn as part of the Works Progress Administration ( WPA ) . She worked for the WPA in the easel painting and sculpture divisions until 1939 . For several years , the impoverished Nevelson and her son walked through the streets gathering wood to burn in their fireplace to keep warm ; the firewood she found served as the starting point for the art that made her famous . Her work during the 1930s explored sculpture , painting and drawing . Early ink and pencil drawings of nudes show the same fluidity seen in the works of Henri Matisse . Nevelson also created terra @-@ cotta semi @-@ abstract animals and oil paintings .
= = = First exhibitions and the 1940s = = =
In 1941 , Nevelson had her first solo exhibition at Nierendorf Gallery . Gallery owner Karl Nierendorf represented her until his death in 1947 . During her time at Nierendorf , Nevelson came across a shoeshine box owned by local shoeshiner Joe Milone . She displayed the box at the Museum of Modern Art , bringing her the first major attention she received from the press . An article about her appeared in Art Digest in November 1943 . In the 1940s , she began producing Cubist figure studies in materials such as stone , bronze , terra cotta , and wood . In 1943 , she had a show at Norlyst Gallery called " The Clown as the Center of his World " in which she constructed sculptures about the circus from found objects . The show was not well received , and Nevelson stopped using found objects until the mid @-@ 1950s . Despite poor reception , Nevelson 's works at this time explored both figurative abstracts inspired by Cubism and the exploitative and experimental influence of Surrealism . The decade provided Nevelson with the materials , movements , and self @-@ created experiments that would mold her signature modernist style in the 1950s .
= = = Mid @-@ career = = =
During the 1950s , Nevelson exhibited her work as often as possible . Yet despite awards and growing popularity with art critics , she continued to struggle financially . To make ends meet she began teaching sculpture classes in adult education programs in the Great Neck public school system . Her own work began to grow to monumental size , moving beyond the human scale sized works she had been creating during the early 1940s . Nevelson also visited Latin America , and discovered influences for her work in Mayan ruins and the steles of Guatemala . In 1955 Nevelson joined Colette Roberts ' Grand Central Modern Gallery , where she had numerous one @-@ woman shows . There she exhibited some of her most notable mid @-@ century works : Bride of the Black Moon , First Personage , and the exhibit " Moon Garden + One " , which showed her first wall piece , Sky Cathedral , in 1958 . The 1958 series of exhibitions were described by critic Hilton Kramer as " remarkable and unforgettable . " That year the Museum of Modern Art purchased one of Nevelson 's Sky Cathedral works , and in 1959 Nevelson was included in MoMA 's Sixteen Americans exhibition . During this period , she painted her wood black and put on entirely black shows . In the early 1960s , she began creating white and gold pieces , and enclosing her small sculptures in wooden boxes . The change in scale of her sculptures , the influence of Latin American ancient art , and her gallery activity during this time is credited with bringing " Nevelson 's sculpture in league with the grand scale of Abstract Expressionist painting , as well as the earlier mural painting of Rivera . "
From 1957 to 1958 , she was president of the New York Chapter of Artists ' Equity and in 1958 she joined the Martha Jackson Gallery , where she was guaranteed income and became financially secure . That year , she was photographed and featured on the cover of Life . In 1960 she had her first one @-@ woman show in Europe at Galerie Daniel Cordier in Paris . Later that year a collection of her work , grouped together as " Dawn 's Wedding Feast " , was included in the group show , " Sixteen Americans " , at the Museum of Modern Art alongside Robert Rauschenberg and Jasper Johns . In 1962 she made her first museum sale to the Whitney Museum of American Art , who purchased the black wall , Young Shadows . That same year , her work was selected for the 31st Venice Biennale and she became national president of Artists ' Equity , serving until 1964 .
In 1962 she left Martha Jackson Gallery for a brief stint at the Sidney Janis Gallery . After an unsuccessful first show in which none of her work sold , Nevelson had a falling out with gallery owner Janis over sums he advanced her and was unable to recoup . Nevelson and Janis entered into a contentious legal battle that left Nevelson broke , depressed , and at risk of becoming homeless . However , at this time Nevelson was offered a funded , six @-@ week artist fellowship at Tamarind Lithography Workshop ( now Tamarind Institute ) in Los Angeles , which allowed her to escape the drama of New York City . She explained , " I wouldn 't ordinarily have gone . I didn 't care so much about the idea of prints at that time but I desperately needed to get out of town and all of my expenses were paid . "
At Tamarind , Nevelson made twenty @-@ six lithographs and became the most productive artist to complete the fellowship up until that time . The lithographs she created were some of her most creative graphic work , using unconventional materials like cheese cloth , lace , and textiles on the lithographic stone to create interesting textural effects . With fresh creative inspiration and replenished funds , Nevelson returned to New York in better personal and professional circumstances . She joined Pace Gallery in the fall of 1963 , where she had shows regularly until the end of her career . In 1967 the Whitney Museum hosted the first retrospective of Nevelson 's work , showing over one hundred pieces , including drawings from the 1930s and contemporary sculptures . In 1964 she created two works : Homage to 6 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 I and Homage to 6 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 II as a tribute to victims of The Holocaust . Nevelson hired several assistants over the years : Teddy Haseltine , Tom Kendall , and Diana Mackown , who helped in the studio and handled daily affairs . By this time , Nevelson had solidified commercial and critical success .
= = = Later career and life = = =
Nevelson continued to utilize wood in her sculptures , but also experimented with other materials such as aluminum , plastic and metal . Black Zag X from 1969 , in the collection of the Honolulu Museum of Art is an example of the artist 's all @-@ black assemblages incorporating the plastic , Formica . In the fall of 1969 , she was commissioned by Princeton University to create her first outdoor sculpture . After completion of her first outdoor sculptures , Nevelson stated : " Remember , I was in my early seventies when I came into monumental outdoor sculpture ... I had been through the enclosures of wood . I had been through the shadows . I had been through the enclosures and come out into the open . " Nevelson also praised new materials like plexiglas and cor @-@ ten steel , which she described as a " blessing " . She embraced the idea of her works being able to withstand climate change and the freedom in moving beyond limitations in size . These public artworks were created by the Lippincott Foundry . Nevelson 's public art commissions were a monetary success , but art historian Brooke Kamin Rapaport states that these pieces were not Nevelson 's strongest works , and that Nevelson 's " intuitive gesture " is not evident in the large steel works .
In 1973 the Walker Art Center curated a major exhibition of her work , which traveled for two years . In 1975 she designed the chapel of St. Peter 's Lutheran Church in midtown Manhattan . When asked about her role as a Jewish artist creating Christian @-@ themed art , Nevelson stated that her abstract work transcended religious barriers . Also in 1975 , she created and installed a large wood sculpture titled Bicentennial Dawn at the new James A. Byrne United States Courthouse in Philadelphia . During the last half of her life , Nevelson solidified her fame and her persona , cultivating a personal style for her " petite yet flamboyant " self that contributed to her legacy : dramatic dresses , scarves and large false eyelashes . When Alice Neel asked Nevelson how she dressed so beautifully , Nevelson replied " Fucking , dear , fucking " , in reference to her sexually liberated lifestyle . The designer Arnold Scaasi created many of her clothes . Nevelson died on April 17 , 1988 .
At the time of his death in 1995 , her friend Willy Eisenhart was working on a book about Nevelson .
= = Style and works = =
When Nevelson was developing her style , many of her artistic colleagues – Alexander Calder , David Smith , Theodore Roszak – were welding metal to create their large @-@ scale sculptures . Nevelson decided to go in the opposite direction , exploring the streets for inspiration and finding it in wood . Nevelson 's most notable sculptures are her walls ; wooden , wall @-@ like collage driven reliefs consisting of multiple boxes and compartments that hold abstract shapes and found objects from chair legs to balusters . Nevelson described these immersive sculptures as " environments " . The wooden pieces were also cast @-@ off scraps , pieces found in the streets of New York . While Marcel Duchamp caused uproar with his Fountain , which was not accepted as " art " at the time of its release due to Duchamp 's attempt to mask the urinals true form , Nevelson took found objects and by spray painting them she disguised them of their actual use or meaning . Nevelson called herself " the original recycler " owing to her extensive use of discarded objects , and credited Pablo Picasso for " giving us the cube " that served as the groundwork for her cubist @-@ style sculpture . She found strong influence in Picasso and Hofmann 's cubist ideals , describing the Cubist movement as " one of the greatest awarenesses that the human mind has ever come to . " She also found influence in Native American and Mayan art , dreams , the cosmos and archetypes .
As a student of Hans Hofmann she was taught to practice her art with a limited palette , using colors such as black and white , to " discipline " herself . These colors would become part of Nevelson 's repertoire . She spray painted her walls black until 1959 . Nevelson described black as the " total color " that " means totality . It means : contains all ... it contained all color . It wasn 't a negation of color . It was an acceptance . Because black encompasses all colors . Black is the most aristocratic color of all . The only aristocratic color ... I have seen things that were transformed into black , that took on greatness . I don 't want to use a lesser word . " In the 1960s she began incorporating white and gold into her works . Nevelson said that white was the color that " summoned the early morning and emotional promise . " She described her gold phase as the " baroque phase " , inspired by the idea being told as a child that America 's streets would be " paved with gold " , the materialism and hedonism of the color , the sun , and the moon . Nevelson revisited the Noh robes and the gold coin collections at the Metropolitan Museum of Art for inspiration .
Through her work , Nevelson often explored the themes of her complicated past , factious present , and anticipated future . A common symbol that appears in Nevelson 's work is the bride , as seen in Bride of the Black Moon ( 1955 ) . The symbol of the bride referred to Nevelson 's own escape from matrimony in her early life , and her own independence as a woman throughout the rest of her life . Her Sky Cathedral works often took years to create ; Sky Cathedral : Night Wall , in the collection of the Columbus Museum of Art , took 13 years to build in her New York City studio . On the Sky Cathedral series , Nevelson commented : " This is the Universe , the stars , the moon – and you and I , everyone . "
Nevelson 's work has been exhibited in a number of galleries , including the Anita Shapolsky Gallery in New York City , Margot Gallery in Lake Worth , Florida , and Woodward Gallery in New York .
= = Legacy = =
Louise Nevelson constructed her sculpture much as she constructed her past : shaping each with her legendary sense of self as she created an extraordinary iconography through abstract means . – The Jewish Museum , 2007
A sculpture garden , Louise Nevelson Plaza ( 40 @.@ 7076 ° N 74 @.@ 0080 ° W / 40 @.@ 7076 ; -74.0080 ) , is located in downtown New York City and features a collection of works by Nevelson . Nevelson donated her papers in several installments from 1966 to 1979 . They are fully digitized and in the collection of the Archives of American Art . The Farnsworth Art Museum , in Nevelson 's childhood home of Rockland , Maine , houses the second largest collection of her works , including jewelry she designed . In 2000 , the United States Postal Service released a series of commemorative postage stamps in Nevelson 's honor . The following year , friend and playwright Edward Albee wrote the play Occupant as a homage to the sculptor . The show opened in New York in 2002 with Anne Bancroft playing Nevelson , but it never moved beyond previews owing to Bancroft 's illness . Nevelson 's distinct and eccentric image has been documented by photographers such as Robert Mapplethorpe , Richard Avedon , Hans Namuth and Pedro E. Guerrero . Nevelson is listed on the Heritage Floor , among other famous women , in Judy Chicago 's 1974 – 1979 masterpiece The Dinner Party .
Upon Nevelson 's death her estate was worth at least $ 100 million . Her son , Mike Nevelson , removed 36 sculptures from her house . Documentation showed that Nevelson had bequeathed these works , worth millions , to her friend and assistant of 25 years Diana MacKown , yet Mike Nevelson claimed otherwise . Proceedings began about the estate and will , which Mike Nevelson claimed did not mention MacKown . There was talk of a potential palimony case , but despite public speculation that the two women were lovers , MacKown maintained that she had never had a sexual relationship with Nevelson , as did Mike Nevelson .
In 2005 , Maria Nevelson , the youngest granddaughter , established the Louise Nevelson Foundation , a non @-@ profit 501c ( 3 ) . Its mission is to educate the public and celebrate the life and work of Louise Nevelson .
= = = Feminism and Nevelson 's influence on feminist art = = =
I 'm not a feminist . I 'm an artist who happens to be a woman . – Louise Nevelson
Louise Nevelson has been a fundamental key in the feminist art movement . Credited with triggering the examination of femininity in art , Nevelson challenged the vision of what type of art women would be creating with her dark , monumental , masculine and totem @-@ like artworks . Nevelson believed that art reflected the individual , not " masculine @-@ feminine labels " , and chose to take on her role as an artist , not specifically a female artist . Reviews of Nevelson 's works in the 1940s wrote her off as just a woman artist . A reviewer of her 1941 exhibition at Nierendorf Gallery stated : " We learned the artist is a woman , in time to check our enthusiasm . Had it been otherwise , we might have hailed these sculptural expressions as by surely a great figure among moderns . " Another review was similar in its sexism : " Nevelson is a sculptor ; she comes from Portland , Maine . You 'll deny both these facts and you might even insist Nevelson is a man , when you see her Portraits in Paint , showing this month at the Nierendorf Gallery . "
Even with her influence upon future generations of feminist artists , Nevelson 's opinion of discrimination within the art world bordered on the belief that artists who were not gaining success based on gender suffered from a lack of confidence . When asked by Feminist Art Journal if she suffered from sexism within the art world , Nevelson replied " I am a woman 's liberation . "
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= Battle of Coral – Balmoral =
The Battle of Coral – Balmoral ( 12 May – 6 June 1968 ) was a series of actions fought during the Vietnam War between the 1st Australian Task Force ( 1 ATF ) and the North Vietnamese 7th Division and Viet Cong Main Force units , 40 kilometres ( 25 mi ) north @-@ east of Saigon . Following the defeat of the communist Tet offensive in January and February , in late April two Australian infantry battalions — the 1st and 3rd Battalions of the Royal Australian Regiment ( RAR ) — with supporting arms , were again deployed from their base at Nui Dat in Phuoc Tuy Province to positions astride infiltration routes leading to Saigon to interdict renewed movement against the capital . Part of the wider allied Operation Toan Thang I , it was launched in response to intelligence reports of another impending communist offensive , yet the Australians experienced little fighting during this period . Meanwhile , the Viet Cong successfully penetrated the capital on 5 May , plunging Saigon into chaos during the May Offensive in an attempt to influence the upcoming Paris peace talks scheduled to begin on the 13th . During three days of intense fighting the attacks were repelled by US and South Vietnamese forces , and although another attack was launched by the Viet Cong several days later , the offensive was again defeated with significant losses on both sides , causing extensive damage to Saigon and many civilian casualties . By 12 May the fighting was over , and the North Vietnamese and Viet Cong were forced to withdraw having suffered heavy casualties . US casualties were also heavy and it proved to be their most costly week of the war .
1 ATF was redeployed on 12 May to obstruct the withdrawal of forces from the capital , with two battalions establishing a fire support base named FSB Coral , just east of Lai Khe in Binh Duong Province , in an area of operations known as AO Surfers . However , poor reconnaissance and inadequate operational planning led to delays and confusion during the fly @-@ in , and the Australians had only partially completed FSB Coral by the evening . The North Vietnamese mounted a number of battalion @-@ sized assaults on the night of 12 / 13 May , with a heavy bombardment from 03 : 30 signalling the start . Exploiting the disorganised defence to penetrate the Australian perimeter , the North Vietnamese 141st Regiment temporarily captured a forward gun position during close @-@ quarters fighting , before being repulsed by superior firepower the following morning . Casualties were heavy on both sides and although the Australians had won a convincing victory , they had come close to suffering both a political and military defeat at the hands of the North Vietnamese . The following day 1 RAR was deployed to defend FSB Coral , while 3 RAR established FSB Coogee to the west to ambush staging areas and infiltration routes . Coral was again assaulted in the early hours of 16 May , coming under a heavy barrage followed by another regimental @-@ sized attack . Again the base was penetrated but after a six @-@ hour battle the North Vietnamese were forced to withdraw after suffering heavy losses . Expecting further fighting , the Australians were subsequently reinforced with Centurion tanks and additional artillery . On 22 May , FSB Coral was again attacked overnight , coming under a short but accurate mortar bombardment which was broken up by Australian artillery and mortars .
The Australians then moved against the communist base areas east of Route 16 , with 3 RAR redeploying to establish FSB Balmoral on 24 May , 4 @.@ 5 kilometres ( 2 @.@ 8 mi ) to the north . Now supported by tanks which had arrived from Coral just hours before , the infantry at Balmoral were subjected to a two @-@ battalion attack by the North Vietnese 165th Regiment . Following a rocket and mortar barrage at 03 : 45 on 26 May , the attack fell primarily on D Company before being repelled with heavy casualties by the combined firepower of the tanks and infantry . The next day the Australians at Coral assaulted a number of bunkers that had been located just outside the base , with a troop of Centurions supported by infantry destroying the bunkers and their occupants without loss . A second major North Vietnamese attack , again of regimental strength , was made against Balmoral at 02 : 30 on 28 May but was called off after 30 minutes after being soundly defeated by the supporting fire of the tanks , artillery and mortars . Regardless , the battle continued into June as the Australians patrolled their area of operations . However , with contacts decreasing , 1 ATF returned to Nui Dat on 6 June , being relieved by US and South Vietnamese forces . The battle was the first time the Australians had clashed with regular North Vietnamese Army units operating in regimental strength in conventional warfare . During 26 days of fighting the communists sustained heavy losses and were forced to postpone a further attack on Saigon , while 1 ATF also suffered significant casualties . The largest unit @-@ level action of the war for the Australians , today the battle is considered one of the most famous actions fought by the Australian Army during the Vietnam War .
= = Background = =
= = = Military situation = = =
Based in Nui Dat in Phuoc Tuy Province , the 1st Australian Task Force ( 1 ATF ) was part of US II Field Force , Vietnam ( IIFFV ) , under the overall command of Lieutenant General Frederick Weyand . By early 1968 , 1 ATF had been reinforced and was at full strength with three infantry battalions supported by armour , artillery , aviation and engineers , while logistic arrangements were provided by the 1st Australian Logistic Support Group ( 1 ALSG ) based at the port of Vung Tau . Commanded by Brigadier Ron Hughes , 1 ATF had continued to operate independently within Phuoc Tuy , and while the war had become a series of large @-@ scale search @-@ and @-@ destroy operations in a war of attrition for the Americans , the Australians had largely pursued their own counter @-@ insurgency campaign despite the differences between Australian and American methods at times producing friction between the allies . Regardless , 1 ATF was also available for deployment elsewhere in the III Corps Tactical Zone and with the province coming progressively under control throughout 1967 , the Australians would increasingly spend a significant period of time conducting operations further afield .
The Tet offensive began on 31 January 1968 , with 85 @,@ 000 to 100 @,@ 000 North Vietnamese and Viet Cong troops simultaneously assaulting population centres and allied installations across South Vietnam in an attempt to incite a general uprising against the South Vietnamese government and its American supporters . In response , 1 ATF was deployed along likely infiltration routes in order to defend the vital Bien Hoa @-@ Long Binh complex near Saigon between January and March , as part of Operation Coburg . Heavy fighting resulted in 17 Australians killed and 61 wounded , while communist casualties included at least 145 killed , 110 wounded and five captured , with many more removed from the battlefield . Meanwhile , the remaining Australian forces in Phuoc Tuy were stretched thin , with elements of 3 RAR successfully repelling an assault on Ba Ria and later spoiling a harassing attack on Long Dien and conducting a sweep of Hoa Long , killing 50 Viet Cong and wounding 25 for the loss of five killed and 24 wounded .
At the strategic level the general uprising never eventuated , and in late @-@ February the communist offensive collapsed after suffering more than 45 @,@ 000 killed , against South Vietnamese and allied losses of 6 @,@ 000 men . Regardless , it proved to be a turning point in the war and although it had been a tactical disaster for the North Vietnamese and Viet Cong , Hanoi emerged with a significant political victory as confidence in the American military and political leadership collapsed , as did public support for the war in the United States . Prior to Tet , American commanders and politicians had talked confidently about winning the war , arguing that General William Westmoreland 's strategy of attrition had reached the point where the communists were losing soldiers and equipment faster than they could be replaced . Yet the scale of the offensive , and the surprise and violence with which it had been launched , had shocked the American public and contradicted such predictions of imminent victory ; in its wake President Lyndon Johnson announced that he would no longer seek a second term in office . Tet had a similar effect on Australian public opinion , and caused growing uncertainty in the government about the determination of the United States to remain militarily involved in Southeast Asia . Amid the initial shock , Prime Minister John Gorton unexpectedly declared that Australia would not increase its military commitment in Vietnam beyond the current level of 8 @,@ 000 personnel .
On the ground , the war continued without respite and Hughes — the 1 ATF commander — turned his attention to D445 Provincial Mobile Battalion , deciding to strike at its base areas in the Minh Dam Secret Zone located in the Long Hai hills south of Long Dien and Dat Do , 14 kilometres ( 8 @.@ 7 mi ) from Nui Dat . The 5th Battalion , Royal Australian Regiment ( 5 RAR ) had suffered heavy casualties in February 1967 while operating in the Long Hais , which were heavily defended by mines and booby traps ; despite previous operations by the US 173rd Airborne Brigade in June 1966 and two smaller South Vietnamese operations , the area had remained a Viet Cong safe haven . However , this time the Australians would use two battalions supported by tanks and air strikes in an attempt to reduce the base area . Operation Pinnaroo began on 27 February , with 2 RAR and 3 RAR cordoning off the complex with the rifle companies patrolling and ambushing at night in order to prevent the Viet Cong from escaping . On 8 March the Australians conducted a wide encircling movement to tighten the cordon , while a sustained bombardment by US B @-@ 52 heavy bombers and artillery targeted the hill the next day . A combined force of infantry from 3 RAR supported by armour then advanced on the foothills , before clearing the minefields and destroying an extensive base area which included a deep cave system that had first been used by the Viet Minh against the French in the 1950s . Each Australian rifle company then methodically searched its area of operations , while engineers destroyed the underground facilities ; a task which required the use of tonnes of explosives .
The operation lasted until 15 April , with mines — including many M16s that had been lifted by the Viet Cong from the controversial barrier minefield laid by the Australians at Dat Do — once again claiming a significant toll . Ten Australians were killed and another 36 were wounded , while known Viet Cong casualties included 21 killed , 14 wounded and 40 captured . Fifty @-@ seven camps and bunker systems were also destroyed , as were large quantities of weapons , munitions and supplies . Judged a success by the Australians despite their heavy losses , the operation had resulted in significant disruption to the Viet Cong and hindered their operations for some time . Regardless , with 1 ATF lacking the manpower to hold the area , the failure of South Vietnamese forces to permanently occupy the Long Hais meant that any gains were only fleeting , and the D445 Battalion headquarters soon returned to the area after ejecting a South Vietnamese regional force company a few months later . Meanwhile , 7 RAR had finished its last operation in March and was relieved by 1 RAR on 9 April , returning to Australia having completed its twelve @-@ month tour .
= = Prelude = =
= = = Planning and preliminary operations = = =
Despite their losses during the previous fighting , the North Vietnamese and Viet Cong appeared to have gained the initiative . Indeed , although the Tet offensive had devastated the Viet Cong , costing them about half their strength in the south , the Defense Minister of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam — General Vo Nguyen Giap — had moved quickly to replace these losses with reinforcements , and by early May 15 @,@ 000 North Vietnamese soldiers were serving in Viet Cong units in South Vietnam . On 8 April , Westmoreland launched a series of large @-@ scale sweeps involving over 70 @,@ 000 South Vietnamese , American , Australian , New Zealand and Thai troops , code @-@ named Operation Toan Thang I. Meanwhile , on 5 May the Viet Cong launched attacks against 119 provincial and district capitals , military installations and major cities during the May Offensive in an attempt to gain an advantage at the first session of peace negotiations scheduled to begin in Paris on the 13th . Saigon was successfully infiltrated in an event that received widespread international media coverage and resulted in considerable embarrassment for the Americans and their allies , with as many as five of the 13 attacking Viet Cong battalions penetrating the city 's outer defences , plunging the capital into chaos and resulting in heavy civilian casualties . After three days of intense fighting American and South Vietnamese forces successfully repelled the assault while , as the peace talks neared , a fresh wave of attacks was launched on Saigon several days later . However , by 12 May the fighting was over , and the communists were forced to withdraw having suffered more than 5 @,@ 500 dead in just over one week of fighting . US casualties were also heavy , amounting to 652 killed and 2 @,@ 225 wounded , which made it the most costly week of the war for the Americans .
The Australians were initially employed on operations inside Phuoc Tuy Province during Operation Toan Thang I. Viet Cong activity in their traditional base areas in the Hat Dich north of Nui Thi Vai hills , had been increasing in February and March and 3 RAR subsequently commenced operations along the north @-@ western border of Phuoc Tuy Province on 21 April . These operations resulted in little contact . In light of this , the Commander Australian Forces Vietnam — Major General Arthur MacDonald — believed that the task force would be better employed against North Vietnamese conventional forces , rather than in local pacification operations ; later , following a request from Weyand , 1 ATF would again redeploy outside the province . As such , in an operation similar to those three months earlier at Bien Hoa , it was planned that 1 ATF would be used to help block infiltration towards Saigon . Overall responsibility for the defence of the capital was assigned to US IIFFV , and included the US 1st , 9th and 25th Divisions , as well as the US 199th Light Infantry Brigade , 1 ATF , and a number of South Vietnamese units . The main deployment began on 25 April in response to intelligence reports of another impending offensive , with 1 ATF headquarters established at the American base at Bearcat , while 2 RAR and 3 RAR deployed to the Bien Hoa @-@ Long Khanh border to block likely infiltration routes east of the large American base complex at Long Binh , which included the airbase at Bien Hoa and the large Long Binh Logistics Depot . Meanwhile , the task force base at Nui Dat was defended by one infantry battalion , a squadron of tanks and the remainder of the cavalry . The SAS squadron also remained in Phuoc Tuy during this period , continuing reconnaissance and surveillance operations in the province .
2 RAR was tasked with patrolling and ambushing tracks and likely rocket @-@ launching sites to disrupt the expected attack against Saigon . The battalion established FSB Hunt , and conducted a number of small but successful ambushes . Meanwhile , 3 RAR established FSB Evans and conducted search @-@ and @-@ ambush operations before returning to Nui Dat on 3 May after being replaced by 1 RAR , which then joined 2 RAR for a sweep . In response to the attacks on Saigon , elements of 1 ATF redeployed on 5 May , relieving the US 199th Light Infantry Brigade in an area of operations ( AO ) known as AO Columbus so that it could be released for operations elsewhere , with companies from both battalions deploying to ambush suspected infiltration routes in the expectation of an attack by the 274th Regiment from the Viet Cong 5th Division . Five days later 2 RAR was relieved by 3 RAR , having completed its last major operation before returning to Australia . The Australians waited for the Viet Cong to make their move , but they again proved elusive and contact was only light , and by 10 May just six had been killed and one wounded after 21 days of operations . Having missed the Viet Cong and North Vietnamese units as they infiltrated the capital , it was planned that the Australians would be again redeployed on 12 May in order to obstruct the withdrawal of these forces following their defeat in Saigon . The task force would subsequently concentrate astride Route 16 on one of the major north @-@ south supply routes 40 kilometres ( 25 mi ) north @-@ east of Saigon , just east of Lai Khe in Binh Duong Province , in a new area of operations known as AO Surfers . Meanwhile , US forces would operate in support on the flanks .
= = = Opposing forces = = =
1 ATF would move with its headquarters and two infantry battalions — 1 RAR and 3 RAR — as well as cavalry , artillery , engineer and aviation elements operating in support , including M113 armoured personnel carriers from A Squadron , 3rd Cavalry Regiment , 105 mm M2A2 howitzers from 12th Field Regiment , Royal Australian Artillery , Bell H @-@ 13 Sioux light observation helicopters from 161st Reconnaissance Flight and mortar locating radars from 131st Divisional Locating Battery . The concept of operations called for the establishment battalion AOs , named Bondi , Manly and Newport . 1 RAR was allocated to AO Bondi with artillery support from the 102nd Field Battery established at a fire support base , named FSB Coral . 3 RAR was initially allocated to AO Manly , west of Bondi , and would also be supported from FSB Coral by its own supporting battery , 161st Battery , Royal New Zealand Artillery . The operation would be conducted in three phases . 3 RAR — under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Jim Shelton — would conduct an air assault into Coral early on 12 May , with the lead elements securing the landing zone for the fly @-@ in of the remainder of the battalion , and 1 RAR under Lieutenant Colonel Phillip Bennett . Leaving its supporting artillery and one infantry company for protection , 3 RAR would then move west to establish blocking positions and patrol AO Manly in order to intercept North Vietnamese and Viet Cong forces attempting to withdraw from the south and south @-@ west . Meanwhile , 1 RAR would establish its supporting artillery and mortars at FSB Coral , and then with one company , clear Route 16 to the village of Tan Uyen , 7 kilometres ( 4 @.@ 3 mi ) to the south . The battalion would then occupy blocking positions and patrol AO Bondi . 1 ATF headquarters would then move from Bearcat to FSB Coral on 13 May , while the forward task force maintenance area would move from Bearcat by road convoy and be operational by 14 May .
A number of People 's Army of Vietnam ( PAVN ) units had been identified in AO Surfers , including the regular North Vietnamese 7th Division — consisting of the North Vietnamese 141st and 165th Regiments under the command of Nguyen the Bon , the Vietcong 5th Division — consisting of Viet Cong 274th and 275th Regiments , and the Dong Nai Regiment . These divisions were believed to have participated in the assault on Saigon and allied intelligence considered it likely they would attempt to withdraw through the Australian area of operations in order to regroup . Other forces included North Vietnamese 85th Regiment as well as the 165th , 233rd , 269th , 275th , D280 and 745th Viet Cong Infiltration Groups and various units used for reconnaissance , guiding , logistics , liaison and other tasks . In total , an estimated strength of 3 @,@ 000 to 4 @,@ 000 men . Regardless , despite earlier warnings that they may concentrate up to regimental @-@ strength , a breakdown in the passage of intelligence led the Australians to believe that the North Vietnamese and Viet Cong would remain dispersed in small groups in an attempt to avoid detection . As such the Australians assumed that the communist forces would pose little threat and envisioned patrolling from company harbours to find and ambush them as they withdrew . Meanwhile , due to the risk of heavy ground fire , only a very limited aerial reconnaissance of the new area of operations was undertaken and this later had significant implications .
= = Battle = =
= = = Occupation of FSB Coral , 12 May 1968 = = =
On the night of 11 / 12 May , only a few hours before the Australian redeployment was scheduled to commence , American forces from US 1st Division operating in AO Surfers were attacked just west of the proposed landing zone ( LZ ) . Continuing through the night and into the following morning , the fighting prevented the Americans from leaving the area and led to initial delays in occupying FSB Coral . Further delays arose after the terrain around the proposed LZ was found to be unsuitable for helicopters , and Shelton was forced to designate a new location 1 @,@ 000 metres ( 1 @,@ 100 yd ) to the south @-@ west for his battalion . Meanwhile , the American company providing security for the lead Australian elements had to redeploy to secure the alternate LZ . Communications were problematic throughout the operation and this further compounded the delays . The first infantry company to fly in — B Company , 3 RAR under the command of Major Bert Irwin — was already airborne and Shelton directed them to the new LZ . On landing , Irwin moved quickly to the original position , and despite rapidly clearing it , the insertion was further delayed .
1 ATF was not well practised in flying in and setting up a large fire support base , and a poorly co @-@ ordinated , prolonged and dislocated operation caused considerable delay in getting on the ground , and the scattering of a number of units . Confusion continued to affect the operation , with 161st Battery , RNZA arriving by CH @-@ 47 Chinook before FSB Coral was ready , and being forced to land in an improvised LZ in a clearing 1 @,@ 000 metres ( 1 @,@ 100 yd ) to the south @-@ west . Meanwhile , the continued presence of American forces in AO Manly also prevented 3 RAR from deploying as planned , and as the battalion began landing it was forced to remain on the western side of the FSB . 102nd Field Battery , the direct support battery for 1 RAR , was subsequently landed at FSB Coral and Major Brian Murtagh , second @-@ in @-@ command of 12th Field Regiment and the artillery tactical headquarters , was subsequently designated as the FSB commander , even though his guns were now physically dislocated from each other .
These delays in turn affected the fly @-@ in of 1 RAR , with the companies forced to wait at the departure point in AO Colombus before they commenced the air move to FSB Coral . Hughes visited Bennett at FSB Coral at 15 : 30 to discuss aspects of the defence , as well as events planned for the following day . The deployment of the second battalion was not complete until 16 : 10 , with the 1 RAR Mortar Platoon arriving on the last flight , more than four hours late . It became clear to Bennett that 1 RAR would need to deploy to the east of the FSB , and with just two hours before last light the companies were moved into hasty defensive positions , the last of which were not established until 17 : 00 . Due to the hurried deployment , by dusk the two battalions of 1 ATF and their supporting elements were scattered around FSB Coral in four roughly connected groups , rather than in a co @-@ ordinated defensive position . The task force headquarters advance party and part of its Defence Platoon were located centrally , yet the task force tactical headquarters and the artillery tactical headquarters under Lieutenant Colonel Jack Kelly — Commanding Officer of 12th Field Regiment — both remained in Bearcat . Hughes was not present either , having left Bearcat to attend to matters at the task force rear headquarters at Nui Dat , and was due to move forward with the tactical headquarters to FSB Coral the following day .
There had been little opportunity for co @-@ ordination , with the Australian infantry strung out along the routes away from FSB Coral in preparation for their move the next day . 3 RAR was responsible for the security of FSB Coral , with D Company defending the north @-@ west approaches , while the remaining three companies were dispersed over 3 kilometres ( 1 @.@ 9 mi ) to the west , spread between the FSB and the New Zealand gun positions to the south @-@ west . 1 RAR occupied the eastern approaches , with its rifle companies dispersed over 5 kilometres ( 3 @.@ 1 mi ) harbouring in night ambush positions , while C Company was isolated to the south @-@ east picketing the road to Tan Uyen in order to provide security for the convoy due to arrive from Bearcat the following day . Bennett kept his anti @-@ tank and assault pioneer platoons inside the FSB to protect the battalion command post , while the mortar platoon would be particularly exposed , being located adjacent to the 102nd Field Battery gun position in an open area on the outer edge of the base facing to the north and east . The rifle companies to the north @-@ east provided the only protection , yet there were large gaps between these positions and they could be easily bypassed . Although the Australians made further efforts to co @-@ ordinate their defences prior to last light , attempting to tie in their positions to achieve mutual support between the sub @-@ units , these arrangements remained incomplete as night fell .
Command posts were dug in and weapons pits and shell scrapes were commenced , yet many were not completed to any depth due to a lack of time , while a heavy rainfall started at 18 : 00 and soon filled the pits with water anyway . No claymore mines or barbed wire were laid out either , as the wire had not yet arrived , while lack of materials also prevented the construction of overhead protection . 7 @.@ 62 mm M60 machine @-@ guns were placed out around the perimeter , but there was no time to test fire them or to properly tie in their arcs of fire . Meanwhile , 90 mm M67 recoilless rifles ( RCLs ) from the 1 RAR Anti @-@ Tank Platoon armed with High Explosive Anti @-@ tank ( HEAT ) and anti @-@ personnel flechette ammunition were sited to support the forward machine @-@ guns . Due to their previous experiences fighting the Viet Cong in Phuoc Tuy Province , the Australians were not overly alarmed despite the defences at FSB Coral suffering due to the hasty deployment and , although the recent fighting involving the US 1st Division only 3 kilometres ( 1 @.@ 9 mi ) to the west may have been additional cause for concern , its extent was unknown to the Australians at the time . Expecting the North Vietnamese to be operating in small groups while trying to avoid battle as they had done during the last three weeks , there was little thought of a major threat to the FSB . Commencing night routine , sentries were posted while the rest of the Australians stood down to get some sleep .
= = = First attack on FSB Coral , 12 / 13 May 1968 = = =
Unknown to 1 ATF , the headquarters of the North Vietnamese 7th Division was located approximately 9 kilometres ( 5 @.@ 6 mi ) to the east of FSB Coral and several units of the division were also based in the vicinity . The North Vietnamese 165th Regiment was operating to the north and the 141st Regiment to the east , while the battalion @-@ strength 275th Infiltration Group had only recently arrived , having left the Ho Chi Minh Trail on the Cambodian border just 48 hours earlier . The North Vietnamese divisional commander had quickly dispatched reconnaissance elements to observe the fly @-@ in of the Australians and their defensive preparations during the afternoon , and they soon reported the opportunity to attack the exposed gun positions of the 102nd Field Battery . One battalion of 141st Regiment , augmented by the 275th and 269th Infiltration Groups , was subsequently tasked to attack FSB Coral that night . This reconnaissance had not gone unnoticed by the Australian infantry , however , and companies from both 1 RAR and 3 RAR had fleeting contacts with small groups of North Vietnamese at last light and into the evening . D Company , 1 RAR — under Major Tony Hammett — contacted a ten @-@ man group of North Vietnamese while moving into ambush positions 2 @,@ 500 metres ( 2 @,@ 700 yd ) north of FSB Coral late in the afternoon . In a brief exchange the North Vietnamese broke contact after losing one killed , firing rocket @-@ propelled grenades into the trees above the Australians and wounding one of them .
During the evening B Company , 1 RAR — under the command of Major Bob Hennessy — had a further contact to the east with another ten @-@ man group . Later , Major Colin Adamson 's A Company detected 20 North Vietnamese moving on the perimeter utilising newly issued Starlight scopes and subsequently killed and wounded some of them . However , such events appeared to be chance encounters and caused the Australians no particular concern . By midnight the rain had stopped , and five minutes later the 1 RAR mortar position was probed and a fire @-@ fight ensued , resulting in possibly three North Vietnamese being killed . Later it became apparent that they had been marking assault lanes , while at 02 : 25 three North Vietnamese from a forward reconnaissance party walked into a D Company , 1 RAR ambush and in the ensuing contact one was killed before they again broke contact , firing rocket @-@ propelled grenades that killed one Australian and wounded 11 from a single platoon . Yet despite a number of minor clashes the North Vietnamese successfully bypassed the Australian rifle companies , conducting a forced march under cover of darkness and rain to dig in within 250 metres ( 270 yd ) of FSB Coral undetected .
Finally at 03 : 30 , rocket and mortar fire began falling on FSB Coral , concentrating on the 102nd Field Battery and the 1 RAR Mortar Platoon positions in an intense bombardment lasting five minutes . Following a ten @-@ minute pause a number of flares signalled the start of the assault . Intending to capture the field guns , two North Vietnamese companies rushed the Australians from the north @-@ east firing their AK @-@ 47 assault rifles , with the 1 RAR Mortar Platoon taking the brunt of the initial attack , while the 1 ATF Defence Platoon was also pinned down by heavy machine @-@ gun fire . The New Zealand howitzers and 3 RAR mortars began firing in support , however they failed to halt the North Vietnamese and the initial assault succeeded in over @-@ running the 1 RAR mortars , killing five and wounding eight . The flank of the main assault force then ran through the position at speed before moving on towards the gun position . During their earlier reconnaissance , the North Vietnamese had likely observed the guns to be laid facing east and had probably planned to assault from the north as a result , yet shortly before the main attack the battery had fired a mission to the north and the guns were now directly facing their axis of assault . Moving in long straight lines across a frontage of 150 to 200 men , the main North Vietnamese assault moved against the gun position as the Australian gunners opened fire over open sights with Splintex rounds at point blank range , with thousands of darts ripping through their ranks and breaking up successive waves into small groups . Amid the confusion , follow @-@ up sections hesitated upon reaching the mortar position , while other groups skirmished around the flanks and between the artillery and mortars .
Meanwhile , the 1 RAR Anti @-@ Tank Platoon — commanded by Lieutenant Les Tranter — also engaged with Splintex from their 90 mm RCLs , firing across the front of the mortars and relieving the immediate pressure on them . However , with the North Vietnamese having successfully achieved a break @-@ in , and faced with the possibility of imminent annihilation , the 1 RAR Mortar Platoon second @-@ in @-@ command — Lieutenant Tony Jensen — was forced to direct the RCLs onto his own position , to which Bennett agreed . As the North Vietnamese attempted to turn the captured mortars against the Australians , the flechette darts swept the area , clearing everything above ground , causing heavy casualties among the assaulting force and damaging a number of mortar tubes . Elsewhere , the North Vietnamese assault had reached the Australian gun position , over @-@ running two guns as desperate close quarters fighting broke out between the emplacements . The attackers subsequently succeeded in capturing No. 6 gun on the extreme edge of the gun @-@ line and then attempted to destroy it with satchel charges . In both the mortar and artillery positions the North Vietnamese and Australians occupied adjacent pits , fighting each other at close range for their possession . The gun position officer — Captain Ian Ahearn — co @-@ ordinated the defence , and the Australians finally drove off the assault with grenades and small arms , as well as Splintex rounds fired from the Anti @-@ Tank Platoon . Meanwhile , with the assault falling mainly on 1 RAR and 102nd Field Battery , to the west 3 RAR had largely remained out of contact .
Although the North Vietnamese troops were well trained and equipped , they were ultimately unable to prevail against the superior firepower of the Australian infantry and gunners , which had turned the battle in their favour . Throughout the night , fire support was co @-@ ordinated by the 1 RAR command post and the fire support co @-@ ordinating centre , which controlled integral fires from 102nd Field Battery , its direct support battery , as well as from 161st Battery RNZA and the 81 mm mortars from 3 RAR . Yet the Australian gunners soon ran out of Splintex rounds , and they were forced to use standard high @-@ explosive with their direct @-@ action fuses set to ' delay ' . The guns were then depressed to fire the shell at the ground approximately 40 to 50 metres ( 44 to 55 yd ) in front of the emplacement , which caused the round to ricochet and explode in the air above the heads of the assaulting force , an expedient which proved very effective . The Australians were also supported by artillery from a number of neighbouring American batteries that were in range , as well as by aerial strafing from helicopter gunships and continuous illumination by flares . Forward observers adjusted the artillery to within 20 metres ( 22 yd ) of the Australian position , while C @-@ 47 Spooky gunships armed with mini @-@ guns fired thousands of rounds into the assaulting forces .
After an hour of intense fighting , by 04 : 30 the main attack began to falter and the North Vietnamese subsequently withdrew into a rubber plantation to the north @-@ east , carrying many of their dead and wounded . However , in an attempt prevent the Australians from following them a company @-@ sized force remained , and the Australian gunners attempted to engage them with their remaining Splintex rounds and high explosive . Taking advantage of the extinguishing of a fire that the Australians had been using to direct the helicopter gunships , the North Vietnamese again attacked at 05 : 00 in an effort to further cover their withdrawal . Greatly reduced in strength , the attack was quickly broken up in a crossfire of high explosive and Splintex . A series of sporadic contacts then took place between the Australians and withdrawing North Vietnamese parties , while at 05 : 30 a helicopter light @-@ fire team became effective and forced the North Vietnamese rearguard to abandon its positions . Also during this time , rockets and mortars had landed on B Company , 1 RAR 1 @,@ 500 metres ( 1 @,@ 600 yd ) to the south @-@ east , killing one Australian and wounding another . At 05 : 45 , 161st Battery RNZA began firing on likely withdrawal routes as the pre @-@ dawn light began to appear . The Australians then began a sweep of their position , with the 102nd Field Battery clearing the gun position while Bennett accompanied the 1 RAR Anti @-@ Tank Platoon and a regimental medical officer 's party to clear the rest of the perimeter . A number of North Vietnamese soldiers were subsequently located , with the last killed in the gun position at 06 : 10 . The two patrols then met in the mortar position while a patrol from 3 RAR carried out a similar sweep from north to south , and FSB Coral was finally cleared by 06 : 25 . By 06 : 30 the evacuation of the Australian dead and wounded began by helicopter . The communists finally completed their withdrawal by 08 : 00 .
The fighting had been costly for both sides . Australian casualties included nine killed and 28 wounded , while one howitzer and two mortars had been damaged . North Vietnamese casualties included 52 dead , who lay strewn around the perimeter , while 23 small arms and seven crew @-@ served weapons had also been captured by the Australians . While Radio Hanoi quickly announced a major North Vietnamese victory there was little doubt that the Australians had convincingly repulsed the attack , even if they had come close to suffering a military and political catastrophe , with the task force headquarters itself nearly being destroyed . The initial delays during the fly @-@ in had left the defenders spread haphazardly and , had the North Vietnamese assaulted without the preparatory fire that ultimately alerted the Australians , the result may have been different . Equally , the fortunes of war had resulted in the Australian guns being laid in the direction of the main North Vietnamese assault , and the firepower they afforded had probably been decisive . The occupation of FSB Coral was one of the first such operations conducted by 1 ATF and many of the deficiencies evident had been due to this inexperience . Command and control had been insufficient and in hindsight the lack of co @-@ ordination in setting up the defence could have been avoided with the appointment of a local defence commander . The absence of proper aerial reconnaissance prior to insertion had also resulted in units and their supporting elements landing on unsuitable ground in full view of the North Vietnamese , while the delay in the insertion of the second battalion denied them enough time to establish their positions before night fell . Failures in the assessment and timely distribution of intelligence were also identified .
= = = 1 ATF consolidates in AO Surfers , 13 – 15 May 1968 = = =
The 1 ATF forward tactical headquarters arrived from Bearcat by Chinook on 13 May , while additional personnel and stocks were brought in by road convoy to establish the forward task force maintenance area . Hughes arrived at 08 : 00 and directed Bennett to redeploy his companies in all @-@ round defence of FSB Coral , with 1 RAR consolidating their defensive arrangements with wire , sandbags , overhead protection and claymore mines , while tripod @-@ mounted machine @-@ guns were also emplaced to fire on fixed lines . Meanwhile , 3 RAR established FSB Coogee in AO Manly 4 @,@ 000 metres ( 4 @,@ 400 yd ) west , with C Company securing the fire support base while the other three rifle companies conducted search operations which resulted in one being Australian killed . 161st Battery RNZA was then redeployed by air to Coogee . M @-@ 113 armoured personnel carriers from A Squadron , 3 CAV ( less one troop ) — under the command of Major John Keldie — arrived at Coral the same day , after escorting the rear echelons and 155 mm M109 self @-@ propelled artillery from A Battery , US 2 / 35th Artillery Regiment . The APCs were then split between the fire support bases , with 1 Troop assigned to 1 RAR and 2 Troop to 3 RAR , with Keldie appointed as local defence commander at FSB Coral in order to co @-@ ordinate the actions of units on the perimeter . 1st Field Squadron also provided engineer teams to each combat arm , while other elements prepared command post bunkers and fortifications within the fire support bases .
The unsuccessful assault against FSB Coral on the night of 12 / 13 May had demonstrated that the North Vietnamese would react violently to Australian attempts to control AO Surfers , and with 1 ATF deployed astride a key route to Saigon and threatening a number of communist bases and staging areas located nearby , further heavy fighting was expected over the following days . In response , the Australians were forced to refine their tactics and Hughes decided to establish strong defensive positions in order to destroy the North Vietnamese by fire , rather than by the painstaking patrolling more familiar to the Australians . The FSBs would be heavily defended by night , while the battalions would conduct defensive patrols by day . Later , fighting patrols up to company @-@ size with armoured support would then be used to locate and destroy the Viet Cong main force bases . As such the Australian concept of operations subsequently evolved from one of searching and clearing in order to locate and cut infiltration and withdrawal routes , into a series of reconnaissance @-@ in @-@ force operations from heavily defended bases . Meanwhile , in AO Manly , 3 RAR continued patrolling for the next seven days , successfully ambushing staging areas and infiltration routes between 13 – 19 May for the loss of one soldier killed .
On 14 May there were a number of patrol clashes in AO Bondi , as both sides tried to determine the intentions of the other . The Australians sent out platoon @-@ sized defensive patrols between 3 to 4 kilometres ( 1 @.@ 9 to 2 @.@ 5 mi ) from Coral and in nine contacts they suffered three killed and five wounded , while North Vietnamese casualties included 12 killed and two wounded . Later , two more Australians were wounded by a rocket @-@ propelled grenade fired into FSB Coral . During the afternoon , the patrol activity resulted in heavy fighting , and two separate actions fought within half an hour of each other by different platoons from 1 RAR led to two Australians being awarded the Distinguished Conduct Medal ( DCM ) — Lance Corporal David Griffiths and Private Richard Norden . The communists appeared to be probing the Australians to gain information on their dispositions and these efforts continued the following day with the defenders observing two North Vietnamese near the perimeter of FSB Coral , while patrols from 1 RAR later contacted a number of small groups and uncovered a recently used company @-@ sized camp just 1 @,@ 000 metres ( 1 @,@ 100 yd ) from the base . By 15 May , the Australians considered their defences to be properly co @-@ ordinated , while nearby the North Vietnamese 141st Regiment was again preparing to attack Coral after evading the intensive patrolling . Yet that night a large number of lights and flares were observed by the defenders , effectively warning them of the impending assault .
= = = Second attack on FSB Coral , 16 May 1968 = = =
At 02 : 30 on 16 May the North Vietnamese began a heavy barrage of rocket @-@ propelled grenades and mortar fire , concentrating on A Company 1 RAR , 1 ATF headquarters , and the forward task force maintenance area . Now heavily reinforced , the Australian and American artillery and mortars quickly responded with heavy counter @-@ battery fire , with a total of 60 guns from three batteries of 105 mm field guns , one battery of 155 mm howitzers , one 8 @-@ inch ( 200 mm ) battery and nine 81 mm mortars firing in support , augmented by air support from three heavy fire teams ( each of three Iroquois helicopter gunships ) and three fighters with bombs and napalm . Regardless , at 02 : 40 the North Vietnamese launched a battalion @-@ sized attack , which initially fell on A and B Companies . Even with the artillery and mortars concentrating on close defensive fire tasks , the assault was largely held at the perimeter , although they did succeed in over @-@ running part of 3 Platoon , A Company . Commanded by Lieutenant Neil Weekes , the platoon had been hit heavily by indirect fire during the initial bombardment and had suffered several casualties . Concentrating on the gap created in the Australian perimeter , the North Vietnamese then assaulted with the support of 12 @.@ 7 mm DShK heavy machine @-@ guns . Ordering his men to fix bayonets , Weekes successfully reorganised the defences however , and called in close mortar fire to stabilise the position , resulting in heavy casualties among the assaulting force . He was later awarded the Military Cross for his leadership . Unable to achieve a break @-@ in , the North Vietnamese then broadened their attack to include C Company , engaging three of the four Australian companies on the perimeter . Yet after successfully opening a number of gaps in the wire , they failed to press home their attack .
By 04 : 00 A Company was still heavily engaged and the Australians called in helicopter light @-@ fire teams and C @-@ 47 Spooky gunships , which dropped flares continuously from 04 : 30 to illuminate the battlefield . By 05 : 00 the main attack was halted and the North Vietnamese began withdrawing , just as the Australians were beginning to run low on ammunition . During the lull A Company was resupplied by APC , while the Australians pushed an RCL team forward to provide additional support . At 05 : 15 the North Vietnamese attacked again , targeting the boundary between A and C Companies on the northern edge of the perimeter , only to be repulsed by mortar fire . Later a two @-@ battalion attack on A , B and C Companies was also turned back . The Australians then counter @-@ attacked with elements of A Company supported by APCs , regaining the lost 3 Platoon section post . Finally , after a six @-@ hour battle the North Vietnamese broke contact at 06 : 30 and withdrew with their dead and wounded , fighting a series of rearguard actions to prevent follow @-@ up . The Australians also began collecting their casualties for evacuation , while another resupply was completed with APCs . 1 RAR subsequently commenced a clearance of the area , with the four Australian rifle companies patrolling to a depth of 1 @,@ 000 metres ( 1 @,@ 100 yd ) , killing one North Vietnamese soldier and capturing another . Five Australians had been killed and 19 wounded , while two US artillerymen were also wounded during the fighting . Only 34 North Vietnamese bodies were counted on the perimeter at dawn , however intelligence later indicated that fewer than 100 of the 790 attacking troops had survived unwounded . Meanwhile , in an attempt to disrupt the North Vietnamese withdrawal , Keldie led a troop of cavalry from Coral , engaging a North Vietnamese battalion during a pursuit that lasted until 15 : 00 .
On 17 May , Westmoreland visited FSB Coral and congratulated the task force on its defence . Both Australian battalions continued to patrol with minor contacts , and during one such incident at least six North Vietnamese were killed when a group of approximately 35 was engaged by artillery and armed helicopters after being observed by scouts from B Company , 3 RAR . During the week that followed Australian patrols clashed with groups of North Vietnamese moving through AO Surfers , many of them from the North Vietnamese 165th Regiment , which was believed to be withdrawing into War Zone D after attacking Tan Son Nhut airbase , near Saigon . A Company , 3 RAR subsequently occupied a blocking position on the Suoi Ba Pho creek , ambushing North Vietnamese moving northwards and directing mortar firing onto evasion routes , killing eight and capturing two . Elsewhere , C Company , 3 RAR located and destroyed a number of base camps in the vicinity of FSB Coogee . Meanwhile , with the approval of MacDonald , Hughes departed on a long @-@ planned leave to Singapore on 18 May , and Colonel Donald Dunstan , the task force second @-@ in @-@ command , took over as Commander 1 ATF on 20 May . A respected and experienced leader , he quickly took control amidst growing tension .
At 01 : 00 on 22 May FSB Coral was again attacked , though not on the same scale as before , coming under a short but accurate mortar bombardment that was subsequently broken up artillery and mortar fire . In order to bolster his defences and provide an increased offensive capability , on 21 May Dunstan ordered the Centurion tanks from C Squadron , 1st Armoured Regiment to redeploy the 120 kilometres ( 75 mi ) from Nui Dat . Under the command of Major Peter Badman , the slow @-@ moving armoured column departed on 22 May , traversing the difficult terrain that included a number of old , rusting Bailey bridges , which threatened to collapse under the 50 @-@ tonne weight of the Centurions . Moving via the inland route under cover provided by an observation aircraft from 161st Reconnaissance Flight , they drove north on Route 2 , then west on Highway 1 to Long Binh where they staged overnight . Just north of Blackhorse the lead vehicle of the convoy hit a road mine , damaging a dozer tank but resulting in no casualties . They finally arrived at FSB Coral at 02 : 30 on 23 May . Four tanks from 1 Troop were subsequently allocated to 1 RAR , while 2 Troop was allocated to 3 RAR . Two American M42 40 mm Self @-@ Propelled Anti @-@ Aircraft Guns had also accompanied the tanks and further strengthened the Australian FSBs in a ground support role .
= = = First attack on FSB Balmoral , 26 May 1968 = = =
With 3 RAR achieving limited results in AO Manly , MacDonald suggested that Dunstan establish the battalion in a new location east of Route 16 in order to locate and destroy the North Vietnamese bases suspected to be in the area . 3 RAR subsequently occupied FSB Balmoral in AO Newport , 4 @.@ 5 kilometres ( 2 @.@ 8 mi ) north of Coral , on 24 May in the hope of provoking another battle . Shelton was keen to avoid the mistakes that had been made during the earlier occupation of FSB Coral however , and he sent two companies forward on foot to occupy the new fire support base while the battalion tactical headquarters accompanied them in APCs . During the insertion there were a number of contacts between the Australians and North Vietnamese , with at least one North Vietnamese soldier being killed . Yet with B and D Companies securing the landing zone , the remainder of 3 RAR was inserted by helicopter from FSB Coogee in the late afternoon . FSB Balmoral would be developed as a battalion defensive position only , and 161st Battery RNZA was subsequently flown to FSB Coral , in order to concentrate all of the artillery in that location from where they would be able to cover the whole of the new AO . Meanwhile , the North Vietnamese had been caught by surprise and , with no time prepare an attack , they were unable to respond on the first evening . Regardless , 3 RAR worked quickly to establish their defensive position , digging in and laying wire and claymore mines .
On 25 May , 3 RAR began local defensive and familiarisation patrols . Four Centurion tanks from 2 Troop , C Squadron were ordered to redeploy to FSB Balmoral to bolster the defences , escorted by two infantry platoons from B Company , 1 RAR under Captain Bob Hennessy . En route , the North Vietnamese contacted the Australian infantry from a series of bunkers , pinning them down with machine @-@ gun fire at close range . In response the Australian tanks moved forward , suppressing the bunkers with canister rounds while the infantry was extracted . The Australians had struck the edge of a large , defended base camp estimated at company @-@ size , however under orders to continue to Balmoral before nightfall , they broke contact . The column subsequently arrived at FSB Balmoral without further incident at 15 : 30 and B Company , 1 RAR then returned to FSB Coral by helicopter . At least two North Vietnamese were killed in the encounter , while one Australian was wounded . Although a relatively minor action , the tanks had been decisive and the engagement was early proof of their effectiveness in co @-@ operation with the infantry . Meanwhile , the North Vietnamese commander was no longer able to tolerate the Australian encroachment into his base areas , and with FSB Balmoral located just 1 @,@ 500 metres ( 1 @,@ 600 yd ) away , he subsequently tasked the 165st Regiment — commanded by Phan Viet Dong — to attack Balmoral . That evening tracer rounds , shots and lights again alerted the defenders of an impending attack .
At 03 : 45 on 26 May the North Vietnamese began a heavy bombardment with mortar and rockets , accompanied by machine @-@ gun and small @-@ arms fire . Immediately following the barrage , Balmoral was subjected to a ground assault across the open ground from the north @-@ east by a force of up to battalion strength , falling primarily on D Company , commanded by Major Peter Phillips . At the same time the North Vietnamese conducted a feint on the southern perimeter opposite A Company — under Major Horrie Howard — using Bangalore torpedoes to break through the wire , although the gap was not exploited . Two Centurions that had been sited directly on the main axis of assault but concealed during the day , rolled forward under the cover of darkness . Their machine @-@ guns and canister rounds proved telling during the fighting ; the main attack stalled as it reached the wire before being repelled with heavy casualties by the combined firepower of the Australian infantry and tanks . Meanwhile , as sporadic mortar , rocket @-@ propelled grenade and small @-@ arms fire continued , to the south FSB Coral was also hit with suppressing fire from mortars , recoilless rifles and rocket @-@ propelled grenades between 04 : 15 and 04 : 30 , killing one Australian and wounded another . The defenders at Balmoral then directed fire from helicopter gunships and C @-@ 47 Spooky aircraft onto likely assembly areas and mortar base plate locations . Around 05 : 00 the North Vietnamese finally broke contact and withdrew , removing the majority of their casualties under covering fire as the Australian artillery fired on their escape routes . Clearing patrols from 3 RAR then swept the area at first light but found only six North Vietnamese dead and a large quantity of weapons , ammunition and equipment . The Australians subsequently began the evacuation of their casualties , having lost a further three dead and 14 wounded .
= = = Bunker clash and patrolling in AO Surfers , 26 – 27 May 1968 = = =
Dunstan subsequently directed the clearance of the bunker system that had been located the previous day , and a combined force of D Company , 1 RAR and 1 Troop C Squadron under the command of Major Tony Hammett was tasked with carrying out a reconnaissance @-@ in @-@ force . Departing at 06 : 00 on the morning of the 26 May , the lead Australian infantry platoon was contacted at 12 : 27 by small arms fire and rocket @-@ propelled grenades 3 @,@ 000 metres ( 3 @,@ 300 yd ) from Coral , after having paused to direct an air strike by Canberra bombers from No. 2 Squadron RAAF onto a nearby bunker system . In what would become the first Australian combined infantry and tank assault since the Bougainville campaign against the Japanese in the Second World War , the tanks were called forward and attacked the bunkers with anti @-@ tank solid shot and machine @-@ guns , while the infantry indicated targets with their M79 grenade launchers . Moving forward two or three abreast , the Centurions crushed many of the bunkers with their tracks and engaged others at point @-@ blank range with their main armament . Further bunkers were exposed when the foliage was cut away by canister rounds and the infantry followed the tanks using rifles and grenades , while assault pioneers provided support with a flame @-@ thrower as artillery and mortar fire engaged depth targets .
The bunkers were well constructed and camouflaged , while visibility was limited to just 10 to 20 metres ( 11 to 22 yd ) among the dense vegetation and consequently many were not located by the Australians until they were upon them . The bunkers were sited to be mutually supporting , and the North Vietnamese defending them responded with a crossfire of RPG @-@ 2 rocket @-@ propelled grenades , although the heavy armour of the Centurions proved impervious and they remained undamaged . During a three @-@ hour battle the Australians and North Vietnamese fought each other from bunker to bunker . However , with aerial reconnaissance revealing that the bunker system was part of a much larger base area , and with the Australian force judged too small to deal with it , Bennett directed Hammett to retire by late afternoon . Amidst a heavy rain the Australians broke contact at 16 : 00 under the cover of artillery and mortar fire , and they moved quickly back to FSB Coral . Fourteen bunkers had been destroyed , while seven North Vietnamese bodies were counted and quantities of weapons , ammunition and documents were also captured . Yet many more men were undoubtedly entombed in the bunkers after being crushed by the tanks , making a comprehensive body count impossible . Although it had been a fierce engagement the Australians suffered no casualties , a fact which was attributed to the effectiveness of the tanks , and further validated Dunstan 's decision to call them forward from Nui Dat . Second Lieutenant John Salter was later awarded the Military Cross for his leadership during this and other actions .
Over the following days 1 ATF continued patrolling , although these operations resulted in only small @-@ scale contact with the North Vietnamese . On 27 May an Australian Sioux light observation helicopter was damaged by ground fire during a reconnaissance flight 3 kilometres ( 1 @.@ 9 mi ) outside AO Newport , and air strikes on the area exposed several bunkers which were likely to have been used by the North Vietnamese as a headquarters ; they were subsequently destroyed by artillery fire .
= = = Second attack on FSB Balmoral , 28 May 1968 = = =
A second regimental @-@ sized attack against 3 RAR at Balmoral was launched by the North Vietnamese at 02 : 30 on 28 May , with a two @-@ battalion assault preceded by 60 mm and 80 mm mortar fire from the south . Meanwhile , FSB Coral was also attacked by indirect fire from 02 : 45 . Similar to the attack two nights before , it began with another feint from the south as the North Vietnamese sappers blew up the wire in front of A Company , but was successfully broken up before it reached the wire by the Australian defenders with claymore mines and small @-@ arms fire from their M60 machine @-@ guns , L1A1 Self Loading Rifles and M16 assault rifles . The main assault began at 03 : 10 from the north @-@ east , with the brunt again being borne by Phillips ' D Company . The Australian infantrymen were once again supported by tanks firing canister shot and machine @-@ guns , while artillery and mortars provided continuous close indirect fires , with the combined effect of this firepower stopping the North Vietnamese on the wire before they could penetrate the position . Although the assault was well co @-@ ordinated , the North Vietnamese had lost the element of surprise , with the preparatory fire once more alerting the defenders . The assault was subsequently called off after 30 minutes , while at 03 : 40 a small probe developed from the east but quickly dissipated . Sporadic mortar and rocket fire continued to fall as helicopter light @-@ fire teams and C @-@ 47 Spooky gunships engaged the North Vietnamese , directed by forward air control aircraft . From 05 : 00 until first light artillery from FSB Coral provided continuous battlefield illumination to stymie North Vietnamese attempts to clear their dead and wounded , and they finally withdrew by 05 : 30 .
At first light a clearing patrol from D Company , 3 RAR swept the area with tanks and APCs in support , killing and capturing a number of attackers that had been pinned down in old B @-@ 52 bomb craters to the north of Balmoral . The daylight revealed that the North Vietnamese had once again been soundly defeated leaving 42 dead and seven prisoners , while Australian losses were one killed and eight wounded . Quantities of weapons , clothing , ammunition and equipment were also recovered by the Australians . Phillips was subsequently awarded the Military Cross for his leadership during the battle . Many of the North Vietnamese dead were teenagers of 16 or 17 years , evidence that the PAVN had begun drafting 15 @-@ year @-@ old boys into its combat units ; as had happened after the earlier fighting , their bodies were collected by a bulldozer and buried in a mass grave . Later , a large number of shell scrapes were discovered to the north @-@ east of Balmoral during an aerial reconnaissance by a Sioux light observation helicopter , and they were thought likely to have been used by the North Vietnamese as an assembly area before being engaged by artillery firing defensive fire tasks early in the battle . The successful defence of Balmoral and the high ratio of North Vietnamese killed had confirmed the judgement of MacDonald and Dunstan and validated the decision to adopt an aggressive defence with strong static positions and forceful patrolling . The failed assault proved to be the final attempt to remove 1 ATF from AO Surfers , and there were no further attacks by the North Vietnamese against either Coral or Balmoral .
= = = Operation Toan Thang I concludes , 28 May − 6 June 1968 = = =
The Australians continued to patrol aggressively , with further clashes occurring between companies from 1 RAR and 3 RAR , and the North Vietnamese . On the morning of 30 May , C Company , 1 RAR under Major Ian Campbell had patrolled into a bunker system 3 kilometres ( 1 @.@ 9 mi ) east of FSB Coral and was contacted by a large dug @-@ in North Vietnamese force . At 08 : 30 the lead platoon , 9 Platoon , came under fire and was pinned down by rocket @-@ propelled grenades and 7 @.@ 62 mm RPD light machine @-@ guns . Meanwhile , 7 Platoon moved to assist but was also pinned down , with one section suffering heavy casualties and losing an M60 machine @-@ gun . Campbell struggled to establish a company defensive position , pushing 8 Platoon forward covered by armed helicopters and indirect fire . Yet with the two forces facing each other at only 10 to 15 metres ( 11 to 16 yd ) , the Australian artillery and mortars were rendered ineffective and Dunstan subsequently dispatched two tanks from Coral to reinforce them as heavy fighting developed . Supported by APCs , the Australian infantry and tanks then assaulted and cleared several bunkers , allowing the lead platoon to withdraw after three hours of fighting . Suffering one killed and seven wounded , C Company broke contact by 11 : 55 , withdrawing 500 metres ( 550 yd ) as artillery , mortars and air strikes engaged the bunker system . Three days later C Company returned to the area to recover the lost machine @-@ gun only to find the position as they had left it ; strewn with dead bodies and caved @-@ in bunkers with the battlefield having been abandoned by the North Vietnamese , who had also withdrawn following the Australian assault . The tanks had destroyed at least eight bunkers , while communist casualties included 24 dead and a further eight believed killed . Another group of 13 had also been engaged in the open by artillery , and were also possibly killed .
The North Vietnamese then appeared to abandon AO Surfers to the Australians , and increasingly diverted their movement around Coral and Balmoral . Operation Toan Thang I continued for another six days regardless , and 1 ATF patrolled extensively into June . However , with contacts decreasing , on 1 June Weyand judged the Australian blocking operation to have been successful in limiting the communist offensive against Saigon , and directed US and ARVN units to relieve them . Meanwhile , Hughes returned from leave and visited Dunstan at FSB Coral to discuss the situation and the task force 's redeployment to Phuoc Tuy . FSB Balmoral was subsequently declared closed on 5 June , with 3 RAR and its direct support battery returning to Nui Dat by air , while FSB Coral was also closed the following day . The operation finally concluded on 6 June , with 1 RAR returning to Nui Dat by Chinook after handing over the area of operations to the US 1st Infantry Division , while the logistic , artillery and armoured elements returned by road convoy . Yet the approach of the wet season concerned Hughes , who believed it could hinder the movement of the Centurions and leave them stranded 120 kilometres ( 75 mi ) from base until the dry season . Nonetheless , the tanks departed FSB Coral on 5 June ; travelling via Bearcat and Route 15 , the road move went without incident and they returned to Nui Dat by 17 : 00 on 6 June .
= = Aftermath = =
= = = Casualties = = =
Although Operation Toan Thang I had begun relatively quietly for the Australians it had ended far more spectacularly . During 26 days of fighting they had inflicted punishing losses on the communists and forced the North Vietnamese 7th Division to postpone a further attack on Saigon . North Vietnamese and Viet Cong casualties in AO Surfers included 267 killed confirmed by body count , 60 possibly killed , 7 wounded and 11 captured , while Australian losses were 25 killed and 99 wounded . Five New Zealanders and five American soldiers were also wounded . Westmoreland had been impressed by the results achieved by 1 ATF in May and June , and while US and South Vietnamese forces had undoubtedly borne the brunt of the fighting for the allies during this time , 1 ATF had featured prominently in American reports . The battle was the first occasion that the Australians had met the North Vietnamese Army in regimental strength , and operating in depth in a series of engagements akin to conventional warfare they had ultimately fought their largest , most hazardous and most sustained battle of the war . For their involvement in the action the Royal Australian Regiment , the 3rd Cavalry Regiment and 1st Armoured Regiment were all subsequently awarded the battle honour " Coral @-@ Balmoral " , one of only five presented to Australian units during the war . On 14 May 2008 the 102nd Field Battery , RAA was awarded the honour title " Coral " in recognition of their involvement in the battle , the first such award to an Australian sub @-@ unit .
= = = Assessment = = =
The fighting represented a watershed in the campaign for the Australians , and while they had deployed outside Phuoc Tuy Province previously , they now faced regular North Vietnamese formations and Viet Cong Main Force units operating in battalion and regimental strength , rather than southern Viet Cong guerrillas . With 1 ATF deploying astride the communist lines of communication the North Vietnamese and Viet Cong had been forced to respond , resulting in a set @-@ piece battle far removed from the counter @-@ insurgency doctrine the Australians normally espoused . Yet while the battle ended in victory for 1 ATF , they had come close to suffering defeat at the hands of the North Vietnamese . Inexperienced at large air @-@ mobile operations , poor reconnaissance and inadequate operational planning had caused delays and confusion during the fly @-@ in to FSB Coral , leaving the Australian force exposed to attack on the first night . The North Vietnamese had fought in greater numbers , with heavier firepower and greater intensity than previously experienced by the Australians in Vietnam , forcing them to refine their tactics . Later , the Australian use of platoon patrols to search an area and conduct ambushes was challenged by the constant movement of North Vietnamese forces operating in superior strength , which threatened to quickly overwhelm an isolated patrol .
Meanwhile , prolonged operations outside of Phuoc Tuy during the first half of 1968 had placed considerable strain on the Australian logistic system . Australian logistic resupply arrangements for Operation Toan Thang I had been modelled on the experience of Operation Coburg , and again required the Vung Tau @-@ based 1 ALSG to be split in order to provide a forward logistic element at the US base at Long Binh . A forward task force maintenance area had also been established , first at Bearcat and then later at FSB Coral . Re @-@ supply by road had continued daily from Long Binh to Bearcat , while following the move to Coral re @-@ supply was primarily by air due to the threat of possible interdiction . Movement from unit echelons in the forward maintenance area was also undertaken by helicopter . Units in the field received one fresh meal each day , with the other two meals based half on the American C ration and half on the Australian combat ration . Although the supply of fuel and ammunition was generally satisfactory , stocks had run dangerously low on one occasion during heavy fighting at FSB Coral due to the calculation of usage rates based on previous operations , requiring an emergency night @-@ time resupply by Chinook while the base was under attack . Re @-@ supply of water had also been particularly difficult due to unavailability of a permanent water point . Ultimately water had to be delivered by air from Long Binh at a rate of 14 @,@ 000 liters ( 3 @,@ 700 U.S. gal ) per day using rubber fuel bladders .
While many of the failings in Australian command arrangements evident from the initial stages of the battle were rapidly rectified as 1 ATF developed more exact standard operating procedures , future operational planning would need pay greater heed to intelligence when determining the strength of patrols , as well as providing for quick reaction forces and rapidly responsive indirect fires to support sub @-@ units operating independently . Ultimately though the firepower of the Australian combined arms teams proved decisive . Indeed , while the value of using armour in Vietnam was originally questioned by the Australian Army , the performance of the tanks during the fighting at Coral and Balmoral demonstrated their advantages once and for all . Indeed , whereas before the battle some infantry had doubted the usefulness or necessity of the Centurions , afterwards they did not like working without them . Over the next four years the tanks would provide invaluable close support , particularly during the clearance of bunker systems , proving to be powerful weapons in both offence and defence and were later credited with limiting casualties among the Australian infantry .
In contrast , for the North Vietnamese the battle was just one part of the May Offensive , although they later claimed to have killed 800 Australians during a single attack — a fact which may have indicated the importance they placed on it at the time . They had reacted quickly and proficiently to mount a battalion attack on the first night in an attempt to push the Australians off their line of communications ; however , while the attacks on Coral and Balmoral had been well co @-@ ordinated , the North Vietnamese and Viet Cong had repeatedly surrendered the element of surprise with preparatory fire and poor light discipline alerting the defenders on each occasion . Meanwhile , rigid command @-@ and @-@ control arrangements and a lack of radio communications had forced the North Vietnamese to operate on fixed schedules , preventing them from taking the initiative or responding rapidly to changing situations . Such inflexibility had resulted in predictability , with the communist commanders ultimately committing their forces to a frontal assault on Coral on the first night , and mounting very similar attacks against Balmoral on the nights of 26 and 28 May , both of which ended in costly failures .
= = = Subsequent operations = = =
Meanwhile , 4th Battalion , Royal Australian Regiment ( 4 RAR ) had arrived to replace 2 RAR . Joined by two New Zealand infantry companies — W and V Companies — it was designated 4 RAR / NZ ( ANZAC ) and under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Lee Greville they commenced operations in June . Later , on 13 June , 1 RAR was again deployed to protect the bases at Long Binh and Bien Hoa from rocket attacks , operating to the north and east of Bien Hoa as part of a wider allied operation , known as Operation Toan Thang II . On 23 June the battalion was joined by 4 RAR / NZ ( ANZAC ) and 1 ATF headquarters was deployed under Dunstan 's command as the operation expanded . On 3 July , 1RAR was relieved by 3RAR and returned to Nui Dat . Largely uneventful , the operation resulted in minimal contact and lasted until 18 July . Three Viet Cong were killed and 13 captured , while Australian casualties included one killed and one wounded . The Australians then attempted to interdict Viet Cong supplies , with a small force of tanks and APCs supported B Company 3 RAR occupying the area along Route 15 to the west and north @-@ west of Baria between 25 – 30 June during Operation Ulladulla . As part of the operation the tanks ambushed a river and sank seven loaded sampans with their 20 @-@ pounder main armament .
On 10 June 1968 , General Creighton Abrams replaced Westmoreland and the change in command had resulted in a transformation of both the concept of the war and its conduct . Abrams directed that the allied main effort would switch to protecting population centres , rather than searching for and attempting to destroy North Vietnamese and Viet Cong main force units as they had done previously . Equally , the prosecution of the war would increasingly be handed over to the South Vietnamese under a policy of Vietnamization , with the Americans aiming to keep North Vietnamese and Viet Cong units off balance to prevent them from interfering with resupply and reinforcement until the South Vietnamese could fight the war on their own . For the Australians the change in allied strategy foreshadowed a return to the pacification of Phuoc Tuy Province . Operations outside the province over the previous eighteen months had been costly , and of the 228 Australians killed and 1 @,@ 200 wounded during the war to that point , almost two @-@ thirds had been killed since January 1967 . From July , 1 ATF completed a number of search @-@ and @-@ clear operations along the northern border areas and west of their Tactical Area of Responsibility in Phouc Tuy Province .
Meanwhile , the Viet Cong began their third general offensive for the year on 17 August 1968 , attacking dozens of towns and military installations throughout South Vietnam with rockets and mortars , including Saigon . As part of the allied response the Australians were deployed to defend Ba Ria , the provincial capital , while during 20 – 23 August , B and C Company , 1 RAR with a troop of Centurion tanks were involved in intense urban fighting while supporting South Vietnamese forces to clear a company @-@ sized force from D445 VC Battalion occupying Long Dien . At least 17 Viet Cong were killed during the fighting , while Australian casualties included six wounded . During the next three weeks , all three Australian battalions were deployed on search @-@ and @-@ destroy operations , yet the Viet Cong successfully eluded them . Continuing until 30 September , the renewed offensive lacked the scale of the previous attacks and again resulted in heavy communist casualties , failing to produce lasting military gains and contributing to an overall decline in Viet Cong and North Vietnamese combat power in the south . Yet such failures were neither final nor decisive and Hanoi seemed to increasingly hold the upper hand . The war continued regardless , while allied military strategic objectives were increasingly coming into question . In late @-@ 1968 1 ATF was again deployed outside its base in Phouc Tuy , operating against suspected communist bases in the May Tao and Hat Dich areas as part of Operation Goodwood . The operation led to sustained fighting during a 78 @-@ day sweep between December 1968 and February 1969 and later became known as the Battle of Hat Dich .
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= 2007 Coca @-@ Cola 600 =
The 2007 Coca @-@ Cola 600 was the twelfth stock car race of the 2007 NASCAR Nextel Cup Series and the 48th iteration of the event . It was held on May 27 , 2007 , before a crowd of 175 @,@ 000 in Concord , North Carolina at Lowe 's Motor Speedway , one of ten intermediate tracks to hold NASCAR races . The 400 @-@ lap race was won by Casey Mears of the Hendrick Motorsports team , who started from 16th position . J. J. Yeley finished second and Kyle Petty came in third .
Ryan Newman won the pole position and kept the lead for the first ten laps before his Penske Racing South teammate Kurt Busch moved into the lead on lap 11 . Busch held the lead for 107 laps ( longer than any other driver in the race ) until Brian Vickers moved into the lead after the first round of green @-@ flag pit stops . Jimmie Johnson gained the lead from Vickers on lap 185 and held it for 83 laps , battling with Vickers and Matt Kenseth for the position . At the race 's final restart on lap 342 , Tony Stewart led and maintained his position until he made a pit stop for fuel 51 laps later . Mears became the leader after Dale Earnhardt , Jr. and Denny Hamlin made similar pit stops ; Mears held the lead after slowing to conserve fuel to win the race . There were thirteen cautions and 29 lead changes among fifteen drivers during the race .
As of 2016 , the 2007 race is Mears ' only win of the Nextel Cup Series , which is now known as the Sprint Cup Series . After the race , Jeff Gordon 's lead in the Drivers ' Championship was reduced because he crashed in the early part of the race . Chevrolet increased its points advantage in the Manufacturers ' Championship , placing it 41 points ahead of Ford . Dodge moved further ahead of Toyota in the battle for third place , with 24 races left in the season .
= = Report = =
= = = Background = = =
The Coca @-@ Cola 600 was the twelfth scheduled stock car race of the 2007 NASCAR Nextel Cup Series , out of 36 , and the 48th iteration of the event . It was held on May 27 , 2007 in Concord , North Carolina at Lowe 's Motor Speedway , now called Charlotte Motor Speedway , one of ten intermediate tracks to hold NASCAR races ; the others are Atlanta Motor Speedway , Chicagoland Speedway , Darlington Raceway , Homestead @-@ Miami Speedway , Kansas Speedway , New Hampshire Motor Speedway , Kentucky Speedway , Las Vegas Motor Speedway , and Texas Motor Speedway . The standard track at Lowe 's Motor Speedway is a four @-@ turn , 1 @.@ 5 @-@ mile ( 2 @.@ 4 km ) -long , quad @-@ oval track . The track 's turns are banked at 24 degrees ; both the front stretch ( the location of the finish line ) and the back stretch ( opposite the front ) have a five @-@ degree banking .
Before the race , Jeff Gordon led the Drivers ' Championship with 1 @,@ 881 points , with teammate Jimmie Johnson in second and Matt Kenseth third . Denny Hamlin and Jeff Burton were fourth and fifth , and Tony Stewart , Kurt Busch , Kevin Harvick , Clint Bowyer , Carl Edwards , Kyle Busch and Jamie McMurray rounded out the top twelve . Chevrolet led the Manufacturers ' Championship with 96 points , 35 points ahead of its rival Ford in second . Dodge with 52 points was 19 points ahead of Toyota in the battle for third place . Kasey Kahne was the race 's defending champion .
The Coca @-@ Cola 600 was conceived by race car driver Curtis Turner , who built the Charlotte Motor Speedway . It was first held in 1960 in an attempt by NASCAR to stage a Memorial Day weekend race to compete with the open @-@ wheel Indianapolis 500 ; the two races were held together on the same day starting from 1974 . The race is the longest in terms of distance on the NASCAR calendar , and is considered by several drivers to be one of the sport 's most important races alongside the Daytona 500 , the Brickyard 400 and the Southern 500 . The long distance makes it the most physically demanding event in NASCAR , and teams adapt to changing track conditions because the race occurs between late afternoon and evening . It was known as the World 600 until 1984 when The Coca @-@ Cola Company purchased the naming rights to the race and renamed it the Coca @-@ Cola World 600 in 1985 . It has been called the Coca @-@ Cola 600 every year since 1986 except for 2002 when the name changed to Coca @-@ Cola Racing Family 600 .
In preparation for the race , NASCAR held several test sessions on May 7 – 8 , 2007 , to allow teams to prepare for the May races at Lowe 's Motor Speedway . Sessions began at 2 : 00 p.m. EDT on May 7 and concluded at 9 : 00 p.m. On May 8 , sessions started at 1 : 00 p.m. and stopped at 9 : 00 p.m. Eighty @-@ two cars participated in the May 7 afternoon session ; Martin Truex , Jr. was quickest with a speed of 180 @.@ 596 miles per hour ( 290 @.@ 641 km / h ) and David Stremme had the highest speed of the two days at 187 @.@ 000 miles per hour ( 300 @.@ 947 km / h ) in the evening session . Towards the end of the second session , Hamlin lost control of his car and made heavy contact with an outside SAFER barrier ; he was evaluated at the infield care center and was later released to continue testing . During the third session with eighty @-@ four cars , Jeremy Mayfield had the fastest speed of 183 @.@ 667 miles per hour ( 295 @.@ 583 km / h ) and Kurt Busch set the fastest speed of 185 @.@ 644 miles per hour ( 298 @.@ 765 km / h ) in the fourth and final session held in the evening . David Gilliland spun but avoided contact with the wall .
There was one change of driver before the race . Starting at the 2007 Coca @-@ Cola 600 , 1988 NASCAR Winston Cup Series champion Bill Elliott returned to NASCAR on a part @-@ time schedule for the Wood Brothers Racing team , replacing the team 's regular driver Ken Schrader , who drove in the season 's first eleven races . Elliott was eligible to use six Champion 's Provisionals if the need arose . Elliott was looking forward to returning to racing : " I was pretty honored to get a call from the Wood Brothers to drive the 21 car . I 've seen them struggle the last few weeks , being outside the top 35 , and it breaks my heart to see them miss races . I hope I can get in the car , get us qualified well every week and see what we can make up in the points battle along the way . "
= = = Practice and qualification = = =
Three practice sessions were held before the Sunday race ; one on Thursday and two on Saturday . The first session lasted 90 minutes , the second 50 minutes and the third 60 minutes . In the first practice session , Elliott Sadler was fastest with a time of 29 @.@ 697 seconds ; Kahne was second and Ricky Rudd third . Johnson was fourth , and Casey Mears placed fifth . Kenseth , Joe Nemechek , Kyle Busch , Scott Riggs and Jamie McMurray completed the session 's top @-@ ten drivers . Sterling Marlin hit one of the walls lining the track and switched to a back @-@ up car . Michael Waltrip did not need to switch cars after a similar collision .
Although forty @-@ nine cars were entered in the qualifier ; according to NASCAR 's qualifying procedure only forty @-@ three could race . Each driver ran two laps , with the starting order determined by the competitor 's fastest times . Drivers who set their laps late in qualifying had an advantage because the track was at its coolest . Ryan Newman clinched his thirty @-@ ninth pole position of his career , with a time of 29 @.@ 140 seconds . He was joined on the grid 's front row by his Penske Racing South teammate Kurt Busch , and was the second @-@ to @-@ last driver to record his lap . Sadler qualified third , Dale Earnhardt , Jr. fourth , and Kenseth started fifth . Hamlin , Rudd , Dave Blaney , Bobby Labonte and Stremme rounded out the top ten qualifiers . Jeff Green wrecked his car in the second turn while on a lap and used a provisional to qualify . The six drivers that failed to qualify were Kevin Lepage , David Reutimann ( who crashed on his lap ) Waltrip ( who lost control of his car in the second turn on his second qualifying lap , which tore off a front tire after hitting the inside wall and made contact with the wall a second time before stopping ) , Mike Bliss , Paul Menard and Ward Burton . After the qualifier , Newman said he felt pressure to achieve Penske 's Racing South 's first victory at Charlotte Motor Speedway : " He 's only been trying here for like 20 years , so yeah it would be special . It 's been something that weighs on the drivers and the teams " . He also said he felt he could have recorded a faster lap time and was worried about teammate Kurt Busch 's qualifying form .
On Saturday afternoon in sunny and warm weather conditions , Newman was fastest in the second practice session with a time of 30 @.@ 562 seconds , ahead of Sadler and Kurt Busch . Mark Martin was fourth @-@ fastest ; Greg Biffle was fifth and Earnhardt sixth . Edwards , Rudd , McMurray and Kahne followed in the top ten . During the session , teams were scuffing their tires ; in the first minute , Bowyer crashed after he spun in turn two and switched to a back @-@ up car in which he set five more lap times . Shortly afterward , Nemechek spun after exiting the second turn but avoided damaging his car . Later that day , Edwards paced the final practice session with a time of 30 @.@ 043 seconds ; Biffle was second and Newman third . Sadler was fourth @-@ fastest , ahead of J. J. Yeley and Truex . Kurt Busch was seventh @-@ fastest , Jeff Gordon eighth , Kenseth ninth , and Jeff Burton tenth . Kyle Busch damaged his right @-@ rear quarter after hitting the outside wall , but did not switch to a back @-@ up car .
= = = Race = = =
Live television coverage of the race began at 5 : 00 p.m. Eastern Daylight Time in the United States on Fox . Around the start of the race , weather conditions were partly cloudy with an air temperature between 70 and 87 ° F ( 21 and 31 ° C ) and a track temperature which ranged between 85 and 130 ° F ( 29 and 54 ° C ) . William K. Thierfelder , president of Belmont Abbey College in Belmont , North Carolina , began pre @-@ race ceremonies with an invocation . Country and pop music singer LeAnn Rimes performed the national anthem , and sponsored contest award winners commanded the drivers to start their engines . During the pace laps , three drivers moved to the rear of the field because of unapproved changes ; Boywer had switched to his back @-@ up car , and David Ragan and Harvick had changed their engines .
The race began at 5 : 52 p.m. Newman maintained his pole @-@ position advantage heading into the first corner . After starting 21st , Jimmie Johnson moved up to 15th position by lap eight . Kurt Busch passed teammate Newman for the lead three laps later . By the 20th lap , Kurt Busch , Newman , Earnhardt , Kenseth and Yeley were running in the top five positions . Earnhardt got ahead of Newman for second place four laps later . Hamlin moved up to third position by lap 32 . Hamlin made up a further position on lap 43 after he passed Earnhardt for second and was 1 @.@ 2 seconds behind race leader Kurt Busch . The first caution of the race was shown four laps later when Biffle hit the turn two wall after his right @-@ front tire had been cut and dropped debris on the track . Biffle 's car sustained heavy damage to the right @-@ hand side , ending his race . All drivers elected to make pit stops for tires and fuel during the caution .
Kurt Busch , who made a 10 @.@ 4 @-@ second pit stop for fuel and no tires , maintained the lead on the lap @-@ 52 restart ahead of Hamlin , Kenseth , Earnhardt and Johnson . One lap later , a multi @-@ car collision occurred on the front stretch when A. J. Allmendinger lost control of his car in turn two and collided with the right @-@ rear quarter panel of Johnson 's car , which had a cut left @-@ rear tire that burst after leaving turn four . Johnson 's burst tire caused Blaney and Stewart to collide after Stewart slowed to avoid a collision with Johnson . Both drivers slid , collecting Gilliland , Sadler , Juan Pablo Montoya , Green , Bowyer , Truex , Marlin , Johnny Sauter , Kyle Petty and Harvick , all of whom had damage to their cars . The incident triggered the race 's second caution . Johnson and Stewart made pit stops to repair the damage to their cars ; both rejoined the race in eighteenth and twenty @-@ fifth positions .
Kurt Busch led on the lap @-@ 62 restart , ahead of Hamlin , Kenseth , Earnhardt , and Gordon . The third caution was prompted on the same lap when Tony Raines lost control of his car and slid sideways into Jeff Gordon , and both drivers were sent into the infield grass . Jeff Gordon went back up towards the outside wall and was hit by Allmendinger at the start @-@ finish line , which resulted in the former going airborne ; Robby Gordon and Burton were also involved in the accident . Gordon was unhurt ; drivers involved in the accidents , which caused the second and third cautions , made pit stops for repairs . Kurt Busch maintained his lead at the lap @-@ 70 restart , followed by Hamlin and Kenseth . Eight laps later , Burton caused the fourth caution after heavy contact with the turn three wall . During the caution , most of the leaders made pit stops ; Newman stopped for a track bar adjustment and had a new shifter ball installed . Kurt Busch and Kenseth chose not to pit and remained the leaders at the lap @-@ 83 restart , with Rudd in third place . Ten laps later , Newman , who was in eighth position , reported his car was " extremely tight " after the adjustments made at his pit stop . Stewart had moved back to eleventh and Johnson was thirteenth by lap 96 . Kurt Busch 's lead was four seconds over Kenseth after 100 laps , with Brian Vickers following in third , Ragan fourth and Kyle Busch in fifth . Johnson passed Yeley for seventh position eleven laps later .
Green @-@ flag pit stops began on lap 112 , with Kenseth pitting on the same lap for tires and a wedge change . Kurt Busch made his stop two laps later , handing the lead to Vickers for twelve laps . Kyle Busch took the lead on lap 126 with an advantage of ten seconds over Johnson by lap 131 . Kyle Busch made his pit stop on the next lap , handing the lead to Johnson for one lap . Stewart took over the lead until his stop on lap 133 , when Yeley became the race leader . Edwards and Elliott both held the lead in the next two laps . After the pit stops , Vickers regained the lead . On lap 140 , Vickers ' six @-@ second lead was reduced to nothing when the fifth caution was triggered after debris was spotted on the backstretch . Most of the leaders elected to make pit stops . Mears was observed speeding , and was required by NASCAR to drop to the rear of the longest line .
Racing resumed on lap 146 with Vickers leading Kyle Busch , Earnhardt , Yeley and Stewart as daylight began to fade . Mears was afflicted with an alternator issue on lap 149 , and switched to a back @-@ up battery . A flat tire slowed Earnhardt on lap 154 ; he pitted for new tires two laps later . Ragan moved back into the top five by lap 160 . Ten laps later , debris was spotted in the turn two groove , causing the sixth caution , during which all of the race leaders made pit stops . Vickers led on the lap @-@ 173 restart , followed by Kurt Busch and Martin . Kurt Busch drove down to the track 's inside and passed Vickers for the lead on lap 175 ; three laps later , Newman drove to his garage to retire with an engine failure . Mears ' team installed a new battery into his car , and switched between his main and back @-@ up battery to ensure engine power was maintained . Vickers retook the lead from Kurt Busch on the 181st lap , and Stewart got ahead of Kyle Busch one lap later . Johnson took the lead from Vickers on lap 185 .
On lap 186 , Kurt Busch nudged the turn two wall with his right @-@ rear side and spun on the backstretch , triggering the seventh caution . He regained control of his car to run in ninth place . Most of the leaders made pit stops . Johnson led at the lap @-@ 190 restart , followed by Vickers and Kenseth . Johnson held a one @-@ second lead over Vickers by the 200th lap , by which time Edwards had moved in front of Stewart . Vickers retook the lead from Johnson on lap 206 . Fifteen laps later , the eighth caution was triggered when Edwards 's car suffered a cut right @-@ rear tire , slowed on the track and spun at turn four while driving cautiously to the pit road . Edwards collected his teammate , Ragan , who was run into by Elliott . Mears was close by the incident but avoided damaging his car . On lap 222 , Vickers reported a power steering problem , and Kyle Busch was losing battery power . Most of the leaders , including Vickers , made pit stops . Kyle Busch 's car had a replacement battery fitted and Vickers topped up with more fluids ; both drivers rejoined in twelfth and thirteenth positions . Johnson led at the lap @-@ 227 restart , with Kenseth in second place . One lap later , Kenseth passed Johnson to take over first place , while Kyle Busch made heavy contact with the wall on his right side ; a caution was not needed . Johnson reclaimed the first position from Kenseth on the backstretch on the 245th lap . Kyle Busch 's right @-@ front tire was cut , and went into the turn four wall on lap 252 , triggering the ninth caution . During the caution , most of the leaders , including Johnson , chose to make pit stops . Johnson made changes to his car 's left and right rear spring rubber , and Stewart 's car 's air pressure was adjusted .
Kyle Busch drove to his garage with a broken brake motor on the 254th lap and Mayfield led the field back up to speed for the restart on the 256th lap , ahead of Kenseth , Vickers , Stewart and Johnson . Mayfield dropped to third place as Kenseth and Vickers moved into first and second places on lap 257 . Kenseth held a 2 @.@ 2 @-@ second lead over Stewart , who moved up to second and was closing on Kenseth by lap 265 . The race 's tenth caution was triggered two laps later when Kahne lost control of his car and hit the turn two outside wall . Most of the leaders , including Kenseth , elected to make pit stops . Johnson led the field on the lap @-@ 272 restart , followed by Kenseth and Stewart . Kenseth passed Johnson to reclaim the first position four laps later . Vickers and Rudd made contact while leaving the fourth turn on lap 281 but no caution was needed . Johnson retook the lead from Kenseth two laps later . Mayfield spun 360 degrees on the front stretch and went into the infield grass after trying to avoid a slower car on his outside on lap 291 , causing the eleventh caution . The leaders , including Johnson , made pit stops for tires under caution . Rudd took over the lead for one lap before pitting on lap 293 . Johnson regained the lead after the pit stops , maintaining it at the lap @-@ 297 restart ; he was followed by Kenseth and Earnhardt . Kyle Busch rejoined the race on the same lap . Kurt Busch lost control of his car on the backstretch on lap 298 ; his car spun off and hit the inside wall , causing the twelfth caution . He drove to his garage to retire .
Johnson led the field back up to speed at the lap @-@ 301 restart . Kenseth retook the lead from Johnson on the 311th lap , and Johnson reclaimed the position one lap later . Stewart got ahead of Kenseth for second place on lap 314 ; he was six @-@ tenths of a second behind race leader Johnson . After receiving a free pass from the tenth caution , Petty was running in ninth place by lap 316 ; he battled Reed Sorenson for eighth place . Fourteen laps later , Mears moved up into third position . The thirteenth ( and final ) caution of the race was triggered on lap 337 when Vickers hit the turn two wall , damaging his car 's right @-@ hand side , sustaining a cut right @-@ front tire and dropped debris onto the track . The leaders , including Johnson , made pit stops ; Johnson 's pit crew dropped a left @-@ rear lug nut , which cost him time while his mechanics looked for it , and he fell to tenth position . Stewart led the field on the lap @-@ 342 restart , ahead of Mears and Earnhardt . Johnson moved up to fourth place by lap 367 ; three laps later , Stewart had a 1 @.@ 1 @-@ second lead over Mears and had extended it to 2 @.@ 7 seconds by the 380th lap .
The second round of green @-@ flag pit stops for fuel began on lap 381 , as Earnhardt got ahead of Mears for second place on the following lap . Mears lost third place to his teammate Johnson on lap 390 . Johnson made his pit stop on the next lap and avoided a collision with Mears . Stewart drove slowly down the pit road on the 393rd lap because he was two laps short of fuel , allowing Earnhardt to move into first place before his own stop one lap later . Hamlin took over the lead before his pit stop on lap 395 , allowing Mears to take over the first position . By lap 398 , Mears held a ten @-@ second lead over Yeley , who was closing the gap , and felt his car was tight when he drove to the track 's outside , but held a strong line at the track 's bottom when he moved out of traffic . Mears conserved fuel after slowing his pace following persuasion by his crew chief Darian Grubb ; he maintained his lead for the remaining two laps to win his first race in the Nextel Cup Series . He ran out of fuel on his cool @-@ down lap ; his engine cut out shortly after crossing the start @-@ finish line . Yeley finished second , ahead of Petty in third , who secured his first top @-@ five finish since the 1997 MBNA 400 . Sorenson was fourth and Vickers came in fifth . Stewart , Rudd , Earnhardt , Hamlin and Johnson completed the top @-@ ten finishers . The race had thirteen cautions and 29 lead changes among 15 drivers . Kurt Busch 's total of 107 laps led was the highest of any competitor . Mears led for one period in the race , for a total of six laps .
= = = Post @-@ race comments = = =
Mears appeared in victory lane to celebrate his first win in the Nextel Cup Series in front of the crowd ; the win earned him US $ 377 @,@ 425 and is his only career win as of 2016 . Mears was delighted with his victory , saying in the post @-@ race press conference , " This is unbelievable . I 'm very , very excited about it and , at the same time , very relieved . I was afraid Darien [ Grubb ] was going to call me in . I 'm glad he didn 't . The only way we could win was to gamble and that 's what we did . " Mears said he had " a fourth place car at best " . It was the first time since 1991 a person with the surname Mears had won in auto racing . Yeley , who finished second , said , " This is probably the first time in two years of Cup racing I didn 't catch the bad break . I 've always run into bad luck . " , and , " At the end , we were a top @-@ five car at best " . Third @-@ place finisher Petty said , " In all honesty , it 's just a race . We didn 't change the world tonight . It feels good to come back and race with these guys . I guess third place was just the cherry on the sundae . " He also said he had a car that was capable of finishing in the top ten and that he would not have been able to run with the top drivers . Petty also praised Mears for his victory and said he felt Mears would have similar success in the future . Hamlin said he felt the top @-@ five finishers were lucky to achieve their finishing positions and that his crew chief Mike Ford said there was " no glory in winning a fuel @-@ mileage race , other than saying you didn 't run hard and were saving fuel " .
Kurt Busch , who led 107 laps ( more than any other driver ) was frustrated after his lap @-@ 298 crash : " How in the world we can be so strong during the day here and almost in an instant go completely in the opposite direction is beyond my comprehension . We have to get a handle on it sooner or later . I 'm frustrated and down right now , but we 'll just keep plugging along looking for the answer . " Newman , who led the first ten laps of the race , was happy despite retiring from the race : " We had a good car . We had just gotten the lucky dog and we were going to be one of the 15 cars on the lead lap . Everybody at Penske Racing has been doing a great job . We 've just got to keep it up and stay focused . " After finishing the race in fifth place ( then the best finish for a Toyota car ) Vickers said it was " rough " driving without the use of power steering that cut in and out but he felt Red Bull Racing Team had " the best car " for the race . Stewart 's crew chief Greg Zipadelli was disappointed his driver could not take the victory : " If we hadn 't had an opportunity to win , I 'd say that finishing sixth and leading laps would be awesome , But sitting where we are right now , it seems that everything is stacked against us . We were probably a second- or third @-@ place car at worst , so it 's disappointing . " Eighth @-@ place finisher Earnhardt said he thought he secured a second @-@ place finish and was unaware the leaders had made pit stops . He said was happy with the way his team ran the race .
After retiring from the race on lap 221 , Elliott blamed himself for the collision with Ragan , saying he waited too long to react and was heavily committed to driving down the racetrack . He was also unable to remove his foot from his brake pedal . Ragan said he felt he should have passed Roush Fenway Racing teammate Edwards , who spun up the racetrack . Edwards also said he was trying to avoid wrecking himself . According to Montoya , who was involved in the multi @-@ car collision on the 53rd lap : " I saw a car flying , and as soon as I saw the car flying I checked up . We actually slowed down the car and everything . The ten car or somebody came right in behind us and just pushed us through the whole mess . " Jeff Gordon said he was " fine " after the accident and that it " looked a lot worse than it really was ... Unfortunate because , man , what an awesome race car we had . I was so proud of Steve Letarte and the guys . When we bring race cars like that to the track , it just makes me have a whole lot of fun . I was having a blast out there and I hate we are out of it . But I am ok . " Allmendinger claimed responsibility for causing the crash and asked his spotter to apologize to Johnson 's spotter , who relayed the message to Johnson via radio .
The result meant Jeff Gordon maintained his lead in the Drivers ' Championship with 1 @,@ 921 points , ahead of teammate Johnson with 1 @,@ 789 . Kenseth remained in third with his points advantage over Hamlin reduced to thirty @-@ two . Burton remained in fifth place and Stewart remained in sixth . Harvick moved into seventh position while Edwards moved up two positions to eighth . Kurt Busch 's non @-@ finish meant he slipped to ninth and Bowyer was tenth . Kyle Busch and McMurray rounded out the top twelve . In the Manufacturers ' Championship , Chevrolet with 105 points extended its lead to forty @-@ two points over its main rival Ford . Dodge increased its points advantage over Toyota in the battle for third place . The race took four hours , thirty @-@ six minutes and twenty @-@ seven seconds to complete , and the margin of victory was 9 @.@ 561 seconds .
= = Results = =
= = = Qualifying = = =
= = = Race = = =
= = Standings after the race = =
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