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= Duane Barry = " Duane Barry " is the fifth episode of the second season and 29th episode overall of the science fiction television series The X @-@ Files . It originally aired in the United States and Canada on October 14 , 1994 , on Fox . The episode was written and directed by executive producer Chris Carter . " Duane Barry " received a Nielsen rating of 8 @.@ 9 and was viewed by 8 @.@ 5 million households . The episode received largely positive reviews from critics . The show centers on FBI special agents Fox Mulder ( David Duchovny ) and Dana Scully ( Gillian Anderson ) who work on cases linked to the paranormal , called X @-@ Files . In the episode , Mulder becomes involved in a hostage situation with an escaped psychiatric patient , named Duane Barry ( Steve Railsback ) , who claims to be terrified of frequent alien abductions . " Duane Barry " was a storyline milestone for the series , marking the events which would lead up to Scully being abducted by aliens , which in turn would lead to her developing cancer in the fourth and fifth seasons . It would also lead to the birth of her son , William , at the end of the eighth season . The episode marked Chris Carter 's debut as a director . While never directing before , he would direct such episodes as " The List " , " The Post @-@ Modern Prometheus " , " Triangle " , and " Improbable " , as well as the second feature film , The X @-@ Files : I Want to Believe and three episodes of the tenth season . The storyline was inspired by the true story of Phineas Gage , a 19th @-@ century medical case . = = Plot = = In 1985 , at his home in Pulaski , Virginia , Duane Barry ( Steve Railsback ) is abducted by aliens . Eight years later , Barry has become a violent patient in a mental institution , refusing to take his medication and insisting that the aliens are coming back for him . He attacks a security guard and steals his gun , taking head psychiatrist Dr. Hakkie hostage before escaping . Barry seeks to return to his original abduction site with Dr. Hakkie , in the hopes that the aliens will take the doctor instead when they return . But since he can 't remember where the abduction site is located , Barry heads to a travel agency in Richmond and holds the three clerks hostage along with Dr. Hakkie . Fox Mulder ( David Duchovny ) and Alex Krycek ( Nicholas Lea ) are summoned to the ensuing hostage situation by Agent Lucy Kazdin ( CCH Pounder ) , since Barry insists that he is an alien abductee . Mulder contacts Dana Scully ( Gillian Anderson ) for assistance , asking her to look into Barry 's history . Mulder acts as a hostage negotiator , calling Barry in order to earn his trust so that the standoff may be peacefully resolved . Barry quickly figures this out , causing Mulder to learn that he is a former FBI agent . A power outage occurs , frightening Barry and causing him to fire his gun , hitting one of the hostages . Mulder heads inside the travel agency with a paramedic . Barry releases the wounded hostage in exchange for Mulder , who is instructed to get Barry near the agency 's front door so that snipers can fire on him . Scully arrives and reveals that Barry 's frontal cortex was damaged when he was shot in the head in 1982 ; she thinks this injury has made Barry a psychopathic pathological liar . Mulder talks to Barry , who claims that the aliens performed painful tests on him and put tracking devices in his body . Mulder — against Agent Kazdin 's orders — tells Barry that he believes his story , convincing him to let two more hostages go . However , when Mulder questions whether Barry is lying , he becomes enraged . Mulder tricks Barry into approaching the front door where Barry is shot by a sniper . The next day , Mulder visits Barry in the hospital . Agent Kazdin appears , revealing that metal implants were found in Barry 's body and that tiny holes were found in his teeth , in the same manner he had described . Mulder gives one of the implants to Scully , who has it reviewed by a ballistics expert ; they find a microscopic barcode imprinted on it . Later , at a supermarket , Scully swipes the implant across a checkout scanner , causing the machine to malfunction while displaying a strange serial number . At her house , Scully leaves a message on Mulder 's voicemail , suggesting that Barry had been " catalogued " by the implant . But just then , Barry — having just escaped from the hospital — breaks in through Scully 's window and kidnaps her . = = Production = = = = = Conception = = = Originally planned to be a standalone mythology episode , but the news of Gillian Anderson 's pregnancy led to the creation of a two @-@ part episode , since the production crew knew they needed Anderson to disappear until she had given birth . The follow @-@ up episode , " Ascension " , was written by Paul Brown . Much of Carter 's inspiration for the episode came from reports of Phineas Gage , who underwent a personality change after a blasting accident drove an iron rod completely through his head ( though the idea that Gage became violent , immoral , or a pathological liar , as Scully describes him , is without foundation ) . The aliens ' use of a dental drill on Barry was inspired by a neighbour of Carter who said that he was abducted and that the aliens drilled holes into his teeth – which a dentist analyzed and said could not be done with any equipment he knew . The aliens seen at the start of the episode were portrayed by children . Carter wrote specifically the part of Duane Barry with Steve Railsback in mind , saying " I 've resisted casting the marquee names only because it takes you out of the show ; makes the show less believable . But there are certain actors who just call out for the part . " Originally , Railsback character was named Duane Garry , but it was changed to Duane Barry after learning that a person within the Federal Bureau of Investigation had the same name . Carter has mentioned that he disliked the new name at first , but got used to it over time . = = = Filming = = = This episode marked Chris Carter 's directing debut . Being the first he had ever directed , David Nutter from the directing staff helped , tipped , and showed him what to do . With Nutter 's help , Carter learned how to block entire scenes . When commenting on his experience , Carter told that he sometimes followed Nutter 's advice down to " the letter " . When directing the episode , Carter wanted to create a different feel for the episode , by focusing more on the performances given by the actors , than the mechanical set designs . Carter declared that directing he learned about " things you take for granted as a writer and producer " , that lead to " compromises " for things Carter could not do on @-@ screen , and compared the episode to a stage play as most is set in a single place , the travel agency . During the filming of Duane Barry 's abduction , they had a " film run out " which , according to Carter , gave the scene a " very eerie effect " . Shooting that scene was a " real test " according to Carter . Carter was pleased with the outcome , saying he was able to show viewers what he wanted out of The X @-@ Files , which he felt he was " very successful " at . The visual effects ' crew had to hang a " giant light " over the house where Barry was being abducted . It took the course of 45 minutes to shoot the scene . According to Carter , much teamwork was required to film that particular scene . As Carter puts it , he was actually forced to stay " behind the camera " to see the end results . For the experiments , Railsback was put in a plaster model of his back as he was lifted by a hydraulic device , and had water squirted on his mouth for the dental drill . = = Reception = = " Duane Barry " premiered on the Fox network on October 14 , 1994 . This episode earned a Nielsen rating of 8 @.@ 9 , with a 16 share , meaning that roughly 8 @.@ 9 percent of all television @-@ equipped households , and 16 percent of households watching television , were tuned in to the episode . It was viewed by 8 @.@ 5 million households . CCH Pounder and Chris Carter both earned Primetime Emmy nominations for " excellence in primetime television " for their work in this episode . Pounder was nominated in the category " Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series " , while Carter was nominated in the category " Outstanding Individual Achievement in Writing for a Drama Series " . The episode was also nominated in the categories " Outstanding Individual Achievement in Sound Editing for a Series " and " Outstanding Individual Achievement in Editing for a Series - Single Camera Production " . Director of Photography John Bartley also received a nomination for Outstanding Achievement Award for Episodic Television by the American Society of Cinematographers . The episode was well received by the cast and crew of The X @-@ Files . Producer J.P. Finn praised the episode and Carter 's directing , saying " We were all pretty nervous doing that one , because Chris Carter was a new director . It turned out that he directed very ... It was a great script , a great cast , and he ended up directing a home run . One of the charming things about it was the end , where we had these alien heads placed on young children . It was so endearing to see them on the set between takes , playing with Chris and everyone " . Actor David Duchovny said of Carter 's directing " Chris came in meticulously prepared , which is his nature . I think his first episode was great " . Carter himself described it as one of his favorite episodes because " it was a chance for me to sort of do it all , and it came out in ways better than I imagined it would " . The episode received largely positive reviews from television critics . Matt Roush from USA Today said Steve Railsback 's performance as Duane Barry rivaled that of his portrayal of Charles Manson in the 1976 television miniseries Helter Skelter . An unnamed reviewer from the Contra Costa Times called the episode " seminal " . San Jose Mercury News said Railsback gave what was to be the " ultimate X @-@ Files performance " in 2002 after the show had been cancelled . Robert Shearman and Lars Pearson , in their book Wanting to Believe : A Critical Guide to The X @-@ Files , Millennium & The Lone Gunmen , gave the episode a glowing review and rated it five stars out of five . The two called it " a career best for Chris Carter " and praised his writing and directing , noting that both were " powerfully " and " passionately " done . Shearman and Pearson also applauded the episode 's simplicity , citing it as the factor that made the entry stand out from others . Zack Handlen from The A.V. Club named it an " essential " episode of The X @-@ Files . Furthermore , he praised Railsback 's performance , writing that " there 's a sweaty intensity to his best performances that makes him impossible to look away from ; but you still can 't accept anything he says at face value . "
= Roderic Dallas = Roderic Stanley ( Stan ) Dallas , DSO , DSC & Bar ( 30 July 1891 – 1 June 1918 ) was an Australian fighter ace of World War I. His score of aerial victories is generally regarded as the second @-@ highest by an Australian , after Robert Little , but there is considerable dispute over Dallas 's exact total . While his official score is commonly given as 39 , claim @-@ by @-@ claim analyses list as few as 32 , and other research credits him with over 50 , compared to Little 's official tally of 47 . Like Little , Dallas flew with British units , rather than the Australian Flying Corps . Beyond his personal combat record , Dallas achieved success as a squadron leader , both in the air and on the ground . He was also an influential tactician and test pilot . His service spanned almost the entirety of World War I fighter aviation . Born on a remote property in rural Queensland , Dallas showed an early interest in aviation . He travelled to England at his own expense following the outbreak of World War I and became a pilot in the Royal Naval Air Service ( RNAS ) in August 1915 . Initially seeing action with No. 1 Naval Wing on the Western Front in Caudrons and Nieuport 11s , he was chosen to test one of the earliest Sopwith Triplanes . This became his favourite type , and he achieved many victories with it through 1916 – 17 , earning the Distinguished Service Order , and the Distinguished Service Cross and Bar . He was appointed commanding officer of No. 1 Squadron RNAS in June 1917 . On the establishment of the Royal Air Force on 1 April 1918 , he took command of No. 40 Squadron . Flying Royal Aircraft Factory S.E.5s , he achieved further victories before being killed in action on 1 June 1918 while on patrol near Liévin in northern France . He was buried in Pernes . = = Early life = = Stan Dallas was born on 30 July 1891 at Mount Stanley station outside Esk , Queensland , to labourer Peter MacArthur Dallas and his wife Honora . Mount Stanley was an isolated property , and journeys to and from Esk were long and infrequent ; Stan was the first Caucasian child born at the station . His family moved to Tenterfield , New South Wales , soon after the birth of his younger brother in 1893 . They returned to Queensland in 1898 , settling in Mount Morgan , where Peter Dallas became a shift boss at the local mines . Stan attended Mount Morgan Boy 's School from February 1899 and eventually joined its cadet corps , rising to sergeant . At school he was noted for his intelligence , ability to get along well with others , and quiet sense of humour . He enjoyed the outdoors , and spent many hours in the mountains behind his family 's home , observing birds of prey . In July 1907 , Dallas joined the assay office of the Mount Morgan Gold Mining Company , and also enrolled in the local technical college , where he took night classes in chemistry and technical drawing . He showed an early interest in aviation , fuelled by the establishment in 1911 of the Mount Morgan chapter of the Queensland Aero Club . Dallas and his younger brother Norvel built a glider , which was wrecked by an untimely gust of wind the first time they tried to launch it . The two brothers continued to build model gliders in spite of this initial disaster , and Stan corresponded with pioneer aviators in France , England , and the United States . He later transferred to a higher @-@ paying job driving trucks for Iron Island ironstone quarries . Stan and Norvel once again built their own flying machine while Stan was working on Iron Island . They experimented with this seaplane on nearby Marble Island , notorious for its treacherous waters ; Stan lost this aeroplane in the sea . At 1 @.@ 88 metres ( 6 ft 2 in ) tall , and weighing 101 kg ( 223 lb ) , Dallas would later surprise observers with his ability to fit into the cramped cockpits of fighter planes . Despite his size , he was considered a fine athlete with quick reflexes . Although he could project a loud speaking voice , he was generally soft @-@ spoken and was not known to curse or drink alcohol , nor often to smoke . Dallas stayed fit through regular exercise at the gym , and played rugby union football . He had exceptionally keen eyesight , which he had trained by reading small print in newspapers at the six @-@ foot length of his family 's table . To balance out athletics , he participated in amateur theatrics , where his strong voice served him well . = = Service history = = = = = Rise to flying ace = = = Dallas joined the Port Curtis Militia in 1913 , and was commissioned as a lieutenant prior to the outbreak of World War I. Believing he had little chance of gaining a place in the recently established Australian Flying Corps , he applied to join the British Royal Flying Corps ( RFC ) , but was rejected . Undaunted , he travelled from Queensland to Melbourne , where he impressed Minister Without Portfolio J.A. Jensen . Jensen gave the young aspirant a letter of introduction to the Australian High Commissioner in London , Sir George Reid . Dallas paid his own passage to England and , once there , applied once more to the RFC . Rejected again , he turned to the Royal Naval Air Service ( RNAS ) and was accepted , topping the entrance examination over 83 other students . He was commissioned a flight sub @-@ lieutenant and began training at Hendon in June 1915 , gaining Pilot 's License # 1512 on 5 August . On 3 December 1915 , Dallas joined No. 1 Naval Wing and began flying combat missions in single @-@ seat Nieuport 11 fighters and two @-@ seat Caudrons out of Dunkirk , France . Early in his career there , a practical joker imitating the commanding officer telephoned Dallas , who was the duty officer , and peremptorily ordered him to take off in a propellerless Breguet . Upon learning that he had been tricked , Dallas joined in the laughter . He not only accepted the resulting nickname of " Breguet " , but also used it as a signature on his letters home later in the war . Having made two unconfirmed claims in February 1916 , Dallas scored his first confirmed victory on 23 April . He outmaneuvred a German Aviatik C and shot it out of control , following his victim down to 2 @,@ 000 feet , though heavy anti @-@ aircraft fire holed his plane in several places . He went on to score three more confirmed victories with his Nieuport . On 23 June 1916 , Dallas took delivery of the newest RNAS fighter , Sopwith Triplane # N500 . This was the original prototype , having undergone Admiralty trials before being shipped to France . Though still only a test plane , it was flown into combat 15 minutes after its arrival . Dallas named it Brown Bread , and it was the first of a series of ' Tripes ' that he would fly and fight in over the next year . He achieved his first victory with Brown Bread on 1 July , the same day he was promoted to flight lieutenant . Three days later , he was recommended for further promotion . He scored his last Nieuport @-@ mounted ' kill ' on 9 July , earning the Croix de guerre and a mention in despatches for coming to the aid of a French Maurice Farman biplane . On 7 September 1916 , Dallas was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross , " for the specially gallant manner in which he has carried out his duties " since first seeing action in December 1915 . By the end of the year he was among the earliest RNAS aces , with eight confirmed and four unconfirmed victories , and had been raised to the rank of flight commander . Dallas became one of the best @-@ known pilots of Sopwith Triplanes in the RNAS . He opened 1917 by setting an altitude record of 26 @,@ 000 feet in the Triplane while testing a prototype oxygen set ; he endured frostbite and oxygen intoxication in the process . By now No. 1 Wing 's fighter squadron had been renumbered as No. 1 Squadron RNAS , and had totally re @-@ equipped with production Triplanes . It also shifted airfields from Veurne in Belgium to Chipilly in France , leaving behind RNAS control by transferring to No. 14 Wing , 4th Brigade of the RFC . Formation flying became the order of the day , as the practice of fighter pilots soloing into combat dwindled . The last three weeks of March were also filled with Dallas 's responsibilities for flight and gunnery testing . As British losses in the air began to mount during Bloody April , Dallas and his squadron moved airfields once again , to La Bellevue . They were thus positioned to take a prominent part in the subsequent Battle of Arras , where the intense aerial fighting saw Dallas add to his burgeoning score . The combat of 23 April became known as one of the classic air battles of the war . Dallas and his wingman Thomas Culling took on a squadron @-@ sized formation of 14 German aircraft , having gained an altitude edge over their foes . The naval aces exploited this edge by making quick diving attacks from opposite sides , culminating in short bursts of machine @-@ gun fire . Using the Triplane 's superior climbing ability , they would then bob back up to position themselves for the next assault . In contrast to the usual hit @-@ and @-@ run tactics of most dogfights , the RNAS duo launched at least 20 gunnery runs over 45 minutes . The Germans were forced progressively lower , into disarray , and then chased back over their own lines . While they shot down three of the Germans , Dallas and Culling also achieved a more important outcome by blocking and then breaking up a determined enemy effort against the British ground offensive . The action led to the award of a Bar to the Distinguished Service Cross for Dallas , and a Distinguished Service Cross for Culling , which were gazetted on 29 June . = = = Squadron command = = = By June 1917 , Dallas had achieved over 20 victories in aerial combat . This experience , and his leadership ability , led to his appointment as commanding officer of No. 1 Naval Squadron on 23 June 1917 . The unit had been forced to cut back its operational strength from 18 aircraft to 15 due to lack of pilot replacements and a shortage of spare parts for the aging Triplanes . It had also moved airfields , to an unprepared site at Bailleul . As a leader , Dallas made a point of shepherding new pilots through their first flights , and even setting them up with their first victories by manoeuvring enemy aircraft into a good position for the rookie to take a shot . On the ground , he proved to be an efficient organiser , designing and directing construction of the new air base . It was also during this time that he wrote a treatise on air combat tactics , extracts of which have survived . Both the air base layout and the treatise displayed his talent as a sketch artist . On 2 November , No. 1 Squadron moved airfields once more , to Middle Aerodrome , which put it back under overall RNAS control . The unit received its first eight new Sopwith Camels on 9 November as replacements for the Triplanes . On 11 November , Dallas was again mentioned in despatches , this time by Field Marshal Haig . After gaining its full complement of Camels , No. 1 Squadron was transferred to England , and took up home defence duties at Dover . On 16 February 1918 , Dallas led his squadron back to France , where it was based at Téteghem , supporting units on operations along the Belgian coast . He commanded it for another six weeks , until 31 March . As part of the amalgamation of the RFC and RNAS to form the Royal Air Force , on 1 April 1918 Dallas was promoted to major and given command of No. 40 Squadron RAF , flying Royal Aircraft Factory S.E.5s. The squadron boasted several aces in its ranks , and its former RFC members were suspicious of Dallas 's naval background . He was nevertheless able to overcome their misgivings and established himself as the new CO with his personal demeanour and courage ; the nickname of " Admiral " that they bestowed upon him was an affectionate one . Ten days after taking over , he had adapted well enough to his new mount with its inline engine to score his first victory with his new unit . His men also saw that he would not only look out for his rookie pilots , but would not shirk the dangers of ground attack sorties . His offhand attitude toward two leg wounds he received during a strafing mission on 14 April , after which he made " a perfect landing " , especially impressed his subordinates , as did his appreciation of all ranks for their hard work . His studious bent continued to serve him ; he kept notes on his methods of attacking enemy aircraft , which often exploited their structural weaknesses , and used them to tutor pilots under his command . Dallas was briefly hospitalised with the wounds to his thigh and heel on 14 April , but sneaked out four days later to rejoin his squadron . His departure may have been spurred by news of the capture of his friend Richard Minifie . As soon as he was able , Dallas was flying again . By 26 April , he had increased his official score to 37 , and been awarded the Distinguished Service Order for operations at Dunkirk . He had also several times been recommended for the Victoria Cross , but it was never approved . His casual attitude towards claiming victories was noted by a member of No. 40 Squadron , Cecil Usher , who related that Dallas once remarked of an opponent , " ... he went down belching a lot of black smoke and after he had gone down someways one of his planes came off , but I didn 't see him crash so I shan 't claim him . " On 2 May , during a lull in the fighting at Flanders , Dallas took off in his S.E.5 to taunt his foes . He strafed the German base at La Brayelle to " attract attention " before dropping a package on the aerodrome with a note reading , " If you won 't come up here and fight , herewith a pair of boots for work on the ground , pilots for the use of " . He then circled in mist until troops came to examine the bundle , whereupon he dropped two bombs and again shot up the base , causing " general panic " . News of this singular exploit reportedly provoked laughter from Field Marshal Haig and RAF founder General Sir Hugh Trenchard , two men not known for their sense of humour . While adding to his score and leading his squadron into combat , Dallas had begun thinking beyond the war . He was pleading with his father to quit the dangerous job of mining , with hints that he would support his parents by pioneering aviation in Australia . He also harboured a long @-@ standing ambition of flying from England back to Australia , which would be a record @-@ setting journey . = = Death and legacy = = Dallas was raised to lieutenant colonel and appointed to the command of a wing , but would never see the message from headquarters that arrived on 1 June 1918 advising him of the promotion and ordering him to cease flying . He disappeared on a solo mission the same day . It was later learned that he had been killed over Liévin during combat with three Fokker Triplanes from Jagdstaffel 14 , probably by its commander , Leutnant Johannes Werner . There are several theories as to how he died . The common elements are that he was on patrol near the front line when he pounced on a German plane flying at a lower level , that there might have been another unknown British pilot in trouble , and that the Germans who shot Dallas down had dived from a still higher altitude . Medics near his crash site at Absalom Trench ventured into no man 's land and retrieved his body , while a patrol of eight volunteers salvaged his personal effects from the fallen aircraft . News of Dallas 's death was greeted with shock and disbelief by his squadron , one pilot recording : The world is upside down ... Dallas has been killed ... Too good for this world I suppose . The British magazine Aeroplane later paid tribute to him in an editorial : Roderic Dallas had become almost a legendary character in the RNAS . He was a pilot of quite extraordinary skill , a fighting man of astonishing gallantry , a humorist of a high order , and a black @-@ and @-@ white artist of unusual ability . But , above all this , he was a great leader of men . To be in Dallas ' squadron was quite one of the highest honours open to a young fighting pilot of the RNAS and the high reputation held by certain of the RNAS squadrons operating with the RFC during the past year or two has been largely due to the training , example and leadership of Roderic Dallas . For his record in aerial combat and his leadership skills , Dallas has been compared to the " Red Baron " , Manfred von Richthofen . The former flew combat for 29 months , and the latter for 31 months , if his three months in hospital are deducted . Dallas successfully led two different squadrons during his career , and was killed just before assuming command of a wing . Richthofen led first a squadron , then a wing during his 12 months in command , again excluding hospital time ; he achieved more victories , but had the tactical advantage of fighting over his own lines with the wind in his favour . Dallas flew a score of different types of Allied aircraft , as well as captured German planes ; he was also instrumental in developing the Sopwith Triplane . Richthofen flew the Fokker Dr.1 , and helped develop the Fokker D.VII , but did not live to fly it into battle . Stan Dallas was buried at the Pernes British Cemetery , France , in Lot 38 , Row E of Plot II . Along with his military decorations , he was honoured with a Gold Medal by the Aéro @-@ Club de France , and a Bronze Medal and Diploma by the Aero Club of America . The town of Toogoolawah , Queensland , commemorated him in the name of its airport , and the national capital of Canberra remembered him with Dallas Place . His home town of Mount Morgan has dedicated a water reservoir in his honour ; its Historical Society Museum holds his medals , uniform , and sword , as well the propeller from one of his planes . = = List of victories = = Historians have struggled to develop a definitive list of Dallas 's victories ; Adrian Hellwig , in the bibliography to his 2006 biography , lists over a dozen previous historians that have investigated the subject . He also refers to his difficulties in reconciling previous accounts . While various claim @-@ by @-@ claim analyses ascribe Dallas a score of 32 aircraft shot down , he was officially credited with 39 , and with being second only to Robert Little — who was credited with 47 — among Australian aces . However , Dallas 's unofficial tally has been estimated at over 50 . This list is a compilation of claim @-@ by @-@ claim analyses that follow , as much as possible , the British system of confirming victory : pilot log entries and / or combat reports did not count , unless verified by squadron or higher levels of command . Thus , inclusion of a confirmed victory in this list has depended on verification by the Squadron Record Book , and / or by RNAS / RAF Communique or other reliable secondary source verification . Victories not confirmed by these methods are marked " u / c " .
= Sogen Kato = Sogen Kato ( 加藤宗現 , Katō Sōgen , 22 July 1899 – c . November 1978 ) was thought to have been Tokyo 's oldest man until July 2010 , when his mummified corpse was found in his bedroom . It was concluded he had likely died in November 1978 , aged 79 , and his family had never announced his death in an attempt to preserve his record . Relatives had rebuffed attempts by ward officials to see Kato in preparations for Respect for the Aged Day later that year , citing various reasons from him being a " human vegetable " to becoming a Sokushinbutsu . The cause of death was not determined due to the state of Kato 's body . The discovery of Kato 's remains sparked a search for other missing centenarians lost due to poor record keeping by officials . A study following the discovery of Kato 's remains found that police did not know if 234 @,@ 354 people over the age of one hundred were still alive . Poor record keeping was to blame for many of the cases , officials admitted . One of Kato 's relatives was found guilty of fraud ; his relatives claimed ¥ 9 @,@ 500 @,@ 000 ( US $ 117 @,@ 939 ; £ 72 @,@ 030 ) of pension meant for Kato . = = History = = = = = Discovery of the body = = = After tracking down the residence in Adachi , Tokyo , where Kato was reportedly living , attempts by officials to meet him were rebuffed numerous times by the family . Many reasons were given by his relatives , including that he was a " human vegetable " and that he was becoming a Sokushinbutsu . Eventually , Kato 's body was found by police and ward officials in July 2010 , when ward officials intending to honour his achievement of longevity on Respect for the Aged Day later that year were again rebuffed and police broke into the house . Found in a first floor room , Kato 's mummified remains were lying on a bed wearing underwear and pajamas and were covered with a blanket . Newspapers that were found in the room dated back three decades to the Shōwa period , suggesting that Kato 's death may have occurred around November 1978 . An official named Yutaka Muroi said , " His family must have known he has ( d ) been dead all these years and acted as if nothing happened . It 's so eerie . " The day after the visit , Kato 's granddaughter told an acquaintance that " my grandfather shut himself in a room on the first floor of our home 32 years ago , and we couldn 't open the door from the outside . My mother said , ' Leave him in there , ' and he was left as he was . I think he 's dead . " One official had reported concerns about Kato 's safety earlier in the year to his ward office . An autopsy failed to determine the cause of Kato 's death . = = = Fraud trial = = = Following the discovery of Kato 's body , two of his relatives were arrested in August 2010 , and subsequently charged with fraud . Prosecutors alleged that Michiko Kato , 81 , Kato 's daughter , and Tokimi Kato , 53 , his granddaughter , fraudulently received about ¥ 9 @,@ 500 @,@ 000 ( $ 117 @,@ 939 ; £ 72 @,@ 030 ) of pension money . In addition , after Kato 's wife died in 2004 at the age of 101 , ¥ 9 @,@ 450 @,@ 000 ( $ 117 @,@ 318 ; £ 71 @,@ 651 ) from a survivor 's mutual pension was deposited into Kato 's bank account between October 2004 and June 2010 . Approximately ¥ 6 @,@ 050 @,@ 000 ( $ 75 @,@ 108 ; £ 45 @,@ 872 ) was withdrawn before his body was discovered . Kato was likely paid a senior welfare benefit from the time he turned 70 , which the family may also have used to their advantage . Investigators said that the pair defrauded the Japan Mutual Aid Association of Public School Teachers , who transferred the money into Kato 's account . In November 2010 , the Tokyo District Court sentenced Tokimi Kato to a 2 ½ year sentence for fraud , suspended for four years . Judge Hajime Shimada said , " The defendant committed a malicious crime with the selfish motive of securing revenue for her family . However , she has paid back the pension benefits and expressed remorse for the crime . " = = Aftermath = = After the discovery of Kato 's mummified corpse , other checks into elderly centenarians across Japan produced reports of missing centenarians and faulty record keeping . When Tokyo officials attempted to find the oldest woman in the city — 113 @-@ year @-@ old Fusa Furuya — they found her last known address was vacant . Furuya 's granddaughter said she had not seen her grandmother for several years . The revelations about the disappearance of Furuya and the death of Kato prompted a nationwide investigation , which concluded that police did not know if 234 @,@ 354 people older than 100 were still alive . More than 77 @,@ 000 of these people , officials said , would have been older than 120 years old if they were still alive . Poor record keeping was blamed for many of the cases , and officials said that many may have died during World War II . One register suggested a man was still alive at age 186 . Following the revelations about Kato and Furuya , analysts investigated why record keeping by Japanese authorities was poor . Many seniors have , it has been reported , moved away from their family homes . Statistics show that divorce is becoming increasingly common among the elderly . Dementia , which afflicts more than two million Japanese , is also a contributing factor . " Many of those gone missing are men who left their hometowns to look for work in Japan ’ s big cities during the country ’ s pre @-@ 1990s boom years . Many of them worked obsessively long hours and never built a social network in their new homes . Others found less economic success than they ’ d hoped . Ashamed of that failure , they didn ’ t feel they could return home , " a Canadian newspaper reported several months after the discovery of Kato 's body . Japan is the most elderly nation in the world ; as of October 2010 , 23 @.@ 1 percent of the population were found to be aged 65 and over , and 11 @.@ 1 percent were 75 and over . This has largely been caused by a very low birthrate ; as of 2005 , the rate was 1 @.@ 25 babies for every woman — to keep the population steady the number needed to be 2 @.@ 1 . However , the issue of aging in the country has been increased by the government 's unwillingness to let immigrants into the country — foreign nationals accounted for only 1 @.@ 2 percent of the total population as of 2005 . A 2006 report by the government indicates that by 2050 , 1 ⁄ 3 of the population may be elderly . The inquiry also noted that many elderly Japanese citizens were dying in solitude . " Die alone and in two months all that is left is the stench , a rotting corpse and maggots , " The Japan Times said in an editorial , one of many comments from the country 's press on the news . An editorial in Asahi Shimbun said that the findings suggested " deeper problems " in the Japanese register system . " The families who are supposed to be closest to these elderly people don 't know where they are and , in many cases , have not even taken the trouble to ask the police to search for them , " read the editorial . " The situation shows the existence of lonely people who have no family to turn to and whose ties with those around them have been severed . " One Japanese doctor , however , said he was not surprised at the news . Dr. Aiba Miyoji , of the Tokyo Koto Geriatric Medical Centre , said many Japanese seniors were dying alone , ignored by their families . “ Some patients come in with their families , but many are alone or come in just with their social workers , ” he said . “ It happens especially in Tokyo . There are more and more single @-@ person families . ” Dr. Aiba added that a key reason for the statistics was because people in Japan are living longer than ever before . " That achievement is placing new burdens on a society where a declining number of working @-@ age Japanese have to fund rising health @-@ care and pension costs , " The Globe and Mail reported . Dr. Aiba said that because Tokyo was so crowded , families cannot possibly live together any more . “ There ’ s not enough space for families to live together any more , ” he said . A national census in 2005 found that 3 @.@ 86 million elderly Japanese citizens were living alone , compared with 2 @.@ 2 million a decade before . 24 @.@ 4 per cent of men and 9 @.@ 3 per cent of women over the age of 60 in Japan have no neighbours , friends or relatives on whom they could rely , a more recent study discovered . In 2008 , the Associated Press reported that the number of elderly people committing suicide had reached a record high because of health and economic worries . " In what appears to be a collective cry for help , more than 30 @,@ 000 Japanese seniors are arrested every year for shoplifting . Many of those arrested told police they stole out of feelings of boredom and isolation , rather than any economic necessity , " The Globe and Mail reported after the discovery of Kato 's corpse . Jeff Kingston , the Director of Asian Studies at the Japan Campus of Temple University , said , " It is a humanising phenomenon — the Japanese are traditionally seen as sober , law @-@ abiding people — when they are in fact scamsters like the rest of us . [ The story of the missing centenarians ] holds up a mirror to society and reflects realities that many in Japan do not want to accept . "
= California State Route 160 = State Route 160 ( SR 160 ) is a state highway in the U.S. state of California consisting of two sections . The longer , southern , section is a scenic highway through the alluvial plain of the Sacramento River , linking SR 4 in Antioch with Sacramento via the Antioch Bridge . The northern section , separated by the southern by Sacramento city streets , is the North Sacramento Freeway , running from the 16th Street Bridge over the American River to Interstate 80 Business towards Roseville . This northern section was deleted from the definition in the Streets and Highways Code in 2003 , when the relinquished portion through downtown Sacramento was also removed , but it is still maintained and signed by the California Department of Transportation ( Caltrans ) as SR 160 . This portion is also part of the California Freeway and Expressway System , as is the piece south of SR 12 near Rio Vista , though , of the latter , only the southernmost piece in Antioch is built to freeway standards . The entire southern portion , from SR 4 to Sacramento , is part of the State Scenic Highway System . = = Route description = = State Route 160 begins in eastern Antioch at SR 4 . After two interchanges , the highway rises onto the two lane Antioch Bridge over the San Joaquin River . It cuts north across the center of Sherman Island , reaching the Sacramento River on the opposite shore . From here to Sacramento , SR 160 never strays far from the river , first following the east levee over the 1949 Three Mile Slough Bridge ( a lift bridge ) , past Brannan Island State Recreation Area , and across SR 12 opposite the river from Rio Vista . After passing Isleton , the highway crosses the river on the Isleton Bridge , a bascule bridge built in 1923 , and runs along the west shore on Grand Island , where it meets the east end of SR 220 . The Walnut Grove Bridge carries County Route J11 east across the river to Walnut Grove , and , at the north end of the island , SR 160 crosses the 1924 Steamboat Slough Bridge onto Sutter Island and then the 1923 Paintersville Bridge across the Sacramento River to the mainland , both bascule bridges . On the mainland , SR 160 once again runs atop the east levee , now 1 – 2 miles ( 1 @.@ 5 – 3 km ) west of Interstate 5 . The final bridge over the river is the Freeport Bridge , which carries County Route E9 to the west levee , where it turns south to return to SR 160 at the west end of the Paintersville Bridge . About a mile ( 1 @.@ 5 km ) beyond the Freeport Bridge , SR 160 leaves the levee , enters the city of Sacramento ( where state maintenance and control ends ) , passes under I @-@ 5 , and farms give way to suburbs . Here the former SR 160 is known as Freeport Boulevard , a major surface road that passes the Sacramento Executive Airport and Sacramento City College . Freeport Boulevard turns to the northwest at about 4th Avenue . It was formerly a one @-@ way pair with 21st Street with Freeport heading one @-@ way southbound and 21st heading one @-@ way northbound . The city converted these streets back to two @-@ way streets for traffic calming purposes in 2008 . After a short jog west on Broadway , former SR 160 turns north on the one @-@ way pair of 15th ( southbound ) and 16th ( northbound ) Streets , almost immediately crossing Business 80 and entering downtown Sacramento . 15th and 16th Streets lead traffic north past the east side of the State Capitol grounds , which lie between L and N Streets . At F Street , the path of southbound SR 160 jogged west for three blocks to 12th Street ; both 12th and 16th Streets pass under the Union Pacific Railroad 's Martinez Subdivision ( where B Street would be ) in four @-@ lane subways , but 15th Street dead @-@ ends . 12th Street remains a one @-@ way southbound roadway , but the two @-@ way RT Light Rail now occupies its east side . 12th Street turns northeast at North B Street , and the two directions of former SR 160 come together at Richards Boulevard , just south of the 16th Street Bridge over the American River and the south end of the state @-@ maintained North Sacramento Freeway . The light rail , which crosses the river between the two directions of SR 160 , soon leaves at the Del Paso Boulevard interchange as the freeway turns east . Two folded diamonds at local streets and a northbound @-@ only entrance ramp from Tribute Road are all that remains before SR 160 merges with Business 80 at the Arden Way interchange . Business 80 is also known as the Capital City Freeway here . = = History = = In the late 1910s , Sacramento County improved the county road along the levee of the Sacramento River between Sacramento and Rio Vista , which crossed the river twice on free ferries near Paintersville and Isleton . A toll ferry across the San Joaquin River connected Sherman Island , south of Rio Vista , with Antioch , where drivers could head west through the Broadway Tunnel to reach the San Francisco Bay , but the road between Rio Vista and the ferry was poor . In 1922 , the Victory Highway Association selected this " Netherlands Route " ( through what was locally promoted as the " Netherlands of America " ) for the Victory Highway west of Sacramento , as it was both shorter than the Lincoln Highway route via Stockton and more scenic . In particular , the river district would " impress [ the motorist ] with the enormous productive resources of this state as well as supply him with an unmatched scenic drive " , and the Broadway Tunnel approach to the bay would bring him " over the Victory Highway to the end of his journey in such a fashion that he will never forget the view spread before him as he first comes into sight of the San Francisco Bay region " . Two bascule bridges — the Paintersville Bridge and Isleton Bridge — replaced the free ferries in 1923 , and are of a type patented by Joseph B. Strauss , who went on to design the Golden Gate Bridge . Local businessmen Aven Hanford and Oscar Klatt replaced the toll ferry with the tolled Antioch Bridge in mid @-@ 1926 , almost a year before they opened the larger Carquinez Bridge to the west . The counties of Contra Costa and Sacramento organized a joint highway district in November 1925 to fund an improvement of the northern approach from Rio Vista ; the concrete highway was completed in July 1927 , creating a fully paved continuous route between Sacramento and the bay . The legislature added this road to the state highway system in 1933 , and it became part of Legislative Route 11 , which had stretched east from Sacramento along US 50 . This part of Route 11 was not assigned a sign route number in 1934 , but , by 1937 , when the new Broadway Low Level Tunnel opened , it was part of Sign Route 24 . That route had initially begun at Woodland and traveled northeast and east through the Feather River Canyon , and was extended southeast from Woodland along Sign Route 16 to Sacramento and then south and west via Antioch to the San Francisco – Oakland Bay Bridge approach in Berkeley . The California Freeway and Expressway System was formed in 1959 , and included in the planned upgrades was the road between Antioch and Rio Vista . ( North of Rio Vista the present SR 84 was part of the system . ) The entire length was included in the State Scenic Highway System in 1963 . In the 1964 renumbering , the Antioch @-@ Sacramento roadway was split between two routes : Route 84 from Antioch to SR 12 near Rio Vista , and Route 160 from SR 12 to Sacramento . However , the entire route was marked as SR 160 , and in 1981 the legislative definition was changed to reflect this . The part of SR 160 through and north of downtown Sacramento began as part of Legislative Route 3 , which was added to the state highway system under the first bond issue , passed in 1910 , and left the city on the 16th Street Bridge over the American River , following Del Paso Boulevard , El Camino Avenue , and Auburn Boulevard to Roseville . ( The short piece from the end of Route 3 near the State Capitol south to Broadway and Freeport Boulevard was Route 4 , which followed SR 99 towards Los Angeles . ) Route 3 between Sacramento and Roseville was also part of the Victory Highway , and was marked as part of US 40 in 1928 and US 99E in 1929 . The North Sacramento Freeway opened on October 6 , 1947 , bypassing this route from the bridge to Auburn Boulevard near Ben Ali . In 1955 , the Elvas Freeway opened from the midpoint of the North Sacramento Freeway to the east side of downtown , and US 99E was moved off the south half of the older North Sacramento Freeway and onto the Elvas Freeway . The North Sacramento Freeway was included in the California Freeway and Expressway System when it was created in 1959 , and the part of Route 3 southwest of the Elvas Freeway , which carried I @-@ 80 , became part of SR 160 in the 1964 renumbering . By 2000 , the city of Sacramento maintained the non @-@ freeway portion of SR 160 within the city limits under a contract with Caltrans . However , since Caltrans 's main goal is to move traffic efficiently , the city was not able to carry out pedestrian @-@ friendly projects that they and local residents wanted . Under a law passed in July 1999 , Caltrans was authorized to relinquish any part of Route 160 within the city limits to Sacramento . The two agencies agreed , and on October 19 , 2000 the portion from the south city limits to the American River became the full responsibility of the city . A 2003 amendment to the Streets and Highways Code erroneously deleted not only this part , but the North Sacramento Freeway as well . A project to convert the former southbound @-@ only Richards Boulevard access just south of the American River to a standard signalized intersection was completed in August 2007 ; this improves access to existing and future development in the area , including redevelopment of a former rail yard , while slowing northbound traffic heading for the bridge and freeway . Another project converting Freeport Boulevard and 21st Street south of Broadway into two @-@ way streets was also completed . 21st Street has carried northbound traffic since 1974 , when Caltrans took it over . This will calm traffic while improving the intersection at the south end of the former one @-@ way pair , which the RT Light Rail now crosses 21st Street just to the north of . In addition , the three blocks of F Street that carried southbound SR 160 from 12th Street to 15th Street have been calmed by the addition of a roundabout at 13th Street . In 2012 , SR 4 was re @-@ routed to go further south to bypass Oakley and Brentwood . The southern end of SR 160 was then extended south to cover the part of the freeway that is no longer designated as SR 4 , from Main Street ( where State Route 4 originally exited the freeway ) to the fork of the new SR 4 ( formerly known as the State Route 4 Bypass , or Bypass Road ) . In 2014 , construction began at the interchange with SR 4 to complete the two remaining ramps that would link southbound SR 160 to eastbound SR 4 and westbound SR 4 to northbound SR 160 . Construction was completed in March 2016 . = = Major intersections = = Except where prefixed with a letter , postmiles were measured in 1964 , based on the alignment as it ( and Route 84 south of Route 12 ) existed at that time , and do not necessarily reflect current mileage . The numbers reset at county lines ; the start and end postmiles in each county are given in the county column .
= U.S. Route 50 in California = In the U.S. state of California , U.S. Route 50 ( US 50 ) runs east from I @-@ 80 in West Sacramento to the Nevada state line in South Lake Tahoe . Portions within Sacramento are known as the Capital City Freeway and El Dorado Freeway . The western half of the highway in California , from I @-@ 80 through Sacramento and Placerville to Exit 60 in Pollock Pines is a four @-@ or @-@ more @-@ lane divided highway , mostly built to freeway standards . US 50 continues as an undivided highway with one eastbound lane and two westbound lanes until it reaches the canyon of the South Fork American River at Riverton . The remainder of the highway , which climbs along and out of the canyon , then over the Sierra Nevada at Echo Summit and into the Lake Tahoe Basin , is a mainly two @-@ lane road . The US 50 corridor is a historic one , used by many 49ers who came to California during the Gold Rush as well as the Pony Express . In 1895 , part of the present @-@ day route was designated as California 's first state highway , and it was later considered as a scenic alternate of the Lincoln Highway . Much of US 50 was constructed during the initial construction of the California state highway system . During the second half of the twentieth century , US 50 was gradually designated and converted into a modern highway . = = Route description = = US 50 has been added to the California Freeway and Expressway System by the state legislature . The highway east of SR 49 is eligible for the State Scenic Highway System , and has been recognized as such except within the South Lake Tahoe city limits . US 50 begins in West Sacramento , where I @-@ 80 leaves the West Sacramento Freeway onto a bypass of Sacramento . The old route of I @-@ 80 through Sacramento is signed as Business 80 ( Capital City Freeway ) , which overlaps US 50 on the West Sacramento Freeway to the split with SR 275 , then over the Sacramento River on the Pioneer Memorial Bridge and across I @-@ 5 to SR 99 . US 50 is part Interstate Highway as well , carrying the unsigned designation of Interstate 305 through its interchange with SR 99 . There Business 80 splits to the north , SR 99 heads south , and US 50 continues east as the El Dorado Freeway . This freeway parallels Folsom Boulevard and the American River east @-@ northeasterly through the suburb of Rancho Cordova to Folsom . Entering El Dorado , US 50 continues eastward through the foothills of the Sierra Nevada via El Dorado Hills , Cameron Park , and Shingle Springs to downtown Placerville . The freeway temporarily ends , and US 50 has several at @-@ grade intersections in Placerville , including SR 49 . Leaving Placerville , the freeway restarts , only to end several miles later . The final section of freeway begins as a bypass of Camino , and ends at Exit 60 at the east end of Pollock Pines . Just east of Exit 60 , US 50 continues as an undivided conventional highway with one eastbound lane and two westbound lanes , entering the river canyon of the South Fork American River near Riverton and crossing to the north side of the river near Ice House Road . From Ice House Road to the crest of the Sierras , US 50 is a steadily rising mostly two @-@ lane road , staying just north of the river except for a 1995 cutoff that crosses the river twice in quick succession west of Kyburz , the boyhood home of ski racer Spider Sabich . Several hairpin turns take the highway up a grade east of Strawberry , after which US 50 continues east alongside the river to its source at Echo Summit . Echo Summit is the highest elevation U.S. Route 50 reaches in California at 7 @,@ 382 feet ( 2 @,@ 250 m ) . In 1968 , it was the site of the U.S. Olympic trials for men 's track and field , held at a temporary facility in the parking lot of the Nebelhorn ski area . From Echo Summit down to the Lake Tahoe Basin , the roadway slowly descends the side of a steep hill ; it then curves northeast to its south junction with SR 89 ( which heads south to Luther Pass ) beginning co @-@ signing of SR 89 , and then turns northward near the city of South Lake Tahoe . Where US 50 and SR 89 split , at an intersection known as " The Y " , the former turns east on the four @-@ lane Lake Tahoe Boulevard , which it follows to and along the south shore of Lake Tahoe , then it enters the state of Nevada . = = History = = = = = Emigrant trails and wagon roads = = = The earliest roads used by Europeans to cross the Sierra Nevada into California were branches of the California Trail . The first route near the present US 50 was the Carson Route , laid out in 1848 by an eastward Mormon party that wanted to avoid the Truckee Route and its deep crossings of the Truckee River . The group left Pleasant Valley , southeast of Placerville , on July 3 , following Iron Mountain Ridge up to the crest of the Sierra at Carson Pass and then descending through Carson Canyon into the Carson Valley . Along the Humboldt River in Nevada , the Mormons met Joseph B. Chiles , who was leading a westward wagon train to California , and told him of their new trail . Although this new Carson Route crossed two summits — Carson Pass over the crest of the Sierra and West Pass over the Carson Spur just to the west , these crossings were easier than Donner Pass on the Truckee Route , and only three fords of the Carson River were required . The route became the primary westward route into California at the start of the Gold Rush . Through California , the general alignment of the Carson Route , in terms of today 's highways , was State Route 88 over Carson Pass and Mormon Emigrant Trail and Sly Park Road to Pleasant Valley . John Calhoun Johnson of Placerville surveyed and cleared a shorter , lower ( and thus less snow @-@ covered ) trail east from that town in 1852 , completing the work by the summer . Rather than following the ridge to the Sierra 's crest as the Mormons had , Johnson headed eastward to the South Fork American River , crossing to its north side near the present Pacific Ranger Station in order to follow Peavine Ridge around a rocky stretch of the river . Returning to the river between Kyburz and Strawberry , he then continued alongside it to the crest at Johnson Pass , where a steep slope descended to Lake Tahoe . Within Nevada , his route generally followed the lake to Glenbrook , where it turned inland and crossed the Carson Range over Spooner Summit into the Carson Valley near Carson City . This trail , known as Johnson 's Cut @-@ off , generally followed the present US 50 , with notable deviations only just east of Placerville ( via Carson Road ) , over Peavine Ridge ( roughly following Peavine Ridge Road , some trails , and Wrights Lake Road ) , just east of Strawberry ( via Slippery Ford Road ) , over the crest of the Sierra ( via Johnson Pass Road and Meyers Road ) , south of Lake Tahoe ( via Pioneer Trail ) , east of Lake Tahoe ( via Genoa Peak Road ) , and from Spooner Summit into the Carson Valley ( via Kings Canyon Road ) . By 1854 , Bartlett 's Bridge had been built at the trail 's westernmost crossing of the American River , allowing wagons to follow the cutoff ; it was soon washed away by a freshet on March 7 , 1855 , and replaced by Brockliss Bridge , several miles to the east . Due to an improvement of the road through Carson Canyon on the old Carson Route , most travelers ended up turning southeast from Johnson Pass over Luther Pass ( present SR 89 ) to join the older route northeast of Carson Pass rather than following the cutoff along Lake Tahoe . Johnson 's Cut @-@ off was the only trail that could be used year @-@ round , but it still had problems , as it had been built without use of earth @-@ moving equipment , and thus did not always take the optimal route . The state adopted a survey by Sherman Day in September 1855 , but failed to make use of it . Two years later , the counties of Yolo , Sacramento , and El Dorado , all of which would be benefited by further improvements , began planning and carrying out work . The state legislature created a " Board of Wagon Commissioners " on March 8 , 1858 , and it completed the improvements by the end of that year . This new route had better grades than the old cutoff , deviating from it in several places : it followed the present Smith Flat Road rather than Carson Road east of Placerville , traversed Peavine Ridge much further down the slope , returning to the river west of Kyburz ( roughly via the present White Meadows Road , Ice House Road , and Weber Mill Road to US 50 at Granite Springs Road ) , and crossed into Carson Valley via Luther Pass . By 1860 , the immense traffic over the road and lack of maintenance had worsened it to the point that it could no longer be used by stagecoaches . To provide for better maintenance , improvements funded by tolls were authorized . The first of these was built and operated by Kingsbury and McDonald , who improved the old Johnson 's Cut @-@ off between Johnson Pass and Stateline , where they turned east over Daggett Pass ( now SR 207 ) in Nevada , connecting Lake Tahoe to the Carson Valley via a shorter route than that over Luther Pass . Two other competing toll roads soon opened across the Carson Range : one built by Rufus Walton from Spooner Summit down Clear Creek to the valley ( now part of US 50 ) , and an 1863 improvement of the original Johnson 's Cut @-@ Off along the lake , across Spooner Summit , and through Kings Canyon to Carson City . West of Johnson Pass , the Slippery Ford Grade down to Strawberry was rebuilt by George W. Swan . The first toll @-@ supported bypass of Peavine Ridge was built by Oglesby and opened in 1861 , leaving the old road from Placerville at Pollock Pines , following the ridgetops and slopes south of the South Fork American River , crossing the river east of White Hall , and then following US 50 along the north bank to the 1858 county road west of Kyburz . Johnson began work on a lower @-@ grade replacement on the north side of the river in 1864 , but stopped when Pearson and McDonald opened a road over the present alignment of US 50 , leaving the pre @-@ 1861 main road southwest of Brockliss Bridge and following US 50 , across the river at Riverton , to Oglesby 's road east of White Hall . Toll collection ended in California in 1886 , when El Dorado County bought the privately improved sections and made them public roads . West of Placerville , the wagon road headed south to Diamond Springs , where it turned west along the original Carson Route over relatively gentle terrain to Sacramento , generally following the present US 50 on parallel surface roads , such as Pleasant Valley Road and White Rock Road . The Pony Express used this route from its beginning in April 1860 until July 1 , when its western terminus became Folsom on the Sacramento Valley Railroad . ( The route was further cut back to Placerville , where messages were passed to the telegraph , from July 1861 to its discontinuance in October . ) The Placerville and Sacramento Valley Railroad reached Latrobe in 1864 , Shingle Springs ( on the old Carson Route west of Placerville ) in 1865 , and was finally completed to Placerville in 1888 . As the railroad extended east , the western terminus of the stage lines followed ; the completion of the First Transcontinental Railroad in 1869 took most of the traffic off the Placerville wagon road . = = = State maintenance and reconstruction = = = At the dawn of the automobile era , the state legislature authorized California 's first state road on March 26 , 1895 , by creating the post of " Lake Tahoe Wagon Road Commissioner " to maintain the road from Newtown Road near Smith Flat ( just east of Placerville ) to Nevada . The county deeded the 58 @-@ mile ( 93 km ) road to the state on February 28 , 1896 . Funding was only enough for minimal improvements , including a new stone bridge over the South Fork American River at Riverton in 1901 . The Department of Engineering took over its maintenance in 1907 , immediately completed a survey and posted granite milestones that marked the distance from Placerville , and in 1910 started sprinkling the dirt road with water in summer to keep down dust ( as had been done in the 1860s ) . A 1915 law added the short distance from Smith Flat west to the east limits of Placerville to the state road . With the passage of the first state highway bond issue in 1910 , the Department of Engineering was directed to lay out and construct a system connecting all county seats . Placerville , seat of El Dorado County , was connected to Sacramento by the 46 @.@ 5 @-@ mile ( 74 @.@ 8 km ) Route 11 , which followed Folsom Boulevard from Sacramento to Folsom , Bidwell Street and Placerville Road to White Rock , the old Carson Route to El Dorado , and Forni Road and Placerville Drive to Placerville . Between El Dorado and Placerville , the state had two routes to choose from , including one via Diamond Springs ( present SR 49 ) , where it decided improving a cut would be too expensive . Instead , it chose the " O 'Keefe grade " ( Forni Road ) , following the old road for about 4 miles ( 6 km ) and then building a cutoff ( now part of Placerville Drive ) to the Green Valley road . In 1917 the mileage that had been added by special laws , rather than as part of bond issues , was consolidated with the rest of the system , and Route 11 was extended east to the state line . ( The route was extended farther , from Sacramento southwest to Antioch via present SR 160 , in 1933 . ) The third bond issue , passed in 1919 , included funds for the improvement of 10 miles ( 16 km ) from Placerville east to Sportsman 's Hall , by which time paving was complete west of Placerville . The Lincoln Highway , one of the earliest marked highways across the country , split in two over the Sierra Nevada . The main route followed the present I @-@ 80 alignment over Donner Pass , but an alternate " Pioneer Branch " , designated as part of the initial routing in 1913 , turned south at Reno , Nevada to Carson City and then crossed the Sierras via Johnson Pass and the Placerville route . Contrary to the Lincoln Highway Association 's policy of marking the most direct route , this deviation was explained simply as " for those tourists desiring to see Lake Tahoe " . However , it actually became shorter in 1921 , when the Fallon Cut @-@ off opened from Carson City directly east to the main route near Fallon , bypassing Reno . The U.S. Highway system was created in 1926 , and this route ( along with the main Lincoln Highway east of the cutoff ) became part of U.S. Route 50 . ( The Donner Pass route was U.S. Route 40 , crossing Nevada on the Victory Highway . ) US 50 initially ended in Sacramento , where motorists could follow US 40 ( Victory Highway ) southwest to the San Francisco Bay Area or turn south over US 99 to Stockton and take US 48 ( Lincoln Highway ) west over Altamont Pass . Originally , US 48 was a road connecting the San Francisco Bay area with the San Joaquin Valley , traveling from San Jose to near Modesto , largely following the future routing of US 50 , which replaced US 48 . Its western terminus was located near the present location of the Interstate 238 / Interstate 880 interchange . It generally followed the route of current Interstate 580 to the Interstate 205 junction . From here , US 48 continued east on Interstate 205 , then followed Old Highway 50 ( present I @-@ 205 Bus . ) through Tracy , thence to Interstate 5 . It then followed Interstate 5 to SR 120 , where US 48 followed SR 120 to the old location of the SR 99 / SR 120 interchange ( present day intersection of Main and Yosemite in Manteca ) , the location of its eastern terminus . At this time , US 50 was improved but unpaved east of Placerville . As part of the state project to pave this portion , the old road was bypassed in several areas , completing the final two @-@ lane alignment . These realignments included Broadway , bypassing Smith Flat Road , at Smith Flat ( 1932 ) , a new route around Slippery Ford Grade east of Strawberry ( 1931 ) , and a new route through South Lake Tahoe , leaving behind Pioneer Trail ( 1931 ) . The crossing of the Sierra crest at Johnson Pass was bypassed in 1940 by a better @-@ quality route over Echo Summit ; the lower part of the current road east of the summit opened in 1947 , bypassing Meyers Road . West of Placerville , several major two @-@ lane relocations were built . A bypass ( now Mother Lode Drive ) around El Dorado and the winding Forni Road was completed in 1938 , and the improvement was extended west to Shingle Springs in 1947 . A short relocation north of White Rock , between Bidwell Street and Bass Lake Road , opened in 1940 , and was extended west beyond Hazel Avenue , bypassing Folsom , in 1949 . = = = = Extension to San Francisco = = = = By the early 1930s , US 50 had been extended to San Francisco via the former US 48 by overlapping US 99 from Sacramento to Stockton and replacing US 48 over Altamont Pass to US 101E ( Foothill Boulevard at Castro Valley Boulevard ) near Hayward . It was extended over the new Bay Bridge at the time of its opening in 1936 , replacing US 101E on Foothill Boulevard and the present MacArthur Boulevard to the Bay Bridge Distribution Structure in Oakland . As the new MacArthur Freeway ( now I @-@ 580 ) was constructed , US 50 was moved to it . This extension was officially eliminated in the 1964 renumbering , but it remained on maps and signs for several more years before being replaced by I @-@ 80 over the Bay Bridge , I @-@ 580 over Altamont Pass , I @-@ 205 business route through Tracy , I @-@ 5 to Stockton , SR 4 ( Charter Way ) and SR 26 through Stockton , and SR 99 to Sacramento . = = = Freeway and expressway upgrades = = = When the California Freeway and Expressway System was created in 1959 , it included US 50 from Sacramento to Nevada . ( The Oakland @-@ Sacramento portion was also included , mostly as part of the Interstate Highway System . ) Two segments had already been upgraded to freeway or expressway standards — an expressway through Placerville , completed in 1955 , and a freeway bypass of Camino with an expressway continuing west to Five Mile Terrace , completed in 1957 . From Pollock Pines east to the bridge at Riverton , the road was widened to four lanes in about 1960 . The next decade saw the improvement of every remaining two @-@ lane section between Rancho Cordova ( near Sunrise Boulevard ) and Riverton , with the final section , connecting Bass Lake Road and Shingle Springs , opening in July 1970 . The freeway was completed west to I @-@ 80 ( now Business 80 ) and SR 99 in early 1973 , bypassing the mostly four @-@ lane Folsom Boulevard . US 50 was extended west along former I @-@ 80 to the new I @-@ 80 bypass in 1981 , when the old I @-@ 80 became Business 80 . ( Since Business 80 was not a valid legislative designation , the remainder became State Route 51 . ) For many years , the four lanes from Sacramento stopped at Riverton , where the original two @-@ lane road continued through the canyon and over Echo Summit . The state rejected a proposed $ 133 million total realignment between Riverton and Kyburz in 1985 , instead opting for a less expensive program of spot improvements including new bridges and passing lanes . Portions of the work were completed by 1987 , including a four @-@ lane bridge at Riverton ( though two lanes are used by traffic turning at Ice House Road at the east end of the bridge ) . Between White Hall and Kyburz , a pair of four @-@ lane bridges over the South Fork American River , carrying a realignment across a bend in the river , were dedicated on May 31 , 1995 , as the El Dorado County Veterans Bridges . The route through the South Fork American River Canyon remains vulnerable to mudslides and other storm damage . One particularly bad slide closed the highway east of Riverton for 28 days from January 24 to February 21 , 1997 , only a week after a similar 17 @-@ day closure caused by flooding on January 1 . A project to make more permanent repairs and prevent future closures began on July 31 , and from September 2 to October 24 the highway was closed during the week to allow for more efficient reconstruction . The state signed the detour , which followed Sly Park Road , Mormon Emigrant Trail ( the old ridgetop Carson Route ) , SR 88 , and SR 89 ( over Luther Pass ) , as Alternate U.S. Route 50 , a designation not approved by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials , which generally assigns new bannered U.S. Highways . After the work was complete , signs were left along the route . = = Major intersections = = Except where prefixed with a letter , postmiles were measured on the road as it was in 1964 , based on the alignment that existed at the time , and do not necessarily reflect current mileage . R reflects a realignment in the route since then , M indicates a second realignment , L refers an overlap due to a correction or change , and T indicates postmiles classified as temporary ( for a full list of prefixes , see the list of postmile definitions ) . Segments that remain unconstructed or have been relinquished to local control may be omitted . The numbers reset at county lines ; the start and end postmiles in each county are given in the county column .
= Paparazzi ( Girls ' Generation song ) = " Paparazzi " is a song recorded in the Japanese language by South Korean girl group Girls ' Generation for their second Japanese @-@ language studio album , Girls & Peace ( 2012 ) . It was released as the album 's lead single on June 27 , 2012 . Written by Fredrik Thomander , Johan Becker , and Junji Ishiwatari , and produced by Miles Walker , the track was described as an electropop and R & B song . To promote the single , Girls ' Generation appeared on Japanese music programs Music Station and Hey ! Hey ! Hey ! Music Champ , while a music video for the song directed by Toshiyuki Suzuki premiered on June 10 , 2012 in order to accompany the release of the song . Upon its release , " Paparazzi " received mixed reviews from music critics , who compared the song to the group 's previous Japanese @-@ language single " Mr. Taxi " in 2011 . The track was ranked number 19 on Spin 's list of top 20 K @-@ pop songs of 2012 . The single was a commercial success in Japan , peaking atop the Japan Hot 100 and at number two on both the Oricon Singles Chart and RIAJ Digital Track Chart . " Paparazzi " was certified Gold in Japan for the sales of the single 's digital and physical release , respectively . = = Recording and release = = " Paparazzi " is a song recorded in the Japanese language , which was described as a hybrid of electropop and R & B. It was written by Swedish songwriters Fredrik Thomander and Johan Becker , while production was handled by American producer Miles Walker . Japanese songwriter Junji Ishiwatari provided additional writing credits . The track was released as the lead single from the group 's second Japanese @-@ language studio album , Girls & Peace ( 2012 ) , as part of the group 's foray into the Japanese music industry . It was released for CD and DVD sales in Japan by Nayutawave Records , which is affiliated with Universal Music Group , on June 27 , 2012 . The song was made available for digital purchase globally on the same day . " Paparazzi " was also released in Hong Kong , Taiwan , and South Korea in mid @-@ 2012 under license by Universal Music Hong Kong , Universal Music Taiwan , and S.M. Entertainment , respectively . = = Promotion = = To promote the single , Girls ' Generation performed " Paparazzi " on the Japanese music program Music Station on June 22 , 2012 , where the group wore tuxedos and pink gloves . On July 9 , 2012 , the group staged their second performance of the song on Fuji Television 's Hey ! Hey ! Hey ! Music Champ , where the members wore tuxedos with black gloves . The accompanying music video for " Paparazzi " was directed by Toshiyuki Suzuki and is almost seven minutes long . In the video , Girls ' Generation performs on stage in a theatre , with the set inspired by classic musicals . The video begins with the members wearing trench coats and " whimsically prancing " to Gene Kelly 's " Singin ' in the Rain " . During the main performance of " Paparazzi " , the video is intercut with scenes of the members being followed by photographers . They perform in two different outfits – showgirl @-@ inspired costumes and tuxedos with pink gloves . Jeff Benjamin from Billboard praised the dance routines for their " perfect nine @-@ piece synchronization " and opined that the pink gloves of the girls resembled those worn by Marilyn Monroe . = = Reception = = Upon its release , " Paparazzi " received mixed reviews from music critics . Jeff Benjamin from Billboard named it a " high @-@ energy " track . James Hadfield , writing for the Tokyo edition of Time Out , compared the song 's R & B styles to those of the group 's previous 2011 Japanese @-@ language single " Mr. Taxi " and called it a " redux " of the latter single , writing that " you 'd struggle to spot many real improvements . " " Paparazzi " was a commercial success in Japan , debuting at number two on the Oricon Singles Chart on the chart issue dated July 9 , 2012 ; the number one position belonged to KAT @-@ TUN 's single " To the Limit " . The following week , it dropped to number ten . " Paparazzi " became the 58th best @-@ selling physical single of 2012 on the Oricon chart , selling 136 @,@ 181 copies . The single debuted at number 31 on the Billboard Japan Hot 100 on July 2 , 2012 . The following week , it rose up to the top position on the chart . On the chart issue dated July 16 , 2012 , the single dropped to number seven . " Paparazzi " ranked at number 50 on the year @-@ end chart of 2012 . The track as well charted at number two on the Billboard Japan Hot Singles Sales , number five on the Billboard Japan Adult Contemporary Airplay , and number two on the RIAJ Digital Track Chart . According to Nielsen SoundScan , " Paparazzi " has sold 103 @,@ 000 digital copies in Japan as of July 2012 . = = Track listing = = = = Credits and personnel = = Credits adapted from the CD issue 's liner notes = = Charts = = = = Sales and certifications = = = = Release history = =
= Max Weinberg = Max Weinberg or Minister of the Big Beat ( born April 13 , 1951 ) is an American drummer and television personality , most widely known as the longtime drummer for Bruce Springsteen 's E Street Band and as the bandleader for Conan O 'Brien on Late Night with Conan O 'Brien and The Tonight Show with Conan O 'Brien . Weinberg grew up in suburban New Jersey and began drumming at an early age . He attended college planning to be a lawyer but got his big break in music in 1974 when he won an audition to become the drummer for Springsteen . His powerful but controlled playing on albums such as Born to Run and Born in the U.S.A. stabilized the E Street Band sound and Weinberg became a mainstay of Springsteen 's long concert performances . Springsteen dissolved the band in 1989 , and Weinberg spent several years considering a law career and trying the business end of the music industry before deciding he wanted to continue with drumming . In 1993 , Weinberg got the role as bandleader of The Max Weinberg 7 for Late Night with Conan O 'Brien . Weinberg 's drums @-@ driven jump blues sound and his role as a comic foil prospered along with the show , giving him a second career . In 1999 , Springsteen re @-@ formed the E Street Band for a series of tours and albums ; Weinberg worked out an arrangement that allowed him to play with both O 'Brien and Springsteen . In 2009 , Weinberg moved to the short @-@ lived Tonight Show with Conan O 'Brien as leader of Max Weinberg and The Tonight Show Band . After that ended , he began touring with his own ensembles , and in 2010 chose not to follow O 'Brien to the new Conan show . Weinberg continued playing with Springsteen , and in 2014 was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of the E Street Band . = = Early life = = Weinberg was born to a Jewish family in Newark , New Jersey to parents Bertram Weinberg , an attorney , and Ruth Weinberg , a high school physical education teacher . He has three sisters , Patty , Nancy and Abby . He grew up in Newark as well as in the neighboring suburban towns of South Orange and Maplewood . The young Max was exposed to music early on , attending Broadway shows weekly from the age of two and liking the big sound put forth by the pit orchestras . He then liked the rhythms of country and western music . He knew he wanted to be a drummer from the age of five , when he saw Elvis Presley and his drummer , D. J. Fontana , appear on The Milton Berle Show in April 1956 . Decades later , Weinberg said , " I think anybody who wanted to develop a life in rock ' n ' roll music had a moment . That was my moment , " and Fontana became a major influence on him . Weinberg started actually playing at the age of six . His first public appearance came at the age of seven when he sat in on a bar mitzvah band playing " When the Saints Go Marching In " . The bandleader , Herbie Zane , was the leading act for bar mitzvahs and weddings in the area ; he was impressed with young Weinberg and brought him along on other engagements as a kind of novelty act . Weinberg thus became a local child star , drumming in a three @-@ piece mohair suit . He gained an appreciation for showmanship and was a fan of Liberace and Sammy Davis , Jr . He grew to idolize drummer Buddy Rich and become a fan of Gene Krupa and saw drummer Ed Shaughnessy of Doc Severinsen 's band on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson as having an ideal job as well as admiring the level of playing and serious sartorial style of the Tonight Show musicians . Weinberg stayed with Zane until junior high school and learned rhythms such as cha @-@ chas , merenges , polkas , and the hora and playing everything from Dixieland jazz to Acker Bilk 's " Stranger on the Shore " . Weinberg attended Temple Sharey Tefilo @-@ Israel , a Reform Judaism congregation in South Orange , where he was inspired by a local rabbi and had what he later described as " a wonderful Jewish background . " He would later say that the Jewish concept of seder , meaning order , became key to his vision of how a good drummer serves his band 's music . Witnessing his father lose two summer camps in The Poconos impressed upon him the fragility of economic success and led to a strong work ethic . When the British Invasion hit in 1964 , the Beatles and their drummer , Ringo Starr , became a huge influence on Weinberg . He began playing in local New Jersey rock bands , playing the music of The Rolling Stones , Mitch Ryder and the Detroit Wheels , and The Young Rascals . While a member of The Epsilons , he played at the 1964 New York World 's Fair . He attended Columbia High School in Maplewood ; there he knew Leigh Howard Stevens , who would become a famous percussionist in his own right . Weinberg graduated from Columbia High in 1969 . Another band he was in , Blackstone , recorded an eponymous album for Epic Records in 1970 . Weinberg first attended Adelphi University , and later Seton Hall University , majoring in film studies . His general goal was to become a lawyer , but he was still most viscerally interested in a music career and kept his drum set in his car in case any chances to play arose . He performed at weddings , bar mitzvahs , and bars , then landed a job in the pit band for the Broadway musical Godspell . = = Success with the E Street Band = = Weinberg was still living at home when he met Bruce Springsteen on April 7 , 1974 when his band , The Jim Marino Band , were Springsteen 's support at Seton Hall . Springsteen had parted ways with his drummer , Vini " Mad Dog " Lopez , earlier that year , and the replacement , Ernest " Boom " Carter , lasted only six months before leaving with pianist David Sancious to form Tone . Weinberg answered a Springsteen Village Voice newspaper ad that famously requested , " no junior Ginger Bakers , " in reference to Ginger Baker 's reputation for long drum solos . Weinberg auditioned with Springsteen and the core E Street Band in mid @-@ late August of that year at the SIR studios in Midtown Manhattan , bringing a minimalist drum kit with him . He knew one Springsteen song from the Marino band , " Sandy " , and played it . His drumming on the Fats Domino song " Let the Four Winds Blow " sealed the position as his . A week later he was offered the $ 110 per week job and he quit college immediately , about six academic credits short of a degree . Weinberg 's first public performance came on September 19 , 1974 , at The Main Point in Bryn Mawr , Pennsylvania . Weinberg rose to success as the drummer for Springsteen 's E Street Band , as his powerful yet controlled beat solved the E Street Band 's drumming instabilities . On Born to Run ( 1975 ) , Weinberg 's drumming evoked two of his idols , Ringo Starr and Levon Helm , and he covered his snare drum with heavy paper towels to capture some of the Memphis soul sound . While travelling on tour , Weinberg became known for his exact requests , such as specifying the particular brand of paper towels to use for his drums or the standards for his hotel rooms . Weinberg never adopted the " rock and roll lifestyle " ; he treated his music seriously and kept to the mantra , " Show up , do a good job , and give them more than their money 's worth . " One compromise Weinberg did have to make was sometimes playing on the High Holy Days . During shows , Springsteen built up the personas of his bandmates , and Weinberg was frequently referred to as " the Mighty Max " . Weinberg started a long practice of keeping his eyes on Springsteen every moment during the show , as he never knew when Springsteen would change a tempo or suddenly deviate from the set list . Decades later , E Street guitarist Steve Van Zandt would say of Weinberg , " What nobody understands is that not only is Max a great drummer , Max reads Bruce 's mind . You can 't learn that . " Weinberg bought a house overlooking the water in Atlantic Highlands , New Jersey , triggering a lifelong interest in real estate and home design . Tempos slowed to an oft dirge @-@ like pace on Darkness on the Edge of Town ( 1978 ) ; Rehearsals and recording of the album stretched out over a long period , with Springsteen and bandmate and co @-@ producer Steven Van Zandt experiencing a prolonged frustration over their inability to capture a more resonant drum sound . Weinberg soon regretted not playing faster on " Badlands " , and tempos did speed up on that number and some others during the accompanying Darkness Tour . The River Tour Springsteen and E Street Band shows that opened New Jersey 's Meadowlands Arena in 1981 became one of the top highlights of Weinberg 's career . Weinberg suffered an acknowledged " drumming slump " around 1980 , and his time @-@ keeping skills were criticized by Springsteen . What could pass unnoticed in concert became apparent on record , and Weinberg practiced drumming components for months in order to regain a fine sense of timing . Weinberg also suffered from repetitive stress injury and tendinitis , eventually requiring seven operations on his hands and wrists . He studied for a while with noted jazz drummer Joe Morello ; Weinberg credited Morello for helping him to learn how to play with the tendinitis . In 1981 , Weinberg married Rebecca Schick , a Methodist who had grown up in Tinton Falls , New Jersey and whom he had met through a mutual friend . Springsteen and the band played at their wedding , which was officiated by the same rabbi he had growing up . Becky Weinberg worked as a high school history teacher . In 1984 , they bought a 5 @-@ acre ( 2 @.@ 0 ha ) farm in Monmouth County ; after feeling taken advantage of in the deal , Weinberg became a scrupulous researcher in real estate matters , often spending days at town halls looking over obscure zoning regulations . While on tour he studied books about architecture , and dreamt of building houses in the style of Frank Lloyd Wright or Richard Meier . They had two children , daughter Ali ( born c . 1987 ) and son Jay ( born 1990 ) . He made a full recovery from his injuries in time for Born in the U.S.A. ( 1984 ) , which featured an aerobics @-@ timed beat on some tracks that also owed something to the popular Phil Collins drum sound . Weinberg 's own experimentation since the Darkness days had also led to a more reverberant sound . Overall , Weinberg 's more fluid drumming combined with Roy Bittan 's use of synthesizers and better overall production to give Springsteen a more modern sound , resulting in the album becoming Springsteen 's best @-@ selling one ever and spawning a record @-@ tying seven Top 10 hit singles . Springsteen later said of the album , " Max was the best thing on the record . " Weinberg 's most well @-@ known drum part came on " Born in the U.S.A. " , where his snare drum paired against Bittan 's signature synthesizer riff on the opening and throughout the main part of the song . The recording then descends into improvised chaos ; Springsteen had told Weinberg , " When I stop , keep the drums going . " Upon the restart , intentional drum breakdowns matched bass swoops and guitar feedback ; Springsteen subsequently said of the performance overall , " You can hear Max – to me , he was right up there with the best of them on that song . " Weinberg said it was one of his most intense musical experiences . On the subsequent Born in the U.S.A. Tour , Springsteen generally interspersed hard @-@ rocking song sequences after every three or four numbers in order to give Weinberg 's hands a chance to recover . Weinberg 's wife Becky unintentionally triggered one of the tour 's most celebrated episodes . She was a fan of the This Week with David Brinkley television program and invited panelist George Will to the Washington @-@ area Capital Centre show . After seeing the band perform , Will became convinced that they were exemplars of hard @-@ working patriotism and traditional American values ; he wrote , " ... consider Max Weinberg 's bandaged fingers . The rigors of drumming have led to five tendonitis operations . He soaks his hands in hot water before a concert , in ice afterward , and sleeps with tight gloves on . " Will further decided that Springsteen might endorse Ronald Reagan in the 1984 presidential campaign and talked to the campaign , which later led to Reagan 's famous extolling of Springsteen at a stop in Hammonton , New Jersey and Springsteen 's subsequent negative response . For his efforts , Weinberg was named Best Drummer in the Playboy 1985 Pop and Jazz Music Poll and Best Drummer again in Rolling Stone 's 1986 Critics Poll . The adulation got to him a bit as he aligned with the Mighty Max persona and went to fashionable parties . Weinberg had a reduced role on Springsteen 's 1987 Tunnel of Love album , replacing Springsteen 's drum machine parts on a few tracks , but the full band was in place for the 1988 Tunnel of Love Express and Human Rights Now ! tours . Weinberg called the latter tour 's visiting of many third @-@ world spots around the globe one of the most rewarding things the band had done . In 1984 , Weinberg published The Big Beat : Conversations with Rock 's Greatest Drummers , a series of interviews conducted over two years with drummers from various eras , including Starr , Helm , D. J. Fontana , Charlie Watts , Dino Danelli , Hal Blaine and others . The book captured drummers revealing more about their musical approaches than they normally did to the press and was thus considered an important addition to the rock literature . In 1986 , Weinberg began taking a one @-@ man show " Growing Up on E Street " to college campuses around the country . It contained some short films that Weinberg produced as well as a question @-@ and @-@ answer session . Weinberg also played as a session musician , enjoying particular success in connection with songwriter and producer Jim Steinman . He drummed on the very popular 1977 Meat Loaf album , Bat Out of Hell , playing on the Steinman @-@ penned tracks " Bat Out of Hell " , " You Took the Words Right Out of My Mouth " and " Paradise by the Dashboard Light " . At a point in 1983 , Weinberg was featured on the number one and number two songs on the Billboard Hot 100 , Bonnie Tyler 's " Total Eclipse of the Heart " and Air Supply 's " Making Love Out of Nothing at All " , both Steinman creations . Weinberg also recorded with Southside Johnny and the Asbury Jukes , Gary U.S. Bonds , Ian Hunter and Carole King . On October 18 , 1989 , Springsteen unexpectedly called Weinberg to say he was dissolving the E Street Band . As Weinberg later said , " That 's why they call him the Boss . " = = Breakup and career choices = = The news left him " a zombie for about six months . " Even before the breakup , he had returned to school at Seton Hall University in early 1989 . The band breakup occurred during his second semester at Seton Hall , on his way to completing the remaining 21 credits needed to obtain his bachelor 's degree in communications . He graduated from there later in 1989 . He then briefly attended Yeshiva University 's Cardozo School of Law , but withdrew after six weeks . Weinberg asked Ringo Starr for advice on how to go on when the band that had made your life had broken up . Weinberg and Springsteen remained on friendly terms during this period . In 1990 , Weinberg began offering motivational seminars oriented towards corporations to augment his one @-@ person college show business . He received the HERO Award from Big Brothers Big Sisters of America in October 1990 for his work for that organization . The Big Beat was republished in 1991 . Weinberg thought his career as a musician was over and considered himself retired as a drummer . He went into the music business instead , joining a distribution company as a business partner . He worked as an executive for the Music Master label . He formed his own record company , Hard Ticket Entertainment , in 1990 . In 1991 , they issued an album that he produced by a group he formed , Killer Joe , called Scene of the Crime . He had sought out this career path because " I didn 't want to continually be competing with ' Mighty Max ' , " but he found business life unfulfilling . Because of that , and for personal reasons as well , he needed to return to performing . Weinberg later reflected , " I felt at times , after the E Street Band broke up , so anonymous it was painful . " He looked through the Yellow Pages for jobs and played at bar mitzvahs for $ 125 ; he later said " [ I ] was glad to do it . " Weinberg became the live drummer for 10 @,@ 000 Maniacs in 1992 after their drummer Jerry Augustyniak was injured five days before a five @-@ week tour . He went after that assignment once he heard it was open and later said , " I lived on a bus and had a roommate . Not exactly like the E Street Band , but I loved it . It reminded me that I am a drummer and I 'm good . I was put here to play the drums . To turn my back on that ability was wrong . " He played at the January 1993 inauguration of Bill Clinton . Weinberg auditioned in 1993 to be the principal drummer on the Broadway show The Who 's Tommy , but was selected instead as the second substitute . Despite the very low pay , Weinberg was nevertheless happy : " I 'd buried drumming so far into my psyche . I felt I 'd resurrected it . " Of Springsteen 's work , Weinberg felt " that I would never get to play these songs again . " = = Late Night with Conan O 'Brien = = In July 1993 , Weinberg had a chance sidewalk meeting outside Carnegie Deli with newly selected Late Night host Conan O 'Brien , where Weinberg spoke about his ideas for music on the show . O 'Brien promised Weinberg an audition . Within a few short days Weinberg put together The Max Weinberg 7 , recruiting musicians he had worked with during his career including on the Killer Joe project , starting with guitarist and arranger Jimmy Vivino . Weinberg decided a muscular , drums @-@ driven jump blues vibe , partly derived from the Killer Joe sound , is what he would use as a starting point for the group 's sound . At the early August audition , the outfit impressed O 'Brien with their ability to play not just rock but also rhythm and blues , soul , jazz , pop , and big band swing ; Weinberg was so anxious to land the job that he threw up afterward . After a final meeting with executive producer Lorne Michaels they were hired as the house band . The band performed on the show every night since its premiere on September 13 , 1993 . O 'Brien later said of the Weinberg choice , " The energy and enthusiasm of his music coincided with the show I wanted to do . Plus , his tan offset my ghostly complexion . " Weinberg held the title of music director on the show , while Vivino did most of the arranging . Of his career rebound , Weinberg said simply : " I grabbed the brass ring twice . " In the early phases of the show , Weinberg was involved in occasional comedy bits , but mostly focused on his musical responsibilities , including the selection of walk @-@ on music for guests . The band got a 30 @-@ second featured spot each night after O 'Brien 's opening monologue . O 'Brien often received poor notices during the early years of Late Night , and Jon Pareles of The New York Times pronounced the Max Weinberg 7 as the " saving grace " of the show . Weinberg established an image by dressing in high @-@ quality suits and a tie ; he said , " I like us to look sharp and play sharp , " and " I don 't want to look like the audience , I want to look different . " Weinberg became a television celebrity , and his visibility and stature grew from Late Night and established an image for him beyond Springsteen . Indeed , much of the show 's young fan base , and some of the staff on the show itself , were unaware of Weinberg 's past role in the E Street Band . In 1994 , Rhino Records released Max Weinberg Presents : Let There Be Drums , a three @-@ volume set of CDs that highlighted drumming that Weinberg admired on songs from the 1950s through the 1970s . Recaps in 1998 of the first five years of Late Night concluded that the band had been an important element in the show surviving , with Weinberg 's personality providing a foil to O 'Brien 's and with " the Max Weinberg 7 [ leaving ] television viewers wishing they were in the studio to hear more . " Their sound also fit into the swing revival going on during the late 1990s . In 2000 , Conan sidekick Andy Richter left the show , and Weinberg became the " second banana " . Weinberg continued to present an obvious visual foil : as O 'Brien said , " If you looked at this guy you would never know he was the drummer in a huge rock ' n ' roll band . You would say he was the guy who did the band 's accounting . But Max is the authoritative , buttoned @-@ down adult in the midst of all this madness . " The drummer reveled in O 'Brien 's youthful audience : " To be 49 and appreciated by 14 @-@ year @-@ olds again ? What a thrill ! " Weinberg engaged in stare @-@ downs with O 'Brien and gave scripted screeds about newsmakers . Additionally , Weinberg was comically presented as a twisted character with sexual fetishes and homicidal tendencies in comedy bits . When Conan O 'Brien was host of Saturday Night Live on March 10 , 2001 , his monologue featured a visit from the SNL studio to the Late Night studio ( only a few floors apart in the same building , 30 Rockefeller Plaza ) , where Conan discovers Weinberg engaged in sexual intercourse with a woman on his desk ( played by Max 's real @-@ life wife , Becky ) . Weinberg says of his comic persona : " [ I ] t 's playing against type . I 've been happily married for nearly 30 years , with two wonderful children . It 's not what I portray on the show , and that 's funny . " Weinberg continued his one @-@ man college shows , now titled " E Street to Late Night : Dreams Found , Lost , and Found Again " . Weinberg returned to the E Street Band briefly when Springsteen re @-@ grouped the band in early 1995 to record a few new songs for the Greatest Hits release . The regrouping was only temporary and the band returned to inactivity . Also in 1995 , Weinberg drummed on two of Johnnie Johnson 's songs : " I 'm Mad " and " She Called Me Out of My Name , " on Johnnie 's 1995 album Johnnie Be Back . Weinberg spent two years building an 8 @,@ 900 @-@ square @-@ foot ( 830 m2 ) house in Middletown Township , New Jersey that they moved into in 1999 ; he picked up many of the furnishings for it from locations around the world during subsequent tours . The Max Weinberg 7 released a self @-@ titled album in 2000 on Hip @-@ O Records ; Weinberg said he waited until then because " I wanted to change my style of playing and hone my style before I committed to a record . " He was especially proud that the band had successfully backed Tony Bennett during a late 1990s appearance on Late Night : " Two years ago if you 'd asked me if I could play with Tony Bennett , I would have said absolutely not . I 'm not in his league . But we played with him the other night , and it was wonderful . We swung . " = = Reformation of the E Street Band = = Springsteen reunited the E Street Band in 1999 on a more lasting basis , for the Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band Reunion Tour . This posed a dilemma for Weinberg , whose greater loyalty was to O 'Brien and NBC . Indeed , up until then Weinberg had never missed a Late Night show , appearing in over 1 @,@ 000 in a row . However , allowing Weinberg to tour for one of the highest @-@ profile reunions in rock history was thought to be of long @-@ term benefit to the television show 's appeal , and an arrangement was worked out wherein Weinberg took a leave of absence from Late Night in order to go out on this and subsequent tours . When he was tied up with Springsteen , drummer James Wormworth took his place , and the band was led by Jimmy Vivino ( " Jimmy Vivino and the Max Weinberg 7 " ) . When the Reunion Tour was extended in length , shows were generally restricted to weekends , so as to permit Weinberg to fulfill his Late Night responsibilities . At NBC , the coexistence between the drummer 's two bosses was known as the Weinberg @-@ Springsteen Rule , and was not typically extended to other talent at the network . While Weinberg did not forget the breakup and long separation , he viewed it as " at the same time the most horrifying experience I 've ever been through and the most liberating . " In any case , he immediately felt comfortable playing with Springsteen once more : " Right from the first downbeat of the first rehearsal , it was there again . " His drumming for the E Street Band was more relaxed and mature than before , showing more confidence and finesse , and his hands and fingers were in better shape for having done the daily Late Night work . When the tour concluded with ten shows at New York 's Madison Square Garden , on several days Weinberg taped the Conan show at Rockefeller Center in the late afternoon , put his hands in ice and changed from his suit into jeans and a vest , and played with Springsteen at night . The experience of doing both left him " professionally speaking , as alive as I 've ever felt . " Of his position on the drum platform behind Springsteen , he says , " I have the best seat in the house . " His energy level was no less , as he could be seen jumping a foot off his seat during some songs . His daughter Ali joined the band on keyboards several times during the tour . Weinberg 's steady drumming helped power Springsteen 's 2002 comeback album , and the first E Street Band studio recording in 18 years , The Rising . Weinberg took more time off from the Conan show to participate in the long and successful 2002 – 2003 Rising Tour . In the early 2000s , Weinberg was at the center of annual holiday benefit shows at Asbury Park Convention Hall , billed as Bruce Springsteen , the Max Weinberg 7 and Friends . Weinberg was a member of the board of trustees of the Monmouth Conservation Foundation and won a conservation award in 2002 . Nevertheless , during 2002 and 2003 he got into a prolonged local controversy over his plans to subdivide a portion of his 65 @-@ acre ( 26 ha ) Middletown Township , New Jersey property into lots for new homes . Some of his neighbors strongly protested the move , and they and some in the press accused him of hypocrisy ; Weinberg defended himself by saying the conservation foundation was not against all development , just thoughtless development . A scaled @-@ down version of the plan was approved by the town 's zoning board , and in 2008 Weinberg went ahead with plans to sell the lots . Weinberg generally avoids political comments , but did campaign for John Kerry in the United States presidential election , 2004 . Springsteen himself also made appearances on Late Night in 1999 , 2002 , and 2006 . Weinberg participated in the 2004 Vote for Change tour then drummed on Springsteen 's 2007 album Magic . There he was part of a core rhythm section comprising himself , Springsteen , bassist Garry Tallent , and pianist Roy Bittan , who did the tracks first ; other members ' contributions were added later . Weinberg then took more time off from the Conan show to do the 2007 – 2008 Magic Tour . Weinberg repeated his role in the core section in recording Springsteen 's Working on a Dream album . Weinberg also fulfilled a long @-@ time dream by going to Super Bowl XLIII in February 2009 with Springsteen and the E Street Band 's half @-@ time performance , where he was joined by some of the other members of the Max Weinberg 7 . = = Move to The Tonight Show = = The ending of the Conan Late Night and beginning of The Tonight Show coincided with the start of Springsteen and the E Street Band 's 2009 Working on a Dream Tour . O 'Brien told a Variety reporter at the time of the announcement that he hoped that Weinberg would follow him to Los Angeles and that he also hoped an arrangement could be worked out to let Weinberg go on the road with Springsteen as had been done for past tours . Whether Weinberg would stay with O 'Brien and move or not became a subject of conflicting news reports . Weinberg did and does have strong New Jersey and East Coast ties . He lives on the New Jersey shore with his wife and children . He and his family are fans of the New Jersey Devils , and played ice hockey on the 2 @-@ acre ( 0 @.@ 81 ha ) pond in front of their house . They were season ticket holders for the Devils until the children became too old and busy to attend games . Their son Jay had , without much instruction from his father but using Max 's old gear , become a drummer for local punk rock and metal bands . Their daughter Ali became an assistant to NBC News reporter Chuck Todd and began appearing on their MSNBC.com blog " First Read " . Weinberg played drums on the first album recorded by his sister Nancy Winston , a professional pianist and singer in New York City , known for her regular appearances at Cafe Pierre . Nevertheless , O 'Brien confirmed on February 18 , 2009 , that Weinberg and the band were indeed coming with him . Weinberg had not missed an E Street Band show since joining the outfit in 1974 , and E Streeter Van Zandt said that no amount of rehearsal by another drummer could replace Weinberg 's intuitive understanding of Springsteen 's performance gambits . The conflict was resolved when son Jay became a substitute drummer for his father during parts of the Working on a Dream Tour that Max could not make due to commitments to the O 'Brien show . Springsteen said , " Once again , I want to express my appreciation to Conan O 'Brien , and everyone on his team , for making it possible for Max to continue to do double duty for both us and for him . We promise to return him in one piece . " The younger Weinberg began playing during segments of the tour 's shows , and got a very positive response from audiences and reviewers as a spark plug for the band . Max Weinberg said Jay 's segments allowed him a " total out @-@ of @-@ body experience . For the first time in – I 've been with Bruce for 35 years – I 've been able to go out in the audience and enjoy a Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band concert . " In one case , Jay did one show of a two @-@ night stand on the East Coast and Max then took a red @-@ eye flight back from Los Angeles to do the second . The Tonight Show with Conan O 'Brien premiered on June 1 , 2009 , with The Max Weinberg 7 now expanded to eight and referred to as Max Weinberg and the Tonight Show Band . Andy Richter was back as an announcer , making Weinberg 's role as a foil a little uncertain . Gradually Weinberg and the band 's roles in the comic aspects of the show began to assert themselves . On June 25 , Weinberg departed The Tonight Show temporarily for four weeks to join Springsteen and band part @-@ way through their European leg ; this was conveyed on the show via a comedy bit that had his drum riser turn into a float that took him outside the studio and purportedly to the airport . Weinberg returned to the show on August 3 , after flying back from a Springsteen show that had ended early into the same morning in Spain . Of being Tonight Show bandleader , he said , " I think one of the biggest thrills in my life was seeing my name in the same sentence as Doc Severinsen , who , in my view , is the gold standard for ' Tonight Show ' bandleaders . There 's never been anyone who did it quite near the class and the brilliance of Doc Severinsen in the original Tonight Show Band . I used to think when I was a kid what a great job that must be – you know , same place , every time , everyday . Lo and behold , here I am 40 years later , doing it . That sounds deep , deep , deep , deep , deeply satisfying to me . " On September 25 , Weinberg left The Tonight Show again for two months , to join Springsteen and band for the final , American portion of the Working on a Dream Tour . The same drum @-@ riser @-@ to @-@ float comedy bit was used , except this time the float was " hit " and demolished by a truck just outside the studio ( and airing of the segment was delayed a few days due to O 'Brien legitimately injuring himself during the same show ) . The tour wrapped on November 22 , 2009 , in Buffalo , New York ; Weinberg was back on The Tonight Show the next day . With no E Street Band projects in sight for at least the next year or two , Weinberg was left to concentrate on his bandleader role . Even though Weinberg was living in Los Angeles for The Tonight Show , he retained his home in New Jersey and considered that his permanent residence : " I 'm not really moving . I 'm living out here , but it 's more like an extended road trip . " Regarding his decision to stay in music rather than pursue the legal profession , he has had no regrets : " The world needs more drummers and fewer lawyers . " However , Weinberg 's stint as Tonight Show bandleader was not to last long . The 2010 Tonight Show host and timeslot conflict erupted , and after an intense period of public turmoil , the last Conan show took place on January 22 , 2010 , finishing with Weinberg propelling a guest @-@ filled seriocomic rendition of " Free Bird " . While O 'Brien negotiated a settlement deal with NBC for himself and his staff , Weinberg as well as sidekick Richter had to reach their own agreements with the network . = = Departure from O 'Brien and start of Big Band = = In February 2010 , Weinberg underwent a twelve @-@ hour open heart valve repair surgery to correct a condition he had known about and had been monitoring since the mid @-@ 1980s . His recovery took place over three to five months , and Weinberg kept news about the operation private until an interview eight months later . In April 2010 , O 'Brien began his The Legally Prohibited from Being Funny on Television Tour . While the rest of the group was part of the tour under the moniker The Legally Prohibited Band , Weinberg was not ( except for a brief appearance at one show ) . Instead , he assembled and staged appearances by the Max Weinberg Big Band , a fifteen @-@ piece ensemble with twelve horns that mostly plays the music of Frank Sinatra , Buddy Rich , Count Basie , and Maynard Ferguson . Weinberg 's interest in the genre dated back to his childhood and the artists he had seen on televised variety shows . It was initially unknown whether Weinberg would be part of O 'Brien 's new late night show on TBS cable that began in November 2010 , as no specifics had been worked out for that show while O 'Brien focused on his tour . In June 2010 , the Max Weinberg Big Band Tour began with a show in Red Bank , New Jersey 's Count Basie Theater . Weinberg said that he was booking appearances by his big band through 2011 and that with regard to O 'Brien , " I literally have not thought about it . There have been no discussions . It 's kind of an open question . " In September 2010 , it was announced Weinberg would not be part of the show , now named Conan ; Jimmy Vivino took over leadership of that band , with Wormworth replacing Weinberg full @-@ time on drums . The split was stated as being mutual , with O 'Brien saying , " Max has been a huge part of my life for the past 17 years and he is an incredible bandleader and musician , " and Weinberg thanking his band and saying , " 17 years – a lifetime on TV ... my association with Conan , his staff , and crew has been a deeply rewarding experience for me . " Weinberg subsequently acknowledged that " we both wanted to go in different directions , " but both looked forward to Weinberg occasionally stopping by to sit in on the new show . Weinberg said his health was better than ever but that the " life @-@ changing experience emotionally and spiritually " of the surgery , a desire to remain in New Jersey with his family , and an interest in exploring new musical directions had all played a role in his departure from O 'Brien . In 2013 , Weinberg again found himself in a real estate dispute , threatening legal action against Monmouth County in connection with its attempt to repair damage to the Henry Hudson Trail in Atlantic Highlands following damage caused by Superstorm Sandy . Weinberg claimed that the work done in creating that portion of the trail , augmented by Sandy , had caused significant damage to two properties he and his wife owned there . The issue was still ongoing in 2014 . Weinberg played on only a couple of tracks on Springsteen 's March 2012 album Wrecking Ball , but resumed his normal role with the E Street Band on the subsequent 2012 – 2013 Wrecking Ball Tour , this time augmented by percussionist Everett Bradley , as well as on its 2014 continuation , the High Hopes Tour . In 2014 , Weinberg was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of the E Street Band . He said of the honor , " when you have that trophy in your hands , I 've never experienced anything like that . ... You 're walking around with this big heavy symbolic recognition of the work you 've done . " Meanwhile , he continued to play in a jazz idiom on his own , now with the Max Weinberg Quintet . In late October 2014 , Weinberg sat in for a surprise guest appearance on Conan . In early 2015 , Weinberg received the Humanitarian of the Year Award from Temple Rodeph Torah in Marlboro , New Jersey , in recognition of his volunteering in association with multiple local groups ; he said he was humbled to be accepting an award that focused on tikkun olam . Weinberg once again hit the road with Springsteen and the E Street Band for The River Tour 2016 in January 2016 . = = Drum equipment = = For many years , Weinberg 's gear included Ludwig and Pearl Drums and Zildjian cymbals ; he subsequently switched to DW Drums , but continues to use Zildjian cymbals . He also uses Remo heads and previously using Regal Tip drumsticks and brushes , he now uses Vater drumsticks , notably the 5A Nude wood tip model and Wire Tap brushes . His setup has always been simple , mostly consisting of a snare drum , mounted tom , bass drum and floor tom while his usual cymbal setup consists of two crash cymbals , a ride cymbal and a pair of hi @-@ hats , with an occasional third crash : " I 've got four drums . Anything more is redundant . Besides , I tend to trip over things . "
= Battle of Cooch 's Bridge = The Battle of Cooch 's Bridge , also known as the Battle of Iron Hill , was a battle fought on September 3 , 1777 , between the Continental Army and American militia and primarily German soldiers serving alongside the British Army during the American Revolutionary War . It was the only significant military action during the war on the soil of Delaware ( though there were also naval engagements off the state 's coast ) , and it took place about a week before the major Battle of Brandywine . Reportedly , the battle saw the first flying of the American flag . After landing in Maryland on August 25 as part of a campaign to capture Philadelphia , the seat of the Continental Congress , British and German forces under the overall command of General William Howe began to move north . Their advance was monitored by a light infantry corps of Continental Army and militia forces that had based itself at Cooch 's Bridge , near Newark , Delaware . On September 3 , German troops leading the British advance were met by musket fire from the American light infantry in the woods on either side of the road leading toward Cooch 's Bridge . Calling up reinforcements , they flushed the Americans out and drove them across the bridge . = = Background = = After having successfully captured New York City in 1776 , British military planners organized two expeditions to divide the Thirteen Colonies and , they hoped , decisively end the rebellion . One expedition was to take control of the Hudson River by a descent from Quebec , while the other was targeted at the colonial capital , Philadelphia . In pursuit of the latter objective , Lieutenant General William Howe embarked an army numbering about 18 @,@ 000 ( plus about 5 @,@ 000 camp followers ) onto transports in late July 1777 , and sailed from New York City to the Chesapeake Bay . The Continental Army of Major General George Washington remained near New York until Howe 's objective became clear . Howe 's plan was gauged to the south , intending to move against Philadelphia via the Chesapeake . Washington marched his army , numbering about 16 @,@ 000 , through Philadelphia , and established a camp at Wilmington , Delaware . Riding further south and west to perform reconnaissance on August 26 , Washington learned that the British had landed . On August 25 , Howe 's army disembarked below a small town called Head of Elk ( now known as Elkton , and located at the head of navigation of the Elk River ) in Maryland , about 50 miles ( 80 km ) south of Philadelphia . Due to the relatively poor quality of the landing area , his troops moved immediately to the north , reaching Head of Elk itself on August 28 . Advance troops consisting of British light infantry and German jägers went east across Elk Creek and occupied Gray 's Hill , about one mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) west of Iron Hill , near Cooch 's Bridge , which was a few miles south of Newark . The bridge was named for Thomas Cooch , a local landowner whose house was near the bridge . Washington would normally have assigned the duties of advance guard to Daniel Morgan and his riflemen , but he had detached these to assist Horatio Gates in the defense of the Hudson River Valley against the advance of General John Burgoyne . Since they were unavailable , he organized a light infantry corps consisting of 700 picked men from Continental Army regiments ( including future Supreme Court Chief Justice John Marshall , who would go on to fight in the coming battle ) and about 1 @,@ 000 Pennsylvania and Delaware militia , and placed them under the command of Brigadier General William Maxwell . These troops occupied Iron Hill and Cooch 's Bridge . General Nathanael Greene advocating moving the entire Continental Army to this position , believing the Christina River to be a more defensible point , but Washington declined , instead ordering Maxwell to monitor British movements and slow its advance while the rest of the army fortified the Red Clay Creek and Wilmington . Maxwell 's men were encamped on either side of the road leading south from Cooch 's Bridge toward Aiken 's Tavern ( present @-@ day Glasgow , Delaware ) in a series of small camps designed to facilitate ambushes . On August 28 , Washington , atop Iron Hill , and Howe , on Gray 's Hill , observed each other as they took stock of the enemy 's position ; one of the Hessian generals wrote , " These gentlemen observed us with their glasses as carefully as we observed them . Those of our officers who know Washington well , maintained that the man in the plain coat was Washington . " On September 2 , Howe 's right wing , under the command of the Hessian general , Wilhelm von Knyphausen , left Cecil County Court House and headed north , hampered by rain and bad roads . Early the next morning , Howe 's left wing , headed by troops under the command of Charles Cornwallis , left Head of Elk , expecting to join with Knyphausen 's division at Aiken 's Tavern , about 5 miles ( 8 @.@ 0 km ) east . Cornwallis reached the tavern first , and Howe , traveling with Cornwallis , decided to press on to the north without waiting for Knyphausen . = = Battle = = A small company of Hessian dragoons led by Captain Johann Ewald headed up the road from the tavern toward Cooch 's Bridge as Cornwallis 's advance guard . These were struck by a volley of fire from an American ambush , and many of them fell , either killed or wounded . Ewald did not , and he quickly alerted the Hessian and Ansbach jägers , who rushed forward to meet the Americans . This began a running skirmish that Major John André described as follows : " Here the rebels began to attack us about 9 o 'clock with a continued irregular fire for nearly two miles . " Howe rode to the front lines , and seeing Iron Hill crawling with enemy soldiers , ordered his troops to clear it . At this time , much of Maxwell 's force was defending Iron Hill , while the rest were protecting Cooch 's Bridge . The jägers , numbering over 400 men led by Lieutenant Colonel Ludwig von Wurmb , formed a line and , with the support of some artillery , advanced on the Americans . Von Wurmb sent one detachment to Maxwell 's left , hoping to flank his position , and supported the move with a bayonet charge against the American center . The battle lasted for much of the day ; at Cooch 's Bridge , Maxwell 's men made a stand until they " had shot themselves out of ammunition " and " the fight was carried on with the sword " and bayonet ( the latter being a weapon Maxwell 's militia lacked experience in using ) . After seven hours of fighting , the Americans were forced to retreat from Iron Hill across Cooch 's Bridge , taking up a position on the far side . Howe ordered the 1st and 2nd British Light Infantry Battalion to assist the jägers in taking the bridge . While the 1st Battalion under Robert Abercromby became mired in swampy terrain attempting to ford the Christina River , the 2nd Battalion reached the right of the jägers and the bridge was taken . Maxwell 's army then retreated back toward Wilmington . Casualty reports for the British range from 3 killed and 20 wounded to about 30 each killed and wounded . One British deserter reported that nine wagonloads of wounded were sent toward the fleet . The Americans claimed 20 killed and another 20 wounded , and Washington in a letter to Congress said the losses were " not very considerable " ; however , the British reported burying 41 Americans , and Howe 's official report claimed " not less than fifty killed and many more wounded " . General Maxwell was criticized for his leadership by a number of Washington 's subordinates . One foreign officer with service in the Army of Prussia commented to Henry Laurens in reference to Maxwell , " Your soldiers are very good mans , so good as any brave mans in the world , but your officers my dear colonel , your officers ... " = = Aftermath = = General Cornwallis occupied the house of Thomas Cooch , and Howe 's forces remained at Iron Hill for five days . In a letter to Congress , Washington justified the defeat by saying , " This Morning the Enemy came out with considerable force and three pieces of Artillery , against our Light advanced Corps , and after some pretty smart skirmishing obliged them to retreat , being far inferior in number and without Cannon . " Certain that Howe would advance along the main road toward Wilmington in his bid to capture Philadelphia , Washington continued to fortify the city and the Red Clay Creek . He moved his headquarters from Wilmington to Newport , and the army formed defenses between Newport and Marshallton . While Howe 's army remained in place , the two forces engaged in small skirmishes over the next few days . One officer under Howe noted that the rebel patrols , which usually consist of 10 to 15 dragoons and 20 to 30 infantrymen , now appear more often , and they fire at our posts occasionally . " Sensing an attack coming , Washington told his troops on September 5th , " Should they [ the British ] push their design against Philadelphia , on this route , their all is at stake — they will put the contest on the event of a single battle : If they are overthrown , they are utterly undone — the war is at an end . " Two days later , upon hearing that British ships had left the Chesapeake , Washington was sure Howe 's move was imminent . He rallied his troops , referencing Horatio Gates 's successes against the British in the north , saying " Who can forbear to emulate their [ Gates 's army ] noble spirit ? Who is there without ambition , to share with them , the applauses of their countrymen , and of all posterity , as the defenders of Liberty , and the procurers of peace and happiness to millions in the present and future generations ? Two years we have maintained the war and struggled with difficulties innumerable . But the prospect has since brightened , and our affairs put on a better face — Now is the time to reap the fruits of all our toils and dangers ! ... The eyes of all America , and of Europe are turned upon us . " But the attack never came . Instead , on September 8 , Howe moved his force north , through Newark and Hockessin into Pennsylvania . Upon realizing what the British were doing late in the night , Washington rushed his forces north as well to find a new defensive position . He settled on Chadds Ford , just across the Delaware border , upon the Brandywine River — the last natural defense before the Schuylkill River and Philadelphia . It was there that the two armies clashed again in the major Battle of Brandywine on September 11 . The British victory in that battle paved the way for their eventual entry into and occupation of the city of Philadelphia . This success was more than offset by the failure of the expedition to the Hudson , in which General Burgoyne surrendered his army after the Battles of Saratoga , in October 1777 . News of Burgoyne 's surrender greatly changed the war , because it ( and the Battle of Germantown , fought after the British occupied Philadelphia ) was a major factor in France 's decision to enter the war as an American ally in 1778 . = = Legacy = = The site of the battle has been preserved as the Cooch 's Bridge Historic District , and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places . In 2003 , the Cooch family sold the state some land as well as development rights for an additional 200 acres ( 81 ha ) of land in the area of the battlefield . They also established a $ 1 @.@ 5 million fund to restore and maintain the property , and granted the state a right of first refusal to purchase the Thomas Cooch house , which remained with the family . In 2007 , the 230th anniversary of the battle was commemorated by a re @-@ enactment event hosted by members of the recreated 2nd Virginia Regiment .
= Cantharellus lateritius = Cantharellus lateritius , commonly known as the smooth chanterelle , is a species of edible fungus in the Cantharellaceae family of mushrooms . A ectomycorrhizal species , it is found in Asia , Africa , and North America . The species has a complex taxonomic history , and has undergone several name changes since its first description by American mycologist Lewis David de Schweinitz in 1822 . The fruit bodies of the fungus are brightly colored yellow to orange , and usually highly conspicuous against the soil in which they are found . At maturity , the mushroom resembles a filled funnel with the spore @-@ bearing surface along the sloping outer sides . The texture of the fertile undersurface ( hymenium ) of the caps is a distinguishing characteristic of the species : unlike the well @-@ known golden chanterelle , the hymenium of C. lateritius is much smoother . Chemical analysis has revealed the presence of several carotenoid compounds in the fruit bodies . = = Taxonomy = = The species was first described in the scientific literature as Thelephora cantharella by the American Lewis David de Schweinitz in 1822 , based on specimens collected in Ohio . Elias Magnus Fries later transferred it to Craterellus in his 1838 Epicrisis Systematis Mycologici . In 1856 , Miles Joseph Berkeley and Moses Ashley Curtis mentioned the fungus in their analysis of Schweinitz 's specimens , but changed the epithet , calling it Craterellus lateritius . The motivation for the name change is unclear ; Ronald H. Petersen , in a 1979 publication , suggests that Berkeley " was apparently reluctant to surrender his own name for the organism " . Petersen suggests that Berkeley may have foreseen the necessity to avoid giving the species a tautonym ( a situation where both the generic name and specific epithet are identical ) . However , as Petersen indicates , a future publication renders this explanation dubious : in 1873 Berkeley again referred to the species using his chosen name Craterellus lateritius , and indicated a type location ( Alabama ) different than the one mentioned by Schweinitz . Petersen considers Berkeley 's name to be a nomen novum ( new name ) , not a new species , as Berkeley clearly indicated that he thought Craterellus lateritius was synonymous with Schweinitz 's Thelephora cantharella . Normally in these circumstances , Schweinitz 's specimen would be considered the type , but Petersen was unable to locate Schweinitz 's original specimen , and thus according to the rules of botanical nomenclature , Berkeley 's epithet has precedence as it is the earliest published name that has an associated type specimen . Another synonym is Trombetta lateritia , used by Otto Kuntze in his 1891 Revisio Generum Plantarum . American mycologist Rolf Singer transferred it to the genus Cantharellus in 1951 . The mushroom is commonly known as the " smooth chanterelle " . The specific name lateritius means " bricklike " , and refers to the smooth hymenium . = = Description = = The caps of the C. lateritius fruit bodies typically range between 2 to 9 cm ( 0 @.@ 8 to 3 @.@ 5 in ) in diameter , with a flattened to somewhat funnel @-@ shaped top surface and a wavy margin . The cap surface is dry , slightly tomentose ( covered with a layer of fine hairs ) , and a deep and bright orange @-@ yellow color , with older specimens fading to more yellow in age ; the extreme margins of the cap are a paler yellow , and typically curve downward in young specimens . Fruit bodies can reach a height of 12 cm ( 4 @.@ 7 in ) . The hymenophore ( the spore @-@ bearing surface ) is initially smooth and without wrinkles , but gradually develops channels or ridges , and what appear to be very shallow gills that are vein @-@ like , and less than 1 mm wide . The color is pale yellow , and is continuous with the surface of the stem . The stem is rather plump and stout , 1 @.@ 5 to 4 @.@ 5 cm ( 0 @.@ 6 to 1 @.@ 8 in ) long and 0 @.@ 5 to 1 @.@ 7 cm ( 0 @.@ 2 to 0 @.@ 7 in ) thick , more or less cylindrical , tapering downwards towards the base . Internally , the stems are either stuffed ( filled with cotton @-@ like mycelia ) or solid . Rarely , fruit bodies may be clumped together with stems joined at the base ; in these cases there are usually no more than three fused stems . The flesh is solid to partly hollow ( sometimes due to insect larvae ) , with a pale yellow color ; it is 0 @.@ 5 to 0 @.@ 9 cm ( 0 @.@ 2 to 0 @.@ 4 in ) thick . The spores are smooth , with a roughly ellipsoid shape , and have typical dimensions of 7 – 7 @.@ 5 by 4 @.@ 5 – 5 µm . In deposit , such as in a spore print , the spores are light yellow orange , while under the microscope they are a very pale yellowish . The spore bearing cells — the basidia — are 75 – 80 by 7 – 9 µm , 4 @-@ 5 @-@ 6 @-@ spored , slightly club @-@ shaped , and with a distinctly thickened wall at the base . Clamp connections ( short branches connecting one cell to the previous cell to allow passage of the products of nuclear division ) are present in the hyphae of all parts of the fruit body . = = = Similar species = = = Cantharellus lateritius is pinker than the golden chanterelle ( C. cibarius ) , and has thicker flesh in addition to the smoother hymenial surface . C. odoratus is also similar in appearance , and is distinguished by a thinner flesh and a hollow stem . The poisonous " Jack O 'Lantern " mushroom , Omphalotus olearius , is roughly similar in stature and color , but can be differentiated from C. lateritius by its true gills with sharply defined edges , and growth on decaying wood ( although the wood may be buried in the soil ) , usually in large overlapping clusters . One author considers Cantharellus lateritius to likely represent a species complex , including " all the chanterelles with a completely smooth hymenophore , sweet smell , and clamped hyphae . " = = = Edibility = = = Like all species in the genus Cantharellus , C. lateritius is edible , and considered choice by some . The odor resembles apricots , and the taste is mild , or " moderately to faintly acrid " . In the opinion of McFarland and Mueller , authors of a field guide to edible fungi of Illinois , compared to the well @-@ known C. cibarius , C. lateritius is " in general ... somewhat disappointing when compared with their delicious relatives " . = = Distribution and habitat = = Cantharellus lateritius is distributed in North America , Africa , Malaysia , and the Himalayas ( specifically , the Almora hills in Uttar Pradesh ) . In the United States , its range extends northward to Michigan and New England . Typically found growing solitary , in groups or in clusters under hardwood trees , the fungus produces fruit bodies in the summer and autumn . In the New England area of the United States , mycologist Howard Bigelow has noted it to grow on road shoulders in grass near oaks ; it also has a predilection for growing on sloping creek banks . In Malaysia , it is found growing on the soil in forests , mostly under species of Shorea ( rainforest trees in the family Dipterocarpaceae ) . C. lateritius has been reported from the Western Ghats , Kerala , India , forming ectomycorrhizal association with endemic tree species like Vateria indica , Hopea parviflora , Diospyros malabarica , Myristica malabarica in semi @-@ evergreen to evergreen forests . = = Bioactive compounds = = In a 1998 study , the carotenoid composition of this species was compared to several other Cantharellus species , including C. cibarus , C. cibarius var. amythysteus , and C. tabernensis . The carotenoid content between species was " virtually identical " , comprising γ @-@ carotene , α @-@ carotene , and β @-@ carotene . The only significant difference was that C. lateritius contained a significant quantity of an unidentified carotene that was thought to be a breakdown product of β @-@ carotene .
= Beriah Magoffin = Beriah Magoffin ( April 18 , 1815 – February 28 , 1885 ) was the 21st Governor of Kentucky , serving during the early part of the Civil War . Personally , Magoffin adhered to a states ' rights position , including the right of a state to secede from the Union , and he sympathized with the Confederate cause . Nevertheless , when the Kentucky General Assembly adopted a position of neutrality in the war , Magoffin ardently held to it , refusing calls for aid from both the Union and Confederate governments . In special elections held in June 1861 , Unionists captured nine of Kentucky 's ten congressional seats and obtained two @-@ thirds majorities in both houses of the state legislature . Despite Magoffin 's strict adherence to the policy of neutrality , the Unionist legislature did not trust him and routinely overrode his vetoes . Unable to provide effective leadership due to a hostile legislature , Magoffin agreed to resign as governor in 1862 , provided he could choose his successor . Lieutenant governor Linn Boyd had died in office , and Magoffin refused to allow Speaker of the Senate John F. Fisk to succeed him as governor . Accordingly , Fisk resigned and the Kentucky Senate elected Magoffin 's choice , James F. Robinson , as speaker . Magoffin then resigned , Robinson ascended to the governorship , and Fisk was re @-@ elected as Speaker of the Senate . After the war , he encouraged acceptance of the Union victory and passage of the Thirteenth Amendment . He died February 28 , 1885 . Magoffin County , Kentucky was named in his honor . = = Early life = = Beriah Magoffin was born on April 18 , 1815 in Harrodsburg , Kentucky . He was the son of Beriah and Jane ( McAfee ) Magoffin . His father was an immigrant from County Down , Ireland , and his mother was the daughter of Samuel McAfee , a prominent pioneer in early Kentucky . Magoffin 's early education was obtained in the common schools of Harrodsburg . In 1835 , he graduated from Centre College in Danville , Kentucky , and in 1838 , he earned a law degree from Transylvania University in Lexington , Kentucky . Afterward , he moved to Jackson , Mississippi where he began his legal career . From 1838 to 1839 , he served as Reading Clerk for the Mississippi state senate . Magoffin returned to Kentucky in 1839 due to an illness . He continued his legal practice in Harrodsburg , and was appointed police judge of Harrodsburg by Governor Robert P. Letcher in 1840 . On April 21 , 1840 , he married Anna Nelson Shelby . Shelby was the granddaughter of Kentucky 's first and fifth governor , Isaac Shelby . Ten of the couple 's children survived infancy . Magoffin became active in the Democratic Party , serving as a presidential elector in 1844 , 1848 , 1852 , and 1856 and as a delegate to the Democratic National Convention in 1848 , 1856 , 1860 , and 1872 . He served one term in the Kentucky Senate in 1850 , but declined his party 's nomination for a seat in the U.S. House of Representatives in 1851 . In 1855 was the Democratic nominee for lieutenant governor , running on a ticket with Beverly L. Clarke , who was defeated by Know Nothing candidate Charles S. Morehead . = = Governor of Kentucky = = Magoffin was elected governor of Kentucky by a vote of 76 @,@ 187 to 67 @,@ 283 over Joshua Fry Bell , taking office on August 30 , 1859 . He supported states ' rights and the institution of slavery . Although he believed in the right of states to secede from the union , he hoped to avoid this outcome by reaching an agreement between the southern and northern states . To that end , he wrote a circular letter to the governors of the slave states on December 9 , 1860 detailing a plan to save the Union . Magoffin 's plan was to unite the slave states around a set of minimum concessions to see if the North would accept them as an alternative to war . The concessions included a constitutional amendment repealing any state law that interfered with enforcement of the Fugitive Slave Act , passage of amendments to the Fugitive Slave Act ensuring that any state that would not return a fugitive slave or obstructed a slave 's return would compensate the owner of the slave , passage of a law requiring extradition of anyone indicted by a grand jury for enticing the escape of a slave , passage of an amendment to the constitution guaranteeing slavery in all current and future territories south of 36 degrees north latitude , passage of an amendment to the constitution guaranteeing all states the right of using the Mississippi River , and provide protection for southern states in the U.S. Senate from oppressive slavery legislation . After the slave state governors refused Magoffin 's plan , he endorsed the Crittenden Compromise , authored by fellow Kentuckian John J. Crittenden . In January 1861 , Magoffin called the state legislature into special session and asked them to call a convention to determine Kentucky 's course in the Civil War . The Unionist majority in the legislature feared that the vote of the convention would be to take Kentucky out of the Union ; consequently , they refused to call the convention . In response to President Abraham Lincoln 's call for troops on April 15 , 1861 , Magoffin defiantly declared by telegram , " I will send not a man nor a dollar for the wicked purpose of subduing my sister Southern States . " Encouraged by Magoffin 's rebuff of Lincoln , Confederate Secretary of War LeRoy Pope Walker requested Kentucky troops for the southern cause a week later , but Magoffin similarly refused him . Magoffin called another special session of the legislature in May 1861 . Again , the legislators refused to call a convention to determine the state 's course in the war . Instead , they approved a resolution of neutrality , and Magoffin proclaimed this position on May 20 , 1861 . Later that month , Magoffin sent a letter to Confederate President Jefferson Davis asking that he recognize and honor Kentucky 's neutrality . In August , he sent an identical letter to President Lincoln . Although Magoffin pledged " to abide by the will of the majority of the people in the state " and to uphold the state and federal constitutions , Unionists in the legislature did not trust Magoffin . In the state 's special elections in June 1861 , Unionist candidates swept nine of Kentucky 's ten congressional districts and obtained two @-@ thirds majorities in both houses of the General Assembly . From then on , they routinely overrode Magoffin 's vetoes . In early September 1861 , both federal and Confederate troops entered Kentucky . Magoffin declared both sides equally guilty of violating Kentucky 's neutrality and demanded that both sides withdraw . A resolution calling for immediate withdrawal by both Union and Confederate forces was defeated in the legislature . Instead , the legislature passed a resolution ordering only the Confederate troops out of the state . Magoffin vetoed the resolution , but his veto was overridden , and he obediently issued the order for the Confederates to withdraw . In November 1861 , a self @-@ constituted convention of southern sympathizers met at Russellville , Kentucky in order to form a provisional Confederate government for the state . Despite his southern sympathies , Magoffin denounced the actions of this convention . Magoffin and the legislature continued to clash throughout the remainder of 1861 and into 1862 . They found agreement only on the most menial of legislation , such as a bill to allow the common schools to continue the sessions that had been interrupted by the outbreak of hostilities in 1861 . He found particularly onerous a bill forfeiting the citizenship of anyone who fought for or aided the Confederacy , but in March 1862 , his veto of the bill was overridden . Magoffin also opposed the military rule of Brigadier General Jeremiah T. Boyle , who he believed was violating the civil rights of states ' rights advocates , even if they did not advocate secession . Calls by the legislature for Magoffin 's resignation had begun as early as September 30 , 1861 . On August 16 , 1862 , Magoffin declared his willingness to resign on the condition that he be allowed to choose his successor . Because Lieutenant Governor Linn Boyd had died in office in 1859 , Speaker of the Senate John F. Fisk was next in line for the governorship . Magoffin refused to accept Fisk as his successor , so Fisk resigned as speaker and the senate elevated Magoffin 's choice , James F. Robinson , to speaker . Magoffin resigned as governor on August 18 , 1862 , and Robinson assumed the office of governor for the remainder of Magoffin 's term . = = Later life and death = = After the war , Magoffin returned to his legal practice and engaged in agricultural pursuits in Harrodsburg . A series of land speculation ventures near Chicago , Illinois made him very wealthy . He encouraged his fellow Kentuckians to accept the results of the war . He advocated for civil rights for blacks and urged passage of the Thirteenth Amendment . In his last act of public service , Magoffin represented Mercer County in the Kentucky House of Representatives from 1867 to 1869 . He died at home on February 28 , 1885 and was buried in Spring Hill Cemetery in Harrodsburg . In 1900 , a monument was erected in the cemetery in Magoffin 's honor . Magoffin County , Kentucky was created in 1860 and also named in his honor .
= Cyclone Bobby = Severe Tropical Cyclone Bobby set numerous monthly rainfall records in parts of the Goldfields @-@ Esperance regions of Western Australia , dropping up to 400 mm ( 16 in ) of rain in February 1995 . The fourth named storm of the 1994 – 95 Australian region cyclone season , Bobby developed as a tropical low embedded within a monsoon trough situated north of the Northern Territory coastline on 19 February . The storm gradually drifted southwestward and later southward under low wind shear , strengthening enough to be assigned the name Bobby by the Australian Bureau of Meteorology ( BoM ) . The storm rapidly deepened as it approached the coast of Western Australia , and attained its peak intensity of 925 mbar ( hPa ; 27 @.@ 32 inHg ) at 0900 UTC on 24 February with 10 @-@ minute maximum sustained winds of 195 km / h ( 120 mph ) . After making landfall as a somewhat weaker cyclone near Onslow , the remnants of Bobby drifted southeastward , gradually weakening , before dissipating over the southern reaches of Western Australia . Bobby inflicted minor damage throughout Western Australia , dropping copious rainfall and forcing the closure of many facilities and roads . The storm 's destruction was most severe in Onslow , where 20 residences suffered damage . Elsewhere , Bobby knocked out power and water supplies , unroofed houses , tore off rain gutters , toppled fences , and smashed windows . The flooding of a 17 km ( 11 mi ) stretch of the Eyre Highway stranded approximately 1000 vehicles , although the backup was later cleared more than a week later . Flooding disrupted mining and drilling operations throughout southwestern Australia , costing the industry upwards of $ 50 million ( 1995 AUD ; $ 38 @.@ 7 million USD ) . Numerous Australian Army and State Emergency Service ( SES ) personnel were involved in cleanup and recovery efforts after the cyclone 's passage , while power and water service was restored to those cut off during the storm . Overall , the cyclone caused eight deaths and $ 11 million ( 1995 AUD ; $ 8 @.@ 5 million USD ) in damage along its course across Western Australia . = = Meteorological history = = The origins of Cyclone Bobby can be traced to a tropical low that formed within a monsoon trough off of the Northern Territory 's shores on 19 February 1995 . Further organization was initially hindered by strong easterly wind shear as it drifted toward the west @-@ southwest along the northern fringes of a mid @-@ level zonal ridge . The latitudinal ridge was perturbed by a broad frontal system from 21 to 22 February , reducing wind shear around the low and producing favorable conditions for development . Swift tropical cyclogenesis followed as the convection – thunderstorms – strengthened around the system 's surface circulation , and the storm was assigned the name Bobby by the Australian Bureau of Meteorology ( BoM ) during the early morning hours of 22 February while stationed approximately 500 km ( 310 mi ) north of Port Hedland , making it the fourth named storm of the Australian region cyclone season . Bobby continued to strengthen over the following days while meandering south @-@ southwestward toward the mid @-@ level ridge , and attained Category 1 @-@ equivalent intensity on the Saffir – Simpson hurricane wind scale at 0000 UTC on 23 February , with 1 @-@ minute maximum sustained winds of 120 km / h ( 75 mph ) , according to the Joint Typhoon Warning Center ( JTWC ) . Bobby slowed slightly and moved erratically as it neared the Western Australian coastline , turning southward while rapidly strengthening . It attained its peak intensity of 925 mbar ( hPa ; 27 @.@ 32 inHg ) at 0900 UTC on 24 February , producing 1 @-@ minute sustained winds upwards of 205 km / h ( 125 mph ) and 10 @-@ minute winds of 195 km / h ( 120 mph ) , equivalent to a Category 3 hurricane on the Saffir – Simpson scale or a Category 4 cyclone on the Australian scale . Hurricane @-@ force winds ' radius around the cyclone 's center decreased from 80 km ( 50 mi ) to less than 30 km ( 19 mi ) ; however , gale @-@ force winds continued to reach as far as 150 km ( 93 mi ) outward from the center , consistent with satellite imagery . The cyclone continued to trek southward under the influence of a northeast @-@ moving frontal system , and made landfall near Onslow at 1800 UTC on 25 February with a minimum atmospheric pressure of 952 mbar ( hPa ; 28 @.@ 11 inHg ) . Bobby persisted for another two days , travelling southward for 24 hours before curving to the southeast and dissipating over southwestern Australia . = = Preparations , impact , and aftermath = = Prior to the storm 's arrival , approximately 1 @,@ 000 Aboriginals and individuals living on pastoral stations were evacuated from parts of Pilbara to safer regions ; another 7 people were evacuated to the local hospital in Onslow , the local designated evacuation center for the cyclone . The Onslow Airport was closed , as were Karratha 's airport , port , and the Griffin oil field managed by Woodside Petroleum . Many other airports , roads , and ports along the Western Australian shoreline were also shut down prior to Bobby 's landfall , including the North West Coastal Highway between Onslow and Karratha . In addition , three towns in Western Australia were placed under red alerts . In Onslow , Bobby damaged or unroofed 20 homes and caused power outages after toppling power lines ; in addition , powerful winds tore off rain gutters , damaged radio antennas , toppled fences , and smashed windows . Over 400 mm ( 16 in ) of rain fell there , while numerous February rainfall records were broken in the Goldfields @-@ Esperance region ; Onslow received only 95 millimetres ( 3 @.@ 7 in ) of rain in the six months before Bobby , and annual rainfall in the region averaged 225 to 285 mm ( 8 @.@ 9 to 11 @.@ 2 in ) ; most other parts of Western Australia received 100 to 175 mm ( 3 @.@ 9 to 6 @.@ 9 in ) of rainfall from the cyclone . Although 11 fishermen were initially reported missing , all were later verified to be safe . The 61 @,@ 000 @-@ tonne ship Bulk Azores ran aground at Kendrew Island near Dampier while transporting iron ore , though no spillage was noted and the vessel resumed its journey shortly thereafter . Several other boats thought to be missing were driven ashore , although the Lady Pam and Harmony were not found ; despite an extensive search involving three helicopters , three airplanes , and numerous police divers , the seven on board were later presumed dead after the Harmony was found capsized and an empty lifeboat from the Lady Pam were located . In Karratha , the cyclone unroofed several homes , toppled trees and power lines , and caused localised flooding . The mining community of Pannawonica also experienced power outages , while elsewhere in Western Australia , the Fortescue , Ashburton , and Gascoyne river drainage basins were flooded . In southern portions of the state , Bobby 's remnants flooded the Eyre Highway at Balladonia and 26 km ( 16 mi ) east of Norseman , forcing the closure of a 17 km ( 11 mi ) stretch of road , and stranding 1000 vehicles . Among them included trucks carrying 45 tonnes of stage equipment for two Cliff Richard concerts in Perth , forcing postponement of both , and stage equipment for a performance of the play An Inspector Calls , which was cancelled as a result of the problems . The cyclone also disrupted gold and mineral mining work in southern Western Australia , closing landing strips at Leinster and Wiluna . Nickel mining near Leinster , mostly from WMC Resources 's Mount Keith Mine , was impeded by rainfall which obstructed extraction of ore from the pit . The Super Pit gold mine at Kalgoorlie , meanwhile , was closed after 156 mm ( 6 @.@ 1 in ) of precipitation fell within a three @-@ day period ; all major mines within the vicinity were forced to halt operations . Meanwhile , the Kanowna Belle , New Celebration , Sons of Gwalia , and dozens of other open @-@ pit mines also suspended mining activities due to obstructed roads as well as wet pits and facilities . Several mines suffered fuel shortages , with many roads inaccessible to fuel @-@ transporting vehicles . While the North Rankin A and Goodwyn oil platforms were in the path of Bobby , both facilities escaped damage , and in fact drilled considerably higher amounts as a result of increased demand for gas from utilities on land . The adjacent Perseus platform , however , temporarily shut down operations . Australian gold industry officials estimated total economic disruptions amounted to upwards of $ 50 million ( 1995 AUD ; $ 38 @.@ 7 million USD ) . Officials coordinated the delivery of food supplies by Australian Army trucks , aircraft , and helicopters , though a military vehicle delivering tarpaulins , radios , and food parcels was caught in mud at Blackheart Creek near Onslow ; Australian Army personnel and six State Emergency Service ( SES ) vehicles were deployed to Onslow for cleanup efforts . Food supplies were airlifted to mostly unpopulated regions of central and eastern Pilbara , where several pastoral stations and Aboriginal localities were cut off by the storm ; many of the stations received moderate damage as a result of Bobby . Despite the area 's relative isolation , electrical and water service was restored relatively rapidly without issue . The Eyre Highway reopened on 5 March after police , road crews , and SES workers cleared out a jam involving more than 1500 individuals affected by the roadway 's flooding . Meanwhile , the government of Australia nullified fuel excises for foreign vessels carrying Australian cargo between parts of Western Australia affected by Bobby due to the lack of usable road and rail routes . In all , the cyclone caused eight deaths , seven out at sea and one due to drowning at Carnarvon , and insured damages totalled $ 11 million ( 1995 AUD ; $ 8 @.@ 5 million USD ) . Due to the cyclone 's severity , the name Bobby was retired after the season ended .
= U.S. Route 60 in Oklahoma = U.S. Route 60 ( US @-@ 60 ) is a transcontinental U.S. highway extending from near Brenda , Arizona to Virginia Beach , Virginia on the Atlantic Ocean . Along the way , 352 @.@ 39 miles ( 567 @.@ 12 km ) of the route lies within the state of Oklahoma . The highway crosses into the state from Texas west of Arnett and serves many towns and cities in the northern part of the state , including Arnett , Seiling , Fairview , Enid , Ponca City , Pawhuska , Bartlesville , and Vinita . US @-@ 60 exits Oklahoma near Seneca , Missouri . In Oklahoma , US @-@ 60 has three business routes , serving Tonkawa , Ponca City , and Seneca . The first 60 @.@ 2 miles ( 96 @.@ 9 km ) of the route , from the Texas line to Seiling , is also designated as State Highway 51 ( SH @-@ 51 ) . US @-@ 60 , as originally designated , did not enter Oklahoma . Instead , it ended in Springfield , Missouri , continuing east from there . AASHO approved an extension of US @-@ 60 on May 29 , 1930 , which extended it west through Oklahoma to Amarillo , Texas . US @-@ 60 's extension displaced US @-@ 164 in its entirety ; that designation was then retired . = = Route description = = US @-@ 60 enters Oklahoma in Ellis County , just east of Higgins , Texas . SH @-@ 51 begins at the state line concurrent with US @-@ 60 , and will remain so for the next 60 @.@ 2 miles ( 96 @.@ 9 km ) . The highways head due east from the state line for seven miles ( 11 km ) before coming to an intersection with US @-@ 283 . US @-@ 283 follows US @-@ 60 and SH @-@ 51 into Arnett , where they serve as the southern terminus for SH @-@ 46 . East of Arnett , US @-@ 283 splits off to the south . US @-@ 60 / SH @-@ 51 continue east through the unincorporated location of Harmon and on into Dewey County . In the northwest part of Dewey County , US @-@ 60 / SH @-@ 51 pass through Vici , where they share a brief concurrency with SH @-@ 34 . The highways continue east for 11 miles ( 18 km ) to Cestos , another unincorporated place , and proceed for eight miles ( 13 km ) to a junction with US @-@ 183 . US @-@ 60 / SH @-@ 51 then enter the city of Seiling , where the two routes part ways . SH @-@ 51 turns southeast along eastbound US @-@ 270 , southbound US @-@ 281 , and southbound SH @-@ 3 ; US @-@ 60 instead follows westbound US @-@ 270 , northbound US @-@ 281 , and northbound SH @-@ 3 . The four routes pass through downtown Seiling . On the north side of town , US @-@ 270 and SH @-@ 3 continue to the northwest , while US @-@ 60 and US @-@ 281 take a more northerly tack that will take them towards Major County . US @-@ 60 and US @-@ 281 cross the North Canadian River into Major County north of Seiling . They split at unincorporated Chester , five miles ( 8 @.@ 0 km ) north of Seiling ; US @-@ 281 continues north toward Waynoka , while US @-@ 60 turns east . US @-@ 60 then passes through a series of unincorporated locations : Orion , Bado , Dane , and Cedar Springs . The highway next enters Fairview , the county seat . On the south side of town , US @-@ 60 and SH @-@ 58 join in a concurrency and head north . In downtown Fairview , SH @-@ 58 leaves the concurrency but SH @-@ 8 joins US @-@ 60 as it continues north out of town . Six miles ( 9 @.@ 7 km ) north of Fairview , US @-@ 60 and SH @-@ 8 meet US @-@ 412 at unincorporated Orienta ; US @-@ 412 joins the concurrency . The three highways cross the Cimarron River together before SH @-@ 8 splits off to the north towards Cleo Springs . US @-@ 60 and US @-@ 412 continue to the east , meeting up with SH @-@ 58 again on the north edge of Ringwood . The two US highways pass through Meno before coming to the Major – Garfield County line . Soon after entering Garfield County , US @-@ 60 / US @-@ 412 run through Lahoma . Three miles ( 4 @.@ 8 km ) east of there , they share a brief concurrency with SH @-@ 132 . The two highways enter the county seat of Garfield County , the city of Enid , along Owen K. Garriott Road , named in honor of the astronaut . In downtown Enid , US @-@ 60 turns off of Garriott and onto Van Buren Street , leaving US @-@ 412 and joining US @-@ 81 instead . The two routes proceed north towards a junction with US @-@ 64 , which joins the other US routes to form a three @-@ way concurrency — a wrong @-@ way concurrency , as US @-@ 60 eastbound is also US @-@ 64 westbound and vice versa . The routes straddle the line between Enid and North Enid and serve as the eastern terminus of SH @-@ 45 . All three highways then exit Enid , and continue north to leave Garfield County as well . Upon leaving Garfield County , US @-@ 60 / US @-@ 64 / US @-@ 81 enter Grant County . Fourteen miles ( 23 km ) north of Enid , the three routes come to a T junction ; US @-@ 64 turns west here , while US @-@ 60 and US @-@ 81 head east . After four miles ( 6 @.@ 4 km ) , the highways come to the town of Pond Creek ; here US @-@ 81 splits off towards the county seat of Medford and on to Kansas . US @-@ 60 continues east , crossing the Salt Fork of the Arkansas River and briefly concurring with SH @-@ 74 to the west of Lamont , where the two part ways . Kay County is the next county US @-@ 60 passes through , and the first settlement US @-@ 60 comes to is the city of Tonkawa . Here , US @-@ 60 has an interchange with one of the two interstate highways it will meet in Oklahoma , Interstate 35 ( I @-@ 35 ) . East of I @-@ 35 , US @-@ 60 begins a concurrency with US @-@ 77 ; this interchange is also the western terminus of US @-@ 60 Business , which serves downtown Tonkawa . US @-@ 177 joins the concurrency at the next interchange , which is also the other end of the Tonkawa business loop . Further east is an interchange with SH @-@ 156 , the northern terminus of that route . US @-@ 60 / US @-@ 77 / US @-@ 177 then reach the outskirts of Ponca City , Kay County 's largest city . Ponca City , too , has a business loop from US @-@ 60 , which begins at the next interchange east . The three U.S. routes mostly bypass the city to the south , only actually entering the city limits at its far southern extent . In Ponca City , US @-@ 60 Business reunites with mainline US @-@ 60 and ends . This intersection is also where the three @-@ way concurrency between the U.S. routes breaks ; US @-@ 77 heads north along US @-@ 60 Business , deeper into Ponca City , US @-@ 177 heads south toward Stillwater , and US @-@ 60 heads east to cross the Arkansas River . Upon crossing the Arkansas , US @-@ 60 enters Osage County and the Osage Nation reservation , which is coterminous with the county . US @-@ 60 does not have another junction with a state highway for 21 miles ( 34 km ) , when it comes to an intersection with SH @-@ 11 and SH @-@ 18 southeast of Burbank . SH @-@ 11 splits away from SH @-@ 18 to follow US @-@ 60 instead . From the SH @-@ 18 junction , the highways ' next state highway junction lies 20 miles ( 32 km ) further east , in Pawhuska , the county seat . Here , US @-@ 60 and SH @-@ 11 come to a T intersection with SH @-@ 99 ; eastbound SH @-@ 11 heads south along SH @-@ 99 while US @-@ 60 heads north . North of Pawhuska , US @-@ 60 splits off to the east once again , as SH @-@ 99 continues north to the Kansas line . US @-@ 60 serves as the northern terminus of a spur route to Osage Hills State Park ; this route , while state maintained and numbered as SH @-@ 35 , does not bear any conventional state highway signage . US @-@ 60 next comes to a junction with SH @-@ 123 as it enters Bartlesville . The SH @-@ 123 junction lies a few feet into Washington County ; south of the junction , US @-@ 60 and SH @-@ 123 form a concurrency , and the two routes curve slightly to the west and straddle the Washington – Osage county line . After only 0 @.@ 2 miles ( 0 @.@ 32 km ) , US @-@ 60 turns to the east along Adams Boulevard , splitting away from SH @-@ 123 , and fully enters Washington County . US @-@ 60 runs through downtown Bartlesville on Adams , then bridges the Caney River . The highway continues to an interchange with US @-@ 75 . At this interchange , US @-@ 60 turns south and overlaps US @-@ 75 before splitting off to the east once again , leaving Bartlesville and , soon , Washington County behind . Next along US @-@ 60 's route is Nowata County , and the county seat of the same name , 17 miles ( 27 km ) east of Bartlesville . In Nowata , the route uses a series of local streets to pass through town , following , from west to east , Davis Avenue , Pecan Street , Delaware Avenue , and Pine Street before turning onto Cherokee Avenue . It intersects with US @-@ 169 Alternate at Maple Street , then with US @-@ 169 itself at Ash Street . In the east part of Nowata , US @-@ 60 transitions from Cherokee Avenue to Fairview Avenue , which it remains on as it exits town . Three miles ( 4 @.@ 8 km ) east of Nowata , the highway passes through unincorporated Coodys Bluff , where it crosses the Verdigris River. five miles ( 8 @.@ 0 km ) east of Coody 's Bluff , the highway junctions with SH @-@ 28 . US @-@ 60 continues into Craig County , leaving Nowata County . US @-@ 60 's first highway junction in Craig County is at the eastern terminus of SH @-@ 66 east of the incorporated location of White Oak . US @-@ 60 then proceeds east , joining with US @-@ 69 as the two head into Vinita , the county seat . In Vinita , the highways serve as the southern terminus of the northern SH @-@ 2 . Just outside Vinita , US @-@ 60 has its first interchange with I @-@ 44 , which is also carrying the Will Rogers Turnpike at this point ( this is US @-@ 69 's second I @-@ 44 junction ; it previously intersected I @-@ 44 near Big Cabin ) . Four miles ( 6 @.@ 4 km ) east of the I @-@ 44 junction , US @-@ 60 / US @-@ 69 serve as the northern terminus of SH @-@ 82 . East of here , the two US highways clip the corner of Delaware County ; while in Delaware County , they meet SH @-@ 85 at is northern terminus . Ottawa County is the final Oklahoma county that both US @-@ 60 and US @-@ 69 will pass through . The two routes first pass through the town of Afton . The first highway junction in the county is with US @-@ 59 , which concurs with the other two highways . Less than a mile north of the US @-@ 59 junction , the three highways pass through a cloverleaf interchange ; proceeding north through this interchange places a motorist on US @-@ 59 / US @-@ 69 bound for Miami , heading west leads to the toll booth for I @-@ 44 , and turning east puts the motorist on US @-@ 60 eastbound . US @-@ 60 , now with no other highways concurrent with it , will parallel the BNSF rail line for the remainder of its time in Oklahoma . The next town the route passes through is Fairland ; here , it has a brief concurrency with SH @-@ 125 . US @-@ 60 crosses the Neosho River ( also known as the Grand River ) into Twin Bridges State Park . Within the park , the highway serves as the southern terminus of SH @-@ 137 . US @-@ 60 crosses the Spring River to exit the park . Northeast of Wyandotte , US @-@ 60 has a brief concurrency with SH @-@ 10 . As it approaches the state line , US @-@ 60 Business splits from US @-@ 60 , serving Seneca , Missouri . US @-@ 60 then leaves Oklahoma , continuing into Newton County , Missouri . = = History = = US @-@ 60 as designated in the original U.S. highway system had a western terminus in Springfield , Missouri . On May 29 , 1930 , AASHO approved an extension westward to Amarillo , Texas , bringing the route through Oklahoma for the first time . From west to east , US @-@ 60 displaced US @-@ 164 ( from Amarillo to Enid , its entire length ) , SH @-@ 11 ( from Ponca City to Pawhuska ) , and SH @-@ 25 ( from Pawhuska to Vinita ) . The section of highway between what was then US @-@ 59 / US @-@ 66 / US @-@ 69 ( now only US @-@ 59 / US @-@ 69 ) north of Afton and Seneca , Missouri was purpose @-@ built as US @-@ 60 . The first two changes to US @-@ 60 in Oklahoma after its inception occurred in the northeastern part of the state . The highway 's routing through Bartlesville was changed on September 15 , 1936 . On October 22 , 1936 , a section of US @-@ 60 and SH @-@ 48 ( the precursor to SH @-@ 99 in that area ) in Osage County north of Pawhuska was abandoned in favor of a new alignment that led to a new grade separation . At the request of the Ponca City Chamber of Commerce , the Oklahoma Highway Commission approved several changes to the highway marking in the vicinity of that city . Both US @-@ 77 and US @-@ 60 had a bypass route marked around town as a " Belt Line " , while city routes ( the precursor to business routes ) were marked through town . The US @-@ 60 Belt Line approximated the route of present @-@ day US @-@ 60 Business , while the US @-@ 60 City Route penetrated further into downtown Ponca City . These routes were established on September 9 , 1938 . US @-@ 60 would be realigned through many of the towns it served in the late 1940s and early 1950s . The highway was adjusted through Fairland to use Connor Avenue , a shorter , straighter route through town ; this change was approved on July 11 , 1949 . The highway 's route through Nowata was altered next , on November 13 , 1950 . Previously , US @-@ 60 followed Delaware Avenue to Oak Street , where it turned south , before turning back to the east on Cherokee Avenue ; after the change , it turns south on Pine Street and joins Cherokee Avenue further west . On the same date , the highway was realigned through Bartlesville . The US @-@ 60 system through Ponca City was next to be reworked , on July 14 , 1952 . The previous US @-@ 60 and US @-@ 77 Belt Line routes and City Routes were removed in favor of a new US @-@ 60 route bypassing the city to the south on Harding Avenue and proceeding east across a new Arkansas River bridge — the present day route . Further west , US @-@ 60 and US @-@ 177 were realigned in Tonkawa on May 4 , 1953 , replacing an alternate US @-@ 60 / US @-@ 177 that previously paralleled the main highway there . The mid @-@ 1950s saw two alterations of US @-@ 60 in rural areas . The first concerned the section of US @-@ 60 between then @-@ US @-@ 59 / US @-@ 66 / US @-@ 69 and Fairland . Previously , US @-@ 60 diverged from the other three U.S. routes further north and headed due east towards Fairview . The new ( present @-@ day ) alignment of US @-@ 60 , approved December 17 , 1956 , instead diverged at an interchange also serving the Will Rogers Turnpike , then headed northeast to Fairland . After realignment , the route was 1 @.@ 4 miles ( 2 @.@ 3 km ) shorter than before . The next change occurred on April 23 , 1957 , in Major County , northeast of Orienta . Here , the highway was realigned due to a new bridge over the Cimarron River ; the old highway was turned over to Major County to maintain . On July 17 , 1958 , the Highway Commission approved a reroute of US @-@ 60 and US @-@ 81 through Enid . Rather than passing through the north half of the city on Grand Avenue and North Enid Boulevard as the two routes did previously , they now proceeded north along Van Buren Avenue . The next changes to the route occurred in Osage County . A 3 @.@ 1 @-@ mile ( 5 @.@ 0 km ) segment of US @-@ 60 / SH @-@ 11 west of Pawhuska with many curves was replaced with a newer , straighter alignment on October 6 , 1958 , with the old highway segment being transferred to the county . Further straightening of the route , further west , was approved on April 3 , 1961 . The easternmost stretch of US @-@ 60 in Oklahoma was revised in 1965 . Previously , US @-@ 60 passed directly through Seneca , Missouri . In 1965 , the Oklahoma and Missouri Departments of Highways submitted a request to reroute US @-@ 60 to the south , and to redesignate a portion of old US @-@ 60 serving Seneca , as well as a segment of Missouri Route 43 connecting to the new US @-@ 60 , as US @-@ 60 Business . The remainder of the bypassed portion of US @-@ 60 in Missouri , east of Route 43 , was to be abandoned . This request was approved by the Oklahoma Highway Commission on March 1 , submitted to AASHO on May 5 , and approved by AASHO on July 12 . Two realignments to US @-@ 60 occurred on March 6 , 1967 . First , a portion of US @-@ 60 west of Nowata was straightened . Second , a segment of US @-@ 60 / SH @-@ 11 east of Burbank was rerouted to the south on a straighter alignment ; this new alignment also removed a concurrency with SH @-@ 18 . On April 3 , 1967 , the Oklahoma Highway Commission approved a realignment of a short segment of US @-@ 60 / US @-@ 64 / US @-@ 81 north of Enid in Garfield and Grant Counties . AASHO received applications for both the Burbank and Enid @-@ area relocations on April 24 and approved both of them at the organization 's June 20 meeting . On July 14 , 1969 , US @-@ 60 / US @-@ 77 / US @-@ 177 west of Ponca City was moved to a new alignment , and a section of temporary highway linking the new road to the old road continuing west toward Tonkawa had the three U.S. designations applied to it . AASHO received the application for this move on August 25 , and it was approved on October 26 . Further west , the Oklahoma Department of Highways constructed a section of highway bypassing Tonkawa to the north and east . The Highway Commission approved moving US @-@ 60 to this highway and designating the old highway as US @-@ 60 Business on August 9 , 1971 . AASHO received an application for this change on October 8 of that year and approved it on December 4 . The section of highway between the Tonkawa bypass and the Ponca City bypass was upgraded next ; this road was designated as US @-@ 60 / US @-@ 77 / US @-@ 177 on November 7 , 1974 . This change was submitted to AASHO , now renamed to AASHTO , on April 29 , 1975 , received on May 1 , and approved on June 17 . On January 6 , 1986 , the Oklahoma State Transportation Commission ( which had replaced the Highway Commission ) approved rerouting US @-@ 60 / SH @-@ 11 on the east side of Pawhuska . While the two highways still passed through Pawhuska from west to east , after turning north , the new route bypassed much of the city . The application for this alteration was submitted to AASHTO on September 22 , received the same day , and approved on November 8 . The next change to US @-@ 60 did not take place until the 21st century . On March 19 , 2001 , 0 @.@ 73 miles ( 1 @.@ 17 km ) US @-@ 60 and SH @-@ 51 west of Arnett were moved slightly in order to connect to a new bridge . Because ODOT demolished the old highway rather than turning it over to Ellis County , this change did not require approval from the Highway Commission . Finally , on October 4 , 2004 , the Transportation Commission approved the realignment of US @-@ 60 , US @-@ 412 , and SH @-@ 8 at their junction near Orienta . No further changes to the route are on record . = = Junction list = =
= Elfin woods warbler = The elfin woods warbler ( Setophaga angelae ) is a bird endemic to Puerto Rico where it is a local and uncommon species . Discovered in 1968 and described in 1972 , it is the most recently described species of New World warbler ( Parulidae family ) . The species name , angelae , is a tribute to Angela Kepler , one of its discoverers . An insectivore , it feeds by gleaning small insects off leaves . Due to its small populations and restricted habitats , conservation efforts were begun in 1982 to protect this species but , as of 2005 , the warbler was still in need of protection . The species is not in immediate danger as the majority of its habitat is protected forest , but introduced species , such as rats and small Asian mongooses , habitat reduction , and natural disasters represent potential threats to the population . = = Discovery and naming = = The elfin woods warbler is one of many species in the genus Setophaga of the New World warbler family Parulidae . It was first observed in 1968 by Cameron and Angela Kepler while they were conducting observations on two Puerto Rican endemic birds , the Puerto Rican amazon and the Puerto Rican tody . On May 18 , 1971 , a specimen was captured in El Yunque National Forest , which at the time was believed to be its only habitat . A year later Kepler and Parkes described and named the species making it the most recent warbler of the genus Setophaga discovered in the New World . Also , it is the first species described in the Caribbean since 1927 and the first Puerto Rican species described in the 20th century . The species name , angelae , is a tribute to Angela Kepler . Elfin @-@ woods warbler is an alternative spelling , and Reinita de Bosque Enano is the Spanish name . The species was initially placed in the genus Dendroica but in 2011 the American Ornithologists ' Union reorganized the classification of the Parulidae family and transferred species in the Dendroica genus into Setophaga . This revised classification was adopted by the International Ornithologists ’ Union . A phylogenetic analysis using mitochondrial DNA sequences from New World warblers has shown that within the genus Setophaga the elfin woods warbler is most closely related to the arrowhead warbler , a species which is endemic to Jamaica and the plumbeous warbler which is endemic to the islands of Dominica and Saint Lucia . = = Description = = The warbler 's upper body is predominantly black with white areas while its underparts are white with black streaks . Other identifying characteristics are dark brown eyes , white patches on its ears and neck , an incomplete white eyering , a white eyestripe , and two white spots on its outer tail feathers . Characteristic of Antillean warblers ( S. adelaidae , S. delicata , S. plumbea and S. pharetra ) , the species features a long bill and short , round wings ( 53 @.@ 8 mm or 2 @.@ 12 in average ) . Among Setophaga spp . , only S. adelaidae has a shorter wing length average ( 50 mm or 2 @.@ 0 in ) than the elfin woods warbler . Juveniles differ from adults , retaining a grayish @-@ green back for approximately a year and partially molting from July to October . The warbler 's average mature length is 12 @.@ 5 cm ( 5 in ) and its average weight is 8 @.@ 4 g ( 0 @.@ 30 oz ) . Sexual dimorphism is not present in this species . = = = Identification = = = The elfin woods warbler is often confused with the black @-@ and @-@ white warbler ( Mniotilta varia ) , a non @-@ breeding species in the Caribbean occurring in Puerto Rico from mid @-@ September to early May . The main physical distinction is in the eyes . The elfin woods warbler has an incomplete white eyering and the black @-@ and @-@ white warbler has a white band across the eye and a white lower half of the eyering . Another distinction is found in the crown , with the elfin woods warbler 's being entirely black and the black @-@ and @-@ white 's having a white band across . The latter species forages on larger branches compared with the elfin woods warbler 's foraging in the canopy and on smaller branch tips . = = = Voice = = = The elfin woods warbler 's song and call are difficult to hear . The species has a subtle voice and its call and song resemble those of the bananaquit , the most abundant bird in Puerto Rico . The song is a series of " short , rapidly uttered , rather unmusical notes on one pitch , swelling in volume and terminating with a short series of distinct double syllables sounding slightly lower in pitch " while the call has been described as " a single , short , metallic chip " . = = Behavior = = = = = Breeding = = = The elfin woods warbler breeds from March to June . Both parents are involved in the construction of the nest and in feeding the chicks . Nests are built close to the tree trunk within dry aerial leaf litter , usually Cecropia leaves ( a material used by no other Parulidae species ) , in Bulbophyllum wadsworthii trees . Nests are well @-@ concealed and located 1 @.@ 3 to 7 @.@ 6 metres ( 4 @.@ 3 to 24 @.@ 9 ft ) above ground level . Nests are cup @-@ shaped and made from small roots and twigs , dry leaves of Chusquea abietifolia and B. wadsworthii , and dry Panicum maximum leaves . The interior is made from fibers of C. abietifolia , dry leaves and other plant matter . Females lay two or three white colored eggs with red @-@ brown spots . The chick 's diet consists of insects — parents have been observed offering lepidopteran and orthopteran adults and lepidopteran larvae to hatchlings . = = = Feeding = = = The elfin woods warbler is commonly found foraging the middle canopy for insects . While searching for food it often flocks with other birds , such as black @-@ and @-@ white warblers , Puerto Rican tanagers and Lesser Antillean pewees . Three maneuvers used for catching prey — gleaning , sally @-@ hovering and probing — have been described . Gleaning is described as a hunting maneuver made by a standing or moving bird . Sally @-@ hovering is a hunting maneuver made by a bird in flight . Probing is a maneuver in which the bird , by digging with its beak , forages the substrate looking for food in a manner similar to chickens . Gleaning , especially off leaves , is the maneuver used with more frequency by the elfin woods warbler while probing is the least used . = = Distribution and habitat = = When first discovered , the elfin woods warbler was believed to exclusively occur in the high elevation , from 640 to 1 @,@ 030 metres ( 2 @,@ 100 to 3 @,@ 380 ft ) , dwarf or elfin forests of the El Yunque National Forest in eastern Puerto Rico . The wind @-@ clipped trees in these forests rarely exceed 5 metres ( 16 ft ) height and are characterized by stiff , thick twigs , leathery leaves and impenetrable , dense undergrowth ideal for hiding from predators . Later studies showed that the species migrated altitudinally to lower elevations , between 370 and 600 metres ( 1 @,@ 210 and 1 @,@ 970 ft ) , in Tabonuco and Palo Colorado forests . Three more populations were discovered in the Maricao State Forest ( 1972 , largest known population ) , the Carite State Forest ( 1977 ) and the Toro Negro State Forest ( late 1970s ) . Presently , the species is presumed extirpated from two locales , occurring only at El Yunque National Forest and the Maricao State Forest . The elfin forest at El Yunque National Forest is characterized by high rainfall and humidity , low temperatures and insolation , and constant winds . It is found at mountain summits and is primarily composed of dense shrub and small trees with moss and epiphyte growth in its plants and floor . The species richness is low when compared to other types of forests ( tabonuco , palo Colorado and palma sierra forests ) found in the Luquillo Mountains . The elfin forest at the Maricao State Forest , located in western Puerto Rico , receives an annual average rainfall of 2 @,@ 250 millimetres ( 90 in ) , a high amount considering that a rainforest , by definition , receives a minimum of 1 @,@ 700 millimetres ( 67 in ) annually . However , since its soil has low water @-@ holding capacity its vegetation is more xeric than expected . The species 's highest density occurs in Podocarpus forests in the Maricao State Forest . Little information is available on the elfin forests at Toro Negro and Carite . = = Status and conservation = = = = = Population = = = In September 1989 , Hurricane Hugo struck the central and eastern region of Puerto Rico affecting three ( the El Yunque National Forest , Toro Negro and Carite populations ) of the four known populations of the elfin woods warbler . A survey conducted two years later in the Toro Negro Forest , located in the Cordillera Central , did not find any individuals . Recent surveys suggest that , for reasons yet unknown , the populations at Carite and Toro Negro were likely extirpated . Continued monitoring of the elfin woods warbler populations is achieved through bird counts performed every 3 to 4 years by the Puerto Rican Breeding Bird Survey ( PRBBS ) . A survey conducted in 2001 found three individuals at the Maricao State Forest . An IUCN assessment of the elfin woods warbler , prepared in 2000 , estimated a stable population of 600 mature individuals . More recently the population has been estimated to comprise at least 1800 mature individuals , a figure which equates to at least 2700 individual birds . = = = Threats = = = The survival of the elfin woods warbler faces two main threats , predation and the destruction or alteration of suitable habitat . Confirmed native predators are the pearly @-@ eyed thrasher ( Margarops fuscatus ) , the Puerto Rican sharp @-@ shinned hawk ( Accipiter striatus venator ) and the extirpated white @-@ necked crow ( Corvus leucognaphalus ) while unconfirmed native predators include two endemic snakes and several carnivores ( from fossil records ) . Introduced species , such as cats ( Felis domesticus ) , dogs ( Canis lupus familiaris ) , black rats ( Rattus rattus ) and small Asian mongooses ( Herpestes javanicus ) are also potential nest predators . These species have proliferated due to the presence of human @-@ developed facilities , mainly for communication purposes , in the Maricao State Forest and El Yunque National Forest . Two factors contribute to the destruction of the elfin woods warbler 's habitat , humans and nature . Human @-@ related habitat destruction includes the construction of communication towers , acquisition of timber , and expansion of roads and trails . Nature 's contribution comes from natural disasters such as forest fires and hurricanes . = = = Protection = = = The elfin woods warbler was placed on the United States federal candidate list for the Endangered Species Act in 1999 and the announcement was published on the Federal Register of October 25 , 1999 , Volume 64 , No. 205 , pages 57535 – 57547 . The USFWS started to consider the need to protect the elfin woods warbler in 1982 . In 2005 , a group of scientists , scholars , artists and environmentalists petitioned the Bush administration to admit 225 species , among these the elfin woods warbler , to the Endangered Species Act . Of these 225 species , more than one third have been on the candidate list for 20 or more years and half for 10 or more years . Recent ( 2004 ) studies also show that since the creation of the Endangered Species Act in 1973 , 114 United States species have become extinct , many because of lack of habitat protection by the federal government . The IUCN first evaluated the status of the elfin woods warbler in 1988 . At the time it was given a classification of lower risk / least concern . In 1994 , its status was changed to lower risk / near threatened and in 2000 , its status was changed to vulnerable , where it remains . The justification for maintaining the species ' status as vulnerable is that " There are no direct or immediate threats , but the combination of a very small range and population may have important implications for its chances of long @-@ term survival , and this species consequently qualifies as vulnerable " . = = = Cited references = = =
= Women 's Boat Race 2013 = The 68th Women 's Boat Race took place on 24 March 2013 . The race , between crews representing Oxford University Women 's Boat Club and Cambridge University Women 's Boat Club , was conducted as part of the Henley Boat Races . It took place on a 2 km ( 1 @.@ 2 mi ) stretch of water on 2012 Olympic venue Dorney Lake . Cambridge were the heavier of the crews and consisted of an all @-@ British crew , while Oxford 's boat included a Hungarian rower and an American cox . Oxford won the race by one and three @-@ quarter lengths in a time of 7 minutes 11 seconds , their first win since the 2011 race . The victory took the overall record in the event to 41 – 27 in Cambridge 's favour . = = Background = = The Women 's Boat Race is a side @-@ by @-@ side rowing competition between Oxford University Women 's Boat Club ( OUWBC ) and the Cambridge University Women 's Boat Club ( CUWBC ) that has taken place since 1927 . It was conducted as part of the Henley Boat Races , which for 2013 was hosted at the 2012 Summer Olympics venue of Dorney Lake in Buckinghamshire instead of the traditional straight course at Henley @-@ on @-@ Thames . Strong winds and stream conditions on the River Thames had precipitated the move to the Olympic venue . Cambridge went into the race as champions , having won the previous year 's race by one quarter of a length , and led 41 – 26 overall . The race was sponsored by Newton Investment Management , a subsidiary of The Bank of New York Mellon , for the third successive year . Cambridge were led by Rob Baker who had previously coached Goldie to victory in 2006 and 2007 . Baker was assisted by British Olympic quadruple sculls silver medallist Annie Vernon . Oxford 's coach was Canadian former Olympic and University trainer Christine Wilson . She was assisted by British Olympic rower Natasha Page who was part of the women 's eights that came fifth in both the 2008 and 2012 Summer Olympics . = = Crews = = Trials for the crews were held in December 2012 . Oxford 's trial boats raced at Henley and were named Quick and Easy while Cambridge 's trials took place at Dorney Lake with boats named Gin and Tonic . The weigh @-@ in , held on 4 March 2013 , took place alongside the men for the first time in the history of the event . It was also the first time the weights of the female crews were made public . The Cambridge crew weighed an average of 11 st 0 lb 10 oz ( 70 @.@ 0 kg ) , 4 lb 3 oz ( 1 @.@ 9 kg ) per rower more than their opponents . Oxford saw two rowers return to the crew in number three Mary Foord @-@ Weston and number six Harriet Keane , both of whom had participated in the 2012 race . Oxford 's boat club president Bridget Fryer was forced to withdraw from the race through injury . Cambridge 's crew included three rowers with Boat Race experience , in bow Caroline Reid , number two Faye Sandford ( who was earning her third Blue for CUWBC ) and stroke Holly Game . Cambridge 's boat club president Helena Schofield did not participate in the event , and instead rowed for the women 's reserve boat Blondie . CUWBC 's cox Esther Momcilovic had previously steered the Cambridge reserve boat Blondie , while Oxford 's crew included three former Osiris participants in Amy Varney , Keane and cox Katie Apfelbaum . Cambridge 's crew was entirely British while Oxford 's included Hungarian Mariann Novak at bow , British / Germans Alice Carrington @-@ Windo at two and Maxie Scheske at stroke , and American Apfelbaum . = = Race = = Cambridge won the toss and selected the more sheltered side of the course . The race started at 3 : 00 p.m. on 24 March 2013 . Cambridge made the quicker start and led by a few feet after ten strokes . They were half a length ahead after 250 metres ( 270 yd ) , out @-@ rating Oxford by fours strokes per minute . OUWBC 's longer strokes enabled them to cope with the " choppy " conditions and at the 750 @-@ metre ( 820 yd ) mark they began to catch the Cambridge boat , getting level by the 1 @,@ 250 @-@ metre ( 1 @,@ 370 yd ) mark . Pushing on , Oxford pulled away to win by one and three @-@ quarter lengths in a time of 7 minutes 11 seconds , the slowest winning time since the 2001 race . It was Oxford 's first win since the 2011 race but their fifth win in the last six events . The victory took the overall record in the event to 41 – 27 in Cambridge 's favour . Oxford 's Foord @-@ Weston said the conditions were " pretty grim " but their training at Dorney during the week running up to the race had prepared them for the " horrible winds " . Cambridge 's number seven , Emily Day , said " it was pretty windy ... we had the race of our lives ... there 's nothing we could have done that we didn 't do . "
= Attack on Sydney Harbour = In late May and early June 1942 , during World War II , submarines belonging to the Imperial Japanese Navy made a series of attacks on the cities of Sydney and Newcastle in New South Wales , Australia . On the night of 31 May – 1 June , three Ko @-@ hyoteki @-@ class midget submarines , each with a two @-@ member crew , entered Sydney Harbour , avoided the partially constructed Sydney Harbour anti @-@ submarine boom net , and attempted to sink Allied warships . Two of the midget submarines were detected and attacked before they could successfully engage any Allied vessels , and the crews scuttled their boats and committed suicide . These submarines were later recovered by the Allies . The third submarine attempted to torpedo the heavy cruiser USS Chicago , but instead sank the converted ferry HMAS Kuttabul , killing 21 sailors . This midget submarine 's fate was unknown until 2006 , when amateur scuba divers discovered the wreck off Sydney 's northern beaches . Immediately following the raid , the five Japanese fleet submarines that carried the midget submarines to Australia embarked on a campaign to disrupt merchant shipping in eastern Australian waters . Over the next month , the submarines attacked at least seven merchant vessels , sinking three ships and killing 50 sailors . During this period , between midnight and 02 : 30 on 8 June , two of the submarines bombarded the ports of Sydney and Newcastle . The midget submarine attacks and subsequent bombardments are among the best @-@ known examples of Axis naval activity in Australian waters during World War II , and are the only occasion in history when either city has come under attack . The physical effects were minimal : the Japanese had intended to destroy several major warships , but sank only an unarmed depot ship , caused minimal damage to Allied shipping , and failed to damage any significant targets during the bombardments . The main impact was psychological ; creating popular fear of an impending Japanese invasion and forcing the Australian military to upgrade defences , including the commencement of convoy operations to protect merchant shipping . = = Forces = = = = = Japanese = = = The Imperial Japanese Navy originally intended to use six submarines in the attack on Sydney Harbour : B1 @-@ type submarines I @-@ 21 , I @-@ 27 , I @-@ 28 , and I @-@ 29 , and C1 @-@ type submarines I @-@ 22 and I @-@ 24 . The six submarines made up the Eastern Attack Group of the 8th Submarine Squadron , under the command of Captain Hankyu Sasaki . On 8 June 1942 , I @-@ 21 and I @-@ 29 — each carrying a Yokosuka E14Y1 " Glen " floatplane for aerial reconnaissance — scouted various Australasian harbours to select the ones most vulnerable to attack by midget submarines . I @-@ 21 scouted Nouméa in New Caledonia , Suva in Fiji , then Auckland in New Zealand , while I @-@ 29 went to Sydney , Australia . On 11 May , I @-@ 22 , I @-@ 24 , I @-@ 27 , and I @-@ 28 were ordered to proceed to the Japanese naval base at Truk Lagoon , in the Caroline Islands , to each receive a Ko @-@ hyoteki @-@ class midget submarine . I @-@ 28 failed to reach Truk ; she was torpedoed on the surface by the US submarine USS Tautog on 17 May . The three remaining submarines left Truk around 20 May for a point south of the Solomon Islands . I @-@ 24 was forced to return a day later when an explosion in her midget submarine 's battery compartment killed the midget 's navigator and injured the commander . The midget submarine intended for I @-@ 28 replaced the damaged midget . = = = Allies = = = The naval officer @-@ in @-@ charge of Sydney Harbour at the time of the attack was Rear Admiral Gerard Muirhead @-@ Gould of the Royal Navy . On the night of the attack , three major vessels were present in Sydney Harbour ; the heavy cruisers USS Chicago and HMAS Canberra , and the light cruiser HMAS Adelaide . Other warships in the harbour included : destroyer tender USS Dobbin , auxiliary minelayer HMAS Bungaree , corvettes HMAS Whyalla , HMAS Geelong , and HMIS Bombay , armed merchant cruisers HMS Kanimbla and HMAS Westralia , and Dutch submarine K @-@ IX . A converted ferry — HMAS Kuttabul — was alongside at Garden Island where she served as a temporary barracks for sailors transferring between ships . The hospital ship Oranje had also been in the harbour , but departed an hour before the attack . = = Harbour defences = = At the time of the attack , the static Sydney Harbour defences consisted of eight anti @-@ submarine indicator loops — six outside the harbour , one between North Head and South Head , and one between South Head and Middle Head , as well as the partially constructed Sydney Harbour anti @-@ submarine boom net between George 's Head on Middle Head and Green Point on Inner South Head . The central section of the net was complete and support piles were in place to the west , but 400 m ( 1 @,@ 300 ft ) wide gaps remained on either side . Material shortages prevented the completion of the boom net prior to the attack . On the day of the attack , the six outer indicator loops were inactive ; two were not functioning and there were not enough trained personnel to man both the inner and outer loop monitoring stations . The North Head – South Head indicator loop had been giving faulty signals since early 1940 , and as civilian traffic regularly passed over the loop , readings were often ignored . Harbour defence craft included the anti @-@ submarine vessels HMAS Yandra and Bingera ; the auxiliary minesweepers HMAS Goonambee and Samuel Benbow ; pleasure launches converted to channel patrol boats ( and armed with depth charges ) , namely HMAS Yarroma , Lolita , Steady Hour , Sea Mist , Marlean , and Toomaree ; and four unarmed auxiliary patrol boats . = = Prelude = = The Japanese Navy used five Ko @-@ hyoteki @-@ class midget submarines in an unsuccessful operation against US battleships during the attack on Pearl Harbor . The navy hoped that upgrades to the submarines , intensified crew training , and the selection of a less well defended target would lead to better results and an increased chance of the crews of the midgets to return alive from their mission . Therefore , on 16 December 1941 , the navy initiated plans for a second midget submarine operation . The plans called for two simultaneous attacks against Allied naval vessels in the Indian and South Pacific oceans . These attacks were intended as diversions ahead of the attack on Midway Island in the North Pacific , with the Japanese hoping to convince the Allies that they intended to attack to the south or west of their conquests . Eleven submarines of the 8th Submarine Squadron were to carry out the two attacks , the five submarines of the Western Attack Group in the Indian Ocean , and the six submarines of the Eastern Attack Group in the Pacific Ocean . The submarine groups were to select a suitable port of attack , based on their own reconnaissance . The Western Attack Group selected the port of Diégo @-@ Suarez in Madagascar . This attack — which occurred at nightfall on 30 May and resulted in the damaging of the battleship HMS Ramillies and the sinking of the tanker British Loyalty — came 22 days after the British captured the port from Vichy France at the beginning of the Battle of Madagascar . The four potential targets for the Eastern Attack Group were Nouméa , Suva , Auckland , and Sydney . I @-@ 21 and I @-@ 29 were sent to select the final target , with I @-@ 29 sailing to Sydney . On the evening of 16 May , I @-@ 29 fired on the 5 @,@ 135 long tons ( 5 @,@ 217 t ) Russian merchant vessel Wellen , 30 mi ( 26 nmi ; 48 km ) from Newcastle , New South Wales . Although Wellen escaped with minimal damage , shipping between Sydney and Newcastle was halted for 24 hours while aircraft and all available anti @-@ submarine ships from Sydney , including Dutch light cruiser HNLMS Tromp , Australian destroyer HMAS Arunta and US destroyer USS Perkins , searched unsuccessfully for the submarine . Muirhead @-@ Gould concluded that the submarine had operated alone and had left the area immediately after the attack . I @-@ 29 's floatplane made a reconnaissance flight over Sydney on 23 May . A secret radar unit set up in Iron Cove detected the flight , but authorities dismissed its report as a glitch , as there were no Allied aircraft operating over Sydney . The aircraft was damaged or destroyed on landing , although its two crew survived . They reported the presence of several capital ships , including two battleships or large cruisers , five other large warships , several minor war vessels and patrol boats , and prolific merchant shipping . The report , which the Allied FRUMEL signals intelligence network partially intercepted , resulted in the Japanese Navy selecting Sydney as the target . The three midget @-@ carrying submarines rendezvoused with I @-@ 29 and I @-@ 21 approximately 35 mi ( 30 nmi ; 56 km ) north @-@ east of Sydney Heads , with all five submarines in position by 29 May . = = Midget submarine operation = = = = = Final reconnaissance = = = Before dawn on 29 May , [ I ] I @-@ 21 's floatplane performed a final reconnaissance flight over Sydney Harbour , with the mission of mapping the locations of the major vessels and of the anti @-@ submarine net . Multiple observers spotted the floatplane but assumed it was a US Navy Curtiss Seagull . No alarm was raised until 05 : 07 , when it was realised that the only ship in the area carrying Seagulls was the U.S. cruiser Chicago , and all four of her aircraft were on board . Richmond Air Force Base launched RAAF Wirraway fighters , which failed to locate I @-@ 21 or the floatplane . Therefore , the reconnaissance flight did not result in the authorities in Sydney taking any special defence measures . The floatplane was seriously damaged on landing and had to be scuttled , but both aircrew survived . = = = Plan of attack = = = The Japanese planned to launch the midgets one after the other between 17 : 20 and 17 : 40 , from points 5 – 7 nmi ( 5 @.@ 8 – 8 @.@ 1 mi ; 9 @.@ 3 – 13 @.@ 0 km ) outside Sydney Harbour . The first midget was to pass through the Heads just after 18 : 30 , but heavy seas delayed her by over an hour . The other two midgets followed at twenty @-@ minute intervals and were similarly delayed . The choice of targets was left up to the midget commanders , with advice that they should primarily target aircraft carriers or battleships , with cruisers as secondary targets . The midgets were to operate to the east of the Harbour Bridge , although if no suitable targets were to be found in this area they were to move under the Bridge and attack a battleship and large cruiser believed to be in the inner harbour . When the second reconnaissance flyover revealed that the expected British battleship — HMS Warspite — was nowhere to be found , USS Chicago became the priority target . After completing their mission , the midgets were to depart Sydney Harbour and head south for 20 nmi ( 23 mi ; 37 km ) to the recovery point off Port Hacking . Four of the mother submarines would be waiting in an east – west line 16 km ( 8 @.@ 6 nmi ; 9 @.@ 9 mi ) long , with the fifth waiting 6 km ( 3 @.@ 2 nmi ; 3 @.@ 7 mi ) further south . = = = Attack = = = Midget submarine M @-@ 14 — launched from I @-@ 27 , was the first to enter Sydney Harbour . The Middle Head - South Head loop detected it at 20 : 01 , but dismissed the reading due to heavy civilian traffic . At 20 : 15 , a Maritime Services Board watchman spotted the midget after it passed through the western gap , collided with the Pile Light , then reversed and trapped its stern in the net . The submarine 's bow broke the surface ; the watchman rowed toward it to determine what it was and then rowed to the nearby patrol boat HMAS Yarroma to report his finding . Despite efforts by Yarroma to pass on this information , Sydney Naval Headquarters did not receive the report until 21 : 52 . HMAS Yarroma and Lolita were dispatched to investigate . Upon confirming that the object in the net was a " baby submarine " , Lolita dropped two depth charges while Yarroma 's commander requested permission from Sydney Naval Headquarters to open fire . The depth charges failed to detonate , as the water was too shallow for the hydrostatic fuse setting . At 22 : 35 , while Yarroma was waiting for permission to fire , and Lolita was setting up to deploy a third depth charge , the two crewmen on M @-@ 14 activated one of the submarine 's scuttling charges , killing themselves and destroying the submarine 's forward section . Muirhead @-@ Gould gave the general alarm , along with orders for ships to take anti @-@ submarine measures , at 22 : 27 ; the alarm was repeated at 22 : 36 with advice for ships to take precautions against attack , as an enemy submarine might be in the harbour . At the time of the first alarm , Sydney Harbour was closed to external traffic , but Muirhead @-@ Gould ordered ferries and other internal traffic to continue , as he believed that having multiple ships travelling around at speed would help force any submarines to remain submerged . Midget submarine M @-@ 24 [ II ] was the second to enter the harbour . HMAS Falie grazed M @-@ 24 's hull and reported the contact to command . The report was not followed up . M @-@ 24 crossed the indicator loop undetected at 21 : 48 , and at approximately 22 : 00 followed a Manly ferry through the anti @-@ submarine net . At 22 : 52 , M @-@ 24 was spotted by a Chicago searchlight operator less than 500 m ( 1 @,@ 600 ft ) to the moored cruiser 's starboard , and on a course roughly parallel to the ship 's facing . Chicago opened fire with a 5 in ( 130 mm ) gun and a quadruple machinegun mount , but inflicted minimal damage as the weapons could not depress far enough . Some of the 5 in ( 130 mm ) shells skipped off the water and hit Fort Denison 's Martello tower , while fragments were later found in the suburbs of Cremorne and Mosman . The senior officer present aboard Chicago ordered the crew to begin preparing for departure , and for USS Perkins to begin an anti @-@ submarine screening patrol around the cruiser , orders that were revoked by the sceptical Captain Howard Bode when he arrived on board at around 23 : 30 . HMAS Whyalla and Geelong also fired upon M @-@ 24 as it fled west toward the Sydney Harbour Bridge , before the midget was able to submerge and escape . When it returned to periscope depth , the midget found itself west of Fort Denison . It turned and sailed east for about 1 nmi ( 1 @.@ 2 mi ; 1 @.@ 9 km ) , then took up a firing position south @-@ west of Bradley 's Head , from where its commander could see Chicago 's stern silhouetted against the construction floodlights at Garden Island 's new Captain Cook Graving Dock . Midget submarine M @-@ 21 — from I @-@ 22 — probably entered the harbour at the same time that USS Chicago opened fire on M @-@ 24 . The unarmed auxiliary patrol boat HMAS Lauriana spotted M @-@ 21 and illuminated the submarine 's conning tower , while sending an alert signal to the Port War Signal Station at South Head , and the nearby anti @-@ submarine vessel HMAS Yandra . Yandra attempted to ram the submarine , lost contact , regained contact at 23 : 03 , and dropped six depth charges . At the time of the attack , it was assumed that the depth charges had destroyed or disabled the midget , but M @-@ 21 survived . Historians believe that the midget took refuge on the harbour floor and waited until the Allied vessels had moved away before it resumed the attack . At 23 : 14 , Muirhead @-@ Gould ordered all ships to observe blackout conditions . Just after 23 : 30 , he set off on a barge towards the boom net , to make a personal inspection . The Admiral reached Lolita at about midnight and indicated to her crew that he did not take the reports of enemy submarines seriously , reportedly saying : " What are you all playing at , running up and down the harbour dropping depth charges and talking about enemy subs in the harbour ? There 's not one to be seen . " The crew reiterated that a submarine had been seen , but Muirhead @-@ Gould remained unconvinced and before he left , added sarcastically : " If you see another sub , see if the captain has a black beard . I 'd like to meet him . " Despite the blackout order , the Garden Island floodlights remained on until 00 : 25 the next morning . About five minutes later , M @-@ 24 fired the first of its two torpedoes ; it delayed firing the second torpedo for several minutes as the midget submarines would lose longitudinal stability immediately after firing a torpedo . Historians are divided as to the exact paths of the torpedoes relative to Chicago , although all agree that the US cruiser was the intended target . Both torpedoes missed Chicago , while one torpedo may have also passed close to Perkins ' starboard bow . One of the torpedoes continued underneath the Dutch submarine K @-@ IX and HMAS Kuttabul , then hit the breakwater Kuttabul was tied up against . The explosion broke Kuttabul in two and sank her , and damaged K @-@ IX . The attack killed 19 Royal Australian Navy and two Royal Navy sailors , and wounded another 10 . The explosion shook residences in the area and damaged Garden Island 's lights and telecommunications . The other torpedo ran aground on the eastern shore of Garden Island without exploding . M @-@ 24 then dived and moved to leave the harbour . A crossing over the indicator loop that was recorded at 01 : 58 was initially believed to be another midget submarine entering the harbour , although later analysis showed that the reading indicated an outbound vessel and was therefore most likely represented M @-@ 24 's exit . M @-@ 24 did not return to its mother submarine , and its fate remained unknown until 2006 . Ships were ordered to make for the open ocean . Chicago left her anchorage at 02 : 14 , leaving a sailor behind on the mooring buoy in her haste to depart . Bombay , Whyalla , Canberra , and Perkins began their preparations to depart . Just before 03 : 00 , as Chicago was leaving the harbour , the lookouts spotted a submarine periscope passing alongside the cruiser . At 03 : 01 , the indicator loop registered an inbound signal ; M @-@ 21 was re @-@ entering Sydney Harbour after recovering from the attack four hours previously . HMS Kanimbla fired on M @-@ 21 in Neutral Bay at 03 : 50 , and at 05 : 00 , three auxiliary patrol boats — HMAS Steady Hour , Sea Mist , and Yarroma — spotted the submarine 's conning tower in Taylors Bay . The patrol boats had set their depth charge fuses to 15 m ( 49 ft ) , and when Sea Mist passed over where the submarine had just submerged and dropped a depth charge , she had only five seconds to clear the area . The blast damaged M @-@ 21 , which inverted and rose to the surface before sinking again . Sea Mist dropped a second depth charge , which damaged one of her two engines in the process and prevented her from making further attacks . Steady Hour and Yarroma continued the attack , dropping seventeen depth charges on believed visual sightings and instrument contacts of the midget over the next three and a half hours . At some point during the night , the crew of M @-@ 21 committed suicide . At 04 : 40 , HMAS Canberra recorded that the Japanese may have fired torpedoes at her . This may have been one of many false alarms throughout the night . However , M @-@ 21 had attempted to fire its two torpedoes , but failed because of damage to the bow either from HMAS Yandra 's ramming or depth charges , or a possible collision with USS Chicago , making it possible that M @-@ 21 attempted to attack the cruiser . The observer aboard Canberra may have seen bubbles from the compressed air released to fire the torpedoes . = = Secondary missions = = As per the operation plan , the five mother submarines waited off Port Hacking on the nights of 1 and 2 June for the midget submarines to return . FRUMEL picked up wireless traffic between the five submarines , leading the RAAF to task three Lockheed Hudsons and two Bristol Beauforts with finding the source of the communications . They were unsuccessful . On 3 June , Sasaki abandoned hope of recovering the midget submarines , and the submarines dispersed on their secondary missions . = = = Attacks on Allied merchant shipping = = = Four of the submarines began operations against Allied merchant shipping . I @-@ 21 patrolled north of Sydney , while I @-@ 24 patrolled south of Sydney . I @-@ 27 began searching off Gabo Island for ships departing Melbourne , and I @-@ 29 travelled to Brisbane . I @-@ 22 left the group to conduct reconnaissance operations , first at Wellington and Auckland in New Zealand , and then at Suva in Fiji . Between 1 and 25 June , when the four submarines arrived at Kwajalein Atoll in the Marshall Islands to re @-@ supply before proceeding to Japanese shipyards for maintenance , the four submarines attacked at least seven Allied merchant vessels . Three of these were sunk : Iron Chieftain by I @-@ 24 on 3 June , Iron Crown by I @-@ 27 on 4 June , and Guatemala by I @-@ 21 on 12 June . The first two attacks resulted in 12 and 37 fatalities respectively , though the third attack killed no one . The attacks forced the authorities to institute changes in merchant traffic ; travel north of Melbourne was restricted until a system of escorted convoys was established . I @-@ 21 was the only submarine to return to Australian waters , where she sank three ships and damaged two others during January and February 1943 . During her two deployments , I @-@ 21 sank 44 @,@ 000 long tons ( 45 @,@ 000 t ) of Allied shipping , which made her the most successful Japanese submarine to operate in Australian waters . = = = Bombardment = = = On the morning of 8 June , I @-@ 24 and I @-@ 21 briefly bombarded Sydney and Newcastle . Just after midnight , I @-@ 24 surfaced 9 mi ( 14 km ) south @-@ south @-@ east of Macquarie Lighthouse . The submarine 's commander ordered the gun crew to target the Sydney Harbour Bridge . They fired 10 shells over a four @-@ minute period ; nine landed in the Eastern Suburbs and one landed in water . I @-@ 24 then crash dived to prevent successful retaliation by coastal artillery batteries . Only one shell detonated , and the only injuries inflicted were cuts and fractures from falling bricks or broken glass when the unexploded shells hit buildings . A United States Army Air Forces pilot , 1st Lieutenant George Cantello , based at Bankstown Airport was ordered into the air to retaliate , but was killed when engine failure caused his Airacobra to crash in a paddock at Hammondville . In 1988 , following efforts by residents and the US Consulate in Sydney , the City of Bankstown established a memorial park in his honour . At 02 : 15 , I @-@ 21 shelled Newcastle , from 9 km ( 4 @.@ 9 nmi ; 5 @.@ 6 mi ) north @-@ east of Stockton Beach . She fired 34 shells over a 16 @-@ minute period , including eight star shells . The target of the attack was the BHP steelworks in the city . However , the shells landed over a large area , causing minimal damage and no fatalities : the only shell to detonate damaged a house on Parnell Place , while an unexploded shell hit a tram terminus . Fort Scratchley returned fire , the only time an Australian land fortification has fired on an enemy warship during wartime , but the submarine escaped unscathed . = = Analysis = = The attack on Sydney Harbour ended in failure on both sides , and revealed flaws in both the Allied defences and the Japanese tactics . During the primary attack , the Japanese lost all three midget submarines in exchange for the sinking of a single barracks ship . The subsequent operations were no more successful as the five large Japanese submarines sank only three merchant ships and caused minimal property damage during the two bombardments . The performance of the Allied defenders was equally poor . However , one historian states that the lack of damage in Sydney Harbour was due to " a combination of good luck and aggressive counter @-@ attack " . The main impact of the midget submarine attack and subsequent operations was psychological ; dispelling any belief that Sydney was immune to Japanese attack and highlighting Australia 's proximity to the Pacific War . There was no official inquiry into the attacks , despite demand from some sections of the media , as there was concern that an inquiry would lead to defeatism and reduce faith in John Curtin 's government , particularly after the damaging inquiry into Australian defences that had followed the Japanese aerial attack on Darwin three months earlier . = = = Failures in Allied defences = = = The Allies failed to respond adequately to several warnings of Japanese activity off the east coast of Australia prior to the attack ; they simply ignored the warnings or explained them away . They attributed the unsuccessful attack on the freighter Wellen on 16 May to a single submarine , and assumed it had departed Australian waters immediately after the attack . The first reconnaissance flight went unnoticed , and although FRUMEL intercepted the report and distributed it to Allied commanders on 30 May , Muirhead @-@ Gould apparently did not react . New Zealand naval authorities detected radio chatter between the Japanese submarines on 26 and 29 May , and although they could not decrypt the transmissions , radio direction finding indicated that a submarine or submarines were approaching Sydney . The Allies considered dispatching an anti @-@ submarine patrol in response to the 29 May fix , but were unable to do so as all anti @-@ submarine craft were already committed to protecting a northbound troop convoy . The only response to the second reconnaissance flight on 29 May was the launching of search planes . No other defence measures were put into place . Although the midget attack on Diego Suarez in Madagascar occurred on the morning of 31 May ( Sydney time ) , the Allies sent no alert to other command regions , as they believed that Vichy French forces had launched the attack . Historians have questioned the competence of the senior Allied officers . Muirhead @-@ Gould had been hosting a dinner party on the night of the attack , and one of the main guests was the senior United States Navy officer in Sydney Harbour , Captain Howard Bode of USS Chicago . Both officers were sceptical that any attack was taking place . Muirhead @-@ Gould arrived aboard HMAS Lolita at approximately midnight , an action he described as attempting to learn about the situation . But members of Lolita 's crew later recounted that when Muirhead @-@ Gould came aboard he immediately chastised the patrol boat 's skipper and crew , and quickly dismissed their report . Junior officers on Chicago provided similar descriptions of Bode 's return on board , and members of both crews later claimed that Muirhead @-@ Gould and Bode were intoxicated . It was only after the destruction of HMAS Kuttabul that both officers began to take the attack seriously . During the attack , there were several delays between events and responses to them . Over two hours passed between the observation of M @-@ 14 in the boom net and Muirhead @-@ Gould 's first order for ships to commence anti @-@ submarine actions . It took another two hours to mobilise the auxiliary patrol boats , which did not leave their anchorage for a further hour . Part of these delays was due to a lack of effective communications . None of the auxiliary patrol craft in the harbour had radio communications , so all instructions and reports came from signal lights via the Port War Signal Station or Garden Island , or by physical communication via launches . In Muirhead @-@ Gould 's preliminary report on the attack , he stated that the Port War Signal Station was not designed for the volume of communications traffic the attack caused . Telephone communications with Garden Island were unreliable during the early part of the attack , and then the first torpedo explosion disabled them completely . The need to keep information secret may also have contributed to the delays and the defenders ' scepticism . As the auxiliary patrol boat crews , the indicator loop staff , and other personnel manning defensive positions would have been outside ' need to know ' and would not have been informed about any of the incidents prior to the attack , they would not have been alert , contributing to the disbelief demonstrated in the early hours of the attack . = = = Flaws in Japanese tactics = = = The main flaw in the Japanese plans was the use of midget submarines for the primary attack . Midget submarines were originally intended to operate during fleet actions : they would be released from modified seaplane carriers to run amok through the enemy fleet . This concept went out of favour as changing Japanese naval thinking and experience led to recognition that naval warfare would centre around carrier @-@ supported aerial combat . As a result , the midget program 's focus changed to the infiltration of enemy harbours , where they would attack vessels at anchor . This concept failed completely during the attack on Pearl Harbor , where the midgets had no effect , and tying up 11 large submarines for six weeks in support of further midget submarine attacks on Sydney and Diego Suarez proved a waste of resources . Moreover , the failures at Sydney Harbour and Diego Suarez demonstrated that the improvements to the midget submarines made after Pearl Harbor had not increased the overall impact of the midget program . The modifications had various effects . The ability to man and deploy the midgets while the mother ships were submerged prevented the Army coastal radars from detecting the mother submarines . However , the midgets were still difficult to control , unstable , and prone to surfacing or diving uncontrollably . These manoeuvrability issues contributed to M @-@ 14 's entanglement in the anti @-@ submarine net , and the repeated detection of M @-@ 21 and M @-@ 24 . Beyond the use of the unreliable midgets , historians have identified areas in the plan of attack where the Japanese could have done significantly more damage . If the Japanese midget submarines had conducted a simultaneous , co @-@ ordinated attack , they would have overwhelmed the defences . A chance for more damage came following the destruction of Kuttabul , when several naval vessels headed to sea , including USS Chicago , USS Perkins , Dutch submarine K @-@ IX , HMAS Whyalla , and HMIS Bombay . The five mother submarines were already en route to the Port Hacking recovery position , and although Sasaki 's plan at Pearl Harbor had been to leave some submarines at the harbour mouth to pick off fleeing vessels , he did not repeat this tactic . = = = USS Chicago 's survival = = = Several factors beyond the control of any of the combatants contributed to the survival of USS Chicago . At the time of M @-@ 24 's attack on Chicago , the latter had spent some time preparing to depart from Sydney Harbour , and although still moored and stationary , was producing large volumes of white smoke as the boilers warmed up . This smoke , streaming aft under the influence of the wind , and contrasting against the dark , low @-@ lying cloud , may have given the impression that Chicago was moving , causing M @-@ 24 to lead the target when firing its torpedoes , and consequently sending its torpedoes across the bow . Another factor that may have influenced Chicago 's survival was the extinguishing of Garden Island 's floodlights minutes before M @-@ 24 fired its first torpedo , impeding targeting . = = = Bombardment impact = = = The bombardments failed to cause significant physical damage , but had a major psychological impact on the residents of Sydney and Newcastle . Due to the inaccuracy of the submarines ' range @-@ finding equipment , coupled with the unstable firing platform of a submarine at sea , specific targeting was impossible . The intention of the submarine bombardment was to frighten the population of the target area . The failure of the majority of the shells to detonate may have had various causes . As the submarines fired armour piercing shells , intended for use against steel ship hulls , the relatively softer brick walls may have failed to trigger the impact fuses . Sea water may have degraded the shells , which the Japanese had stored in deck lockers for several weeks . The age of the shells may also have been a factor ; some of the shells recovered from the Newcastle bombardment were found to be of English manufacture ; surplus munitions from World War I. In Sydney , fear of an impending Japanese invasion caused people to move west ; housing prices in the Eastern Suburbs dropped , while those beyond the Blue Mountains rose significantly . The attack also led to a significant increase in the membership of volunteer defence organisations , and strengthening of defences in Sydney Harbour and Port Newcastle . = = Aftermath = = The papers did not publish news of the submarine attack until 2 June , as most of the attack occurred after the newspapers went to press on the morning of 1 June . Instead , on the morning after the attack , the front pages carried news of Operation Millennium , the Royal Air Force 's first 1 @,@ 000 @-@ bomber raid , although several newspapers included a small interior article mentioning the final reconnaissance flyover . The Federal Censor ordered total censorship of the events , issuing an official statement on the afternoon of 1 June which reported that the Allies had destroyed three submarines in Sydney Harbour , and described the loss of Kuttabul and the 21 deaths as the loss of " one small harbour vessel of no military value " . Smith 's Weekly finally released the real story on 6 June , and follow @-@ up material in the 13 June issue caused more political damage , prompting the Royal Australian Navy to attempt to charge the newspaper with releasing defence information . It was several days before the 21 dead sailors aboard Kuttabul could all be recovered . On 3 June , Muirhead @-@ Gould and over 200 Navy personnel attended a burial ceremony for these sailors . On 1 January 1943 , the Navy base at Garden Island was commissioned as HMAS Kuttabul in commemoration of the ferry and the lives lost . The Australians recovered the bodies of the four Japanese crew of the two midget submarines sunk in Sydney Harbour and had them cremated at Rookwood Cemetery . For the cremation , the Allies draped the Japanese flag over each coffin and rendered full naval honours . Muirhead @-@ Gould was criticised for this , but defended his actions as respecting the courage of the four submariners , regardless of their origin . Australian politicians also hoped that the Japanese Government would notice the respect paid to the sailors and improve the conditions Australian prisoners @-@ of @-@ war were experiencing in Japanese internment camps . Japanese authorities noted the funeral service , but this did not lead to any major improvement in conditions for Australian POWs . Following the use of the midget submariners ' funeral by the Japanese for propaganda purposes , the Australian High Command forbade similar funerals for enemy personnel in the future . An exchange of Japanese and Allied diplomatic personnel stranded in the opposing nations occurred in August 1942 , which allowed Tatsuo Kawai , the Japanese ambassador to Australia , to return home with the ashes of the four Japanese submariners . When the exchange ship Kamakura Maru arrived in Yokohama , several thousand people were present to honour the four men . The two main targets of the attack , USS Chicago and HMAS Canberra , were both lost within the next year : Canberra sinking on 9 August 1942 during the Battle of Savo Island , and Chicago on 30 January 1943 following the Battle of Rennell Island . None of the Japanese submarines involved in the attack survived the war . USS Charrette and Fair sank I @-@ 21 on 5 February 1944 off the Marshall Islands . An American torpedo boat sank I @-@ 22 on 25 December 1942 off New Guinea . An American patrol craft sank I @-@ 24 on 10 June 1943 near the Aleutian Islands . HMS Paladin and Petard sank I @-@ 27 on 12 February 1943 off the Maldives . Lastly , USS Sawfish sank I @-@ 29 on 26 July 1944 in the Philippines . = = = M @-@ 14 and M @-@ 21 = = = The Allies located and recovered M @-@ 21 on 3 June and M @-@ 14 on 8 June . Although both were damaged during the attack , it was possible to assemble a complete submarine from the two vessels . The centre section of the rebuilt submarine was mounted on a trailer and taken on a 4 @,@ 000 km ( 2 @,@ 500 mi ) tour throughout southern New South Wales , Victoria , and western South Australia . The purpose of the tour was twofold ; it allowed Australians to see a Japanese midget submarine up close , and was used to raise A £ 28 @,@ 000 for the Naval Relief Fund and other charities . The submarine arrived at the Australian War Memorial in Canberra on 28 April 1943 , flying the White Ensign and a paying @-@ off pennant . The submarine was originally displayed outside the museum in three separate pieces , but was moved inside in the 1980s due to heavy vandalism ; on one occasion in 1966 , a group of university students painted it bright yellow in response to The Beatles ' song Yellow Submarine . The composite submarine was restored and remains on display inside the Memorial as part of a permanent exhibition on the attack , next to the recovered wheelhouse of HMAS Kuttabul . The conning tower from M @-@ 21 is on display at the Royal Australian Navy Heritage Centre on Garden Island . Leftover material from M @-@ 21 was melted down and made into souvenirs following the construction of the combined vessel . = = = M @-@ 24 = = = Over the 64 years following the disappearance of M @-@ 24 after the attacks , more than 50 people approached the Royal Australian Navy claiming to have found the submarine . All of these claims were found to be false . One early theory about the midget 's fate was that it was damaged or destroyed , along with M @-@ 21 , in or around Taylors Bay , which would account for reports from Steady Hour and Yarroma of multiple submarines during their three @-@ hour attack against M @-@ 21 . A second theory was that the midget attempted to return to the mother submarines but exhausted its battery power before reaching the Port Hacking recovery point and would therefore be outside and to the south of Sydney Heads . The third theory was that the midget 's crew decided to avoid endangering the five larger submarines during the recovery process , and either ran straight out to sea or headed north . A group of seven amateur scuba divers solved the mystery in November 2006 , when they found a small submarine sitting upright on the seabed , 55 metres ( 180 ft ) below sea level and approximately 5 kilometres ( 2 @.@ 7 nmi ; 3 @.@ 1 mi ) from Bungan Head , off Sydney 's Northern Beaches . Commander Shane Moore , the officer responsible for the Royal Australian Navy 's heritage collection , confirmed that the wreck was M @-@ 24 after viewing footage from multiple dives , along with measurements the group had taken . The wreck had several bullet holes in it , most likely from Chicago 's quadruple machine @-@ gun mount . The location of the wreck was kept secret by both the divers and the navy , with Defence Minister Brendan Nelson promising to have the wreck protected as a war grave . The wreck was gazetted on 1 December 2006 as a heritage site . A 500 m ( 1 @,@ 600 ft ) exclusion zone was established around the wreck site , and any vessel entering the zone is liable to a fine under New South Wales law of up to A $ 1 @.@ 1 million , with additional fines and confiscation of equipment under Commonwealth law . Shore- and buoy @-@ mounted surveillance cameras and a sonar listening device further protect the site . On 7 February 2007 , during JMSDF Admiral Eiji Yoshikawa 's visit to Australia , Yoshikawa and RAN Vice Admiral Russ Shalders presided over a ceremony held aboard HMAS Newcastle to honour M @-@ 24 's crew . Relatives of the midget submarines ' crews , one of the survivors from Kuttabul , and dignitaries and military personnel from Australia and Japan attended another ceremony on 6 August 2007 at HMAS Kuttabul . HMAS Melbourne then carried relatives of M @-@ 24 's crew to the wreck site , where they poured sake into the sea before being presented with sand taken from the seabed around the submarine . In May 2012 , the NSW state government announced that , with the approval of the Japanese government and the submariners ' families , divers would be allowed to observe the M @-@ 24 wreck for a short period of time . Divers would enter a ballot for places on controlled dives run on several days . If successful , opening the site would become an annual event to commemorate the attack .
= Beeston Castle = Beeston Castle is a former Royal castle in Beeston , Cheshire , England ( grid reference SJ537593 ) , perched on a rocky sandstone crag 350 feet ( 107 m ) above the Cheshire Plain . It was built in the 1220s by Ranulf de Blondeville , 6th Earl of Chester , ( 1170 – 1232 ) , on his return from the Crusades . In 1237 , Henry III took over the ownership of Beeston , and it was kept in good repair until the 16th century , when it was considered to be of no further military use , although it was pressed into service again in 1643 , during the English Civil War . The castle was slighted ( partly demolished ) in 1646 , in accordance with Cromwell 's destruction order , to prevent its further use as a stronghold . During the 18th century the site was used as a quarry . It is rumoured that treasure belonging to Richard II lies undiscovered in the castle grounds , but the many searches that have been carried out have failed to find any trace of it . The castle is now in ruins . The walls of the outer bailey , and the walls , gatehouse of the inner bailey are separately recorded in the National Heritage List for England as designated Grade I listed buildings . The castle is also a Scheduled Ancient Monument , owned by English Heritage . = = Prehistory = = Beeston crag is one of a chain of rocky hills stretching across the Cheshire Plain . Pits dating from the 4th millennium BC indicate the site of Beeston Castle may have been inhabited or used as a communal gathering place during the Neolithic period . Archaeologists have discovered Neolithic flint arrow heads on the crag , as well as the remains of a Bronze Age community , and of an Iron Age hill fort . The rampart associated with the Bronze Age activity on the crag has been dated to around 1270 – 830 BC ; seven circular buildings were identified as being either late Bronze Age or early Iron Age in origin . It may have been a specialist metalworking site . = = Design = = Beeston was built by Ranulf de Blondeville , 6th Earl of Chester , as an impregnable stronghold and a symbol of power . The siting of the castle 's outer bailey walls was chosen to take advantage of the fortifications remaining from the earlier Iron Age rampart . In medieval documents the castle is described as Castellum de Rupe , the Castle on the Rock . It is one of three major castles built by Ranulph in the 1220s , shortly after his return from the Fifth Crusade . The others are Bolingbroke in Lincolnshire , and Chartley , Staffordshire , both of which share similar architectural features with Beeston ; in particular the design of the towers . Unlike many other castles of the period , Beeston does not have a keep as its last line of defence . Instead the natural features of the land together with massive walls , strong gatehouses , and carefully positioned towers made the baileys themselves the stronghold . The defences consisted of two parts . Firstly , a rectangular castle on the summit of the hill , with a sheer drop on three sides and a defensive ditch up to 30 feet ( 9 m ) deep in places cut into the rock on the fourth side . Secondly , an outer bailey was built on the lower slopes , with a massive gatehouse protected by a 16 feet ( 5 m ) wide and 10 feet ( 3 m ) deep ditch . The outer bailey was roughly rectangular , with 6 feet ( 2 m ) thick walls faced in sandstone and infilled with rubble . The walls , parts of which still remain , contain a number of D @-@ shaped towers , an innovation in English castles at that time . The towers allowed defenders to fire across the walls as well as forwards , and their open @-@ backed design meant that they would not offer cover to any attackers who gained access to the outer bailey . The inner bailey was situated on the rocky summit at the western end of the crag . To provide the castle 's inhabitants with a supply of fresh water two wells were dug into the rock , one of them , at 370 feet ( 113 m ) deep , one of the deepest castle wells in England . = = Royal castle = = Although most of the defences were in place by the time of Ranulph 's death in 1232 , there were no living quarters , and neither were there on the death of Ranulph 's successor John in 1237 . John died without a male heir , allowing King Henry III to take over the Earldom of Cheshire . Henry enlarged Beeston Castle during his wars with Wales , and used it as a prison for his Welsh captives . No attempt was made to equip the castle as a permanent residence with halls and chambers ; garrisons were probably housed in wooden structures within the outer bailey . In 1254 Henry gave Beeston , together with other lands in Cheshire , to his son Prince Edward . He also gave the title Earl of Chester to the prince , a title that has been conferred on the heir to the throne of England ever since . Edward was crowned king of England in 1272 , and completed the conquest of Wales . In the middle of the 14th century there are references to men of Cheshire who were made constables of the royal castle . The constable would probably have lived in or near the gatehouse . The habitation was described in an account of the castle in 1593 by Samson Erdeswick , which describes , " a goodly strong gatehouse , and strong wall with other buildings , which when they flourished were a convenient habitation for any great personage . " Beeston was kept in good repair and improved during Edward 's reign , and throughout the 14th century . However , by the 16th century , the castle was considered to be of no further use to the English Crown , and in 1602 it was sold to Sir Hugh Beeston ( c . 1547 – 1626 ) of Beeston Hall . There have been persistent rumours of a treasure hidden by Richard II somewhere in the castle grounds . Richard is supposed to have hidden part of his personal wealth at Beeston on his journey to Chester in 1399 , before boarding a ship to Ireland to suppress a rebellion there . On his return , Richard was deposed by Henry , Duke of Lancaster , the future Henry IV , and his treasure is said to have remained undiscovered . Many searches have been carried out , most of them focusing on the deep well in the inner bailey , but nothing has ever been found . The rumour of hidden treasure may not be well @-@ founded , as Henry IV is recorded as having recovered Richard 's gold and jewellery from its various hiding places . = = Civil war = = During the English Civil War many neglected castles were pressed into service . Beeston was seized on 20 February 1643 by Parliamentary forces commanded by Sir William Brereton . The walls were repaired and the motte was cleaned out . During 1643 part of the royal army of Ireland landed at Chester . On 13 December 1643 Captain Thomas Sandford and eight soldiers from that army crept into Beeston at night ( possibly aided by treachery ) and surprised the castle governor , Captain Thomas Steele , who was so shaken by the event that he surrendered on the promise that he would be allowed to march out of the castle with honours . Steele was tried and shot for his failure to hold the castle . The Royalists survived a siege by parliamentary forces from November 1644 until November 1645 , when their lack of food forced them to surrender . The castle was partially demolished in 1646 , to prevent its further use as a stronghold . = = Later history = = Quarrying was carried out in the castle grounds during the 18th century , and the gatehouse leading into the outer bailey was demolished to build a track for the stones to be removed from the site . In 1840 the castle was purchased by John Tollemache , 1st Baron Tollemache , at that time the largest landowner in Cheshire , as part of a larger estate . In the mid @-@ 19th century the castle was the site of an annual two @-@ day fete , raising money for local widows and orphans and attracting more than 3000 visitors a day . = = Present day = = The castle is owned by English Heritage , and although in ruins , enough of the walls and towers are still in place to provide a clear picture of how it would have looked in its prime . It is open to visitors and has a small museum and visitor 's centre . A lodge house was built by Tollemache in the 19th century , and was expanded in the 20th century . The lodge is two storeys high , with two circular towers either side of a central archway . It is designated as a Grade II listed building . Beeston offers one of the most spectacular views of any castle in England , stretching across eight counties from the Pennines in the east to the Welsh mountains in the west .
= Tonkin Highway = Tonkin Highway is a 44 @-@ kilometre @-@ long ( 27 mi ) north @-@ south highway in Perth , Western Australia , linking Perth Airport and Kewdale with the city 's north @-@ eastern and south @-@ eastern suburbs . The northern terminus is at Reid Highway in Malaga , and the southern terminus is at Thomas Road in Oakford . It forms the entire length of State Route 4 , and connects to several major roads , including Great Eastern Highway , Leach Highway , Roe Highway , and Albany Highway . Planning for the route began in the 1950s , but the first segment between Wattle Grove and Cloverdale was not opened until 1980 . Over the next five years , the highway was extended north to Great Eastern Highway and south to Albany Highway , and a discontinuous section was constructed north of the Swan River . In 1988 the Redcliffe Bridge linked these sections , and three years later , Reid Highway became the northern terminus . The next major works on the highway , between 2003 and 2005 , extended the highway south to Thomas Road . The Gateway WA project plans to improve the road network around Perth Airport , including upgrading the central section of Tonkin Highway to a six @-@ lane freeway @-@ standard road . Construction began in 2013 , and completion is scheduled for 2017 . Further extensions to both the northern and southern extents of the highway are planned , which would connect the highway to the proposed Perth Darwin National Highway near Ballajura , and to South Western Highway south of Byford . = = Route description = = Tonkin Highway forms the entire length of State Route 4 . It is maintained by Main Roads Western Australia , and subject to control of access along its entire length . Some sections of the highway are freeway @-@ standard , with grade @-@ separated interchanges ; however , most junctions on the highway are at @-@ grade and traffic light controlled . The highway is a dual carriageway , primarily four lanes wide , though near some junctions the width briefly increases to six lanes . The speed limit is 80 kilometres per hour ( 50 mph ) near intersections , and 90 or 100 km / h ( 55 or 60 mph ) along the stretches in between . A shared pedestrian and bicycle path is built alongside part of Tonkin Highway , between Collier Road and Great Eastern Highway , as well as south of Mills Road East . In most other sections , the highway 's sealed shoulders also function as bicycle lanes . Main Roads Western Australia monitors traffic volume across the state 's road network , including several locations along Tonkin Highway . The section near Perth Airport , south of Great Eastern Highway , is the busiest , averaging over 56 @,@ 000 vehicles per weekday in 2007 – 08 , and over 57 @,@ 000 in 2008 – 09 . North of the Swan River , the traffic volume gradually decreased to under 40 @,@ 000 vehicles per weekday near the northern terminus , in 2007 – 08 . Measurements in 2008 – 09 showed the lowest volume to be under 10 @,@ 000 vehicles per weekday near the southern terminus , north of Thomas Road . As of 2013 , intersections in and around Kewdale , Forrestfield and Perth Airport carry traffic volumes beyond their capacity during peak periods . Average peak period traffic speeds in this part of Tonkin Highway were measured as 20 km / h ( 12 mph ) or less in 2013 . The slowest section was from Leach Highway to Horrie Miller Drive , which recorded an average of 14 km / h ( 9 mph ) during the afternoon peak period . Traffic volume , exceeding 50 @,@ 000 vehicles per day in 2012 , is forecast to almost double by 2031 . Traffic modelling has shown that leaving the current network of traffic light controlled intersections in place would result in gridlock by 2021 . An upgraded road network , after the Gateway WA project is completed , is expected to have an average speed in peak periods of between 55 and 75 km / h ( 35 and 45 mph ) in 2021 . = = = North of the Swan River = = = Tonkin Highway begins at a traffic light controlled T junction with Reid Highway , at the southern edge of Malaga , eastern edge of Noranda , and western edge of Beechboro , within the City of Swan local government area ( LGA ) . Tonkin Highway is the southern leg of the T junction , while Reid Highway forms both the northern and eastern legs . The highway heads south forming the border between the residential suburbs of Beechboro and Noranda . The Lightning Park sporting reserve is located immediately west of Tonkin Highway , and can be accessed from a northbound exit ramp 400 metres ( 0 @.@ 25 mi ) south of the T junction . After 150 metres ( 490 ft ) , the highway enters the City of Bayswater LGA . East of the highway , the LGA boundary is also the boundary between the suburbs of Beechboro and Morley . The highway travels south for 400 metres ( 0 @.@ 25 mi ) to the traffic lights at Benara Road . The south @-@ eastern corner of Noranda is 400 metres ( 0 @.@ 25 mi ) south of the intersection , leaving the highway entirely within Morley . Tonkin Highway continues south through the residential area for 1 @.@ 1 kilometres ( 0 @.@ 68 mi ) , and reaches another set of traffic lights , with Morley Drive and Morley Drive East . Tonkin Highway continues southwards through a narrow S curve that realigns the highway further east . Partway through the curve , 800 metres ( 0 @.@ 50 mi ) south of Morley Drive , the highway passes under Broun Avenue , though there is no access between the roads . At this point the highway enters the north @-@ eastern corner of Embleton , travels through it for 400 metres ( 0 @.@ 25 mi ) , and then enters Bayswater . The border between Embleton and Bayswater follows Beechboro Road , which is discontinuous either side of Tonkin Highway . The highway continues through Bayswater , between residential housing to the north @-@ east and an industrial area to the south @-@ west . After 500 metres ( 0 @.@ 31 mi ) the S curve ends , with the highway now travelling between industrial and commercial properties . There is another set of traffic lights 400 metres ( 1 @,@ 300 ft ) further south , with Collier Road . The next major road the highway meets is Guildford Road , 1 @.@ 7 kilometres ( 1 @.@ 1 mi ) further south . It is connected via a grade @-@ separated interchange folded diamond interchange , with all the ramps located south of Guildford Road ; to the north is the Midland railway line , and the parallel road Railway Parade , which the highway passes over . From here the highway turns south @-@ easterly , perpendicular to the Swan River , and travels through another residential part of Bayswater for 1 @.@ 2 kilometres ( 0 @.@ 75 mi ) . Tonkin Highway crosses the river via the 270 @-@ metre @-@ long ( 890 ft ) Redcliffe Bridge , which takes the highway into Ascot , in the City of Belmont LGA . = = = Perth Airport = = = A grade @-@ separated interchange with Great Eastern Highway is located 350 metres ( 1 @,@ 150 ft ) south @-@ east of the Redcliffe Bridge . It is a diamond interchange , with an additional north @-@ eastbound to south @-@ eastbound loop ramp . Additionally , Great Eastern Highway 's intersection with the south @-@ eastbound exit ramp also connects to Brearley Avenue , one of the main access roads to Perth Airport 's domestic terminal . Beyond this interchange , Tonkin Highway , now six lanes and freeway standard , is within Redcliffe 's residential areas . A further 750 metres ( 0 @.@ 47 mi ) takes the highway to the edge of the suburb of Perth Airport , where it becomes the border between Redcliffe to the south @-@ west and Perth Airport to the north @-@ east . Five hundred metres ( 0 @.@ 31 mi ) later , the highway approaches the interchange with Dunreath Drive . A dogbone interchange , Dunreath Drive replaced the Brearley Avenue entrance as the main access road from Tonkin Highway to Perth Airport 's domestic terminal in 2015 . After 0 @.@ 5 kilometres ( 0 @.@ 31 mi ) , the highway turns south , travelling in that direction for 1 @.@ 1 kilometres ( 0 @.@ 68 mi ) before reaching Cloverdale and curving back to the south @-@ east , meeting Leach Highway and Airport Drive . Known as the Grand Gateway interchange , it is the primary access to Perth Airport 's international terminal ( replacing Horrie Miller Drive in 2015 ) . It is a modified three @-@ level cloverstack interchange with two loop ramps ( Airport Drive west to Tonkin Highway north and Leach Highway east to Tonkin Highway south ) . These movements , along with another five of the eight available between the three roads are free @-@ flowing . Only Tonkin Highway north to Leach Highway west is controlled by traffic lights at the subsequent Leach Highway / Abernethy Road interchange before entering the highway itself to minimise the danger posed by weaving . The interchange is only 13 @.@ 9 metres high , its height limited by the airport runway to its north with tunnelling not possible due to the high water table in the vicinity . It is located at the borders between three suburbs : Cloverdale to the west , Kewdale to the south , and the Perth Airport to the north @-@ east . Beyond Leach Highway , Tonkin Highway continues past industrial properties for 1 @.@ 3 kilometres ( 0 @.@ 81 mi ) , reaching the interchange with Kewdale Road to the south @-@ west , and Horrie Miller Drive to the north @-@ east . Now a single @-@ point urban interchange , the initial signalised intersection was the original primary access road for Perth Airport 's international terminals . After another 1 @.@ 4 kilometres ( 0 @.@ 87 mi ) , the highway reaches Abernethy Road . The only connections are a north @-@ westbound looped exit ramp that merges with a local road , McDowell Street , north of Abernethy Road and a south @-@ eastbound entrance ramp built in 2014 . Beyond this intersection , the highway enters the Shire of Kalamunda LGA , and is the location of the border between the suburbs of Kewdale to the south @-@ east and Forrestfield to the north @-@ east . It continues along the border for 900 metres ( 0 @.@ 56 mi ) , until it reaches Roe Highway , which marks the border between Kewdale and Wattle Grove , on the south @-@ western side of Tonkin Highway . Initially built as a signalised diamond interchange favouring Tonkin Highway , the Gateway WA project has since modified the connection into a hybrid diamond @-@ stack interchange , with all Tonkin Highway southbound movements free @-@ flowing , along with both left turns from Roe to Tonkin Highway . = = = Forrestfield to Oakford = = = Tonkin Highway travels in a south @-@ easterly direction between residential areas in Forrestfield and Wattle Grove , reaching Hale Road after 1 @.@ 2 kilometres ( 0 @.@ 75 mi ) . Over the next 1 @.@ 5 kilometres ( 0 @.@ 93 mi ) , the highway curves back to the south . At this point it intersects Welshpool Road East , and is entirely within the suburb of Wattle Grove . Beyond this intersection , Tonkin Highway continues south @-@ east as the border between the semi @-@ rural areas of Kenwick to the west , and Wattle Grove to the east . This is also the border between the City of Gosnells and Shire of Kalamunda LGAs , which the highway follows for 1 @.@ 9 kilometres ( 1 @.@ 2 mi ) . It then reaches the suburbs of Maddington , located west of the highway , and Orange Grove , east of the highway , and from this point on , is entirely within the City of Gosnells . After 750 metres ( 0 @.@ 47 mi ) , the highway crosses Kelvin Road , and continues south @-@ east for a further 2 @.@ 8 kilometres ( 1 @.@ 7 mi ) . It briefly passes the industrial part of Maddington , before curving slightly around an urban development to reach intersections with Gosnells Road East , and subsequently Gosnells Road West . These are a pair of T @-@ junctions , 260 metres ( 850 ft ) apart , which are not traffic @-@ light controlled . Tonkin Highway follows a gentle reverse curve southwards through Martin for 2 @.@ 1 kilometres ( 1 @.@ 3 mi ) , once more within a semi @-@ rural environment , before reaching a set of traffic lights with Mills Road East and West . Tonkin Highway crosses the Canning River 1 @.@ 4 kilometres ( 0 @.@ 87 mi ) further south , entering Gosnells . It then curves south @-@ west towards Albany Highway , 650 metres ( 0 @.@ 40 mi ) away . Tonkin Highway meets Albany Highway at a folded diamond interchange . The highway splits into local and express lanes on approach to this interchange , and continues in this configuration for 600 metres ( 0 @.@ 37 mi ) . At this point there is a dogbone interchange with Corfield Street , with the highway now marking the boundary between the suburbs of Gosnells and Champion Lakes , as well as the City of Gosnells and City of Armadale LGAs . It continues south @-@ westbound , passing between Champion Lakes to the south @-@ east , and undeveloped land to the north @-@ west . After 3 @.@ 3 kilometres ( 2 @.@ 1 mi ) , there is a T junction with Champion Drive . The highway continues southwest for another 2 @.@ 7 kilometres ( 1 @.@ 7 mi ) until it reaches a set of traffic lights with Ranford Road . Afterwards it is entirely within the City of Armadale LGA , and the suburb of Forrestdale . Tonkin Highway turns south , along a two @-@ kilometre @-@ long ( 1 @.@ 2 mi ) curve , and meets Armadale Road at another set of traffic lights . The highway continues south through rural land , between Forrestfield to the west , and Haynes and Hilbert to the east . It passes Forrest Road after 1 @.@ 5 kilometres ( 0 @.@ 93 mi ) , only connecting to the eastern leg at a T junction , and 2 @.@ 2 kilometres ( 1 @.@ 4 mi ) further on , reaches Rowley Road . Following this traffic controlled intersection , Tonkin Highway is within the Shire of Serpentine @-@ Jarrahdale LGA . The highway follows the eastern edge of Oakford for 3 @.@ 2 kilometres ( 2 @.@ 0 mi ) , past low density residential lots . Tonkin Highway ends at Thomas Road , which connects traffic to Kwinana Freeway and South Western Highway . = = History = = A proposal for a highway along a similar alignment was first proposed in 1955 , as part of a network of arterial roads under a metropolitan @-@ wide plan produced for the Western Australian government by Gordon Stephenson and Alastair Hepburn . The road reservation was formally gazetted in the 1963 Metropolitan Region Scheme . It was first named " Beechboro @-@ Gosnells Highway " , the name coming from the two suburbs it was originally planned to link . Like most Perth arterial road projects , the highway was built in stages . It was initially constructed as a 3 @.@ 3 @-@ kilometre @-@ long ( 2 @.@ 1 mi ) dual carriageway , from Welshpool Road , Wattle Grove to Hardey Road in Cloverdale , which opened on 16 June 1980 . A further 12 @.@ 2 kilometres ( 7 @.@ 6 mi ) , that linked the new highway to Albany Highway in Gosnells , was completed in December 1980 . This $ 6 @.@ 1 million section , which officially opened on 22 December 1980 , was the start of a new route between Gosnells and Bellevue , and reduced traffic volume and congestion on Albany Highway . The third segment to be constructed was a 3 @.@ 6 @-@ kilometre @-@ long ( 2 @.@ 2 mi ) section north of the Swan River , from Railway Parade in Bayswater to Morley Drive , which opened on 11 July 1984 . This # 3 @.@ 5 million section was constructed by Thiess Contractors Pty Ltd , with Taylor Woodrow International Ltd responsible for constructing the Broun Avenue bridge . Stage 4 linked Hardey Road and Great Eastern Highway , and included the construction of four bridges over the Forrestfield railway marshalling yards , the first bridges in Australia to be constructed using the incremental launch technique . Upon opening on 1 May 1985 , Beechboro @-@ Gosnells Highway was renamed " Tonkin Highway " , in honour of former Western Australian premier John Tonkin . Tonkin had also been the Minister for Works during the planning and construction of the Narrows Bridge and Kwinana Freeway in the 1950s . A ceremony was held at Redcliffe on 1 May by the Premier Mr Brian Burke , who unveiled a plaque . Mr Tonkin , who at the time was aged 83 , cut the ribbon at the ceremony to officially open the new Forrestfield to Redcliffe section of the highway . A grade @-@ separated interchange was constructed at Great Eastern Highway in 1986 , which included a six lane road bridge over Tonkin Highway and a pedestrian subway . It was constructed earlier than initially planned , as heavy traffic from Perth Airport was expected during the 1987 America 's Cup . Construction on a link between the northern and southern sections of Tonkin Highway began in 1988 . Included in this $ 48 million stage was the Redcliffe Bridge over the Swan River , and an interchange with Guildford Road , north of the bridge . The 270 @-@ metre @-@ long ( 890 ft ) Redcliffe Bridge , also built using the incremental launching technique , was designed to carry six traffic lanes , as well as pedestrian and cycle paths that could be converted into traffic lanes when required . The bridge deck is supported by a narrow central section with cantilever extensions on each side , as a " big heavy bridge would have looked out of place " at a relatively narrow section of the river . The bridge opened on 16 April 1988 , and received awards for engineering excellence from both the national and state branches of the Institute of Engineers , Australia . The highway was then extended northwards , reaching Benara Road on 18 December 1989 , and Reid Highway on 11 November 1991 . Tonkin Highway spent a decade remaining largely unchanged , linking Reid Highway in Malaga with Albany Highway in Gosnells . In 2003 , construction of a new southern extension commenced . Planning and Infrastructure Minister Alannah MacTiernan and the Member for Roleystone , Martin Whitely , participated in a sod turning ceremony on 27 June 2003 , to mark the start of the project . At the time , the $ 140 million extension was the largest single road project in Western Australia . The project was completed in two stages , with Armadale Road as the midpoint . The first 11 @-@ kilometre @-@ long ( 6 @.@ 8 mi ) section , including a new interchange at Albany Highway , was opened by Premier Geoff Gallop and Alannah MacTiernan on 2 April 2005 . The original connection to Albany Highway was renamed Ferres Drive . The Forrestdale Business Park and the Champion Lakes precinct were constructed concurrently with the project , to encourage industrial and residential development alongside the new highway section . The remaining seven kilometres ( 4 @.@ 3 mi ) , from Armadale Road through to Thomas Road , opened a year ahead of schedule on 16 December 2005 . The new extension improved links with Kwinana , Armadale , Rockingham and Byford . It also provided a new freight route , diverting heavy vehicle traffic away from the existing road network and residential areas . On 16 April 2012 , an intersection with Dunreath Drive was opened . This traffic light controlled at @-@ grade intersection allowed access to and from the international terminal of Perth Airport , bypassing Tonkin Highway 's intersections with Leach Highway and Kewdale Road / Horrie Miller Drive . The intersection was later removed on 16 July 2015 upon the commissioning of two nearby interchanges as part of Gateway WA . = = Future works = = A number of improvement works are planned for Tonkin Highway , which will see most of the central and northern sections upgraded to a freeway @-@ standard road with grade separated interchanges . Extensions are also planned at both ends of the highway , which would see the southern end extended to South Western Highway south of Byford , and link the northern end to the future Perth Darwin National Highway near Ballajura . = = = Gateway WA = = = The Gateway WA Perth Airport and Freight Access Project is a $ 1 billion project that will upgrade the road network around Perth Airport . It is the largest project Main Roads Western Australia has ever undertaken , covering the upgrade of Tonkin and Leach highways , and the construction of four new interchanges . The project is jointly funded by state and federal governments , which are providing $ 317 @.@ 5 million and $ 686 @.@ 4 million respectively . As part of the project , Tonkin Highway will be expanded from two to three lanes in both directions , between Great Eastern Highway and Roe Highway , and the existing intersections in this section will be grade separated . A new diamond interchange will be constructed at Boud Avenue ( sinced renamed the Dunreath Drive Interchange ) , to provide access to the domestic terminal precinct . International terminal access will be provided via a new freeway @-@ to @-@ freeway cloverstack interchange at Leach Highway , and a single @-@ point urban interchange to be constructed at Tonkin Highway 's intersection with Horrie Miller Drive and Kewdale Road . The existing diamond interchange with Roe Highway will only be upgraded to a partial freeway @-@ to @-@ freeway interchange , but with plans to further upgrade it to a completely free @-@ flowing interchange in the future . In January 2013 , works was undertaken to protect or relocate sections of the Canning Trunk water main and the Dampier to Bunbury Natural Gas Pipeline in the vicinity of the project . Construction on the Gateway WA project officially began on 1 February 2013 with a groundbreaking ceremony attended by the state and federal transport ministers , Troy Buswell and Anthony Albanese . The first section being constructed is an entrance ramp from Abernethy Road to Tonkin Highway southbound . Work on the Leach Highway interchange is expected to commence at the end of 2013 , with construction of the other interchanges scheduled to start at the end of 2014 . The whole project was due to be completed by 2017 . However it was moved to March 2016 , due to construction moving faster than expected . = = = Southern extension = = = Tonkin Highway reaches past the edge of suburbia at its southern extent . Planning provides for it to be extended when required . The initial plans indicated the extension would continue south through undeveloped or semi @-@ rural areas such as Mundijong , Cardup & Jarrahdale . South of Mundijong , the planned route would deviate east to terminate at South Western Highway near Jarrahdale Road , which would then be upgraded . Following the 2001 state election , the new government abandoned the Jarrahdale Road option , preferring a shorter route that deviated to South Western Highway near Orton Street , closer to Byford . In July 2012 , seven years after the previous extension was completed , the Minister for Transport announced the formation of a community working group to investigate an extension of Tonkin Highway beyond Thomas Road . The group met several times to identify and evaluate possible solutions to traffic congestion in the area , and prepare a strategic business case for the next extension . As of 19 February 2013 , the preferred options are to extend the highway to South Western Highway , at a location either south of Lakes Road or south of Mundijong Road . = = = NorthLink WA = = = NorthLink WA is a project that will see both the northern section of Tonkin Highway upgraded , and the road extended northwards to bypass Great Northern Highway within Perth . These two component projects are separately funded , with both the state and federal governments contributing to each project . Construction is expected to begin in 2016 , and be completed by 2019 . = = = = Northern extension = = = = Planning is in place for a future extension north . Such an extension would bring the highway to Hepburn Avenue , near the north @-@ eastern corner of Ballajura . These plans see the extension linking to the proposed new Perth Darwin National Highway ( PDNH ) Swan Valley Bypass , which would continue north towards Ellenbrook . The previously planned route of the PDNH , prior to 2012 , followed Lord Street , east of Whiteman Park . While still in the planning stages , the state and federal governments have allocated funding to the project , with construction scheduled to start in 2016 . = = = = Intersection upgrades = = = = The federal government has allocated $ 140 @.@ 6 million to grade @-@ separate Tonkin Highway 's intersections with Benara Road , Morley Drive and Collier Road . The funding is part of the next five @-@ year phase of the Nation Building Program , from 2014 – 15 to 2018 – 19 . The upgrades are intended to improve freight transportation along the highway . The total cost is expected to be $ 281 @.@ 2 million . In the lead up to the 2013 Australian federal election , which resulted in a change a government , Labor candidate for Perth , Alannah MacTiernan , accused the then @-@ opposition 's candidate of lying to the electorate over their commitment to the upgrade . The official policy costings did not contain specific funding for the project . However , an opposition spokesperson claimed it was " in the current forward estimates " , and not in the costing , as the upgrade was neither a " new and accelerated " project , nor a project that would definitely not be funded . = = Interchanges and intersections = =
= Faeq al @-@ Mir arrest controversy = The Faeq al @-@ Mir arrest controversy refers to the arrest , imprisonment , and calls for release of Faeq al @-@ Mir , leader of the Syrian People ’ s Democratic Party , after he telephoned Elias Atallah , a Lebanese politician critical of Syrian policies there . In the call , taped by Syrian Intelligence forces , al @-@ Mir gave condolences to Atallah regarding the assassination of Pierre Gemayel , Lebanon 's Minister of Industry . Al @-@ Mir was detained by Syrian security forces at his home in Latakia on December 13 , 2006 , and charged in March 2007 with " undertaking acts that weaken national sentiment during times of conflict " and " communicating with a foreign country to incite it to initiate aggression against Syria or to provide it with the means to do so . " On December 31 , 2007 , Damascus 's First Criminal Court ruled him guilty of " circulating false or exaggerated news which would weaken the morale of the nation " and sentenced him to three years in prison , though the duration was immediately reduced to 18 months . Human rights groups , including Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International , criticized the arrest and demanded al @-@ Mir 's unconditional release . = = Background = = Having worked together for communist organizations in the mid @-@ 1980s , Faeq al @-@ Mir and Elias Atallah boasted a close relationship at the time of the arrest . Al @-@ Mir , a human rights activist , led the left @-@ wing People ’ s Democratic Party , an unauthorized party critical of the Syrian government . Atallah was the leader and sole parliamentarian of the Democratic Left Movement , a leftist Lebanese party . He was also a senior figure in the March 14 Alliance , a Lebanese parliamentary coalition critical of Syrian policies . The two conversed over the phone several times prior to the arrest . They often lamented the assassinations of anti @-@ Syrian Lebanese figures like Samir Kassir . Al @-@ Mir , who was released from a previous ten @-@ year prison sentence related to political activism in 1999 , visited Lebanon in 2006 to mourn the killing of George Hawi , a former leader of the Lebanese Communist Party . According to Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch , this contributed to al @-@ Mir 's arrest at the end of the year . While the Syrian constitution liberally grants free speech , a state of emergency in effect since the Baath Party seized power suspends this freedom . Syria has stringently approached dissidents who question its policies in neighboring Lebanon ; Syrian authorities detained and imprisoned ten activists who signed the Beirut @-@ Damascus Declaration petition in May 2006 . The petition , of which al @-@ Mir was a signatory , advocated the withdrawal of Syrian troops from Lebanon and the normalization of relations between the two countries . = = = The call = = = In a December 2006 phone call , al @-@ Mir bestowed his condolences to Atallah regarding the November 21 assassination of Pierre Gemayel , Lebanon 's Minister of Industry and an anti @-@ Syrian politician . The call was taped by Syrian intelligence forces , known as the Mukhabarat . = = Arrest and Trial = = On December 13 , 2006 , Syrian security forces arrested al @-@ Mir at his home in Latakia on Syria 's western coast , and he has remained in detention since . In March 2007 , Syrian authorities charged al @-@ Mir with " undertaking acts that weaken national sentiment " during times of conflict and " communicating with a foreign country to incite it to initiate aggression against Syria or to provide it with the means to do so . " The second charge bears a life sentence and could entail the death penalty if the foreign nation initiates aggression against Syria . Al @-@ Mir 's trial began before the Damascus First Criminal Court on August 29 , 2007 . His indictment stated he " contacted enemies of the state in Lebanon including members of the March 14 group , and he knows that the ideas and direction of this group are in accordance with the American and Zionist direction which are against the national approach of the Syrian government . " It accused al @-@ Mir of conveying " support for the approach and direction of March 14 " during the phone call . Al @-@ Mir denied this , stating that he called Atallah only as head of the Democratic Left Movement . On November 8 , the court adjourned his trial , postponing the verdict until November 28 as a result of the defense filing a petition to dismiss the judge in session . On December 31 , 2007 , the Damascus First Criminal Court ruled al @-@ Mir guilty of " circulating false or exaggerated news which would weaken the morale of the nation " . In accordance with an amnesty provision , the court dropped the charge of “ circulating knowingly false or exaggerated news abroad , which would harm the State or its financial standing " . He was sentenced to three years in prison , though the duration was immediately commuted to one and a half years . The court elected to consider al @-@ Mir 's detention before the trial as part of his prison term . = = Aftermath = = Deeming the charges against him " politically motivated " , Human Rights Watch called for al @-@ Mir 's immediate release . The organization included his arrest in the Syrian section of its 2008 World Report , a human rights assessment . Amnesty International judged al @-@ Mir a " prisoner of conscience " and called for " his immediate and unconditional release . " Atallah — speaking to NOW Lebanon , a Lebanese newspaper — praised al @-@ Mir 's human @-@ rights activism and commented " arresting someone for a phone call is unheard of ... every free and democratic Lebanese citizen is in solidarity with [ Mir ] and his comrades , and they demand that he is set free along with all the political prisoners in Syria . ” According to NOW Lebanon , al @-@ Mir 's indictment implied that " any support for March 14 – the ruling parliamentary majority in Lebanon – is tantamount to treason , " a precedent that was " portentous for the future of Lebanese @-@ Syrian relations or for the revitalization of democracy inside of Syria . " In a letter smuggled out of Adra Prison and published by a Lebanese newspaper , al @-@ Mir and five other imprisoned activists denounced the " repressive climate " in their country and wrote " Our situation as prisoners of conscience is part ... of the crisis of public freedoms and human rights in Syria , which started with the state of emergency imposed 44 years ago . " Al @-@ Mir was released from prison on July 13 , 2008 after spending a year and a half in prison . = = During the Syrian Uprising = = Faeq al @-@ Mir became actively involved in the Syrian uprising ( 2011 – present ) right from the beginning . As a result , he went into hiding in Ghouta near Damascus to avoid arrest by the security agencies of the Syrian government . However , on Monday October 7 , 2013 , he was arrested during a visit to the city of Damascus . Faeq al @-@ Mir is known among supporters of the Syrian opposition with the title " al @-@ e 'mem " ( Levantine Arabic : العميم , meaning " the uncle " ) in recognition for his lifelong political activism against the dictatorship of Al @-@ Assad family in Syria .
= Tôn Thất Đính = Lieutenant General Tôn Thất Đính ( 20 November 1926 – 21 November 2013 ) was a retired officer who served in the Army of the Republic of Vietnam ( ARVN ) . He is best known as one of the key figures in the November 1963 coup that deposed and resulted in the assassination of Ngô Đình Diệm , the first president of the Republic of Vietnam ( South Vietnam ) . A favourite of the ruling Ngô family , Đính received rapid promotions ahead of officers who were regarded as being more capable . He converted to Roman Catholicism to curry favour with Diệm , and headed the military wing of the Cần Lao party , a secret Catholic organisation that maintained the Ngôs ' grip on power . At the age of 32 , Đính became the youngest ever ARVN general and the commander of the II Corps , but he was regarded as a dangerous , egotistical and impetuous figure with a weakness for alcohol and partying . In 1962 , Đính was appointed commander of the III Corps , which oversaw the region surrounding the capital Saigon . He was given the post because Diệm regarded him as one of his most loyal officers . This position meant that Đính would be a critical factor in the success or failure of any coup . In late 1963 , with Diệm becoming increasingly unpopular , Đính 's colleagues recruited him into a coup by playing on his ego . They convinced him to ask Diệm for a cabinet post , knowing that the president was adamantly opposed to military officers serving as ministers and would chastise him . Diệm promptly rebuffed Đính , who became upset and was lured into the plot . Diệm and his brother and chief advisor Ngô Đình Nhu were aware of a coup plot , but did not know of Đính 's involvement . Nhu planned a fake coup of his own in an attempt to trap his opponents and generate positive publicity for his family 's regime . He put Đính in charge of the fake coup , and the general promptly redeployed loyal units outside Saigon and rebel forces near the capital . On 1 November 1963 , the rebels ' actual coup proceeded , and the Ngô brothers were deposed and executed . After the coup , Đính became one of the 12 members of the Military Revolutionary Council ( MRC ) , serving as the interior minister . However , the MRC lasted only three months before being ousted in a bloodless coup by General Nguyễn Khánh . Đính and his colleagues were put under house arrest by Khánh and falsely accused of promoting a neutralist plot . The subsequent military trial collapsed . The generals were convicted of " lax morality " , but were eventually allowed to resume their military service , albeit in meaningless desk jobs . Following Khánh 's exile by another group of generals , Đính was appointed to command the I Corps in 1966 in order to put down the Buddhist Uprising , but Prime Minister Nguyễn Cao Kỳ disapproved of his reconciliatory policies . Kỳ launched a successful surprise attack against Đính , who fled , but was later captured and briefly imprisoned by Kỳ . After his release , Đính worked in the media and was elected to the Senate in 1967 . He served in the upper house until the fall of Saigon in April 1975 , when he fled Vietnam . = = Early years = = A native of central Vietnam , Đính enlisted in the Vietnamese National Army ( VNA ) of the French @-@ backed State of Vietnam at Phu Bai in 1949 and trained as a paratrooper in France . He became a protege of Ngô Đình Cần , a younger brother of Prime Minister Diệm . Cần , who unofficially controlled the region of central Vietnam near Huế , was impressed by what he considered to be an abundance of courage on the part of Đính . Within six years of enlisting in the military , Đính had risen to the rank of colonel and was made the inaugural commander of the newly formed 32nd Division based in Da Nang in the centre of the country on 1 January 1955 . Đính led the unit until November 1956 , during which time it was renamed the 2nd Division . Diệm deposed head of state Bảo Đại in a fraudulent referendum in 1955 and proclaimed himself president of the newly created Republic of Vietnam ( commonly known as South Vietnam ) . The VNA thus became the Army of the Republic of Vietnam ( ARVN ) . Born into a nominally Buddhist family , Đính had converted to Catholicism in the hope of advancing his career . The change of religion was widely perceived to be a factor in his rapid promotion above more capable officers . A devout member of the Catholic minority , Diệm dedicated the country to the Virgin Mary and heavily disenfranchised and disadvantaged the Buddhist majority . Đính once described himself as " fearless and arrogant " and Diệm 's adopted son — the president was a lifelong bachelor . In August 1957 , he was appointed commander of the 1st Division based in Huế , the old imperial capital and Cần 's base . Đính served there for one year , until he became a one @-@ star general and received a wider @-@ reaching command in August 1958 , making him the youngest ever ARVN general . Đính 's favour among the Ngô family saw him appointed in 1958 to head the military wing of the Cần Lao , the secret organisation of Vietnamese Catholics loyal to the Ngô family that maintained the family 's grip on power . Despite the high regard in which the Ngô family held him , Đính had a poor reputation among his colleagues . Regarded by his peers as ambitious , vain and impulsive , he was known mainly for heavily drinking in Saigon 's nightclubs , and the Central Intelligence Agency labelled him a " basic opportunist " . He was known for always wearing a paratrooper 's uniform with a red beret at a steep angle , and being accompanied by a tall , uncommunicative Cambodian bodyguard . Senior Australian Army officer Ted Serong , who worked with Đính , called him " a young punk with a gun — and dangerous " . = = Xá Lợi Pagoda = = In August 1958 , Đính was made the commander of the II Corps , which oversaw the Central Highlands region mainly inhabited by indigenous tribes . He was based in the mountainous town of Pleiku and oversaw the surrounding region and the lowlands to the north of the capital of Saigon . This put him in control of the 5th , 22nd and 23rd Divisions , one third of the divisions in the country . At the time , the CIA had been training Montagnard tribesmen under the Village Defense Program ( later to become the Civilian Irregular Defense Group ) with the stated intention of resisting communist infiltration , but Đính regarded it was an attempt to divide and conquer and undermine him . He estimated that 18 @,@ 000 tribesmen had been armed , and said to Ngô Đình Nhu — one of Diệm 's younger brothers and his chief adviser — that " the Americans have put an army at my back " . CIA agent Lucien Conein admitted years afterwards that Đính 's claim was correct ; that Nhu and Diệm had no previous idea of what the Americans had been doing . Đính wrote to Diệm to complain that his units were being weakened by the policy of promoting officers for political reasons , despite having been a beneficiary himself of this non @-@ merit @-@ based policy . The reorganisation of the corps boundaries in December 1962 created a fourth region . The entire region surrounding the capital , Saigon , came under the purview of the III Corps , whereas the previous arrangement saw two corps controlling the regions to the north and south of the capital . As a key supporter of Diệm , Đính was named commander of the III Corps , because the Ngô family trusted him to defend them in the face of any coup attempts . Under the III Corps were the 5th and the 25th Divisions . In August 1963 , Nhu , who controlled the special forces and secret police , allowed Đính to have a hand in planning raids against Buddhist dissidents who had been organising at the Xá Lợi pagoda , Saigon 's largest . The raids involved the deployment of the 5th Division , based in the town of Biên Hòa on Saigon 's northern outskirts , into the capital . Although the execution of the raids — which left hundreds dead — was primarily the responsibility of Colonel Lê Quang Tung , the special forces head , Đính privately took responsibility , stating to a journalist , " I have defeated Henry Cabot Lodge [ the US ambassador to South Vietnam ] . He came here to stage a coup d 'etat , but I , Tôn Thất Đính , have conquered him and saved the country . " In the aftermath of the raids , Foreign Minister Vũ Văn Mẫu resigned in protest , shaved his head like a monk and sought to leave on a pilgrimage to India ; Nhu ordered Đính to jail him . At the urging of another general , Đính put Mẫu under house arrest instead . During this period , Đính told a dinner guest that he had the pleasure of dining with a great national hero . When the guest asked Đính where the hero was , Đính said " it is me " and claimed to have defeated the Americans . Đính 's ego had been played upon by the Ngô brothers , who had themselves reiterated this point and paid him a large cash bonus after the pagoda raids . In the heady times after the attacks , Đính had a " somewhat incoherent " debate with his American advisor , claiming " he [ Đình ] was without doubt the greatest general officer in the ARVN , the saviour of Saigon ... and soon he would be the top military man in the country . " In a press conference after the raids , Đính claimed to have saved South Vietnam from Buddhists , communists and " foreign adventurers " , a euphemism for the United States . After being questioned sharply , Đính quickly became angry . Ray Herndon of United Press International asked him to name the country that he was referring to , but Đính dodged the question . Herndon lampooned him by saying that a national hero should be able to identify the national enemy , and asked him to call Madame Nhu , the de facto First Lady known for her anti @-@ American comments , to get help in identifying the hostile country in question . After several reporters derisively laughed at these comments , Đính stormed out of the conference . = = Defection and coup = = Embarrassed by the events at the press conference , Đính returned to the officers ' mess at the Joint General Staff headquarters . His colleagues , led by General Trần Văn Đôn , were plotting a coup against Diệm because of the Buddhist crisis , and attempted to play on Đính 's ego to convince him to join them . They knew that without Đính 's assistance , a coup would be difficult as his forces dominated the region surrounding the capital . In a series of meetings , the other generals assured Đính that he was a national hero worthy of political authority , and claimed that Nhu had not realised how important he was in the future of the country . Đính 's colleagues even bribed his soothsayer to predict his elevation to political power . The other generals told him that the people were dissatisfied with Diệm 's cabinet and that Vietnam needed dynamic young officers in politics , and that their presence would reverse the declining morale in the ARVN . They advised Đính to ask Diệm to promote him to interior minister , Dương Văn Minh to defence minister , and Trần Văn Minh to education minister . The other generals hoped that would reject Đính and wound his pride . As a result , Đính and his fellow generals met Diệm at the palace , where Đính asked the president to promote him to the post of interior minister . Diệm bluntly chastised Đính in front of his colleagues , and ordered him out of Saigon to the central highlands resort town of Đà Lạt to rest . Đính felt humiliated and embarrassed , having promised his colleagues that he would be successful . The Ngô brothers had been alarmed by Đính 's request , and put him under surveillance . Đính found out , further straining his relationship with the palace . Đính agreed to join the coup , although with his ambitious nature , the other officers were skeptical and planned to have him assassinated if he tried to switch sides . With Đính and the Ngô family 's increasing focus on the political usage of the army , the military situation in the III Corps deteriorated badly in the second half of 1963 , as personnel were redeployed into the cities . In August , he moved a unit away from Bến Tượng , which had been portrayed as a model settlement in the Strategic Hamlet Program that was supposed to isolate peasants into fortified villages to keep the Viet Cong out . While the unit was in Saigon cracking down on the Buddhists , the communists overran Bến Tượng . A year earlier , the American media contingent had been invited to the opening ceremony of the settlement , which was supposed to be the flagship of the hamlet program . As Đính spent most of October in the capital plotting instead of inspecting the countryside , the communists began to systematically dismantle the strategic hamlets . = = = Plotting a fake coup = = = By mid @-@ October , Diệm and Nhu knew of the coup plans , but did not know that Đính was firmly among them , although they were wary of him . Nhu then decided to outwit the generals with a counter @-@ plot . The generals heard of this and decided to counteract him . The other generals were still suspicious of Đính , fearing he would betray them . Having discovered that Nhu was trying to use him to trap them , and not sure which side he was really on , they promised to make him interior minister and offered other rewards if he helped to overthrow the Ngô brothers . As part of the generals ' plot , Đính sent Colonel Nguyễn Hữu Có , his deputy corps commander , to Mỹ Tho to talk to the 7th Division commander , Colonel Bùi Đình Đạm , and two regimental commanders , the armoured unit commander , both subordinate to Đạm , and the chief of Mỹ Tho province . Exhorting them to join the coup , he stated that all the generals were in the plot except the strongly loyalist Huỳnh Văn Cao , and that Đính would soon join . According to one account , Đính had intended that loyalists would report Có 's activities to Diệm and Nhu so that it would give him an opportunity to orchestrate a stunt to ingratiate himself with the palace . Nhu 's agents soon reported Có 's activities to the palace . When the Ngô brothers confronted Đính with what occurred in Mỹ Tho , Đính feigned astonishment at his deputy 's behaviour . He began crying and said " This is my fault , because you have suspected me . I have not really gone to work for the last 15 days but have stayed at home because I was sad . But I am not against you . I was sad because I thought I was discredited with you . So Nguyễn Hữu Có profited from my absence to make trouble . " Đính claimed to know nothing of Có 's activities and vowed to have his deputy killed . Nhu opposed this and stated that he wanted keep Có alive to catch the plotters , and tried to use Đính to this end . Nhu ordered Đính and Tung , both of whom took their orders directly from the palace instead of the ARVN command , to plan a fake coup against the government . One objective was to trick dissidents into joining the false uprising so that they could be identified and eliminated . Another aim of the public relations stunt was to give a false impression of the strength of the regime . Codenamed Operation Bravo , the first stage of the scheme would involve some of Đính and Tung 's loyalist soldiers , disguised as insurgents led by apparently renegade junior officers , faking a coup and vandalising the capital . Tung would then announce the formation of a " revolutionary government " consisting of opposition activists who had not consented to joining the new administration , while Diệm and Nhu would pretend to be on the run . During the orchestrated chaos of the first coup , the disguised loyalists would riot and in the ensuing mayhem , kill the leading coup plotters , such as Generals Minh , Đôn , Lê Văn Kim and junior officers that were helping them . The loyalists and some of Nhu 's underworld connections would also kill some figures who were assisting the conspirators , such as the titular but relatively powerless Vice President Nguyễn Ngọc Thơ , CIA agent Lucien Conein , who was on assignment in Vietnam as a military adviser , and Ambassador Lodge . These would then be blamed on " neutralist and pro @-@ communist elements " . A fake " counter @-@ coup " was to follow , whereupon Tung 's special forces , having left Saigon on the pretext of fighting communists , as well as Đính 's regulars , would triumphantly re @-@ enter Saigon to reaffirm the Diệm regime . Nhu would then exploit the scare to round up dissidents . Đính was put in charge of the fake coup and was allowed the additional control of the 7th Division based in Mỹ Tho , which was previously assigned to Diệm loyalist Cao , who commanded the IV Corps in the Mekong Delta . The reassignment of the 7th Division gave Đính and his III Corps complete encirclement of Saigon , and would prevent Cao from storming the capital to save Diệm as he had done during the coup attempt in 1960 . Nhu and Tung , however , were unaware that Đính was part of the real coup plot . Đính told Tung that the fake coup needed to employ an overwhelming amount of force . He said that tanks were required " because armour is dangerous " . In an attempt to outwit Tung , Đính claimed fresh troops were needed , opining , " If we move reserves into the city , the Americans will be angry . They 'll complain that we 're not fighting the war . So we must camouflage our plan by sending the special forces out to the country . That will deceive them . " The loyalists were unaware that Đính 's real intention was to engulf Saigon with his rebel divisions and lock Tung 's men in the countryside where they could not defend the president . Tung and the palace agreed to send all four Saigon @-@ based special forces companies out of the capital on 29 October . Not trusting Có , Diệm put a Catholic loyalist , Colonel Phát , in command of the 7th Division on 31 October . According to tradition , Phát had to pay the corps commander a courtesy visit before assuming control . Đính refused to see Phát and told him to come back on Friday at 14 : 00 , by which time the coup had already been scheduled to start . In the meantime , Đính had Đôn sign a counter @-@ order transferring command of the 7th Division to Có . The next day , Có took the division 's incumbent officers prisoner and used the unit to block loyalists from storming the capital from the south . = = = Diệm 's downfall = = = On 1 November 1963 , the coup went ahead , with Cao 's troops isolated in the far south , and Tung 's forces outside Saigon , unable to rescue Diệm from the rebel encirclement . Tung was called to the Joint General Staff ( JGS ) headquarters at Tân Sơn Nhứt Air Base under the pretense of a routine meeting , and was seized and executed . Attempts by Diệm and Nhu to make contact with Đính were blocked by other generals , who claimed that Đính was elsewhere . This led the Ngô brothers to think that Đính had been captured , still unaware that he had rebelled . The following morning , Đính was allowed to have the final word with Diệm before the brothers were arrested , allowing him to prove his loyalty to the rebel cause . Đính subsequently shouted obscenities at the Ngô brothers . Đính alleged that Nhu 's contacts with the communists and threats to make a peace deal with North Vietnam had motivated the coup . When Diệm and Nhu were shot dead by the arresting officers against the orders of the generals , Đính claimed he " couldn 't sleep that night " . He boasted to the media that he and his troops were responsible for seizing broadcasting studios , the police headquarters , Tân Sơn Nhứt Air Base , and the release of hundreds of political prisoners such as monks and students . He also claimed that he led the successful siege on Gia Long Palace , although the 5th Division of Colonel Nguyễn Văn Thiệu had actually carried it out . Đính saved the life of Colonel Cao Văn Viên , the commander of the Airborne Brigade , who was a Diệm loyalist . Viên 's fate had been discussed during the planning phase . Đính , who played mahjong with Viên 's wife , convinced Minh to spare the paratroop commander , saying that Viên would not oppose the coup . At the JGS meeting , Viên , who had not known of the plot , removed his insignia and resigned , and was arrested for refusing to join the coup . Viên was allowed to return to his command a month later , and later became the chief of JGS for eight years . = = Post @-@ Diệm = = Following the coup , a Military Revolutionary Council ( MRC ) was formed , comprising 12 generals including Đính , each of whom had equal voting power . They appointed a cabinet mainly consisting of civilians led by Prime Minister Nguyễn Ngọc Thơ , who had been the titular Vice President under Diệm . Đính was initially made interior minister , but Thơ was said to have personally opposed the appointment . Eventually Minh , the head of the military junta , struck a compromise whereby Đính was made Security Minister and Administrative Affairs , which partially covered the interior ministry . He was the 2nd Deputy Chairman of the MRC behind Minh and Đôn . However , tension persisted as Thơ 's civilian government was plagued by infighting . According to Thơ 's assistant , Nguyễn Ngọc Huy , the presence of Đôn and Đính in both the civilian cabinet and the MRC paralyzed the governance process . Đính and Đôn were subordinate to Thơ in the civilian government , but as members of the MRC they were superior to him . When Thơ gave a cabinet order with which the generals disagreed , they went to the MRC and gave a counter @-@ order . Đính and the new national police chief , General Xuân , were accused of arresting people en masse , before releasing them in return for bribes and pledges of loyalty . The junta performed indecisively and was heavily criticised , especially Minh , who was viewed as being too apathetic towards his country 's situation . During the MRC 's tenure , South Vietnam suffered more and more losses to the Vietcong . = = = Policies = = = Đính was reported to have celebrated his new positions by making conspicuous appearances at Saigon nightclubs and dancing , having lifted Madame Nhu 's bans on such activities . He reportedly kissed the bar dancers and ordered champagne for all present . Đính 's brash behavior caused public relations problems for the junta . In interviews with the Washington Post and The New York Times , he claimed that he took a leading role in the coup because " we would have lost the war under Diệm " and saying that he participated " not for personal ambition , but for the population , the people and to get rid of Nhu " . He claimed to have been the " specialist ... [ who ] gave the orders in only thirty minutes " , keeping the plans " all in his head " . In an exclusive interview with Herndon , he said " You are the one who started it all , who drove me into making the coup . You are the hero of the revolution . " This was a reference to Herndon 's sarcastic reference to Đính as a " great national hero " after the general took credit for the pagoda raids . He also courted controversy with anti @-@ American remarks , stating " On August 21 , I was governor of Saigon and loyal to Diem ; on November 1 , I was governor of Saigon and fighting Diem ; maybe in the future I 'll be governor of Saigon and fighting against the Americans . " Đính and the leading generals in the MRC also had a secret plan to end the communist insurgency , which called itself the National Liberation Front ( NLF ) and claimed to be independent of the government of North Vietnam . They claimed that most of them were first and foremost southern nationalists opposed to foreign military intervention and U.S. involvement and support of Diệm . The generals agreed with this viewpoint and thought that an agreement to end the war within South Vietnam was possible . The government also rebuffed American proposals to bomb North Vietnam on the grounds that such actions would cede the moral high ground , which they claimed on the basis of fighting in a purely defensive manner . However , the plans to bring the NLF into the mainstream were never implemented to any degree before the government was deposed . During his time on the MRC , Đính persistently raised eyebrows with his volatile behaviour . The Americans and his colleagues found him difficult to control . General Paul Harkins , the head of the US military presence in Vietnam , advised Đính to relinquish his control of the III Corps on the grounds that he was already serving as the interior minister and that a corps needed a full @-@ time leader , but Đính refused . As the III Corps surrounded the capital , the most economically productive region in South Vietnam , it had the most scope for corruption and graft . Đính told U.S. embassy officials in December 1963 he was preparing to " accommodate himself to a neutralist solution for Vietnam " . This reportedly perturbed the Americans and was interpreted as a threat to not cooperate with the anti @-@ communist struggle if his power was wound back . US Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara criticised the arrangement , and in early January 1964 , Đính was relieved by General Khiệm , who had been the head of the armed forces until being demoted after the coup against Diệm , and he set about overthrowing the MRC . = = Deposed by Nguyễn Khánh = = Đính 's political stay was brief , as General Nguyễn Khánh , who was disgruntled at not receiving a high position after Diệm 's removal , deposed the MRC with the support of Khiệm on 30 January 1964 , without firing a shot . Khánh used the coup to exact retribution against Generals Đôn , Đính , Xuan and Lê Văn Kim . Khánh had them arrested , claiming that they were part of a neutralist plot with the French government of President Charles de Gaulle to make a peace deal with North Vietnam that would not end communism . Khánh noted they had all served in the French @-@ backed VNA prior to 1955 , although he had as well . He also accused the four generals of discussing such a plan with some visiting politicians from de Gaulle 's party during a dinner , although Đính and his accused colleagues denied that the meeting was anything more than social . The generals were flown to Mỹ Khe beach , near Đà Nẵng . Khánh presided over their trial of Đính and his colleagues on 28 May 1964 . The generals were interrogated for five and a half hours , mostly about details of their coup against Diệm , rather than the original charge of promoting neutralism . As all of the officers were involved in Diệm 's overthrow , the hearings did not reveal any new information . The court deliberated for over nine hours , and when it reconvened for the verdict , Khánh stated , " We ask that once you begin to serve again in the army , you do not take revenge on anybody " . The tribunal then " congratulated " the generals , but found that they were of " lax morality " and unqualified to command due to a " lack of a clear political concept " . They were chastised for being " inadequately aware of their heavy responsibility " and of letting " their subordinates take advantage of their positions " . Đính 's quartet were allowed to remain in Đà Lạt under surveillance . The four generals were barred from commanding troops and offices were prepared so they could participate in " research and planning " . Worried that the idle group would plot against him , Khánh made some preliminary arrangements to send them to the U.S. for military study , but this failed . When Khánh was himself deposed in 1965 , he handed over dossiers proving that Đính and the other generals were innocent and that his charges were dishonest , before going into exile . Historian Robert Shaplen said that " the case ... continued to be one of Khánh 's biggest embarrassments . " During the period of house arrest , Khánh briefly released Đính and Kim when the United Front for the Liberation of Oppressed Races , known by its French acronym of FULRO , launched an uprising in the central highlands calling for autonomy for indigenous people . Đính and Kim were sent to Ban Mê Thuột in an attempt to end the standoff in September 1964 , but after negotiations stalled , they conferred with Khánh and decided to order ARVN troops to crush the rebellion , which was carried out successfully . = = 1966 Buddhist protests and senate career = = With the rise to power of Nguyễn Cao Kỳ — head of the Vietnam Air Force — following Khánh 's departure , returned to a command role in the army . In April 1966 , he was appointed to lead the I Corps , based in central Vietnam . Đính was the third commander of the corps within five weeks . This upheaval came about after the dismissal of Lieutenant General Nguyễn Chánh Thi due to his sympathies towards Buddhist activists and because Kỳ viewed him as a personal threat . In response , Buddhist protesters brought the region to a standstill with anti @-@ American and anti @-@ war demonstrations , some of which descended into rioting . The protests were supported by groups of rebel I Corps soldiers and the mayor of Đà Nẵng , Nguyễn Văn Man , who had been appointed by Thi . These anti @-@ Kỳ groups formed a coalition known as the Struggle Movement . Thi 's replacement , General Nguyễn Văn Chuan , refused to confront the dissidents or shut them down . He was content to allow protests provided there was no insurrection . Prime Minister Kỳ disapproved of Chuan 's approach and replaced Chuan with Đính . Prime Minister Kỳ felt Đính 's aggressive attitude following the Xá Lợi Pagoda raids in 1963 indicated a willingness to suppress Buddhist dissidents . Moreover , Đính was a native of central Vietnam and would have been popular with those who thought along parochial lines . Đính arrived in Huế on 15 April and , after a week , announced that he had restored Saigon 's authority over the region . He proclaimed that he had regained control of the radio stations in Đà Nẵng and Huế from the dissidents , and that he had convinced the mayor of Đà Nẵng to remain loyal to Saigon . Đính announced a deal whereby the Buddhists would have regular air time in return for relinquishing control of the radio station . This move was interpreted in different ways . Some felt that Đính was attempting to gain favour with the Buddhists in anticipation of Kỳ 's fall from power , while Frances FitzGerald felt it was the only sensible government action during the crisis . On 19 April , clashes erupted in Quảng Ngãi between the Buddhists and the VNQDĐ ( Vietnamese Nationalist Party ) , which supported the continuation of the anti @-@ communist war , prompting Đính to forcibly restrain the two groups . Soon after , Kỳ made a surprise attack to assert government control over central Vietnam . He flew out to Đà Nẵng with his own units , without consulting the Americans or officials in I Corps . At this time , Đính was pursuing a policy of reconciliation Đà Nẵng and negotiation with the dissident I Corps units , and making contact with the Struggle Movement . Kỳ decided to attack and sent his forces to overrun Dinh 's headquarters on 15 May , forcing the latter to abandon his post and flee to the headquarters of U.S. General Lewis Walt . Fearing Kỳ 's forces would kill him , Đính asked Walt for help and was flown to Huế , where the pro @-@ Thi and pro @-@ Buddhist elements were still in control . Đính was then formally replaced by General Cao . Walt 's assistance to Đính provoked a reaction from General William Westmoreland , the commander of U.S. forces in Vietnam . Walt and Westmoreland were often in conflict , and the latter responded to his subordinate 's evacuation of Đính by imploring Kỳ to attack Huế . Kỳ 's surprise attack led to conflict between the ARVN rebels and loyalists , with the American ground forces caught in the middle , effectively creating a civil war within a civil war . Kỳ eventually quelled the rebellion and briefly jailed Đính , who claimed he was incarcerated for refusing to back up Kỳ 's account of the conflict with the Buddhists . Đính left the army and won election to the newly created Senate in 1967 , serving there until the fall of Saigon in 1975 , when he fled to the United States . In February 1968 , while serving in the Senate , Đính founded a newspaper , Công Luan. while also serving as head of the Vietnamese Publishers Association . In 1998 , Đính claimed he felt remorse for the deposal and assassinations of the Ngô brothers , and also claimed he had opposed their policies of religious discrimination against Buddhists , which had fomented national disunity and the eventual Communist victory .
= Gundamma Katha = Gundamma Katha ( English : Gundamma 's story ) is a 1962 Indian Telugu @-@ language comedy @-@ drama film directed by Kamalakara Kameswara Rao and co @-@ produced by B. Nagi Reddy and Aluri Chakrapani under their banner Vijaya Vauhini Studios . Partially inspired by William Shakespeare 's comedy The Taming of the Shrew , Gundamma Katha is the official remake of B. Vittalacharya 's Kannada film Mane Thumbida Hennu ( 1958 ) . It is also the first remake by Vijaya Vauhini Studios . It features N. T. Rama Rao , Akkineni Nageswara Rao , Savitri , and Jamuna in the lead roles , and S. V. Ranga Rao , Suryakantam and Ramana Reddy in supporting roles . Gundamma Katha is the story of Gundamma , a rich widow who ill @-@ treats her selfless step @-@ daughter Lakshmi , who is reduced to working as a maid . Lakshmi dotes on Gundamma 's daughter Saroja , an arrogant woman who loves Lakshmi . The film 's centrepiece is formed by the way Lakshmi 's suitor Anjaneya " Anji " Prasad and Saroja 's lover Raja bring a change to Gundamma 's life after the couples ' marriages . The film is Rama Rao 's 100th appearance and Nageswara Rao 's 99th . It was photographed by Marcus Bartley , and co @-@ edited by G. Kalyana Sundaram and D. G. Jayaram . Ghantasala composed the film 's soundtrack and score . Madhavapeddi Gokhale and Kaladhar were the film 's art directors . The production phase lasted for a year ; it was filmed in and around Madras , mainly on sets at Vijaya Vauhini Studios . Released on 7 June 1962 , Gundamma Katha received mixed reviews from critics but was commercially successful , completing a 100 @-@ day run in 17 centres and a silver @-@ jubilee run at the Durga Kalamandir , Vijayawada . Gundamma Katha received the Filmfare Award for Best Film – Telugu for 1962 and is regarded as the last film of Vijaya Vauhini Studios ' " Golden Age " . The film 's Tamil remake of the same year Manithan Maravillai , also produced by Vijaya Vauhini Studios , was Nageswara Rao 's 100th film as an actor ; it was a commercial failure . Though Gundamma Katha has achieved cult status in Telugu cinema , it has received criticism for its influence on stereotypes in the narration of other unrelated Telugu films . = = Plot = = Gundamma is a rich widow who ill @-@ treats her stepdaughter Lakshmi , a selfless person who is reduced to working as a maid . Gundamma has a daughter Saroja and a son Prabhakar . Prabhakar is in love with Saroja 's friend Padma . Gundamma has a half @-@ brother Ghantaiah , a cunning but weak milk vendor . Ghantaiah wants Gundamma to marry off Saroja to his criminal son Bhoopati . To achieve this goal without the knowledge of Gundamma , he spoils every marriage proposal Saroja receives . Saroja 's arrogance and Lakshmi 's courteous attitude indirectly help Ghantaiah . Gundamma decides to marry off Lakshmi to a vagabond and Saroja to the son of Ramabhadraiah , a wealthy man living in a faraway town . After observing the situations in Gundamma 's house with the help of Ghantaiah , Ramabhadraiah sends his elder son Anjaneya " Anji " Prasad to Gundamma 's house as a servant to get him married to Lakshmi . His younger son Raja meets Saroja through Padma , who is his cousin . Anji and Lakshmi get married , and Raja and Saroja fall in love . Ramabhadraiah writes a letter to Gundamma opposing the marriage of Raja and Saroja upon the former 's instructions , and Anji conducts their marriage against Ghantaiah 's wishes . Shortly afterwards , Prabhakar and Padma 's marriage is conducted . Raja acts as a drunkard and masquerades as Ramabhadraiah 's son seeking to gain Saroja 's wealth . A rift develops between Anji and Gundamma , and he leaves with Lakshmi . Anji , Raja and Ramabhadraiah reveal the truth to Lakshmi later . Raja storms out of Gundamma 's house and Saroja follows him ; they join Ramabhadraiah 's house as gardeners and Raja ensures Saroja is unaware of their employer . In the process , Saroja 's character transforms from one of arrogance to one of a hardworking , courteous person . Gundamma is tortured by Padma 's ruthless , confidence @-@ trickster aunt Durga . Bhoopati is released from jail and Ghantaiah asks Gundamma to give some money . Because of Gundamma 's arrogance , Prabhakar and Padma leave for Bangalore . Durga steals the money in the locker , accuses Gundamma of robbery and locks her in a room behind the house . Lakshmi and Anji visit Gundamma and become aware of her condition . Lakshmi and Gundamma coerce Durga and retrieve the money she stole . Bhoopati comes to Durga 's rescue but is defeated by Anji in a duel and is hospitalised . Saroja meets Ramabhadraiah , her employer , and walks out after a heated argument . She meets Lakshmi on the way and learns about Raja 's plans . The film ends with Gundamma staying with her daughters in Ramabhadraiah 's house . = = Cast = = = = Production = = = = = Development = = = B. Nagi Reddy of Vijaya Vauhini Studios helped B. Vittalacharya in the production of Mane Thumbida Hennu ( 1958 ) , the latter 's directorial debut in Kannada cinema . As an act of gratitude , Vittalacharya sold the remake rights to Nagi Reddy . Mane Thumbida Hennu revolves around the life of a rich woman whose brother marries off her daughter to a criminal when she chooses a mentally challenged person as her step @-@ daughter 's life partner . Nagi Reddy chose to remake the film in Telugu and discussed it with D. V. Narasa Raju ; it was the first time Vijaya Vauhini Studios decided to remake a film . After the script was ready , Nagi Reddy approached C. Pullaiah to direct the remake after considering Bommireddy Narasimha Reddy . Pullaiah was not appreciative of Narasa Raju 's treatment of the script and Nagi Reddy met his partner Aluri Chakrapani to develop the script further . Chakrapani decided to retain only the background of Gundamma 's family from the original and rewrote the remaining script , taking inspiration from William Shakespeare 's comedy , The Taming of the Shrew . Chakrapani killed the character of Gundamma 's cowardly husband because he felt that a husband who cannot answer his wife 's questions is not eligible to be included . Kamalakara Kameswara Rao was chosen to direct the film . Chakrapani named the central character Gundamma in the remake after one of the characters in the original , despite a lack of nativity . Nagi Reddy 's family members and the employees of the Vijaya Vauhini Studios used to ask him Gundamma Katha Entha varaku vachchindi ? ( " What is the progress in Gundamma 's story ? " ) , which prompted Nagi Reddy to title the film Gundamma Katha after considering various options . = = = Casting = = = Marcus Bartley was recruited as the film 's director of photography ; G. Kalyana Sundaram and D. G. Jayaram edited the film . Ghantasala composed the soundtrack and score . Madhavapeddi Gokhale and Kaladhar were the film 's art directors . Suryakantam was chosen to play Gundamma and Chakrapani suggested Kameswara Rao not to make any special efforts to make her character look ruthless because Suryakantam had an aggressive body language . N. T. Rama Rao and Akkineni Nageswara Rao were chosen as the male leads ; the film was Rama Rao 's 100th film as an actor and Nageswara Rao 's 99th as an actor . Savitri and Jamuna were chosen as the female leads , and S. V. Ranga Rao , Ramana Reddy and Rajanala Kaleswara Rao were cast in supporting roles . Haranath and L. Vijayalakshmi were chosen to play Gundamma 's son and daughter @-@ in @-@ law respectively . M. Pithambaram and T. P. Bhaktavatsalam provided the make @-@ up . = = = Filming = = = The production phase of Gundamma Katha lasted nearly a year . A house set was erected in Vijaya Vauhini Studios , Madras ( now Chennai ) where scenes featuring Gundamma and other key characters were filmed . C. Kuppuswami Naidu and K. Srinivasan supervised the erection of sets . The film 's shooting was severely affected by scheduling conflicts ; Chakrapani would make telephone calls to all the key artistes , and sequences were filmed based on their availability . The filming of the song " Kolo Koloyanna " was significantly affected by this ; all four lead actors were supposed to take part in the song 's shoot ; the film 's editor took care to ensure a smooth flow in the sequences during the post @-@ production phase . The scene before the song that features Rama Rao and Nageswara Rao communicating with whistles was conceptualised by Narasaraju . Harbans Singh supervised the film 's special effects . Since Vijayalakshmi was a trained dancer , an elaborate dance sequence with no connection to the film 's story was introduced as a stage performance and Nageswara Rao , Jamuna , and Haranath were made to sit along with the audience . The song " Prema Yatralaku " was filmed in the gardens near the Vijaya Vauhini Studios after abandoning plans to film it in either Ooty or Brindavan Gardens , Srirangapatna . During the film 's shoot , a kickboxing tournament was held in Madras ; this inspired Chakrapani and Kamaleswara Rao to add a fight sequence between Rama Rao and Kaleswara Rao . Pasumarthi Krishnamurthy conducted the choreography for the song sequences . The film was processed at Vijaya Laboratory and was recorded on Western Electric equipment . = = Themes = = Gundamma Katha is based partially on William Shakespeare 's play The Taming of the Shrew . It focuses on a widow named Gundamma and her two daughters . The film 's main theme is the step @-@ daughter Lakshmi facing problems because of the widow , and the former 's suitor teaching the latter a lesson . Using the first conversation between Gundamma and Lakshmi , in which the former abuses the latter for disturbing her sleep , Narasaraju introduces Gundamma 's mindset and behaviour . Further incidents include the dismissal of a server fired from a hotel after refusing to work as a servant in Gundamma 's house , and Ghantaiah explaining Gundamma 's character to Ramabhadraiah . Most of the film 's dialogue , especially that between Ramana Reddy and Allu Ramalingaiah , are satirical and provide references to Indian society during the 1960s . The song " Lechindi Nidra " is about the empowerment of women and their role in areas of the government . In her article " Manifestation of devotion " about the importance of the Krishna Janmashtami festival , Rajeswari Kalyanam of The Hans India said the lyrics and photography of the song " Aligina Velane Choodali " recalls the romantic side of Krishna that every woman sees in her husband or the person she loves . It also recalls the bond Krishna shared with his foster mother Yashoda . = = Music = = The official soundtrack of Gundamma Katha was composed by Ghantasala ; it consists of eight songs whose lyrics were written by Pingali Nagendrarao . The sound mixing process was supervised by A. Krishnan and V. Sivaram , and the soundtrack was processed by N. C. Sen Gupta . Ghantasala provided vocals for Rama Rao and Nageswara Rao ; P. Susheela and P. Leela provided the vocals for Savitri and Jamuna . The song " Entha Hayi " was composed using the Mohanam raga . The cover artwork of the soundtrack features a photograph of Rama Rao 's character Anjaneya " Anji " Prasad . The soundtrack was marketed by HMV ; it was successful and all eight songs were well received . " Lechindi Nidra " , " Kolu Koloyanna " , " Aligina Velane Choodali " , and " Prema Yatralaku " achieved cult status in Telugu cinema , particularly for their lyrics . = = Release and reception = = Gundamma Katha was released on 7 June 1962 , with an approximate total length of 14 @,@ 999 feet ( 4 @,@ 572 m ) in 18 reels , with a running time of 159 minutes . It was given a " U " ( Universal ) certificate by the Central Board of Film Certification . In the opening credits , images of the film 's cast were used instead of their names ; the leads and Ranga Rao 's images are screened first , and are followed by those of Suryakantam and the other supporting cast . Upon release , Gundamma Katha received mixed reviews from the critics , who found the characters played by Jamuna and Suryakantam poorly written and under @-@ developed . They also found the characters played by Haranath and Vijayalakshmi " out of place " . Similar views were expressed after a special screening at L. V. Prasad 's residence but Chakrapani was confident of the film 's success when he saw children clapping in response to Rama Rao 's performance in comical sequences . Gundamma Katha was a profitable venture for Vijaya Vauhini Studios ; it completed a 100 @-@ day run in 17 theatres across Andhra Pradesh , and completed a silver @-@ jubilee run at the Durga Kalamandir , Vijayawada . It became the first Telugu film to be run for 100 days with three screenings per day in Hyderabad . The silver @-@ jubilee celebrations were not held , and the planned budget for the event was donated to a fundraiser who was active during the Sino @-@ Indian War . Gundamma Katha received the Filmfare Award for Best Film – Telugu for 1962 . = = Remakes = = Gundamma Katha was remade in Tamil as Manithan Maravillai ( 1962 ) by Vijaya Vauhini Studios . Chakrapani directed the remake and Gemini Ganesan reprised Rama Rao from the original . M. S. Sundari Bai , K. Sarangkapani , and E. R. Sahadev reprised the roles of Suryakantam , Ramana Reddy and Kaleswara Rao respectively . Manithan Maravillai was Nageswara Rao 's 100th film as an actor ; Gundamma Katha became a notable film for both Rama Rao and Nageswara Rao as they completed 100 films as actors with two versions of the same film . Unlike the original film , Manithan Maravillai was a commercial failure . Rama Rao 's son Nandamuri Balakrishna and Nageswara Rao 's son Akkineni Nagarjuna , who established themselves as actors in Telugu cinema , planned to remake Gundamma Katha but withdrew after failing to find a suitable replacement for Suryakantam . In 2012 , D. Ramanaidu planned to produce the remake of the film with Rama Rao 's grandson N. T. Rama Rao Jr. and Nagarjuna 's son Naga Chaitanya playing the leading male characters but the plans were cancelled . In April 2016 , Mohan Babu expressed interest in remaking the film with his son Manchu Vishnu and Raj Tarun in the lead roles . He added that G. Nageswara Reddy would direct the remake which he would announce after acquiring the rights . = = Sequel and digitisation plans = = After Gundamma Katha 's release , Chakrapani wrote a story named " Gundamma Gari Kootulla Katha " ( " The Story of Gundamma 's Daughters " ) . It was serialised in Bharathi magazine . Its plot involves Ghantaiah creating a rift between Lakshmi and Saroja . Readers expected Chakrapani to produce a sequel to Gundamma Katha but he showed no interest . In 1982 , Rama Rao and Krishna acted in a film , Vayyari Bhamalu Vagalamari Bhartalu , whose story resembled " Gundamma Gari Kootulla Katha " . In November 2007 , a Hyderabad @-@ based company named Goldstone Technologies acquired the film negative rights to 14 Telugu films produced by Vijaya Vauhini Studios , including Mayabazar ( 1957 ) and Gundamma Katha , to release colourised , digitally remastered versions . The remastered and colourised version of Mayabazar , released in January 2010 , was commercially successful but Goldstone Technologies decided not to remaster the remaining 13 films , including Gundamma Katha , saying most of the producers who sold the rights to the negatives to television channels lost control over them . Goldstone further explained that a number of legal issues over ownership and copyright issues arise whenever producers try to do something on their own . = = Legacy = = Gundamma Katha is regarded as the last film of Vijaya Vauhini Studios ' " Golden Age " . In commemoration of the Centenary of Indian Cinema , The Hindu listed Gundamma Katha , Pathala Bhairavi ( 1951 ) , Missamma ( 1955 ) , Mayabazar , Maduve Madi Nodu ( 1965 ) , Ram Aur Shyam ( 1967 ) , Julie ( 1975 ) , and Shriman Shrimati ( 1982 ) as the iconic films produced by Nagi Reddy . Gundamma Katha is a notable film in the careers of Suryakantam and Ramana Reddy ; Nagi Reddy said the latter played a key role in the film 's success . In an interview with The Hindu in December 2005 , Telugu actor Mallikarjuna Rao cited the film and Mayabazar as examples of incidental comedy , arguing that the situation and the subject should go " hand in hand " . In May 2012 , Radhika Rajamani of Rediff.com mentioned Gundamma Katha for the letter G in her list , " The A to Z of Telugu Cinema " , calling it an " unforgettable film " . In November 2012 , The Times of India listed Gundamma Katha alongside unrelated films Missamma , Mayabazar , Narthanasala , and Bommarillu ( 2006 ) in its list of " Telugu classics to watch along with family this Deepavali " . The commentator for The Times stated that Gundamma Katha " touches many layers of human [ emotions ] and situations " and features " top class actors , a strong script , melodious and meaningful songs " . Seethamma Vakitlo Sirimalle Chettu ( 2013 ) , which was rumoured to be a remake of Gundamma Katha , adapted the style of its opening credits — use of images rather than text to credit its principal cast . In their 2013 book Routledge Handbook of Indian Cinemas , K. Moti Gokulsing and Wimal Dissanayake wrote that Gundamma Katha , along with Appu Chesi Pappu Koodu ( 1959 ) , Missamma and Ramudu Bheemudu ( 1964 ) , " represented the scope comedy had in the 1950s and 60s . " The story and treatment of Gundamma Katha inspired many other Telugu films , resulting in stereotypes in narration . The filmmaker Kadiri Venkata Reddy stated that Gundamma Katha had good dialogue and production design but lacked a proper story to narrate . In her review of screenwriter Trivikram Srinivas ' film Attarintiki Daredi ( 2013 ) , Sangeetha Devi Dundoo of The Hindu expressed hope that Srinivas " will give us something more innovative than relying on a story that ’ s been rehashed since the time of Gundamma Katha " . In August 2015 , the filmmaker Teja admitted that the Telugu film industry is stuck with two types of narratives and concepts — hero @-@ centric films and those similar to Gundamma Katha . During the promotion of Soukhyam ( 2015 ) , its director A. S. Ravikumar Chowdary said comedy is a dominant element in Telugu films , citing Gundamma Katha and Aha Naa Pellanta ( 1987 ) as examples . = = Bibilography = = Chakravarthy , Vattikuti ( 3 June 2012 ) . యాభై వసంతాల గుండమ ్ మ కథ [ Fifty Years of Gundamma Katha ] . Eenadu Weekly ( in Telugu ) . Archived from the original on 27 February 2016 . Gokulsing , K. Moti ; Dissanayake , Wimal ( 2013 ) . Routledge Handbook of Indian Cinemas . Routledge . ISBN 978 @-@ 04 @-@ 1567 @-@ 774 @-@ 5 . Southscope July 2010 issue . South Scope . July 2010 .
= Meet the Parents = Meet the Parents is a 2000 American comedy film written by Jim Herzfeld and John Hamburg and directed by Jay Roach . Starring Robert De Niro and Ben Stiller , the film chronicles a series of unfortunate events that befall a good @-@ hearted but hapless man while visiting his girlfriend 's parents . Teri Polo , Blythe Danner , and Owen Wilson also star . Meet the Parents is a remake of a 1992 film of the same name directed by Greg Glienna and produced by Jim Vincent . Glienna — who also played the original film 's main protagonist — and Mary Ruth Clarke co @-@ wrote the screenplay . Universal Studios purchased the rights to Glienna 's film with the intent of creating a new version . Jim Herzfeld expanded the original script but development was halted for some time . Jay Roach read the expanded script and expressed his desire to direct the film but Universal declined him . At that time , Steven Spielberg was interested in directing the film while Jim Carrey was interested in playing the lead role . The studio only offered the film to Roach once Spielberg and Carrey left the project . Released in the United States and Canada on October 6 , 2000 and distributed by Universal Studios , the film earned back its initial budget of $ 55 million in only eleven days . It went on to become one of the highest grossing films of 2000 , earning over $ 160 million in North America and over $ 330 million worldwide . Meet the Parents was well received by film critics and viewers alike , winning several awards and earning additional nominations . Ben Stiller won two comedy awards for his performance and the film was chosen as the Favorite Comedy Motion Picture at the 2001 People 's Choice Awards . The success of Meet the Parents inspired two film sequels , namely Meet the Fockers and Little Fockers released in 2004 and 2010 respectively . Meet the Parents also inspired a reality television show titled Meet My Folks and a situation comedy titled In @-@ Laws , both of them debuting on NBC in 2002 . = = Plot = = Gaylord " Greg " Focker ( Ben Stiller ) is a nurse living in Chicago , who intends to propose to his girlfriend Pam Byrnes ( Teri Polo ) , a schoolteacher . His plan is disrupted when Pam 's sister Debbie becomes engaged and he finds out that Debbie 's fiance , Dr. Robert " Bob " Banks had asked Pam 's father for permission before proposing . Greg and Pam travel to Pam 's parents ' house in Oyster Bay , Long Island to attend the wedding . Greg hopes to propose to Pam in front of her family after receiving her father 's permission , but this plan is put on hold when the airline loses his luggage , including the engagement ring . When they arrive at the Byrnes ' home , Greg meets Pam 's father Jack ( Robert De Niro ) , her mother Dina ( Blythe Danner ) and their beloved cat Mr. Jinx . Jack immediately takes a dislike to Greg and openly criticizes him for his chosen career of nursing and anything else he sees as a sign of weakness . Greg 's attempts to impress Jack either go unnoticed or fail : He inadvertently leads Jack to think he does drugs , while mentioning the possible subtle drug references in Puff , the Magic Dragon , recites the lyrics from the song " Day by Day " from the musical " Godspell " as a blessing , and makes up a story about milking a cat . Greg then presents the Byrnes family with a bottle of champagne which he had purchased at a local convenience store . However , upon finding out Pam was previously engaged , the cork pops off and knocks over an urn containing the ashes of Jack 's beloved mother and Pam 's grandmother , and Jinx subsequently urinates in them . Greg becomes further uncomfortable after receiving an impromptu lie detector test from Jack and later discovers that Jack is actually a retired CIA counterintelligence officer . Meeting the rest of Pam 's family and friends , including Debbie , her fiance , his parents , and Pam 's highly successful , both financially and spiritually , ex @-@ fiancee Kevin ( Owen Wilson ) , Greg still feels like an outsider . Things between Greg and Jack go from bad to worse during a game of water volleyball , where Jack becomes irritated with Greg 's incompetent playing , and in an attempt to play more seriously , Greg accidentally hits Debbie while spiking the ball , giving her a bloody nose and black eye . After that , because Greg had earlier used a malfunctioning toilet ( and telling Jack that Jinx had flushed the toilet , which Jack didn 't buy ) , the Byrnes 's yard floods with sewage . The airline arrives with the luggage that Greg lost , but it turns out to not be his , and while Greg is on the phone , attempting to solve this issue , he accidentally causes Jinx to get loose . While chasing Jinx , Greg accidentally starts a fire in the yard , destroying a wedding altar that Kevin had handcarved for Debbie 's wedding . Jack himself conducts a background check on Greg 's MCAT scores and finds nothing on anyone named Greg Focker ever taking the MCAT 's . Then he inspects Greg 's found luggage ( which is actually someone else 's ) containing sexual toys and gimmicks . Jack , at this point is willing to bet Greg is not even a real nurse , but a drug dealer posing as a hospital worker for easy access , per their previous discussion about " Puff the Magic Dragon " , Later , the Byrnes family realizes Jinx is missing and Greg , in a last @-@ ditch effort to win Jack over , finds a stray cat who looks exactly like Jinx , except for a white tip on the tail , and he spray paints its tail to match Jinx 's tail . While the entire family is out to dinner , Jack gets a voicemail that Jinx is at their neighbor 's house . As they 're heading home , Greg realizes that Jack knows about Jinx , and desperately tries to beat Jack home to hide the evidence , but ultimately fails . The family returns home to find the stray cat has completely trashed the house . Jack calls Greg out in front of the entire family for his lack of honesty , and demands that he call off his relationship with Pam and leave immediately . By now , the entire Byrnes family , including Pam , agree with Jack that Greg needs to leave . Desperate to save himself , Greg reveals that he has seen Jack talking to strange characters , and is planning a secret mission after Pam 's sister 's wedding , thus lying about being retired from the CIA . Jack angrily explains that the secret mission was a surprise honeymoon for the newlywed couple , and Greg realizes that he only dug himself deeper into a hole . Pam and Greg break up , and Greg starts to leave . Just as Greg 's leaving an airport employee arrives with Greg 's actual missing bag , under the name ' Gaylord Focker ' much to the amusement of the Byrnes . Greg goes to the airport but finds himself detained by airport security after causing a scene on the plane and using the word bomb . Back at the Byrnes ' household , Jack still believes that Greg would be an unsuitable husband , as he is completely dishonest and incompetent . Upon receiving retribution from his wife , who claims that Jack never warmed up to Kevin until after he and Pam broke up , and Pam ( as well as confirmation that Greg actually aced the MCAT 's ) , Jack realizes that Pam truly loves Greg . Jack rushes to the airport , convinces airport security to release Greg , and demands that he be honest about everything that transpired . Greg admits that he loves Pam , and everything he did before was out of desperation to win Jack 's approval . Jack admits that maybe he had been too hard on Greg , and he brings him back to the Byrnes ' household . Greg proposes to Pam . She accepts , and her parents agree that they should now meet Greg 's parents . After Debbie 's wedding , Jack views footage of Greg recorded by hidden cameras that he had placed strategically around their house . = = Cast = = = = Themes = = Greg Focker is a middle @-@ class Jewish nurse whose social and cultural position is juxtaposed against the Byrnes family of upper @-@ class White Anglo @-@ Saxon Protestants . With respect to Greg as a Jew and a nurse when compared to the Byrnes and Banks families , a distinct cultural gap is created and subsequently widened . The cultural differences are often highlighted and Greg is repeatedly made aware of them . This serves to achieve comedic effect through character development and has also been commented upon as being indicative of thematic portrayal of Jewish characters ' roles in modern film as well as being a prime example of how male nurses are portrayed in media . Speaking about character development in Meet the Parents , director Jay Roach stated that he wanted an opportunity to " do character @-@ driven comedy " and " to create realistic characters , but heighten the comedic situations and predicaments . " Vincent Brook observes mainstream Hollywood cinema 's tendency since the 1990s of incorporating Jewish liminality and " popularizing the Jew . " He explains the " manly Jewish triumph " of characters like Jeff Goldblum 's David Levinson in Independence Day and labels it as a " certain answer to America 's yearnings for a new Jewish hero . " This stands in direct contrast to the schlemiel or " the Jewish fool " which was seen to have been revitalized in the mid @-@ 1990s after faltering since the 1960s . The schlemiel , Brook explains , is an anti @-@ hero in whose humiliation the audience finds supreme pleasure . Within that context , Brook describes Greg Focker 's character as " the quintessential example of the postmodern schlemiel . " The repeated embarrassing encounters that Greg faces with his girlfriend 's all @-@ American family is compared to the example of Jason Biggs 's character Jim Levenstein of the American Pie film series where Levenstein is often the comedic centerpiece due to his repeated sexual embarrassments . Anne Bower writes about Jewish characters at mealtime as part of the broader movement she believes started in the 1960s where filmmakers started producing work that explored the " Jewish self @-@ definition . " She postulates that the dinner table becomes an arena where Jewish characters are often and most pointedly put into " conflicts with their ethnic and sexual selves . " She describes the example of Greg sitting down for dinner with the Byrnes family and being asked to bless the food . In this scene , Greg attempts to recite a prayer by improvising and , in doing so , launches into a recital of the song " Day by Day " from Act I of Godspell . Bower notes this scene as " particularly important for establishing the cultural distance " between the Jewish Greg and the Christian Byrnes . She also noted that the social gap is further widened next morning at breakfast when Greg is the last person to arrive at the breakfast table ; he shows up to breakfast wearing pajamas while everyone else is fully clothed . Here Greg is shown as the only person eating a bagel , which Bower argues as being a clear signifier of Jewishness . Based on common misconceptions and stereotypes about men in nursing , Greg 's profession is repeatedly brought up by Jack Byrnes in a negative context and the character of Greg Focker has come to be one of the best known film portrayals of a male nurse . Even though men dominated the profession in earlier times , there has been a feminization of the nursing profession over the course of the last century which has caused men in nursing to often be portrayed as misfits by the media . A common stereotype is that of a man who accepts a career in nursing as an unfortunate secondary career choice , either failing to become a physician or still trying to become one . Such stereotyping is due to a presumption that a man would prefer to be a physician but is unable to become one due to lack of intelligence or non @-@ masculine attributes . Jack Byrnes is often seen openly criticizing Greg 's career choice per his perception of nursing being an effeminate profession . In their book Men in Nursing : History , Challenges , and Opportunities authors Chad O 'Lynn and Russell Tranbarger present this as an example of a negative portrayal . Commenting on the same issue but disagreeing , Barbara Cherry in her book Contemporary Nursing : Issues , Trends , & Management called the portrayal of Greg as a nurse " one of the most positive film portrayals of men who are nurses " and commented that Greg " humorously addresses and rises above the worst of all stereotypes that are endured by men in this profession . " Sandy and Harry Summers in the book Saving Lives : Why the Media 's Portrayal of Nurses Puts Us All at Risk postulate that Greg 's character , although intelligent and firm in his defense of his profession , " might have done more to rebut the stereotypes " while also reporting that " some men in nursing " expressed their opinions that it would have been better to not present the stereotypes at all . = = Production = = = = = Background = = = Meet the Parents is a remake of a 1992 independent film of the same name . Greg Glienna and Mary Ruth Clarke wrote the original story and screenplay . Glienna also directed and starred in the 76 minute film which was filmed on 16 mm film in 1991 and released the following year . The 1992 film also marked one of only several film roles played by comedian Emo Philips which he also helped produce . Film producer Elliot Grove , founder of Raindance Film Festival and the British Independent Film Awards , listed the original Meet the Parents on his personal Top Ten list of favorite films where he called it " much funnier and tighter than the Hollywood version " . The 1992 film was a featured entry in the 1995 Raindance Film Festival . Producer Nancy Tenenbaum acquired the rights to the short film . After she sent a copy of the original film to several people of interest , filmmaker Steven Soderbergh replied that he was interested and that he wanted to direct a remake . He brought it to the attention of Universal Studios who initially declined but subsequently optioned the rights to the film in 1995 . Soderbergh took on the project but then dropped it when he got involved with Out of Sight . = = = Writing = = = Universal approached screenwriter Jim Herzfeld to expand the screenplay . Herzfeld expanded the modest script , completing the first draft as early as 1996 . He initially presented it to Roach who had , up to that point , directed the first two Austin Powers films . Roach admits to have liked the script from the beginning and was very much willing to make the film even though he thought " it needed more work . " Universal initially declined to have relatively inexperienced Roach take on the project . The studio was skeptical of Roach 's ability to direct a " less @-@ cartoony , character @-@ driven script " compared to a comedy like Austin Powers . Universal 's reluctance to give the project to Roach was also due to new interest from Steven Spielberg who wanted to direct and produce the film with Jim Carrey playing the role of Greg Focker . However , Spielberg and Carrey never took the project past the planning stages . The script was then returned to Roach who had by now taken on his next project of Mystery , Alaska but was still interested in making Meet the Parents . The drafts of the script were written by Herzfeld and , once De Niro and Stiller were confirmed as stars , John Hamburg was brought on board " to help fit the script to their verbal styles . " Due to changes in directorial and acting line @-@ ups after the early drafts of the script were written , Hamburg kept adjusting and re @-@ writing the script well after production had already begun . = = = Casting = = = Upon the suggestion of Universal Studios , Roach cast De Niro in the role of Jack Byrnes due to critical acclaim of De Niro 's recent comedy work in films such as Analyze This and in the live @-@ action / animated film The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle . De Niro 's character Jack Byrnes is Pam 's father and a retired CIA operative who is overly protective of his family and has a hard time warming up to his daughters ' love interests . The script was not written with De Niro in mind as Jack Byrnes ; the first draft of the script was completed in 1996 , three years before De Niro appeared in Analyze This . However , shortly after De Niro finished filming The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle , Universal suggested to Roach that he should cast De Niro for the role to which Roach agrees that he had " no reservations whatsoever . " In an interview with Entertainment Weekly , De Niro stated that he was in active pursuit of comedic roles since Analyze This . Admitting that he had initial reservations about starring in Meet the Parents , De Niro said that he felt " pushed into it " due to insistence by Jane Rosenthal — De Niro 's partner in TriBeCa Productions who also acted as one of the producers of Meet the Parents . Screenwriter Jim Herzfeld and director Jay Roach both confirmed that , after committing to the project and reviewing the script , Robert De Niro was actually the person who came up with the idea for the famous polygraph test scene . Asked about working with De Niro given the serious nature of his previous roles , Ben Stiller said that " it was a little bit intimidating working with De Niro " but that he " has a great sense of humor and I think that 's the biggest surprise about him . " Explaining how Ben Stiller came to be cast in the role of Greg , Roach states : " I saw Meet the Parents as an anxiety dream , and in my view nobody plays that kind of material better than Ben . " Additionally , Roach was impressed with Stiller 's creative and ad lib abilities stating that " he has lots of great ideas and he 's very skilled at loose improvisation . " Stiller 's character Gaylord " Greg " Focker is a nurse who loves his girlfriend and tries desperately to impress her parents by any means which includes telling harmless little lies which are then covered up with bigger lies and elaborate cover @-@ up schemes . The film 's script was initially written with Jim Carrey in the role of Greg and contained much more physical comedy , something that Stiller did not think would be successful with himself playing the role . This resulted in deletion of some scenes but also in introduction of at least one unscripted scene that was completely improvised by Stiller . Roach cast Stiller only after it became clear that Carrey would not be taking on the role . The consideration to play the character of Pam Byrnes — Greg 's girlfriend who acts as a mediator between Greg and the Byrnes family , especially her father Jack — was initially given to Australian actress Naomi Watts . She ultimately lost the role to Teri Polo because the filmmakers " didn 't think [ Watts ] was sexy enough " . Other characters in the film were played by Blythe Danner ( as Dina Byrnes , Jack 's wife and Pam 's mother ) , Owen Wilson ( as Kevin Rawley , Pam 's ex @-@ fiancee ) , Nicole DeHuff ( as Debbie Byrnes , Pam 's sister ) , Jon Abrahams ( as Denny Byrnes , the youngest child of Jack and Dina Byrnes ) , Thomas McCarthy ( as Bob Banks , Debbie 's fiancé ) , and James Rebhorn ( as Larry Banks , Bob Banks ' father and a close friend of Jack 's ) . Phyllis George , who is a former Miss Texas and Miss America pageant winner and has appeared on numerous television programs as a guest and a host , made her acting debut as Linda Banks , Larry 's wife and Bob 's mother . The role of Mr. Jinx the cat was played by two five @-@ year @-@ old Himalayan cats named Bailey and Misha ( sometimes written as Meesha ) . The American Humane Association oversaw the filming of all scenes where the cats were used and ensured the animals ' obedience and well @-@ being by keeping two trainers and a veterinarian on set at all times . = = Rating = = Greg Glienna did not come up with the surname Focker ; Greg 's character in the original film did not have a last name . The name was written into the script after Jim Carrey came up with the idea for the Focker surname during a creative session held before he abandoned the project . Once Meet the Parents was submitted for rating evaluation , the Motion Picture Association of America ( MPAA ) questioned the surname Focker as possibly an expletive and , due to the repetitiveness of the surname throughout the film , the film was in danger of being rated R according to the Motion Picture Association of America film rating system . The filmmakers were asked if they had made up the name or if they can prove that such a name exists . The studio submitted to the MPAA a list of real people with the surname Focker which ensured that the film retained a PG @-@ 13 rating . = = Release = = = = = Theatrical run = = = Meet the Parents had its theatrical release in United States and Canada on October 6 , 2000 . Distributed domestically by Universal Studios , the film had an advertising budget of $ 33 @.@ 9 million . It quickly proved to be a financial success taking in $ 28 @.@ 6 million during its opening weekend and averaging $ 10 @,@ 950 per theater in a total of 2 @,@ 614 theaters . It finished as the top earning film for the weekend of October 6 – 8 beating the second placer Remember the Titans by a margin of over $ 9 million and bringing in more than four times the earnings of Get Carter , the next highest earning film released that same weekend . The film 's opening weekend earnings were the highest ever for any film released in the month of October as well as marking the highest opening weekend earnings for a film starring Robert De Niro . The film 's earnings for the second week of release dropped by 26 % down to $ 21 @.@ 1 million , which still kept the film at No.1 at the box office beating Remember the Titans by a margin of over $ 8 million . By the end of the second week of release , the film had already grossed over $ 58 million , surpassing its production budget of $ 55 million . It spent its first four weeks of theatrical release as the highest @-@ grossing film at the U.S. box office . Meet the Parents was displaced from No.1 during the weekend of November 3 – 5 by the newly released Charlie 's Angels while still managing to stay ahead of The Legend of Bagger Vance , another new release that debuted at number 3 . It remained in the Top 10 grossing films until its 11th week . In the United Kingdom , the film had its theatrical premiere on December 15 , 2000 and was distributed by United International Pictures ( UIP ) . There , it managed to earn over $ 21 million during its run . In Australia , also being distributed by UIP , it was released on December 26 , 2000 where it earned over $ 11 million during the theatrical run . At the end of its theatrical run on March 29 , 2001 – 25 weeks after its opening day in North America , the film had grossed $ 166 @.@ 2 million in the United States and a total of $ 330 @.@ 4 million worldwide , making it the seventh highest @-@ grossing film of the year both domestically and worldwide . = = = Home media = = = Meet the Parents was released on VHS & DVD on March 6 , 2001 . The DVD sales for the film were successful , taking in over $ 200 million for 2001 . Billboard magazine listed the film as having the highest video sales for all weeks from March 31 up to and including April 21 , being the top selling DVD for the weeks of March 24 and March 31 , and being the top rented video for the weeks of April 7 and April 14 . The DVD release provides only the letterbox format of the film and is also 108 minutes in length . The aspect ratio is 1 @.@ 85 : 1 with an accommodation for an enhanced 16 : 9 playback . English language audio tracks available with the film are a 5 @.@ 1 Dolby Digital and DTS with the main noticeable difference being only a slightly louder bass on one of the tracks . A French language audio track is also available only in 5 @.@ 1 Dolby Digital Format . Additionally , English language subtitles are provided as well . The single disc " Collector 's Edition " contains two audio commentaries , one a light @-@ hearted and humorous discussion between Roach , Stiller , De Niro and producer Jane Rosenthal and the other a more formal technical commentary on the film @-@ making aspects by the director and editor Jon Poll . The director discusses issues that include working with the cast , utilizing the best camera angles for comedic effect , discussing scenes that were improvised and scenes that were scripted , and commenting on issues surrounding shooting on location . The editor speaks about putting together the best functioning comedy from material that was filmed and discusses some deleted scenes that were excluded from the DVD release . In addition , the DVD features a twelve @-@ minute outtake section , three minutes of deleted scenes , and Universal 's Spotlight on Location featurette . Spotlight on Location is a standard 24 @-@ minute long featurette about the making of the film which includes interviews with the cast members and contains behind @-@ the @-@ scenes footage . It also contains two games called Take The Lie Detector Test and The Forecaster Game as well as PC material such as wallpapers and screensavers . The region 2 edition of the DVD was released on October 22 , 2001 . A region 1 " Bonus Edition " was released on December 14 , 2004 and contains three additional featurettes : Silly Cat Tricks , The Truth About Lying and a 12 @-@ minute long Jay Roach : A Director 's Profile . = = Soundtrack = = The original motion picture soundtrack for Meet the Parents was released on September 26 , 2000 on the DreamWorks Records record label . The soundtrack features 14 original compositions by Randy Newman as well as additional tracks by Bobby Womack , Lee Dorsey , and Dr. John and a hidden bonus track . Newman 's original song " A Fool in Love " was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Song — Newman 's 14th Oscar nomination — at the 73rd Academy Awards but it ultimately lost to Bob Dylan 's " Things Have Changed " for Wonder Boys . For the same song , Newman also won the 16th Annual ASCAP Film & Television Music Award in the Top Box Office Films category and was nominated at the 5th Golden Satellite Awards in the Original Song category . Dan Goldwasser , in his review of the soundtrack for SoundtrackNet , gave credit to Newman and the soundtrack for doing " an excellent job keeping the humor level high . " = = Reception = = = = = Critical reception = = = The film received a generally positive response from film critics , being commended on the subtlety of its humor as well as being named as " the funniest " or " one of the funniest " films of the year by several critics . As of December 24 , 2011 , the aggregate review website Rotten Tomatoes registered an 84 % positive response based on reviews from 146 critics and certified the film " Fresh " with an average rating of 6 @.@ 9 / 10 . As of the same date , Metacritic , another aggregate review website , registered a rating of 73 out of 100 , based on 33 reviews , which is classified as " Generally favorable reviews " by the website 's rating system . Kenneth Turan , film critic for Los Angeles Times , called it " the funniest film of the year so far , possibly the most amusing mainstream live @-@ action comedy since There 's Something About Mary . " Critic Joe Morgenstern of The Wall Street Journal stated that the film " does almost everything right with a story about everything going wrong " and that it " works up a major comic delirium on the theme of Murphy 's Law " , concluding that " Meet the Parents is the funniest movie of the year . " CNN 's Paul Clinton proclaimed " Meet the Parents is one of the best comedies of this – or any other – year " , calling it " wonderfully funny " and expressing his hope that " the Academy will also recognize this wonderful movie , something it rarely does when it comes to comedies " Time magazine 's film critic Richard Schickel stated that the film was " divinely invented and perfectly orchestrated " . He complimented the screenplay by calling the screenwriters Jim Herzfeld and John Hamburg " a couple of skilled tool @-@ and @-@ die makers " as well as the acting cast because he believed that they " understand that palpable reality will always trump frenzied fantasy when it comes to getting laughs . " Schickel concluded his review by proclaiming Meet the Parents a " superbly antic movie " . Todd McCarthy of Variety magazine called the film " flat @-@ out hilarious " and Neil Smith of BBC proclaimed that " there 's not a weak scene in this super @-@ funny picture " while awarding it a rating of five stars out of five . Film critic Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun @-@ Times gave the film three stars out of four comparing the film to Roach 's previous work on the Austin Powers film series and offering his opinion that " [ Meet the Parents ] is funnier because it never tries too hard . " Critic Christopher Null of AMC 's Filmcritic.com claimed that " Meet the Parents is one of the funniest comedies I 've seen since Annie Hall " . Lisa Schwarzbaum from Entertainment Weekly called the script " unforced " and concluded that the film " goes down like a flute of Champagne , leaving an aftertaste of giggles . " However , Internet film critic James Berardinelli , in spite of awarding it two and a half stars out of four , gave the film a somewhat scathing review . On his website , Berardinelli wrote that " Meet the Parents is put together like a TV sit @-@ com , " that Roach " strings together a series of hit @-@ and @-@ miss lowbrow gags with little care for whether any of the connecting material is coherent , interesting , or enjoyable ( in most cases , it 's none of those three ) " and concluding that " even with Stiller and De Niro , Meet the Parents is an encounter that can be postponed until it 's available on video . " Jeff Vice of the Deseret News , another detractor of the film , proclaimed Meet the Parents " only erratically funny " and accused Roach of taking " the cheap way out with a series of unfunny jokes . " Critic Peter Bradshaw 's review of the film in The Guardian concludes that Meet the Parents " is somehow less than the sum of its parts . It strains to come to life , but never quite makes it . " After the film was released on home media , DVD reviewer and Rolling Stone magazine contributor Douglas Pratt in his book Doug Pratt 's DVD : Movies , Television , Music , Art , Adult , and More ! stated that " perhaps in the crowded theater the film is hysterical , but in the quieter venue of home video , it just seems sadistic , and as the humor evaporates , the holes in the plot become clearer . " = = = Awards = = = Wins People 's Choice Awards ( 2001 ) Favorite Comedy Motion Picture 2001 MTV Movie AwardsBest Comedic Performance – Ben Stiller 2001 MTV Movie AwardsBest Line – " Are you a pothead , Focker ? " – Robert De Niro American Comedy Awards ( 2001 ) Funniest Actor in a Motion Picture – Ben Stiller 16th Annual ASCAP Film & Television Music AwardsTop Box Office Films – Randy Newman Nominations 58th Golden Globe AwardsGolden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy – Robert De Niro ( Lost to George Clooney for O Brother , Where Art Thou ? ) 73rd Academy AwardsBest Original Song – Randy Newman for " A Fool in Love " ( Lost to Bob Dylan 's " Things Have Changed " for Wonder Boys ) American Comedy Awards ( 2001 ) Funniest Motion Picture ( Lost to Best in Show ) 5th Golden Satellite AwardsOriginal Song – Randy Newman for " A Fool in Love " ( Lost to Björk 's " I 've Seen It All " for Dancer in the Dark ) = = Legacy = = The success of Meet the Parents was initially responsible for a 2002 NBC reality television show entitled Meet My Folks in which a young woman 's love interest , vying for her family 's approval , is interrogated by the woman 's overprotective father with the help of a lie detector machine . In September 2002 , NBC also aired a situation comedy entitled In @-@ Laws . During the development of the sitcom , NBC called it " a Meet the Parents project " which prompted an investigation by Universal into whether NBC was infringing on Universal 's copyright . Universal did not pursue any action against NBC but neither show lasted more than one season . In 2004 , Meet the Fockers was released as a sequel to Meet the Parents . Directed again by Jay Roach with a screenplay by Jim Herzfeld and John Hamburg , the sequel chronicles the events that take place when the Byrnes family meets Bernie and Roz Focker , Greg 's parents , played by Dustin Hoffman and Barbra Streisand . The producers intended for Greg 's parents to be the opposite of the Byrnes ' conservative , upper class , WASPy demeanor ; to that effect , producer Jane Rosenthal explains that " Dustin Hoffman and Barbra Streisand were our dream team . " Meet the Fockers proved to be another financial success grossing $ 280 million domestically and $ 516 million worldwide , outperforming Meet the Parents by a large margin and finishing as the fourth highest grossing film of 2004 . In February 2007 , Universal Studios announced that they would be making a second sequel in the franchise , titled Little Fockers . The film was to be directed by Roach with the screenplay written by Larry Stuckey , Roach 's former assistant . The sequel brings back De Niro , Stiller , Polo , Danner as well as Hoffman and Streisand . On July 18 , 2005 , a regularly scheduled American Airlines flight from Fort Lauderdale @-@ Hollywood International Airport to San Juan , Puerto Rico had to be diverted back to Fort Lauderdale shortly after take @-@ off due to a bomb threat . The pilot turned the airplane around approximately 40 minutes into the flight after a flight attendant found a crumpled napkin that read " Bomb , bomb , bomb ... meet the parents , " a clear reference to the scene in which Ben Stiller 's character repeatedly shouts the word " bomb " while being detained by airport security . The airplane was met by a bomb squad of the local sheriff 's office as well as the FBI whose agents questioned the plane 's 176 passengers about the note .
= Arlington Senior High School = Arlington Senior High School was a public high school in Saint Paul , Minnesota . It was located north of Downtown Saint Paul on Rice Street , west of Interstate 35E in the city 's North End neighborhood . Arlington opened on September 3 , 1996 as the newest high school for the Saint Paul Public School district . The school was the first high school to be built since Humboldt Senior High School in 1976 . The school was closed after the 2010 @-@ 2011 school year . By its final year , the school enrolled only 875 students in grades 9 @-@ 12 , despite having operated near its capacity of 2 @,@ 000 most of the years it was open . The school consistently served a population that was around 95 % students of color , 50 @-@ 60 % ELL , and 90 @-@ 95 % students on free / reduced price lunch . Arlington was the only high school in Saint Paul with no attendance boundaries and enrolled students from throughout the city . Beginning in the 2009 school year , the school 's main educational focus was " Bio @-@ SMART , " a program that emphasizes bioscience and the use of technology in health care . The school offered several Advanced Placement classes as well as several College in the Schools classes , in conjunction with the University of Minnesota . = = History = = As early as 1991 the school district began to plan for an additional high school . Initial projections were to add 2 new high schools to the then 6 operating by 2000 . However a lack of funds allowed the construction of only one high school . The increasing number of children who attend public rather than non @-@ public schools was attributed to part of the need . In 1974 , 53 % of children born in St. Paul later entered kindergarten in the city public schools . In 1990 , 67 % of the city 's children attended public schools . Overcrowding was so severe that in 1992 a citizen 's group recommended moving 9th grade back into junior high buildings . The overcrowding was blamed on a surge in the birthrate in Saint Paul and a sudden influx of students from the suburbs , an unusual occurrence in an inner city school district . Plans for a " high tech " high school were put in place in as early as 1992 . = = = Construction = = = In order to accommodate an estimated 4 @,@ 000 additional students , existing commercial buildings were sought to convert into high school buildings . After scouring the city , two possible sites were chosen . One near the Minnesota State Fairgrounds and the other near the school 's current location . The proposed area was the former site of an auto scrap yard . Officials were worried that the location would be polluted and would require an expensive cleanup . As a result , the location was moved to a site approximately .5 miles ( 0 @.@ 80 km ) west . Of the current 29 acres ( 0 @.@ 05 sq mi ; 0 @.@ 12 km2 ) acre campus , roughly 20 acres ( 0 @.@ 03 sq mi ; 0 @.@ 08 km2 ) were from a failed housing project and the other 9 acres ( 0 @.@ 01 sq mi ; 0 @.@ 04 km2 ) were from homes that were bought and cleared . Some of the soil on the site was unstable and was replaced . Critics considered the location for being too close to Como Park and Johnson high schools and for being located in a residential neighborhood . Original estimates for the project cost $ 54 @.@ 3 million and as a result the Saint Paul school district authorized a $ 20 million bond . Knutson Construction Co. was chosen for the project . = = = Naming = = = The high school was the first new high school to be built in Saint Paul or Minneapolis since the 1970s . The school district was also not expecting to build another high school for 40 years after . As a result , the competition to name the school was fierce . The name Arlington High School was eventually chosen from a list of 85 suggestions . Two names , Arlington and Mechanic Arts , were quickly favored . Mechanic Arts was the initial favorite after alumni of the former school campaigned for the name to be reused after the first Mechanic Arts High School was closed down in 1976 after operating for 86 years . The alumni created a lobbying group and even enlisted the help of U.S. Supreme Court Justice Harry Blackmun , a 1925 graduate of Mechanic Arts . However , the school board 's policy of naming schools after local neighborhoods and street names eventually won out with the name Arlington being chosen in a 5 @-@ 2 vote . The chosen school colors , blue and white , were the colors of Mechanic Arts . = = = Closing = = = In the spring of 2010 Saint Paul Public schools faced a $ 27 @.@ 2 million budget shortfall . To save money , plans to close the school began . The school 's projected enrollment would only be 650 students . 2009 @-@ 2010 Juniors would have been allowed to graduate from Arlington as the high school 's last class but only half of the required number of students committed to attending Arlington for the 2010 @-@ 2011 school year . The district set a goal of 150 Junior students staying for a viable program . 2009 @-@ 10 Juniors and Sophomores were required to transfer to other schools with Freshmen able to stay on as part of Washington Middle School 's BioSmart program . The high school was closed for the 2010 @-@ 2011 school year with Washington Middle School 's grades 7 @-@ 10 taking over the school 's space . Eventually Washington Middle School will add grades each year until it is a 7 @-@ 12 grade school . = = Campus = = Before the school was built many of the high schools in the Saint Paul Public Schools District were not up to date in technology . Consequently , an emphasis was placed on technology being built into the school and providing the ability to add to the existing facilities in the future . The school has extensive high tech facilities . The entire campus comprises 29 acres ( 120 @,@ 000 m2 ) in a residential neighborhood . The outside of the building is composed of tall narrow windows and a curving facade which has led to one architectural critic comparing it to a suburban office park . The " houses " that the freshmen and sophomores are divided into can be seen as wings projecting from the building . The houses were planned to separate the school into manageable sections so that the school does not seem as large to the students . = = Students = = Students were enrolled from throughout the city . Often the school was used to reassign students who could not be enrolled into other high schools . As of the 2006 @-@ 2007 school year , Arlington enrolled 1 @,@ 825 students . The plurality were Asian , at 48 % , with Black , 35 % and Hispanic , 11 % being the other major ethnic groups . 5 % of students identified as White . The school has the highest rate of poverty in high schools from the Saint Paul Public School system with 89 % of students qualifying for Free and Reduced Price Lunch . Free and Reduced Price Lunch is the measure of poverty for the district . The school has a large percentage of students who have limited English proficiency ( 58 % ) . 14 % of students qualify for special education . The school has an Adequate Yearly Progress graduation rate of 83 % while roughly three out of five students who initially enroll graduate within 4 years . 35 % of students had grade level reading proficiency and 13 % of students had proficiency in mathematics . Enrollment dropped considerably in the last years with only 875 students enrolled in 2010 and projections of only 650 for 2011 . = = Education = = As the first new high school built in several years , many unorthodox ideas were suggested . After many of the ideas were criticized the school district requested parental input on the direction of the school 's curriculum and held meetings around the city to show their plans for the curriculum . School officials wished to create a balance of college prep classes and vocational programs . The school was planned as and is now a citywide magnet school with no attendance boundary . An emphasis on technology was integrated into the plans for the school . Arlington offers language classes in French and Spanish . The school also participates in the University of Minnesota 's College in the Schools program . Advanced Placement classes are also offered . Arlington uses a teaching program called " Small Learning Communities " . These smaller learning communities separate particular student interests into different areas of the school . They provide goal- or interest @-@ oriented learning . Freshmen and sophomores are separated into " houses " of smaller learning groups . Upper classmen follow specified career paths . Originally the school was opened with four focus areas ; liberal arts , medical and environmental sciences , informational technologies and communication and policy @-@ making and government but beginning with the 2008 @-@ 2009 school year those career paths will change . In October 2007 , the school received a three @-@ year , $ 6 million grant from the U.S. Department of Education to help transform the school . The grant will be used to create a " Bio @-@ Smart " school for grades 11 @-@ 12 . The money will be use for hiring additional staff and adding more high @-@ tech equipment and supplies to the school 's " extensive " existing facilities . Students will choose between three career pathways : bioengineering and technology , bio @-@ business and marketing or biomedical and health sciences . Students will take elective classes related to their pathway as well as core classes , such as math and English . The grant was sought to help reinvent the school . Arlington has the lowest test scores and highest concentration of poverty for Saint Paul Public Schools . In addition , the school has been described as an " academically struggling high school " . As a result of not meeting Adequate Yearly Progress as a part of No Child Left Behind Arlington faced restructuring . However , the school 's restructuring is already underway with the biotech program . = = Extracurricular activities = = In 2006 , the Saint Paul Neighborhood Network 's youth department produced a short video , reporting on Arlington 's diminishing financial support for its art program , a video that would win SPNN the 2007 Alliance for Community Media Hometown Video Award for Visual Art @-@ Youth entry . Arlington is one of three schools in Minnesota and one of two in Saint Paul to have a Naval Junior Reserve Officers ' Training Corps unit . Arlington 's NJROTC unit was named a Distinguished Unit for the fifth consecutive year . Only 20 percent of units earn the Distinguished Unit recognition yearly . The Mural is the school 's student published newspaper . Issues are published monthly . A number of partnerships with community organizations are offered . Local colleges such as Saint Paul College , Century College and the University of Minnesota 's Carlson School of Management . Internships with local multinational conglomerate 3M are also offered . The school also participates in Upward Bound with the University of Minnesota , Advancement Via Individual Determination Program ( AVID ) and Admission Possible , a program that helps low @-@ income students attend college . The school has a Multicultural Excellence Program ( MEP ) that gives guidance to students of color who wish to earn a college degree . = = = Athletics = = = Arlington is a member of the Minnesota State High School League . The school 's athletic teams compete in the Saint Paul City Conference . The first year the school opened the athletic teams only competed in junior varsity competitions . The following year the school competed fully with varsity teams . The school has won two boys Cross Country conference championships in 2001 and 2002 . The school has also won three boys track and field conference championships in 1998 , 2000 and 2003 . Arlington offers nine boys ' and nine girls ' varsity sports . These include football ( boys ) , wrestling ( boys ) , tennis ( boys and girls ) , basketball ( boys and girls ) , baseball ( boys ) , softball ( girls ) , golf ( boys and girls ) , soccer ( boys and girls ) , volleyball ( girls ) , badminton ( girls ) , cross country ( boys and girls ) and track and field ( boys and girls ) . Sports that are not offered at Arlington are played in co @-@ ops with other Saint Paul City Conference members .
= Sean Patrick Maloney = Sean Patrick Maloney ( born July 30 , 1966 ) is an American politician and member of the Democratic Party who has served as the U.S. Representative for New York 's 18th congressional district since 2013 . Born in Quebec , Canada , and raised in Hanover , New Hampshire , he earned his Bachelor of Arts and Juris Doctor from the University of Virginia . He entered politics as a volunteer for Bill Clinton 's presidential campaigns , and later served as his senior West Wing adviser and White House Staff Secretary . After the Clinton Administration , he served as the First Deputy Secretary to New York Governors Eliot Spitzer and David Paterson . Prior to being elected to Congress , he worked as an executive in a private equity firm and as an attorney . In 2006 he ran in the Democratic primary for New York Attorney General , but came in third to Mark J. Green and winner Andrew Cuomo . He was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in 2012 after defeating Republican incumbent Nan Hayworth . He campaigned for the election as a moderate and is a member of the New Democrat Coalition . He is the first openly gay person to be elected to Congress from New York . = = Early life , education , and early career = = Maloney was born on July 30 , 1966 , in Sherbrooke , Quebec ; to United States citizen parents . Maloney 's father 's work as a lumberjack had temporarily brought them to Canada . Maloney grew up in Hanover , New Hampshire , with his six siblings in what he describes as a " small Irish Catholic family . " After attending Georgetown University for two years , Maloney transferred to the University of Virginia where he earned his Bachelor of Arts in international relations in 1988 . After earning his undergraduate degree , Maloney spent a year volunteering with Jesuit priests in the slums of Chimbote , Peru . Afterwards Maloney returned to the U.S. and earned his Juris Doctor from the University of Virginia School of Law in 1992 . From 2000 to 2003 , Maloney served as Chief Operating Officer of Kiodex , Inc . Maloney was a senior attorney at the law firm Willkie Farr & Gallagher , during which time he represented the Matthew Shepard Foundation . In March 2011 he joined the law firm Orrick , Herrington & Sutcliffe as a partner . = = Early political career = = = = = Clinton association = = = In 1991 , Maloney began working on Bill Clinton 's first campaign for President as Deputy to Susan Thomases , the chief scheduler , and in Clinton 's re @-@ election campaign Maloney worked as Director of Surrogate Travel . After the successful campaign Maloney was offered a position in the White House staff and served as a senior advisor and White House Staff Secretary from 1999 through 2000 , among the youngest to serve in that capacity . At a campaign event Clinton stated that Maloney worked closely with him . Following the killing of gay University of Wyoming student Matthew Shepard , Maloney was one of two representatives Clinton sent to his funeral . In an article about the event , a newspaper noted that Maloney often refers to himself as " the highest ranking openly homosexual man on the White House staff . " = = = 2006 Attorney General election = = = Maloney ran for the Democratic nomination for New York Attorney General in 2006 . According to Gay City News , Maloney 's " competitive fundraising and wide travels across the state during the past year have impressed many party professionals with the seriousness of his run . " During the campaign , Maloney was endorsed by the Empire State Pride Agenda , a New @-@ York @-@ state @-@ based gay rights organization ; and Karen Burstein , the first lesbian to run for Attorney General in 1994 . Consistently polling in the single digits , Maloney was offered a chance to run for the office on the Liberal Party ticket , but declined , saying he would support whoever won the Democratic nomination . Maloney came in third in the September 12 , 2006 , election , obtaining 9 @.@ 4 % of the vote against Andrew Cuomo , former United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development and son of past Governor Mario Cuomo ; and Mark Green , former New York City Public Advocate . In his concession speech , Maloney said " this day may not be the outcome we hope , but I make you a promise that there will be another day . " = = = Secretary to the Governor = = = Maloney joined Governor Eliot Spitzer 's administration in January 2007 as First Deputy Secretary under top adviser Rich Baum . The Eliot Spitzer political surveillance controversy ( popularly known as " Troopergate " ) broke out on July 23 , 2007 , when New York State Attorney General Andrew Cuomo 's office admonished Spitzer 's administration for ordering the State Police to create special records of Senate Majority Leader Joseph L. Bruno 's whereabouts when he traveled with police escorts in New York City . A New York Times editorial suggested that Maloney might have been involved by withholding emails during the investigation , and the Times endorsed Maloney 's 2012 election opponent because of its concerns about Maloney 's handling of the investigation . The Wall Street Journal wrote in July 2012 , " generally , those involved in the investigation on both sides defend Mr. Maloney 's conduct . Mr. Cuomo 's chief of staff at the time , Steve Cohen , called the idea that Mr. Maloney got in the way of the Attorney General 's inquiry ' misinformed to the point of being laughable . ' " Maloney continued in the same role as a top adviser to Governor David Paterson 's administration under his top adviser , Charles O 'Byrne . While working for Paterson , Maloney worked on Paterson 's effort to increase state aid to education . On December 3 , 2008 , Maloney announced that he would leave Governor Paterson 's office to join the law firm Kirkland & Ellis . = = U.S. House of Representatives = = = = = Elections = = = 2012 In March 2012 , Maloney announced his intention to run for New York 's newly @-@ drawn 18th congressional district . The district had previously been the 19th district , represented by freshman Republican Nan Hayworth . Maloney won the Democratic primary on June 26 with 48 % of the vote , winning against four other challengers . In addition to the Democratic Party line , Maloney also ran on the Working Families Party ticket with New York 's fusion voting . Maloney drew criticism for the fact that he bought a house in Cold Springs before the election , never having previously lived in the district . On June 11 , former President Bill Clinton announced his endorsement of Maloney , saying " I support Sean because I know he ’ ll be an outstanding member of Congress . " On October 21 , The New York Times endorsed Maloney , stating that his opponent " has favored limiting contraception coverage for employees and voted to defund Planned Parenthood . Mr. Maloney promises to support health care reform , help the middle class and oppose tax cuts for the rich . We recommend Mr. Maloney . " Maloney also was endorsed by Planned Parenthood , and the AFL @-@ CIO and New York State United Teachers Union . In the general election Maloney campaigned as a moderate and defeated Hayworth 52 % – 48 % . During his victory speech , Maloney said , " I think people want change in Washington ... They 're tired of the fighting and the bickering . " Maloney is New York 's first openly gay member of Congress . 2014 Maloney ran for re @-@ election , defeating Nan Hayworth . Maloney was a member of the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee 's Frontline Program , designed to help protect vulnerable Democratic incumbents heading into the 2014 election . Maloney lost the Independence Party primary to Hayworth , but ultimately defeated her in the general election by under 3 @,@ 000 votes , with Maloney receiving 84 @,@ 415 votes ( 47 @.@ 58 % ) to Hayworth 's 81 @,@ 625 ( 46 @.@ 01 % ) . 2016 Maloney is running for re @-@ election in 2016 . Fellow Democrat Diana Hird announced her intention to challenge him in the primary election on June 28 , 2016 , but failed to obtain the necessary number of signatures and file a petition to get on the ballot in time . = = = Tenure = = = On January 3 , 2013 , Maloney was sworn in to the 113th United States Congress . On his second day in office , Maloney spoke on the House floor , criticizing a delay in federal Hurricane Sandy aid , and urging House Speaker John Boehner and his colleagues to pass an aid package . In his first 100 days in office , he held a grand opening event of his district office in Newburgh , New York . Maloney was the first elected official to open an office in Newburgh in at least three decades . After joining the " No Labels Problem Solvers " caucus , Maloney supported the " No Budget , No Pay Act of 2013 " . Leading up to the 2013 government shutdown , Maloney faced criticism for voting with Republicans to pass a budget which included provisions delaying the implementation of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act . His vote drew the ire of LGBT groups , some accusing him of being a " Democrat In Name Only " ( " DINO " ) . He has been an outspoken critic of sequestration and the harmful effects it would have on the United States Military Academy at West Point , and sent a letter to President Barack Obama and Secretary of Defense Chuck Hagel , asking for flexibility in his district . During the shutdown Maloney requested that his pay be withheld in solidarity with federal workers . In April of his first year in office , Maloney introduced the Creating Reliability for Our Producers Act , the Dam Safety Act , and the Disabled Veterans Red Tape Reduction Act . In October 2013 , the House passed Maloney 's Disabled Veterans Red Tape Reduction Act with near unanimous support . Maloney 's bill would allow disabled veterans to have their medical examinations performed by physicians outside the Veterans Affairs system . In June 2013 , Maloney voted against the Pain @-@ Capable Unborn Child Protection Act . The purpose of the bill is to ban abortions that would take place 20 or more weeks after fertilization . In July 2013 , Maloney voted to reject the Farm Bill . The comprehensive farm bill failed in the House due largely in part to the votes of 8 Democratic House members who joined the Republican majority to vote down the measure . An issue arising in his election to Congress was whether the candidates would vote to repeal the Defense of Marriage Act ( DOMA ) ; while Hayworth was considered more progressive on gay rights than most Republicans , she did not explicitly say whether she would vote to repeal , stating her belief that the New York law allowing same @-@ sex marriage made it a settled issue , for which Maloney criticized her . Following the Supreme Court 's ruling which struck down provisions of DOMA , Maloney remarked at a press conference he was " no longer seen as less @-@ than in the eyes of my country , " having previously faced discrimination in the House , with his partner not eligible for benefits as most heterosexual members ' partners would be . On April 10 , 2014 , Maloney introduced the Human Trafficking Prevention Act ( H.R. 4449 ; 113th Congress ) , a bill that would require regular training and briefings for some federal government personnel to raise awareness of human trafficking and help employees spot cases of it . The bill passed in the House on July 23 , 2014 . In July 2014 , the FAA began an investigation into whether unmanned aircraft used for Maloney ’ s wedding violated the agency ’ s ban on drone flights . A spokesman for Maloney , who is a member of the House Transportation and Infrastructure Committee ’ s aviation subcommittee which oversees the FAA , acknowledged that drones were hired . = = = Committee assignments = = = Maloney serves on the following committees : Committee on Agriculture Subcommittee on General Farm Commodities and Risk Management Subcommittee on Horticulture , Research , Biotechnology , and Foreign Agriculture Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure Subcommittee on Aviation Subcommittee on Highways and Transit Subcommittee on Water Resources and Environment Caucus memberships New Democrat Coalition No Labels Problem Solvers LGBT Equality Caucus , Co @-@ Chair Children 's Health Care Caucus Congressional Lupus Caucus = = Personal life = = Maloney has been with his partner Randy Florke since 1992 , when they met in New York City where Maloney was helping plan the Democratic National Convention . Together they have three adopted children . Florke is an interior decorator who has been featured in O , The Oprah Magazine . Maloney and his family live in the Putnam County community of Cold Spring , New York . On January 14 , 2014 , Maloney announced that he and Florke had become engaged on Christmas Day 2013 . On June 21 , 2014 , he and Florke were married in Cold Spring , New York . Maloney became the second member of Congress to legally marry his same @-@ sex partner while in office , the first being former Congressman Barney Frank ( D @-@ Massachusetts ) , in 2012 .
= You Ain 't Goin ' Nowhere = " You Ain 't Goin ' Nowhere " is a song written by Bob Dylan in 1967 in Woodstock , New York , during the self @-@ imposed exile from public appearances that followed his July 29 , 1966 motorcycle accident . A recording of Dylan performing the song in September 1971 was released on the Bob Dylan 's Greatest Hits Vol . II album in November of that year , marking the first official release of the song by its author . An earlier 1967 recording of the song , performed by Dylan and The Band , was issued in 1975 on the album The Basement Tapes . The Byrds also recorded a version of the song in 1968 and issued it as a single . The Byrds ' version is notable for being the first commercial release of the song , predating Dylan 's first release by three years . A later cover by Byrds members Roger McGuinn and Chris Hillman reached the top 10 of the Hot Country Songs charts in 1989 . The song has also been covered by many other artists , including Joan Baez , Unit 4 + 2 , Earl Scruggs , Old Crow Medicine Show , Phish , Counting Crows , The Dandy Warhols , Bill and Bonnie Hearne , and Glen Hansard with Markéta Irglová . = = Bob Dylan 's versions = = = = = 1967 versions = = = Starting in June 1967 and ending in October 1967 , Bob Dylan 's writing and recording sessions with the Band ( then known as the Hawks ) in Woodstock , New York , were the source of many new songs that were circulated as demos by Dylan 's publisher for fellow artists to record . " You Ain 't Goin ' Nowhere " was written and recorded during this period and features lyrics that allude to the singer waiting for his bride to arrive and possibly , a final premarital fling . The original version found on 1975 's The Basement Tapes album was recorded with the Band ( minus Levon Helm who had temporarily left the group at this point ) in the basement of their house in West Saugerties , New York , called " Big Pink " . A first take recorded during the Basement Tapes sessions includes improvised nonsense lyrics such as " Just pick up that oil cloth , cram it in the corn / I don 't care if your name is Michael / You 're gonna need some boards / Get your lunch , you foreign bib " . This alternate take was released in 2014 on The Bootleg Series Vol . 11 : The Basement Tapes Complete . = = = 1971 version = = = On September 24 , 1971 , Dylan re @-@ recorded three songs from the Basement Tapes sessions for inclusion on his Greatest Hits Vol . II album — " You Ain 't Goin ' Nowhere , " " I Shall Be Released , " and " Down in the Flood " — with Happy Traum playing bass , banjo and electric guitar , as well as providing vocal harmony . Traum notes that " they were very popular songs ... that [ Dylan ] wanted to put his own stamp on . " The lyrics of this performance of " You Ain 't Goin ' Nowhere " differed significantly from both the Basement Tapes versions , and also played upon a mistaken lyric in The Byrds ' cover of three years earlier ( see below ) . The 1971 version was later released on the compilations The Essential Bob Dylan ( 2000 ) and Dylan ( 2007 ) , although the latter album 's liner notes erroneously state that it is the 1967 version . = = The Byrds ' version = = The Byrds ' recording of " You Ain 't Goin ' Nowhere " was released as a single on April 2 , 1968 , some three years prior to any commercial release of the song by Dylan . It was the lead single from The Byrds ' 1968 country rock album , Sweetheart of the Rodeo , and reached number 74 on the Bllboard Hot 100 chart and number 45 on the UK Singles Chart . Along with the then current line @-@ up of The Byrds , the song also features musical contributions from session musician Lloyd Green on pedal steel guitar . Although it is not as famous as their cover version of " Mr. Tambourine Man " , The Byrds ' recording of " You Ain 't Goin ' Nowhere " is often considered by critics to be the band 's best Dylan cover . The song was selected as a suitable cover by The Byrds after their record label , Columbia Records , sent them some demos from Dylan 's Woodstock sessions . Included among these demos were the songs " You Ain 't Goin ' Nowhere " and " Nothing Was Delivered " , both of which were recorded by The Byrds in March 1968 , during the Nashville recording sessions for Sweetheart of the Rodeo . Despite the change in musical style that the country @-@ influenced Sweetheart of the Rodeo album represented for The Byrds , the inclusion of two Dylan covers on the album forged a link with their previous folk rock incarnation , when Dylan 's material had been a mainstay of their repertoire . The Byrds ' recording of the song caused a minor controversy between the band and its author . Dylan 's original demo of " You Ain 't Goin ' Nowhere " contained the lyric " Pick up your money , pack up your tent " , which was mistakenly altered in The Byrds ' version , by guitarist and singer Roger McGuinn , to " Pack up your money , pick up your tent " . Dylan expressed mock @-@ annoyance at this lyric change in his 1971 recording of the song , singing " Pack up your money , put up your tent McGuinn / You ain 't goin ' nowhere . " McGuinn replied in 1989 on a new recording of the song included on the Nitty Gritty Dirt Band 's Will the Circle Be Unbroken : Volume Two album , adding the word " Dylan " after the same " Pack up your money , pick up your tent " lyric . McGuinn and the Nitty Gritty Dirt Band 's 1989 recording of the song , which also featured The Byrds ' former bass player Chris Hillman , was released as a single and peaked at number six on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart in 1989 , as well as number eleven on the Canadian country music charts published by RPM . In spite of the involvement of the Nitty Gritty Dirt Band , the single release was credited to McGuinn and Hillman alone . After its appearance on Sweetheart of the Rodeo , the song would go on to become a staple of The Byrds ' live concert repertoire , until their final disbandment in 1973 . The Byrds also chose to re @-@ record " You Ain 't Goin ' Nowhere " in 1971 with Earl Scruggs , as part of the Earl Scruggs , His Family and Friends television special , and this version was included on the program 's accompanying soundtrack album . The song was also performed live by a reformed line @-@ up of The Byrds featuring Roger McGuinn , David Crosby , and Chris Hillman in January 1989 . McGuinn continues to perform the song in his solo concerts and consequently it appears on his 2007 album , Live from Spain . In addition to its appearance on the Sweetheart of the Rodeo album , The Byrds ' original recording of " You Ain 't Goin ' Nowhere " also appears on several of the band 's compilations , including The Best of The Byrds : Greatest Hits , Volume II , History of The Byrds , The Byrds Play Dylan , The Original Singles : 1967 – 1969 , Volume 2 , The Byrds , and There Is a Season . Live performances of the song are included on the expanded edition of The Byrds ' ( Untitled ) album and on Live at Royal Albert Hall 1971 . = = Other covers = = The British beat group Unit 4 + 2 released a recording of " You Ain 't Goin ' Nowhere " as a single in 1968 but it suffered poor sales as a result of the version released by The Byrds and consequently it did not chart . Joan Baez included a gender @-@ switched version of the song , in which she sings " Tomorrow 's the day my man 's gonna come " , on her 1968 album of Dylan covers , Any Day Now . Australian band The Flying Circus included this song on their self @-@ titled debut album released in August 1969 . Roots rock quartet The Rave @-@ Ups covered the song on their 1985 album , Town and Country . Shawn Colvin , Mary Chapin Carpenter , and Rosanne Cash also performed the song at Madison Square Garden in 1992 , for eventual release on the Bob Dylan tribute album The 30th Anniversary Concert Celebration . Phish covered the song during their July 30 , 2003 concert at the Tweeter Center at the Waterfront in Camden , New Jersey . This is the only time that Phish has performed the song , coming in the show before their IT music festival in Maine ( particular emphasis was put on the lyric " We 'll climb that hill , no matter how steep ... when we get up to it . " ) The e Brothers covered " You Ain 't Goin ' Nowhere " on their 1998 live album , Marquee Mark and Counting Crows recorded the song as a bonus track on their Hard Candy album in 2002 as well as performing it live with Augustana . Maria Muldaur recorded the song , with slightly altered lyrics , on her 2006 Heart of Mine : Maria Muldaur Sings Love Songs of Bob Dylan album and Marty Raybon , former vocalist of Shenandoah , also covered the song on his 2006 album , When the Sand Runs Out . Glen Hansard and Markéta Irglová recorded the song for the soundtrack album to Todd Haynes ' Dylan biopic , I 'm Not There , using the lyrics from Dylan 's 1971 version , including the reference to Roger McGuinn . The Dandy Warhols have covered the song on the 2009 digital download edition of their album The Dandy Warhols Are Sound and for their September 1 , 2011 Daytrotter session . Actor Oscar Isaac ( with Kate Mara and Chad Fischer ) performed a version of the song in the 2011 film 10 Years , which also appeared on the film 's soundtrack . In 2012 , Brett Dennen released a version of " You Ain 't Goin ' Nowhere " on the Chimes of Freedom : Songs of Bob Dylan Honoring 50 Years of Amnesty International album . Garth Brooks for the 2013 " The Melting Pot " album in the Blame It All on My Roots : Five Decades of Influences compilation . = = Chart performance = = = = = The Byrds version = = = = = = Chris Hillman / Roger McGuinn version = = = = = = Year @-@ end charts = = =
= David Morse ( actor ) = David Bowditch Morse ( born October 11 , 1953 ) is an American actor , singer , director and writer . He first came to national attention as Dr. Jack Morrison in the medical drama series St. Elsewhere ( 1982 – 88 ) . He continued his film career with roles in The Negotiator , Contact , The Green Mile , Disturbia , The Long Kiss Goodnight , The Rock and 12 Monkeys . In 2006 , Morse had a recurring role as Detective Michael Tritter on the medical drama series House , for which he received an Emmy Award nomination . He portrayed George Washington in the 2008 HBO miniseries John Adams , which garnered him a second Emmy nomination . He has also received acclaim for his portrayal of Uncle Peck on the Off @-@ Broadway play How I Learned to Drive , earning a Drama Desk Award and Obie Award . He had success on Broadway too , portraying James " Sharky " Harkin in The Seafarer . From 2010 to 2013 , he portrayed Terry Colson , an honest police officer in a corrupt New Orleans police department , on the HBO series Treme . He currently stars in the WGN America series Outsiders . = = Early life = = Morse was born October 11 , 1953 , in Beverly , Massachusetts , the son of Jacquelyn , a school teacher , and Charles Morse , a sales manager . He was raised in Hamilton , Massachusetts . His middle name , Bowditch , comes from mathematician Nathaniel Bowditch . = = Career = = = = = Film and television = = = After graduating from high school in 1971 , Morse studied acting at the William Esper Studio . He began his acting career in the theater as a player for the Boston Repertory Theatre in the early 1970s . In the mid @-@ 1970s , Esquire Jauchem , artistic director of the Boston Repertory Theater , adapted and directed a stage musical version of The Point ! that starred 18 @-@ year @-@ old David Morse as Oblio . The production later toured to the Trinity Square Repertory Company in Providence . He spent some time in New York 's theater community in the early 1980s , before moving into television and film . During that time , Morse was listed as one of the twelve most " Promising New Actors of 1980 " in John A. Willis ' Screen World , Vol . 32 . Morse 's big break came in 1982 when he was cast in the television medical drama St. Elsewhere . He played Dr. Jack " Boomer " Morrison , a young physician who is forced to deal with the death of his wife and the struggles of a single parent professional . Morse appeared in a number of supporting roles following the finale of St. Elsewhere in 1988 . He is quoted as saying : " I made the decision that I didn 't care if there was any money in the role or not . I had to find roles that were different from what I had been doing . " His turn in Desperate Hours as antagonist showed a darker Morse . He later starred in The Indian Runner and The Crossing Guard . He has appeared in three adaptations of Stephen King stories : The Langoliers , Hearts in Atlantis , and The Green Mile . He was a guest star on Homicide : Life on the Street , playing the racist cousin of Detective Tim Bayliss . In 2002 , Morse starred as Mike Olshansky , an ex @-@ Philadelphia police officer turned cab driver , in the television film Hack . The film was so well received that a television series with the same name was created . For his role in the 2002 crime @-@ drama film Shuang Tong , Morse was nominated as Best Supporting Actor in the Golden Horse Awards , the first ever nomination for an English @-@ speaking actor . He appeared as questionable neighbor Mr. Turner in the 2007 release Disturbia . Film critic and commentator John Podhoretz wrote that Morse is a " largely unsung character actor who enlivens and deepens every movie fortunate enough to have him in the cast " . In 2006 , Morse received a phone call from David Shore , having previously worked with him on the Hack series , who asked him if he would be interested in having a guest role on House . When Morse watched the show , he could not understand why people watched the show , because he believed that " this House guy is a total jerk " . When he told some of his friends about the offer , however , their excited reactions convinced him to accept the role . Morse portrayed Michael Tritter , a detective with a vendetta against Gregory House . He earned his first Emmy Award nomination for his work on the series . In 2008 , Morse portrayed George Washington in the HBO miniseries John Adams , for which his nose was made bigger . Morse commented : " The first thing that comes to mind is my nose ; it was my big idea to do that nose . We didn 't have a lot of time , because they asked me to do this about three weeks before they started shooting , and I just kept looking at these portraits and thinking ' this man 's face is so commanding ' . And I did not feel that my face was very commanding in the way his was . So I convinced them that we should try the nose , and we tried it on , and everybody went ' wow , that 's Washington ' . " Morse 's portrayal earned him his second Emmy Award nomination . He is currently reprising the role of Washington in voice form as part of The Hall of Presidents show in Walt Disney World Resort 's Magic Kingdom . Morse has stated that out of all of the films he has done , his favorites are The Green Mile , The Crossing Guard , and The Indian Runner . In 2010 , he guest starred in two episodes of the HBO drama series Treme , as Lt. Terry Colson of the New Orleans Police Department . He was promoted to series regular starting with the show 's second season , which began in April 2011 . Later that year , Morse won the best actor award at the Karlovy Vary International Film Festival for his role in Collaborator . He played an ex @-@ CIA agent in the film World War Z ( 2013 ) . He played the late NFL player , Mike Webster , in Concussion the biopic of Dr. Bennet Omalu starring Will Smith . = = = Stage = = = In addition to his film and television career , Morse has continued to appear on stage . For his performance in the 1997 Off @-@ Broadway production of Paula Vogel 's Pulitzer Prize @-@ winning drama How I Learned to Drive , he received an Obie Award , a Drama League Award , a Drama Desk Award , and a Lucille Lortel Award . That same year , he played Father Barry in the play adaptation of On the Waterfront . The play ran for only eight performances . From 2007 to 2008 , Morse appeared on Broadway in Conor McPherson 's play The Seafarer . = = Personal life = = Morse has three younger siblings . He has been married to actress and author of The Habit , Susan Wheeler Duff Morse , since 1982 . They have one daughter , Eliza , and twin sons Benjamin and Samuel . After the 1994 Northridge earthquake , Morse and his family moved to Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , where they currently live . = = Filmography = = = = = Film = = = = = = Television = = = = = = Stage = = =
= Nisei ( The X @-@ Files ) = " Nisei " is the ninth episode of the third season of the American science fiction television series The X @-@ Files . It premiered on the Fox network on November 24 , 1995 . It was directed by David Nutter , and written by Chris Carter , Frank Spotnitz and Howard Gordon . " Nisei " featured guest appearances by Steven Williams , Raymond J. Barry and Stephen McHattie . The episode helped explore the series ' overarching mythology . " Nisei " earned a Nielsen household rating of 9 @.@ 8 , being watched by 16 @.@ 36 million people in its initial broadcast . The episode received largely positive reviews from critics . The show centers on FBI special agents Fox Mulder ( David Duchovny ) and Dana Scully ( Gillian Anderson ) who work on cases linked to the paranormal , called X @-@ Files . In this episode , Mulder and Scully investigate the origins of an alien autopsy Mulder believes is real . The investigation uncovers Japanese involvement and sees Mulder smuggle himself onto a secret cargo train to find out more . " Nisei " is a two @-@ part episode , with the plot continuing in the next episode , " 731 " . Inspired by the atrocities committed by Unit 731 , a Japanese research program during World War II , " Nisei " was originally intended to be a stand @-@ alone mythology episode , but was lengthened into two separate parts . The episode featured several scenes that required stunt work , which David Duchovny performed himself . The episode 's title refers to the term nisei , meaning the son or daughter of an Issei couple born outside Japan . = = Plot = = In Knoxville , Tennessee , a mysterious train car is left in a rail yard . After dark , a group of Japanese scientists enter the car and conduct an autopsy on an alien body . The scene is recorded and transmitted via satellite . Suddenly , a strike team storms the car and kills the scientists , taking the alien corpse away in a body bag . Fox Mulder ( David Duchovny ) purchases an edited video of the autopsy . He believes the tape is authentic , but Dana Scully ( Gillian Anderson ) is skeptical . When the agents go to Allentown , Pennsylvania to track down the distributor of the tape , they find him murdered . At the scene , they pursue and capture a Japanese man , Kazuo Sakurai , who is identified as a high @-@ ranking diplomat . Walter Skinner appears and orders Sakurai released . Before doing so , Mulder searches his briefcase and finds both a list of Mutual UFO Network members and satellite images of a ship . The Lone Gunmen identify the ship as the Talapus , a salvage vessel docked in Newport News , Virginia . Meanwhile , Sakurai is killed by an assassin called the Red @-@ Haired Man . Scully investigates the MUFON group , discovering several women who claim to recognize her from her abduction experience . They have similar implants to Scully 's , and inform her that they are all dying of cancer . Meanwhile , Mulder goes to the Newport News shipyard and searches the Talapus . Armed men arrive and scour the ship , but Mulder manages to escape . That night , he discovers a warehouse where a craft is being fumigated by a hazmat team . Mulder believes the craft to be of alien origin , recovered by the Talapus . Skinner later confronts Mulder over the briefcase , the absence of which has caused an international incident with Japan . He refuses to assist Mulder any further with his case . Mulder meets with Senator Richard Matheson , who gives him the details on the autopsy and links it with the larger conspiracy of the alien @-@ human hybrids . Mulder investigates further , discovering that the Japanese scientists were members of the notorious Unit 731 during World War II ; like Victor Klemper , they were recruited by the U.S. government to develop the hybrids . Mulder believes that the scientists killed on the videotape were working on a secret railway , transporting test subjects . After sharing her MUFON findings with Mulder , Scully runs her implant through the FBI labs to gather technological information about it . She analyzes the autopsy video , realizing that one of the scientists seen , Dr. Ishimaru , experimented on her during her abduction . Meanwhile , Mulder goes to West Virginia and tracks down the secret train car , watching a group of Japanese men place what seems to be an alien @-@ human subject on board . Meanwhile , another Japanese scientist , Dr. Shiro Zama , waits for the train at a station in Ohio ; he is forced to board after his bodyguard is killed by the Red @-@ Haired Man in the restroom . The Red @-@ Haired Man follows Zama aboard the train , which is headed for Vancouver , Canada . Mulder tracks the train to the Ohio station , but learns it has just left when he arrives . Meanwhile , Scully goes to Mulder 's apartment and is met by X , who warns her to keep Mulder from getting on the train . Scully calls Mulder , who has managed to drive ahead of the train and is just about to jump onto it from a bridge . Despite Scully 's pleas , Mulder jumps onto the top of the train as it speeds past below . = = Production = = = = = Writing = = = The idea to create a story involving the 731 unit came from series creator Chris Carter . He noted , " Unit 731 first came to my attention at the same time as it did for a lot of other people , when I read it in the New York Times about what the Japanese did to prisoners of war during the Second World War . " Carter decided that an episode based around former war criminals who had received " clemency so [ Americans ] could use their science " would be " interesting " . Frank Spotnitz was assigned writing duties for " Nisei " , which was originally intended to be a stand @-@ alone mythology story and to air as the seventh episode of the third season . However , as Spotnitz developed his script , the episode hit several logistical snags . Most notably , Spotnitz 's script featured several scenes filmed on trains : Chris Carter explained , " We found that we were going to have some trouble shooting with trains . " Eventually , the sheer scope of the episode caused co @-@ executive producer R. W. Goodwin so much trouble that he wanted to scrap the story . Spotnitz explained , " Goodwin called Chris and said , ' This is unproducable . [ … ] you 've got to throw out the script , basically . ' I was devastated , and Chris [ said ] ' Let 's make it a two @-@ parter . ' " So , the episode was bumped back to number nine and was lengthened to a two parter , resulting in it being delayed several weeks . = = = Filming = = = A co @-@ executive producer called this episode and its second part " 731 " logistically huge . The stunt where Mulder jumped on a moving train was worked on for six weeks . While there was some alarm in having David Duchovny do the stunt , the actor , who had previously performed his own stunts in the episode " Ascension " was willing to do it and considered it a fun experience . The producers used trained rangers to play the soldiers in the teaser , part of an attempt to keep the show grounded in reality at all times . An 11 @-@ year @-@ old boy was used to play the dead alien on the autopsy table . The boy 's twin sister was used to play the alien on the train car . Both underwent extensive makeup including oversized dark contact lenses to create the effect of the alien eyes . After watching the video bought by Mulder , Scully criticizes it citing the 1995 alien autopsy video — a hoax made by Ray Santilli , a British video producer . Coincidentally , Fox ended up re @-@ airing the alien autopsy video the night following this episode 's original air date . The episode features the first appearance of Agent Pendrell , who appeared in several other episodes in the third and fourth seasons . Pendrell was named after a street in Vancouver . The title , " Nisei " , refers to the term used , in countries of North and South America , to specify the son or daughter of an Issei couple born outside Japan . The term nisei Japanese American refers to nisei living in the United States . = = Themes = = Jan Delasara , in the book PopLit , PopCult and The X @-@ Files argues that episodes like " Nisei " and " 731 , " or the earlier episode " Paper Clip , " show the public 's trust in science " eroding . " Delasara proposes that " arrogated " scientists who are " rework [ ing ] the fabric of life , " are causing the public 's faith in science to fade drastically , " a concern " , she notes , " that is directly addressed by X @-@ Files episodes " . Moreover , she notes that almost all of the scientists portrayed in The X @-@ Files are depicted with a " connection to ancient evil " , with the lone exception being Agent Scully . In " Nisei , " and later in " 731 " , the scientists are former Japanese scientists who worked during WWII for the infamous 731 unit . In their attempts to create a successful human @-@ alien hybrid , they become the archetypical scientists who " [ go ] too far , " a serious factor that Delasara argues " ' alienates ' [ the public ] further from science and its practitioners . " = = Reception = = " Nisei " premiered on the Fox network on November 24 , 1995 , and was first broadcast in the United Kingdom on BBC Two on October 23 , 1996 . The episode earned a Nielsen household rating of 9 @.@ 8 with a 17 share , meaning that roughly 9 @.@ 8 percent of all television @-@ equipped households , and 17 percent of households watching television , were tuned in to the episode . A total of 16 @.@ 36 million viewers watched this episode during its original airing . " Nisei " later won two Emmy Awards : one for " Outstanding Individual Achievement in Sound Editing for a Series " and one for " Outstanding Individual Achievement in Sound Mixing for a Drama Series . " " Nisei " received largely positive reviews . In a retrospective of the third season in Entertainment Weekly , " Nisei " was rated an A. The review noted that the episode contained " lots of excitement for Scully " , though it also described Mulder 's plot thread as " equally gripping " . Writing for The A.V. Club , Todd VanDerWerff rated the episode an A- , calling it " a hell of a lot of fun " . VanDerWerff described the cliffhanger ending as " just phenomenal " , and felt that the episode had " the drive of a big @-@ budget action film " . However , he noted that it was becoming evident by this stage that the series ' mythology was becoming " too big to ever resolve wholly satisfactorily " . Paula Vitaris from Cinefantastique gave the episode a largely positive review and awarded it three @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half stars out of four . Vitaris noted that , despite the teaser and first act being " promising enough " , the episode " slides downhill rapidly with a storyline that crosses the border into ludicrous . " Vitaris called the scene where soldiers kill prisoners " a scene more disturbing than anything else previously seen on The X @-@ Files . " Furthermore , she wrote that the final scene between Mulder and Scully was " beautifully written and acted . " Robert Shearman and Lars Pearson , in their book Wanting to Believe : A Critical Guide to The X @-@ Files , Millennium & The Lone Gunmen , were slightly more critical and rated the episode three @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half stars out of five . The two criticized the plot — despite calling the action sequences " quite breathless " — noting that " it seems rather funny : an entire team of black ops are sent to a small boat , but Mulder is still able to evade them without their noticing . " Shearman and Pearson , called the episode " Planes , Trains , and Automobiles reinvented as an action movie . "
= Best Of ... ( Sia album ) = Best Of ... , also referred to as Sia : Best Of ... , is the first greatest hits album by Australian singer @-@ songwriter Sia , released in Australia on 30 March 2012 through the Sydney @-@ based independent record label Inertia . The compilation includes tracks from four of her previous studio albums : Healing Is Difficult ( 2001 ) , Colour the Small One ( 2004 ) , Some People Have Real Problems , ( 2008 ) and We Are Born ( 2010 ) . Also included are two tracks featuring Sia as a guest vocalist ( " Destiny " by Zero 7 and " Titanium " by David Guetta ) , " My Love " from The Twilight Saga : Eclipse film soundtrack , plus a remixed version of " Buttons " by Brazilian rock band CSS . The album was announced in February 2012 , shortly after Sia claimed she would be retiring . Some online music stores offered Sia 's music DVD TV Is My Parent as a bonus . Overall , critical reception of the album was positive , though many reviewers criticized select tracks . Best Of ... debuted at number 30 on the ARIA Albums Chart the week of 15 April and reached a peak position of number 27 the following week . = = Background and promotion = = The album was announced in February 2012 , shortly after Sia made a statement claiming she was retiring . Best Of ... received promotion in various forms . IE Music / Inertia released a promotional video on YouTube in March 2012 . One day prior to the album 's release , Oyster magazine commemorated Sia 's career by publishing their list of her top five collaborations . The compilation album and a Sia tote bag , among other prizes , were included in a competition held by Cosmopolitan magazine . In April 2012 , Music Australia Guide ( Mag ) offered copies of the album to readers as part of a " freebie " giveaway . = = Content = = Best Of ... contains eighteen tracks spanning fifteen years of music from Sia 's career , including collaborative work with Zero 7 and other artists . Fourteen tracks come from four of Sia 's previous studio albums . " Taken for Granted " , representing the oldest material on the compilation , is the only song from Sia 's 2002 album Healing Is Difficult . " Numb " , " Where I Belong " , " Breathe Me " and , " Sweet Potato " all appeared on Sia 's 2004 album Colour the Small One . Tracks from her 2008 album Some People Have Real Problems include : " The Girl You Lost to Cocaine " , " Day Too Soon " , Ray Davies ' " I Go to Sleep " , " Soon We 'll Be Found " , and " Buttons " . " Clap Your Hands " , " Bring Night " , " You 've Changed " , and " The Fight " originally appeared on Sia 's previous studio album We Are Born ( 2010 ) . The remaining four tracks represent collaborative works , one soundtrack appearance and a remix . " Destiny " first appeared on the British duo Zero 7 's album Simple Things ( 2001 ) ; the track features vocal performances by Sia and Sophie Barker . " My Love " appeared on The Twilight Saga : Eclipse film soundtrack ( 2010 ) . " Titanium " , written by Sia , David Guetta , Giorgio Tuinfort , and Nick van de Wall , first appeared on Guetta 's 2011 album Nothing but the Beat . = = Reception = = Critical reception of the compilation album was positive overall ; many reviewers appreciated the album in its entirety but criticized select tracks . The AU Review 's Robert Lyon awarded the album a score of 8 @.@ 2 on a 10 @-@ point scale . Lyon thought " Clap Your Hands " began the album " brilliantly " and complimented additional individual tracks , but noted the compilation offered no previously unreleased material and that the bonus DVD was only available through select retailers . Mikey Cahill of News Limited awarded the album four points on a five @-@ point scale . He wrote listeners have the ability to " visualise Sia 's animated exterior singing each note loud and proud " and summarized the album in one word : " respectable " . Freya Davies of ArtsHub suggested " Bring Night " would have been a better opening track . Davies criticized select tracks , such as " Destiny " and " Day Too Soon " due to Sia 's " inarticulate " singing , but also complimented faster tempo songs which highlighted her " vocal strength " ( " Titanium " and " Buttons " ) . Davies concluded : " Sia 's ability to combine cult and popular appeal is successfully demonstrated by the strength of this compilation album . Its weaknesses are momentary ; overall , it is a fun salute to the past 15 years and a respectable look to the future . " Scott @-@ Patrick Mitchell of Out in Perth , an LGBT publication based in Perth , Western Australia , appreciated an album of Sia highlights and wrote that " Bring Night " , " Buttons " and " The Girl You Lost to Cocaine " " [ sparkle ] like supernovas " . Rabbit Hole Urban Music 's Steve Smart awarded the compilation four out of five stars . Smart thought the album was long but inclusive of many genres ; he called the production " super smooth ... classy but not edgeless " . Rave Magazine 's Alasdair Duncan also rated Best Of ... four out of five stars and complimented Sia 's body of work . Duncan thought the compilation had a " thrown @-@ together quality " but called the music " top @-@ notch " . Nina Bertok of Rip It Up , an Adelaide street press magazine , called the album a collection of " tear @-@ jerking ballads ... pop nuggets ... dance bangers " and " quirkier numbers " . Bertok recommended the CSS remix of " Buttons " and awarded the compilation three out of five stars . One reviewer from the Sydney Star Observer wrote that " Breathe Me " stands as Sia 's best song but thought her songs " Don 't Bring Me Down " and " I 'm in Here " should have been included on the album . = = Track listing = = Track listing adapted from AllMusic , including entries for Healing Is Difficult , Colour the Small One , Some People Have Real Problems and We Are Born . = = Charts = = Best Of ... debuted at number 30 on the ARIA Albums Chart the week of 15 April 2012 . The album reached a peak position of number 27 the following week before exiting the chart .
= Hurricane Diana ( 1984 ) = Hurricane Diana was the fourth tropical storm , the first hurricane , the first major hurricane , and the strongest storm of the 1984 Atlantic hurricane season . Diana was the first major hurricane to hit the U.S. East Coast in nearly 20 years . Watches and warnings were issued for the storm along the East coast between eastern Florida and Virginia . It caused moderate damage in North Carolina while it looped offshore and after it made landfall as a Category 2 hurricane . Forming on September 8 , Diana moved northward and wandered across North Carolina for a couple of days during mid @-@ September , dropping heavy rainfall . Once it left the state and accelerated east @-@ northeast , Diana quickly evolved into an extratropical cyclone . Damages to the United States totaled $ 65 @.@ 5 million ( 1984 USD ) . Three indirect fatalities were caused by the cyclone . = = Meteorological history = = The origins of Hurricane Diana can be traced back to a stalled out area of low pressure just north of the Bahamas along the tail end of a cold front on September 6 . Shower and thunderstorm activity began to increase the next day but was generally disorganized . Around 1200 UTC on September 8 , a ship in the vicinity of the low reported a sustained wind speed of 40 mph ( 65 km / h ) . A few hours later , based on satellite observations , the low was designated Tropical Storm Diana . With weak steering currents , Diana gradually intensified as it slowly moved towards the west over the next day , coming within 50 miles ( 85 km ) of Cape Canaveral , Florida , before taking a sharp turn towards the north @-@ northwest . As Diana neared Saint Augustine , Florida , it turned towards the northeast and intensified into a hurricane . Under weak steering currents while detached to the front , Diana drifted westward , and came within 50 miles ( 80 km ) of the Florida coast . Rather than continuing westward , where it would have hit near Cape Canaveral , Diana turned to the northwest where it paralleled the coastline . The storm , continually strengthening over the Gulf Stream , turned to the northeast and became a hurricane on September 10 . On September 11 and September 12 , Diana rapidly intensified to a peak of 130 miles per hour ( 210 km / h ) winds while remaining offshore . An approaching frontal system caused Diana to execute a cyclonic loop , where cool , dry air caused it to weaken . The hurricane hit Wilmington , North Carolina as a weakening hurricane with maximum sustained winds of 90 miles per hour ( 140 km / h ) on September 13 , and quickly weakened to a tropical storm over land . The high pressure system that built in after Diana looped weakened , allowing the storm to move to the north and east . After crossing the Outer Banks , Diana accelerated to the northeast , and after restrengthening to a 70 miles per hour ( 110 km / h ) storm , became extratropical near Nova Scotia on September 16 . = = Preparations = = Soon after advisories were initiated , gale warnings were issued between Cape Canaveral , Florida and Virginia Beach , Virginia during the afternoon of September 8 . During the morning of September 9 , gale warnings were lowered south of St. Augustine , Florida . As Diana strengthened into a hurricane , hurricane watches and gale warnings were raised between St. Augustine and Oregon Inlet , North Carolina . By the morning of September 10 , gale warnings were upgraded to hurricane warnings between Brunswick , Georgia and Oregon Inlet . All warnings and watches south of Brunswick were dropped at that time . By the morning of September 11 , hurricane warnings were lowered south of Savannah , Georgia . That afternoon , all warnings were lowered south of Cape Romain , South Carolina . On the morning of September 12 , all warnings were lowered south of Myrtle Beach , South Carolina . Early in the morning of September 13 , gale warnings were raised between Cape Romain and Myrtle Beach . Later that morning , hurricane warnings were lowered between Wilmington , North Carolina and Oregon Inlet , and all warnings were dropped between Cape Lookout and Virginia Beach . Gale warnings were then in effect between Wilmington and Cape Lookout . Once inland , all warnings were lowered on the afternoon of September 13 . As the tropical storm moved offshore , gale warnings went into effect between the mornings of September 14 and September 15 between Cape Lookout and Chincoteague , Virginia . Along the North Carolina coastline , state troopers were deployed to assist residents in evacuating and preparing for the hurricane . South Carolina governor Mike Daniel declared a state of emergency and placed the national guard on standby . Schools throughout the Carolinas and Georgia were closed . Most beaches were closed due to strong rip currents and beach erosion . Residents on barrier islands were urged to evacuate as waves in excess of 12 ft ( 3 @.@ 7 m ) were expected to inundate them . Approximately 94 families were relocated from their mobile homes near Beaufort , North Carolina by state officials . A 24 @-@ hour emergency operations center was also established . The Coast Guard moved all available boats in the area to a position where they could be deployed immediately if needed . Along the Georgia coastline , The Golden Isles of Georgia were evacuated due to large swells produced by Diana . Two nursing homes in Tybee Island were evacuated and a voluntary evacuation was issued for all residents in the town . Several shelters were also opened at schools in a few counties ; however , relatively few families sought refuge in them . Local schools and beaches were also closed for the duration of the storm 's passage . = = Impact and aftermath = = With Category 4 winds of 135 mph ( 217 km / h ) , Diana threatened to become the most intense hurricane to strike North Carolina since Hurricane Hazel in 1954 . However , it looped and weakened just offshore and made landfall as a Category 2 hurricane . Because of this , Diana only caused $ 65 @.@ 5 million in damage ( 1984 USD ) due to heavy flooding from up to 19 inches ( 480 mm ) of rain , tree damage , and downed power lines . Most of the damage was experienced between Wilmington , North Carolina and Myrtle Beach , South Carolina . The Carolina Power and Light Brunswick Nuclear Power Plant recorded winds of over 75 mph , making Hurricane Diana the first hurricane to bring hurricane force winds to a nuclear power plant . Some yard damage was seen , but the plant was mostly unaffected . Three indirect deaths were reported from Diana . One person died from a heart attack while making hurricane preparations , and the other two were from automobile accidents . Following the storm , President Ronald Reagan declared five North Carolina counties as a federal disaster area , allowing the affected regions to receive government funds and assistance . Funds were also allocated for the repairing of roads and sewers .
= Welcome to the Universe Tour = The Welcome to the Universe Tour was a concert tour by American rock band Thirty Seconds to Mars , in support of their second studio album A Beautiful Lie ( 2005 ) . Presenting a series of inexpensive concerts for music fans , the concert tour was announced in August 2006 as a part of the MTV2 $ 2Bill tour . The Welcome to the Universe Tour began on October 17 , 2006 in Minneapolis , Minnesota and ended on November 25 , 2006 in Los Angeles , California . The setlist encompassed songs from their first two studio albums , 30 Seconds to Mars and A Beautiful Lie . Labelled as a green tour , Thirty Seconds to Mars developed strategies that minimized fuel consumption of all touring vehicles . Head Automatica and Cobra Starship served as the opening acts , with other bands joining for select dates . The Welcome to the Universe Tour received positive reviews from critics , who praised Thirty Seconds to Mars ' energy onstage and the production of the show . The concert tour was recorded and broadcast on MTV2 . = = Background = = The tour was officially announced on August 31 , 2006 by MTV2 as a part of the $ 2Bill tour , which previously attracted a diverse mix of music artists , including Beastie Boys , Radiohead , Coldplay , and Kanye West . Set for October 2006 , the tour showcased Thirty Seconds to Mars ' second studio album A Beautiful Lie . It commenced on October 17 , 2006 in Minneapolis , Minnesota and ended on November 25 , 2006 in Los Angeles , California . The tour was announced shortly after the 2006 MTV Video Music Awards at which Thirty Seconds to Mars received the MTV2 Award for their single " The Kill " . A limited number of tickets per city were made available for $ 2 each in a special internet pre @-@ sale sponsored by MTV2 and Thirty Seconds to Mars beginning on September 16 . Sales for general tickets began the following week on September 23 . Determined to offset the impact that the tour would had on the environment , Thirty Seconds to Mars worked to develop strategies that would minimize fuel consumption and all touring vehicles were powered by low @-@ emissions renewable biodiesel , a fuel made partly from vegetable oil . In an interview with MTV News , Jared Leto described the tour as : " This is an amazing time of celebration for us all and we are very excited to join forces with the unique and creative individuals at MTV2 to present what we hope will be one of the most exciting tours of the fall ... Welcome to the Universe . With a powerful line up of phenomenally talented opening bands and having an environmentally acceptable ' green ' tour , we are looking forward to yet another chance for us to share something unique with our family of fans that have supported us so passionately and also invite and introduce many others to the world of Thirty Seconds to Mars . Taking this approach gives us the opportunity to set an example and share with others the possibilities of real alternatives for a safer , cleaner world . We will see you all very soon for what will be an exciting , chaotic circus of insanity , and an unforgettable tour . " Head Automatica and Cobra Starship were announced as the opening acts for Thirty Seconds to Mars . In addition , Rock Kills Kid , The Pink Spiders , The Receiving End of Sirens , Envy on the Coast , Men , Women & Children , and Street Drum Corps joined the tour for select dates . Leto stated , " We want to create a festival atmosphere . We plan on bringing an element of excitement and chaos and escape . We are going to do things that have never been done before , and we are making all kinds of plans and postulations about the possibilities . We have a lot of things happening , and it 's very exciting . " = = Reception = = The Welcome to the Universe Tour garnered generally positive reviews from critics . Jay Cridlin of the St. Petersburg Times praised the performance at the Jannus Landing , saying that Thirty Seconds to Mars proved to be " a legitimate musical force . " Karen Bondowski from Livewire gave a positive review of the concert at the Eagles Ballroom in Milwaukee and complimented songs like " A Beautiful Lie " , " Attack " , " From Yesterday " , " Buddha for Mary " and " R @-@ Evolve " . The reviewer also said that the band " delivered the giant choruses and electrified but deliciously spacey guitars with a genuine fervor . " Chad DuPriest from Pegasus News was impressed by the show at Ridglea Theatre in Fort Worth and said " That 's what really makes this band stand out . They don 't merely go to a concert to perform and get it over with , they aim to grow their cult and seek recognition – and they do this by putting on a badass concert . " He also commented , " Most impressive were the phenomenal lighting effects , able to present the stage as everything from a strobe @-@ lit nightmare to a peaceful realm of lucidity for the light guitar solos . " Karah Leigh from the Houstonist gave a positive review of concert at the Verizon Wireless Theater and wrote that the band " completely blew us away , " saying that they " did an amazing job . " The reviewer however criticized the lack of participation by the audience . Matthew J. Palm of the Orlando Sentinel gave a positive review of the concert and wrote that " [ Jared ] Leto doesn 't follow rules . [ ... ] He can rock your socks off — employing a throat @-@ shredding delivery on pulsating crowd @-@ pleasers such as " A Beautiful Lie " , " The Kill " and " Savior . " = = Broadcast and recordings = = In support of the Welcome to the Universe Tour , Thirty Seconds to Mars hosted an episode of MTV2 's T @-@ Minus Rock on October 25 , 2006 at the MTV Studios , Times Square in New York City . MTV Overdrive streamed a tour diary featuring the band 's experiences with footage recorded at various concerts . MTV2 filmed a special of the Welcome to the Universe Tour depicting Thirty Seconds to Mars , Head Automatica and Cobra Starship , which aired on November 4 , 2006 . It also recorded a television special featuring the bands touring alongside Thirty Seconds to Mars . Footage recorded during the Welcome to the Universe Tour was released on the deluxe edition of the band 's album A Beautiful Lie on December 5 , 2006 . = = Opening acts = = Head Automatica ( all dates ) Cobra Starship ( all dates ) Rock Kills Kid ( select dates ) The Pink Spiders ( select dates ) The Receiving End of Sirens ( select dates ) Envy on the Coast ( select dates ) Men , Women & Children ( select dates ) Street Drum Corps ( select dates ) = = Set list = = This setlist is representative of the show in Fort Worth at the Ridglea Theatre . It does not represent all dates throughout the tour . " A Beautiful Lie " " Battle of One " " R @-@ Evolve " " The Story " " Buddha for Mary " " The Mission " " Was It a Dream ? " " Capricorn ( A Brand New Name ) " " From Yesterday " " Attack " " The Kill " " The Fantasy " = = Tour dates = =
= U.S. Route 8 = U.S. Highway 8 ( US 8 ) is a United States Numbered Highway that runs primarily east – west for 280 miles ( 451 km ) , mostly within the state of Wisconsin . It connects Interstate 35 ( I @-@ 35 ) in Forest Lake , Minnesota , to US 2 at Norway in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan near the border with Wisconsin . Except for the short freeway segment near Forest Lake , and sections near the St. Croix River bridge and Rhinelander , Wisconsin , it is mostly undivided surface road . As a state highway in the three states , US 8 is maintained by the Minnesota , Wisconsin and Michigan departments of transportation ( Mn / DOT , WisDOT , MDOT , respectively ) . The highway was originally commissioned on November 11 , 1926 , with the rest of the original U.S. Highway System . At the time , it ran between Forest Lake , Minnesota , and Pembine , Wisconsin , with a planned continuation to Powers , Michigan . Several changes have been made to the routing of the highway since then . The western end was extended south to Minneapolis before it was truncated back to Forest Lake . Other changes on the east end have moved that terminus from the originally planned end location at Powers to the current location in Norway . Internal Wisconsin and Michigan DOT map files at various times have shown plans to reroute the highway to connect to the original 1926 terminus . US 8 's course through the three states has also been shifted to follow different alignments over the years . WisDOT built a bypass around the city of Rhinelander in the 1990s and created a business loop along the old highway through the town . This loop was a locally maintained route through the central business district in Rhinelander . The signage for the loop was removed in 2005 . = = Route description = = = = = Forest Lake to St. Croix Falls = = = US 8 begins at an interchange with I @-@ 35 in Forest Lake . This interchange is incomplete : traffic can only access US 8 directly from northbound I @-@ 35 , and westbound traffic on US 8 merges onto southbound I @-@ 35 . The first one @-@ mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) segment of roadway to Forest Lake is a freeway , with an interchange at US 61 . East of this junction , the highway follows Lake Boulevard North around Forest Lake and continues northeasterly through the community to cross the Washington – Chisago county line . The highway continues to the northeast along farmland and the shore of Green Lake to Chisago City , where it meets up with County Road 22 ( CR 22 ) . US 8 follows Lake Boulevard through Chisago City along the isthmus between the larger Chisago Lake and the smaller Wallmark Lake on the eastern side of town . The highway turns along a more easterly path in Lindström between North and South Lindström lakes . East of those lakes , US 8 crosses into the town of Center City . In Center City , US 8 runs between North and South Center lakes , curving around the north shore of South Center Lake . On the eastern edge of town , it turns due east for several miles and runs through Shafer . US 8 merges with State Highway 95 ( MN 95 ) about two miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) southwest of Taylors Falls . The two highways concurrently turn northeast along the St. Croix River , entering town . At this point , MN 95 continues north along the river while US 8 turns east to cross the St. Croix River , exiting the state of Minnesota into Wisconsin . Legally , the Minnesota section of US 8 is defined as Constitutional Route 46 and Legislative Route 98 in the Minnesota Statutes § § 161 @.@ 114 ( 2 ) and 161 @.@ 115 ( 29 ) ; the roadway is not marked with those numbers . The section of US 8 in Chisago County is officially designated the Moberg Trail . = = = St. Croix Falls to Rhinelander = = = US 8 enters Polk County at St. Croix Falls as a multilane roadway . It joins State Highway 35 ( WIS 35 ) at a diamond interchange located approximately one mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) from the state line . The two highways run concurrently for four miles ( 6 @.@ 4 km ) before WIS 35 turns off to the north at a location in the Town of St. Croix Falls west of Deer Lake . US 8 continues eastward through forest lands , and WIS 46 joins from the north for a four @-@ mile ( 6 @.@ 4 km ) concurrency before splitting off to the south . Continuing eastward , US 8 passes through Range and crosses into Barron County at Turtle Lake . US 63 merges from the south near Turtle Lake and departs to the north in the downtown area . The roadway passes through Poskin and intersects WIS 25 in Barron . East of Barron , US 8 meets US 53 at a mixed diamond / cloverleaf interchange and turns north into Cameron , then turns east in downtown to leave the latter community . After a nine @-@ mile ( 14 km ) straightaway , the highway crosses into Rusk County , and then it continues due east for an additional five miles ( 8 @.@ 0 km ) before turning northeast and passing through Weyerhaeuser . Continuing northeasterly , the roadway crosses WIS 40 in Bruce . East of town , the highway continues through rural Rusk County , and US 8 meets WIS 27 in downtown Ladysmith . Upon leaving Ladysmith , US 8 passes through the communities of Tony , Glen Flora , Ingram ( where it meets the northern terminus of WIS 73 ) and Hawkins on its way out of Rusk County . In Price County , US 8 passes through Kennan and Catawba . WIS 111 terminates at its south end on US 8 just east of Catawba . US 8 meets WIS 13 at a diamond interchange northwest of Prentice and passes north of the city . The highway passes through Brantwood and enters Lincoln County at Clifford . Further east , US 8 crosses Tripoli and McCord and runs north of Tomahawk as it passes through the Lake Nokomis area . US 51 crosses US 8 northeast of Tomahawk . US 8 turns northeast into Oneida County and onto a twisting northeasterly alignment . The highway passes through Woodboro and expands to a divided highway into Rhinelander . It merges with WIS 47 on the southwest side of Rhinelander . WIS 17 north joins the highways one @-@ half mile ( 0 @.@ 80 km ) to the southeast , creating a wrong @-@ way concurrency with WIS 47 ; along this section of highway , eastbound US 8 is also southbound WIS 47 and northbound WIS 17 and vice versa . WIS 17 turns to the north two miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) southeast of there , and US 8 and WIS 47 head eastbound out of the Rhinelander area . = = = Rhinelander to Norway = = = US 8 intersects US 45 south in Monico , and WIS 47 splits from US 8 to follow US 45 south . Immediately east of the same intersection , US 45 north follows US 8 for one mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) before splitting to the north . US 8 enters Forest County five miles ( 8 @.@ 0 km ) east of Monico . Seven miles ( 11 km ) into the county , the highway merges with WIS 32 from the north in Crandon and the two highways head east to Laona where US 8 turns north and WIS 32 turns south . US 8 turns east again at Cavour and passes through the community of Armstrong Creek one mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) from the Marinette County line . The highway passes through Goodman and Dunbar as it meanders through the county and joins US 141 at Pembine . The two routes split 10 miles ( 16 km ) further north near Niagara ; after the split , US 8 heads east . The highway takes a northward turn and heads across the Menominee River into Michigan near Pier 's Gorge Park . Entering Michigan south of Norway at the Menominee River crossing in Norway Township , US 8 proceeds north into the city where it ends at US 2 . US 8 in Michigan is 2 @.@ 322 miles ( 3 @.@ 737 km ) long ; in this segment , the road passes by the Dickinson County fairgrounds and Norway Speedway . = = History = = = = = 20th century = = = Starting in 1918 , the Wisconsin Highway Commission erected highway numbers along state @-@ maintained roadways . The highway across the state from St. Croix Falls to Armstrong Creek was numbered WIS 14 at that time . The remainder of what is now US 8 was unnumbered secondary highways , and WIS 14 continued north of Armstrong Creek to Florence . When Michigan numbered its highway system the following year , the future US 8 was not included in the system . In Minnesota , US 8 would follow what was Constitutional Route 46 , which was designated in a state constitutional amendment adopted on November 2 , 1920 ; that roadway originally ran between Forest Lake and Chisago City through Wyoming . The first changes to the routings of the predecessor highways were made by Wisconsin by 1920 . A series of curves were added between Turtle Lake and Barron adding " stair steps " to the routing while similar jogs were removed near Cameron , Weyerhauser , Hawkins and Prentice . WIS 14 was rerouted between Rhinelander and Pelican Lake to run via Monico , and WIS 38 ( the future US 141 ) was extended northward from Wausaukee to terminate at the state line near Niagara . The realignment between Rhinelander and Pelican Lake was shown as reversed by 1922 . By 1925 , the highway in that area was again rerouted to run directly from Rhinelander to Monico , but instead of turning south to Pelican Lake , it was run directly to Crandon . That same year , WIS 14 was extended eastward from Armstrong Creek to Pembine and northward to Niagara . The north – south section , previously numbered WIS 38 , was also redesignated as part of WIS 57 . US 8 was created with the beginnings of the United States Numbered Highway System on November 26 , 1926 . The highway was originally shown on maps running between Forest Lake , Minnesota and Powers , Michigan . At the time , its planned routing was not previously designated as part of the State Trunkline Highway System in Michigan . The trunkline connection from Quinnesec south into Wisconsin was part of M @-@ 57 , which met WIS 57 at the state line . US 8 ended at WIS 57 in Pembine at the time , with no connection into Michigan shown on official maps . A map by the American Automobile Association does show the highway continuing east through Faithorn and Hermansville in Michigan to end at US 2 . The Wisconsin Highway Commission previously indicated an unnumbered state highway on their 1925 state map that connected Pembine with the Menominee River near Hermansville . A later extension in 1927 moved US 8 to run along US 141 , which had replaced WIS 57 and M @-@ 57 , ending in Quinnesec at US 2 . By the next year , the highway was shifted to end in Norway , utilizing a separate crossing of the Menominee River to enter Michigan . In 1931 , US 8 was extended south from Forest Lake into downtown Minneapolis . West of the Rhinelander area , US 8 and US 51 overlapped for about eight miles ( 13 km ) as US 8 jogged northward along US 51 . This concurrency was altered in 1934 , and two years later the short east – west section of US 8 / US 51 was removed when changes to US 51 's routing were finished in the area . A jog in the routing near Almena was removed in 1937 when Wisconsin rerouted the highway to a more direct alignment in the area . The last segment of US 8 in Wisconsin was paved in 1937 between Cavour and Armstrong Creek ; the highway in Minnesota was paved in its entirety by 1940 . Near Hawkins , a pair of sharp curves near the Rusk – Price county line were removed as the State Highway Commission realigned the highway to follow a straighter course . The US 8 / US 51 concurrency was altered the next year to a shorter overlap running southward near Heafford Junction . The former routing of US 8 was redesignated County Trunk Highway K ( CTH @-@ K ) after it was transferred back to county control . Starting around the year 1955 , US 8 was moved to a more direct routing between Forest Lake and Chisago City ; US 8 replaced MN 98 along Legislative Route 98 . The former routing between Wyoming and Chisago City along Constitutional Route 46 was then redesignated MN 98 until it was decommissioned in the late 1990s . As late as 1959 , the Michigan Department of Transportation still had plans to build the section of US 8 west of Hermansville to the Menominee River . The control section atlas published on January 1 , 1959 , showed this segment of highway on the Menominee County map , complete with a control section number . The section of highway is shown as " proposed " or " under construction " . However , a new bridge was built over the Menominee River to carry the highway across the Michigan – Wisconsin state line near Norway in 1966 . WisDOT still shows the section of highway needed in their state to extend US 8 to the original eastern terminus in Michigan on internal maps . The December 31 , 2004 , edition of their Official State Trunk Highway System Maps shows this section as a " mapped corridor " . In the late 1970s , with ongoing construction and completion of the I @-@ 35W freeway in Minnesota , US 8 was routed along I @-@ 35W ; US 8 was truncated again by 1981 to its current terminus in Forest Lake . The section in New Brighton is currently known as Old Highway 8 . WisDOT built a bypass of the city of Rhinelander during the early 1990s ; the new highway was constructed south of town as a new two @-@ lane highway that opened to traffic by 1993 . The former route through downtown Rhinelander and near Clear and George lakes was redesignated as Business US 8 ( Bus . US 8 ) . = = = 21st century = = = In 2002 , US 8 was widened from two lanes to four lanes with a grass median between North Rifle Road and WIS 47 near Rhinelander , Wisconsin . At the time , officials with WisDOT had plans to extend the four @-@ lane divided highway as far west as US 51 near Tomahawk . Problems related to wetlands in the construction area and bad weather pushed completion of the project back almost a year . Contractors had to install metal sheeting to stabilize the marshy ground . Originally scheduled to end in late 2002 , the project did not finish until August 2003 . The delays and additional work increased the price tag of the project from the original $ 4 @.@ 5 million ( equivalent to $ 6 @.@ 3 million in 2015 ) to $ 6 @.@ 0 million ( equivalent to $ 8 @.@ 4 million in 2015 ) . A section of the project was only designed for 45 @-@ mile @-@ per @-@ hour ( 72 km / h ) speeds for safety reasons . The design also allowed planners to limit the amount of land needed for the expansion . Bill and Jerri Osberg sued the state and seven other parties in April 2003 over runoff from the construction , claiming that it killed hundreds of trees and polluted ponds on their property . Later investigation uncovered damage to wildlife habitat in the Wisconsin River . Included in the original lawsuit were six individual WisDOT employees , the primary contractor and a local pet supply company . The court of appeals partially upheld a ruling by the district court dismissing the employees and the contractor from the lawsuit in March 2006 . The pet supply company was reinstated in the case by the appeals court . The couple settled their claims , and the state pursued the matter against Pagel Construction in a related lawsuit . WisDOT alleged that the contractor did not follow proper erosion controls and failed to remediate the erosion damage to the Osbergs ' property . The state wanted the construction company to forfeit their $ 70 @,@ 000 retainer ( equivalent to $ 99 @,@ 000 in 2015 ) and pay damages of $ 150 @,@ 000 ( equivalent to $ 174 @,@ 000 in 2015 ) . Pagel Construction faulted WisDOT 's erosion control plan and said that the state 's engineers controlled the project and was seeking the return of its retainer . In September 2007 , a jury ruled in favor of Pagel Construction and awarded them $ 70 @,@ 898 @.@ 13 in damages ( equivalent to $ 82 @,@ 402 @.@ 99 in 2015 ) . = = Future = = WisDOT has completed the environmental studies on bypasses of Barron and Cameron in Barron County . These bypasses would form a continuous expressway through the area . No funding has been identified to complete the projects . The entire length of US 8 in the state has been classified as a North Country Corridor in the Connections 2030 Plan by the department . This designation marks the highway as a priority in " continued safety , enhanced mobility and efficiency " as well as " modernization to correct outdated infrastructure design " . = = Major intersections = = = = Business route = = Business U.S. Highway 8 ( Bus . US 8 ) in Rhinelander , Wisconsin , was a locally maintained business loop highway routing through the central business district of the city . The route was designated when US 8 was shifted to a bypass of downtown in the 1990s . The former routing of US 8 through the area was turned over to the city and county for maintenance . The local authorities erected signs along this route to designate it as a business loop of the main highway south of town . The signs along the road were scheduled to be removed on July 1 , 2005 , when the business loop was to be redesignated CTH @-@ P. Before the signage was removed , Bus . US 8 started at the western junction of US 8 and WIS 47 . The business loop ran east from this intersection along Kemp Street , crossing the Wisconsin River north of the convergence with the Pelican River . The loop jogged north along Oneida Street for 3 blocks and turned east again on Lincoln Street . East of town , Bus . US 8 intersected WIS 17 and turned to the southeast . Outside of town , the business loop ran through wooded terrain and turned south near Clear Lake . Near the larger George Lake , the roadway curved back east along the lake 's southern shore , running parallel to the main highway before turning south to connect to the main highway . At this intersection with US 8 / WIS 47 , the business loop ended after a total run of 7 @.@ 1 miles ( 11 @.@ 4 km ) .
= Salil Ankola = Salil Ashok Ankola ( born 1 March 1968 , Solapur , Maharashtra ) is a former Indian international cricketer who played one Test match and 20 One Day Internationals ( ODIs ) from 1989 to 1997 for India . A right @-@ arm fast @-@ medium bowler , he played first @-@ class cricket for Maharashtra , regularly opening the bowling . Ankola 's consistent performances for Maharashtra earned him a call for representing India during their tour of Pakistan in 1989 – 90 . After the first Test match at Karachi , he was dropped for the subsequent matches in the series owing to injuries . After a brief phase of playing first @-@ class cricket , Ankola was called for the Indian ODI team during 1993 , eventually led to being a part of the 1996 Cricket World Cup . At age 28 , Ankola retired due to a sudden development of bone tumor in his left shin bone ( osteoid osteoma ) because of which he could not run for 2 years . Since then he went on to appear in a number of Indian soap operas and a few Hindi films . = = Early life and first @-@ class career = = Ankola was born into a konkani @-@ speaking Maharashtrian Brahmin family in 1968 . He made his first @-@ class debut at the age of 20 for Maharashtra in 1988 – 89 . Playing against Gujarat he scored 43 runs and took a six @-@ wicket haul ( six wickets in an innings ) that included a hat @-@ trick . He followed with another six @-@ wicket haul ; six wickets for 51 runs in an innings against Baroda . Overall , he collected 27 wickets at an average of 20 @.@ 18 including three five wicket hauls during the season . Owing to the consistent performances during the season , Ankola caught the attention of the selectors , as he was selected for the India 's tour of Pakistan in 1989 – 90 . In a warm up match against BCCP Patron 's XI he took six wickets for 77 runs in the first innings and collecting two more wickets in the second innings , thus taking his tally to eight wickets . = = Pakistan tour and aftermath = = Ankola made his Test debut during the first test of the tour at Karachi , alongside Sachin Tendulkar and Waqar Younis , both would go on to become successful cricketers later in their careers . In a match that was drawn , Ankola took two wickets for 128 runs . Injuries sustained thereafter and prevented him from appearing in the remaining Tests of the series . Soon after the Test series , that was drawn , Ankola was called for the ODI series . He made his ODI debut in the second of the three @-@ match series ; the first ODI was abandoned due to bad lights . Ankola picked up two wickets conceding 26 runs . He arrived at number 10 in the second innings at a stage where India needed 15 runs of one over . Ankola hit a six of the first ball that he faced off Imran Khan but eventually ended on the losing side . In the next match , he bowled just 2 @.@ 3 overs ( 15 balls ) before the match was called off due to crowd disruption . Despite being selected in the Test squads on domestic series and overseas tours , he never got an opportunity to play for the team . Being dropped from the team without getting a game was known in cricket circles as being " Ankolad " . However , Ankola continued to play ODI cricket . In the early 1990s , he along with other bowlers such as Abey Kuruvilla , Paras Mhambrey , Nilesh Kulkarni and Sairaj Bahutule was trained under Frank Tyson . Ankola mainly worked on altering his style rather than pace . During this period , Ankola married Parineeta ; the couple has two children — a daughter and a son . After a period of three years , Ankola was selected for the Charms Cup against England and Zimbabwe at home . In a match against South Africa during the Hero Cup ( 1993 ) , he captured three wickets for 33 runs , which remained his career @-@ best bowling figures in ODIs . In 1996 , Ankola was selected in the Indian team for the World Cup . In the tournament he played just one match against Sri Lanka . In a match that India lost , he conceded 28 runs off five overs without claiming any wicket . Shortly after the World Cup , the selectors with immediate effect dropped Ankola along with Vinod Kambli and all @-@ rounder Manoj Prabhakar — all were a part of the squad earlier — for the Singer cup and Pepsi Sharjah Cup . Ankola was replaced by medium @-@ fast bowler Prashant Vaidya . However , Ankola was subsequently selected for the Indian team that toured South Africa in 1996 — 97 . Despite being a part of the squad , he was never given a chance to represent the playing XI in any of the Test matches . Following the Test series , he was picked up for the Standard Bank International ODI tournament ; he played five games in the tournament against South Africa and Zimbabwe . In the finals against South Africa that India lost , Ankola conceded 50 runs in seven overs in what became his last match ; the spell included a catch being taken off a no ball and a dropped chance . The tour remained his last in international cricket as he was never selected for the team again . Following that , Ankola declared his retirement from international cricket the same year . = = Later years = = After retiring from cricket , Ankola shifted his focus towards entering films . He made his cinematic debut through the 2000 Hindi film Kurukshetra , where he played the role of a cop accompanying his senior officer played by Sanjay Dutt . He followed that with Pitaah ( 2002 ) , and his last major release Chura Liyaa Hai Tumne ( 2003 ) featured him alongside Esha Deol and Zayed Khan . The following year he acted in Silence Please ... The Dressing Room , where he played the character of a cricket captain . The film did not fare well at the box @-@ office , nonetheless Ankola 's performance was highly appreciated . He also participated in the first season of Bigg Boss , Indian version of the reality show Big Brother in 2006 . Prior to that , he acted in the Indian soap opera titled Karam Apna Apna , where he signed a contract with Balaji Telefilms that " [ Ankola ] would not act in any television show on any channel apart from those produced by Balaji Films " . Since he appeared in Bigg Boss before the contract would expire — one year from June 2006 — the Bombay High Court ordered him not to act in any TV shows on other channels that are considered rivals for Sony Television . Ssshhhh ... Koi Hai and Kora Kagaz are some of the other soap operas that he has acted . In 2008 , it was reported that Ankola has been suffering from depression and was enrolled in a rehabilitation centre in Pune . The reason behind the illness was believed to be his severe addiction to alcohol . As a result of this his wife decided to settle with her parent in Pune with their children , leaving Ankola isolated . After his recovery in January 2010 , Ankola sent a legal notice to his wife demanding mutual consent for separation . His wife responded that , " there was [ no ] problem or a marital breakdown ... wanted to work on a reconciliation , not divorce . " Ankola , when asked about reconciliation , said he was not willing to do so . The couple finally got divorced in 2011 . On 22 December 2013 , Parineeta 's body was found hanging from the ceiling fan of her room at her residence in Geeta Society , Salisbury Park , in Pune . In March 2010 , his former team @-@ mates in order to support Ankola , organised a Twenty20 benefit match between Sachin Tendulkar XI and Sourav Ganguly XI at the Andheri Sports Complex , Mumbai . The squad included Ankola himself along with Mahendra Singh Dhoni , captain of the Indian national cricket team then . A writer noted that , " Salil Ankola is indeed fortunate . Not many players get to witness an unexpected visitor in the form of the current India captain turning up for his benefit match " . In February 2013 , Salil was seen as Savitri 's father in the daily show Savitri but was replaced by Shahbaz Khan in August , 2013 after a revamp of the show . Rumors are that he will be seen in an episode of the popular Zee TV show , Fear Files . = = Filmography = = = = = Films = = = Kurukshetra ( 2000 ) Pitaah ( 2002 ) Chura Liyaa Hai Tumne ( 2003 ) Silence Please ... The Dressing Room ( 2004 ) Riwayat ( 2012 ) = = = Television = = = Karam Apna Apna C.I.D. : Special Bureau Ssshhhh ... Koi Hai Vikraal Aur Gabraal Zindagi Teri Meri Kahani Bigg Boss 1 Kehta Hai Dil Ak ... tion Unlimited Josh Kora Kagaz Noorjahan ( TV Series ) Pyar Ka Bandhan Savitri ( TV series ) Chahat Aur Nafrat ( TV series ) " Power Couples ( Contestant ) ( with second wife Ria ) " Box Cricket League
= El Viaje Misterioso de Nuestro Jomer ( The Mysterious Voyage of Homer ) = " El Viaje Misterioso de Nuestro Jomer ( The Mysterious Voyage of Homer ) " , ( Spanish pronunciation : [ el ˈbja.xe misteɾˈjoso de ˈnwes.tɾo ˈxomeɾ ] ) also known as The Mysterious Voyage of Our Homer , is the ninth episode of the eighth season of The Simpsons . It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on January 5 , 1997 . In the episode , Homer eats several Guatemalan insanity peppers and hallucinates , causing him to go on a mysterious voyage . Following this , he questions his relationship with Marge and goes on a journey to find his soulmate . " El Viaje Misterioso de Nuestro Jomer ( The Mysterious Voyage of Homer ) " was written by Ken Keeler and directed by Jim Reardon . The episode explores themes of marriage , community and alcohol use . Homer 's voyage features surreal animation to depict the elaborate hallucination . The episode guest stars Johnny Cash as the " Space Coyote " . This episode was loosely adapted as the plot of the Simpsons level pack for the video game Lego Dimensions . = = Plot = = After a series of distractions from Marge , Homer suddenly smells out the annual chili cook @-@ off . Marge admits that she was trying to keep Homer from attending because of his drunken antics at the previous year 's event , when he jumped into a cotton candy machine , claiming he was a " puffy pink cloud " , so she allows Homer to go , on the condition that he does not drink any beer . At the cook @-@ off , Homer demonstrates an extraordinary ability to withstand hot foods , until he fails against Chief Wiggum 's chili which burns his tongue . Sobbing about his humiliation , he drinks several cups of water . After nearly accidentally drinking melted candle wax , Homer decides to coat his mouth with wax , enabling him to eat several of the peppers . The peppers bring on a hallucination in which Homer is trapped in a bizarre fantasy world . He encounters a snake , a butterfly and a tortoise , and he accidentally destroys the sun . He finally arrives at a large Mayan pyramid and meets his spirit guide in the form of a coyote . The coyote advises Homer to find his soulmate , and questions Homer 's assumption that he has already found her in Marge . Meanwhile , Marge hears of Homer 's strange behavior and , believing he has broken his promise , drives home . The next day , Homer regains his senses while lying in a golf course sand trap . He rationalizes his dream , comparing the desert he wandered in to the sand trap , the Mayan pyramid with a pro shop , and the talking coyote with a passing talking dog . After returning home , he finds Marge angry with him for his embarrassing behavior at the cook @-@ off . This leads to Homer making note of their fundamental personality differences , causing him to question if Marge is truly his soulmate , and he leaves . Filled with doubt , he searches elsewhere for a soulmate , yet fails in each instance . Eventually he becomes convinced that a lighthouse keeper might be his soulmate , since they would both be theoretically lonely individuals ; instead he finds the lighthouse is operated by a machine , EARL ( Electronic Automatic Robotic Lighthouse ) . Seeing an approaching ship , Homer destroys the lighthouse 's light in hopes that it will cause the boat to come closer and the people inside will befriend him . An apologetic Marge arrives , having known exactly where Homer would go , and the pair realize that they really are soulmates . Marge quickly fixes the lighthouse so that the ship will not run into them , but it runs aground nearby , spilling its precious cargo of hot pants . The citizens of Springfield happily retrieve the pants while Marge and Homer embrace . = = Production = = The episode was pitched as early as the third season by George Meyer , who was interested in an episode based on the books of Carlos Castaneda . Meyer had wanted to have an episode featuring a mystical voyage that was not induced by drugs , and so he decided to use " really hot " chili peppers instead . The staff , except for Matt Groening , felt it was too odd for the show at that point . Bill Oakley and Josh Weinstein resurrected the story , and decided to use it for season eight . Most of the hallucination sequence was animated completely by David Silverman . Silverman did not want the risk of sending it to South Korea , as he wanted it to look exactly as he had imagined it , including rendered backgrounds to give a soft mystical feel to the scene . The coyote was intentionally drawn in a boxier way so that it looked " other @-@ worldly " and unlike the other characters . During Homer 's voyage , the clouds in one shot are live @-@ action footage , and 3D computer animation was used for the giant butterfly . During the same hallucination , Ned Flanders ' line was treated on a Mac computer so that it increased and decreased pitch . The Fox censors sent a note to the writers , questioning Homer coating his mouth with hot wax . The note read : " To discourage imitation by young and foolish viewers , when Homer begins to pour hot wax into his mouth , please have him scream in pain so kids will understand that doing this would actually burn their mouths . " The scream was not added ; however , they did add dialog from Ralph Wiggum , questioning Homer on his action . The director also created a " wax @-@ chart " for Homer for the animators to follow during the sequence when Homer 's mouth is coated with candle @-@ wax . Homer waking up on a golf course was a reference to something that happened to a friend of the producers , who blacked out , waking up on a golf course in a different town and state . He had to buy a map from 7 @-@ Eleven in order to find out where he was . He then had to walk several miles in order to get back to his friend 's house , which was the last place he remembered being the night before . = = = Casting = = = Johnny Cash and Bob Dylan were the writers ' top two choices to play the coyote ; the writers had wanted to use one of The Highwaymen as the voice of the spirit guide . Bob Dylan had turned the show down many times , having previously been offered a role in season seven 's " Homerpalooza " . Johnny Cash was offered the role , which he accepted . Matt Groening described Cash 's appearance as " one of the greatest coups the show has ever had . " = = Cultural references = = The main plot of the episode is based on the works of Carlos Castaneda , with some of the Native American imagery being similar to that used in the film Dances with Wolves . The lighthouse keeper actually being a computer is a reference to the episode of The Twilight Zone " The Old Man in the Cave " , in which a man in a cave turns out to be a computer . The main theme from The Good , the Bad and the Ugly is used during the scenes when Homer walks into the chili festival , and the song " At Seventeen " by Janis Ian plays in the background as Homer walks through the town of Springfield looking for his soul @-@ mate after he wakes up from his vision . The scene at the end of Homer 's hallucination , when the train is heading towards him , is a reference to the opening titles of Soul Train . Homer 's record collection features albums by Jim Nabors , Glen Campbell and The Doodletown Pipers . = = Reception = = In its original broadcast , " El Viaje Misterioso de Nuestro Jomer ( The Mysterious Voyage of Homer ) " finished 34th in ratings for the week of December 30 , 1996 - January 5 , 1997 , with a Nielsen rating of 9 @.@ 0 , equivalent to approximately 8 @.@ 7 million viewing households . It was the highest @-@ rated show on the Fox network that week , beating Millennium . The authors of the book I Can 't Believe It 's a Bigger and Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide , Warren Martyn and Adrian Wood , said : " Homer 's chili @-@ induced trip is brilliant , complete with the surreal tortoise and Indian spirit guide . " The episode was placed eighth on AskMen.com 's " Top 10 : Simpsons Episodes " list , and in his book Planet Simpson , Chris Turner named the episode as being one of his five favorites , although he found the ending too sentimental . In 2011 , Keith Plocek of LA Weekly 's Squid Ink blog listed " El Viaje Misterioso de Nuestro Jomer " as the best episode of the show with a food theme . IGN ranked Johnny Cash 's performance as the 14th @-@ best guest appearance in the show 's history , while Cash also appeared on AOL 's list of their favorite 25 Simpsons guest stars , and on The Times ' Simon Crerar 's list of the 33 funniest cameos in the history of the show . Andrew Martin of Prefix Mag named Johnny Cash his third @-@ favorite musical guest on The Simpsons out of a list of ten . Fred Topel of Crave Online named it the best episode of the entire series .
= Italian cruiser Folgore = Folgore was a torpedo cruiser built for the Italian Regia Marina ( Royal Navy ) , the lead ship of the Folgore class . Armed with three 14 in ( 356 mm ) torpedo tubes and six light guns , she was capable of a top speed of 17 knots ( 31 km / h ; 20 mph ) . She was built in the mid @-@ 1880s , was launched in September 1886 , and was completed in February 1887 . The ship spent her first two years in service either conducting training maneuvers with the main Italian fleet or in reserve status . She was badly damaged in a collision with the cruiser Giovanni Bausan in 1889 , which reduced her effectiveness and cut her career short . Folgore spent the next eleven years primarily in the reserve , until she was sold for scrap in April 1901 and broken up . = = Design = = Folgore was 56 @.@ 7 meters ( 186 ft ) long overall and had a beam of 6 @.@ 31 m ( 20 @.@ 7 ft ) and an average draft of 2 @.@ 15 m ( 7 ft 1 in ) . She displaced 364 metric tons ( 358 long tons ; 401 short tons ) normally . Her propulsion system consisted of a pair of horizontal double @-@ expansion steam engines each driving a single screw propeller , with steam supplied by four coal @-@ fired locomotive boilers . Folgore could steam at a speed of 17 knots ( 31 km / h ; 20 mph ) from 2 @,@ 150 indicated horsepower ( 1 @,@ 600 kW ) . She had a crew of between 57 – 70 . The primary armament for Folgore was three 14 in ( 356 mm ) torpedo tubes . She was also equipped with two 57 mm ( 2 @.@ 2 in ) / 43 guns and four 37 mm ( 1 @.@ 5 in ) / 25 guns , all mounted singly . The ship carried no armor protection . = = Service history = = Folgore was built at the Regio Cantiere di Castellammare di Stabia ( Royal Dockyard in Castellammare di Stabia ) . She was launched on 29 September 1886 and was completed on 16 February 1887 . On 10 June , the annual fleet maneuvers began ; Folgore was assigned to the " defending squadron " , along with the ironclads Enrico Dandolo , Palestro , Castelfidardo , and Affondatore , the protected cruiser Dogali , and several smaller vessels . The first half of the maneuvers tested the ability to attack and defend the Strait of Messina , and concluded in time for a fleet review by King Umberto I on the 21st . The second phase consisted of joint maneuvers with the Italian Army ; Folgore and the torpedo cruiser Tripoli were tasked with blockading Livorno . The exercises lasted until 30 July . The following year , she took part in the annual fleet maneuvers , along with five ironclads , a protected cruiser , the torpedo cruisers Tripoli , Goito , and Saetta , and numerous smaller vessels . The maneuvers consisted of close @-@ order drills and a simulated attack on and defense of La Spezia . Later that year , the ship was present during a naval review held for the German Kaiser Wilhelm II during a visit to Italy . The ship 's career was cut short on 5 July 1889 , when she collided with the protected cruiser Giovanni Bausan while the two ships were steaming off Capri . Folgore was badly damaged , and she could not be restored to her original capabilities . She was accordingly laid up . Folgore was briefly recommissioned to take part in the annual fleet maneuvers in 1894 , along with her sister ship Saetta . After two months in service , both vessels returned to the reserve . As of 1895 , she was located in La Spezia , along with Saetta . That year , unrest in the Ottoman Empire that killed hundreds of foreign nationals prompted several of the European great powers to send an international fleet to pressure the Ottomans into compensating the victims . In November , a small Italian squadron was sent to Smyrna to join the fleet in there ; Folgore was mobilized as part of a larger force in Naples that consisted of the ironclads Francesco Morosini , Lepanto , and Ruggiero di Lauria , the protected cruiser Elba , the torpedo cruiser Calatafimi , and five torpedo boats . This second squadron was stocked with coal and ammunition in the event that it would need to reinforce the squadron at Smryna . She remained in reserve until 12 April 1900 , when the Regia Marina sold the ship for scrap . Folgore was thereafter broken up .
= Dreaming of You ( album ) = Dreaming of You is the fifth and final studio album by American singer Selena . Released posthumously on July 18 , 1995 by EMI Latin and EMI Records , it was an immediate commercial and critical success , debuting atop the United States Billboard 200 — the first predominately Spanish @-@ language album to do so . It sold 175 @,@ 000 copies on its first day of release in the U.S. — a then @-@ record for a female vocalist . With first week sales of 331 @,@ 000 units , it became the second @-@ highest first @-@ week sales for a female musician since Nielsen Soundscan began monitoring album sales in 1991 . Billboard magazine declared it a " historic " event , while Time said the recording elevated Selena 's music to a wider audience . It won Album of the Year at the 1996 Tejano Music Awards and Female Pop Album of the Year at the 2nd annual Billboard Latin Music Awards . After signing a recording contract with EMI Latin in 1989 , the label denied Selena a requested crossover after she made three demonstration recordings . After her Grammy Award nomination for Live ( 1993 ) was announced , Selena signed with SBK Records to begin recording her crossover album , which was front @-@ page news in Billboard magazine . In March 1994 , she released Amor Prohibido ; in interviews she said her English @-@ language album was still being developed . Recording sessions for Dreaming of You began in December 1994 ; Selena recorded four tracks slated for the album . On March 31 , 1995 , she was shot dead by Yolanda Saldívar , her friend and former manager of her Selena Etc. boutiques over a dispute about claims of embezzlement . The album contains some previously released material , as well as some unreleased English and Spanish @-@ language tracks that were recorded between 1992 and 1995 . The tracks are a mixture of American pop and Latin music , with the first half of Dreaming of You containing R & B and pop ballads , while the latter half profiles Selena 's Latin @-@ themed repertoire . Six tracks from the album were released as singles . The first four singles , " I Could Fall in Love " , " Tú Sólo Tú " , " Techno Cumbia " , and " Dreaming of You " , charted within the top ten on the U.S. charts . The title track became Selena 's highest @-@ charting Billboard Hot 100 single of her career , peaking at number twenty @-@ two and was named the eighty @-@ eight Hot 100 single of all @-@ time . Dreaming of You was among the top ten best @-@ selling debuts for a musician , best @-@ selling debut by a female act , and the fastest @-@ selling U.S. album of 1995 . It has since been ranked among the best and most important recordings produced during the rock and roll era . Media outlets have since ranked the recording among the best posthumous releases . When Dreaming of You peaked at number one , Tejano music entered the mainstream market . Music critics said the general population of the U.S. would not have known about Tejano or Latin music had it not been for Dreaming of You . The Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) certified the album 35 × platinum ( Latin field ) , for shipping 3 @.@ 5 million units in the U.S. The album was eventually certified gold by Music Canada and by Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas ( AMPROFON ) . As of January 2015 , the album has sold five million copies worldwide , and remains the best @-@ selling Latin album of all @-@ time in the U.S. = = Background = = In the 1960s , Selena 's father Abraham Quintanilla , Jr. became the third vocalist of Los Dinos , a group composed of Mexican Americans . The band began their careers playing English @-@ language doo @-@ wop music . White Americans were offended that a Mexican American band was singing " their type of music " . After a crowd of Mexican @-@ Americans ran Los Dinos out of a nightclub for singing English @-@ language songs , the band decided to perform music of their heritage . Los Dinos found success recording and performing Spanish @-@ language songs and their popularity grew . Quintanilla , Jr. left the band in the 1970s after fathering his third child , Selena . After discovering Selena could sing , he quickly organized his children into a band called Selena y Los Dinos . Despite wanting to record English @-@ language songs , the band recorded Tejano music compositions ; a male @-@ dominated , Spanish @-@ language genre with German influences of polka , jazz , and country music that was popular with Mexicans living in the United States . The band was often turned down by Texas music venues because of the members ' ages and because Selena was the lead singer . Rick Trevino , founder of the Tejano Music Awards , originally approached La Sombra as the opening act for the 1989 awards ceremony , following Selena y Los Dinos . The band 's lead vocalist Frank Sunie declined the offer , telling Trevino he " doesn 't open up for anybody " . Trevino then called Quintanilla , Jr. to ask him to open the ceremony . Quintanilla , Jr. immediately accepted the offer , saying it was " the best time , because everyone is sober . They 're sober they 're listening to the artist and the music . " Unbeknown to Quintanilla , Jr and Selena , the new head of Sony Music Latin and José Behar , who had recently launched EMI Latin Records , were attending the awards ceremony and were scouting for new Latin acts . Behar wanted to sign Selena to EMI 's label Capitol Records , while Sony Music Latin was offering Quintanilla , Jr. twice Capitol 's sum . Behar thought he had discovered the next Gloria Estefan , but his superior called Behar illogical since he had only been in Texas for a week . Quintanilla , Jr. chose EMI Latin 's offer because of the potential for a crossover , and he wanted his children to be the first musicians to sign with the company . Before Selena signed her contract with EMI Latin in 1989 , Behar and Stephen Finfer requested Selena for an English @-@ language debut album . She was asked to make three demonstration recordings for Charles Koppelman , chairman of EMI Records . After reviewing them , Koppelman declined a crossover attempt , believing Selena should first strengthen her fan base . In a 2007 interview , Behar spoke about the difficulty of recording Selena 's English @-@ language debut . He said EMI " had let all of us to believe that she would record in English , and it just wasn 't materializing for whatever reason " . Behar said the record company " didn 't believe , they didn 't think it could happen " , and continuously told Selena and her father " it wasn 't the right time " for an English @-@ language debut . Selena signed a record deal with EMI subsidiary SBK Records in November 1993 , following her Grammy Award nomination for Live ( 1993 ) . The news of the singer 's record deal was front @-@ page news in Billboard magazine . In a 1994 meeting , Selena expressed her guilt to Behar ; Selena had told interviewers of her upcoming crossover album and told them the recording was expected to be release soon . At the time , Selena had not recorded a single song for her planned English @-@ language debut . Behar subsequently told Koppelman that Selena and her band would leave EMI and find a record company willing to record an English @-@ language album for Selena . Behar had lied to the chairman to force the crossover album to begin ; EMI relented and the recording sessions began . Selena said she felt intimidated by the recording deal because the situation was new to her and only a few people had believed she would achieve success in the pop market . = = Recording and production = = According to Betty Cortina of People magazine , Dreaming of You marked a shift that abrogated the singer being marketed as part of her band and billed Selena as an American solo artist in " the most fundamental way for her " . From 1989 , Selena 's brother A.B. Quintanilla became Selena 's principal music producer and songwriter , and remained so throughout her career . Because Quintanilla III was working on the singer 's follow @-@ up recording to Amor Prohibido ( 1994 ) , he could not produce the crossover album . He was asked to meet with several producers in New York and choose one who would best " fit with Selena 's style " . Dreaming of You was the first album Selena 's family did not produce . They had decided to step down before the recording sessions and allow professional pop producers to work with her . Quintanilla III and Selena flew to Nashville , Tennessee , and met with Keith Thomas , who had prepared the instrumental parts for the song called " I Could Fall in Love " but had not yet completed the vocal parts , so he sang it for them . Selena and Quintanilla III immediately liked it ; Quintanilla III said he wanted Selena to include it on her album . Recording sessions began in December 1994 at The Bennett House in Franklin , Tennessee ; Selena had to return later when Thomas could provide additional vocals . Selena and her husband Chris Pérez arrived at the studio on March 24 , 1995 to finish recording the song . In a 2002 interview , Pérez said Thomas provided Selena with a cassette of " I Could Fall in Love " and said she had the song " on loop " and she " must have heard it a hundred times " . He believed it had an " effect on her " because " she went into the studio the next day to actually do the recording and just was nailing things left and right and [ Thomas ] was letting her do her thing and I mean it was an incredible thing to watch " . EMI Records , which had more experience in the pop market , headed the project and allowed Selena to choose one song that she liked . Her sister and drummer of the band , Suzette Quintanilla , said in a 1997 interview that the singer carefully chose a song that represented what " Selena was all about " . She chose " Dreaming of You " , which was written by American songwriters Franne Golde and Tom Snow in 1989 for American R & B group The Jets , who rejected it . According to Snow , Golde " never gave up on the tune and eventually got it to Selena " . When Quintanilla III heard the demonstration recording , he told Selena he did not like the track . Selena told him she was going to record it because she favored its lyrical content and message . In a 2002 interview , Quintanilla III said he was " more judgmental " on his first impression of the demonstration recording than the song itself and cited its medley , content , and song structure for changing his mind . Selena began recording " Dreaming of You " on March 5 , 1995 at Quintanilla , Jr . ' s recording label Q @-@ Productions in Corpus Christi , Texas . During the recording session , Selena was suffering from bronchitis . Her father asked her to " just try " and sing the song because several producers had arrived from Los Angeles to watch her record the track . After the recording session , the producers liked Selena 's vocal range in the song and decided to use her first take . American producer Guy Roche produced and arranged the piece along with " Captive Heart " . After the arrangement for " Dreaming of You " , Selena wanted Pérez to hear the finish product . He was unable to attend after Quintanilla , Jr. wanted him to work with a band he was interested in managing . In 2012 , Pérez wrote in his book about his and Selena 's relationship that he regretted not going to the recording session . Selena recorded " God 's Child ( Baila Conmigo ) " , a duet with David Byrne that was included on the soundtrack of the comedy film Blue in the Face ( 1995 ) . Byrne said the song was the last recording Selena made before she was shot to death by Yolanda Saldívar , her friend and former manager of her Selena Etc. boutiques , on March 31 , 1995 . Behar said promotion " will be on the superstar scale " and " [ we ] didn 't put this marketing campaign behind it because there was a tragedy . We put this marketing campaign behind it because we believed that this was going to be a huge album because of the music . This is a record that we 're going to work over the next 10 months . " EMI Records and EMI Latin put aside US $ 500 @,@ 000 ( $ 784 @,@ 000 2015 USD ) to complete Dreaming of You . " Oh No ( I 'll Never Fall in Love Again ) " , a song intended to be recorded for Dreaming of You , was released on the SelenaQRadio ( a free radio operated by Quintanilla , Jr . ) in September 2015 . Quintanilla , Jr. decided to release the demo version of the song after fans began requesting for it to be heard . = = Music and lyrics = = Dreaming of You is a multigenre work of American pop and Latin music . It incorporates the diverse stylistic influences of techno , hip @-@ hop , pop rock , dance @-@ pop , regional Mexican music , Tejano , R & B , disco , and flamenco music . The first half of the album comprises R & B and pop ballads , while the remainder contains Latin @-@ themed influences that profile Selena 's music career . Music journalists said producers who worked with Selena tried to caricature her with Paula Abdul , Amy Grant , Celine Dion , Whitney Houston , Mariah Carey , and Madonna . Newsweek magazine called Selena 's English @-@ language recordings " a blend of urban pop and Latin warmth " . According to Allmusic 's Stephen Erlewine , the album 's mood is spicy , celebratory , and exuberant . " I Could Fall in Love " and " Dreaming of You " are lyrically identical ; called " confessional ballads " , both recordings speak of despair , heartbreak , and fear of rejection from a man the songs ' narrators are falling in love with . The lyrics of " Dreaming of You " also explore feelings of longing and hope . Larry Flick of Billboard magazine wrote that " Dreaming of You " ' s idealistic lyrics have an " affecting poignancy that will not be lost on AC [ radio ] . " " God 's Child ( Baila Conmigo ) " employs an off @-@ beat rhythm that is energetic , dark , mysterious , and its lyrics suggest subterfuge and counter @-@ hegemony . The song has elements of rumba , flamenco , rock , R & B , and Middle Eastern music . " Captive Heart " has 1980s funk ; Achy Obejas of the Chicago Tribune said it was intended for contemporary hit radio . The disco house track " I 'm Getting Used to You " , which makes use of cha @-@ cha , explores a volatile relationship . Mario Tarradell of The New London Day said " Captive Heart " and " I 'm Getting Used to You " border on new jack swing — a popular R & B subgenre pioneered by Jade and Mary J. Blige . The producers of the soundtrack of the 1995 romantic comedy @-@ drama film Don Juan DeMarco — in which Selena played a mariachi singer — decided not to include her recordings of " Tú Sólo Tú " and " El Toro Relajo " . Christopher John Farley of Time magazine said the producers who excluded the songs regretted this move following the impact of Selena 's death . According to Denise Segura and Patricia Zavella in their book Women and Migration in the U.S.-Mexico Borderlands : A Reader ( 2007 ) , " Tú Sólo Tú " — a Pedro Infante cover — and " El Toro Relajo " are about unrequited love and were recorded in a ranchera @-@ style . Selena recorded " Tú Sólo Tú " con ganas — a Spanish @-@ language aphorism that translates to a performer singing with " unapologetic emotionality " ; common among ranchera singers . EMI Records , which wanted the 1992 track " Missing My Baby " and the 1994 single " Techno Cumbia " to be added to Dreaming of You , asked Quintanilla III to meet with R & B group Full Force in Manhattan . The group remixed both songs , added vocals to " Missing My Baby " , and remixed the latter in a reggae style . Quintanilla , Jr. decided to add " Como la Flor " ( 1992 ) , " Amor Prohibido " ( 1994 ) , and " Bidi Bidi Bom Bom " ( 1994 ) to Dreaming of You . He pitched the idea of remixing the songs as though the band was singing them in concert , changing their beats a little . Quintanilla III said the new versions of the tracks gave fans " something fresh " and that he thought the idea was " neat " . " Como la Flor " , credited as a career @-@ launching single , expresses the sorrow of a woman whose lover has abandoned her for another partner while she wishes " nothing but the best " for him . " Amor Prohibido " is a Romeo & Juliet @-@ esque Spanish @-@ language dance @-@ pop track . " Bidi Bidi Bom Bom " , remixed into a reggae track , speaks of the narrator 's heart palpitating whenever her love interest walks past her . The Barrio Boyzz was asked to record a bilingual version of their Spanish @-@ language duet with Selena on " Donde Quiera Que Estés " ( 1994 ) called " Wherever You Are " . = = Singles = = Davitt Sigerson , the president and CEO of EMI records , feared " I Could Fall in Love " might sell more copies than Dreaming of You , so he did not issue the single as a commercial release . " I Could Fall in Love " was released promotionally to U.S. radio stations on June 26 , 1995 , at the same time as " Tú Sólo Tú " to demonstrate Selena 's change from recording in Spanish to English . Fred Bronson of Billboard magazine said if EMI Latin had released " I Could Fall in Love " as a single and it had debuted in the top 40 of the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart , it would have been the first posthumous debut single to do so since " Pledging My Love " by Johnny Ace in 1955 . " I Could Fall in Love " peaked at number eight on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 Airplay chart , and at number one on the U.S. Latin Pop Songs chart . " Tú Sólo Tú " and " I Could Fall in Love " occupied the first and second positions respectively on U.S. Hot Latin Tracks for five consecutive weeks . Selena thus became the first artist to have both a Spanish @-@ language and an English @-@ language song in the top ten of that chart . " I Could Fall in Love " became the fifth @-@ highest @-@ charting song on that chart in 1995 and remained the highest @-@ charting English @-@ language song for two years , until Celine Dion 's 1998 single " My Heart Will Go On " exceeded it when it peaked at number one . " Tú Sólo Tú " spent ten consecutive weeks at number one on the Hot Latin Tracks , becoming the most longevous number @-@ one single of Selena 's musical career . With " Tú Sólo Tú " and her other chart @-@ topping singles from 1992 to her death in 1995 , Selena 's recordings spent 44 weeks at number one ; the most for any Hispanic artist as of 2011 . On August 14 , 1995 , " Dreaming of You " was released as the album 's lead single , with the remix version and a radio edit of " Techno Cumbia " as the b @-@ side tracks . The single peaked at number twenty @-@ two on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart and sold 25 @,@ 000 copies in its first week of availability ; by 2010 it had sold 284 @,@ 000 digital units . " Dreaming of You " was the best @-@ selling single of Selena 's career ; in 2003 it was the eighty @-@ eighth best @-@ selling Hot 100 single of all @-@ time , according to Billboard and Nielsen SoundScan . The Los Angeles Times placed " Dreaming of You " at number five out of its top @-@ ten singles of 1995 . " Techno Cumbia " peaked at number four on the U.S. Hot Latin Tracks and the U.S. Regional Mexican Songs charts . On December 2 , 1995 , " El Toro Relajo " debuted and peaked at number twenty @-@ four on the U.S. Hot Latin Tracks . " I 'm Getting Used to You " , the second commercially released single and the sixth single overall , was released on March 2 , 1996 . It debuted and peaked at number seven on the U.S. Billboard Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart and at number one on the U.S. Billboard Dance / Electronic Singles Sales chart . " I 'm Getting Used to You " later peaked at number twenty @-@ three on the U.S. Billboard Adult Contemporary Tracks chart on the week ending June 8 , 1996 . The Billboard critics poll ranked the remix version of " I 'm Getting Used to You " among their top ten singles of 1996 . " I Could Fall in Love " , " Dreaming of You " , and " I 'm Getting Used to You " were less commercially successful outside the United States and Canada . " I Could Fall in Love " peaked at number one on the RPM Adult Contemporary Songs chart on the week ending November 6 , 1996 . " I Could Fall in Love " peaked at number five on the RPM Top 100 Singles chart . It was the only single by Selena to chart on the New Zealand Singles Chart , peaking at number ten . In 1996 , " Dreaming of You " performed better in Canada on the RPM Adult Contemporary and the Top 100 Singles chart , peaking at numbers seven and thirty , respectively . " I 'm Getting Used to You " debuted at number ninety @-@ six on the RPM Top 100 Singles chart on the week ending June 10 , 1996 , and became the third single by Selena to chart in Canada . After five weeks on the chart , " I 'm Getting Used to You " peaked at number sixty @-@ five . At number ninety @-@ three , " I 'm Getting Used to You " , exited the Top 100 Singles chart after spending nine weeks on it . = = Critical reception = = The majority of contemporary reviews were positive . Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic said Dreaming of You was the first recording by Selena to have been heard by the general population of the United States because her death attracted American listeners to her album . This was echoed by Alisa Valdes of the Boston Globe . Erlewine said Amor Prohibido is " a more consistent release " and that Dreaming of You was not the singer 's best work , and he called it an introductory effort . According to Erlewine , the English @-@ language tracks on the album " are no different than her Spanish songs " ; he also said the album " would have been stronger " if the singer had lived . He finished his review by calling the album a " powerful — and touching — testament to her talents " . John Lannert of Billboard magazine called the album 's commercial success " hardly a fluke " . Vibe magazine contributor Ed Morales , described the album as a summation of her cumbia @-@ influenced songs , her Tex @-@ Mex ( Texas @-@ Mexico ) " excellence " , and a " poignant glimpse " of the path the singer 's musical career may have taken had she lived . Writing for Time magazine , David Browne said Dreaming of You 's release was " one of the quickest posthumous albums ever cobbled together " . He said the producers who worked with Selena on the album had decisively paired her with recordings that reminded him of lighter versions of Paula Abdul and called them " greeting @-@ card sentiments " . He recognized the later half of Dreaming of You as " the true , unbridled Selena " , calling them " traditional ballads or tropical fantasies , Selena evokes lust and passion " ; illustrating that those qualities found on her English @-@ language songs are absent from the Spanish @-@ language ones . Writing for the Chicago Tribune , Achy Obejas called the recording a fragmentary work and said it is " Selena 's past and about what might have been " . Obejas called the record " full of promise and flaws " , and said its intentional bilingual nature was done by " necessity rather than design " . She also said the album is a Latino crossover nix , citing Gloria Estefan 's earlier mainstream work as the primitive Latino crossover ; although Selena " didn 't get to take the next step " as did Estefan . Objeas also wrote that the album is the opposite of a " masterpiece , or definitive , or even a testament to Selena 's talents " , but is more of a " smorgasbord " . Objeas praised Selena 's " complete ease on the R & B tunes " and thought she was " getting funky and pretty soulful " . Enrique Lopetegui of The Los Angeles Times said Dreaming of You is Selena 's " most electric and satisfying album " , and said it was an applicable " epitaph " for her . Lopetegui called the songs on the album " radio @-@ friendly pop tunes " but said the album " lacks cohesion " and that he finds the bilingual album " even more interesting than the original idea " . According to Lopetegui , Selena " blossoms into a full @-@ fledged soul singer , with an aggressiveness seldom show before " on her English @-@ language tracks but finds the rancheras " Tú Sólo Tú " and " El Toro Relajo " the " most impressive " and saying Selena was inexperienced with that style . Christopher John Farley of Time magazine said Dreaming of You elevated Selena 's music " to a far wider audience than she ever had when she was alive " . He said the album incorporates her " finest , most enjoyable work " and called it " a commendable but sorrowful accomplishment " . Contrasting her Tejano and English @-@ language songs , Farley wrote that Selena 's Tejano recordings was sometimes clumsy , whereas her English pop songs were " sweet , pure and clear , and on the mariachi numbers , Selena shows off a voice that is sexy , strong and gracefully maturing " . Writing for the New York Daily News , Mary Talbot said listening to Dreaming of You was " akin to sifting through a dead woman 's scrapbook " and called it " disparate jottings and snapshots some artful , some light , all weighted with nostalgia " . Talbot said the album showcases " Selena 's past and outlines what could have been her future " , and because of the singer 's death , the story is incomplete . She called the English offerings " sturdy , generic pop numbers " that would be favored among her Tejano following " but there aren 't enough of them to prove her strength or breadth as an English @-@ language artist " . Talbot said Selena was skillful in crisscrossing " traditional Mexican music with a contemporary American pop sensibility , and that skill doesn 't figure with these songs " . Towards the end of her review , Talbot said Dreaming of You is " the effervescent pop of her generation " . Mario Tarradell of The Dallas Morning News said the album " doesn 't deliver " , writing that Selena was " revamped to sound like one of pop radio 's many generic female vocalist " and that her English recordings lack " the bubbly , effervescent personality , the chica @-@ del @-@ barrio charm " found on her Tejano songs . Tarradell said the English songs were " tepid imitations of Amy Grant and Abdul " . Peter Watrous of The New York Times called Dreaming of You " a collection of leftovers " and said the Spanish @-@ language songs " sound better " than Selena 's English ones . Watrous said the producers did not ameliorate Selena 's English @-@ language tracks and gave their all . He further wrote that " the music is faceless commerce " but that Selena recorded them " so well on the album " that it suggested " she had a good chance of success , working lush ballads in an anonymous pop style that Disney has mastered " . Rock music contributor Roger Catlin of the Hartford Courant described Dreaming of You as " a package that hints at the overall talent and immense potential of the young star " . Catlin said her English @-@ language works were lacking " technical heroics that have defined [ Selena ] in the ' 90s . " but states the singer " is understandably assured " on her Spanish offerings . He said Selena was " low key " and that the material seemed that way because she had only recorded four English @-@ language tracks before her death . = = = Accolades = = = Dreaming of You was listed as the ninth " Top 10 Posthumous Albums " by Time magazine in 2010 . It was named as the third @-@ best posthumous album of all @-@ time by BET , which called the recording a " heartbreaking testament to a young talent on the verge of superstardom " . Vibe magazine ranked Dreaming of You the second @-@ best posthumous release and described it as an " overview " . Dreaming of You won Album of the Year at the 1996 Tejano Music Awards . At the 2nd Annual Billboard Latin Music Awards in 1996 , Dreaming of You won Female Pop Album of the Year . = = Release and commercial performance = = Dreaming of You 's U.S. release date was confirmed on June 10 , 1995 to be July 18 that year . The album 's release in European and Asian countries was delayed when EMI Records feared Selena 's murder — rather than her music — would become the focal point of the recording . Adam Sexton , Vice @-@ president of EMI Records , announced on August 5 , 1995 that the album would be released in Germany on August 14 and in the rest of Europe in September . The album 's release in Asia was set for October . Fans began lining up to purchase Dreaming of You hours before stores were due to open ; within twenty @-@ four hours 75 % of all available copies of the album were sold . Although initial predictions placed Dreaming of You ' first sales at 400 @,@ 000 copies , the album sold 331 @,@ 000 units its first week and debuted atop the U.S. Billboard 200 chart , becoming the first and only predominately Spanish @-@ language album to do so . This was the second @-@ biggest release sales for a 1995 album , behind Michael Jackson 's HIStory , and the second @-@ largest first @-@ week sales for a female musician , behind Janet Jackson 's janet . ( 1993 ) since Nielsen Soundscan began monitoring album sales in 1991 . Dreaming of You displaced Hootie & the Blowfish 's Cracked Rear View from the top spot on the Billboard 200 . The recording debuted atop the U.S. Billboard Top Latin Albums and the U.S. Billboard Latin Pop Albums charts , displacing Selena 's 1994 album Amor Prohibido and the Gipsy Kings ' Best of ' album , respectively . In its second week , Dreaming of You fell to number three on the Billboard 200 chart , and remained there for two consecutive weeks . Sales of Dreaming of You continued to decrease , falling to number six in its fourth week . In its fifth week , Dreaming of You dropped to number eight . Starting in its sixth week , the album remained in the top twenty of the Billboard 200 chart . On the week ending October 28 , 1995 , sales of Dreaming of You rose 18 % after an eighteen @-@ week decline . This was followed by the highly publicized murder trial . The album remained on the Billboard 200 chart for forty @-@ four consecutive weeks , exiting the chart at number 181 on the week ending June 1 , 1996 . Lannert predicted Dreaming of You would remain atop the Latin music charts until Selena 's next posthumous release . It remained at number one for forty @-@ two consecutive weeks until Enrique Iglesias displaced it with his self @-@ titled debut album on the week ending May 25 , 1996 . Dreaming of You went on to become the best @-@ selling Latin and Latin pop album of 1995 and 1996 . The recording finished as the forty @-@ fourth album of the Billboard 200 of 1995 and finished at number 123 on the Billboard 200 albums of 1996 . Two years after Selena 's murder , Dreaming of You and Siempre Selena ( 1996 ) occupied the third and fourth slots respectively on the Billboard Top Latin Albums chart . Dreaming of You sold 420 @,@ 500 copies between 1997 and 1999 , and sold 190 @,@ 000 units in 1997 alone . The biopic Selena ( 1997 ) contributed to a 65 % increase of sales for Dreaming of You for that year . Dreaming of You sold half a million copies in Texas . Some Texas retailers criticized sale figures for the state because the album had sold poorly at their music stores . By December 1995 , Dreaming of You had sold two million copies in the U.S. and was certified double platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) , signifying shipments of two million copies . Within ten months of its release , the album was nearing triple @-@ platinum status ; it was eventually certified 35 × platinum ( Latin field ) by the RIAA , denoting shipment of 3 @.@ 5 million units . It remains the best @-@ selling Latin album of all @-@ time in the U.S. with five million copies sold worldwide as of January 2015 . A percentage of the proceeds from the album 's sales was donated to the Selena Scholarship Fund . = = = Outside the U.S. = = = In Canada , Dreaming of You debuted at number 59 on the RPM Top 100 Albums chart for the week of September 4 , 1995 . In its second week , it rose to number 50 on the week of September 11 , 1995 . On its ninth week , Dreaming of You peaked at number seventeen on the week of October 30 , 1995 . After spending twenty @-@ nine weeks on the chart , Dreaming of You spent its final week at number 97 on the week of March 25 , 1996 . The album was certified gold by Music Canada , denoting shipments of 50 @,@ 000 units in that country alone . In Dreaming of You 's first week of release to music stores in Mexico , EMI shipped 140 @,@ 000 units there and received re @-@ orders from Monterrey , Guadalajara , and Tijuana . = = Cultural impact = = Dreaming of You sold 175 @,@ 000 copies on its first day of release in the U.S. — a then @-@ record for a female vocalist . The recording also had the highest release @-@ day sales of any Spanish @-@ language album to debut on Billboard 's Top Latin Albums chart . According to Behar , the sales figures Nielsen SoundScan provided did not include sales in small shops specializing in Latin music , where Dreaming of You scored well . The album 's sales helped Selena to become the third solo artist to debut a posthumous album at number one on the U.S. Billboard 200 chart , behind Janis Joplin and Jim Croce . It became the first and only Spanish @-@ language and Tejano recording to debut at number one on the U.S. Billboard 200 chart , and the first EMI Latin release to do so . According to John Lannert of Billboard magazine , Dreaming of You was among the top ten best @-@ selling debuts for a musician , best @-@ selling debut by a female act , and according to Thom Duffy also from Billboard magazine , it was the fastest @-@ selling U.S. 1995 album . It helped Selena to become the fastest @-@ selling female act in recorded music history , and has since been ranked among the best and important recordings produced during the rock and roll era . Dreaming of You joined five of Selena 's studio albums on the Billboard 200 chart simultaneously , making Selena the first female act in Billboard history to accomplish this . The album was included on Michael Heatley 's list titled Where Were You When the Music Played ? : 120 Unforgettable Moments in Music History ( 2008 ) . Musicologist Howard J. Blumenthal said it " would have made [ Selena ] a major rock star " , and included it in his 1997 book The World Music CD Listener 's Guide . Billboard magazine said Dreaming of You was predominantly purchased by Latinos in the U.S. ; demonstrating the purchasing power of Hispanic music consumers . The album was believed to have " open the eyes " of retailers who never stocked Latin music ; its sales were well above expectations of white , American music shop owners . Sales of Selena 's earlier albums and Dreaming of You prompted Best Buy and other retailers to hire Latin music specialists . Within weeks , the album was predicted to outsell Julio Iglesias ' 1100 Bel Air Place ( 1984 ) , as the largest @-@ selling English @-@ language Latin album . EMI Records announced in the December 2 , 1995 issue of Billboard magazine that as EMI 's best @-@ selling record in North America , the album gave them the highest sales for a music label during the first half of 1995 . With Dreaming of You peaking at number one , Tejano music entered the mainstream market . Music critics said the general population of the U.S. would not have known about Tejano or Latin music had it not been for Dreaming of You . Following the album 's release , and because of the singer 's death , Tejano music 's popularity waned as Latin pop began dominating U.S. radio play and commercial sales . In March 2015 , the Chicano Humanities & Arts Council in Denver , Colorado , showcased an exhibit called " Dreaming of You : The Selena Art Show " , which prominently featured artwork by Chicano artists who paid homage to the singer . = = Track listing = = = = Personnel = = Credits are taken from the album 's liner notes . = = Charts = = = = = Weekly charts = = = = = Certifications = =
= Vedaranyam March = The Vedaranyam March or Vedaranyam Satyagraha was organised to protest the salt tax imposed by the British Raj in India . The march took place in April 1930 and was the second of its kind following the Dandi March organised by Mahatma Gandhi , both in the framework of the Civil Disobedience Movement . The march was led by a group of 100 volunteers from the Indian National Congress ( INC ) under the leadership of C. Rajagopalachari — often referred to as " Rajaji " . It began at Trichinopoly ( now Tiruchirappalli ) and ended in Vedaranyam , a small coastal town in Tanjore District . By collecting salt directly from the sea , the marchers broke the salt law . Rajaji spoke to people along the march 's route about the importance of Khādī , issues of ' social disabilities ' ( cast discrimination ) and civil disobedience . The campaign ended on 28 April 1930 when the participants were arrested , following which Rajaji was imprisoned for six months . = = Background = = In response to a nationwide protest against the British salt tax , Gandhi initiated a salt march on 6 April 1930 to Dandi — then a small village in the Bombay Presidency on the western coast of India . Rajaji , a close associate of Gandhi who also participated in the Dandi march , organised a march to India 's east coast to make salt at Vedaranyam , Tanjore District in Madras Presidency . He chose Vedaranyam instead of Tuticorin , a larger salt @-@ making centre , because the former had convenient salt marshes and because Vedaratnam Pillai was a local resident , salt merchant , INC activist and philanthropist who would be able to supply moral and logistic support to the marchers . Rajaji started the march from Trichinopoly , 150 miles ( 240 km ) west of Vedaranyam . Rajaji was unanimously elected president of the Tamil Nadu Congress Committee ten days prior to the march , and insisted that only people willing to risk death or long prison terms should participate . Nearly 100 members of the INC , including T. S. S. Rajan , Sardar Vedaratnam , Rukmini Lakshmipathi , K. Kamaraj , M. Bhaktavatsalam , and C. R. Narasimhan , joined the rally . In addition , social activists such as A. Vaidyanatha Iyer and G. Ramachandran also joined the group . = = The march = = The march , coinciding with the Tamil New Year , commenced on 13 April 1930 from T. S. S. Rajan 's house in Trichinopoly Cantonment . As the march proceeded towards Tanjore district its " astute and energetic " District Collector J. A. Thorne ( ICS ) tried to stop it . Using newspapers , Tamil handbills and town @-@ criers , Thorne informed would @-@ be hosts that anyone offering food or shelter to the marchers was liable to six @-@ months ' imprisonment and a fine . When informed of the threat , Rajaji retorted that he could understand the mindset of his own people better than a British ICS officer could , and added , " Thorne and thistles cannot stem this tide of freedom . " Ignoring Thorne 's order , Sri Pantulu Iyer , a resident of Kumbakonam , and Sri Krishnaswami Iyer , a resident of aranthangi provided accommodation for two days and arranged a grand dinner for the group at his house before being arrested . Iyer 's arrest inspired people to invent ways to help the marchers without getting caught . Food packets were found tied to branches of roadside trees , and when the group rested by the Cauvery riverbank , they found indicators where huge food containers were buried . By contrast , the British police suffered from starvation when local residents refused them food or even water . Indian staff who were employed by the British stopped carrying out their day @-@ to @-@ day activities , while barbers and washermen refused service to government employees . Despite various obstacles , the group reached Vedaranyam on 28 April , 15 days after setting out . When Gandhi was informed he wrote back : " It is good that our hands and feet are tied so that we can sing with joy . God is the help of the helpless . " The speeches made by Rajaji during the march highlighted the importance of Khadi — issues of ' social disabilities ' ( caste discrimination ) — and the significance of the Civil Disobedience Movement . The police , in spite of previous failures , heightened security at Vedaranyam to prevent the marchers from making illegal salt . As soon as they reached Vedaranyam , Rajaji declared that the salt laws would be broken on 30 April 1930 and called for more participants.mr.Krishnaswami iyer after 2 days trial came to join the march and gave support of Rajaji Sardar Vedaratnam offered accommodation to the group by constructing a camp on the shore . On the same day , when Rajaji and 16 others moved to a place called Edanthevar salt swamp 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) from the camp , a police force led by the District Superintendent arrived there . The group was asked to surrender . When they refused , Rajaji was arrested and produced before the district magistrate Ponnusamy Pillai . He was sentenced to six @-@ months ' imprisonment and was immediately sent to Trichinopoly . Other participants were also arrested and tortured by the policemen . Rukmini Lakshmipathy was imprisoned for one year ; she was the first woman to serve a jail term for participating in the Salt Satyagraha movement . = = Aftermath = = The following day , shops all over the state closed . People continued to make salt at Vedaranyam , despite repeated arrests and the use of brutal force by police . Apart from the marchers , 375 people in the Tanjore district were arrested for protests against the British . Collector Thorne , who at first had been confident of his ability to prevent the march , was forced to report to his superiors , " If there ever existed a fervid sense of devotion to the ( British ) Government , it is now the defunct " . At midnight on 5 May 1930 , Gandhi was arrested at his ashram in Karadi and sent to Poona , Bombay State . On 21 May , Sarojini Naidu and Gandhi 's son Manilal Gandhi broke into the " Dharasana salt works " together with 2 @,@ 500 volunteers . They were attacked and arrested by police , resulting in the death of two people and some 320 injured . A fortnight later , Rajaji was transferred From the Trichinopoly prison to Madras , then to the Bellary Central Jail .
= Anurag Kashyap = Anurag Singh Kashyap ( born 10 September 1972 ) is an Indian film director , screenwriter , producer and actor . He is often regarded as the face of an emerging new wave cinema for producing numerous independent films with newcomers . For his contributions to film , the Government of France awarded him the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres ( Knight of the Order of Arts and Letters ) in 2013 . After writing a television serial , Kashyap got his major break as a co @-@ writer in Ram Gopal Varma 's crime drama Satya ( 1998 ) , and made his directorial debut with Paanch , which never had a theatrical release due to censorship issues . He then went on to direct Black Friday ( 2007 ) , a film based on the book by Hussain Zaidi about the 1993 Bombay bombings . Its release was held up for two years by the Central Board of Film Certification because of the pending verdict of the case at that time , but was released in 2007 to widespread critical appreciation . Kashyap 's followup , No Smoking ( 2007 ) met with negative reviews and performed poorly at the box @-@ office . His next venture Dev.D ( 2009 ) , a modern adaptation of Devdas was a critical and commercial success ; followed by the political drama Gulaal ( 2009 ) , and the thriller That Girl in Yellow Boots ( 2011 ) . His prominence increased with the two @-@ part crime drama , Gangs of Wasseypur ( 2012 ) . His next films were Bombay Talkies ( 2013 ) , Ugly ( 2014 ) and Bombay Velvet ( 2015 ) . Apart from filmmaking , Kashyap serves as the Member of board of the Mumbai @-@ based NGO , Aangan , which helps protect vulnerable children around India . He is the founder of two film production companies : Anurag Kashyap Films , which is run by Guneet Monga , Phantom Films with partnership from directors Vikramaditya Motwane and Vikas Bahl and producer Madhu Mantena . = = Early life = = Anurag Kashyap was born on 10 September 1972 in Gorakhpur , Uttar Pradesh . His father Prakash Singh worked as a Deputy General Manager at Obra Thermal Power Station in Sonbhadra district near Varanasi . He did his early schooling in Green School Dehradun and , age eight onwards , at the Scindia School in Gwalior . Some of the locations used in Gangs of Wasseypur are also influenced from his own old house where he himself lived with his parents , sister Anubhuti Kashyap and brother , Abhinav Kashyap . Abhinav is also a filmmaker , while his sister Anubhuti has been his assistant in most of his films . Due to Kashyap 's desire to become a scientist , he went to Delhi for his higher studies and enrolled himself into a zoology course at the Hans Raj College ( University of Delhi ) ; he graduated in 1993 . He then eventually joined a street theatre group , Jana Natya Manch ; and did many street plays . The same year , his couple of friends " urged [ him ] to catch a de Sica retrospective " at the International Film Festival of India . In ten days , he saw 55 films at the festival , and Vittorio De Sica 's Bicycle Thieves was the film that influenced him the most . = = Career = = After the de Sica experience , Kashyap arrived in Mumbai in 1993 with INR 5 @,@ 000 in his pocket . Soon the money ran out , and he spent months on the streets , staying in lofts , " sleeping on beaches , " " under a water tank and in the St Xavier 's [ college ] boys hostel . " He then managed to find work at Prithvi Theatre , but his first play remained incomplete because the director died . = = = Writer and director = = = = = = = 1990s = = = = In 1995 , an acquaintance introduced Kashyap to Shivam Nair . The day they met , Kashyap watched Taxi Driver ( 1976 ) at Nair 's place , and the film inspired him to " write something " . The team of Sriram Raghavan , Sridhar Raghavan and Shiv Subramaniam were working on two projects , one of which was a short TV series , Auto Narayan , based on the life of serial killer Auto Shankar ; the second one was a film scripted by Kashyap . Auto Narayan got delayed because the script written by Subramaniam was not " working " . Kashyap rewrote the script , and got credit for the same , but it was scrapped . In 1997 , he wrote the screenplay of Hansal Mehta 's first film , Jayate which failed to find a theatrical release ; and episodes of the TV series Kabhie Kabhie ( 1997 ) . In 1998 , the then struggling actor Manoj Bajpayee suggested his name to Ram Gopal Varma to write a film . Varma liked Kashyap 's Auto Narayan and hired him , alongside Saurabh Shukla to write the script for his crime film , Satya ( 1998 ) . Satya was a critical and commercial success , and is regarded as one of the best films of Indian cinema . He later collaborated with Varma in scripting Kaun ( 1999 ) and writing dialogues for Shool ( 1999 ) . In 1999 , he made a short film , titled Last Train to Mahakali for television . = = = = 2000s = = = = While working with Nair , Kashyap came across files related to the Joshi @-@ Abhyankar serial murders that took place in Pune in 1976 , which became the inspiration for his directorial debut Paanch . A crime thriller about a group of five friends of a rock band who turn into criminals . The film faced trouble with the Central Board of Film Certification because , according to Kashyap : " They felt it wasn 't healthy entertainment because it dealt unapologetically with sex , drugs and misguided , alienated youths " . It was cleared by the Board in 2001 , but remains unreleased due to some problems faced by the producer . In these years , he also wrote dialogues for many films including Paisa Vasool ( 2004 ) , Mani Ratnam 's Yuva ( 2004 ) , the Canadian film Water ( 2005 ) , Main Aisa Hi Hoon ( 2005 ) and Mixed Doubles ( 2006 ) . After a failed attempt to make Allwyn Kalicharan in 2003 , Kashyap started working on Black Friday ( 2007 ) , a film based on the book by Hussain Zaidi about the 1993 Bombay bombings . The Bombay high court put a stay on the release of the film , until the judgement in the bomb blasts case was delivered . It was decided after a petition filed by a group of 1993 bomb blasts accused , challenging the release of the film based on their case . The film got censorship clearance in 2007 , and was released after two years meeting universal acclaim . Nikhat Kazmi gave the film a three star out of five rating and mentioned : " It was indeed a difficult film to make , yet the director has managed to grapple with all the loose threads and put them together in a composite whole . So much so , the film moves like a taut thriller , without ideology colouring the sepia frames . " The same year , Kashyap adapted Stephen King 's short story " Quitters , Inc . " into No Smoking . A surrealistic thriller about a chain @-@ smoker who gets trapped in the maze of a person who guarantees will make him quit smoking . The film starring John Abraham , Ayesha Takia , Ranvir Shorey and Paresh Rawal in the leads with music by Vishal Bhardwaj , premiered at the Rome Film Festival . No Smoking received an overwhelming negative reception and failed at the box @-@ office . CNN @-@ IBN 's Rajeev Masand called it a " colossal disappointment " . His final release of the year was Return of Hanuman , an animation film about adventures of the Hindu god Hanuman . In 2009 , Kashyap had two releases . Dev.D , a contemporary take on Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay 's novel Devdas . It was the twelfth film adaptation of the Bengali novel . Starring Abhay Deol who actually pitched the original idea of the film to Kashyap , with Mahie Gill and newcomer Kalki Koechlin portraying the characters of " Paro " and Chandramukhi respectively . The film met with generally positive reviews and strong box office results . Gulaal , a political drama , was his final release of that year . Kashyap started working on the film in 2005 , and had finished 70 @-@ 80 per cent of the film in 2006 , when its producer fell ill . Later on , Zee Motion Pictures took over the project and was finally finished in 2008 and released on 13 March 2009 . Anupama Chopra gave the film three stars and referred to Kashyap as " the Anti @-@ Yash Chopra " . Despite positive reviews , the film underperformed at the box office . = = = = 2010s = = = = Mumbai Cutting ( 2010 ) , an anthology film , was his next directorial venture . It consisted of eleven short films made by eleven directors . He directed one of the short film , It premiered at the 2008 Indian Film Festival of Los Angeles . In 2011 , Kashyap directed That Girl in Yellow Boots , a thriller starring Kalki Koechlin who also co @-@ wrote the film with him . The film was screened at many festivals including 2010 Toronto International Film Festival , 67th Venice International Film Festival , Indian Film Festival of Los Angeles and the London Indian Film Festival . Shot in thirteen days , the film was released on September 2011 . Roger Ebert gave it 3 @.@ 5 out of 4 stars , praising the character @-@ driven film and the portrayal of its lead alongside the city compared to most Hindi films : " a film like this provides a radically different view of India than you can find in the pleasures and excesses of Bollywood " . In 2012 , Kashyap came up with his ambitious directorial venture Gangs of Wasseypur , which screened at the 2012 Cannes Directors ' Fortnight , London Indian Film Festival , Toronto film festival and the Sundance Film Festival in 2013 . The film with an ensemble cast , was a two @-@ part crime saga centered on the coal mafia of Dhanbad with the story spanning from the early 1940s to 2009 . The first part was released on 22 June , and the second on 8 August 2012 , both receiving appreciation from Indian and international critics alike . The combined budget of the two films allowed it to be a box @-@ office success . In 2013 , Kashyap directed That Day After Everyday , a 20 @-@ minute short @-@ film that was released on YouTube ; starring Radhika Apte , Geetanjali Thapa and Sandhya Mridul . It showed the story of three working women facing troubles everyday , both inside and outside their houses and how they overcome them . Dealing with issues like eve teasing and public molestation , the video got four lakh hits in two days . Speaking about the purpose of the project , Kashyap showed his intension to make people feel angry : " .. the idea was not to offer a solution , just show something to create that feeling " . The same year he teamed up with Dibakar Banerjee , Zoya Akhtar and Karan Johar to direct " Murabba " , one of the four segments of anthology film Bombay Talkies . It was made to celebrate the 100 years of Indian cinema , and was screened at the 2013 Cannes Film Festival . The film did not perform well at the box office , but was well received by critics . His next film was Ugly ( 2014 ) , a thriller about the kidnapping of a struggling actor 's daughter , and the events followed by it . It was screened in the Directors ' Fortnight section at the 2013 Cannes Film Festival , receiving a standing ovation . The film 's theatrical release was halted for over a year regarding censorship issues over depiction of smoking in it . Though it was released on 26 December 2014 to generally positive reviews . Kashyap 's next release was Bombay Velvet ( 2015 ) , a period film set in Bombay in the 1960s , based on Princeton University Historian Gyan Prakash 's book Mumbai Fables . It stars Ranbir Kapoor , Anushka Sharma and Karan Johar . The film was co @-@ edited by the Academy Award winner editor Thelma Schoonmaker , who is known for her collaboration with Martin Scorsese . Released on 15 May 2015 , the film opened to mixed to negative reception ; while critics appreciated its retro @-@ look , performances , styling and music , they criticised its faltered storytelling . It also emerged as a box @-@ office failure . In 2016 , Kashyap co @-@ wrote and directed Raman Raghav 2 @.@ 0 , a thriller based on the notorious serial killer Raman Raghav . It starred Nawazuddin Siddiqui in the title character . The film premiered at the 2016 Sydney Film Festival and the 2016 Cannes Film Festival , in the Director 's Fortnight section to positive response . = = = Producer = = = Kashyap found his production company Anurag Kashyap Films in 2009 , which is managed by Guneet Monga . The companies ' first film was the critical hit Udaan ( 2010 ) , which was screened in the Un Certain Regard category at the 2010 Cannes Film Festival . Since then , he has produced a number of projects including Shaitan ( 2011 ) , Chittagong ( 2012 ) , Aiyyaa ( 2012 ) , Luv Shuv Tey Chicken Khurana ( 2012 ) and Shorts ( 2013 ) . He has also co @-@ produced a number of films that have gone on to film festivals , but are yet to release theatrically , including Michael , Peddlers and Monsoon Shootout . In 2012 , Kashyap produced The Last Act , India 's first collaborative feature film from twelve directors to make ten @-@ minute short films , with each film being a part of a larger story written by him . In 2013 , his company co @-@ produced the critically acclaimed drama The Lunchbox , which was nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best Film Not in the English Language ; along with the biographical drama Shahid . The same year Kashyap , with Viacom 18 Motion Pictures co @-@ produced five short films with the theme of ‘ India is Visual Journey ’ . The short films were Moi Marjaani , Chai , Hidden Cricket , Geek Out and The Epiphany . He also served as the creative director in the Amitabh Bachchan starrer TV series Yudh ( 2014 ) , and subsequently presented two documentary film 's , The World Before Her ( 2012 ) and Katiyabaaz ( 2014 ) . In 2011 Kashyap co @-@ founded his director driven production company Phantom Films with partnership from Vikas Bahl , Vikramaditya Motwane and Madhu Mantena . The companies first film was the period romance Lootera ( 2013 ) , starring Ranveer Singh and Sonakshi Sinha . Based O. Henry 's short story , The Last Leaf , the film was critically acclaimed . He then went on to collaborate with Karan Johar 's Dharma Productions to produce the romantic comedy Hasee Toh Phasee ( 2014 ) . The film starring Parineeti Chopra and Sidharth Malhotra was directed by the debutant Vinil Mathew . Kashyap then co @-@ edited and co @-@ produced the comedy drama Queen , starring Kangana Ranaut . The film was a critical and commercial success , it also won the National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi . In 2015 , Kashyap co @-@ produced Anushka Sharma 's production debut NH10 , and the sex comedy Hunterrr . Both films proved to be a success . Masaan , was Phantom 's fourth release of the year . The film won the FIPRESCI Award and the Promising Future award at the 2015 Cannes Film Festival . The final release of Phantom of 2015 was Shaandaar , which proved to be a box @-@ office flop . In October 2015 , Kashyap teamed up with Ridley Scott and Richie Mehta for Google , as the executive producer for the documentary India in a Day . The project was for people across India to film a snapshot of their day and upload it on Google 's official website . = = = Actor = = = Kashyap has made cameo appearances in his films and those of others , including Black Friday , No Smoking , Tera Kya Hoga Johnny ( 2008 ) , Luck by Chance ( 2009 ) , Dev.D , Gulaal , Soundtrack ( 2011 ) , Trishna ( 2011 ) , Bhoothnath Returns ( 2014 ) , Happy New Year ( 2014 ) and I Am ( 2010 ) , playing a child abuse . The same year , he played a police officer in the short film Encounter ( 2010 ) , co @-@ starring Nimrat Kaur . In 2011 , he made his full @-@ fledged acting debut , playing the antagonist Bunty Bhaiya in Tigmanshu Dhulia 's crime thriller Shagird ( 2011 ) . Kashyap will next be seen portraying the comic role of a lazy police officer in the Nawazuddin Siddiqui @-@ starrer comedy Ghoomketu . As of June 2015 , he is filming for AR Murugadoss 's Akira , starring Sonakshi Sinha ; where he plays the antagonist . = = Awards and honours = = On 20 May 2013 , Kashyap was awarded the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres ( Knight of the Order of Arts and Letters ) by the French government at 2013 Cannes Film Festival , when India was the guest country of the festival to commemorate 100 years of Indian cinema . He has also served as one of the jury members at many film festivals including the 2009 Venice Film Festival , 2013 Sundance Film Festival , 13th Marrakech Film Festival , and the 20th Busan International Film Festival . In 2016 , Kashyap was awarded with Yash Bharti award by the Government of Uttar Pradesh for his contribution in the field of cinema . In 1999 , Kashyap shared the Screen Award for Best Screenplay , along with Saurabh Shukla for Satya . The next year , his short film Last Train to Mahakali won the Special Jury Award at the same awards . His feature film debut Black Friday won the Grand Jury Prize at the 3rd Annual Indian Film Festival of Los Angeles , and was a nominee for the " Golden Leopard " ( Best Film ) at the 57th Locarno International Film Festival . In 2011 , Kashyap shared the Best Story and Best Screenplay Award at the 56th Filmfare Awards with Vikramaditya Motwane for Udaan . The next year he shared the Filmfare Award for Best Dialogue with Zeishan Quadri , Sachin Ladia and Akhilesh Jaiswal for Gangs of Wasseypur at the 58th Filmfare Awards ; the film also won the Critics Award Best Movie at the same award show . At the 60th Filmfare Awards , Kashyap won the Filmfare Award for Best Editing with Abhijit Kokate for Queen . = = Style , themes and influences = = Kashyap is regarded as an auteur and postmodern filmmaker . While promoting Bombay Talkies in Anupama Chopra 's show , Dibakar Banerjee described Kashyap 's aesthetics as " purely new age or purely Indian " ; projecting " modern post independence India " in his films . He prefers shooting on real locations by employing guerrilla @-@ filmmaking techniques with hidden cameras , and often makes his actors improvise their dialogues on set . In Ugly , he did not show the script to any of the lead actors . He frequently uses hand @-@ held camera and experimental soundtracks . Film maker Zoya Akhtar wrote : " He has a very strong storytelling style and he proved that you could tell a great story with not a lot of money . " Actor Ranbir Kapoor added , " He 's very sensitive to actors , to performances and very attached to his cinema . All his films may not be big money spinners but the impact Anurag has , his contribution to Indian cinema , is immense . " The protagonists of his films often deal with excessive drug , smoke or alcohol consumption , personal guilt , extreme rage and arrogance which leads them into self @-@ shattering situations . Often portrays small but strong female characters . Most of his films deal with realistic scenarios and take clues from real incidents . Like the 1976 @-@ 77 Joshi @-@ Abhyankar serial murders reference in Paanch , the 1993 Mumbai bombing in Black Friday , the 1999 Delhi hit @-@ and @-@ run case and DPS MMS Scandal in Dev.D and the depiction of real life gang wars in Gangs of Wasseypur . Ugly came from his " personal guilt " of not spending enough time with his daughter and the fear of losing her . With several real @-@ life incidents like IAS officer whose wife filed a case of brutality against him . A song " Sylvia " in Bombay Velvet was named after the Nanavati case , where Sylvia Nanavati was K. M. Nanavati 's wife . Kashyap 's work inspired British director Danny Boyle , who has cited Black Friday and Satya as the inspirations for his Academy Award @-@ winning film Slumdog Millionaire ( 2008 ) . Boyle stated that a chase in one of the opening scenes of Slumdog Millionaire was based on a " 12 @-@ minute police chase through the crowded Dharavi slum " in Black Friday . He also described Satya 's " slick , often mesmerizing " portrayal of the Mumbai underworld , which included gritty and realistic " brutality and urban violence , " directly influenced the portrayal of the Mumbai underworld in Slumdog Millionaire . = = Personal life = = Kashyap serves as the Member of board of the NGO , Aangan , which helps protect vulnerable children around India . He was first married to film editor Aarti Bajaj with whom he had a daughter . They divorced in 2009 . He later married actress Kalki Koechlin , whom he first met during the making of Dev D , at her maternal home in Ooty . In 2013 , Kashyap and Kalki announced that : " they are taking time apart from their more than two @-@ year @-@ old marriage . " In May 2015 , they were divorced at the Bandra family court in Mumbai . When asked about his religious views , Kashyap replied : " I am an atheist . Cinema is the only religion I believe in . " = = Filmography = = Directed features :
= Sgt. Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band = Sgt. Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band is the eighth studio album by the English rock band the Beatles . Released on 1 June 1967 , it was an immediate commercial and critical success , spending 27 weeks at the top of the albums chart in the United Kingdom and 15 weeks at number one in the United States . Time magazine declared it " a historic departure in the progress of music " and the New Statesman praised its elevation of pop to the level of fine art . It won four Grammy Awards in 1968 , including Album of the Year , the first rock LP to receive this honour . In August 1966 , the Beatles permanently retired from touring and began a three @-@ month holiday from recording . During a return flight to London in November , Paul McCartney had an idea for a song involving an Edwardian era military band that would eventually form the impetus of the Sgt. Pepper concept . Sessions for what was to become the Beatles ' eighth studio album began on 24 November in Abbey Road Studio Two with two compositions inspired from their youth , " Strawberry Fields Forever " and " Penny Lane " , but after pressure from EMI , the songs were released as a double A @-@ side single and were not included on the album . In February 1967 , after recording " Sgt. Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band " , McCartney suggested that the Beatles should release an entire album that would represent a performance by the fictional Sgt. Pepper band . This alter ego group would give them the freedom to experiment musically . During the recording sessions , the band endeavoured to improve upon the production quality of their prior releases . Knowing they would not have to perform the tracks live , they adopted an experimental approach to composition , writing songs such as " With a Little Help from My Friends " , " Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds " and " A Day in the Life " . Producer George Martin 's innovative recording of the album included the liberal application of sound shaping signal processing and the use of a 40 @-@ piece orchestra performing aleatoric crescendos . Recording was completed on 21 April 1967 . The cover , depicting the band posing in front of a tableau of celebrities and historical figures , was designed by the British pop artists Peter Blake and Jann Haworth . Sgt. Pepper is regarded by musicologists as an early concept album that advanced the use of extended form in popular music while continuing the artistic maturation seen on the Beatles ' preceding releases . It has been described as one of the first art rock LPs , aiding the development of progressive rock , and credited with marking the beginning of the Album Era . An important work of British psychedelia , the album incorporates a range of stylistic influences , including vaudeville , circus , music hall , avant @-@ garde , and Western and Indian classical music . In 2003 , the Library of Congress placed Sgt. Pepper in the National Recording Registry , honouring the work as " culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant " . That same year , Rolling Stone magazine ranked it number one in its list of the " 500 Greatest Albums of All Time " . As of 2011 , it has sold more than 32 million copies worldwide , making it one of the best @-@ selling albums in history . Professor Kevin J. Dettmar , writing in the Oxford Encyclopedia of British Literature , described it as " the most important and influential rock and roll album ever recorded " . = = Background = = By 1966 , the Beatles had grown weary of live performance . In John Lennon 's opinion , they could " send out four waxworks ... and that would satisfy the crowds . Beatles concerts are nothing to do with music anymore . They 're just bloody tribal rites . " In June , two days after finishing the album Revolver , the group set off for a tour that started in Germany . While in Hamburg they received an anonymous telegram stating : " Do not go to Tokyo . Your life is in danger " . The threat was taken seriously in light of the controversy surrounding the tour among Japan 's religious and conservative groups , with particular opposition to the Beatles ' planned performances at the sacred Nippon Budokan arena . As an added precaution , 35 @,@ 000 police were mobilised and tasked with protecting the group , who were transported from hotels to concert venues in armoured vehicles . The polite and restrained Japanese audiences shocked the band , because the absence of screaming fans allowed them to hear how poor their live performances had become . By the time that they arrived in the Philippines , where they were threatened and manhandled by its citizens for not visiting the First Lady Imelda Marcos , the group had grown unhappy with their manager , Brian Epstein , for insisting on what they regarded as an exhausting and demoralising itinerary . After their return to London , George Harrison replied to a question about their long @-@ term plans : " We 'll take a couple of weeks to recuperate before we go and get beaten up by the Americans . " His comments would prove prophetic , as soon afterwards Lennon 's remarks about the Beatles being " more popular than Jesus " embroiled the band in controversy and protest in America 's Bible Belt . A public apology eased tensions , but a miserable US tour in August that was marked by half @-@ filled stadiums and subpar performances proved to be their last . The author Nicholas Schaffner writes : To the Beatles , playing such concerts had become a charade so remote from the new directions they were pursuing that not a single tune was attempted from the just @-@ released Revolver LP , whose arrangements were for the most part impossible to reproduce with the limitations imposed by their two @-@ guitars @-@ bass @-@ and @-@ drums stage lineup . Upon the Beatles ' return to England , rumours began to circulate that they had decided to break up . Harrison informed Epstein that he was leaving the band , but was persuaded to stay on the assurance that there would be no more tours . The group then took a seven @-@ week holiday , during which they focused on individual interests . Harrison travelled to India for six weeks to study the sitar under the instruction of Ravi Shankar , in addition to developing his interest in Hindu philosophy . Having been the last of the Beatles to concede that their live performances had become futile , Paul McCartney collaborated with George Martin on the soundtrack for the film The Family Way . Lennon acted in the film How I Won the War and attended art showings , such as one at the Indica Gallery where he met his future wife Yoko Ono . Ringo Starr used the break to spend more time with his wife Maureen and son Zak . = = Concept and inspiration = = In November 1966 , during a return flight to London from Kenya , where he had been on holiday with Beatles tour manager Mal Evans , McCartney had an idea for a song that eventually formed the impetus of the Sgt. Pepper concept . His idea involved an Edwardian @-@ era military band , for which Evans invented a name in the style of contemporary San Francisco @-@ based groups such as Big Brother and the Holding Company and Quicksilver Messenger Service . In February 1967 , McCartney suggested that the Beatles should record an entire album that would represent a performance by the fictional band . This alter ego group would give them the freedom to experiment musically . He explained : " I thought , let 's not be ourselves . Let 's develop alter egos . " Martin remembered : " Sergeant Pepper " itself didn 't appear until halfway through making the album . It was Paul 's song , just an ordinary rock number ... but when we had finished it , Paul said , " Why don 't we make the album as though the Pepper band really existed , as though Sergeant Pepper was making the record ? We 'll dub in effects and things . " I loved the idea , and from that moment on it was as though Pepper had a life of its own . In 1966 , the American musician and bandleader Brian Wilson 's growing interest in the aesthetics of recording and his admiration for both record producer Phil Spector 's Wall of Sound and the Beatles ' album Rubber Soul resulted in the Beach Boys ' Pet Sounds LP , which demonstrated his production expertise and his mastery of composition and arrangement . The author Thomas MacFarlane credits the release with influencing many musicians of the time , with McCartney in particular singing its praises and drawing inspiration to " expand the focus of the Beatles ' work with sounds and textures not usually associated with popular music " . McCartney thought that his constant playing of the album made it difficult for Lennon to " escape the influence " , adding : " It 's very cleverly done ... so we were inspired by it and nicked a few ideas . " Martin stated : " Without Pet Sounds , Sgt. Pepper never would have happened ... Pepper was an attempt to equal Pet Sounds . " Freak Out ! by the Mothers of Invention has also been cited as having influenced Sgt. Pepper . According to the author Philip Norman , during the Sgt. Pepper recording sessions McCartney repeatedly stated : " This is our Freak Out ! " The music journalist Chet Flippo states that McCartney was inspired to record a concept album after hearing Freak Out ! , considered the first rock concept album . = = Recording and production = = According to the musicologist Walter Everett , Sgt. Pepper marks the beginning of McCartney 's ascendancy as the Beatles ' dominant creative force . He wrote more than half of the album 's material while asserting increasing control over the recording of his compositions . He would from this point on provide the artistic direction for the group 's releases . Sessions began on 24 November 1966 in Abbey Road Studio Two , the first time that the Beatles had come together since September . Afforded the luxury of a nearly limitless recording budget , they booked open @-@ ended sessions that allowed them to work as late as they wanted . They began with three songs that were thematically linked to their childhoods : " Strawberry Fields Forever " , " When I 'm Sixty @-@ Four " and " Penny Lane " . The first session saw the introduction of a new keyboard instrument called the Mellotron , the keys of which triggered tape @-@ recordings of a variety of instruments , enabling its user to play keyboard parts using those voices . McCartney performed the introduction to " Strawberry Fields Forever " using the flute setting . The track 's complicated production involved the innovative splicing of two takes that were recorded in different tempos and pitches . Emerick remembers that during the recording of Revolver , " we had got used to being asked to do the impossible , and we knew that the word ' no ' didn 't exist in the Beatles ' vocabulary . " In Martin 's opinion , Sgt. Pepper " grew naturally out of Revolver " , marking " an era of almost continuous technological experimentation " . " Strawberry Fields Forever " and " Penny Lane " were subsequently released as a double A @-@ side in February 1967 after EMI and Epstein pressured Martin for a single . When it failed to reach number one in the UK , British press agencies speculated that the group 's run of success might have ended , with headlines such as " Beatles Fail to Reach the Top " , " First Time in Four Years " and " Has the Bubble Burst ? " After its release , at Epstein 's insistence the single tracks were not included on the LP . Martin later described the decision to drop these two songs as " the biggest mistake of my professional life " . Nonetheless , in his judgment , " Strawberry Fields Forever " , which he and the band spent an unprecedented 55 hours of studio time recording , " set the agenda for the whole album " . He explained : " It was going to be a record ... [ with songs that ] couldn 't be performed live : they were designed to be studio productions and that was the difference . " McCartney 's goal was to make the best Beatles album yet , declaring : " Now our performance is that record . " On 6 December 1966 , the group began work on " When I 'm Sixty @-@ Four " , the first track that would be included on the album . Sgt. Pepper was recorded using four @-@ track equipment . Although eight @-@ track tape recorders were available in the US , the first units were not operational in commercial studios in London until late 1967 . As with previous Beatles albums , the Sgt. Pepper recordings made extensive use of the technique known as reduction mixing , in which one to four tracks from one recorder are mixed and dubbed down onto a master four @-@ track machine , enabling the Abbey Road engineers to give the group a virtual multitrack studio . EMI 's Studer J37 four @-@ track machines were well suited to reduction mixing , as the high quality of the recordings that they produced minimised the increased noise associated with the process . Preferring to overdub his bass part last , McCartney tended to play other instruments when recording a song 's backing track . This approach afforded him the extra time required to write and record melodic basslines that complemented the song 's final arrangement . When recording the orchestra for " A Day in the Life " , Martin synchronised a four @-@ track recorder playing the Beatles ' backing track to another one taping the orchestral overdub . The engineer Ken Townsend devised a method for accomplishing this by using a 50 Hz control signal between the two machines . A key feature of Sgt. Pepper is Martin and Emerick 's liberal use of signal processing to shape the sound of the recording , which included the application of dynamic range compression , reverberation and signal limiting . Relatively new modular effects units were used , such as running voices and instruments through a Leslie speaker . Several innovative production techniques feature prominently on the recordings , including direct injection , pitch control and ambiophonics . Another is automatic double tracking ( ADT ) , a system that uses tape recorders to create a simultaneous doubling of a sound . Although it had long been recognised that using multitrack tape to record doubled lead vocals produced an enhanced sound , before ADT it had been necessary to record such vocal tracks twice , a task that was both tedious and exacting . ADT was invented by Townsend during the Revolver sessions in 1966 especially for the Beatles , who disliked tracking sessions and regularly expressed a desire for a technical solution to the problem . The process soon became a common recording practice in popular music . Martin playfully explained to Lennon that his voice had been " treated with a double vibrocated sploshing flange ... It doubles your voice , John . " Lennon realised that Martin was joking , but from that point on he referred to the effect as flanging , a label that was universally adopted by the music industry . Another important effect was varispeeding . Martin cites " Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds " as having the most variations of tape speed on Sgt. Pepper . During the recording of Lennon 's vocals , the tape speed was reduced from 50 cycles per second to 45 , which produced a higher and thinner @-@ sounding track when played back at the normal speed . In an effort to get the right sound , the Beatles attempted numerous re @-@ takes of " Getting Better " . When the decision was made to re @-@ record the basic track , Starr was summoned to the studio , but called off soon afterwards as the focus switched from rhythm to vocal tracking . For the album 's title track , " Sgt. Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band " , the recording of Starr 's drum kit was enhanced by the use of damping and close @-@ miking . The musicologist Ian MacDonald credits the new recording technique with creating a " three @-@ dimensional " sound that – along with other Beatles innovations – engineers in the US would soon adopt as standard practice . McCartney played a grand piano on " A Day in the Life " and a Lowrey organ on " Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds " , while Martin played a Hohner Pianet on " Getting Better " , a harpsichord on " Fixing a Hole " and a harmonium on " Being for the Benefit of Mr. Kite ! " While Harrison 's role as lead guitarist was limited during the sessions , Everett considers that " his contribution to the album is strong in several ways . " In addition to providing sitar on his composition " Within You Without You " , Harrison played tamboura on several tracks , including " Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds " and " Getting Better " . According to Barry Miles , Lennon resented McCartney 's direction of the band as well as how , aside from " Strawberry Fields Forever " , he himself was now supplying " songs to order " rather than " writing from the heart " as he had on Revolver . Everett describes Starr as having been " largely bored " during the sessions , with the drummer later lamenting : " The biggest memory I have of Sgt. Pepper ... is I learned to play chess " . Speaking in 2000 , Harrison said he had little interest in McCartney 's concept of a fictitious group and that , after his experiences in India , " my heart was still out there … I was losing interest in being ' fab ' at that point . " Harrison added that , having enjoyed recording Rubber Soul and Revolver , he disliked how the group 's approach on Sgt. Pepper became " an assembly process " whereby , " A lot of the time it ended up with just Paul playing the piano and Ringo keeping the tempo , and we weren 't allowed to play as a band as much . " Sgt. Pepper was the first pop album to be mastered without the momentary gaps that are typically placed between tracks as a point of demarcation . It made use of two crossfades that blended songs together , giving the impression of a continuous live performance . Although both stereo and monaural mixes of the album were prepared , the Beatles were minimally involved in what they regarded as the less important stereo mix sessions , leaving the task to Martin and Emerick . Emerick recalls : " We spent three weeks on the mono mixes and maybe three days on the stereo . " He estimates that they spent 700 hours on the LP , more than 30 times that of the first Beatles album , Please Please Me , which cost £ 400 to produce . The final cost of Sgt. Pepper was approximately £ 25 @,@ 000 . The album was completed on 21 April 1967 with the recording of random noises and voices that were included on the run @-@ out groove along with a high @-@ pitched tone , inaudible to human ears , that could be heard by dogs . = = Music and lyrics = = Sgt. Pepper , according to American musicologist Allan F. Moore , is composed mainly of rock and pop music , while Michael Hannan and Naphtali Wagner both believed it is an album of various genres ; Hannan said it features " a broad variety of musical and theatrical genres " . According to Hannan and Wagner , the music incorporates the stylistic influences of rock and roll , vaudeville , big band , piano jazz , blues , chamber , circus , music hall , avant @-@ garde , and Western and Indian classical music . Wagner felt the album 's music reconciles the " diametrically opposed aesthetic ideals " of classical and psychedelia , achieving a " psycheclassical synthesis " of the two forms . Concerns that some of the lyrics in Sgt. Pepper refer to recreational drug use led to the BBC banning several songs from British radio , such as " A Day in the Life " because of the phrase " I 'd love to turn you on " , with the BBC claiming that it could " encourage a permissive attitude towards drug @-@ taking . " Although Lennon and McCartney denied any drug @-@ related interpretation of the song at the time , McCartney later suggested that the line was deliberately written to ambiguously refer to either illicit drugs or sexual activity . The meaning of " Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds " became the subject of speculation , as many believed that the song 's title was code for the hallucinogenic drug LSD . The BBC banned the track on those grounds . They also banned " Being for the Benefit of Mr. Kite ! " because of the lyric , which mentions " Henry the Horse " , a phrase that contains two common slang terms for heroin . Fans speculated that Henry the Horse was a drug dealer and " Fixing a Hole " was a reference to heroin use . Others noted lyrics such as " I get high " from " With a Little Help from My Friends " , " take some tea " – slang for cannabis use – from " Lovely Rita " and " digging the weeds " from " When I 'm Sixty @-@ Four " . The author Sheila Whiteley attributes Sgt. Pepper 's underlying philosophy not only to the drug culture , but also to metaphysics and the non @-@ violent approach of the flower power movement . The musicologist Oliver Julien views the album as an embodiment of " the social , the musical , and more generally , the cultural changes of the 1960s " . The American psychologist and counterculture figure Timothy Leary contends that the LP " gave a voice to the feeling that the old ways were over ... it came along at the right time " and stressed the need for cultural change based on a peaceful agenda . The album 's primary value , according to Moore , is its ability to " capture , more vividly than almost anything contemporaneous , its own time and place " . Whiteley agrees , crediting the album with " provid [ ing ] a historical snapshot of England during the run @-@ up to the Summer of Love " . Several scholars have applied a hermeneutic strategy to their analysis of Sgt. Pepper 's lyrics , identifying loss of innocence and the dangers of overindulgence in fantasies or illusions as the most prominent themes . = = Songs = = = = = Side one = = = Sgt. Pepper opens with the title track , starting with 10 seconds of the combined sounds of a pit orchestra warming up and an audience waiting for a concert , introducing the illusion of the album as a live performance . The musicologist Kenneth Womack describes the lyric as " a revolutionary moment in the creative life of the Beatles " that bridges the gap – sometimes referred to as the Fourth wall – between the audience and the artist . He argues that , paradoxically , the lyrics " exemplify the mindless rhetoric of rock concert banter " while " mock [ ing ] the very notion of a pop album 's capacity for engendering authentic interconnection between artist and audience " . In his view , the mixed message ironically serves to distance the group from their fans while simultaneously " gesturing toward " them as alter egos , an authorial quality that he considers to be " the song 's most salient feature " . He credits the recording 's use of a brass ensemble with distorted electric guitars as an early example of rock fusion . MacDonald agrees , describing the track as an overture rather than a song , and a " shrewd fusion of Edwardian variety orchestra " and contemporary hard rock . The musicologist Michael Hannan describes the track 's unorthodox stereo mix as " typical of the album " , with the lead vocal in the right speaker during the verses , but in the left during the chorus and middle eight . " Sgt. Pepper " was the first Beatles track that benefitted from the production technique known as direct injection , which according to Womack " afforded McCartney 's bass with richer textures and tonal clarity " . The song 's arrangement utilises a rock and roll orientated Lydian mode chord progression during the introduction and verses that is built on parallel sevenths , which Everett describes as " the song 's strength " . The five @-@ bar bridge is filled by an Edwardian horn quartet that Martin arranged from a McCartney vocal melody . The track turns to the pentatonic scale for the chorus , where its blues rock progression is augmented by the use of electric guitar power chords played in consecutive fifths . McCartney acts as the master of ceremonies near the end of the " Sgt. Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band " track , introducing Starr as an alter ego named Billy Shears . The song then segues into " With a Little Help from My Friends " amidst a moment of crowd cheer that Martin had recorded during a Beatles concert at the Hollywood Bowl . Womack describes Starr 's baritone lead vocals as " charmingly sincere " and he credits them with imparting an element of " earnestness in sharp contrast with the ironic distance of the title track " . Lennon and McCartney 's call and response backing vocals ask Starr questions about the meaning of friendship and true love . In MacDonald 's opinion , the lyric is " at once communal and personal ... touchingly rendered by Starr [ and ] meant as a gesture of inclusivity ; everyone could join in . " Womack agrees , identifying " necessity of community " as the song 's " central ethical tenet " , a theme that he ascribes to the album as a whole . Everett notes the track 's use of a major key double @-@ plagal cadence that would become commonplace in pop music following the release of Sgt. Pepper . He characterises the arrangement as clever , particularly its reversal of the question and answer relationship in the final verse , in which the backing singers ask leading questions and Starr provides unequivocal answers . The song ends on a vocal high note that McCartney , Harrison and Lennon encouraged Starr to achieve despite his lack of confidence as a singer . Despite widespread suspicion that the title of " Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds " contained a hidden reference to LSD , Lennon insisted that it was derived from a pastel drawing by his four @-@ year @-@ old son Julian . A hallucinatory chapter from Lewis Carroll 's 1871 novel , Through the Looking @-@ Glass , inspired the song 's atmosphere . McCartney confirms the existence of the drawing and Carroll 's influence on the track , noting that although the title 's apparent drug reference was unintentional , the lyrics were purposefully written for a psychedelic song . The first verse begins with what Womack characterises as " an invitation in the form of an imperative " through the line : " Picture yourself in a boat on a river " , and continues with imaginative imagery , including " tangerine trees " , " rocking horse people " and " newspaper taxis " . Martin describes the introduction 's melody , which he regards as " crucial to the staying power of the song " , as " a falling scale in the left hand , a rocking scale in the right " . In his opinion , the verse might have sounded monotonous if not for the juxtaposition " of that almost @-@ single @-@ note vocal against the inspired introductory notes " , which he describes as " mesmeric , compelling " . In Womack 's view , with the merging of Lennon 's lyrics and McCartney 's Lowrey organ introduction " the Beatles achieve their most vivid instance of musical timbre " . The musicologist Tim Riley identifies the track as a moment " in the album , [ where ] the material world is completely clouded in the mythical by both text and musical atmosphere " . According to MacDonald , " the lyric explicitly recreates the psychedelic experience " . MacDonald considers " Getting Better " to contain " the most ebullient performance " on Sgt. Pepper . Womack credits the track 's " driving rock sound " with distinguishing it from the album 's overtly psychedelic material ; its lyrics inspire the listener " to usurp the past by living well and flourishing in the present " . He cites it as a strong example of Lennon and McCartney 's collaborative songwriting , particularly Lennon 's addition of the line " couldn 't get no worse " , which serves as a " sarcastic rejoinder " to McCartney 's chorus : " It 's getting better all the time " . McCartney describes Lennon 's lyric as " sardonic " and " against the spirit of the song " , which he characterises as " typical John " . MacDonald characterises the beginning of the track as " blithely unorthodox " , with two staccato guitars – one panned left and one right – playing the dominant against the subdominant of an F major ninth chord , with the tonic C resolving as the verse begins . The dominant , which acts as a drone , is reinforced through the use of octaves played on a bass guitar and plucked on piano strings . McCartney 's bass line accents non @-@ roots on the recording 's downbeat . Womack interprets the lyric to " Fixing a Hole " as " the speaker 's search for identity among the crowd " , in particular the " quests for consciousness and connection " that differentiate individuals from society as a whole . MacDonald characterises it as a " distracted and introverted track " , during which McCartney forgoes his " usual smooth design " in favour of " something more preoccupied " . He cites Harrison 's electric guitar solo as serving the track well , capturing its mood by conveying detachment . McCartney drew inspiration for the song in part from his work restoring a Scottish farmhouse . Womack notes his adaptation of the lyric " a hole in the roof where the rain leaks in " from Elvis Presley 's " We 're Gonna Move " . The song deals with McCartney 's desire to let his mind wander freely and to express his creativity without the burden of self @-@ conscious insecurities . In Everett 's view , the lyrics to " She 's Leaving Home " address the problem of alienation " between disagreeing peoples " , particularly those distanced from each other by the generation gap . McCartney 's " descriptive narration " , which details the plight of a " lonely girl " who escapes the control of her " selfish yet well @-@ meaning parents " , was inspired by a piece about teenage runaways published by the Daily Mail . It is the first track on Sgt. Pepper that eschews the use of guitars and drums , featuring a string nonet with a harp and drawing comparison with " Yesterday " and " Eleanor Rigby " , which utilise a string quartet and octet respectively . While Richard Goldstein 's 1967 review in The New York Times characterises the song as uninspiring , MacDonald identifies the track as one of the two best on the album . Moore notes that the writers judge the work from " opposing criteria " , with Goldstein opining during the dawn of the counterculture of the 1960s whereas MacDonald – writing in 1995 – is " intensely aware of [ the movement 's ] failings " . Lennon adapted the lyric for " Being for the Benefit of Mr. Kite ! " from an 1843 poster for Pablo Fanque 's circus that he purchased at an antique shop in Kent on the day of filming the promotional film for " Strawberry Fields Forever " . Womack praises the track 's successful blending of a print source and music : " The interpretive power of the mixed @-@ media application accrues its meaning through the musical production with which the group imbues the Ur @-@ text of the poster . " MacDonald notes Lennon 's request for a " fairground production wherein one could smell the sawdust " , an atmosphere that Martin and Emerick attempted to create with a sound collage that comprised randomly assembled recordings of harmoniums , harmonicas and calliopes . MacDonald describes the song as " a spontaneous expression of its author 's playful hedonism " . Everett thinks that the track 's use of Edwardian imagery thematically links it with the album 's opening number . = = = Side two = = = After Martin decided that " Only a Northern Song " was not good enough for inclusion on Sgt. Pepper , Harrison wrote the Hindustani classical music @-@ inspired " Within You Without You " . MacDonald describes the track as an " ambitious essay in cross @-@ cultural fusion and meditative philosophy " that most commentators dismiss as boring , with critics characterising the music as lacking " harmonic interest " and the lyric as " sanctimonious ... didactic and dated " . Moore defends the recording 's reliance on melody at the expense of harmony as an entirely appropriate musical attribute for the genre . He characterises the critical response as " extremely varied " , noting that Goldstein identifies the track as one of the album 's highlights and others see it as an apt summary of the material from the first side . MacDonald regards the song as a " distant departure " from the Beatles ' sound and a " remarkable achievement " that represents the " conscience " of the LP . Womack agrees , calling it " quite arguably , the album 's ethical soul " . Maximising the recording 's " capacity for expressiveness " , the track features a tempo rubato that is without precedent in the Beatles ' catalogue . The pitch is derived from the eastern Khamaj scale , which is akin to the Mixolydian mode in the West . The track ends with a burst of laughter that some listeners interpret as a mockery of the song , but Harrison explains : " Well , after all that long Indian stuff you want some light relief . It 's a release after five minutes of sad music ... You were supposed to hear the audience anyway , as they listen to Sergeant Pepper 's Show . That was the style of the album . " Martin used the moment of levity as a segue for what he describes as the album 's " jokey track " – " When I 'm Sixty @-@ Four " . MacDonald characterises McCartney 's " When I 'm Sixty @-@ Four " as a song " aimed chiefly at parents " , borrowing heavily from the English music hall style of George Formby , while invoking images of the illustrator Donald McGill 's " seaside postcards " . Its sparse arrangement includes chimes , clarinet and piano . MacDonald notes that the track receives a " cool reception " from most younger listeners , and Everett singles it out as a case of McCartney 's " penchant for the audience @-@ charming vaudeville ... that Lennon detested " . Moore characterises the song as a synthesis of ragtime and pop , noting that its position following " Within You Without You " – a blend of Indian classical music and pop – demonstrates the diversity of the album 's material . McCartney asked that the clarinets be arranged " in a classical way " , which according to Martin " got ... round the lurking schmaltz factor ... [ and ] gave added bite to the song , a formality that pushed it firmly towards satire " . MacDonald notes that the song 's inclusion amidst Sgt. Pepper 's " multi @-@ layered psychedelic textures ... provid [ es ] a down @-@ to @-@ earth interlude " . Moore credits Martin 's clarinet arrangement and Starr 's use of brushes with establishing the music hall atmosphere , which is reinforced by McCartney 's vocal delivery and the recording 's use of chromaticism , a harmonic pattern that can be traced to Scott Joplin 's " The Ragtime Dance " and The Blue Danube by Johann Strauss . Varispeeding was used on the track , raising the music 's pitch by a semitone in an attempt to make McCartney sound younger . Everett notes that the lyric 's protagonist is sometimes associated with the Lonely Hearts Club Band , but in his opinion the song is thematically unconnected to the others on the album . Womack characterises " Lovely Rita " as a work of " full @-@ tilt psychedelia " that contrasts sharply with the preceding track . He identifies the song as an example of McCartney 's talent for " creating imagistic musical portraiture " , but considers it to be among the album 's weakest offerings , presaging what he describes as the " less effectual compositions " that the Beatles would record post @-@ Sgt. Pepper . In his view , " the song accomplishes little in the way of advancing the album 's journey toward a more expansive human consciousness " . Despite his reservations , he considers the track to be " irresistibly charming " . Moore agrees , describing the composition as a " throwaway " while praising what he characterises as its " strong sense of harmonic direction " . MacDonald describes the song as a " satire on authority " that is " imbued with an exuberant interest in life that lifts the spirits , dispersing self @-@ absorption " . " Good Morning Good Morning " was inspired by a television commercial for Kellogg 's Corn Flakes , from which Lennon adapted a jingle as the song 's refrain . The track utilises the bluesy mixolydian mode in A , which Everett credits with " perfectly express [ ing ] Lennon 's grievance against complacency " . Lennon regarded the song as " a throwaway piece of garbage " , and McCartney viewed it as Lennon 's reaction to the frustrations of domestic life . Womack praises the song 's varied time signatures , including 5 / 4 , 3 / 4 and 4 / 4 , calling it a " masterpiece of electrical energy " . MacDonald notes Starr 's " fine performance " and McCartney 's " coruscating pseudo @-@ Indian guitar solo " , which he credits with delivering the track 's climax . A series of animal noises are heard during the fade @-@ out that are sequenced – at Lennon 's request – so that each successive animal is large enough to devour the preceding one . Martin spliced the sound of a chicken clucking at the end of the track to overlap with a guitar being tuned in the next one , making a seamless transition between the two songs . " Sgt. Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band ( Reprise ) " serves as a bookend for the album and a segue to its finale . The hard @-@ rocking song was written after the Beatles ' assistant , Neil Aspinall , suggested that since " Sgt. Pepper " opened the album , the fictional band should make an appearance near the end . The reprise omits the brass section from the title track and features a faster tempo . MacDonald notes the Beatles ' apparent excitement , which is tangibly translated during the recording . As the last chord of the " Sgt. Pepper " reprise plays , an acoustic guitar strumming offbeat quavers begins , introducing what Moore describes as " one of the most harrowing songs ever written " . " A Day in the Life " consists of four verses by Lennon , a bridge , two aleatoric orchestral crescendos and an interpolated middle part written and sung by McCartney . The first crescendo serves as a segue between the third verse and the middle part , leading to a bridge known as the " dream sequence " , which features Lennon 's vocalisations . In Martin 's opinion , the " vocal wailings " , which are treated with tape echo and slowly panned from right to left and back again before suddenly ending in the left speaker , contribute to the song 's " reception as a ' marijuana dream ' " . The accompanying brass section loudly indicates the end of the sequence and the start of the fourth and final verse , after which the song enters the last crescendo before finishing with a piano chord that is allowed to fade out for nearly a minute . The idea to use an orchestra was McCartney 's ; he drew inspiration from the avant @-@ garde composers John Cage and Karlheinz Stockhausen . The 24 @-@ bar crescendos feature forty musicians selected from the London and Royal Philharmonic Orchestras and tasked with filling the space with what Womack describes as " the sound of pure apocalypse " . Martin notes Lennon 's request for " a tremendous build @-@ up , from nothing up to something absolutely like the end of the world " . Lennon recalled drawing inspiration for the lyrics from a newspaper : " I was writing the song with the Daily Mail propped up in front of me at the piano ... there was a paragraph about 4000 [ pot ] holes in Blackburn , Lancashire " . He strongly disliked the sound of his own voice and often asked for generous amounts of tape echo to be added to his vocal in an effort to bury it deep in the mix . For " A Day in the Life " , he wanted his voice to sound like Elvis Presley on " Heartbreak Hotel " . Martin and Emerick obliged by adding 90 milliseconds of echo . Womack describes Starr 's performance as " one of his most inventive drum parts on record " , a part that McCartney encouraged him to attempt despite his protests against " flashy drumming " . The thunderous piano chord that concludes the track and the album was produced by recording Lennon , Starr , McCartney and Evans simultaneously sounding an E major chord on three separate pianos ; Martin then augmented the sound with a harmonium . Riley characterises the song as a " postlude to the Pepper fantasy ... that sets all the other songs in perspective " , while shattering the illusion of " Pepperland " by introducing the " parallel universe of everyday life " . MacDonald describes the track as " a song not of disillusionment with life itself , but of disenchantment with the limits of mundane perception " . According to him , it " remains among the most penetrating and innovative artistic reflections of its era " , representing the Beatles ' " finest single achievement " . As " A Day in the Life " ends , a 15 @-@ kilohertz high @-@ frequency tone is heard ; it was added at Lennon 's suggestion with the intention that it would annoy dogs . This is followed by the sounds of backwards laughter and random gibberish that was pressed into the record 's concentric run @-@ out groove , which loops back into itself endlessly on any record player not equipped with an automatic needle return . Lennon can be heard saying , " been so high " , followed by McCartney 's response : " never could be any other way " . = = Cover artwork = = Sgt. Pepper 's album cover was designed by the pop artists Peter Blake and Jann Haworth from an ink drawing by McCartney . It was art @-@ directed by Robert Fraser and photographed by Michael Cooper . The front of the LP included a colourful collage featuring the Beatles in costume as the Sgt. Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band , standing with a group of life @-@ sized cardboard cut @-@ outs of famous people . Each of the Beatles sported a heavy moustache , after Harrison had first grown one as a disguise during his visit to India . The moustaches reflected the growing influence of hippie style trends , while the group 's clothing " spoofed the vogue in Britain for military fashions " , writes the Beatles biographer Jonathan Gould . The centre of the cover depicts the Beatles standing behind a drum skin , on which the fairground artist Joe Ephgrave painted the words of the album 's title . In front of the drum skin is an arrangement of flowers that spell out " Beatles " . The group were dressed in satin day @-@ glo @-@ coloured military @-@ style uniforms that were manufactured by the theatrical costumer M. Berman Ltd in London . Right next to the Beatles are wax sculptures of the bandmembers in their suits and moptop haircuts from the Beatlemania era , borrowed from Madame Tussauds . The album 's lyrics were printed in full on the back cover , the first time this had been done on a rock LP . The 30 March 1967 photo session with Cooper also produced the back cover and the inside gatefold , which the musicologist Ian Inglis describes as conveying " an obvious and immediate warmth ... which distances it from the sterility and artifice typical of such images " . McCartney explained : " One of the things we were very much into in those days was eye messages ... So with Michael Cooper 's inside photo , we all said , ' Now look into this camera and really say I love you ! Really try and feel love ; really give love through this ! It 'll come out ; it 'll show ; it 's an attitude . ' And that 's what that is , if you look at it you 'll see the big effort from the eyes . " The album 's inner sleeve featured artwork by the Dutch design team the Fool that eschewed for the first time the standard white paper in favour of an abstract pattern of waves of maroon , red , pink and white . Included with the album as a bonus gift was a sheet of cardboard cut @-@ outs designed by Blake and Haworth , a postcard @-@ sized portrait of Sgt. Pepper based on a statue from Lennon 's house that was used on the front cover , a fake moustache , two sets of sergeant stripes , two lapel badges and a stand @-@ up cut @-@ out of the Beatles in their satin uniforms . Moore believes that the inclusion of these items helped fans " pretend to be in the band " . The collage includes 57 photographs and nine waxworks that depict a diversity of famous people , including actors , sportsmen , scientists and – at Harrison 's request – the Self @-@ Realization Fellowship gurus Mahavatar Babaji , Lahiri Mahasaya , Sri Yukteswar and Paramahansa Yogananda . Inglis views the tableau " as a guidebook to the cultural topography of the decade " , demonstrating the increasing democratisation of society whereby " traditional barriers between ' high ' and ' low ' culture were being eroded " . The final grouping included singers such as Bob Dylan and Bobby Breen ; the film stars Marlon Brando , Tony Curtis , Marlene Dietrich and Marilyn Monroe ; the artist Aubrey Beardsley ; the boxer Sonny Liston and the footballer Albert Stubbins . Also included were the comedians Stan Laurel and Oliver Hardy ( as well as comedian W.C. Fields ) and the writers H. G. Wells , Oscar Wilde , Lewis Carroll and Dylan Thomas . Adolf Hitler and Jesus Christ were requested by Lennon , but ultimately rejected . When McCartney was asked why the Beatles did not include Elvis Presley , he replied : " Elvis was too important and too far above the rest even to mention ... so we didn 't put him on the list because he was more than merely a ... pop singer , he was Elvis the King . " The final cost for the cover art was nearly £ 3 @,@ 000 , an extravagant sum for a time when album covers would typically cost around £ 50 . For their work on Sgt. Pepper , Blake and Haworth won the 1968 Grammy Award for Best Album Cover , Graphic Arts . = = Release = = After finishing Sgt. Pepper , but prior to the album 's commercial release , the Beatles took an acetate disc of the album to the American singer Cass Elliot 's flat off King 's Road in Chelsea , where at six in the morning they played it at full volume with speakers set in open window frames . The group 's friend and former press agent , Derek Taylor , remembered that residents of the neighbourhood opened their windows and listened without complaint to what they understood to be unreleased Beatles music . On 1 June 1967 , Sgt. Pepper became the first Beatles album to be issued simultaneously worldwide . It was also the first Beatles album where the track listings were exactly the same for the UK and US versions . The band 's eighth LP , it debuted in the UK at number one – where it stayed for 22 consecutive weeks – selling 250 @,@ 000 copies during the first seven days . On 4 June , the Jimi Hendrix Experience opened a show at the Saville Theatre in London with their rendition of the title track . Epstein owned the Saville at the time , and Harrison and McCartney attended the performance . McCartney described the moment : " The curtains flew back and [ Hendrix ] came walking forward playing ' Sgt. Pepper ' . It 's a pretty major compliment in anyone 's book . I put that down as one of the great honours of my career . " Rolling Stone magazine 's Langdon Winner recalls : The closest Western Civilization has come to unity since the Congress of Vienna in 1815 was the week the Sgt. Pepper album was released . In every city in Europe and America the radio stations played [ it ] ... and everyone listened ... it was the most amazing thing I 've ever heard . For a brief while the irreparable fragmented consciousness of the West was unified , at least in the minds of the young . Sgt. Pepper was widely perceived by listeners as the soundtrack to the " Summer of Love " . In Riley 's opinion , the album " drew people together through the common experience of pop on a larger scale than ever before " . American radio stations interrupted their regular scheduling , playing the album virtually non @-@ stop – often from start to finish . It occupied the number one position of the Billboard Top LPs in the US for 15 weeks , from 1 July to 13 October 1967 . With 2 @.@ 5 million copies sold within three months of its release , Sgt. Pepper 's initial commercial success exceeded that of all previous Beatles albums . None of its songs were issued as singles at the time . = = Reception = = The vast majority of contemporary reviews were positive , with Sgt. Pepper receiving a widespread critical acclaim that matched its immediate commercial success . Kenneth Tynan of The Times described it as " a decisive moment in the history of Western civilisation " . Richard Poirier wrote : " listening to the Sgt. Pepper album one thinks not simply of the history of popular music but the history of this century . " Time magazine declared it " a historic departure in the progress of music – any music " . Newsweek 's Jack Kroll called it a " masterpiece " , comparing the lyrics with literary works by Edith Sitwell , Harold Pinter and T. S. Eliot , particularly " A Day in the Life " , which he compared to Eliot 's The Waste Land . The New York Times Book Review characterised Sgt. Pepper as a harbinger of a " golden Renaissance of Song " and the New Statesman 's Wilfrid Mellers praised its elevation of pop music to the level of fine art . One of the best @-@ known American critics at the time , Richard Goldstein , wrote a scathing contemporary review in The New York Times that described Sgt. Pepper as " spoiled " and " reek [ ing ] " of " special effects , dazzling but ultimately fraudulent " . According to the music journalist Robert Christgau , The New York Times was subsequently " deluged with letters , many abusive and every last one in disagreement " , a backlash that he credits as " the largest response to a music review " in the newspaper 's history . Goldstein published a defence of his review in which he explained that , although the album was not on @-@ par with the best of the Beatles ' previous work , he considered it " better than 80 per cent of the music around " , but felt that underneath the production when " the compositions are stripped to their musical and lyrical essentials " the LP is shown to be " an elaboration without improvement " on the group 's music . In Christgau 's 1967 column for Esquire magazine , he described Sgt. Pepper as " a consolidation , more intricate than Revolver but not more substantial " , suggesting that Goldstein had fallen " victim to overanticipation " , identifying his primary error as " allow [ ing ] all the filters and reverbs and orchestral effects and overdubs to deafen him to the stuff underneath , which was pretty nice " . At the 10th Annual Grammy Awards in 1968 , Sgt. Pepper won in the categories of Best Album Cover , Graphic Arts , Best Engineered Recording , Non @-@ Classical and Best Contemporary Album . It also won Album of the Year , the first rock LP to receive this honour . = = Retrospective criticism = = While gathering material for his 1979 anthology , Stranded : Rock and Roll for a Desert Island , the editor Greil Marcus polled the 20 rock critic contributors regarding their choice for the best rock album of all time , and while Rubber Soul was mentioned , Sgt. Pepper was not . He asserts that by 1968 the album appeared vacuous against the emotional backdrop of the political and social upheavals of American life , describing it as " a triumph of effects " , but " a Day @-@ Glo tombstone for its time " . He characterises the LP as " playful but contrived " and " less a summing up of its era than a concession to it " . Marcus believes that the album " strangled on its own conceits " while being " vindicated by world @-@ wide acclaim " . In 1981 , Christgau stated that although few critics agreed with Goldstein at the time of his negative contemporary review , many later came to appreciate his sentiments . In the opinion of Lester Bangs – the so @-@ called " godfather " of punk rock journalism , also writing in 1981 – " Goldstein was right in his much @-@ vilified review ... predicting that this record had the power to almost singlehandedly destroy rock and roll . " He notes : " In the sixties rock and roll began to think of itself as an ' art form ' . Rock and roll is not an ' art form ' ; rock and roll is a raw wail from the bottom of the guts . " The musicologist John Kimsey cites the preservation of authenticity as a guiding tenet of rock music and suggests that many purists denounce Sgt. Pepper in that respect , accusing the album of " mark [ ing ] a fall from primal grace into pretense , production and self @-@ consciousness . " In his opinion , detractors regard the LP as less a breakthrough and more a " break with all that 's good , true and rocking " . According to Christgau : " Although Sgt. Pepper is thought of as the most influential of all rock masterpieces , it is really only the most famous . In retrospect it seems peculiarly apollonian – precise , controlled , even stiff – and it is clearly peripheral to the rock mainstream " . In Moore 's estimation , " because its cultural impact was so large , it was simply being asked to do too much . " = = = Concept = = = According to Womack , with Sgt. Pepper 's first song " the Beatles manufacture an artificial textual space in which to stage their art . " The reprise of the title song appears on side two , just prior to the climactic " A Day in the Life " , creating a framing device . In Starr 's opinion , only the first two songs and the reprise are conceptually connected . Lennon agreed and in 1980 he commented : " Sgt. Pepper is called the first concept album , but it doesn 't go anywhere ... it works because we said it worked . " He was especially adamant that his contributions to the LP had nothing to do with the Sgt. Pepper concept . Further , he suggested that most of the other songs were equally unconnected , stating : " Except for Sgt. Pepper introducing Billy Shears and the so @-@ called reprise , every other song could have been on any other album " . Martin became worried upon the album 's completion that its lack of musical unity might draw criticism and accusations of pretentiousness . MacFarlane notes that – despite these concerns – Sgt. Pepper " is widely regarded as the first true concept album in popular music " . In his view , the Beatles " chose to employ an overarching thematic concept in an apparent effort to unify individual tracks . " Everett contends that the album 's " musical unity results ... from motivic relationships between key areas , particularly involving C , E , and G. " Moore argues that the recording 's " use of common harmonic patterns and falling melodies " contributes to its overall cohesiveness , which he describes as narrative unity , but not necessarily conceptual unity . MacFarlane agrees , suggesting that with the exception of the reprise the album lacks the melodic and harmonic continuity that is consistent with cyclic form . In a May 1967 review published by The Times , the music critic William Mann made a similar observation , indicating a thematic connection between the title track , its reprise and " Being for the Benefit of Mr. Kite ! " , while suggesting that – aside from those songs – the album 's " unity is slightly specious " . In 1972 , the musicologist Richard Middleton suggested that the album was " undercoded " , in that listeners could grasp only a general understanding of the material that , in his opinion , was not particularly meaningful . Nonetheless , the author Martina Elicker asserts that Sgt. Pepper 's release familiarised critics and fans alike with the notion of a " concept and unified structure underlying a pop album " , thus originating the term concept album . = = Legacy = = Musicologists regard Sgt. Pepper as a continuation of the artistic maturation seen on the Beatles ' two preceding albums , Revolver and Rubber Soul . Moore credits it with aiding the development of progressive rock through its self @-@ conscious lyrics , its studio experimentation , and its efforts to expand the barriers of conventional three @-@ minute tracks . Jones locates Pet Sounds and Sgt. Pepper 's to the beginning of art rock ; Julien considers the latter a " masterpiece of British psychedelia " . The album was described by NME as an " orchestral baroque pop masterpiece " . Rolling Stone 's Andy Greene credits it with marking the beginning of the Album Era . For several years following Sgt. Pepper 's release , straightforward rock and roll was supplanted by a growing interest in extended form , and for the first time in the history of the music industry sales of albums outpaced sales of singles . Julien credits Sgt. Pepper with contributing towards the evolution of long @-@ playing albums from a " distribution format " to a " creation format " . In Moore 's view , the album assisted " the cultural legitimization of popular music " while providing an important musical representation of its generation . It is regarded by journalists as having influenced the development of the counterculture of the 1960s . During the 1970s , glam rock acts co @-@ opted Sgt. Pepper 's use of alter ego personas and in 1977 the LP won Best British Album at the first Brit Awards . With certified sales of 5 @.@ 1 million copies , Sgt. Pepper is the third @-@ best @-@ selling album in UK chart history . Sgt. Pepper is one of the most commercially successful albums in the US , where the RIAA certifies sales of 11 million copies . It has sold more than 32 million copies worldwide , making it one of the highest @-@ selling albums of all time . In a 1987 review for Q magazine , the music journalist and author Charles Shaar Murray asserted that the album " remains a central pillar of the mythology and iconography of the late ' 60s " . That same year Rolling Stone 's Anthony DeCurtis described it as an " enormous achievement " that " revolutionized rock and roll " . In 1994 , Sgt. Pepper was ranked first in Colin Larkin 's All Time Top 1000 Albums . He described it as " the album that revolutionized , changed and re @-@ invented the boundaries of modern popular music . " In 2003 , it was one of 50 recordings chosen by the Library of Congress to be added to the National Recording Registry , honouring the work as " culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant " . In 2003 , Rolling Stone placed it at number one in their list of the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time , describing it as " the pinnacle of the Beatles ' eight years as recording artists " . In the Encyclopedia of Popular Music , Larkin wrote : " [ it ] turned out to be no mere pop album but a cultural icon , embracing the constituent elements of the 60s ' youth culture : pop art , garish fashion , drugs , instant mysticism and freedom from parental control . " In 2006 it was chosen by Time as one of the 100 best albums of all time . That same year the music scholar David Scott Kastan described Sgt. Pepper as " the most important and influential rock and roll album ever recorded " .The album was included in Robert Dimery 's 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die . = = = Recording and cover = = = Producers from the 1960s , such as Phil Spector and Brian Wilson , are credited with transforming popular music into an art which could only exist in the recording studio , while George Martin and Wilson are credited with popularising the idea of the recording studio as a musical instrument which could then be used to aid the process of composition . In MacFarlane 's opinion , Sgt. Pepper 's most important musical innovation is its " integration of recording technology into the compositional process " . He credits Edgard Varèse 's Poème électronique as the piece of music that made this advance feasible , by " expand [ ing ] the definition of sound recording from archival documentation to the reification of the musical canvass " ; he identifies " A Day in the Life " as the Sgt. Pepper track that best exemplifies this approach . Although early analogue synthesisers were available – Robert Moog was working on the second generation of the first commercially available keyboard around the same time as the Sgt. Pepper recording sessions – none were used during the album 's recording , which relied solely on electric and acoustic instruments and field recordings that were available at Abbey Road Studios . The musician and producer Alan Parsons believes that with Sgt. Pepper " people then started thinking that you could spend a year making an album and they began to consider an album as a sound composition and not just a musical composition . The idea was gradually forming of a record being a performance in its own right and not just a reproduction of a live performance . " According to Julien , Sgt. Pepper represents the " epitome of the transformation of the recording studio into a compositional tool " , marking the moment when " popular music entered the era of phonographic composition . " Its lasting commercial success and critical impact are largely due to Martin and his engineers ' creative use of studio equipment while originating new processes . Artistic experimentation , such as the placement of random gibberish in the run @-@ out groove , is one of the album 's defining features . In the opinion of the Beatles historian Mark Lewisohn , Sgt. Pepper represents the group 's last unified effort , displaying a cohesion that would begin deteriorating immediately following the album 's completion and that had entirely disappeared by the release of The Beatles in 1968 . Emerick notes the minimal involvement of Harrison and Starr , viewing Sgt. Pepper as a work of Lennon and McCartney that was less a group effort than any of their previous releases . Inglis notes that almost every account of the significance of Sgt. Pepper emphasizes the cover 's " unprecedented correspondence between music and art , time and space " . After its release , album sleeves were no longer " a superfluous thing to be discarded during the act of listening , but an integral component of the listening that expanded the musical experience . " The cover helped to elevate album art as a respected topic for critical analysis whereby the " structures and cultures of popular music " could henceforth justify intellectual discourse in a way that – before Sgt. Pepper – would have seemed like " fanciful conceit " . He writes : Sgt. Pepper 's " cover has been regarded as groundbreaking in its visual and aesthetic properties , congratulated for its innovative and imaginative design , credited with providing an early impetus for the expansion of the graphic design industry into popular music , and perceived as largely responsible for the connections between art and pop to be made explicit . " Riley describes it as " one of the best @-@ known works that pop art ever produced " . In the late 1990s , the BBC included it in its list of British masterpieces of twentieth @-@ century art and design . In 2008 , the iconic bass drum skin used on the front cover sold at auction for € 670 @,@ 000 . = = Track listing = = Sgt. Pepper was the first Beatles album to be released with identical track listings in the UK and the US . First American pressings on the black / colorband Capitol label erroneously show track 2 on side one as " A Little Help From My Friends " ; this was corrected for subsequent pressings All songs written and composed by Lennon – McCartney except " Within You Without You " , by George Harrison . Track list information according to Mark Lewisohn and Ian MacDonald . = = Personnel = = According to Mark Lewisohn and Ian MacDonald : The Beatles John Lennon – lead , harmony and background vocals ; rhythm , acoustic and lead guitars ; Hammond organ and final piano E chord ; harmonica , tape loops , sound effects , and comb and tissue paper ; handclaps , tambourine and maracas Paul McCartney – lead , harmony and background vocals ; bass and lead guitars ; electric and acoustic pianos , Lowrey and Hammond organs ; handclaps ; vocalisations , tape loops , sound effects , and comb and tissue paper George Harrison – harmony and background vocals ; lead , rhythm and acoustic guitars ; sitar ; tamboura ; harmonica and kazoo ; handclaps and maracas ; lead vocals on " Within You Without You " Ringo Starr – drums , congas , tambourine , maracas , handclaps and tubular bells ; lead vocals on " With a Little Help from My Friends " ; harmonica ; final piano E chord Additional musicians and production Sounds Incorporated – the saxophone sextet on " Good Morning , Good Morning " Neil Aspinall – tamboura and harmonica Geoff Emerick – audio engineering ; tape loops and sound effects Mal Evans – counting , harmonica , alarm clock and final piano E chord George Martin – producer and mixer ; tape loops and sound effects ; harpsichord on " Fixing a Hole " , harmonium , Lowrey organ and glockenspiel on " Being for the Benefit of Mr. Kite ! " , Hammond organ on " With a Little Help from My Friends " , and piano on " Getting Better " and the piano solo in " Lovely Rita " ; final harmonium chord . Session musicians – four French horns on " Sgt. Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band " : Neill Sanders , James W. Buck , John Burden , Tony Randall , arranged and conducted by Martin and McCartney ; string section and harp on " She 's Leaving Home " , arranged by Mike Leander and conducted by Martin ; tabla , dilrubas , tamboura and swarmandal on " Within You Without You " , played by members of the Asian Music Circle , with eight violins and four cellos arranged and conducted by Harrison and Martin ; clarinet trio on " When I 'm Sixty @-@ Four " : Robert Burns , Henry MacKenzie , Frank Reidy , arranged and conducted by Martin and McCartney ; saxophones on " Good Morning , Good Morning " , arranged and conducted by Martin and Lennon ; and forty @-@ piece orchestra , including strings , brass , woodwinds and percussion on " A Day in the Life " , arranged by Martin , Lennon and McCartney and conducted by Martin and McCartney . = = Charts = = Sgt. Pepper appeared on the Billboard 200 chart in the US for 175 non @-@ consecutive weeks through 1987 . = = = Weekly charts = = = = = Certifications = = In the US , the album sold 2 @,@ 360 @,@ 423 copies by 31 December 1967 and 3 @,@ 372 @,@ 581 copies by the end of the decade . BPI certification awarded only for sales since 1994 .
= Kennet and Avon Canal = The Kennet and Avon Canal is a waterway in southern England with an overall length of 87 miles ( 140 km ) , made up of two lengths of navigable river linked by a canal . The name is commonly used to refer to the entire length of the navigation rather than solely to the central canal section . From Bristol to Bath the waterway follows the natural course of the River Avon before the canal links it to the River Kennet at Newbury , and from there to Reading on the River Thames . In all , the waterway incorporates 105 locks . The two river stretches were made navigable in the early 18th century , and the 57 @-@ mile ( 92 km ) canal section was constructed between 1794 and 1810 . In the late 19th and early 20th centuries , the canal gradually fell into disuse after the opening of the Great Western Railway . In the latter half of the 20th century the canal was restored in stages , largely by volunteers . After decades of dereliction and much restoration work , it was fully reopened in 1990 . The Kennet and Avon Canal has been developed as a popular heritage tourism destination for boating , canoeing , fishing , walking and cycling , and is also important for wildlife conservation . = = History = = = = = Early plans = = = The idea of an east to west waterway link across southern England was first mentioned in Elizabethan times , between 1558 and 1603 , to take advantage of the proximity of the rivers Avon and Thames , only 3 miles ( 4 @.@ 8 km ) apart at their closest . Later , around 1626 , Henry Briggs made a survey of the two rivers and noted that the land between them was level and easy to dig . He proposed a canal to connect them , but following his death in 1630 the plan was dropped . After the English Civil War four bills were presented to parliament , but all failed after opposition from gentry , farmers and traders worried about cheaper water transport reducing the value of fees on turnpike roads they controlled , and cheaper produce from Wales undercutting locally produced food . The main alternative to road transport for the carriage of goods between Bristol and London was a hazardous sea route through the English Channel . The small coastal sailing ships of the day were often damaged by Atlantic storms , and risked being attacked by warships of the French Navy and privateers during a succession of conflicts with France . = = = River navigations = = = Plans for a waterway were shelved until the early 18th century . However , in 1715 , work was authorised to make the River Kennet navigable from Reading to Newbury . Work commenced in 1718 , under the supervision of surveyor and engineer John Hore of Newbury . In 1723 , despite considerable local opposition , the Kennet Navigation opened , comprising stretches of natural riverbed alternating with 11 miles ( 18 km ) of artificially created lock cuts . The River Avon had historically been navigable from Bristol to Bath , but construction of watermills on the river in the early years of the 13th century had forced its closure . In 1727 , navigation was restored , with the construction of six locks , again under the supervision of John Hore . The first cargo of " Deal boards , Pig @-@ Lead and Meal " reached Bath in December . The two river navigations were built independently of one another , in order to meet local needs , but they eventually led to plans to connect them and form a through route . = = = Closing the gap = = = In 1788 a " Western Canal " was proposed to improve trade and communication links to towns such as Hungerford , Marlborough , Calne , Chippenham and Melksham . The following year the engineers Barns , Simcock and Weston submitted a proposed route for this canal , although there were doubts about the adequacy of the water supply . The name was changed from Western Canal to Kennet and Avon Canal to avoid confusion with the Grand Western Canal , which was being proposed at the same time . In 1793 a further survey was conducted by John Rennie , and the route of the canal was altered to take a more southerly course through Great Bedwyn , Devizes , Trowbridge and Newbury . The proposed route was accepted by the Kennet and Avon Canal Company , chaired by Charles Dundas , and the company started to take subscriptions from prospective shareholders . In July 1793 Rennie suggested further alterations to the route , including the construction of a tunnel in the Savernake Forest . On 17 April 1794 the Kennet and Avon Canal Act received the Royal Assent and construction began . The Newbury to Hungerford section was completed in 1798 , and was extended to Great Bedwyn in 1799 . The section from Bath to Foxhangers was finished in 1804 , and Devizes Locks were completed in 1810 . The canal opened in 1810 after 16 years of construction . Major structures included the Dundas and Avoncliff aqueducts , the Bruce Tunnel under Savernake Forest , and the pumping stations at Claverton and Crofton , needed to overcome water supply problems . The final engineering task was the completion of the Caen Hill Locks at Devizes . = = = Operation = = = In 1801 , trade along the canal commenced ; goods initially had to be unloaded at Foxhangers at the bottom of what is now Caen Hill Locks , transported up the hill by a horse @-@ drawn railway , and reloaded into barges at the top . When the flight of locks opened in 1810 , allowing the same vessel to navigate the entire canal , the rate of carriage per ton from London to Bath was £ 2 9s 6d . This compared well with carriage by road , which cost £ 6 3s to £ 7 per ton , and trade on the canal flourished . In 1812 , the Kennet and Avon Canal Company bought the Kennet Navigation , which stretched from Newbury to the junction with the Thames at Kennet Mouth , near Reading . The purchase from Frederick Page cost £ 100 @,@ 000 , of which £ 70 @,@ 000 was paid in cash with the balance paid back gradually . The purchase was authorised by the Kennet Navigation Act of June 1813 , which enabled the company to raise the funds through the sale of 5 @,@ 500 shares at £ 24 each . At the same time work was undertaken to improve the Avon Navigation , from Bristol to Bath , with the Kennet and Avon Canal Company purchasing a majority shareholding in the Avon Navigation in 1816 . By 1818 , seventy 60 @-@ ton barges were working on the canal , the majority of the tonnage being coal and stone travelling via the Somerset Coal Canal . The journey from Bath to Newbury took an average of three and a half days . By 1832 , 300 @,@ 000 tons of freight was being carried each year and , between 1825 and 1834 , the company had an annual revenue of around £ 45 @,@ 000 . = = = Decline = = = The opening of the Great Western Railway in 1841 removed much of the canal 's traffic , even though the canal company lowered tariffs . In 1852 the railway company took over the canal 's operation , levying high tolls at every toll point and reducing the amount spent on maintenance . Ice @-@ breaking was stopped in 1857 , and traders were further encouraged by preferential tolls to use the railway rather than the canal . In 1861 a new order prohibited any traffic on the canal at night , and , in 1865 , boats were forced to pass through locks in pairs to reduce water loss . By 1868 the annual tonnage had fallen from 360 @,@ 610 in 1848 to 210 @,@ 567 . In the 1870s water abstraction from the canal near Fobney Lock followed the regulations introduced in the Reading Local Board Waterworks , Sewerage , Drainage and Improvements Act of 1870 , and contributed to the silting up of locks and stretches of the canal . Several wharves and stretches of towpath were closed . In 1877 the canal recorded a deficit of £ 1 @,@ 920 and never subsequently made any profit . The Somerset Coal Canal and Wilts & Berks Canal , which each supplied some of the trade from the Somerset Coalfield to the Kennet and Avon , closed in 1904 and 1906 respectively . In 1926 , following a loss of £ 18 @,@ 041 the previous year , the Great Western Railway sought to close the canal by obtaining a Ministry of Transport Order , but the move was resisted and the company charged with improving its maintenance of the canal . Cargo trade continued to decline , but a few pleasure boats started to use the canal . During the Second World War a large number of concrete pillboxes were built as part of the GHQ Line - Blue to defend against an expected German invasion ; many of these are still visible along the banks of the canal . They were generally built close to road and rail bridges , which would have formed important crossing points for enemy troops and vehicles . After the war the Transport Act of 1947 transferred control of the canal to the British Transport Commission , but by the 1950s large sections of the canal had been closed because of poor lock maintenance following a breach in the bank west of the Avoncliff Aqueduct . The last through passage was made in 1951 by nb Queen . = = = Closure avoided = = = A group supporting the restoration of the canal had been set up in the early 1950s independently of the Inland Waterways Association , with which it was subsequently merged . In 1955 John Gould , a trader on the eastern section of the waterway , successfully petitioned against the commission 's failure to maintain the waterway and obtained damages for loss of business . In March 1956 a clause in the British Transport Commission ( no 2 ) Act was presented to Parliament that would have removed the right of navigation between Reading and Bath . The Act was opposed by Gould and by the local authorities along the canal . They were supported by a 22 @,@ 000 @-@ signature petition to the Queen , brought to London from Bristol by water ; parts of the canal had to be traversed by canoe . This campaign led to an inquiry by a Parliamentary Select Committee . The committee supported the suspension of the right of navigation , and the Bill passed through the House of Commons but was amended by the House of Lords to include a clause to enforce " no further deterioration " . In July 1958 , the Bowes Committee published their Inquiry into Inland Waterways which specifically mentioned the Kennet and Avon finding " no justification for restoring the section from Reading to Bath " . A government white paper followed the Bowes Report in February 1959 , recommending that an Inland Waterways Redevelopment Advisory Committee should assist schemes to regenerate canals that were no longer able to collect enough fees from tolls to pay for their upkeep . Further reports followed , and in 1962 the Advisory Committee reported that the canal should be redeveloped , and allocated £ 20 @,@ 000 for maintenance and £ 20 @,@ 000 to begin restoration . The Kennet and Avon Canal Trust was formed in 1962 to restore the canal from Reading to Bristol as a through navigation and as a public amenity . It was originally a voluntary group which had previously been known as the Kennet and Avon Canal Association . The Trust gained charitable status in April and was incorporated under the Companies Act on 6 June 1962 . In 1963 the newly formed British Waterways , which was created by the Transport Act of the previous year , and replaced the British Transport Commission as the statutory body for inland waterways , took over the canal and , in partnership with the Trust and riparian local authorities , restoration work began . = = = Restoration = = = Restoration work involved a collaboration between staff from British Waterways and volunteer labour . In 1966 Sulhamstead Lock was rebuilt and the re @-@ puddling of the dry section at Limpley Stoke was begun . In 1968 , restoration work was undertaken on the Bath Locks and Burghfield Lock . In Reading at Bridge Street the navigable headroom had been reduced from 8 feet 6 inches ( 2 @.@ 59 m ) to 4 feet 6 inches ( 1 @.@ 37 m ) by girders added to the underside of the bridge . This was replaced with a new bridge , enabling craft to pass more easily . The canal was reopened from the Thames to Hungerford Wharf in July 1974 . Re @-@ puddling was a long process , so experiments with the use of heavy gauge polythene to line the canal were undertaken . The Avoncliff Aqueduct was lined with a concrete " cradle " and made water @-@ tight in 1980 . Further works continued during the 1980s . The County Council in Berkshire , supported by local councils , estimated that £ 1 @,@ 275 @,@ 000 was needed for works at the eastern end of the canal and commenced work on replacing some of the bridges . In Wiltshire concerns over the limited water supply to the summit , at the highest point of the canal , indicated that back @-@ pumping would be required , which increased the estimated cost for the county to £ 761 @,@ 560 . The Wilton Water reservoir was estimated to produce less than 750 @,@ 000 imperial gallons ( 3 @,@ 400 @,@ 000 l ) per day , and the Seend feeder only 250 @,@ 000 imperial gallons ( 1 @,@ 100 @,@ 000 l ) . Wessex Water Authority agreed to the extraction of 1 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 imperial gallons ( 4 @,@ 500 @,@ 000 l ) per day from the Avon at Claverton to be pumped east ; the costs of the pumps was £ 175 @,@ 000 . Various fund @-@ raising schemes , along with some financial support from local authorities , allowed small @-@ scale work on the locks to continue , but the projected timescales for completion were missed . In 1983 the Manpower Services Commission , which had a remit to co @-@ ordinate employment and training services in the United Kingdom , agreed to employ 50 men on work that included restoration of Aldermaston Lock , its adjacent wharf , and Widmead Lock . The restoration of the Dundas Aqueduct and several smaller schemes were later added to the list . Maintenance agreements were signed with local authorities along the route , while fund @-@ raising activities continued . The National Association for the Care and Resettlement of Offenders sponsored a workshop , which opened in Shrivenham in 1987 , to create new lock gates for the Crofton and Devizes flights . In 1988 the restoration of Woolhampton Lock was completed , but obstructions remained on either side . Frounds swing bridge could not be opened and the restoration of Midgham Lock had not been finished ; both were completed the following year . Re @-@ puddling of the Crofton pounds was carried out in 1989 , along with the reconstruction of Midgham Bridge . Restoration of the turf @-@ sided Monkey Marsh Lock proved difficult because of its status as a Scheduled Ancient Monument , and the consequent need to protect the historic site while improving safety . The stretch between Reading and Newbury was completed on 17 July 1990 ; at a ceremony held at Monkey Marsh Lock several boats competed to be the first craft through . Concerns about the adequacy of the water supply still remained when Queen Elizabeth II formally reopened the canal on 8 August 1990 . The Queen was able to travel on the Trust 's boat Rose of Hungerford through locks 44 and 43 on the Caen Hill flight , breaking a ceremonial tape between them . The shortage of water was addressed in 1996 by the installation of new back pumps at the flight of 29 locks at Caen Hill in Devizes , at a cost of £ 1 million . The pumps raise water 235 feet ( 72 m ) at a rate of 300 @,@ 000 imperial gallons ( 1 @,@ 400 @,@ 000 l ; 360 @,@ 000 US gal ) per hour ( 380 litres per second ) . In October 1996 , the Kennet & Avon Canal Partnership attracted the largest single National Lottery grant awarded by the Heritage Lottery Fund , £ 25 million towards a £ 29 million project , to complete the restoration and to make it operational , sustainable and accessible for the enjoyment of future generations . The work funded included complete rebuilding of Foxhangers Lock and bridge at Caen Hill , replacement of lock gates at Seend and Crofton , channel lining at Claverton , embankment repairs at Martinslade , improvements at Claverton pumping station and dredging at various sites . The restoration 's completion was celebrated in May 2003 by a visit from HRH Prince Charles , but upgrading and maintenance continues . Between 2002 and 2004 the Dundas Aqueduct , which had been relined with polythene and concrete in 1984 without disturbing a colony of bats living under the aqueduct , was further restored by the replacement of engineering bricks used by the Great Western Railway with Bath Stone to match the original work . In 2011 the Department for Environment , Food and Rural Affairs designated the canal a national " cruiseway " as defined by the Transport Act 1968 . The listing imposes a legal requirement on British Waterways to maintain the canal to a standard that ensures cruising craft can safely navigate the entire length of the waterway . In November 2011 the navigation between Bath and Bristol was closed because of safety concerns about Victoria Bridge , but traffic now continues as does remedial work to the bridge . Repairs are expected to finish in April 2014 . = = Route = = = = = Bristol to Bath = = = The River Avon was navigable from Bristol to Bath during the early years of the 13th century , until the construction of mills on the river forced its closure . The modern Avon is navigable from its mouth at Avonmouth , through the Floating Harbour in Bristol , as far as Pulteney Weir in the centre of Bath and just beyond the start of the canal . Beyond Pultney Weir the Avon is still navigable as far as the weir and site of the old " flash lock " at Bathampton but the lock at Pultney has been replaced only with a small boat slide for dinghies and canoes . The stretch from Bristol to Bath is made navigable by the use of locks and weirs at Hanham , Keynsham , Swineford , Saltford , Kelston and Weston , which together overcome a rise of 30 feet ( 9 @.@ 1 m ) within 12 miles ( 19 km ) . Lock number one on the Kennet and Avon Canal is Hanham Lock , first opened as part of the Avon Navigation in 1727 . It is the first lock east of Netham , the upstream limit of the Floating Harbour , beyond the suburbs of the city of Bristol . A colliery wharf was sited just west of the lock , but the nearby coal mines closed in the 19th century . The river below Hanham Lock is considered to be tidal , as high tides often pass over the weir at Netham . Some spring tides pass over the weir at Hanham , making the river tidal up to Keynsham Lock . Heading east , the river passes the Somerdale Factory , on its southern bank , which was a chocolate production factory for Cadbury plc – originally built by the Fry family in the 1920s and ' 30s . On the northern bank is Cleeve Wood , the primary scientific importance of which lies in its particularly large population of Bath Asparagus ( Ornithogalum pyrenaicum ) . A public house has been built on the island between Keynsham Lock and the weir . The weir side of the island is also the mouth of the River Chew . The river then passes through Avon Valley Country Park and past Stidham Farm , another SSSI that contains Pleistocene terrace @-@ gravels of the river . A depth of at least 7 feet ( 2 m ) of sandy gravels are recorded , consisting mainly of limestone clasts , but also with Millstone Grit , Pennant Sandstone , flint , and chert clasts . The river passes under the old railway line that now forms the Avon Valley Railway , a three @-@ mile @-@ long heritage railway , before reaching Swineford Lock . Here , between 1709 and 1859 , there was an active brass and copper industry served by the river , which also provided water power for the cloth industry . The remains of Kelston Brass Mill , which was working until 1925 , are next to Saltford Lock . The lock was opened in 1727 but destroyed by rival coal dealers in 1738 , to prevent the river being used for transportation . The Bristol and Bath Railway Path crosses the navigation several times before reaching the suburb of Newbridge on the outskirts of Bath . Here the A4 crosses close to the Newton St Loe SSSI , which is designated an SSSI because it represents the only remaining known exposure of fossiliferous Pleistocene gravels containing the remains of mammoths ( Mammuthus ) and horses ( Equus ) along the river , and has aided the development of a scientific understanding of the history of early glaciation in South West England . The final lock before entering Bath is Weston Lock , opened in 1727 . Its construction created an island between the cut and the river weir , which became known as Dutch Island after the owner of the brass mill established on the riverside in the early 18th century . = = = Bath to Devizes = = = The restored Bath Bottom Lock marks the divergence of the River Avon and the canal . It is situated south of Pulteney Bridge . Just upstream of the Bottom Lock are a side pound and a pumping station that pumps water " upstream " of the locks , to replace that used each time a boat passes through . The next of the six Bath Locks is Bath Deep Lock , numbered 8 / 9 as two locks were combined when the canal was restored in 1976 . The new chamber has a depth of 19 feet 5 inches ( 5 @.@ 92 m ) , making it the UK 's second @-@ deepest canal lock . Just above the Deep Lock is another side pound as a reservoir for refilling the lock , followed by Wash House Lock . After a slightly longer pound is Abbey View Lock , beside which there is another pumping station and then , in quick succession , Pultney Lock and Bath Top Lock . Above the Top Lock the canal passes through Sydney Gardens via two short tunnels and under two cast iron footbridges dating from 1800 . Cleveland Tunnel is 173 feet ( 53 m ) long and runs under Cleveland House , the former headquarters of the Kennet and Avon Canal Company and now a Grade II * listed building . A trap @-@ door in the tunnel roof was used to pass paperwork between clerks above and bargees below . Many of the bridges over the canal are listed buildings . On the eastern outskirts of Bath a toll bridge near the George Inn links Bathampton to Batheaston , on the north bank of the canal . When the A46 Bathampton by @-@ pass was built , the 22 @-@ acre ( 8 @.@ 9 ha ) Bathampton Meadow was created to provide additional flood relief . The resultant wet meadows and oxbow lake have proved attractive to a number of migrants ; wading birds such as dunlin , ringed and little ringed plover , and green and common sandpiper are frequent visitors in spring and autumn . Sand martin and kingfisher have been seen regularly by the lake , and other migrants have included yellow wagtail , whinchat and hobby . The canal turns south into a valley between Bathampton Wood and Bathford Hill which includes Brown 's Folly a 99 @-@ acre ( 40 ha ) biological and geological Site of Special Scientific Interest . In the Avon Valley to the east of Bath the classic geographical example of a valley with all four forms of ground transport is found : road , rail , river , canal . The canal passes the remains of a loading dock , once used for Bath Stone from the quarries on Bathampton Down , which was carried down a straight track to the canal over the Dry Arch rock bridge ( demolished in 1958 to allow double @-@ decker buses to use the A36 ) . Next , the canal passes the waterwheel @-@ powered Claverton Pumping Station , which pumped water from the River Avon into the canal . The building was completed in 1810 and the pump was working by 1813 . On the eastern bank Warleigh Wood and Inwood are ash @-@ wych elm and ash @-@ maple dry woodland , which comes right down to the canal . The canal then crosses over the river and the Wessex Main Line railway at the Dundas Aqueduct , past Conkwell Wood , before recrossing the river and railway at the Avoncliff Aqueduct . At the western end of the Dundas Aqueduct it is joined by the remains of the Somerset Coal Canal , a short stretch of which has been restored to create the Brassknocker Basin . Excavations of the old stop lock showed that it was originally a broad 14 @-@ foot ( 4 m ) lock that at some point was narrowed to 7 feet ( 2 m ) by moving the lock wall . The Somerset Coal Canal was built around 1800 from basins at Paulton and Timsbury , giving access to London from the Somerset Coalfield , which at its peak contained 80 collieries . After the Avoncliff Aqueduct the canal passes through Barton Farm Country Park , past Gripwood Quarry and a 14th @-@ century Grade II * listed tithe barn , 180 feet ( 55 m ) long and 30 feet ( 9 m ) wide , on its way into Bradford on Avon . The first sod for the Kennet and Avon Canal was turned in Bradford on Avon in 1794 , and soon there were wharves above and below Bradford Lock . Further east , an aqueduct carries the canal over the River Biss . There are locks at Semington and Seend , where water flows into the canal from the Summerham Brook , otherwise known as the Seend Feeder . In the village of Semington the Wilts & Berks Canal joined the canal , linking the Kennet and Avon to the River Thames at Abingdon . The North Wilts Canal merged with it to become a branch to the Thames and Severn Canal at Latton near Cricklade . The 52 @-@ mile ( 84 km ) canal was opened in 1810 , but abandoned in 1914 – a fate hastened by the collapse of Stanley Aqueduct in 1901 . In 1977 the Wilts & Berks Canal Amenity Group was formed with the aim of fully restoring the canal to re @-@ connect the Kennet and Avon to the upper reaches of the Thames . Caen Hill Locks , at Devizes , provides an insight into the engineering needed to build and maintain the canal . The main flight of 16 locks , which take 5 – 6 hours to navigate in a boat , is part of a longer series of 29 locks built in three groups : seven at Foxhangers , sixteen at Caen Hill , and six at the town end of the flight . The total rise is 237 feet ( 72 m ) in 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) or a 1 in 30 gradient . The locks were the last part of the 87 @-@ mile ( 140 km ) route of the canal to be completed . The steepness of the terrain meant that there was no space to use the normal arrangement of water pounds between the locks . As a result , the 16 locks utilise unusually large side ponds to store the water needed for their operation . Because a large volume of water is needed a back pump was installed at Foxhangers in 1996 , capable of returning 7 million imperial gallons ( 32 million litres ) of water per day to the top of the flight , equivalent to one lockful every 11 minutes . While the locks were under construction in the early 19th century a tramroad provided a link between Foxhangers at the bottom of the flight and Devizes at the top , the remains of which can be seen in the towpath arches in the road bridges over the canal . From 1829 until 1843 the flight , which includes the narrowest lock on the canal , Lock 41 , was illuminated by gas lights . At the top of the flight is Devizes Wharf , home to the Kennet & Avon Canal Museum , which has a range of exhibits on the conception , design , usage , and eventual commercial decline of the Kennet and Avon Canal , as well as its subsequent restoration . It is operated by the Kennet and Avon Canal Trust , which has its headquarters and a shop within the Canal Centre . The Wharf Theatre is in an old warehouse on the same site . Devizes wharf is the starting point for the Devizes to Westminster International Canoe Marathon , which has been held since 1948 . = = = Devizes to Newbury = = = Heading east from Devizes the canal passes through the Wiltshire countryside and a series of locks and swing bridges before another flight of locks at Crofton . At Honeystreet is the remains of a wharf that was the home of boat builders Robbins , Lane and Pinnegar , which served as the boat building headquarters of the Canal Company . They built many of the boats used on the canals of southern England before closing in about 1950 . Next to the wharf is the Barge Inn , a substantial public house once known as the George Inn . It was roughly half @-@ way along the canal and served as a bakehouse , slaughterhouse and shop for provisions for those living and working on the canal . The building was destroyed by fire in 1858 and rebuilt within six months . It was built just within the parish boundary of Stanton St Bernard to " serve the Honey Street wharf in Alton parish , which refused to allow drinking establishments " . Jones 's Mill is a 29 @-@ acre ( 12 ha ) area of fen vegetation , scrub and woodland lying along the headwaters of the Salisbury Avon northeast of Pewsey . It has been designated a biological Site of Special Scientific Interest because it is " the best known example of a calcareous valley mire in Wiltshire " . The four locks at Wootton Rivers mark the end of the climb from the Avon . Between Wootton Top Lock and Crofton is the summit pound of the canal at 450 feet ( 140 m ) above sea level , stretching for about 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) and including the 502 @-@ yard ( 459 m ) long Bruce Tunnel . The tunnel is named after the local land owner , Thomas Brudenell @-@ Bruce , 1st Earl of Ailesbury ( 1729 – 1814 ) , who refused to allow a deep cutting through his property and insisted on a tunnel . The tunnel has red brick portals , capped with Bath stone , each with a decorative plaque of Pennant stone . The tunnel was begun in 1806 and finished in 1809 . It is lined with English bond brickwork and has a wide bore to cope with the Newbury barges used on the canal . There is no towpath through the tunnel , so walkers and cyclists must walk across the top of the hill . When canal boats were pulled by horses the boatmen had to haul their barges through the tunnel by hand , pulling on chains that ran along the inside walls . The Crofton Locks flight marks the start of the descent from the summit to the Thames ; the nine locks have a total rise / fall of 61 feet ( 19 m ) . When the canal was built there were no reliable water sources available to fill the summit by normal gravitational means . A number of usable springs were found adjacent to the canal route about one mile ( 2 km ) east of the summit pound , and about 40 feet ( 12 m ) below it , and arrangements were made for them to feed the pound below lock 60 at Crofton . Some years later the Wilton Water reservoir was created to enhance the supply to this pound using the springs and the River Dun . Water is pumped to the summit at the western end of the locks , from Wilton Water , by the restored Crofton Pumping Station . The original steam @-@ powered pumping station is preserved and contains one of the oldest operational Watt @-@ style beam engines in the world , dating from 1812 . The steam engines still pump water on selected weekends , but for day @-@ to @-@ day operation electric pumps are used , automatically controlled by the water level in the summit pound . Near Crofton are Savernake Forest and the remains of a railway bridge that carried the Midland and South Western Junction Railway over the canal . Mill Bridge at Great Bedwyn is unusual in being a skew arch ; on its completion in 1796 it was the first of its kind . From there to Hungerford the canal follows the valley of the River Dun through Freeman 's Marsh , which consists of unimproved meadows , marsh and reedbed . It is an important site for overwintering , migratory and breeding birds , and supports many varieties of flora scarce in Southern England . It was cited by English Nature in 1986 , and forms part of the North Wessex Downs Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty . There are plans to construct a marina and hotel complex adjacent to the site , but the potential environmental impacts ( particularly to water voles ) of such a development on Freeman 's Marsh have led to local opposition . To the north of the canal are seven separate small areas , four in the Kennet Valley and three in the Lambourn Valley , which make up the Kennet and Lambourn Floodplain SSSI . Occupying a total of 57 acres ( 23 ha ) , it supports particularly large populations of Desmoulin 's whorl snail . There are several locks and bridges in Hungerford , including one which carries the A338 . Hungerford Marsh Lock is unique on the Kennet and Avon Canal in that it has a swing bridge directly over the centre of the lock that must be opened before the lock may be used . In the area around the lock , called Hungerford Marsh Nature Reserve , more than 120 bird species have been recorded . Between Kintbury Lock and Newbury , passing to the north of Hamstead Marshall , the canal is very close to the River Kennet , which flows into the canal via several channels . The canal passes through an area known as the Kennet Valley Alderwoods , the largest remaining fragments of damp , ash @-@ alder woodland in the River Kennet floodplain . The SSSI includes two woods – the Wilderness and part of Ryott 's Plantation – which are important because they support a very great diversity of plants associated with this woodland type , dominated by alder ( Alnus glutinosa ) ; though ash ( Fraxinus excelsior ) is abundant in places and there is occasional oak ( Quercus robur ) and wych elm ( Ulmus glabra ) . In addition to the wide range of higher plants the woods support a diverse bryophyte flora including the uncommon epiphytes Radula complanata , Zygodon viridissimus and Orthotrichum affine . Nearby is Irish Hill Copse . This site of coppiced ancient woodland includes an extensive area of calcareous ash / wych elm coppice on the hill sides , merging into wet ash / maple and acid oak / ash / hazel woodland with aspen , on the higher parts of the site . The lower slopes are dominated by dog 's mercury ( Mercurialis perennis ) , with abundant herb paris ( Paris quadrifolia ) , toothwort ( Lathraea squamaria ) , Solomon 's seal ( Polygonatum multiflorum ) , twayblade and early purple orchids ( Listera ovata ) and Orchis mascula and , locally , wild daffodil ( Narcissus pseudonarcissus ) . A wooden bridge was built close to Newbury Lock in 1726 , replaced in stone between 1769 and 1772 by James Clarke , and now known as the Town Bridge or Water Bridge . As there is no tow path , a line to haul the barge had to be floated under the bridge and then re @-@ attached to the horse where the tow path resumed . = = = Newbury to Reading = = = The River Kennet is navigable from Newbury downstream to the confluence with the River Thames at Kennet Mouth , in Reading . The stretch from Newbury to High Bridge in Reading is an improved river navigation known as the Kennet Navigation , opened in 1723 . Throughout this navigation stretches of natural riverbed alternate with 11 miles ( 18 km ) of artificial lock cuts and a series of locks that overcome a fall of 130 feet ( 40 m ) . East of Newbury town centre the Kennet passes through the Thatcham Reed Beds a 169 acres ( 68 ha ) Site of Special Scientific Interest , nationally important for its extensive reedbed , and species @-@ rich alder woodland and fen habitats . The latter supports Desmoulin 's whorl snail ( Vertigo moulinsiana ) , which is of national and European importance . A large assemblage of breeding birds including nationally rare species such as Cetti 's warbler ( Cettia cetti ) make use of the reedbed , fen and open water habitats found at Thatcham Reed Beds . Thatcham 's network of gravel pits , reed bed , woodland , hedges and grassland is rich in wildlife and has been made into The Nature Discovery Centre by the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds . Monkey Marsh Lock at Thatcham is one of only two remaining working examples of turf @-@ sided locks on the canal today . It is listed as a Scheduled Ancient Monument by English Heritage . Below Colthrop Lock in Thatcham the river leaves behind the built @-@ up area of Newbury and runs in generally rural surroundings . It passes through the Woolhampton Reed Bed , another SSSI which consists of dense reed bed with smaller areas of tall fen vegetation and carr woodland . It is notable for the diversity of insects it supports and its nesting passerine bird populations , which include several uncommon species such as reed warbler ( Acrocephalus scirpaceus ) , a species that in Britain nests almost exclusively in this habitat . Aldermaston Gravel Pits consist of mature flooded gravel workings surrounded by dense fringing vegetation , trees and scrub , affording a variety of habitats for breeding birds and a refuge for wildfowl . The irregular shoreline with islands , promontories , sheltered eutrophic pools and narrow lagoons , provides undisturbed habitat for many water birds , including surface @-@ feeding ducks such as teal ( Anas crecca ) and shoveler ( Anas clypeata ) . The surrounding marsh and scrub are important for numerous birds including nine breeding species of warblers , water rails ( Rallus aquaticus ) , kingfishers ( Alcedoa atthis ) and an important breeding colony of nightingales ( Luscinia megarhynchos ) . In 2002 English Nature bought Aldermaston Gravel Pits from the mineral extraction company Grundon and it is managed as a nature reserve by the Berkshire , Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire Wildlife Trust . The River Kennet itself , from near its sources west of Marlborough down to Woolhampton , has been designated as a SSSI primarily because it has an extensive range of rare plants and animals that are unique to chalk watercourses . The village of Woolhampton and the canal settlement of Aldermaston Wharf are the only significant settlements until the river enters the built @-@ up area of Reading at Sheffield Lock in Theale . Even after this , the river is isolated from Reading 's suburbs by a wide floodplain surrounding the river . In this stretch is Garston Lock , the other turf @-@ sided lock on the navigation . Shortly after passing Fobney Lock and the associated water treatment works , the Kennet flood plain narrows and the river enters a narrow steep @-@ sided gap in the hills forming the southern flank of the Thames flood plain . At County Lock the river enters the centre of Reading , where it formerly flowed through the centre of a large brewery . This narrow and twisting stretch of the river became known as Brewery Gut . Because of poor visibility and the difficulty of boats passing in this stretch , traffic has long been controlled by a set of maritime traffic lights . Today the Brewery Gut is a major feature of Reading 's The Oracle shopping centre . Immediately after The Oracle the river flows under the arched High Bridge , which forms a historical and administrative divide on the river . The last mile of the River Kennet in Reading below the bridge has been navigable since at least the 13th century . Because there is no wide floodplain , wharves could be built during the Middle Ages that allowed Reading to establish itself as a river port . Originally this short stretch of river , which includes Blake 's Lock , was under the control of Reading Abbey , but today it is administered by the Environment Agency as if it were part of the River Thames . The Horseshoe Bridge at Kennet Mouth was built as a railway bridge in 1839 , and the timber @-@ clad iron @-@ truss accommodation bridge was added in 1892 . = = Canal today = = The canal today is a heritage tourism destination . Boating , with narrowboats and cruisers , is a popular tourist attraction particularly in the summer months . It is a favourite haunt of several famous canal enthusiasts including canal boat veterans and original K & A restoration supporters , Prunella Scales and Timothy West . Privately owned craft and hire boats from the range of marinas are much in evidence , and there are numerous canoe clubs along its length . The annual Devizes to Westminster International Canoe Marathon starts from Devizes Wharf , the site of the Kennet & Avon Canal Museum , at first light on Good Friday each year and the competitors have to negotiate 75 locks in the 125 @-@ mile ( 201 km ) route between Devizes and the finish at Westminster . The winning time is usually around 17 ½ hours . Cycling is permitted along the canal towpath except for a 656 yards ( 600 m ) section near Woolhampton . Some sections of the canal towpath have been improved and widened to make them more suitable for cyclists and disabled users . Under a partnership arrangement involving British Waterways , Sustrans , and the riparian local authorities , two main sections of the canal have been improved , and , with a few short diversions , run from Reading to Marsh Benham and from Devizes to Bath as part of the National Cycle Network ( NCN ) Route 4 . Fishing for bream , tench , roach , rudd , perch , gudgeon , pike and carp is permitted throughout the year from the towpath of the canal , but almost its whole length is leased to angling associations or fishing clubs . There are a variety of riverside public houses , shops and tea rooms . The Kennet and Avon Canal Trust operates shops and tearooms at Aldermaston Lock , Newbury Wharf , Crofton Pumping Station , Devizes , and Bradford on Avon . = = = Ecology = = = The canal and its environs are important for wildlife conservation . There are several Sites of Special Scientific Interest ( SSSI ) , which exhibit great biodiversity . Key sites that are home to several rare species include the Aldermaston Gravel Pits , Woolhampton , Thatcham Reed Beds , and Freeman 's Marsh , Hungerford . There are also many non @-@ statutory nature reserves along the canal . More than 100 different species of bird have been recorded in surveys over the length of the canal , of which 38 could be classified as specialist waterway birds , including grey heron ( Ardea cinerea ) , reed bunting ( Emberiza schoeniclus ) and common kingfisher ( Alcedo atthis ) . Fourteen species have been confirmed as breeding including sand martins ( Riparia riparia ) , which nest in drain @-@ pipes in the brick walls of the canal in the centre of Reading . Wilton Water by Crofton Locks and the Kennet Valley gravel pits provide habitats for breeding and wintering waterfowl . Several species of Odonata ( dragonflies and damselflies ) and other invertebrates have also been recorded . Common reed ( Phragmites australis ) is among the plant species growing along the edges of the canal . Measures to preserve and create water vole ( Arvicola amphibius or A. terrestrisis ) habitat have had considerable impact on the restoration of the canal , and new " vole @-@ friendly " techniques of bank protection have been developed .
= Evolution of Worcestershire county boundaries since 1844 = The boundaries of Worcestershire , England have been fluid for over 150 years since the first major changes in 1844 . There were many detached parts of Worcestershire in the surrounding counties , and conversely there were islands of other counties within Worcestershire . The 1844 Counties ( Detached Parts ) Act began the processing of eliminating these , but the process was not completed until 1966 , when Dudley was absorbed into Staffordshire . The expansion of Birmingham and the Black Country during and after the Industrial Revolution also altered the county map considerably . Local government commissions were set up to recommend changes to the local government structures , and as early as 1945 recommendations were made to merge Worcestershire with Herefordshire . Eventually in 1974 , a form of this recommendation was carried out , most of Worcestershire was combined with Herefordshire to form a new county named Hereford & Worcester , while the northern Black Country towns and villages of Worcestershire , along with adjoining areas of Staffordshire and Warwickshire , formed the new county of West Midlands . Hereford & Worcester was re @-@ divided into the separate counties of Herefordshire and Worcestershire in 1998 . Since that time Worcestershire 's boundaries have not changed . Redditch opted to join the West Midlands Combined Authority as an associate ' non @-@ constituent ' member in October 2015 , although this will not affect the borough 's status within Worcestershire . = = Boundaries before 1844 = = Worcestershire 's boundaries were relatively stable before the Victorian era , although some parishes or Manors changed hands with neighbouring counties , usually as ' gifts ' by the monarchy , church or through conquest . In 1844 ; the administration of Worcestershire was carried out by the Courts of Quarter Sessions , who were responsible for law and order , civil jurisdiction and certain administrative functions in the county . These roles included the licensing of alehouses , police , weights and measures , construction / maintenance of highways and bridges , poor law disputes and setting taxes . The county was then divided into five hundreds ( a county subdivision ) , four separate boroughs for the larger towns ( Bewdley , Kidderminster , Droitwich , and Evesham ) , and Worcester itself , which was a county corporate . Worcester was autonomous from Worcestershire and the boroughs had a certain degree of autonomy within the hundreds . Worcestershire 's remaining hundreds prior to the reforms were Blakenhurst , Doddingtree , Halfshire , Oswaldslow and Pershore . The main township part of St. John in Bedwardine parish was incorporated into the City of Worcester in 1837 . The fractured layout of the hundreds was at best confusing . Most of the hundreds were split into two or even three divisions in differing parts of the county . As the above table and Fig 1 shows , some of these parishes were islands surrounded by other hundreds . Meanwhile , some of Worcestershire 's parishes existed in other counties jurisdictions , known as enclaves , exclaves , " outliers " or simply " islands " . There were also parishes that stretched over the county boundary as part of their contiguous area ; Old Swinford parish included Amblecote from Staffordshire for instance . = = = Exclaves and enclaves = = = Worcestershire had an unusually large number of exclaves ( see Fig 1 ) , which were cut off from the main county and completely surrounded by the nearby counties of Warwickshire , Staffordshire , Gloucestershire , Herefordshire , Shropshire ( Detached ) and Oxfordshire . This relationship with neighbouring counties mirrored the confusing and fragmented layout of parishes within Worcestershire 's own hundreds ( See images and table below ) . The most notable islands were Dudley , Evenlode , Blockley and the area around Shipston @-@ on @-@ Stour . Herefordshire , Staffordshire , Warwickshire and Shropshire had their own exclaves within the main part of Worcestershire at Rochford , Broome , Clent , Tardebigge ( Tutnall and Cobley ) and Halesowen respectively . Tardebigge 's history outside the county is even more colourful , changing hands from Worcestershire to Staffordshire and Warwickshire , before returning to Worcestershire at differing times over the centuries . The southern boundary of the county was also complex , with parish boundaries penetrating deep into Gloucestershire and vice versa . The exclaves and enclaves of Worcestershire = = Counties ( Detached Parts ) Act 1844 = = The Counties ( Detached Parts ) Act 1844 was an Act of Parliament which abolished many of the exclaves of counties in England and Wales . The precursor to this legislation was the Reform Act 1832 and Parliamentary Boundaries Act 1832 , which redefined the boundaries for members of parliament . These acts changed the status of many exclaves and enclaves , starting the process of incorporating these ' outliers ' into their surrounding county . This Act of Parliament was designed to eradicate the issue of " islands " or " exclaves " , but numerous exclaves remained part of Worcestershire until the enactment of the Provisional Order Confirmation ( Gloucestershire , Warwickshire and Worcestershire ) Act 1931 . Dudley was Worcestershire 's final exclave ; it was transferred to Staffordshire in 1966 by the West Midlands Order 1965 . = = = Warley Wigorn , Cradley and Lutley = = = Halesowen parish became a detached part of Shropshire when it was gifted to the Earl of Shrewsbury in the late 11th century ; lying between Worcestershire 's northern border and Staffordshire 's southern border . Some small islands within Halesowen were excluded from the gift : Warley Wigorn , which was retained by the Barony of Dudley ( and which consisted of over a dozen disconnected fragments of land ) ; the manor of Cradley ; and Lutley . All three became detached parts of Worcestershire , isolated within Halesowen . Halesowen was returned to Worcestershire in 1844 , ending the detached status of these three islands . Forty years later , Warley Wigorn and the neighbouring parish of " Warley Salop " , which had been in the Shropshire part of Halesowen , joined to become a new parish , Warley . = = = Civil Parishes = = = Historically ; the division into ancient parishes was linked to the manorial system , with parishes and manors often sharing the same boundaries . However the Poor Law Amendment Act 1866 declared a divergence between the historic ecclesiastical parish and administrative functions within the locality , thus creating civil parishes . These administrative units formed the bottom @-@ tier of local government within England and were established from 1866 . = = = Political Reform = = = By the 1880s there was increasing pressure to reform the structure of English counties and the question of county government had become a major political issue . Both the Liberal and Conservative party manifestos for the 1886 general election contained promises to introduce elected local authorities . The Local Government ( Boundaries ) Act 1887 received Royal Assent in September 1887 and appointed Boundary Commissioners to review the existing county boundaries , except for the ' Counties Corporate ' . Worcestershire would have witnessed the formation of a county administration and a loss of territory to Birmingham . The Act also legislated for Dudley to unite with the rest of the county , although this would be achieved through a transfer of territory from Staffordshire . This Act was repealed in favour of the alternative Local Government Act 1888 . = = 1888 – 1958 = = Worcestershire County Council or the administrative county of Worcestershire came into existence following the Local Government Act 1888 and was a level of subnational division of England used for the purposes of local government from 1889 . This new structure replaced many of the administrative functions carried out by the quarter sessions of Worcestershire . The administrative county covered the historic shire of Worcestershire , except for two newly designated county boroughs at Dudley and Worcester . A ' county borough ' was a ' single tier ' authority and regarded within the Local Government Act 1888 as independent of county council jurisdiction or an " administrative county of itself " . This was due to the size of the general population or historic status as ' Counties Corporate ' . The Act also ensured that Worcestershire 's boundaries for what was classified as " non @-@ administrative purposes " would match that of the administrative county ( including the county boroughs in most cases ) . The non @-@ administrative purposes were stated to be " sheriff , lieutenant ( custos rotulorum ) , justices , militia , coroner , or other " . Thus resembling the functions of modern ceremonial counties . = = = Local Government Act 1894 = = = The hundreds were replaced by a new district council formation of either urban or rural districts following implementation of the Local Government Act 1894 . These new ' districts ' were ' second @-@ tier ' administrative units under county council jurisdiction , but did not form part of a county borough which were ' single tier ' authorities . The Act did not legislate the abolition of the hundreds , but their remaining powers were given to the new district councils . The district council boundaries were also self @-@ contained in one administrative county as per the legislation and therefore , unlike some of their predecessors , did not stray over the external shire boundaries . For example , the former Poor Law Union of Alcester in Warwickshire included Abbots Morton , Feckenham , Inkberrow and Oldberrow within its area until the 1894 changes . The Act also introduced structural changes to civil parishes , abolishing vestries and established elected civil parish councils in all rural parishes with more than 300 electors . These were grouped into their rural districts . Boundaries were altered to avoid parishes being split between counties . = = = Birmingham , Oldberrow , Upper Arley and Edvin Loach ( 1891 – 1911 ) = = = Within a short time after the 1888 Act , Worcestershire 's northern external boundaries began to alter ( See Fig 3 ) . The district of Balsall Heath , which had originally constituted the most northerly part of the Parish of King 's Norton , was the first area of the county to be added to the newly designated City of Birmingham on 1 October 1891 . This was followed by the small island of Edvin Loach near Bromyard , which was transferred to Herefordshire in 1893 . Two years following the loss of Edvin Loach , the county gained the parish of Upper Arley , which was a Staffordshire parish nearly surrounded by Worcestershire and Shropshire ( See Fig 2 ) . Oldberrow parish , which was situated in the north east Worcestershire border area was transferred to Warwickshire County Council jurisdiction during 1896 . The continuous expansion of Birmingham city has been a large contributory factor to Worcestershire 's fluid boundary changes and associated housing issues . Balsall Heath was followed into Birmingham by Quinton Urban District in November 1909 , and then by both the Rural District of Yardley and the greater part of the Urban District of King 's Norton and Northfield . These latter transfers into the city were as part of the Greater Birmingham Act on 9 November 1911 , which saw a considerable expansion of the city into its surrounding districts . As a consequence of the transfer to Birmingham ; these areas ( and Balsall Heath ) were regarded as part of Warwickshire , though Birmingham 's status as a ' county borough ' ensured these areas were not administered by Warwickshire County Council . = = = Expansion of Dudley and Smethwick ( 1926 – 1928 ) = = = The compact size of Dudley County Borough combined with an increasing population , the high cost of reclaiming derelict land and urgent slum clearance contributed to a dire housing and land shortage . This resulted in the council " acquiring land from adjacent local authorities " . At the expense of Staffordshire , Worcestershire grew slightly in 1926 to allow for the construction of the Priory Estate on land which was mostly situated in Sedgley . These boundary changes also saw the purchase of the town 's castle and priory ruins by the council , primarily to free up surrounding land for social housing . Several thousand homes ( mostly council owned ) were built between 1929 and 1955 on what became known as the Priory , Wren 's Nest and Old Park Farm estates . A similar housing and land shortage existed in nearby Smethwick County Borough , which also resulted in the authority acquiring land from adjoining council areas . By 1914 ; the urban area of Bearwood had already spread over the border of Oldbury Urban District as far as Rathbone Road and Warley Park . A further adjustment of the county boundary took place in 1928 and on this occasion however , Staffordshire gained territory from Worcestershire at Warley Woods ( See Fig 4 ) . This enabled Smethwick to build new housing estates at Londonderry and to the west of Rathbone Road . The housing and land shortage within Smethwick continued after World War II , rendering the council to concentrate primarily on constructing medium @-@ rise maisonettes , flats and high @-@ rise tower blocks for social housing needs . = = = Provisional Order Confirmation ( Gloucestershire , Warwickshire and Worcestershire ) Act 1931 = = = The Counties ( Detached parts ) Act 1844 was originally designed to eradicate exclaves or ' islands ' and amalgamate the area with the surrounding county ; Worcestershire however , still possessed many ' outliers ' to the south east . This was before enactment of the Provisional Order Confirmation ( Gloucestershire , Warwickshire and Worcestershire ) Act 1931 which nearly completed the task of amalgamating Worcestershire 's islands into their surrounding county , except for Dudley . This act transferred Blockley , Daylesford and Evenlode to Gloucestershire , whilst Warwickshire gained Alderminster , Tidmington and Tredington . The whole of Shipston @-@ on @-@ Stour Rural District was also merged into Warwickshire and subsequently amalgamated with Brailes Rural District . The outliers were not the only boundary realignments as part of the Act . The south western tip of Worcestershire at Redmarley D 'Abitot and Staunton was transferred to Gloucestershire , whilst the county gained the parish of Ipsley from Alcester Rural District in Warwickshire ( See Fig 5 ) , which was added to the expanding Redditch Urban District = = = Local Government Boundary Commission ( 1945 – 1949 ) = = = The Local Government Boundary Commission proposed radical changes to the local government structures during 1948 . The plans included merging Worcestershire with Herefordshire to form a new administrative unit , except Dudley and Oldbury which would become part of a new " Stafford South " county . Worcester and Dudley would remain as county boroughs , however some services would be carried out by the respective county council . While the commission 's proposals were abandoned , revised proposals for a combined Herefordshire & South Worcestershire county were to surface twenty years later . = = Local Government Act 1958 = = Over the course of the 19th and 20th centuries , the Birmingham and Black Country urban areas were coalescing into a single extensive conurbation spanning the borders of three counties : Warwickshire , Staffordshire and Worcestershire . Other similar urban areas in England , such as Lancashire , Tyneside , London and within Yorkshire West Riding , had grown in size since the Industrial Revolution . The expansion of these conurbations saw economic and physical integration with neighbouring towns and communities . This process became more prominent due to growing housing issues , extensive bombing during World War II , slum clearance , and continuing migration into urban areas . The Black Country contained a combination of county boroughs , urban districts , municipal boroughs and county councils ( See Fig 6 ) taking responsibility for services , which resulted in a fragmented local government infrastructure . The Local Government Act 1958 appointed a Local Government Commission to review administrative structures and boundaries in England outside London . The Act designated a West Midlands Special Review Area , whose recommendations would ultimately form the West Midlands Order 1965 legislation . A second report known as the West Midlands General Review looked into the administrative authorities within the wider region , including the remainder of Worcestershire . = = = West Midlands Special Review Area = = = The commission made its report in July 1961 . It recommended that the Black Country area be administered by large county boroughs , and that the remaining urban districts or municipal boroughs be merged into these authorities . The original county council 's responsibility for services within the majority of the conurbation were curtailed and association with the historic shire was for ceremonial purposes only . The West Midlands Special Review Area included Dudley , Oldbury , Stourbridge and Halesowen ( as per Fig . 6 ) . The latter two council areas were not incorporated into a county borough , as part of the eventual West Midlands Order 1965 . Halesowen was proposed to be included within an enlarged Smethwick County Borough , but a successful campaign entitled " Hands off Halesowen " orchestrated by a non @-@ partisan group called the " Halesowen Independence Committee " helped stop the plans . Meanwhile , the second report into the West Midland General Review area was also delivered in July 1961 and a proposal for Worcester to lose its county borough status was not implemented . = = = West Midlands Order 1965 = = = In April 1966 , Dudley expanded beyond its historical boundaries and took in the surrounding Staffordshire districts of Sedgley , Brierley Hill , Coseley and part of Amblecote . The West Midlands Order 1965 redefined its status and the Dudley County Borough became part of Staffordshire . Worcestershire County Council retained Halesowen and Stourbridge , but ceded Oldbury to an enlarged Smethwick County Borough which was renamed Warley County Borough . This enlarged county borough would be regarded as part of Worcestershire for " non @-@ administrative purposes " , but not under county council jurisdiction ( see Fig 7 ) . Warley was an amalgamation of Oldbury Urban District , Rowley Regis Urban District , and Smethwick as well as the Oakham area of Dudley and Tividale area of Tipton . Subsequent associated legislation established the West Midlands Constabulary , which policed the area , and the West Midlands Passenger Transport Executive . = = = Amblecote and Redditch New Town = = = During these reorganisations , the territory of the county council grew only where Stourbridge took in the majority of Amblecote Urban District from Staffordshire ( See Fig 6 ) and the designation of Redditch in April 1964 as a " New town " . Historically , Redditch lies on the county boundary , so any expansion of the newly designated town would either fall under the Green Belt to the north , or the surrounding area of Warwickshire at Matchborough . Therefore , the boundary between the two counties was realigned in favour of Worcestershire , as a consequence of the Warwickshire and Worcestershire ( Boundaries ) Order 1969 legislation ( Fig 7 ) . The Redditch New Town designation coincided with a programme of considerable social housing development , mainly due to enactment of the Town Development Act 1952 . Numerous housing developments took place across the county , especially in Droitwich , Worcester and near to the Birmingham boundary at Frankley , Hawkesley , Kitwell , Rednal , Rubery and Walkers Heath . The majority of these developments were designed to help alleviate the housing and land shortages within Birmingham 's boundaries . = = = Redcliffe @-@ Maud Report ( 1966 – 1969 ) = = = The Redcliffe @-@ Maud Report ( Cmnd . 4040 ) recommended the abolition of all the existing county , county borough , borough , urban district and rural district councils and replacement with new authorities . These new unitary ( i.e. single tier ) authorities were largely based on major towns , which acted as regional employment , commercial , social and recreational centres and took into account local transport infrastructure and travel patterns . The proposals for the county included a considerable loss of territory to a proposed " West Midlands Metropolitan Area " , as per Fig 8 . Stourbridge was including in the planned Metropolitan District of Dudley , whilst West Bromwich @-@ Warley would have included Halesowen , and a district known as North Worcestershire was planned to incorporate Bewdley , Bromsgrove , Kidderminster , Redditch and Stourport @-@ on @-@ Severn . The remaining part of central and southern Worcestershire ( including Worcester ) , would be amalgamated with Herefordshire to form a new county . All of these areas would exist under an overarching " West Midlands Provincial Council " covering the entire region in a devolved capacity . The Conservative party won the 1970 general election and committed to a two @-@ tier system in local government . In 1971 a further White Paper entitled Local Government in England : Government Proposals for Reorganisation ( Cmnd 4584 ) , which ultimately led to the 1974 re @-@ organisation saw a great deal of Redcliffe @-@ Maud 's recommendations discontinued . = = Halesowen , Stourbridge and Malvernshire ( 1971 – 1974 ) = = The Local Government in England : Government Proposals for Reorganisation ( Cmnd 4584 ) 1971 White Paper and Bill , which ultimately became the Local Government Act 1972 , did not go as far as the Redcliffe – Maud Report . Plans for the amalgamation of Herefordshire , Worcester and the majority of Worcestershire remained , except for Halesowen , Stourbridge and Warley . These three areas would join a proposed metropolitan county along with Dudley . The West Midlands Order 1965 and associated legislation ( i.e. the formation of the West Midlands Constabulary ) instigated a large degree of local government integration within the West Midlands conurbation , however this was carried out under a county borough system in place since 1889 . Stourbridge would be incorporated into an enlarged Dudley administrative unit , plus Halesowen would join Warley and West Bromwich . During the debates associated with the Local Government Bill , Terry Davis MP ( Bromsgrove ) tabled Amendment Numbers 73 , 74 and 100 which proposed maintaining Worcestershire and Herefordshire as separate counties . He also stated that the bill " is not welcomed in Halesowen or Stourbridge or the county as a whole " and " The situation has therefore been reluctantly accepted in Worcestershire , and this group of amendments would not change this part of the Bill . " He said that whilst agreement was in place for Worcester to be " included in the County of Worcestershire " , the merger with Herefordshire was " intensely unpopular " , especially from within the neighbouring county . Dr. John Gilbert MP ( Dudley ) said in the amendment debate regarding the future of Seisdon Rural District that whilst Dudley has " no imperialist ambitions . ... We have no wish to engorge Stourbridge or Halesowen . Although the merger is going through smoothly , as a result of the exercise of tact and co @-@ operation on the part of all the local authorities and between and within all the political parties ... " . These amendments were defeated in the subsequent vote paving the way for the future " Hereford & Worcester " , as were with Amendment Numbers 294 and 295 which would have consented to the transfer of Kinver Parish from Seisdon in Staffordshire to the new combined Herefordshire & Worcestershire authority . In the accompanying debates in the House of Lords , Worcestershire Peer Lord Sandys said that Stourbridge and Halesowen 's respective borough council 's " duly elected , are wholly opposed to being joined to the conurbation " . He continued by stating that " a reason for the support of the county council , which is wholeheartedly for the boroughs of Halesowen and Stourbridge in their opposition to joining the conurbation , is the question of the Green Belt . " which could become threatened by future development . Originally the combined authority was to be called Malvernshire and this term was used in the early Local Government Bill debates and statistics . By the time the Bill became law , the county was renamed Hereford and Worcester . = = = County of West Midlands = = = The Local Government Act 1972 legislated for a new metropolitan administrative unit to be known as the County of West Midlands , incorporating the North West Warwickshire , South Staffordshire and North Worcestershire border area . The Act also legislated that the new county would be sub @-@ divided into metropolitan districts , although most districts became metropolitan boroughs after being granted or regranted Royal charters giving them borough status . The West Midlands was to be largely centred on the Birmingham and Black Country county boroughs , but with a boundary roughly matching the conurbation , as per Fig 9 . However the Meriden Gap in Warwickshire was included , enabling Coventry to be incorporated into the new structure . Within this new authority ; Dudley County Borough along with Stourbridge and Halesowen formed Dudley Metropolitan District ( later to become Dudley Metropolitan Borough ) , whilst Warley County Borough merged with West Bromwich to create Sandwell . Most of the rural hinterland proposed by Redcliffe @-@ Maud was discarded ; thus permitting Bewdley , Bromsgrove , Kidderminster , Redditch and Stourport @-@ on @-@ Severn to become part of the new Hereford & Worcester authority . On 1 April 1974 ; ( the day of local government reorganisation ) an article in The Times quoted an unnamed ' Department of the Environment ' official who said " The new county boundaries are solely for the purpose of defining areas of first @-@ level government of the future : They are administrative areas and will not alter the traditional boundaries of counties , nor is it intended that the loyalties of people living in them will change " The West Midlands County Council existed for only a short period before abolition in April 1986 via enactment of the Local Government Act 1985 , which abolished the Metropolitan County Councils and Greater London Council . The individual metropolitan boroughs resumed most services which were provided at county level or through joint bodies such as the West Midlands Passenger Transport Authority . = = Hereford and Worcester ( 1974 – 1998 ) = = Legislation from the Local Government Act 1972 came into force on 1 April 1974 , which saw most of the county amalgamated with Herefordshire and Worcester City to form a single non @-@ metropolitan county of " Hereford and Worcester " . The new county was divided into nine districts : Meanwhile , the Local Government Boundary Commission for England started its periodic structural reviews and looked at all administrative areas on an individual basis . Leominster District Council proposed a boundary change at Burford , near Tenbury Wells to incorporate the area into Hereford & Worcester from Shropshire during 1987 / 1988 . This proposal was rejected by the LGBCE as well as a minor adjustment at Upper Arley . The commission also investigated splitting Hereford & Worcester in 1990 , following submissions by Hereford City Council and the " Herefordshire Action Committee " , although the proposals were rejected at that time . Boundary changes between Hereford & Worcester and Warwickshire at Mappleborough Green , Pebworth , Long Marston and Studley were also proposed , and some were accepted resulting in minor changes to both counties . In 1993 there were more minor adjustments of the county boundary , this time between Bromsgrove and Dudley Metropolitan Borough near to Wollescote and Solihull Metropolitan Borough near Hockley Heath . = = = Review of the West Midlands ( City of Birmingham ) Boundaries with Bromsgrove ( Hereford and Worcester ) = = = The most recent transfer of territory between the West Midlands County and Hereford & Worcester or Worcestershire occurred along sections of the Birmingham and Bromsgrove district boundary . The draft proposals and final report of the LBGCE Review of the West Midlands ( City of Birmingham ) Boundaries with Bromsgrove ( Hereford & Worcester ) proposed that Frankley , Kitwell Estate , Rednal , Rubery , Walkers Heath and the remainder of Bartley Reservoir transfer to Birmingham , as per Fig 10 . These changes were intended to unify several housing estates built and maintained by Birmingham City Council under the Town Development Act 1952 , but which fell within the Bromsgrove boundary . Frankley was split into two parts with New Frankley and the area around Bartley Reservoir transferred from Bromsgrove to Birmingham in April 1995 . The small village of Frankley remained in Hereford & Worcester and formed a new Civil Parish under the same name . Hopwood 's surrounding areas were transferred from the city to Bromsgrove . Rubery remained within Hereford & Worcester and also Worcestershire after the county was recreated in 1998 , contrary to the LGBCE final proposal . These boundary changes were relatively minor in comparison to previous transfers . = = = Local Government Act 1992 = = = Following the Local Government Act 1992 legislation ; the LGBCE was once again charged with examining all English non @-@ metropolitan counties , but was given authority to recommend proposals that would significantly alter or abolish administrative areas . Accompanying legislation known as the Local Government Changes for England Regulations 1994 also established a new single @-@ tier form of administrative unit known as a ' Unitary authority ' . These new councils would be responsible for all services carried out by non @-@ metropolitan district and county authorities within their area , thus resembling county boroughs . The county of Hereford & Worcester was to be reviewed again , despite an earlier structural review which recommended no change to the county . Various options were put to consultation , including : Other ideas put forward and discounted before the consultation stage included a complete restoration of the pre @-@ 1974 Worcestershire county boundary . This option included Stourbridge and Halesowen , as they were under the jurisdiction of Worcestershire County Council until 1 April 1974 . The LGBCE deemed that this Local Government review did not include metropolitan counties ( except a one @-@ off review of Sefton on Merseyside ) , so there would be no change to the boundaries of Dudley Metropolitan Borough . The Local Government Boundary Commission recommended that Hereford & Worcester should be split into three unitary authorities centred on Herefordshire , North Worcestershire and South Worcestershire . However , Parliament chose the hybrid unitary and two @-@ tier option instead , resulting in the abolition of the county of Hereford & Worcester . = = New Worcestershire ( 1998 to present ) = = Hereford and Worcester County Council ceased to exist on 1 April 1998 and was replaced by the new non @-@ metropolitan and ceremonial county of Worcestershire . The new county regained its historic border with Herefordshire , which became a unitary authority . The former " Hereford & Worcester " districts of Redditch , Worcester , Bromsgrove , Wychavon and Wyre Forest were retained with little or no change . The Leominster and Malvern Hills districts crossed over the historic border , so a new Malvern Hills district was created from the parts of those two districts within the restored Worcestershire boundaires . The external boundaries of the new county are shown in Fig 11 ; they have not altered since the 1998 split . Following the abolition of the county of Hereford & Worcester some cross @-@ boundary organisations and resources remain shared by the two counties . These include waste management , the youth offending service , Hereford & Worcester Fire & Rescue Service and the radio station BBC Hereford & Worcester . Meanwhile , the BBC 's commercial radio counterpart ; Free Radio ( formerly Radio Wyvern ) broadcasts to the two counties and is regarded as a single licence area by the Office of Communications . West Mercia Police is still shared with Herefordshire , Shropshire and Telford & Wrekin . The Hereford & Worcester Ambulance Service was merged into the wider West Midlands Ambulance Service NHS Foundation Trust in 2006 . The West Midlands legally exists to this day as a metropolitan and ceremonial county , with countywide functions such as West Midlands Police , West Midlands Fire Service and the West Midlands Passenger Transport Executive ( known as Centro ) . Most of the original metropolitan counties are now combined authorities , which are ' top tier ' statutory bodies resembling the former metropolitan county councils . However ' Non @-@ Metropolitan Authority ' groupings are also becoming involved with the combined authority process . = = = Devolution = = = There has been intense media debate and discussion throughout 2014 and 2015 about possible ' Combined Authorities ' within the West Midlands region , especially following the Scottish Independence Referendum 2014 , the ' Greater Manchester Agreement ' on devolution and the 2015 General Election . Five local authorities within the West Midlands County initially agreed to start the process to form a combined authority , however the official announcement in June 2015 encompassed all seven metropolitan councils . The new body will be known as the West Midlands Combined Authority and aims to be established in June 2016 . Originally the Greater Birmingham and Solihull Local Enterprise Partnership , covering Birmingham , Solihull and several district councils in Staffordshire and Worcestershire ( Bromsgrove , Redditch and Wyre Forest ) , discussed setting up a " Supervisory Board " with " a formal governance structure between a Joint Committee and a Combined Authority " . Sir Albert Bore , Birmingham City Council 's leader said that he envisioned a combined authority stretching from Wolverhampton to Coventry and beyond , and from East Staffordshire to Redditch would form the core of a Midlands powerhouse to compete with city regions around the world . The Local Government Chronicle stated that Bromsgrove , Redditch and Wyre Forest have been invited to form part of a possible West Midlands combined authority , because of their membership of the ' Greater Birmingham & Solihull Local Enterprise Partnership ' . So far ; Redditch is the only Worcestershire authority to join the new combined authority as an associate ' non @-@ constituent ' member , whilst Bromsgrove and Wyre Forest opted not to join " at this time " . The present Secretary of State for Business , Innovation and Skills – Sajid Javid MP ( Bromsgrove ) said he welcomed the ambition shown by the new combined authority and will back them in their mission to drive forward the " Midlands Engine " . Previously ; Robin Walker MP ( Worcester ) and Sir Peter Luff ( former MP for Mid Worcestershire ) , along with Adrian Hardman ( former leader of Worcestershire County Council ) have spoken out against a future ' Birmingham and The Black Country ' combined authority incorporating the county . Councillor Hardman also said that empowering the city regions is essential to any new English devolution settlement , but the great counties of England have an equal role in ensuring the economic success of the UK . The possibility of a Worcestershire combined authority , focusing on four key areas of " transport , infrastructure planning , skills development and land planning " has been mooted by local media and politicians . The ' County Councils Network ' document " County Devolution – Final Report " states that the collective local authorities and the ( Worcestershire ) Local Enterprise Partnership are currently considering options to establish an economic prosperity board , combined authority or similar . The same document mentions the name " World Class Worcestershire Combined Authority " , which provides consistency with present county council branding . = = = A unitary future ? = = = The subsequent local government restructuring in April 2009 , which abolished more two @-@ tier counties ( including Shropshire and Cheshire ) did not affect Worcestershire . The county still maintains a two @-@ tier administrative system as per the Local Government Act 1992 , although Lord Heseltine 's No stone unturned : in pursuit of growth review for the Department of Business , Innovation & Skills suggested that all English local authorities should be unitary or combined authority models similar to the existing structures in Scotland and Wales . As of 2014 , conversations are taking place within the local media about the positives and negatives of a possible unitary council structure within Worcestershire . Possibilities being put forward in these discussions are broadly similar to the Local Government Boundary Commission for England proposals prior to the ' Hereford & Worcester ' abolition . These ideas consist of either two unitary authorities based in North Worcestershire ( Bromsgrove , Redditch , Wyre Forest ) and South Worcestershire ( Malvern Hills , Worcester , Wychavon ) or a single countywide council as per Herefordshire . Already the three district councils in the south of the county have successfully worked together to produce the South Worcestershire Development Plan , which replaced the existing Local Plans of these three partner councils when it was adopted in February 2016 ; it also superseded elements of Worcestershire County Council 's County Structure Plan . There are also joint service provisions between the North Worcestershire districts including building control shared services , economic development and regeneration , water management and the emergency planning and business continuity service . = = = Historic county revival = = = Separately , the Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government announced on St. George 's Day 2013 in a symbolic move that England 's historic and traditional counties still exist . They are now recognised by the government , who will now encourage the marking and continued use of such traditional county names by the existing tiers of local government and residents . A follow up announcement in April 2014 put forward an initiative in changing planning regulations , stating that ' traditional county ' names can be placed on roadsigns . The same Government department also published an online map comparing the current and historic counties . The main body of the pre @-@ 1889 boundaries appear to be acknowledged , but Worcestershire 's islands including Dudley and Shipston @-@ on @-@ Stour are omitted . = = Statistics = = The table below features official statistics from the United Kingdom Census relating to Worcestershire 's size and population from 1801 onwards . The statistics are compiled across England and Wales on a decennial basis by the Office for National Statistics ( ONS ) . The population of Worcestershire increased over five @-@ fold between 1801 and the 1971 census , reaching a peak of 693 @,@ 253 people . According to the 1971 survey ; Warley County Borough accounted for 163 @,@ 567 people , Worcester with 73 @,@ 456 , whilst the remaining 456 @,@ 230 resided within the administrative county area . However this survey was based on different external boundaries as opposed to the present county . The current population of Worcestershire is estimated at 566 @,@ 200 people , according to the 2011 census . † – No census taken due to World War II ‡ – Statistics for the county of Hereford & Worcester , no individual statistics available for Worcestershire
= Noriko Matsueda = Noriko Matsueda ( 松枝賀子 , Matsueda Noriko , born December 18 , 1971 ) is a Japanese former video game composer . She is best known for her work on the Front Mission series , The Bouncer , and Final Fantasy X @-@ 2 . Matsueda collaborated with fellow composer Takahito Eguchi on several games . Composing music at an early age , she began studying the piano and electronic organ when she was three years old . She graduated from the Tokyo Conservatoire Shobi , where she met Eguchi . She joined Square ( now Square Enix ) in 1994 , where she created music for nine games . Her last credited work was Final Fantasy X @-@ 2 's piano arrangement album , Final Fantasy X @-@ 2 Piano Collection from 2004 , after which she decided to leave the company alongside Eguchi . She composed mostly jazz music for the scores she worked on . = = Biography = = Born in Tochigi , Japan , Noriko Matsueda began creating music at an early age . She received a scholarship in music at the age of three and went on to study the piano and electronic organ . Matsueda took various composition and performance courses at the Tokyo Conservatoire Shobi , where she also met long @-@ term collaborator Takahito Eguchi . She joined Square in 1994 , where her first assignment was to score the 1995 title Front Mission alongside Yoko Shimomura . She subsequently contributed the track " Boss Battle 1 " to Chrono Trigger , arranged by Nobuo Uematsu . Matsueda 's first solo work was Bahamut Lagoon , which also represented her first collaboration with Eguchi , who arranged and orchestrated " Theme of Bahamut Lagoon ~ Opening " for the bonus disc of its original soundtrack . In 1996 , she created the composition " Tower Block " for the multi @-@ composer game Tobal No. 1 . The following year , she created the soundtrack to Front Mission 2 . In 1999 , Matsueda and Eguchi made their first major collaboration by scoring the role @-@ playing racing game Racing Lagoon , with synthesizer programmer Ryo Yamazaki providing three tracks . Matsueda was responsible for all the music except the battle , opening , and ending themes . They collaborated again on the soundtrack to the PlayStation 2 title The Bouncer in 2000 , whereas the two took a more equal share of the music . A large amount of the compositions produced was not used in the game and there were also many post @-@ production demands . Afterward , Matsueda created 25 pieces of background music for Square 's PlayOnline viewer used for Final Fantasy XI and Tetra Master . She reunited with Eguchi to create the soundtrack to Final Fantasy X @-@ 2 in 2003 , with Matsueda contributing most of the setting themes . Having replaced Final Fantasy 's regular series composer Nobuo Uematsu to create a work entirely different from the predecessor Final Fantasy X , their score has become one of the most criticized soundtracks in the series . However , despite the negative response and a low budget , it was commercially successful . The following year , she worked on Final Fantasy X @-@ 2 's international version Final Fantasy X @-@ 2 International + Last Mission and provided three arrangements to the Final Fantasy X @-@ 2 Piano Collection album . The Piano Collections album was her last credited work , and she has since left Square Enix along with Eguchi . = = Musical style and influences = = Matsueda is noted for her jazzy style , which she often incorporated into the soundtracks she worked on ; she also touched on genres like jazz fusion , lounge , and ambient . For the scores that she collaborated on with Eguchi , she was responsible for most of the jazzy tracks , while Eguchi provided the majority of the electronic music . Matsueda has said that the best qualities of a composer are their curiosity and sensitivity , and that watching many things , listening , touching , and feeling are important factors in composition . When asked why she creates music , Matsueda replied that she feels it is an appropriate way to express herself . She cites George Gershwin , Herbie Hancock , Chick Corea , Igor Stravinsky , and Gustav Mahler as musical influences . When composing music for games , Matsueda draws inspiration from all parts of the game , including the story , the world view , the personality of the characters , the graphics , and the tone of color . She has stated that she makes the music thinking about the goal of the sounds for the game and its total balance . = = Works = =
= No Exit ( Miami Vice ) = " ' No Exit " is the seventh episode of the first season of the American police procedural television series Miami Vice . It premiered on the National Broadcasting Company ( NBC ) on November 9 , 1984 . The episode was written by Charles R. Leinenweber and Maurice Hurley , and directed by David Soul . " No Exit " featured guest appearances by Bruce Willis and Katherine Borowitz . Miami Vice focuses on the lives of two undercover Metro @-@ Dade police officers , James " Sonny " Crockett ( Don Johnson ) and Ricardo Tubbs ( Philip Michael Thomas ) . In this episode , the detectives investigate an arms dealer selling military hardware . The dealer 's abuse of his spouse complicates the surveillance . Written under the working title " Three @-@ Eyed Turtle " , the episode has been seen as exploring existentialist themes , including Jean @-@ Paul Sartre 's theory that all relationships are based on a struggle for dominance . The episode features a contemporary pop soundtrack , using Phil Collins ' " I Don 't Care Anymore " and " Stay With Me " by Teddy Pendergrass . = = Plot = = Metro @-@ Dade detectives James " Sonny " Crockett ( Don Johnson ) and Ricardo Tubbs ( Philip Michael Thomas ) , and lieutenant Martin Castillo ( Edward James Olmos ) are undercover to arrest a pair of arms dealers . After a brief shoot @-@ out , the dealers are taken into custody , and during the course of their confessions , reveal their supplier to be a man named Tony Amato . Amato ( Bruce Willis ) is an international arms dealer who the Federal Bureau of Investigation have been tracking , as they believe Amato is planning the sale of FIM @-@ 92 Stinger missiles stolen from a military arms depot . The FBI agrees to allow Metro @-@ Dade to conduct the surveillance as its equipment was in place first . Crockett and Tubbs watch Amato 's abusive relationship with his wife Rita ( Katherine Borowitz ) . When Rita attempts to hire a hitman to kill Amato , Crockett intercepts the call and meets with her , arranging her help in their case in return for her safety . She explains that she has tried to leave Amato before , but he hired thugs to rape her divorce lawyer 's wife to scare her into place . Amato 's prospective buyer is intercepted and arrested . The FBI had initially planned to send one of their agents undercover in his place , but Tubbs volunteers for the role , fearing the agent is too inexperienced . Tubbs meets with Amato and his henchmen , who demonstrate one of the Stingers and explain how to take out a civilian airplane with an unarmed missile . Tubbs agrees to purchase all of Amato 's inventory and arranges another meet to make the buy . That night , Crockett , surveilling Amato 's house , sees him beat Rita again , and is unable to intervene . When Amato breaks his telephone in a rage , he finds one of the surveillance devices . Tubbs quickly calls him , claiming to have been bugged as well , and the two arrange to move the buy to that evening . Amato is noticeably on @-@ edge during the meet , and is desperate to unload the missiles . The buy is set to take place at the docks , and the remainder of the Metro @-@ Dade vice squad arrive to complete the bust , taking Amato into custody safely . However , when Amato is due to be arraigned the next morning , a group of federal agents arrive with paperwork offering him immunity from prosecution in exchange for working for them to supply South American anti @-@ Communist groups . Rita arrives to see Amato going free , draws a gun from her handbag , and shoots him . = = Production = = " No Exit " was originally given the working title " Three @-@ Eyed Turtle " , which was changed when an executive at the National Broadcasting Company ( NBC ) ' s Standards and Practices office realized this was slang for a sexual act . The amended title , " No Exit " , has been seen by critics Stephen Sanders and Aeon Scoble as a reference to Jean @-@ Paul Sartre 's 1944 play No Exit , as the episode features " an early series engagement with existentialism " . The pair have argued that the fractured relationship between Tony and Rita Amato echoes the philosopher 's assertion that all human relationships are defined by a struggle for control and supremacy . " No Exit " was directed by David Soul , whose Starsky and Hutch co @-@ star Paul Michael Glaser had also directed for the series . Writer Maurice Hurley would receive writing credits on a number of other Miami Vice episodes , including " The Dutch Oven " , " Whatever Works " , and " Golden Triangle " . The location used for Amato 's home was the " Pink House " , a nickname for the Spear House in Coral Gables , Florida ; a 1978 building designed by architecture firm Arquitectonica . The location was chosen for use in the episode by executive producer Michael Mann . Guest star Bruce Willis was one of a number of New York stage actors cast in the series , having only appeared in an Off @-@ Broadway performance of Fool for Love before being cast as Tony Amato . As was customary for episodes of Miami Vice episodes , " No Exit " makes use of contemporary pop music in its soundtrack , featuring the songs " Stay With Me " by Teddy Pendergrass and " I Don 't Care Anymore " by Phil Collins . The latter song featured in a scene of Crockett driving at night , echoing the use of Collins ' " In the Air Tonight " in a similar scene in the pilot , " Brother 's Keeper " . The alienation discussed in " I Don 't Care Anymore " has been described as mirroring the violent rift in Amato 's marriage , and also the detachment with which Crockett must approach this aspect of the case . = = Broadcast and reception = = " No Exit " was first broadcast on NBC on November 9 , 1984 . NBC repeated the episode twice in 1985 , before airing it once more in 1986 . Writing for DVD Talk , Todd Douglass Jr. described " No Exit " as being " definitely one of the highlights " of Miami Vice 's first season . Douglass felt that the episode 's tight focus left it " one of the more entertaining " installments of the series . " No Exit " has been seen as a " turning point " for Miami Vice , finalizing what would become the overall tone of the series . This has been credited to the addition of Edward James Olmos to the cast , and Mann becoming the sole executive producer after the departure of Anthony Yerkovich . The episode has also been noted as an example of the series ' criticism of the presidency of Ronald Reagan , linking the villain Amato with United States intervention in South America . This critique of the federal government and its handling of foreign intervention would prove to be a recurring element of the series , featuring in the second season episode " Prodigal Son " and the fourth season episode " Baseballs of Death " . Willis ' portrayal of Amato has been described by critic Mark T. Conard as an example of a recurring character archetype in the series , that of a troubled male with a checkered past . Other examples given by Conard are Bruce McGill 's guest role in " Out Where the Buses Don 't Run " and G. Gordon Liddy 's appearance in " Stone 's War " . Conard also identifies the three male protagonists — Crockett , Tubbs and Castillo — among this archetype .
= German occupation of Belgium during World War II = The German occupation of Belgium ( French : Occupation allemande , Dutch : Duitse bezetting ) during World War II began on 28 May 1940 when the Belgian army surrendered to German forces and lasted until Belgium 's liberation by the Western Allies between September 1944 and February 1945 . It was the second time that Germany had occupied Belgium in under thirty years . After the success of the invasion , a military administration was established in Belgium , bringing the territory under the direct rule of the Wehrmacht . Thousands of Belgian soldiers were taken as prisoners of war , and many were not released until 1945 . The German administration juggled competing objectives of maintaining order while extracting material from the territory for the war effort . They were assisted by the Belgian civil service , which believed that limited co @-@ operation with the occupiers would result in the least damage to Belgian interests . Belgian Fascist parties in both Flanders and Wallonia , established before the war , collaborated much more actively with the occupiers ; they helped recruit Belgians for the German army and were given more power themselves toward the end of the occupation . Food and fuel were tightly rationed , and all official news was closely censored . Belgian civilians living near possible targets such as railway junctions were in danger of Allied aerial bombing . From 1942 , the occupation became more repressive . Jews suffered systematic persecution and deportation to concentration camps , as measures were taken against potential political opposition . Despite vigorous protest , the Germans deported Belgian civilians to work in factories in Germany . Meanwhile , the Belgian Resistance , formed in late 1940 , expanded vastly . From 1944 , the SS and Nazi Party gained much greater control in Belgium , particularly after the military government was replaced in July by a Nazi civil administration , the Reichskommissariat Belgien @-@ Nordfrankreich . In September 1944 , Allied forces arrived in Belgium and quickly moved across the country . That December , the territory was incorporated de jure into the Greater German Reich although its collaborationist leaders were already in exile in Germany and German control in the region was virtually non @-@ existent . Belgium was declared fully liberated in February 1945 . In total , 40 @,@ 690 Belgians , over half of them Jews , were killed during the occupation and the country 's pre @-@ war gross domestic product ( GDP ) was reduced by eight percent . = = Background = = Belgium had pursued a policy of neutrality since its independence in 1830 , successfully avoiding becoming a belligerent in the Franco @-@ Prussian War ( 1870 – 71 ) . In World War I , the German Empire invaded Belgium . During the ensuing occupation , the Allies encouraged Belgian workers to resist the occupiers through non @-@ compliance , leading to large @-@ scale reprisals against Belgian civilians by the German army . As political tensions escalated in the years leading to World War II , the Belgian government again announced its intention to remain neutral in the event of war in Europe . The military was reorganised into a defensive force and the country left several international military treaties it had joined in the aftermath of World War I. Construction began of defences in the east of the country . When France and Britain declared war on Germany in September 1939 , Belgium remained strictly neutral while mobilising its reserves . Without warning , the Germans invaded Belgium on 10 May 1940 . During the following 18 Days ' Campaign , the Belgian army was pushed back into a pocket in the north @-@ west of Belgium and surrendered on 28 May . The government fled to France , and later the United Kingdom , establishing an official government in exile under pre @-@ war Prime Minister Hubert Pierlot . They were responsible for forming a small military force made up of Belgian and colonial troops , known as the Free Belgian Forces and which fought as part the Allied forces . = = Administration and governance = = Shortly after the surrender of the Belgian army , the Militärverwaltung in Belgien und Nordfrankreich ( a " Military Administration " covering Belgium and the two French departments of Nord and Pas @-@ de @-@ Calais ) was created by the Germans with Brussels as administrative centre . Germany annexed Eupen @-@ Malmedy , a German @-@ speaking region given to Belgium under the Treaty of Versailles of 1919 . The Military Government was placed under the control of General Alexander von Falkenhausen , an aristocrat and career soldier . Under von Falkenhausen 's command , the German administration had two military units at its disposal : the Feldgendarmerie ( " Field Gendarmerie " , part of the Wehrmacht ) and the Gestapo ( the " Secret State Police " , part of the SS ) . The section of the Military Government that dealt with civil matters , the Militärverwaltungsstab , commanded by Eggert Reeder , was responsible for all economic , social and political matters in the territory . Before leaving the country in 1940 , the Belgian government had installed a panel of senior civil @-@ servants , the so @-@ called " Committee of Secretaries @-@ General " , to administer the territory in the absence of elected ministers . The Germans retained the Committee during the occupation ; it was responsible for implementing demands made by the Militärverwaltungsstab . The Committee hoped to stop the Germans becoming involved in the day @-@ to @-@ day administration of the territory , allowing the nation to maintain a degree of autonomy . The Committee also hoped to be able to prevent the implementation of more radical German policies , such as forced labour and deportation . In practice , the Committee merely enabled the Germans to implement their policies more efficiently than the Military Government could have done by force . In July 1944 , the military administration was replaced by a civilian government ( Zivilverwaltung ) , led by Josef Grohé . The territory was divided into Reichsgaue , considerably increasing the power of the Nazi Party and SS in the territory . By 1944 the Germans were increasingly forced to share power , and day @-@ to @-@ day administration was increasingly delegated to Belgian civil authorities and organisations . = = = Leopold III = = = Leopold III became King of the Belgians in 1934 , following the death of his father in a mountaineering accident . Leopold was one of the key exponents of Belgian political and military neutrality before the war . Under the Belgian Constitution , the King played an important political role and served as commander @-@ in @-@ chief of the military , and personally commanded the Belgian army during the 18 Days ' Campaign of May 1940 . On 28 May 1940 , the King surrendered to the Germans alongside his soldiers . This violated the constitution , as it contradicted the orders of his ministers , who wanted him to follow the example of the Dutch Queen Wilhelmina and flee to France or England to rally resistance . His refusal to leave Belgium undermined his political legitimacy in the eyes of many Belgians and was viewed as a sign of his support for the new order . He was denounced by the Belgian Prime Minister , Hubert Pierlot , and declared " incompetent to reign " by the government in exile . Leopold was keen to find an accommodation with Germany in 1940 , hoping that Belgium would remain as a unified and semi @-@ autonomous state within a German @-@ dominated Europe . As part of this plan , in November 1940 , Leopold visited Adolf Hitler , the Führer of Germany , in Berchtesgaden to ask for Belgian prisoners of war to be freed . An agreement was not reached and Leopold returned to Belgium . This fueled the belief that Leopold , who had expressed anti @-@ Semitic views before the war , was collaborating with the Nazis rather than defending his country 's interests . For the rest of the war , Leopold was held under house @-@ arrest in the Palace of Laeken . In 1941 , while still incarcerated , he married Mary Lilian Baels , undermining his popularity with the Belgian public which disliked Baels and considered the marriage to discredit his claim to martyr status . Despite his position , he remained prominent in the occupied territory , and coins and stamps continued to carry his portrait or monogramme . While imprisoned , he sent a letter to Hitler in 1942 credited with saving an estimated 500 @,@ 000 Belgian women and children from forced deportation to munitions factories in Germany . In January 1944 , Leopold was moved to Germany where he remained for the rest of the war . Despite his position , Leopold remained a figurehead for right @-@ wing resistance movements and Allied propaganda portrayed him as a martyr , sharing his country 's fate . Attempts by the government in exile to pursue Leopold to defect to the Allied side were unsuccessful ; Leopold consistently refused to publicly support the Allies or to denounce German actions such as the deportation of Belgian workers . After the war , allegations that Leopold 's surrender had been an act of collaboration provoked a political crisis over whether he could return to the throne ; known as the Royal Question , the crisis ended with Leopold 's abdication in 1951 . = = Life in occupied Belgium = = Living standards in occupied Belgium decreased significantly from pre @-@ war levels . Wages stagnated , while the occupying authorities tripled the amount of money in circulation , leading to rampant inflation . The occupying authorities tightly controlled which newspapers could be published and what news they could print . Newspapers of pro @-@ Nazi political parties continued to be printed , along with so @-@ called " stolen " newspapers such as Le Soir or Het Laatste Nieuws , which were published by pro @-@ German groups without their owners ' permission . Despite the tight censorship and propagandist content , the circulation of these newspapers remained high , as did the sales of party newspapers such as Le Pays Réel and Volk en Staat . Many civilians listened to regular broadcasts from Britain , so @-@ called Radio Belgique , despite being officially prohibited from December 1940 . Most Belgians continued their pre @-@ war professions during the occupation . The Belgian cartoonist Hergé , whose work since 1928 had contributed to the popularisation of comics in Europe , completed three volumes of The Adventures of Tintin under the occupation , serialised in the pro @-@ German newspaper Le Soir . = = = Rationing = = = Before the war , the Belgian government had planned an emergency system of rationing , which was implemented on the day of the German invasion . The German occupying authority used Belgium 's reliance on food imports as a bargaining tool . The amount of food permitted to Belgian citizens was roughly two @-@ thirds of that allowed to comparable German citizens and was amongst the lowest in occupied Europe . On average , scarcity of food led to a loss of five to seven kilograms of weight per Belgian in 1940 alone . A Belgian citizen was entitled to 225 grams ( 7 @.@ 9 oz ) of bread each day , and 250 grams ( 8 @.@ 8 oz ) of butter , 1 kilogram ( 2 @.@ 2 lb ) sugar , 1 kilogram ( 2 @.@ 2 lb ) meat and 15 kilograms ( 33 lb ) of potatoes each month . Later in the war , even this was not always available and many civilians survived by fishing or by growing vegetables in allotments . Because of the tight rationing , a black market in food and other consumer goods emerged . Food on the black market was extremely expensive . Prices could be 650 percent higher than in legal shops and rose constantly during the war . Because of the profits to be made , the black market spawned large and well @-@ organised networks . Numerous members of the German administration were involved in the black market , stealing military or official supplies and reselling them . = = = Allied bombing = = = Factories , ports and other strategic sites used by the German war effort were frequent targets of Allied bombers from both the British Royal Air Force ( RAF ) and American United States Army Air Forces ( USAAF ) . Many of these were located in towns and cities , and inaccuracy of the bombing resulted in substantial civilian casualties . In the early years of the occupation , Allied bombing took the form of small @-@ scale attacks on specific targets , such as the ports of Knokke and Zeebrugge , and on Luftwaffe airfields . The Germans encouraged the building of 6 @,@ 000 air @-@ raid shelters between 1941 and 1942 , at a cost of 220 million francs . From 1943 , the Allies began targeting sites in urban areas . In a raid on the Erla Motor Works in the town of Mortsel ( near Antwerp ) in April 1943 , just two bombs dropped by the B @-@ 17 Flying Fortresses of the U.S. 8th Air Force fell on the intended target . The remaining 24 tonnes of bombs fell on civilian areas , killing 936 and injuring 1 @,@ 340 more . During the preparation for D @-@ Day in the spring of 1944 , the Allies launched the Transport Plan , carrying out intensive bombing of railway junctions and transport networks across northern France and Belgium . Many of these targets were in towns near densely populated civilian areas , such as La Louvière and Kortrijk in Belgium , which were bombed in March 1944 . The phase of bombing in the lead up to D @-@ Day alone resulted in 1 @,@ 500 civilian casualties . Bombing of targets in Belgium steadily increased as the Allies advanced westward across France . Allied bombing during the liberation in September 1944 killed 9 @,@ 750 Belgians and injured 40 @,@ 000 . The Allied policy was condemned by many leading figures in Belgium , including Cardinal van Roey , who appealed to Allied commanders to " spare the private possessions of the citizens , as otherwise the civilised world will one day call to account those responsible for the terrible treatment dealt out to an innocent and loyal country " . = = Economic situation = = The German government levied the costs of the military occupation on the Belgians through taxes , while also demanding " external occupation costs " ( or " Anti @-@ Bolshevik charges " ) to support operations elsewhere . In total , Belgium was forced to pay nearly two @-@ thirds of its national income for these charges , equalling 5 @.@ 7 billion Reichsmarks over the course of the occupation . The value of the Belgian franc was artificially suppressed , further increasing the size of the Anti @-@ Bolshevik charge and benefitting German companies exporting to the occupied country . The considerable Belgian gold reserves , on which the Belga had been secured , were mostly transported to Britain , Canada and the United States before the German invasion . Over 198 tonnes , however , had been entrusted to the Banque de France before the war , and shipped to Dakar in French West Africa . Under the pro @-@ German Vichy régime , the gold was seized by the Germans , who used it to buy munitions from neutral Switzerland and Sweden . = = = Galopin Doctrine = = = Before fleeing in May 1940 , the Belgian government established a body of important economic figures , under the leadership of Alexandre Galopin , known as the " Galopin Committee " . Galopin was the director of the Société Générale de Belgique ( SGB ) , a company which dominated the Belgian economy and controlled almost 40 percent of the country 's industrial production . The Committee was able to negotiate with the German authorities and was also in contact with the government in exile . Galopin pioneered a controversial policy , known as the " Galopin Doctrine " . The Doctrine decreed that Belgian companies continue producing goods necessary for the Belgian population ( food , consumer goods etc . ) under the German occupiers , but refused to produce war materiel or anything which could be used in the German war effort . The policy hoped to prevent a repeat of World War I , when the Allies had encouraged Belgian workers to passively resist the Germans by refusing to work . The Germans instead deported Belgian workers and industrial machinery to German factories , benefitting their economy more . The policy also hoped to avoid an industrial decline which would have negative effects on the country 's recovery after the war ; however , many viewed the policy as collaboration . Between 1941 and 1942 , the German authorities began to force Belgian businessmen to make an explicit choice between obeying the Doctrine ( and refusing to produce war materials , at risk of death ) and circumventing the doctrine as collaborators . = = = Deportation and forced labour = = = Before 1941 , Belgian workers could volunteer to work in Germany ; nearly 180 @,@ 000 Belgians signed up , hoping for better pay and living conditions . About 3 @,@ 000 Belgians joined the Organisation Todt ( OT ) , and 4 @,@ 000 more joined the paramilitary German supply corps , the Nationalsozialistisches Kraftfahrkorps ( NSKK ) . The numbers , however , proved insufficient . Despite the protestation of the Secretaries @-@ General , compulsory deportation of Belgian workers to Germany began in October 1942 . At the beginning of the scheme , Belgian firms were obliged to select 10 percent of their work force , but from 1943 workers were conscripted by age class . 145 @,@ 000 Belgians were conscripted and sent to Germany , most to work in manual jobs in industry or agriculture for the German war effort . Working conditions for forced workers in Germany were notoriously poor . Workers were paid little and worked long hours , and those in German towns were particularly vulnerable to Allied aerial bombing . Following the introduction of compulsory deportation 200 @,@ 000 Belgian workers ( dubbed réfractaires ) went into hiding for fear of being conscripted . The réfractaires were often aided by resistance organisations , such as Organisation Socrates run by the Front de l 'Indépendance , who provided food and false papers . Many réfractaires went on to enlist in resistance groups , swelling their numbers enormously from late 1942 . = = Belgian prisoners of war = = After the Belgian defeat , around 225 @,@ 000 Belgian soldiers ( around 30 percent of the total force mobilised in 1940 ) who had been made prisoners of war in 1940 were sent to prisoner of war camps in Germany . The majority of those in captivity ( 145 @,@ 000 ) were Flemish , and 80 @,@ 000 were Walloons . Most had been reservists , rather than professional soldiers , before the outbreak of war and their detention created a large labour shortage in civilian occupations . As part of their Flamenpolitik , the Germans began repatriating Flemish prisoners of war in August 1940 . By February 1941 , 105 @,@ 833 Flemish soldiers had been repatriated . Gradually , more prisoners were released , but 67 @,@ 000 Belgian soldiers were still in captivity by 1945 . Many prisoners of war were forced to work in quarries or in agriculture and around 2 @,@ 000 died in captivity . = = Repression = = In the first year of the occupation , the German administration pursued a conciliatory policy toward the Belgian people in order to gain their support and co @-@ operation . This policy was , in part , because there was little resistance activity and because the demands the Germans needed to place on Belgian civilians and businesses were relatively small on account of their military success . During the fighting in Belgium , however , there were incidents of massacres against Belgian civilians by German forces , notably the Vinkt Massacre in which 86 civilians were killed . From 1941 , the regime became significantly more repressive . This was partly a result of the increasing demands on the German economy created by the invasion of the Soviet Union , as well as the decision to implement Nazi racial policies . From August 1941 , the Military Government announced that for every German murdered by the resistance , five Belgian civilian hostages would be executed . Although the German military command , the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht ( OKW ) , had advised a ratio of 50 civilians for every one German soldier killed , von Falkenhausen moderated the policy and decreed that the hostages be selected from political prisoners and criminals rather than civilians picked at random . The systematic persecution of minorities ( such as Jews , Roma and Freemasons ) began from 1942 , and was also coupled with much stricter repression of Belgian political dissent . = = = Persecution of Jews and the Holocaust = = = At the start of the war , the population of Belgium was overwhelmingly Catholic . Jews made up the largest non @-@ Christian population in the country , numbering between 70 – 75 @,@ 000 out of a population of 8 million . Most lived in large towns and cities in Belgium , such as Antwerp and Brussels . The vast majority were recent immigrants to Belgium fleeing persecution in Germany and Eastern Europe and , as a result , only a small minority actually possessed Belgian citizenship . Shortly after the invasion of Belgium , the Military Government passed a series of anti @-@ Jewish laws ( similar to the Vichy laws on the status of Jews ) in October 1940 . The Committee of Secretaries @-@ General refused from the start to co @-@ operate on passing any anti @-@ Jewish measures and the Military Government seemed unwilling to pass further legislation . The German government began to seize Jewish @-@ owned business and forced Jews out of positions in the civil service . In April 1941 , without orders from the German authorities , members of the Algemeene @-@ SS Vlaanderen and other Flemish fascists pillaged two synagogues in Antwerp and burned the house of the chief Rabbi of the town in the so @-@ called " Antwerp Pogrom . " The Germans also created a Judenrat in the country , the Association des Juifs en Belgique ( AJB ; " Association of Jews in Belgium " ) in which all Jews were required to inscribe . As part of the " Final Solution " from 1942 , the persecution of Belgian Jews escalated . From May 1942 , Jews were forced to wear yellow Star @-@ of @-@ David badges to mark them out in public . Using the registers compiled by the AJB , the Germans began deporting Jews to concentration camps built by Germans in occupied Poland . Jews chosen from the lists were required to turn up at the newly established Mechelen transit camp ; they were then deported by train to concentration camps at Auschwitz and Bergen @-@ Belsen . Between August 1942 and July 1944 , around 25 @,@ 000 Jews and 350 Roma were deported from Belgium ; more than 24 @,@ 000 were killed before their camps were liberated by the Allies . Among them was the celebrated artist Felix Nussbaum . From 1942 and the introduction of the Star @-@ of @-@ David badges , opposition to the treatment of the Jews among the general population in Belgium grew . By the end of the occupation , more than 40 percent of all Jews in Belgium were in hiding ; many of them hid by gentiles and in particular Catholic priests and nuns . Some were helped by the organised resistance , such as the Comité de Défense des Juifs ( CDJ ) , which provided food and safe housing . Many of the Jews in hiding went on to join the armed resistance . The treatment of Jews was denounced by the senior Catholic priest in Belgium , Cardinal Jozef @-@ Ernest van Roey , who described their treatment as " inhuman . " The Partisans Armés had a notably large Jewish section in Brussels . In April 1943 , members of the CDJ attacked the twentieth rail convoy to Auschwitz and succeeded in rescuing many of the passengers . = = = Political dissent = = = Because of the Nazi @-@ Soviet Pact , signed in 1939 , the Communist Party was briefly tolerated in the early stages of the occupation . Coinciding with the invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941 however , the Germans rounded up a large number of Communists ( identified in police dossiers compiled before the war ) in an operation codenamed " Summer Solstice " ( Sommersonnenwende ) . In September 1942 , the Germans arrested over 400 workers which they feared were plotting a large @-@ scale strike action . Many important politicians who had opposed the Nazis before the war were arrested and deported to concentration camps in Germany and German @-@ occupied Poland , as part of the Nacht und Nebel ( literally " Night and Fog " ) decree . Among them was the 71 @-@ year @-@ old Paul @-@ Émile Janson who had served as Prime Minister between 1937 and 1938 . He was arrested at his home in Belgium in 1943 and deported to Buchenwald concentration camp where he died in 1944 . Many captured members of the resistance were also sent to concentration camps . Albert Guérisse ( one of the leading members of the " Pat " escape line ) was imprisoned at Dachau and briefly served as president of the camp 's " International Prisoners ' Committee " after its liberation by the United States Army . In 1940 , the German army had requisitioned a former Belgian army fort at Breendonk and transformed it into an Anhaltelager or prison camp . Initially , the prison camp was used for detaining Jews , but from 1941 most of those detained at Breendonk were political prisoners or captured members of the resistance . Though it was reasonably small , the camp was infamous for its poor conditions and high death rate . It was also where summary executions of hostages as reprisals for resistance actions occurred . Unusually , Breendonk was mainly guarded by Flemish collaborators of the Vlaamse SD @-@ wacht , rather than German soldiers . Prisoners were often tortured , or even mauled by the camp commander 's dog , and forced to move tonnes of earth around the fort by hand . Many were summarily executed and still more died as a result of the conditions at the camp . Of the 3 @,@ 500 people incarcerated in Breendonk between November 1942 and April 1943 , around 300 people were killed in the camp itself with at least 84 dying as a result of deprivation or torture . Few inmates remained long in Breendonk itself and were sent on to larger concentration camps in Germany . = = Collaboration = = Both Flanders and Wallonia had right @-@ wing Fascist parties which had been established in the 1930s , often with their own newspapers and paramilitary organisations . All had supported the Belgian policy of neutrality before the war , but after the start of the occupation began to collaborate actively with the Germans . Because of their different ideological backgrounds , they often differed with the Nazis on a variety of ideological issues such as the role of Catholicism or the status of Flanders . Though allowed more freedom than other political groups , the Germans did not fully trust these organisations and , even by the end of 1941 , identified them as a potential " threat to state security " . After the war , 53 @,@ 000 Belgian citizens ( 0 @.@ 6 percent of the population ) were found guilty of collaboration , providing the only estimate of the number involved during the period . Around 15 @,@ 000 Belgians served in two separate divisions of the Waffen @-@ SS , divided along linguistic lines . In particular , many Belgians were persuaded to work with the occupiers as a result of long @-@ running hostility to Communism , particularly after the invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941 . By 1944 , Belgian collaborationist groups began to feel increasingly abandoned by the German government as the situation deteriorated . As resistance attacks against them escalated , collaborationist parties became more violent and launched reprisals against civilians , including the Courcelles Massacre in August 1944 . = = = In Flanders = = = Before the war , several Fascist movements had existed in Flanders . The two major pre @-@ war Flemish Movement parties , the Vlaams Nationaal Verbond ( VNV ) and Verdinaso , called for the creation of an independent authoritarian Flanders or " Dietse Staat " encompassing both Flanders and the Netherlands . Shortly after the occupation , VNV decided to collaborate with the Germans and soon became the biggest group in Flanders , gaining many members after Verdinaso disbanded in 1941 and after fusing with the Flemish wing of the nationwide Fascist Rex Party . There was also an organisation , the Duits @-@ Vlaamse Arbeidsgemeenschap ( " German @-@ Flemish Work Community " , known by its acronym DeVlag ) , which advocated Nazi @-@ style anti @-@ clericalism and the inclusion of Flanders into Germany itself . During the occupation in World War I , the Germans had favoured the Flemish area of the country in the so @-@ called Flamenpolitik , supporting Flemish cultural and political movements . This policy was continued during World War II , as the military government encouraged Flemish Movement parties , especially the VNV , and promoted Flemish nationalists , like Victor Leemans , to important administrative positions in the occupied territory . In turn , the VNV was important in recruiting men for a new " Flemish Legion " , an infantry unit within the Wehrmacht , formed in July 1941 after the invasion of Russia . In 1943 , the legion was " annexed " into the Waffen SS as the 27th SS Langemarck Division , despite the protestations of the party . The unit fought on the Eastern Front , where it suffered 10 percent casualties . The Germans also encouraged the formation of independent Flemish paramilitary organisations , such as the Vlaamse Wacht ( " Flemish Guard " ) , founded in May 1941 , which they hoped would eventually be able to act as a garrison in the region , freeing German troops for the front . From 1942 , VNV 's dominance was increasingly challenged by the more radical DeVlag , which had the support of the SS and Nazi Party . DeVlag was closely affiliated to the paramilitary Algemeene @-@ SS Vlaanderen ( " General @-@ SS Flanders " ) , which was stationed in Belgium itself and involved in the so @-@ called Antwerp Pogrom of 1941 . = = = In Wallonia = = = Though both Fascist and anti @-@ Semitic , Rex 's ideology had been more closely aligned with Benito Mussolini 's Partito Nazionale Fascista than with the Nazi Party before the war . Rex 's newspaper Le Pays Réel , which frequently attacked perceived Nazi anti @-@ clericalism , had even been banned from circulation in Germany in the 1930s . With the German invasion , however , Rex rapidly accepted the occupation and became a major force in collaboration in Wallonia . As a result of the Flamenpolitik , Rex was not given the same favoured status accorded to Flemish Fascists . Nevertheless , it was permitted to republish its newspaper and re @-@ establish and expand its paramilitary wing , the Formations de Combat , which had been banned before the war . In April 1943 , Rex declared itself part of the SS . The Formations de Combat were responsible for numerous attacks against Jews and , from 1944 , also participated in arbitrary reprisals against civilians for attacks by the resistance . In 1944 , Rexist paramilitaries massacred 20 civilians in the village of Courcelles in retaliation for an assassination of a Rexist politician by members of the resistance . Léon Degrelle , the founder and leader of Rex , offered to form a " Walloon Legion " in the Wehrmacht , but his request was denied by the Germans who questioned its feasibility . It was finally accepted in July 1941 , after the invasion of Russia , and Degrelle enlisted . As part of the Flamenpolitik , the Germans refused Degrelle 's demands for a " Belgian Legion " , preferring to support the creation of separate linguistic units . After a brief period of fighting , it became clear that the Walloon Legion suffered from a lack of training and from political infighting . It was reformed and sent to the Eastern Front , and became part of the Waffen SS ( as the 28th SS Wallonien Division ) in 1943 . During the fighting at the Korsun – Cherkassy Pocket , the unit was nearly annihilated and its popular commander , Lucien Lippert , was killed . In order to make up numbers , and because of a lack of Belgian volunteers , the unit was allocated French and Spanish volunteers . = = Resistance = = Resistance to the German occupiers began in Belgium in the winter of 1940 , after the German defeat in the Battle of Britain made it clear that the war was not lost for the Allies . Involvement in illegal resistance activity was a decision made by a minority of Belgians ( approximately five percent of the population ) but many more were involved in passive resistance . If captured , resistance members risked torture and execution , and around 17 @,@ 000 were killed during the occupation . Striking was the most notable form of passive resistance and often took place on symbolic dates , such as 10 May ( the anniversary of the German invasion ) , 21 July ( National Day ) and 11 November ( anniversary of the German surrender in World War I ) . The largest was the " Strike of the 100 @,@ 000 " , which broke out on 10 May 1941 in the Cockerill steel works in Seraing . News of the strike spread rapidly and soon at least 70 @,@ 000 workers were on strike across the province of Liége . The Germans increased workers ' salaries by eight percent and the strike finished rapidly . The Germans repressed later large @-@ scale strikes , though further important strikes occurred in November 1942 and February 1943 . Passive resistance , however , could also take the form of much more minor actions , such as offering one 's seat in trams to Jews , which was not explicitly illegal but which subtly subverted the German @-@ imposed order . Active resistance in Belgium took the form of sabotaging railways and lines of communication as well as hiding Jews and Allied airmen . The resistance produced large numbers of illegal newspapers in both French and Dutch , distributed to the public to provide news about the war not available in officially approved , censored newspapers . Some such publications achieved considerable success , such as La Libre Belgique , which reached a circulation of 70 @,@ 000 . Attacks on German soldiers were comparatively rare as the German administration made a practice of executing at least five Belgian hostages for each German soldier killed . At great personal risk , Belgian civilians also hid large numbers of Jews and political dissenters hunted by the Germans . The resistance was never a single group ; numerous groups evolved divided by political affiliation , geography or specialisation . The danger of infiltration posed by German informants meant that some groups were extremely small and localised , and although nationwide groups did exist , they were split along political and ideological lines . They ranged from the far left , such as the Communist Partisans Armés or Socialist Front de l 'Indépendance , to the far @-@ right , such as the monarchist Mouvement National Royaliste and the Légion Belge , which had been created by members of the pre @-@ war Fascist Légion Nationale movement . Some , such as Groupe G , had no obvious political affiliation , but specialised in particular types of resistance activity and recruited only from very specific demographics . = = Liberation = = In June 1944 , the Western Allies landed in Normandy in Northern France , around 400 kilometres ( 250 mi ) west of the Belgian border . After fierce fighting in the areas around the landing sites , the Allies broke through the German lines and began advances toward Paris and then toward the Belgian border . By August , the main body of the German army in Northern France ( with the exception of the garrisons of fortified towns such as Dunkirk ) was openly retreating eastward . As the Allies neared the border , coded messages broadcast on Radio Belgique encouraged the resistance to rise up . The German civil administrator , Joseph Grohé , ordered a general retreat from the country on 28 August , and on 1 September the first Allied units ( amongst them the Free Belgian SAS ) crossed the Belgian frontier . By 4 September , Brussels was in Allied hands . The Belgian government in exile returned to the country on 8 September and began rebuilding the Belgian state and army . Leopold III 's brother , Charles , was appointed Prince @-@ Regent while a decision was made about whether the King could return to his functions . As the German army regrouped and the Allies ' supply lines became stretched , the front line stabilised along Belgium 's eastern border . Areas in the south @-@ east of the country remained in German hands , and were briefly recaptured during the German Ardennes Offensive in the winter of 1944 . This no more than delayed the total liberation of the country and on 4 February 1945 , with the capture of the village of Krewinkel , the entire country was in Allied hands . Over the course of the occupation , a total of 40 @,@ 690 Belgians were killed , over half of them Jews . Around eight percent of the country 's pre @-@ war GDP had been destroyed or removed to Germany .
= Skopje = Skopje ( Macedonian : Скопје , [ ˈskɔpjɛ ] , is the capital and largest city of the Republic of Macedonia . It is the country 's political , cultural , economic , and academic center . It was known in the Roman period under the name Scupi . The territory of Skopje has been inhabited since at least 4000 BC ; remains of Neolithic settlements have been found within the old Kale Fortress that overlooks the modern city centre . On the eve of the 1st century AD , the settlement was seized by the Romans and became a military camp . When the Roman Empire was divided into eastern and western halves in 395 AD , Scupi came under Byzantine rule from Constantinople . During much of the early medieval period , the town was contested between the Byzantines and the Bulgarian Empire , whose capital it was between 972 and 992 . From 1282 , the town was part of the Serbian Empire and acted as its capital city from 1346 . In 1392 , the city was conquered by the Ottoman Turks who called the town Üsküp . The town stayed under Turkish control for over 500 years , serving as the capital of pashasanjak of Üsküb and later the Vilayet of Kosovo . At that time the city was famous for its oriental architecture . In 1912 , it was annexed by the Kingdom of Serbia during the Balkan Wars and after the First World War the city became part of the newly formed Kingdom of Serbs , Croats and Slovenes ( Kingdom of Yugoslavia ) . In the Second World War the city was conquered by the Bulgarian Army , which was part of the Axis powers . In 1944 , it became the capital city of Democratic Macedonia ( later Socialist Republic of Macedonia ) , which was a federal state , part of Democratic Federal Yugoslavia ( later Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ) . The city developed rapidly after World War II , but this trend was interrupted in 1963 when it was hit by a disastrous earthquake . In 1991 , it became the capital city of an independent Macedonia . Skopje is located on the upper course of the Vardar River , and is located on a major north @-@ south Balkan route between Belgrade and Athens . It is a center for metal @-@ processing , chemical , timber , textile , leather , and printing industries . Industrial development of the city has been accompanied by development of the trade , logistics , and banking sectors , as well as an emphasis on the fields of transportation , culture and sport . According to the last official count from 2002 , Skopje has a population of 506 @,@ 926 inhabitants ; according to two more recent unofficial estimates , the city has a population of 668 @,@ 518 or 491 @,@ 000 inhabitants . = = Geography = = = = = Topography = = = Skopje is located in the north of the Republic of Macedonia , in the center of the Balkan peninsula , and halfway between Belgrade and Athens . The city is built in the Skopje valley , oriented on a west @-@ east axis , along the course of the Vardar river , which flows into the Aegean Sea in Greece . The valley is approximately 20 km wide and it is limited by several mountain ranges to the North and South . These ranges limit the urban expansion of Skopje , which spreads along the Vardar and the Serava , a small river which comes from the North . In its administrative boundaries , the City of Skopje stretches for more than 33 km , but it is only 10 km wide . Skopje is approximately 245m above sea level and covers 571 @.@ 46 km2 . The urbanised area only covers 337 km2 , with a density of 65 inhabitants per hectare . Skopje , in its administrative limits , encompasses many villages and other settlements , including Dračevo , Gorno Nerezi and Bardovci . According to the 2002 census , the City of Skopje comprised 506 @,@ 926 inhabitants , whereas the sole urban area only comprised 444 @,@ 800 inhabitants . The City of Skopje reaches the Kosovo border to the North @-@ East . Clockwise , it is also bordered by the Macedonian municipalities of Čučer @-@ Sandevo , Lipkovo , Aračinovo , Ilinden , Studeničani , Sopište , Želino and Jegunovce . = = = Hydrography = = = The Vardar river , which flows through Skopje , is at approximately 60 km from its source near Gostivar . In Skopje , its average discharge is 51 m3 / s , with a wide amplitude depending on seasons , between 99 @.@ 6 m3 / s in May and 18 @.@ 7 m3 / s in July . The water temperature is comprised between 4 @.@ 6 ° C in January and 18 @.@ 1 ° C in July . Several rivers meet the Vardar within the city boundaries . The largest is the Treska , which is 130 km long . It crosses the Matka Canyon before reaching the Vardar on the western extremity of the City of Skopje . The Lepenec , coming from Kosovo , flows into the Vardar on the northwestern end of the urban area . The Serava , also coming from the North , had flowed through the Old Bazaar until the 1960s , when it was diverted towards the West because its waters were very polluted . Originally , it met the Vardar close to the seat of the Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts . Nowadays , it flows into the Vardar near the ruins of Scupi . Finally , the Markova Reka , the source of which is on Mount Vodno , meets the Vardar at the eastern extremity of the city . These three rivers are less than 70 km long . The city of Skopje comprises two artificial lakes , located on the Treska . The lake Matka is the result of the construction of a dam in the Matka Canyon in the 1930s , and the Treska lake was dug for leisure purpose in 1978 . Three small natural lakes can be found near Smiljkovci , on the northeastern edge of the urban area . The river Vardar historically caused many floods , such as in 1962 , when its outflow reached 1110 m3 / s − 1 . Several works have been carried since Byzantine times to limit the risks , and since the construction of the Kozjak dam on the Treska in 1994 , the flood risk is close to zero . The subsoil contains a large water table which is alimented by the Vardar river and functions as an underground river . Under the table lies an aquifer contained in marl . The water table is 4 to 12 m under the ground and 4 to 144 m deep . Several wells collect its waters but most of the drinking water used in Skopje comes from a karstic spring in Rašče , located west of the city . = = = Geology = = = The Skopje valley is bordered on the West by the Šar Mountains , on the South by the Jakupica range , on the East by hills belonging to the Osogovo range , and on the North by the Skopska Crna Gora . Mount Vodno , the highest point inside the city limits , is 1066 m high and is part of the Jakupica range . Although Skopje is built on the foot of Mount Vodno , the urban area is mostly flat . It comprises several minor hills , generally covered with woods and parks , such as Gazi Baba hill ( 325 m ) , Zajčev Rid ( 327 m ) , the foothills of Mount Vodno ( the smallest are between 350 and 400 m high ) and the promontory on which Skopje Fortress is built . The Skopje valley is located near a seismic fault between the African and Eurasian tectonic plates and experiences regular seismic activity . This activity in enhanced by the porous structure of the subsoil . Large earthquakes occurred in Skopje in 518 , 1505 and 1963 . The Skopje valley belongs to the Vardar geotectonic region , the subsoil of which is formed of Neogene and Quaternary deposits . The substratum is made of Pliocene deposits including sandstone , marl and various conglomerates . It is covered by a first layer of Quaternary sands and silt , which is between 70 and 90 m deep . The layer is topped by a much smaller layer of clay , sand , silt and gravel , carried by the Vardar river . It is between 1 @.@ 5 and 5 @.@ 2 m deep . In some areas , the subsoil is karstic . It led to the formation of canyons , such as the Matka Canyon , which is surrounded by ten caves . They are between 20 and 176 m deep . = = = Climate = = = The climate of Skopje is usually classified as continental sub @-@ Mediterranean , while according to the Köppen climate classification it has a humid subtropical climate ( Cfa ) , with a mean annual temperature of 13 @.@ 5 ° C ( 56 ° F ) . Precipitation is relatively low due to the pronounced rain shadow of the Prokletije mountains to the northwest , being only a quarter of what is received on the Adriatic Sea coast at the same latitude . The summers are long , hot and humid , while the winters are short , relatively cold , and wet . Snowfalls are common in the winter period , but heavy snow accumulation is rare and the snowcover lasts only for a few days . In summer , temperatures are usually above 31 ° C ( 88 ° F ) and sometimes above 40 ° C ( 104 ° F ) . In spring and autumn , the temperatures range from 15 to 24 ° C ( 59 to 75 ° F ) . In winter , the day temperatures are roughly 6 ° C ( 43 ° F ) , but at nights they often fall below 0 ° C ( 32 ° F ) and sometimes below − 10 ° C ( 14 ° F ) . Typically , temeperatures throughout one year range from − 13 ° C to 39 ° C. Occurrences of precipitation are evenly distributed throughout the year , being heaviest from October to December and from April to June . = = = Nature and environment = = = The city of Skopje encompasses various natural environments and its fauna and flora are rich . However , it is threatened by the intensification of agriculture and the urban extension . The largest protected area within the city limits is Mount Vodno , which is a popular leisure destination . A cable car connects its peak to the downtown , and many pedestrian paths run through its woods . Other large natural spots include the Matka Canyon . The city itself comprises several parks and gardens amounting to 4 @,@ 361 hectares . Among these are the City Park ( Gradski Park ) , built by the Ottoman Turks at the beginning of the 20th century ; Žena Borec Park , located in front of the Parliament ; the University arboretum ; and Gazi Baba forest . Many streets and boulevards are planted with trees . Skopje experiences many environmental issues which are often overshadowed by the economic poverty of the country . However , alignment of Macedonian law on European law has brought progress in some fields , such as water and waste treatment , and industrial emissions . Steel processing , which a crucial activity for the local economy , is responsible for soil pollution with heavy metals such as lead , zinc and cadmium , and air pollution with nitrogen oxide and carbon monoxide . Vehicle traffic and district heating plants are also responsible for air pollution . The highest pollution levels usually occur in autumn and winter . Water treatment plants are being built , but much polluted water is still discharged untreated into the Vardar . Waste is disposed of in the open @-@ air municipal landfill site , located 15 km north of the city . Every day , it receives 1 @,@ 500 m3 of domestic waste and 400 m3 of industrial waste . Health levels are better in Skopje than in the rest of the Republic of Macedonia , and no link has been found between the low environmental quality and the health of the residents . = = Urbanism = = = = = Urban morphology = = = The urban morphology of Skopje was deeply impacted by the 26th of July 1963 earthquake which destroyed 80 % of the city and by the reconstruction that followed . For instance , neighbourhoods were rebuilt in such a way that the demographic density remains low to limit the impact of potential future earthquakes . Reconstruction following the 1963 earthquake was mainly conducted by the Polish architect Adolf Ciborowski , who had already planned the reconstruction of Warsaw after World War II . Ciborowski divided the city in blocks dedicated to specific activities . The banks of the Vardar river became natural areas and parks , areas located between the main boulevards were built with highrise housing and shopping malls , and the suburbs were left to individual housing and industry . Reconstruction had to be quick in order to relocate families and to relaunch the local economy . To stimulate economic development , the number of thoroughfares was increased and future urban extension was anticipated . The south bank of the Vardar river generally comprises highrise tower blocks , including the vast Karpoš neighbourhood which was built in the 1970s west of the centre . Towards the East , the new municipality of Aerodrom was planned in the 1980s to house 80 @,@ 000 inhabitants on the site of the old airport . Between Karpoš and Aerodrom lies the city centre , rebuilt according to plans by Japanese architect Kenzo Tange . The centre is surrounded by a row of long buildings suggesting a wall ( " Gradski Zid " ) . On the north bank , where the most ancient parts of the city lie , the Old Bazaar was restored and its surroundings were rebuilt with low @-@ rise buildings , so as not to spoil views of the Skopje Fortress . Several institutions , including the university and the Macedonian academy , were also relocated on the north bank in order to reduce borders between the ethnic communities . Indeed , the north bank is mostly inhabited by Muslim Albanians , Turks and Roma , whereas Christian ethnic Macedonians predominantly reside on the south bank . The earthquake left the city with few historical monuments , apart from the Ottoman Old Bazaar , and the reconstruction , conducted between the 1960s and 1980s , turned Skopje into a modernist but grey city . At the end of the 2000s , the city center experienced profound changes . An urban project , " Skopje 2014 " , was adopted by the municipal authorities in order to give the city a more monumental and historical aspect , and thus to transform it into a proper national capital . Several neoclassical buildings destroyed in the 1963 earthquake were rebuilt , including the national theatre , and streets and squares were refurbished . Many other elements were also built , including fountains , statues , hotels , government buildings and bridges . The project has been criticised because of its cost and its historicist aesthetics . The large Albanian minority felt it was not represented in the new monuments , and launched side projects , including a new square over the boulevard that separate the city centre from the Old Bazaar . Some areas of Skopje suffer from a certain anarchy because many houses and buildings were built without consent from the local authorities . = = = Localities and villages = = = Outside of the urban area , the City of Skopje encompasses many small settlements . Some of them are becoming outer suburbs , such as Singeliḱ , located on the road to Belgrade , which has more than 23 @,@ 000 inhabitants , and Dračevo , which has almost 20 @,@ 000 inhabitants . Other large settlements are located north of the city , such as Radišani , with 9 @,@ 000 inhabitants , whereas smaller villages can be found on Mount Vodno or in Saraj municipality , which is the most rural of the ten municipalities that form the City of Skopje . Some localities located outside the city limits are also becoming outer suburbs , particularly in Ilinden and Petrovec municipality . They benefit from the presence of major roads , railways and the airport , located in Petrovec . = = = Urban sociology = = = Skopje is an ethnically diverse city , and its urban sociology primarily depends on ethnic and religious belonging . Macedonians form 66 % of the city population , while Albanians and Roma account respectively for 20 % and 6 % . Each ethnic group generally restrict itself to certain areas of the city . Macedonians live south of the Vardar , in areas massively rebuilt after 1963 , and Muslims live on the northern side , in the oldest neighbourhoods of the city . These neighbourhoods are considered more traditional , whereas the south side evokes to Macedonians modernity and rupture from rural life . The northern areas are the poorest . This is especially true for Topaana , in Čair municipality , and for Šuto Orizari municipality , which are the two main Roma neighbourhoods . They are made of many illegal constructions not connected to electricity and water supply , which are passed from a generation to the other . Topaana , located close to the Old Bazaar , is a very old area : it was first mentioned as a Roma neighbourhood in the beginning of the 14th century . It has between 3 @,@ 000 and 5 @,@ 000 inhabitants . Šuto Orizari , located on the northern edge of the city , is a municipality of its own , with Romani as its local official language . It was developed after the 1963 earthquake to accommodate Roma who had lost their house . The population density varies greatly from an area to the other . So does the size of the living area per person . The city average was at 19 @.@ 41 square metres ( 208 @.@ 93 square feet ) per person as of 2002 , but at 24 square metres ( 258 square feet ) in Centar on the south bank , and only 14 square metres ( 151 square feet ) in Čair on the north bank . In Šuto Orizari , the average was at 13 square metres ( 140 square feet ) . = = Toponymy = = The current name of the city comes from " Scupi " , which was the name of a Roman colony located nearby . However , before the colony was created , the site had already been settled by Illyrians and " Scupi " is probably of Illyrian origin . The meaning of that name is unknown . After Antiquity , Scupi was occupied by various people and consequently its name was translated several times in several languages . Thus Scupi became " Skopye " ( Bulgarian : Скопие ) for Bulgarians , and later " Üsküb " ( Ottoman Turkish : اسكوب ) for the Turks . This name was adapted in Western languages in " Uskub " or " Uskup " , and these two appellations were used in the Western world until 1912 . Some Western sources also cite " Scopia " and " Skopia " . When Vardar Macedonia was annexed by the Kingdom of Serbia in 1912 , the city officially became " Skoplje " and this name was adopted by many languages . The city eventually became " Skopje " ( Macedonian : Скопје ) after the Second World War , when standard Macedonian became the official language of the Socialist Republic of Macedonia . The Albanian minority calls the city " Shkup " and " Shkupi " , the latter being the definite form , and Roma call it " Skopiye " . = = History = = = = = Origins = = = The rocky promontory on which stands the Fortress was the first site settled by man in Skopje . The earliest vestiges of human occupation found on this site date from the Chalcolithic ( 4th millennium BC ) . Although the Chalcolithic settlement must have been of some significance , it declined during the Bronze Age . Archeological research suggest that the settlement always belonged to a same culture , which progressively evolved thanks to contacts with Balkan and Danube cultures , and later with the Aegean . The locality eventually disappeared during the Iron Age when Scupi emerged . Scupi was originally an Illyrian settlement fonded during the 1st millennium BC but it later became a Dardanian town . It was located on Zajčev Rid hill , some 5 kilometres ( 3 @.@ 1 mi ) west of the fortress promontory . Located at the centre of the Balkan peninsula and on the road between Danube and Aegean Sea , it was a prosperous locality , although its history is not well known . = = = Roman Scupi = = = Dardanians , who lived in present @-@ day Kosovo , invaded the region around Skopje during the 3rd century BC . Scupi , the ancient name for Skopje , became the capital of Dardania , which extended from Naissus to Bylazora in the second century BC . The Dardanians had remained independent after the Roman conquest of Macedon , and it seems most likely that Dardania lost independence in 28 BC . Roman expansion east brought Scupi under Roman rule as a colony of legionnaires , mainly veterans of the Legio IIV Claudia in the time of Domitian ( 81 – 96 AD ) . However , several legions from the Roman province of Macedonia of Crassus ' army may already have been stationed in there around 29 – 28 BC , before the official imperial command was instituted . The first mention of the city was made at that period by Livy , who died in 17 AD . Scupi first served as a military base to maintain peace in the region and was officially named " Colonia Flavia Scupinorum " , Flavia being the name of the emperor 's dynasty . Shortly afterwards it became part of the province of Moesia during Augustus 's rule . After the division of the province by Domitian in 86 AD , Scupi was elevated to colonial status , and became a seat of government within the new province of Moesia Superior . The district called Dardania ( within Moesia Superior ) was formed into a special province by Diocletian , with the capital at Naissus . The city population was very diverse . Engravings on tombstones suggest that only a minority of the population came from Italy , while many veterans were from Dalmatia , South Gaul and Syria . Because of the ethnic diversity of the population , Latin maintained itself as the main language in the city at the expense of Greek , which was spoken in most of the Moesian and Macedonian cities . During the following centuries , Scupi experienced prosperity . The period from the end of the 3rd century to the end of the 4th century was particularly flourishing . A first church was founded under the reign of Constantine the Great and Scupi became the seat of a diocese . In 395 , following the division of the Roman Empire in two , Scupi became part of the Eastern Roman Empire . In its heyday , Scupi covered 40 hectares and was closed by a 3 @.@ 5 m wide wall . It had many monuments , including four necropoles , a theatre , thermae , and a large Christian basilica . = = = Middle Ages = = = In 518 , Scupi was destroyed by a violent earthquake , possibly the most devastating one Macedonia has ever experienced . At that time , the region was threatened by the Barbarian invasions , and the city inhabitants had already fled in forests and mountains before the disaster occurred . Scupi was eventually rebuilt by Justinian I. During his reign , many Byzantine towns were relocated on hills and other easily defendable places to face invasions . Scupi was thus transferred on another site : the promontory on which stands the fortress . However , Scupi was sacked by Slavs at the end of the 6th century and the city seems to have fallen under Slavic rule in 695 . The Slavic tribe which settled in Scupi were probably the Berziti who had invaded the entire Vardar valley . The city is not mentioned during the three following centuries but along with the rest of Upper Vardar it became part of the expanding First Bulgarian Empire in the 830s . Starting from the end of the 10th century Skopje experienced a period of wars and political troubles . Bulgarian capital from 972 to 992 , Samuil ruled it from 976 until 1004 when its governor Roman surrendered it to Byzantine Emperor Basil the Bulgar Slayer in 1004 in exchange of the titles of patrician and strategos . Later , Skopje was briefly seized twice by Slavic insurgents who wanted to restore a Bulgarian state . At first in 1040 under Peter Delyan 's command , and in 1072 under the orders of Georgi Voyteh . In 1081 , Skopje was captured by Norman troops led by Robert Guiscard and the city remained in their hands until 1088 . Skopje was subsequently conquered by the Serbian Grand Prince Vukan in 1093 , and again by the Normans four years later . However , because of epidemics and food shortage , Normans quickly surrendered to the Byzantines . During the 12th and 13th centuries , Bulgarians and Serbs took advantage of Byzantine decline to create large kingdoms stretching from Danube to the Aegean Sea . Kaloyan brought Skopje back into reestablished Bulgaria in 1203 until his nephew Strez declared autonomy along the Upper Vardar with Serbian help only five years later . In 1209 Strez switched allegiances and recognized Boril of Bulgaria with whom he led a successful joint campaign against Serbia 's first internationally recognized king Stefan Nemanjić . From 1214 to 1230 Skopje was a part of Byzantine successor state Epirus before recaptured by Ivan Asen II and held by Bulgaria until 1246 when the Upper Vardar valley was incorporated once more into a Byzantine state – the Empire of Nicaea . Byzantine conquest was briefly reversed in 1255 by the regents of the young Michael Asen I of Bulgaria . Meanwhile , in the parallel civil war for the Crown in Tarnovo Skopje bolyar and grandson to Stefan Nemanja Constantine Tikh gained the upper hand and ruled until Europe 's only successful peasant revolt the Uprising of Ivaylo deposed him . In 1282 Skopje was captured by Serbian king Milutin . Under the political stability of the Nemanjić rule , Skopje slowly spread outside the walls of the fortress towards Gazi Baba hill . Churches , monasteries and markets were built and tradesmen from Venice and Dubrovnik opened shops . The town greatly benefited from its location on the roads between Europe , Middle @-@ East and Africa . In the 14th century , Skopje became such an important city that king Dušan made it the capital of the Serbian kingdom . In 1346 , he was crowned " Emperor of the Serbs and Greeks " in Skopje . After his death the Serbian Empire collapsed into many small principalities which were unable to defend themselves against the Turks . Skopje was first inherited by the Lordship of Prilep and finally taken by Vuk Branković in the wake of the Battle of Maritsa ( 1371 ) before becoming part of the Ottoman Empire in 1392 . = = = Ottoman period = = = Skopje economic life greatly benefited from its position in the middle of Turkish Europe . Until the 17th century , Skopje experienced a long golden age . Around 1650 , the number of inhabitants in Skopje was between 30 @,@ 000 and 60 @,@ 000 and the city contained more than 10 @,@ 000 houses . It was then one of the only big cities on the territory of future Yugoslavia , together with Belgrade and Sarajevo . At that time , Dubrovnik , which was a busy harbour , had not even 7 @,@ 000 inhabitants . Following the Ottoman conquest , the city population changed . Christians were forcibly converted to Islam or were replaced by Turks and Jews . At that time , Christians of Skopje were mostly non converted Slavs and Albanians , but also Ragusan and Armenian tradesmen . Ottoman Turks drastically changed the appearance of the city . They organised the Bazaar with its caravanserais , mosques and baths . The city severely suffered from the Great Turkish War at the end of the 17th century and consequently experienced recession until the 19th century . In 1689 , Austrians seized Skopje which was already weakened by a cholera epidemic . The same day , general Silvio Piccolomini set fire to the city to end the epidemic . It is however possible that he wanted to avenge damages that Turks caused in Vienna in 1683 . Skopje burned during two days . The Austrian presence in Macedonia motivated Slav uprisings . Nevertheless , Austrians left the country within the year and Hajduks , leaders of the uprisings , had to follow them in their retreat north of the Balkans . Some were arrested by the Turks , such as Petar Karposh , who was impaled on Skopje Stone Bridge . After the war , Skopje was in ruins . Most of the official buildings were restored or rebuilt , but the city experienced new plague and cholera epidemics and many inhabitants emigrated . The Ottoman Turkish Empire as a whole entered in recession and political decline . Many rebellions and pillages occurred in Macedonia during the 18th century , either led by Turkish outlaws , Janissaries or Hajduks . An estimation conduced by French officers around 1836 revealed that at that time Skopje only had around 10 @,@ 000 inhabitants . It was largely overwhelmed by two towns of the present @-@ day Republic of Macedonia : Bitola ( 40 @,@ 000 ) and Štip ( 15 – 20 @,@ 000 ) . Skopje began to recover from decades of decline after 1850 . At that time , the city experienced a slow but steady demographic growth , mainly due to the rural exodus of Slav Macedonians . It was also fuelled by the exodus of Muslims from Serbia and Bulgaria , which were gaining autonomy and independence from the Empire at that time . During the Tanzimat reforms , nationalism arose in the Empire and in 1870 a new Bulgarian Church was established and its separate diocese was created , based on ethnic identity , rather than religious principles . The Slavic population of the bishopric of Skopje voted in 1874 overwhelmingly , by 91 % in favour of joining the Exarchate and became part of the Bulgarian Millet . Economic growth was permitted by the construction of the Skopje @-@ Salonica railway in 1873 . The train station was built south of the Vardar and this contributed to the relocation of economic activities on this side of the river , which had never been urbanised before . Because of the rural exodus , the share of Christians in the city population arose . Some of the newcomers became part of the local elite and helped to spread nationalist ideas Skopje was one of the five main centres of the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization when it organised the 1903 Ilinden uprising . Its revolutionary network in Skopje region was not well @-@ developed and the lack of weapons was a serious problem . At the outbreak of the uprising the rebel forces derailed a military train . On 3 and 5 August respectively , they attacked a Turkish unit guarding the bridge on the Vardar river and gave a battle in the " St. Jovan " monastery . In the next few days the band was pursued by numerous Bashibozuks and moved to Bulgaria . In 1877 , Skopje was chosen as the capital city of the new Kosovo Vilayet , which encompassed present @-@ day Kosovo , northwestern Macedonia and the Sanjak of Novi Pazar . In 1905 , the city had 32 @,@ 000 inhabitants , making it the largest of the vilayet , although closely followed by Prizren with its 30 @,@ 000 inhabitants . At the beginning of the 20th century , local economy was focused on dyeing , weaving , tanning , ironworks and wine and flour processing . Following the Young Turk Revolution in 1908 , the Ottoman Turkish Empire experienced democracy and several political parties were created . However , some of the policies implemented by the Young Turks , such as a tax rise and the interdiction of ethnic @-@ based political parties , discontented minorities . Albanians opposed the nationalist character of the movement and led local uprisings in 1910 and 1912 . During the latter they managed to seize most of Kosovo and took Skopje on 11 August . On 18 August , the insurgents signed the Üsküb agreement which provided for the creation of an autonomous Albanian province and they were amnestied the day later . = = = From the Balkan Wars to present day = = = Following an alliance contracted in 1912 , Bulgaria , Greece and Serbia declared war on the Ottoman Turkish Empire . Their goal was to definitely expel Turks from Europe . The First Balkan War started on 8 October 1912 and lasted six weeks . Serbians reached Skopje on 26 October . The Turkish forces had left the city the day before . The Serbian annexation led to the exodus of many Turks : 725 Turkish families left the city on 27 January 1913 . The same year , the city population was evaluated at 37 @,@ 000 by the Serbian authorities . In 1915 , during the First World War , Serbian Macedonia was invaded by Bulgaria , which captured Skopje on 22 October 1915 . Serbia , allied to the Triple Entente , was helped by France , Britain , Greece , and Italy , which formed the Macedonian Front . Following a great Allied offensive in 1918 , the Armée française d 'Orient reached Skopje 29 September and took the city by surprise . After the end of the World War , Macedonia became part of the new Kingdom of Serbs , Croats , and Slovenes , which became " Kingdom of Yugoslavia " in 1929 . A mostly foreign ethnic Serb ruling class gained control , imposing a repression unknown under the previous Turkish rulers . The policies of de @-@ Bulgarisation and assimilation were pursued . At that time part of the young locals , repressed by the Serbs , tried to find a separate way of ethnic Macedonian development . In 1931 , in a move to formally decentralize the country , Skopje was named the capital of the Vardar Banovina of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia . Until the Second World War , Skopje experienced strong economic growth , and its population increased . The city had 41 @,@ 066 inhabitants in 1921 , 64 @,@ 807 in 1931 , and 80 @,@ 000 in 1941 . Although located in an underdeveloped region , it attracted wealthy Serbs who opened businesses and contributed to the modernisation of the city . In 1941 , Skopje had 45 factories , half of the industry in the whole of Macedonia . In 1941 , during the Second World War , Yugoslavia was invaded by Nazi Germany . Germans seized Skopje 8 April and left it to their Bulgarian allies on 22 April 1941 . To ensure bulgarisation of the society , authorities closed Serbian schools and churches and opened new schools and a higher education institute , the King Boris University . The 4 @,@ 000 Jews of Skopje were all deported in 1943 to Treblinka where almost all of them died . Local Partisan detachments started a widespread guerrilla after the proclamation of the " Popular Republic of Macedonia " by the ASNOM on 2 August 1944 . Skopje was liberated on 13 November 1944 by Yugoslav Partisan units of the Macedonian National Liberation Army , together with units of the newly allied Bulgarian People 's Army ( Bulgaria having switched sides in the war in September ) . After World War II , Skopje greatly benefited from Socialist Yugoslav policies which encouraged industry and the development of Macedonian cultural institutions . Consequently , Skopje became home to a national library , a national philharmonic orchestra , a university and the Macedonian Academy . However , its post @-@ war development was altered by the 1963 earthquake which occurred 26 July . Although relatively weak in magnitude , it caused enormous damage in the city and can be compared to the 1960 Agadir earthquake . The disaster killed 1 @,@ 070 people , injuring 3 @,@ 300 others . 16 @,@ 000 people were buried alive in ruins and 70 % of the population lost their home . Many educational facilities , factories and historical buildings were destroyed . After the earthquake , reconstruction was quick . It had a deep psychological impact on the population because neighbourhoods were split and people were relocated to new houses and buildings they were not familiar with . Reconstruction was finished by 1980 , even if many elements were never built because funds were exhausted . Skopje cityscape was drastically changed and the city became a true example of modernist architecture . Demographic growth was very important after 1963 , and Skopje had 408 @,@ 100 inhabitants in 1981 . However , during the 1980s and the 1990s , the Republic of Macedonia experienced inflation and recession and the local economy heavily suffered . The situation became better during the 2000s thanks to new investments . Many landmarks were restored and the " Skopje 2014 " project renewed the appearance of the city centre . = = Emblems = = The Flag of Skopje is a red banner in proportions 1 : 2 with a gold @-@ coloured coat of arms of the city positioned in the upper @-@ left corner . It is either vertical or horizontal , but the vertical version was the first to be used . The coat of arms of the city was adopted in the 1950s . It depicts the Stone Bridge with the Vardar river , the Kale Fortress and the snow @-@ capped peaks of the Šar mountains . = = Administration = = = = = Status = = = Being the capital and largest city of the Republic of Macedonia , Skopje enjoys a particular status granted by law . The last revision of its status was made in 2004 . Since then , the City of Skopje has been divided into 10 municipalities which all have a council and a mayor , like all the municipalities of the Republic of Macedonia . Municipalities only deal with matters specific of their territory , and the City of Skopje deals with matters that concern all of them , or that cannot be divided between two or more municipalities . The City of Skopje is part of Skopje Statistical Region , which has no political or administrative power . = = = City Council = = = The City Council consists of 45 members who serve a four @-@ year term . It primarily deals with budget , global orientations and relations between the City and the government . Several commissions exist to treat more specific topics , such as urbanism , finances , environment of local development . The President of the Council is elected by the Council Members . Since 2009 the president has been Irena Miševa , member of the VMRO @-@ DPMNE . Following the 2013 local elections , the City Council is constituted as follows : = = = Mayor = = = The Mayor of Skopje is elected every four years . The current mayor has been Koce Trajanovski since 2009 . A former deputy and mayor of Gazi Baba municipality , he is a member of the VMRO @-@ DPMNE . The mayor represents the City of Skopje and he can submit ideas to the Council . He manages the administrative bodies and their officials . = = = Municipalities = = = Skopje was first divided into administrative units in 1945 , but the first municipalities were created in 1976 . They were five : Centar , Čair , Karpoš , Gazi Baba and Kisela Voda . After the independence of the Republic of Macedonia , power was centralised and municipalities lost much of their competences . A 1996 law restored them and created two new municipalities : Gjorče Petrov and Šuto Orizari . After the insurgency between Albanian rebels and Macedonian forces in 2001 , a new law was enacted in 2004 to incorporate Saraj municipality into the City of Skopje . Saraj is mostly populated by Albanians and , since then , Albanians represent more than 20 % of the city population . Thus Albanian became the second official language of the city administration , something which was one of the claims of the Albanian rebels . The same year , Aerodrom Municipality separated itself from Kisela Voda , and Butel municipality from Čair . Municipalities are administered by a council of 23 members elected every four years . They also have a mayor and several departments ( education , culture , finances ... ) . The mayor primarily deals with these departments . = = Economy = = = = = Economic weight = = = Skopje is a medium city at European level , but because of their administrative function , they can be compared to small regional metropolis like Sofia and Thessaloniki . Being the capital and largest city in the Republic of Macedonia , Skopje concentrates a large share of the national economy . The Skopje Statistical Region , which encompasses the City of Skopje and some neighbouring municipalities , produces 45 @,@ 5 % of the Macedonian GDP . In 2009 , the regional GDP per capita amounted to USD 6 @,@ 565 , or 155 % of the Macedonian GDP per capita . This figure is however smaller than the one of Sofia ( USD 10 @,@ 106 ) , Sarajevo ( USD 10 @,@ 048 ) or Belgrade ( USD 7 @,@ 983 ) , but higher than the one of Tirana ( USD 4 @,@ 126 ) . Because there are no other large city in the Republic of Macedonia , and because of political and economical centralisation , a large number of Macedonians living outside of Skopje work in the capital city . The dynamism of the city also encourages rural exodus , not only from Macedonia , but also from Kosovo , Albania and Southern Serbia . = = = Firms and activities = = = In 2009 , Skopje had 26 @,@ 056 firms but only 145 of them had a large size . The large majority of them are either small ( 12 @,@ 017 ) or very small ( 13 @,@ 625 ) . A large share of the firms deal with trade of goods ( 9 @,@ 758 ) , 3 @,@ 839 are specialised in business and real estate , and 2 @,@ 849 are manufacturers . Although few in number , large firms account for 51 % of the local production outside finance . The city industry is dominated by food processing , textile , printing and metal processing . In 2012 , it accounted for 30 % of the city GDP . Most of the industrial areas are located in Gazi Baba municipality , on the major routes and rail lines to Belgrade and Thessaloniki . Notably , the ArcelorMittal and Makstil steel plants are located there , and also the Skopje Brewery . Other zones are located between Aerodrom and Kisela Voda , along the railway to Greece . These zones comprise Alkaloid Skopje ( pharmaceuticals ) , Rade Končar ( electrical supplies ) , Imperial Tobacco , and Ohis ( fertilisers ) . Two special economic zones also exist , around the airport and the Okta refinery . They have attracted several foreign companies , such as Johnson Controls , Johnson Matthey and Van Hool . As the financial capital of the Republic of Macedonia , Skopje is the seat of the Macedonian Stock Exchange , of the National Bank and of most of the Macedonian banking , insurance and telecommunication companies , such as Makedonski Telekom , Komercijalna banka Skopje and Stopanska Banka . The services sector produces 60 % of the city GDP . Besides many small traditional shops , Skopje has two large markets , the " Zelen Pazar " ( green market ) and the " Bit Pazar " ( flea market ) . They are both considered as local institutions . However , since the 1970s , retailing has largely been modernised and Skopje now has many supermarkets and shopping malls . The largest , Skopje City Mall , opened in 2012 . It comprises a Carrefour hypermarket , 130 shops and a cinema , and employs 2 @,@ 000 people . = = = Employment = = = 51 % of Skopje active population is employed in small firms . 52 % of the population work in the services sector , 34 % in industry , and the remaining is mainly employed in administration . The unemployment rate for the Skopje Statistical Region was at 27 % in 2009 , three points under the national rate ( 30 % ) . The neighbouring Polog Region had a similar rate , but the less affected region was the South @-@ West , with 22 % . Unemployment in Skopje mainly concern men , who represent 56 % of job @-@ seekers , people between 25 and 44 years old ( 45 % of job @-@ seekers ) , and non @-@ qualified people ( 43 % ) . Unemployment also concerns Roma people , who represent 4 @.@ 63 % of the city population . Unemployment concerns 70 % of the active population in the community . The average net monthly wage in Skopje was at € 400 in October 2010 , which represented 120 % of the national figure . The average wage in Skopje was then lower than in Sarajevo ( € 522 ) Sofia ( € 436 ) and in Belgrade ( € 440 ) . = = Population = = = = = Demography = = = The City of Skopje had 506 @,@ 926 inhabitants within its administrative limits in 2002 , while the urban unit itself had 378 @,@ 243 inhabitants . A 2006 estimation gave 668 @,@ 518 inhabitants to the City in its administrative limits . Skopje 's employment area covers a large part of the Republic of Macedonia , including Veles , Kumanovo and Tetovo , and totaling more than one million inhabitants . Skopje concentrates a third of Macedonia 's population and other Macedonian towns are much smaller . The second most populous municipality , Kumanovo , had 107 @,@ 632 inhabitants in 2011 , and an urban unit of 76 @,@ 272 inhabitants in 2002 . Before the Austro @-@ Turkish war and the 1698 Great Fire , Skopje was one of the biggest cities in the Balkans , with a population estimated between 30 @,@ 000 and 60 @,@ 000 inhabitants . After the fire , it experienced a long period of decline and only had 10 @,@ 000 inhabitants in 1836 . However , the population started to rise again after 1850 and reached 32 @,@ 000 inhabitants in 1905 . In the 20th century , Skopje was one of the fastest growing cities in Yugoslavia and it has 448 @,@ 200 inhabitants in 1971 . Since then , the demographic growth has continued at a steady pace . = = = Ethnic groups = = = Skopje , as the Republic of Macedonia as a whole , is characterised by a large ethnic diversity . The city is located in a region where Ethnic Albanians and Macedonians meet , and it welcomed Romani , Turks , Jews and Serbs throughout its history . Skopje was mainly a Muslim city until the 19th century , when large number of Christians started to settle there . According to the 2002 census , Macedonians were the largest ethnic group in Skopje , with 338 @,@ 358 inhabitants , or 66 @.@ 75 % of the population . Then came Albanians with 103 @,@ 891 inhabitants ( 20 @.@ 49 % ) , Roma people with 23 @,@ 475 ( 4 @.@ 63 % ) , Serbs ( 14 @,@ 298 inhabitants ) , Turks ( 8 @,@ 595 ) , Bosniaks ( 7 @,@ 585 ) and Vlachs ( 2 @,@ 557 ) . 8 @,@ 167 people did not belong to any of these groups . Ethnic Macedonians form an overwhelming majority of the population in the municipalities of Aerodrom , Centar , Gjorče Petrov , Karpoš and Kisela Voda , which are all located south of the Vardar . They also form a majority in Butel and Gazi Baba which are north of the river . Albanians form a majority in Čair which roughly corresponds to the Old Bazaar , and in Saraj . They form a large minority in Butel and Gazi Baba . Šuto Orizari , located on the northern edge of the city , is predominantly Roma . When an ethnic minority forms at least 20 % of the population in a municipality , its language can become official on the local level . Thus , in Čair and Saraj schools and administration use Albanian , and Romani in Šuto Orizari . The latter is the only municipality in the world where Romani is an official language . Relations between the two largest groups , Macedonians and Albanians , are sometimes difficult , as in the rest of the country . Each group tolerate the other but they tend to avoid each other and live in what can appear as two parallel worlds . The Roma minority is on its side very deprived . Its exact size is not known because many Macedonian Roma declare themselves as belonging to other ethnic groups or simply avoid censuses . However , even if official figures are underestimated , Skopje is the city in the world with the largest Roma population . = = = Religion = = = Religious affiliation is closely linked to ethnicity : Macedonians , Serbs and Vlachs are mainly Orthodox , while Albanians , Turks and Roma ( Gypsies ) are usually Muslim . Skopje also has a Catholic Albanian minority , to which belonged Mother Teresa . According to the 2002 census , 68 @.@ 5 % of the population of Skopje belonged to the Eastern Orthodox Church , while 28 @.@ 6 % of it belonged to Islam . The city also had a Catholic ( 0 @.@ 5 % ) and Protestant ( 0 @.@ 04 % ) minorities . The Catholics are served by the Latin bishopric of Skopje , in which is also vested the Byzantine Rite Macedonian Apostolic Exarchate of Macedonia . Until World War II , Skopje had a significant Jewish minority which mainly descended from Spanish Sephardis who had escaped the Inquisition . The community comprised 2 @,@ 424 members in 1939 and most of them were deported and killed by Nazis . After the war , most of the survivors settled in Israel . Because of its Ottoman past , Skopje has more mosques than churches . Religious communities often complain about the lack of infrastructure and new places of worship are often built . Skopje is the seat of many Macedonian religious organisations , such as the Macedonian Orthodox Church and the Islamic Religious Union of Macedonia . It has an Orthodox cathedral and seminary , several madrasahs , a Roman Catholic cathedral and a synagogue . = = = Health = = = Skopje has several public and private hospitals and specialised medical institutions , such as a psychiatric hospital , two obstetric hospitals , a gerontology hospital and institutes for respiratory and ocular diseases . In 2012 , Skopje had a ratio of one physician per 251 @.@ 6 inhabitants , a figure higher than the national ratio ( one per 370 @.@ 9 ) . The ratio of medical specialists was also higher than in the rest of the country . However , the ratio of hospital beds , pharmacists and dentists was lower in Skopje . The population in Skopje enjoys better health standards than other Macedonians . In 2010 , the mortality rate was at 8 @.@ 6 ‰ in Skopje and 9 @.@ 3 ‰ on the national level . The infant mortality rate was at 6 @.@ 8 ‰ in Skopje and 7 @.@ 6 ‰ in Macedonia . = = = Education = = = Skopje 's citizenry is generally more educated than the rest of the country . For one , 16 % of Skopjans graduated university in contrast to 10 % for the rest of the country . The amount of people with a complete lack of education or ones who received a partial education is lower in Skopje at 9 % compared to the provincial average of 17 % . 80 % of Macedonian citizens who hold a PhD take up residence in Skopje . Skopje has 21 secondary schools ; 5 of which serve as general high @-@ school gymnasiums and 16 vocational schools . The city is also host to several higher education institutions , the most notable of which is Ss . Cyril and Methodius University , founded in 1949 . The university has 23 departments , 10 research institutes and is attended by an average of 50 @,@ 000 students . After the declaration of independence for the Republic of Macedonia in 1991 , several private universities were brought to existance . The largest private universities in Skopje are currently European University with 7 departments and FON University with 9 departments respectively . = = Media = = Skopje is the largest media center in Macedonia . Of the 818 newspapers surveyed in 2000 by the Ministry of Information , over 600 had their headquarters in Skopje . The daily Dnevnik , founded in 1996 , with 60 000 runs per day is the most printed in the country . Also based in Skopje , Večer is pulled 50 @,@ 000 copies and the state owns one third of its capital , as well as Nova Makedonija , reprinted 20 @,@ 000 copies . Other major newspapers in Skopje , totally private , are Utrinski Vesnik ( 30 @,@ 000 copies ) , Vest ( 25 @,@ 000 copies ) and Vreme ( 15 @,@ 000 copies ) . Magazines Fokus ( 12 @,@ 000 copies ) , Start ( 10 @,@ 000 copies ) , and Denes ( 7 @,@ 500 copies ) also have their headquarters in Skopje . The city is home of the studios of Macedonian Radio @-@ Television ( MRT ) , the country 's public radio and television . Founded in 1966 , it operate withs three national broadcast channels , twenty @-@ four hours at day . The most popular private television stations are Sitel . Kanal 5 , Telma , Alfa TV and AlsatM are another major private television companies . MRT also operates radio stations with national coverage , the private station Skopje 's Kanal 77 is the only one to have such a span . Radio Antenna 5 and Metropolis are two other major private stations that have their headquarters in Skopje . Also , the city boasts big news agencies in the country , both public , as the Macedonian Information Agency , and private , such as the Makfax . = = Sports = = As the capital and largest city of Macedonia , Skopje has many major sporting facilities . The city has three large swimming pools , two of which feature Olympic pools . These pools are particularly relevant to coaching water polo teams . Skopje also boasts many football stadiums , like Ilinden in Čair and Železarnica , which can accommodate between 4 @,@ 000 and 4 @,@ 500 spectators . The basketball court Kale can accommodate 5 000 people and the court of Jane Sandanski , 4000 people . Тhe largest stadium remains the Philip II Arena . The stadium , built in 1947 and named until 2008 , City Stadium Skopje experienced a total renovation , begun in 2009 to meet the standards of FIFA . Fully renovated the stadium contains 32 @,@ 580 seats , and a health spa and fitness . The Boris Trajkovski Sports Center is the largest sports complex in the country . It was opened in 2008 and named after president Boris Trajkovski , who died in 2004 . It includes room dedicated to handball , basketball and volleyball , a bowling alley , a fitness area and an ice hockey court . Its main hall , which regularly hosts concerts , holds around 10 @,@ 000 people . FK Vardar and FK Rabotnički are the two most popular football teams , playing in the first national league . Their workouts are held at Philip Arena II , like those of the national team . The city is also home to many smaller football clubs , such as : FK Makedonija Gjorče Petrov , FK Gorno Lisiče , FK Lokomotiva Skopje , FK Metalurg Skopje , FK Madžari Solidarnost and FK Skopje , who play in first , second or third national league . Another popular sport in Macedonia is basketball , represented in particular by the teams Rabotnički and MZT Skopje . Handball is illustrated by RK Vardar PRO and RK Metalurg Skopje , also the women 's team ŽRK Metalurg and ŽRK Vardar . The city co @-@ hosted the 2008 European Women 's Handball Championship together with Ohrid . = = Transport = = = = = Main connections = = = Skopje is located near three other capital cities , Prishtina ( 87 km away ) , Tirana ( 291 km ) and Sofia ( 245 km ) . Thessaloniki is 233 km south and Belgrade is 433 km north . Skopje is also at the crossroad of two Pan @-@ European corridors : Corridor X , which runs between Austria and Greece , and Corridor VIII , which runs from the Adriatic in Albania to the Black sea in Bulgaria . Corridor X links Skopje to Thessaloniki , Belgrade and Western Europe , while Corridor VIII links it with Tirana and Sofia . Corridor X locally corresponds to the M @-@ 1 motorway ( E75 ) , which is the longest Macedonian highway . It also corresponds to the Tabanovce @-@ Gevgelija railway . Corridor VIII , less developed , corresponds to the M @-@ 4 motorway and the Kičevo @-@ Beljakovce railway . Skopje is not quite on the Corridor X and the M @-@ 1 does not pass on the city territory . Thus the junction between the M @-@ 1 and M @-@ 4 is located some 20 km east , close to the airport . Although Skopje is geographically close to other major cities , movement of people and goods is not optimised , especially with Albania . This is mainly due to poor infrastructure . As a result , 61 @.@ 8 % of Skopjans have never been to Tirana , while only 6 @.@ 7 % have never been to Thessaloniki and 0 % to Sofia . Furthermore , 26 % of Thessalonians , 33 % of Sofians and 37 % of Tiranans have never been to Skopje . = = = Rail and coach stations = = = The main station in Skopje is serviced by the Belgrade @-@ Thessaloniki and Skopje @-@ Prishtina international lines . After the completion of the Corridor VIII railway scheduled for 2022 , the city will also be linked to Tirana and Sofia . Daily trains also link Skopje with other Macedonian towns , such as Kumanovo , Kičevo , Štip , Bitola or Veles . Skopje has several minor train stations but the city does not have its own railway network and they are only serviced by intercity or international lines . On the railway linking the main station to Belgrade and Thessaloniki are Dračevo and Dolno Lisiče stations , and on the railway to Kičevo are Skopje @-@ North , Gjorče Petrov and Saraj stations . Several other stations are freight @-@ only . Skopje coach station opened in 2005 and is built right under the main train station . It can host 450 coaches in a day . Coach connections to and from Skopje are much more efficient and diverse than train connections . Indeed , it is regularly linked to many Macedonian localities and foreign cities including Istanbul , Sofia , Prague , Hamburg and Stockholm . = = = Public transport = = = Skopje has a bus network managed by the City and operated by three companies . The oldest and largest is JSP Skopje , a public company founded in 1948 . JSP lost its monopoly on public transport in 1990 and two new companies , Sloboda Prevoz and Mak Ekspres , obtained several lines . However , most of the network is still in the hands of JSP which operates 67 lines on 80 . Only 24 lines are urban , the others serving localities around the city . Many of the JSP buses are red double @-@ decker buses designed to look like the British @-@ made buses that were in use in the 1950s and 1960s . A tram network has long been planned in Skopje and the idea was first proposed in the 1980s . The project became real in 2006 when the mayor Trifun Kostovski asked for feasibility studies . His successor Koce Trajanovski launched a call for tenders in 2010 and the first line is scheduled for 2019 . A new network for small buses started to operate in June 2014 , not to replace but to decrease the number of big buses in the city center . = = = Airport = = = Skopje has an international airport , Skopje " Alexander the Great " Airport . It is located in Petrovec , some 20 km east of the city . Since 2008 , it has been managed by the Turkish TAV Airports Holding and it can accommodate up to four million passengers per year . The annual traffic has constantly risen since 2008 , reaching one million passengers in 2014 . Skopje airport has connections to several European cities , including Vienna , Zürich , Brussels , Istanbul , London and Rome . It also maintains a direct connection with Dubai . = = Culture = = = = = Cultural institutions = = = Being the capital of the Republic of Macedonia , Skopje is home to the largest cultural institutions of the country , such as the National and University Library " St. Kliment of Ohrid " , the Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts , the National Theatre , the National Philarmonic Orchestra and the Macedonian Opera and Ballet . Among the local institutions are the Brothers Miladinov Library which has more than a million documents , the Cultural Information Centre which manages festivals , exhibitions and concerts , and the House of Culture Kočo Racin which is dedicated to contemporary art and young talents . Skopje has also several foreign cultural centres , such as a Goethe @-@ Institut , a British Council , an Alliance française , an American Corner . The city has several theatres and concert halls . The Univerzalna Sala , seating 1 @,@ 570 , was built in 1966 and is used for concerts , fashion shows and congresses . The Metropolis Arena , designed for large concerts , has 3 @,@ 546 seats . Other large halls include the Macedonian Opera and Ballet ( 800 seats ) , the National Theatre ( 724 ) , and the Drama Theatre ( 333 ) . Other smaller venues exist , such as the Albanian Theatre and the Youth Theatre . A Turkish Theatre and a Philharmonic hall are under construction . = = = Museums = = = The largest museum in Skopje is the Museum of Macedonia which details the history of the country . Its icons and lapidary collections are particularly rich . The Macedonian Archeological Museum , opened in 2014 , keeps some of the best archeological finds in Macedonia , dating from Prehistory to the Ottoman period . The National Gallery of Macedonia exhibits paintings dating from the 14th to the 20th century in two former Turkish baths of the Old Bazaar . The Contemporary Art Museum of Macedonia was built after the 1963 earthquake thanks to international assistance . Its collections include Macedonian and foreign art , with works by Fernand Léger , André Masson , Pablo Picasso , Hans Hartung , Victor Vasarely , Alexander Calder , Pierre Soulages , Alberto Burri and Christo . The Skopje City Museum is located inside the remains of the old train station , destroyed by the 1963 earthquake . It is dedicated to the local history and it has four departments : archeology , ethnology , history and art history . The Memorial House of Mother Teresa was built in 2009 on the site where stood the church were the Saint was baptised . The Museum of the Macedonian Struggle is dedicated to the modern national history and the struggle of Macedonians for their independence . Nearby is the Holocaust Memorial Center for the Jews of Macedonia . The Macedonian Museum of Natural History showcases some 4 @,@ 000 items while the 12 @-@ ha Skopje Zoo is home to 300 animals . = = = Architecture = = = Although Skopje has been destroyed many times trough its history , it still has many historical landmarks which reflect the successive occupations of the city . Skopje has one of the biggest Ottoman urban complexes in Europe , with many Ottoman monuments still serving their original purpose . It was also a ground for modernist experiments in the 20th century , following the 1963 earthquake . In the beginning of the 21st century , it is again the subject of massive building campaigns , thanks to the historicist and nationalist " Skopje 2014 " project . Skopje is thus an environment where old , new , progressist , reactionary , eastern and western perspectives coexist . Skopje has some remains of Prehistorical architecture which can be seen on the Tumba Madžari Neolithic site . On the other side of the city lie the remains of the ancient Scupi , with ruins of a theatre , thermae and a basilica . The Skopje Aqueduct , located between Scupi and the city centre , is rather mysterious because its date of construction is unknown . It seems to have been built by the Byzantines ot the Turks , but it was already out of use in the 16th century . It consists of 50 arches , worked in cloisonné masonry . The Skopje Fortress was rebuilt several times before it was destroyed by the 1963 earthquake . Since then , it has been restored to its medieval appearance . It is the only medieval monument in Skopje , but several churches located around the city illustrate the Vardar architectural school which flourished around 1300 . Among these churches are the ones around Matka Canyon ( St Nicholas , St Andrew and Matka churches ) . The church of St. Panteleimon in Gorno Nerezi dates from the 12th century . Its expressive frescoes anticipate the Italian primitives . Examples of Ottoman Turkish architecture are located in the Old Bazaar . Mosques in Skopje are usually simple in design , with a square base and a single dome and minaret . There entrance is usually emphasised by a portico , as on Mustafa Pasha Mosque , dating from the 15th century . Some mosques show some originality in their appearance : Sultan Murad and Yahya Pasha mosques have lost their dome and have a pyramidal roof , while Isa Bey mosque has a rectangular base , two domes and two side wings . The Aladža Mosque was originally covered with blue faience , but it disappeared in the 1689 Great Fire . However , some tiles are still visible on the adjoining türbe . Other Turkish public monuments include the 16th @-@ century clock tower , a bedesten , three caravanserais , two Turkish baths and the Stone Bridge , first mentioned in 1469 . The oldest churches in the city centre , the Ascension and St Dimitri churches , were built in the 18th century , after the 1689 Great Fire . They were both renovated in the 19th century . The Church of the Ascension is particularly small it is half @-@ buried in order not to overlook neighbouring mosques . In the 19th century , several new churches were built , including the Church of the Nativity of the Virgin Mary , which is a large three @-@ nave building designed by Andrey Damyanov . After 1912 , when Skopje was annexed by Serbia , the city was drastically westernised . Wealthy Serbs built mansions and town houses such as the 1926 Ristiḱ Palace . Architecture of that time is very similar to the one of Central Europe , but some buildings are more creative , such as the Neo @-@ Moorish Arab House and the Neo @-@ Byzantine train station , both built in 1938 . Modernism appeared as early as 1933 with the former Ethnographic Museum ( today the City Gallery ) , designed by Milan Zloković . However , modernist architecture only fully developed in Skopje after the 1963 earthquake . The reconstruction of city centre was partially planned by Japanese Kenzo Tange who designed the new train station . Macedonian architects also took part to the reconstruction : Georgi Konstantinovski designed the City Archives building in 1968 and the Hall of residence Goce Delčev in 1975 , while Janko Konstantinov designed the Telecommunication Centre and the main post office ( 1974 – 1989 ) . Slavko Brezovski designed the Church of St. Clement of Ohrid . These two buildings are noted for their originality although they are directly inspired by brutalism . The reconstruction turned Skopje into a proper modernist city , with large blocks of flats , austere concrete buildings and scattered green spaces . The city centre was considered as a grey and unattractive place when local authorities unveiled the " Skopje 2014 " project in 2010 . It made plans to erect a large number of statues , fountains , bridges , and museums at a cost of about € 500 million . The project has generated controversy : critics have described the new landmark buildings as signs of reactionary historicist aesthetics . Also , the government has been criticised for its cost and for the original lack of representation of national minorities in the coverage of its set of statues and memorials . However , representations of minorities have since been included among the monuments . The scheme is accused of turning Skopje to a theme park , which is viewed as nationalistic kitsch , and has made Skopje an example to see how national identities are constructed and how this construction is mirrored in the urban space . = = = Festivals = = = The Skopje Jazz Festival has been held annually in October since 1981 . It is part of the European Jazz Network and the European Forum of World Wide Festivals . The artists ' profiles include fusion , acid jazz , Latin jazz , smooth jazz , and avant @-@ garde jazz . Ray Charles , Tito Puente , Gotan Project , Al Di Meola , Youssou N 'Dour , among others , have performed at the festival . Another music festival in Skopje is the Blues and Soul Festival . It is a relatively new event in the Macedonian cultural scene that occurs every summer in early July . Past guests include Larry Coryell , Mick Taylor & the All @-@ Stars Blues Band , Candy Dulfer & Funky Stuff , João Bosco , The Temptations , Tolo Marton Trio , Blues Wire , and Phil Guy . The Skopje Cultural Summer Festival is a renowned cultural event that takes place in Skopje each year during the summer . The festival is a member of the International Festivals and Events Association ( IFEA ) and it includes musical concerts , operas , ballets , plays , art and photograph exhibitions , movies , and multimedia projects that gather 2 @,@ 000 participants from around the world each year including the St Petersburg Theatre , the Chamber Orchestra of the Bolshoi Theatre , Irina Arkhipova , Viktor Tretiakov , The Theatre of Shadows , Michel Dalberto , and David Burgess . May Opera Evenings is a festival that has occurred annually in Skopje since 1972 and is dedicated to promoting opera among the general public . Over the years , it has evolved into a stage on which artists from some 50 countries have performed . There is one other major international theater festival that takes place each year at the end of month September , the Young Open Theater Festivial ( MOT ) , which was organized for the first time in May 1976 by the Youth Cultural Center – Skopje . More than 700 theatrical performances have been presented at this festival so far , most of them being alternative , experimental theatre groups engaging young writers and actors . The MOT International theater festival is also a member of the International Network for Contemporary Performing Arts or IETM . Within the framework of the MOT Festival , the Macedonian National Center of the International Theater Institute ( ITI ) was established , and at the 25th ITI World Congress in Munich in 1993 , it became a regular member of this theater association . The festival has an international character , always representing theaters from all over the world that present and enhance exchange and circulation of young @-@ fresh @-@ experimental @-@ avant guard theatrical energy and experience between its participants on one side and the audience on the other . The Skopje Film Festival is an annual event held in the city every March . Over 50 films are shown at this five @-@ day festival , mostly from Macedonia and Europe , but also including some non @-@ commercial film productions from all over the world . = = = Nightlife = = = Skopje has a diverse nightlife . There is a large emphasis on casinos , many of which are associated with hotels , such as that of the Holiday Inn . Other casinos include Helios Metropol , Olympic , Bon Venon , and Sherry . Among young people the most popular destinations are bars , discos , and nightclubs which can be found in the center and the City Park . Among the most popular nightclubs are Midnight , Hard Rock , Maracana , B2 , Havana and Colosseum where world famous disc jockeys and idiosyncratic local performances are frequent . In 2010 , the Colosseum club was named fifth on a list of the best clubs in Southeastern Europe . Armin van Buuren , Above and Beyond , The Shapeshifters are just some of the many musicians that have visited the club . Nighttime concerts in local , regional and global music are often held at the Philip II National Arena and Boris Trajkovski Sports Center . For middle @-@ aged people , places for having fun are also the kafeanas where traditional Macedonian food is served and traditional Macedonian Music ( Starogradska muzika ) is played , but music from all the Balkans , particularly Serbian folk music is also popular . Apart from the traditional Macedonian restaurants , there are restaurants featuring international cuisines . Some of the most popular cafés in Skopje are Café Ei8ht , Café Trend , Drama Café , Lex Café and Blue Café . The Old Bazaar was a popular nightlife destination in the past . The national government has created a project to revive nightlife in the Old Bazaar . The closing time in shops , cafés and restaurants was extended due to the high attendances recorded . In the bazaar 's restaurants , along with the traditional Macedonian wine and food , dishes of the Ottoman cuisine are also served . = = People from Skopje = = Notable people from Skopje include : Mother Teresa , Roman Catholic humanitarian ( honorary citizen of Skopje 27 June 1980 ) ( http : / / www.skopje.gov.mk / EN / DesktopDefault.aspx ? tabindex = 0 & tabid = 26 ) Milčo Mančevski , film director Darko Pančev , former footballer Simon Trpčeski , pianist Srgjan Kerim , former UN General Assembly president Yahya Kemal Beyatlı , poet and diplomat = = International relations = = = = = Twin towns – Sister cities = = = Skopje is twinned with : = = = Partnerships = = =
= 1975 Pacific Northwest hurricane = The 1975 Pacific Northwest hurricane was an unusual Pacific tropical cyclone that attained hurricane status farther north than any other Pacific hurricane . It was officially unnamed , with the cargo ship Transcolorado providing vital meteorological data in assessing the storm . The twelfth tropical cyclone of the 1975 Pacific hurricane season , it developed from a cold @-@ core upper @-@ level low merging with the remnants of a tropical cyclone on August 31 , well to the northeast of Hawaii . Convection increased as the circulation became better defined , and by early on September 2 it became a tropical storm . Turning to the northeast through an area of warm water temperatures , the storm quickly strengthened , and , after developing an eye , it attained hurricane status late on September 3 , while located about 1 @,@ 200 miles ( 1 @,@ 950 km ) south of Alaska . After maintaining peak winds for about 18 hours , the storm rapidly weakened , as it interacted with an approaching cold front . Early on September 5 , it lost its identity near the coast of Alaska . = = Meteorological history = = On August 26 , the tropical cyclone that was once Hurricane Ilsa degenerated into a remnant low pressure area about 1 @,@ 200 miles ( 1 @,@ 950 km ) west of the southern tip of the Baja California Peninsula . The remnants of Ilsa drifted northwestward through the Stratocumulus cloud field of the eastern north Pacific Ocean . At the same time , a mid @-@ tropospheric trough slowly intensified while gradually undergoing cyclogenesis to develop into a cold @-@ core upper @-@ level low . Early on August 31 , a low @-@ level circulation formed within the upper @-@ level low about 930 miles ( 1 @,@ 500 km ) northeast of Hawaii ; at that time , the circulation and the remnants of Ilsa were located within 370 miles ( 600 km ) of each other . The cold @-@ core low rapidly intensified as convection increased , and late on August 31 it absorbed the remnants of Ilsa , which influenced the development of the system . Convection steadily organized as it tracked westward , and it is estimated it transitioned into a subtropical depression by 18 : 00 UTC on September 1 . With warm water temperatures , the system strengthened and began to develop tropical characteristics . Subsequent to the development of banding features , convection contracted and deepened over the increasingly well @-@ defined center , and is estimated it became a tropical storm by early on September 2 while located about 685 miles ( 1 @,@ 100 km ) north of the Hawaiian island of Kauai . The storm quickly developed a central dense overcast , and by 00 : 00 UTC on September 3 Dvorak classifications began on the cyclone . With water temperatures of over 82 ° F ( 28 ° C ) , it strengthened rapidly as an approaching cold front caused it to accelerate to the northeast . An eye became apparent on satellite imagery , and the storm intensified into a hurricane at 18 : 00 UTC on September 3 , while located about 1 @,@ 170 miles ( 1 @,@ 885 km ) south of Aniakchak National Monument and Preserve in Alaska . Upon becoming a hurricane , the cyclone was small , measuring about 85 miles ( 140 km ) in diameter . Operationally , the hurricane was not classified due to lack of ship confirmation ; by the time it became a hurricane , the strongest winds reported by a ship was 40 mph ( 65 km / h ) about 80 miles ( 130 km ) southeast of the center . Additionally , upon developing a closed eyewall , the cyclone was beginning to interact with the frontal system to its west . However , late on September 3 , a ship reported a pressure of 1003 mbar with a 3 @-@ hour tendency increase of 13 @.@ 5 mb , suggesting a minimum pressure of under 990 mbar . At the time , the storm maintained a T @-@ number of 4 @.@ 0 , resulting in estimated winds of 75 mph ( 120 km / h ) and an estimated pressure of 987 mbar . Maintaining hurricane status for about 18 hours , the storm continued rapidly northeastward and weakened due to strong wind shear from the approaching cold front . Early on September 5 , it is estimated the cyclone became extratropical in the Gulf of Alaska while located about 315 miles ( 510 km ) southwest of Juneau , Alaska . The circulation was rapidly absorbed by the front , and the remnants quickly reached the coast of British Columbia . The remnants of the storm turned southeastward , and was last tracked definitively to a point north of Montana . = = Impact and records = = At 18 : 00 UTC on September 3 , a ship named Pluvius recorded 50 mph ( 85 km / h ) winds near the center of the storm . At 06 : 00 UTC on September 4 , the U.S. Navy @-@ chartered cargo ship Transcolorado recorded winds of 65 mph ( 100 km / h ) about 120 miles ( 200 km ) , the strongest reported winds in association with the tropical cyclone ; the ship also reported 27 foot ( 8 @.@ 5 m ) swells . No significant land impact occurred in association with the cyclone , and no fatalities were reported . Forming at 31 ° N , the storm formed farther north than any other Pacific tropical cyclone at the time , though , in 2000 , Tropical Storm Wene formed farther to the north . The cyclone marked the first known occurrence of a mid @-@ Pacific upper tropospheric low developing into a tropical cyclone , though Tropical Storm Fausto in 2002 redeveloped in a similar occurrence to the hurricane . The cyclone attained hurricane status at 40 ° N , a record for a Pacific hurricane . Only Tropical Storm Dot in 1970 , Hurricane John in 1994 , Tropical Depression Guillermo in 1997 , and Tropical Storm Wene in 2000 were tropical cyclones north of the latitude , of which only John was a hurricane ; none maintained tropical cyclone status further north than the cyclone .
= SR Merchant Navy class = The SR Merchant Navy class ( originally known as the 21C1 class , and later informally known as Bulleid Pacifics , Spam Cans or Packets ) is a class of air @-@ smoothed 4 @-@ 6 @-@ 2 Pacific steam locomotives designed for the Southern Railway of the United Kingdom by Oliver Bulleid . The Pacific design was chosen in preference to several others proposed by Bulleid . The first members of the class were constructed during the Second World War , and the last of the 30 locomotives in 1949 . Incorporating a number of new developments in British steam locomotive technology , the design of the Merchant Navy class was among the first to use welding in the construction process ; this enabled easier fabrication of components during the austerity of the war and post @-@ war economies . The locomotives featured thermic syphons and Bulleid 's innovative , but controversial , chain @-@ driven valve gear . The class members were named after the Merchant Navy shipping lines involved in the Battle of the Atlantic , and latterly those which used Southampton Docks , a publicity masterstroke by the Southern Railway , which operated Southampton Docks during the period . Due to problems with some of the more novel features of Bulleid 's design , all members of the class were modified by British Railways during the late 1950s , losing their air @-@ smoothed casing in the process . The Merchant Navy class operated until the end of Southern steam in July 1967 . A third of the class has survived and can be seen on heritage railways throughout Great Britain . = = Background = = The Southern Railway was the most financially successful of the " Big Four " , but this was largely based on investment in suburban and main line electrification . After the successful introduction of the SR Schools class in 1930 , the railway had lagged behind the others in terms of modernising its aging fleet of steam locomotives . Following the retirement of the General Manager of the Southern Railway Sir Herbert Walker and Richard Maunsell the Chief Mechanical Engineer ( CME ) in 1937 , their successors considered that the time had come to change this situation . In March 1938 , the new General Manager Gilbert Szlumper authorised Oliver Bulleid , Maunsell 's replacement , to prepare designs for twenty express passenger locomotives . The deteriorating international situation prior to the Second World War was an additional factor in this decision . Bulleid 's first suggestion was for an eight @-@ coupled locomotive with a 4 @-@ 8 @-@ 2 wheel arrangement for the heavily loaded Golden Arrow and Night Ferry Continental express trains , although this was quickly modified to a 2 @-@ 8 @-@ 2 equipped with a Helmholtz " Bissel bogie " – a system already successfully applied on the Continent . However , both proposals for eight @-@ coupled locomotives were resisted by the Southern Railway 's Chief Civil Engineer , so a new 4 @-@ 6 @-@ 2 Pacific design was settled upon instead . The new design was intended for express passenger and semi @-@ fast work in Southern England , though it had to be equally adept at freight workings due to the nominal " mixed traffic " classification Bulleid applied to the class for them to be built during wartime . Administrative measures had been put in place by the wartime government , preventing the construction of express passenger locomotives , due to shortages of materials and a need for locomotives with freight @-@ hauling capabilities . Classifying a design as " mixed traffic " neatly circumvented this restriction . = = Design = = Most of the detailed design for the Merchant Navy class was undertaken by the drawing office at Brighton works , but some work was also undertaken by Ashford and Eastleigh . This division of responsibility was possibly due to Bulleid 's wish to restrict knowledge of the new class to a limited number of personnel . The design incorporated a number of novel features , compared to then @-@ current steam locomotive practice in Great Britain . = = = Cylinders , valve gear , wheels and brakes = = = Three 18 inches ( 46 cm ) diameter cylinders drove the centre coupled axle . The inside cylinder was steeply inclined at 1 : 7 @.@ 5 but the outside cylinders were horizontal . It was originally intended to use a gear @-@ driven valve gear , but space restrictions within the frames and wartime material shortages led Bulleid to design his novel chain @-@ driven valve gear . This component was unique amongst British locomotive design practices . It later gained a bad reputation , because it could cause highly irregular valve events , a problem compounded by the fast @-@ moving Bulleid steam reverser . The entire system was located in a sealed oil bath , another unique design , providing constant lubrication to the moving parts . The locomotives were equipped with the unusual 6 ft 2 in ( 1 @.@ 88 m ) Bulleid Firth Brown ( BFB ) driving wheels which were lighter , yet stronger than the spoked equivalent . These proved to be successful and were later used on other Bulleid classes . The leading bogie was based upon that of the SR Lord Nelson class , although it had a 6 ft 3 in ( 1 @.@ 90 m ) wheelbase as opposed to Maunsell 's 7 ft 6 in ( 2 @.@ 28 m ) design , and featured 3 ft 1 in ( 0 @.@ 94 m ) BFB wheels . A long coupled driving wheelbase was incorporated into the design , to keep the locomotives within the lineal loading of the Southern Railway 's narrower bridges . The supporting rear trailing truck was a one @-@ piece steel casting that gave the smoothest of rides ; the design was utilised in the future BR Standard Class 7 . The spaces between driving wheels housed steam @-@ powered clasp brakes , that gripped the wheels by way of a " scissor " action . The two middle brake hangers held two brake blocks each , whilst the two outside hanger on the leading and rear driving wheels held one block each . These were connected together by outside rodding for ease of access , and the whole system was operated from the footplate . = = = Boiler and welded firebox = = = The maximum boiler pressure was higher than any other British regular service locomotive ( except the GWR County class ) at 280 psi . Bulleid originally intended to use welding in the construction of the boilers , but he soon discovered that the Southern Railway lacked the facilities to manufacture welded boilers of this size . The first ten boilers were ordered on outside contract from the North British Locomotive Company , and were of rivetted construction in the barrel . The tube plates that held the fire tubes and superheater elements inside the boiler were also made of steel to reduce maintenance . The inner and outer firebox of the Merchant Navy class was constructed using welding , as opposed to the rivetting that was more common practice . This made for cheaper construction and a firebox 1 @.@ 5 long tons ( 1 @.@ 5 t ) lighter than a copper example of equal size . Steel plate also lacked the elasticity of copper when exposed to water at high temperatures , reducing maintenance . Two welded steel Thermic syphons were implemented to improve water circulation between the boiler and the top of the firebox ( the " crown " ) . These were subcontracted to Beyer Peacock . = = = Air @-@ smoothed casing , smokebox and blastpipe = = = The boiler was enveloped by Bulleid 's air @-@ smoothed sheet steel casing , which was not for the purposes of streamlining , as demonstrated by the extremely flat front end , but as a way of lifting exhaust gases . The flat sides were also an aid to cleaning the locomotive with a carriage washer , representing an attempt to reduce labour costs . It followed the profile of the Belpaire firebox and extended to a curved profile forward of the smokebox front . Spun glass mattresses were used for boiler lagging . The smokebox was a sheet metal fabrication to the same profile as the firebox , acting as a former to maintain the shape of the air @-@ smoothed casing . In between , the casing was supported by channel @-@ section steel crinolines ( strengtheners used to maintain the shape ) attached to the frames . The smokebox housed the five @-@ nozzle Lemaître blastpipe arranged in a circle within a large @-@ diameter chimney . = = = Tender = = = Bulleid designed a new 5 @,@ 000 imperial gallons ( 22 @,@ 730 L ; 6 @,@ 000 US gal ) tender which could carry 5 tons ( 5 @.@ 1 t ) of coal on a six @-@ wheel chassis . It featured BFB wheels and streamlined panels , or " raves " , that gave the top of the tender a similar cross @-@ sectional outline to the carriages hauled by the locomotive . The water tank was of welded sheet construction to save weight , and the tender was fitted with vacuum braking equipment of a clasp @-@ type similar to that used on the locomotive . Three train @-@ brake vacuum reservoirs of cylindrical construction were grouped on the tank top , behind the coal space . Unusually for a British locomotive , two extra water filler caps were incorporated into the tender front , for access from the footplate . The original tender design proved to be inadequately braced and subject to serious leakage if even slightly damaged , or when water surges caused the welded joints to split . The problem was not solved until 1944 when additional baffling was fitted . = = = Other innovations = = = Electric lighting was also provided on both the locomotive and the footplate , supplied by a steam @-@ powered generator fitted below the footplate . The gauges were lit by ultra @-@ violet light . This enabled clearer night @-@ time vision of the boiler steam pressure gauge and the brake pipe vacuum pressure gauge , whilst eliminating dazzle , making it easier for the crew to see signals along the track . Close attention was also paid to the ergonomics of the driving cab , which was designed with the controls required for operation grouped according to the needs of both fireman and driver , thus promoting safe operation . As an aid to the fireman , a steam @-@ operated treadle was provided that used steam pressure to open the firehole doors ( where the coal is shovelled into the firebox ) . The footplate was entirely enclosed , improving crew working conditions in winter . = = Construction = = For construction history of the class , see : List of SR Merchant Navy class locomotives The Southern Railway placed an order for ten of the new locomotives to be built at Eastleigh Works , although the boilers had to be supplied from private industry and the tenders were built at Ashford . The prototype was completed in February 1941 , numbered 21C1 , and named Channel Packet at a ceremony at Eastleigh works on 10 March 1941 . It underwent extensive trials and minor modifications before joining Southern Railway stock 4 June 1941 . A second prototype , 21C2 Union Castle was completed in June and named at Victoria railway station 4 July . Both prototypes were found to be seven tons over the specified weight , and , at the insistence of the Southern Railway Civil Engineer , production of the remainder was halted until steps were taken to remedy this . This was achieved by using thinner steel plates for the frame stretchers and covering the boiler cladding , and enlarging the existing lightening holes in the main frames . The remaining eight locomotives in the batch were delivered between September 1941 and July 1942 . A second batch of ten followed , beginning in December 1944 and culminating in June 1945 . These were entirely constructed at Eastleigh and equipped with 5 @,@ 100 @-@ imperial @-@ gallon ( 23 @,@ 190 L ; 6 @,@ 120 US gal ) tenders . The Merchant Navy class spawned the design and construction of a lighter version of the same locomotive with consequently increased route availability . These were the West Country and Battle of Britain class Light Pacifics , the first of which entered service in 1945 . Just prior to the nationalisation of the railways in 1948 , the Southern Railway placed an order for ten more Merchant Navy locomotives , with larger 6 @,@ 000 @-@ imperial @-@ gallon ( 27 @,@ 280 L ; 7 @,@ 210 US gal ) tenders . A shortage of materials meant that delivery was delayed until September 1948 , and completed in 1949 ; the batch never carried Southern Railway numbers . Eastleigh was responsible for the assembly of the final batch , which were in the series 35021 – 35030 . Construction was undertaken in @-@ house by Eastleigh works , with the boilers and tenders constructed at Brighton , the frames at Ashford and the rest at Eastleigh . These were equipped with wedge @-@ shaped cab fronts from the outset , and greater use of welding ensured lighter locomotives . The batch was also fitted with the TIA ( " Traitement Integral Armand " ) chemical feed @-@ water equipment used on the Light Pacifics . This precipitated scale @-@ forming constituents in the " hard @-@ water " of southern England into a non @-@ adhesive mud that could be cleared from the locomotive using a manual " blow @-@ down " valve . A delay in the construction of the new larger tenders for the new locomotives meant that some were fitted with the smaller examples intended for use with Light Pacifics that were under construction at the time . Two spare boilers for the class were also constructed at Brighton and Eastleigh during 1950 / 1 . = = Numbering and naming the locomotives = = For details of Merchant Navy class locomotive names , see : List of SR Merchant Navy class locomotives Bulleid adopted a new numbering scheme for all his locomotives based on Continental practice , following his experiences at the French branch of Westinghouse Electric before the First World War , and those of his tenure in the rail operating department during that conflict . The Southern Railway numbers followed an adaptation of the UIC classification system of using letters and numbers to designate the powered and unpowered axles , together with a running number . Thus the first 4 @-@ 6 @-@ 2 locomotive became 21C1 – where " 2 " and " 1 " refer to the number of unpowered leading and trailing axles respectively , and " C " refers to the number of driving axles , in this case three . The remainder were numbered 21C2 @-@ 21C19 . The scheme was abandoned by British Railways in 1949 and the existing locomotives were renumbered under the British Railways standard system in the series 35001 @-@ 35019 ; the final batch appeared in traffic as 35020 @-@ 35029 . The Southern Railway considered naming the locomotives after victories of the Second World War , to the extent that a mocked @-@ up nameplate River Plate was produced . In the event , when early successes for the British proved few and far between , the chairman of the Union Castle Line suggested naming them after shipping companies which had called at Southampton Docks in peacetime . This idea resonated in 1941 because the shipping lines were heavily involved in the Atlantic convoys to and from Britain during the Second World War . A new design of nameplate was created , featuring a circular plate with a smaller circle in the centre . The inner circle carried the colours of the shipping company on a stylised flag , on an air force blue background . Around the outer circle was the name of the locomotive , picked out in gilt lettering . A horizontal rectangular plate was attached to either side of the circular nameplate , with " Merchant Navy Class " in gilt lettering . This acted as a class plate , as indicated on the nameplate photograph , above left . During their operational career , the class gained several nicknames ; the most obvious , Bulleid Pacific , simply denoted the designer and wheel arrangement . The colloquial name Spam Can arose from their utilitarian appearance , enhanced by the flat , boxy air @-@ smoothed casing , and the resemblance of this to the distinctive tin cans in which SPAM was sold . The nickname Packets was also adopted by locomotive drivers , as the first member of the class was named Channel Packet . = = Operational details = = As the class appeared during the War , there were no heavily laden Continental Boat Trains from Dover and Folkestone , for which they had been designed . They were however used on express trains on the South Western Main Line to Southampton , and Exeter . In August 1945 a series of test runs were made between London Victoria and Dover and from October the class were used on the resumed Continental expresses . The prestigious Bournemouth Belle Pullman train was reinstated in October 1946 and entrusted to the class for the next two decades . However , their heavy axle loading and length meant that they were banned from many areas of the Southern Railway , and later , the British Railways Southern Region network . = = Subsequent development = = As mentioned , the main production batch of Southern @-@ built locomotives differed from the two prototypes , Channel Packet and Union Castle . The steam @-@ operated firehole door treadle was removed , and a new type of boiler cladding was utilised in response to the worsening supply situation during the Second World War . Modification was also made to the air @-@ smoothed casing surrounding the smokebox after reports were made of drifting smoke obscuring the locomotive crew 's vision ahead . Initially , the only form of smoke deflection was a narrow slot in front of the chimney , intended to enable air to lift the smoke when the locomotive was travelling . This proved inadequate because of the relatively soft exhaust blast that came from the multiple @-@ jet blastpipe , which failed to be caught by the air flow . After several trials , the air flow was increased by extending the casing roof over the front of the smokebox to form a cowling whilst side smoke deflector plates were also incorporated into the front of the air @-@ smoothed casing . The latter added to the poor visibility from the footplate and the expedients combined never fully solved the smoke drift problem . During the brief time they operated under the Southern Railway , further modifications were applied to the class , such as the reduction in boiler pressure to 250 psi ( 1 @.@ 72 MPa ) and the redesign of the footplate spectacle plates . These are the small windows on the front face of the cab , which were redesigned to a wedge @-@ shaped profile , a feature to be seen on all Bulleid @-@ designed locomotives post @-@ nationalisation . They had been introduced in Britain in 1934 with the Gresley @-@ designed Cock o ' the North . Originally , the spectacle plates of the Bulleid Pacifics were at the conventional right @-@ angle to the direction of the locomotive , and offered limited vision ahead along the air @-@ smoothed casing . The Southern @-@ built batches also had variations in the material used for the air @-@ smoothed casing with a change from sheet steel to an asbestos compound , forced upon the manufacturer by wartime expediency . This resulted in several class members having a horizontal strengthening rib running down the length of the casing . The final Southern Railway @-@ initiated experiment involved equipping 21C5 Canadian Pacific with a Berkeley mechanical stoker imported from Canada . Little improvement in performance was seen when trialled under British Railways auspices in 1948 and the locomotive was re @-@ converted to hand @-@ firing . As mentioned , the British Railways batch had detail differences to previous versions . The most significant modification was the reduction of weight using lighter materials unavailable during wartime . From 1952 the air @-@ smoothed casing ahead of the cylinders was removed to ease maintenance and lubrication . This coincided with the removal of the tender ' raves ' on all locomotives , as they obstructed the packing of coal into the bunker and restricted the driver 's view when reversing the locomotive . The resultant ' cut @-@ down ' tender included new , enclosed storage for fire @-@ irons , revised step ladders and glass spectacle plates to protect the crew from flying coal dust when running tender @-@ first . = = Performance of the unmodified locomotives = = The new locomotives demonstrated that they could generate enormous power using mediocre quality fuel , due largely to Bulleid 's excellent boiler . They also ran very smoothly at high speed . Partly as a result of having so many novel features , the first few years of service by the Merchant Navy class were beset by a variety of technical problems . Some of these were merely teething troubles , but others remained with the class throughout their working lives . These may be summarised as follows : Adhesion problems . The locomotives were often prone to wheelslip , and required very careful driving when starting a heavy train from rest , but once into their stride they were noted for their free running , excellent steam production and being remarkably stable when hauling heavy expresses . Maintenance problems . The chain driven valve gear proved to be expensive to maintain and subject to rapid wear . Leaks from the oil bath onto the wheels caused oil to splash onto the boiler lagging in service . Once saturated with oil , the lagging attracted coal dust and ash which provided a combustible material , and as a result of the heavy braking of the locomotives , sparks would set the lagging on fire underneath the air @-@ smoothed casing . The fires were also attributed to oil overflowing from axlebox lubricators onto the wheels when stationary to be flung upwards into the boiler lagging in service . In either case , the local fire brigade would invariably be called to put the fire out , with cold water coming into contact with the hot boiler , causing stress to the casing . Many photographs show an unmodified with ' buckled ' ( warped ) casing , the result of a lagging fire . High fuel consumption . This became very apparent in the 1948 Locomotive Exchange Trials and at trials at the Rugby locomotive testing plant in 1952 . Restricted driver visibility due to the air @-@ smoothed casing . The exhaust problem was never adequately resolved , and continued to beat down onto the air @-@ smoothed casing when the engine was on the move , obscuring the driver 's vision from the cab . As a result of these problems serious consideration was given to scrapping the class in 1954 , and replacing them with Britannia class locomotives . However , the locomotives had excellent boilers and several other good features and so the decision was taken to rebuild them removing several of Bulleid 's less successful ideas . = = = Incident at Crewkerne = = = On 24 April 1953 the crank axle on the central driving wheel of No. 35020 " Bibby Line " fractured whilst approaching Crewkerne station at speed . No @-@ one was injured , but the incident resulted in the withdrawal of all Merchant Navy class locomotives from service whilst the cause was ascertained . An examination of other class members showed that the fracture , caused by metal fatigue , was a common fault . To cover the motive power shortage caused by the mass withdrawal of thirty locomotives , classes from other British Railways regions were drafted in to deputise . The incident resulted in a redesign and replacement of the crank axle . = = Modification = = Partially because of the Crewkerne incident , and due to the incessant modification of Bulleid ’ s original design , British Railways took the decision to rebuild the entire class to a more conventional design by R. G. Jarvis , adopting many features from the BR ' Standard ' locomotive classes that had been introduced since 1950 . The air @-@ smoothed casing was removed and replaced with conventional boiler cladding , and the chain @-@ driven valve gear was replaced with three separate sets of Walschaerts valve gear . The rebuilds were provided with a completely revised cylindrical smokebox , a new Lord Nelson @-@ type chimney and LMS @-@ style smoke deflectors . Together with the lack of air @-@ smoothed casing , these helped reduce the problem of smoke and steam obscuring the driver 's vision of the line . The fast @-@ moving and unpredictable Bulleid steam reverser was replaced with a screw @-@ link version , whilst the mechanical lubricators were moved to the footplates along the boiler sides . Sanding was also added to the leading driving axle , whilst rearward application was incorporated to the middle driving axle . The first ' modified ' to be released from Eastleigh was 35018 British India Line in 1956 . The final example , 35028 Clan Line , was completed in 1960 . The success of the modification programme for the Merchant Navy class was also to influence the design of the future modification of 60 ' Light Pacifics ' . = = Performance of the modified locomotives = = There is no doubt that rebuilding the class solved most of the maintenance problems whilst retaining the good features , thereby creating excellent locomotives . One minor drawback was that the ' modifieds ' put greater loads on the track as a result of hammerblow , caused by the balance weights for the outside Walschaerts valve gear , whereas the original valve gear design was largely self @-@ balanced . On 26 June 1967 , 35003 Royal Mail recorded the highest speed ever for the class . Hauling a train comprising three carriages and two parcels vans ( 164 tons tare , 180 tons gross ) between Weymouth and Waterloo , the mile between milepost 38 and milepost 37 ( located between Winchfield and Fleet ) was covered in 34 seconds , a speed of 105 @.@ 88 mph . This was also the last authenticated speed in excess of 100 mph achieved by a steam locomotive in the United Kingdom . = = Withdrawal = = Their principal work was on the South Western Main Line to Southampton and Bournemouth until 1967 . However , the main reason why the class began to be withdrawn in 1964 was the transfer of the main line between Salisbury and Exeter to the Western Region and the introduction of " Warship " class diesel @-@ hydraulic locomotives on these services . The rebuilt locomotives were therefore withdrawn relatively soon after their rebuilding , whilst still in excellent condition . The first two to be withdrawn were the second prototype 35002 Union Castle and 35015 Rotterdam Lloyd in February 1964 . Nearly half of the class had been withdrawn by the end of 1965 , but seven survived until the end of steam on the Southern Region in the summer of 1967 . = = Preservation = = Many of the class have survived into preservation thanks to the high workload of Woodham Brothers scrapyard in Barry , Vale of Glamorgan , South Wales , which found it easier and more commercially lucrative to scrap railway wagons , keeping the more technical steam locomotives for a down turn in workload . One engine , 35028 Clan Line , was bought by the Merchant Navy Locomotive Preservation Society direct from British Railways in 1967 , and has since been regarded as the ' flagship ' of the class . Although eleven members of the class have survived into the preservation era , it is very likely that many will never steam again , with only three having been restored to working order thus far . This is because the class is too large and heavy for use on most of today 's heritage railways . As the entire class was rebuilt from 1956 onwards , no Merchant Navy class locomotives exist in as @-@ built condition , although a team are attempting to reverse @-@ engineer 35011 General Steam Navigation to original condition . Other relics of the class have survived in the guise of locomotive nameplates and smokebox number plates , which were taken from their locomotives towards the end of steam on the British Railways Southern Region in the 1960s . As a result , many exist in private collections , and several have been seen at auction , selling for several thousands of pounds . = = = Preserved Merchant Navy class locomotives = = = For full location details and current status of the preserved locomotives , see : List of SR Merchant Navy class locomotives = = Livery = = = = = Southern Railway = = = Livery was Southern Railway malachite green with " sunshine yellow " horizontal lining and lettering . The first five locomotives were given a matt finish so as to obscure small irregularities in the casing . All class members that operated during the Second World War were eventually repainted in Southern Railway wartime black livery , with green @-@ shaded " Sunshine " lettering . However , this was reverted to Malachite Green livery upon the ending of hostilities . 21C1 Channel Packet originally had an inverted horseshoe on the smokebox door , indicating its Southern origin , however , crews believed this to be unlucky . A resultant re @-@ design meant that this became a roundel , the gap being filled by the year of construction , therefore acting as a builder 's plate . The background was painted red . Early members of the class had cast iron numberplates and gilt ' Southern ' plates on the tender , however these were subsequently replaced by transfers . = = = British Railways = = = After nationalisation in 1948 , the locomotives ' initial livery was a slightly modified Southern malachite green livery , where " British Railways " replaced " Southern " in Sunshine Yellow lettering on the tender sides . The Bulleid numbering system was temporarily retained , with an additional " S " prefix , such as S21C1 . A short @-@ lived second livery was an experimental blue with red lining as applied to 35024 East Asiatic Company . This was replaced by British Railways express passenger blue with black and white lining . From 1952 the locomotives carried the standard British Railways Brunswick green livery with orange and black lining and the British Railways crest on the tender tank sides . This livery was perpetuated after rebuilding . = = Operational assessment = = The class in both as @-@ built and modified forms have been subject to a range of divergent opinions . The utilisation of welded steel construction and the various innovations that had not previously been seen in British locomotive design meant that the class earned Bulleid the title " Last Giant of Steam " . The constant concern for ease of maintenance and utility had not previously been seen on locomotives of older design , whilst their highly efficient boilers represented the ultimate in British steam technology , the hallmark of a successful locomotive design . Despite this , the number of innovations introduced at the same time made the class unreliable and difficult to maintain during the first few years of service . Many of these difficulties were overcome during the rebuilding , leading to D.L. Bradley 's statement that the modified locomotives were " the finest express locomotives to work in the country " . Overall the class was largely successful , with half of the locomotives completing more than 1 million miles in revenue earning service . = = Models = = The Merchant Navy class has been the subject of several models by different manufacturers , including Hornby Railways , Graham Farish and Minitrix . The first OO gauge model of an as @-@ built locomotive was produced by Hornby / Wrenn in 1962 , followed by the modified version . Hornby and Graham Farish currently produce the rebuilt version of the class in OO gauge and N gauge respectively . The Hornby model was introduced in the 2000 edition of the Hornby catalogue . As of December 2010 , fifteen members of the class have been produced . In March 2015 Hornby announced the inclusion of a new as @-@ built version of the class in OO gauge in their 2016 range , this model was subsequently postponed to the 2017 range .
= Let the Blind Lead Those Who Can See but Cannot Feel = Let the Blind Lead Those Who Can See but Cannot Feel is the first studio album by Atlas Sound , the solo project of Deerhunter lead vocalist Bradford Cox . The album was released in North America by Kranky Records on February 19 , 2008 and in Europe by 4AD on May 5 , 2008 . The tracks of Let the Blind Lead were constructed with computer @-@ generated and recorded instruments in music software Ableton Live . Described as being stream @-@ of @-@ consciousness in nature by Cox , each song was created over the span of several hours ; in addition , the music and lyrics were written and sung on the spot . For its release , the tracks were arranged in the order in which they were recorded ; Cox described the album as a whole as having a " dynamic arc " to it . The North American cover art is a modified photograph of a painting of a doctor treating a sick boy . The face of the child is obscured by a camera flash , although Cox feels that this gives the picture a " romantic " element . The lyrics of Let the Blind Lead are autobiographical in nature , reflecting life experiences of Cox . These include abuses he received as a child , past drug addictions , and the time he spent hospitalized as a teenager due to his genetic disorder Marfan syndrome . Several songs concern his best friend Lockett Pundt , the guitarist for Deerhunter , whom the album is dedicated to . " Winter Vacation " is a reflection on the first time the two met , while in " Ativan " , Cox examines his relationship with Pundt . Let the Blind Lead was generally well @-@ received by critics ; some praised Cox 's emotional lyrics , while others criticized his music for lacking substance . The record charted at number 32 on Billboard magazine 's Top Heatseekers chart for one week . = = Production = = The music of Atlas Sound utilizes computer @-@ based MIDI instruments , created and recorded in musical software Ableton Live ; the program allows Cox " to turn pretty much any sound into a MIDI @-@ controllable keyboard " , according to him . Effects that were not already built into the program were seldom used . Brian Foote of the band Nudge assisted Cox in the production of Let the Blind Lead , by showing him the basics of the software , and aiding in the selection of equipment that would be used on the record . Cox described the process of recording the album as being stream @-@ of @-@ consciousness : " with Atlas Sound , the songs are being written as they 're recorded . " In addition , all of the lyrics on the album were created as they were being recorded on the first take . The album 's title is derived from a dream Cox had in which he saw a group of protesters , one of whom was holding up a sign reading " Let the blind lead those who can see but cannot feel " . Upon waking , Cox wrote down the phrase on a notebook beside his bed . He described the concept to Out magazine as being " like you are able to see , but you might not know the right direction to go in . But somebody who can ’ t see might — just by instinct — lead you that way . " The arrangement of the tracks on Let the Blind Lead is chronological , presented in the order in which they were recorded . = = = Artwork = = = The North American album cover artwork originates from a medical journal Cox discovered in a thrift store . A painting in the journal depicts a doctor treating an ill boy , " while his mom looks on , concerned " , as described by Cox . In photographing the painting , the face of the boy was obscured by the flash of the camera . While it " kind of took away from the photo " according to him , the picture became " somehow … romantic , the idea that there was so much emotion in the face that it got whited out . " Cox described the boy as being " the saddest boy … lovesick and emaciated " , adding , " I related to that boy so much that I literally , in the thrift store , almost started crying . " The European album artwork was created by v23 , a group that designs cover art for label 4AD . = = Style = = = = = Music = = = Let the Blind Lead has been characterized as ambient , psychedelic , and pop music , similar in style to Cox 's previous work with Deerhunter , such as the band 's 2007 album Cryptograms . Cox is drawn to ambient music due to its ambiguous , repetitive , and " emotive " nature . He considers himself inspired in part by the style and " sonic picture " of girl groups and doo @-@ wop music . Instruments heard on the record include the guitar , drums , glockenspiel , mbira , and Ghanaian bells . Cox also considers his voice an instrument of its own . While moving toward using less layering effects on the vocal tracks in his music , because he does not consider himself a songwriter , Cox prefers to use such effects to make his voice more instrumental and ambiguous in nature . He has said he is " always more interested in the parts that are like vocalists , wordless vocals : the harmonizing , the oohs when the vocals become like an instrument . " To create tracks on Let the Blind Lead , Cox continually adds elements to a song until he " feel [ s ] like it 's getting crowded … When it sounds done , it 's done . And if it seems like it 's missing something , I 'll go back and add something . " Most of his music is the product of several hours ' work , rather than that of a few days . To Pitchfork Media Cox said that , with each song , " The genesis is usually a beat . " Cox considers the music of Let the Blind Lead to have a " dynamic arc " : the first half of the record contains " more accessible songs . I was very depressed in the middle , and it created this kind of black hole of misery . Then I tried to bring it up again at the end . " Cox intended for his music to be " therapeutic " , for both himself and his audience . In addition , he wanted the album to have a healing element , and be something " somebody could listen to all the way through and feel like they went through a bad period of time and came out of it . " Pauline Oliveros , a composer who runs an organization that studies music therapy , was described by Cox as having " a big influence " on him and his ideas of therapeutic music . He considers music " the only art form I know of that has such an immediate effect on the human psyche " , and found the time he first met and talked with Oliveros as being " like meeting a hero of mine . " The album 's opening track , " A Ghost Story " , contains a sample of a young boy telling a ghost story , obtained by Cox from an internet audio archive of free music samples . Cox found the sample " moving " , and used it to create an intro that would set the tone for the rest of the album . Said Cox , " I wanted to create a haunted record , you know ? Kind of filled with ghosts . I thought it just set up the album nicely . " He summarized the song as consisting of " basically just a cassette and effected hammer dulcimers . " The sounds of " Small Horror " were intended to represent " banging depression . " Cox described the song as being " the most depressing song " on Let the Blind Lead , and as being " concrete " musically . Instrumental track " Ready Set Glow " is supposed to " create the impression of passing out and falling back into a bed of strobe lights . " Another instrumental song , " After Class " , is a " sonic rearrangement " of a track produced by Deerhunter for the 2008 compilation album Living Bridge . The self @-@ titled final song of Let the Blind Lead , another instrumental track , was intended to bring the album full circle , having it start and end on an " ambient note " . Lockett Pundt , a recurring focus of the album 's lyrics , created a guitar loop which was the basis for the song " Cold as Ice " . = = = Lyrics = = = While Cox was working with Deerhunter to produce Cryptograms , it was considered Kranky Records policy to not print the lyrics of an album in its liner notes . This was a rule enforced by label owner Joel Leoschke , who believed the practice " demystifi [ ed ] the experience of a rock record . " Despite largely agreeing with this sentiment , Cox chose to print the lyrics of Let the Blind Lead , in part because he wanted to " see what they looked like , " having ad @-@ libbed the words of every song on their first take . In an interview with Pitchfork Media , Cox described the lyrical origins of each song on Let the Blind Lead ; they are largely autobiographical in nature , reflecting life experiences of his . The song " Recent Bedroom " conveys an experience Cox had when his aunt died : " She was in her bedroom , and everybody knew she was about to pass away , and she went out , she faded out , and everybody just started crying . " Although he was " overwhelmed " by her death , it did not bring him to tears like the rest of his family . This event is expressed in the song by the lines " I walked outside , I could not cry / I don ’ t know , I don ’ t know why " . Cox ’ s inability to cry stemmed from his having been " very involved in drugs " at the time , which he believes eliminated his " childhood instinct … to cry . " The song attempts to communicate an emotional vacancy and sense of detachment characterized by " moving from childhood to adolescence " . " River Card " is based on a Puerto Rican short story entitled " There ’ s a Little Coloured Boy at the Bottom of the River " . The story tells of a boy who falls in love with his reflection in a river , believing it is another person , similar to the Greek myth of Narcissus . Cox attempted to capture " this childhood homoerotic energy … I remember experiencing and relating to . " In the conclusion of the story , the boy jumps into the water and drowns , thus making " River Card " " a song about a dead child . " The lyrical contents of " Quarantined " were inspired by a Russian article Cox read about children born with AIDS , confined in hospitals due to the " various lifestyles and mistakes " of their parents . Cox , who has a genetic condition known as Marfan syndrome , related the article to his own experiences with children 's hospitals . Having had many chest and back surgeries when he was sixteen , he " got real used to children 's hospitals " , finding them " kind of haunted , weird places . " " On Guard " is described as " a sad song " , the lyrics of which illustrate having to age and dealing with the " newfound anxiety " that comes with meeting new people . Cox explains that this anxiety stems from lacking " the energy to represent yourself to people . You ’ re always on guard . " The lyrical content of " Cold as Ice " is based on a relationship Cox had with a girl named Alice . Having fallen in love with her in the fifth grade , he proposed to marry her on the school 's playground . Alice rejected Cox , calling the ring he had given her " a cheap piece of crap . " Years later , Cox worked with Alice at a Subway restaurant . Occasionally , " for no reason " , she would ask him to watch her change into her uniform in the restaurant 's refrigerator , which he described as having been as " cold as ice " . Cox suspects that " she was trying to torture me or something . " The song " Bite Marks " is about " sadomasochism and boy prostitution . " In the song , Cox references an experience he had when he was kissing a man who bit him " really , really hard " on his shoulder , leaving bite marks " for like two weeks . " This experience , along with other abuses he received as a child , formed the lyrical basis of the song . A recurring source of lyrical subject matter in Let the Blind Lead is Cox 's best friend , Deerhunter guitarist Lockett Pundt , whom the album is dedicated to . " Winter Vacation " concerns the first time the two met . Seeing him at a bus stop while vacationing in Savannah , Georgia , Cox was " attracted to him , but not in some kind of like , just physical way . " Seeing " his melancholy , his sitting alone , staring at the ground " , he " fell in love " with him . Cox and his family later drove to a beach ; " Winter Vacation " relates to Cox ’ s memory of the beach , being " infected with that new love " found after meeting Pundt . The words of " Scraping Past " are about " moving on … And wondering if somebody is going to come with you or … stay behind . " This uncertainty is characterized by several lines Cox considers " pop song clichés " , referencing " rain that comes and goes . " In the song , Cox asks Pundt , " Are you going to come with me , or are you staying here ? " In " Ativan " Cox examines his addiction to the drug of the same name , as well as his relationship with Pundt . " It talks a lot about how things have changed between me and Lockett 's relationship and how he 's met a girl and … our friendship is never gonna change , but it 's difficult sometimes . " Cox asserts that he would " rather just take whatever drugs it takes to go to sleep and sleep through it … I 'm not prepared to face it yet . " = = Reception = = On Metacritic , Let the Blind Lead Those Who Can See but Cannot Feel has received an average critic score of 81 out of 100 , based on 23 reviews , indicating " Universal Acclaim " . Upon release , the album received Pitchfork Media 's " Best New Music " accolade , and was later placed 26th on the publication 's 50 Best Albums of 2008 . For one week , the album peaked at number 32 on Billboard magazine 's Top Heatseekers chart . Marc Hogan of Pitchfork Media praised the album in his review , writing that it " works best as a swirling , disorienting whole , " and " those drawn to his lovesick , evolving audio presence have … an entire world to explore . " Dominic Umile of PopMatters found the album 's " lovesickness and confessions " to be " as tenderly delivered as its hazy atmospherics are " , and , in their " bare authenticity … far more compelling in repeat indulgences than Deerhunter ’ s explorations . " Tiny Mix Tapes rewarded the album 4 / 5 stars , saying that , while each song has a " distinctive quality " allowing it to stand on its own , by backing out to view the album as a whole , the " individual elements unify … mak [ ing ] a greater holistic product . " Wilson McBee of Slant Magazine was more negative towards the album , writing that " Let the Blind Lead presents an intriguing mixture of sounds , but rarely does Cox whip them into anything very exciting . " In his review , he likened the album to a " tempered " version of Deerhunter 's Cryptograms . Under the Radar magazine wrote that many of the tracks of Let the Blind Lead " never materialize into anything more substantial than vapor . " Sean O 'Neal of The Onion 's A.V. Club said that , considering the number of free songs Cox has released on his blog , a full @-@ length album " seems almost beside the point . " He wrote that the record 's songs suggest the work of " a bedroom @-@ pop auteur who doesn 't know when to quit tweaking " . Allmusic writer Marisa Brown found that , with Let the Blind Lead , " as with Deerhunter , Cox has the tendency to try too hard to be profound ( take the title -- or the title track -- for example ) , wanting so badly to say something important that he sounds trite and forced , and untrustworthy . " Jonathen Cohen wrote in his review for Magnet that " Cox ’ s narratives make little sense " , noting " much of the time , he ’ s not even singing so much as wailing wordlessly " . In an interview with John Norris of MTV News , Cox said of the reception to Let the Blind Lead : " The response to this Atlas Sound record … the general response was very , very positive , but very , very much rooted in the concept that this is an emotional album . This is an album that has a lot of feeling behind it , and it 's very naked … That might in fact be [ the case ] , but the reason it is that way is because it was done stream @-@ of @-@ consciously . [ sic ] [ … ] I 'm not calculated . I don 't mind sentimentality , as long as it 's not calculated . " = = Track listing = = All songs were written by Bradford Cox . " A Ghost Story " – 2 : 44 " Recent Bedroom " – 3 : 46 " River Card " – 3 : 20 " Quarantined " – 4 : 20 " On Guard " – 3 : 40 " Winter Vacation " – 4 : 00 " Cold As Ice " – 3 : 33 " Scraping Past " – 4 : 30 " Small Horror " – 2 : 54 " Ready , Set , Glow " – 2 : 58 " Bite Marks " – 4 : 18 " After Class " – 3 : 29 " Ativan " – 2 : 51 " Let the Blind Lead Those Who Can See but Cannot Feel " – 3 : 45 = = = Bonus disc = = = Included with the European release by 4AD . This collection of tracks was also released digitally by Kranky as Another Bedroom EP . " Another Bedroom " – 5 : 41 " It Rained " – 3 : 05 " Stained Glass Swan " – 2 : 58 " The Abandoned Closet " – 2 : 16 " Spring Break " – 4 : 57 " ABC Glasgow " – 5 : 02 = = Personnel = = Bradford Cox – engineering , mixing Brian Foote – mixing Craig S. McCaffrey – layout assistance Bob Weston – mastering = = Release history = =
= Flight deck cruiser = The flight @-@ deck cruiser was a proposed type of aircraft cruiser , warships combining features of aircraft carriers and light cruisers designed by the United States Navy during the period between World War I and World War II . Several designs were proposed for the type , but none were approved for construction . The final design was developed just before World War II , and the entry of the United States into the war saw the project come to an end . = = Background = = In the 1920s , following the signing of the Washington Naval Treaty , the United States Navy converted two incomplete battlecruisers into aircraft carriers , USS Lexington and USS Saratoga . These conversions proved to be extremely expensive , and designs were sought that would provide aircraft carrying capability for the fleet at a more reasonable cost . USS Ranger , America 's first purpose @-@ built aircraft carrier , was of a smaller , more economical design than the battlecruiser conversions , however the ship sacrificed the big @-@ gun scouting capability of the earlier ships . In an attempt to develop a ship capable of both carrying aircraft and engaging the enemy in the scouting role , the " flight @-@ deck cruiser " concept was developed , following a series of studies proposing the conversion of cruisers under construction into carriers , all of which were rejected . In addition to providing an economical method of providing additional aircraft for the fleet , the " flight @-@ deck cruiser " was seen to have an additional advantage ; it would be considered a cruiser under the terms of the Washington Treaty , not an aircraft carrier , and thus the Navy would not be restricted in the number of ships of the type that could be built . = = Designs = = Several designs were proposed for a ship carrying both aircraft and a gun armament equivalent to a light cruiser 's . One design , from 1930 , was described as " a Brooklyn @-@ class light cruiser forwards [ and ] one half of a Wasp @-@ class aircraft carrier aft " , and utilized an early version of the angled deck that would in the 1950s be adopted for use by fleet carriers . The vessel , 650 feet ( 200 m ) in length , had a 350 @-@ foot ( 110 m ) flight deck and hangar aft for twenty @-@ four aircraft , while forwards three triple 6 @-@ inch ( 152 mm ) gun turrets were mounted , the standard armament for a light cruiser of the time . A secondary dual purpose armament of eight 5 @-@ inch ( 127 mm ) guns was also projected to be carried for defense against enemy torpedo @-@ boats and aircraft . In 1934 , another design for a flight @-@ deck cruiser was proposed , featuring twelve 6 in ( 152 mm ) guns , mounted forwards and aft with a 200 @-@ foot ( 61 m ) flight deck in between ; while a 1939 revival of the concept proposed two triple turrets , fore and aft , again with an amidships flight deck . In December 1939 , a design for a much larger flight @-@ deck cruiser , displacing 12 @,@ 000 tons , was proposed , fitted with two catapults , a triple turret for 8 @-@ inch ( 203 mm ) guns , and a 420 @-@ foot ( 130 m ) flight deck ; by January 1940 the design had been shrunk to a flight deck 390 feet ( 120 m ) in length and two triple 6 in ( 152 mm ) guns for main armament . = = Abandonment = = Despite the continued designs and interest in the idea , no funding was ever appropriated for the construction of a flight @-@ deck cruiser ; in addition , evaluation of the design by the Naval War College determined that even a 12 @,@ 000 @-@ ton ship was too small for the concept 's intended characteristics to be effectively realized , and thus the ship would be ineffective in battle . In 1940 , the design was formally shelved , although provision was made for reconsideration of the concept at a future date . The entry of the United States into World War II following the bombing of Pearl Harbor , however , removed the primary justifications for the concept of a hybrid warship , as naval limitations treaties were now moot and adequate funding was now available for the construction of more conventional ships . As a result , the flight deck cruiser concept was never revisited . = = Similar ships = = Although no flight @-@ deck cruisers were ever built by the U.S. Navy , the Soviet Union 's Kiev @-@ class aircraft carrier , developed in the 1970s , is remarkably similar to that of the original flight @-@ deck cruiser design , featuring an angled flight deck aft with anti @-@ ship missile launchers forwards . In addition , during the early 1980s , plans were proposed for the reactivation of the U.S. Navy 's Iowa @-@ class battleships that entailed the removal of each ship 's aft turret and the installation of a flight deck for operating V / STOL aircraft ; in the end a much more modest conversion , lacking the flight deck , was carried out .
= Ted Jolliffe = Edward Bigelow " Ted " Jolliffe , QC ( March 2 , 1909 – March 18 , 1998 ) was a Canadian social democratic politician and lawyer from Ontario . He was the first leader of the Ontario section of the Co @-@ operative Commonwealth Federation ( CCF ) and leader of the Official Opposition in the Ontario Legislature during the 1940s and 1950s . He was a Rhodes Scholar in the mid @-@ 1930s , and came back to Canada to help the CCF , after his studies were complete and being called to the bar in England and Ontario . After politics , he practised labour law in Toronto and would eventually become a labour adjudicator . In retirement , he moved to British Columbia , where he died in 1998 . = = Early life and education = = His family had lived in Ontario for generations . His parents , the Reverend Charles and Gertrude Jolliffe , were missionaries for the Methodist Church of Canada , and were living near what was then known as Luchow , China . He was born at the Canadian Missionary hospital in Luchow , near Chunking on March 2 , 1909 . He was home @-@ schooled in China by his mother until his early teens . When his family returned to Ontario , he attend Rockwood Public School and then went to high school at Guelph Collegiate Institute . He was an undergraduate at the University of Toronto 's Victoria College , the United Church College . He became the head of the Victoria Student Council , and was a member of the Hart House Debates Committee . In 1930 , he won the Maurice Cody scholarship , and then became one of Ontario 's Rhodes Scholars that same year . He attended Oxford University for three years , and was affiliated with its Christ Church College . As a member of Oxford 's Labour Club , he met David Lewis , the club 's leader and a fellow Canadian . Together they fought the Communist Red October club and fascists such as Lord Haw @-@ Haw – William Joyce . Both he and Lewis planned a ' silent ' protest at Joyce 's February 1934 speech at Oxford . They carefully made sure that enough members from the Labour Club attended the meeting , and then in groups of two or three , strategically walked out of the speech , across the creaking wooden floors , effectively blotting out Joyce 's speech . The Blackshirts in the audience then caused riots in the street after the meeting and Jolliffe and Lewis were in the thick of it . His Oxford experiences made him a socialist and he joined the Co @-@ operative Commonwealth Federation shortly after it was formed in 1932 during his summer vacation . He helped form an overseas branch of the CCF at Oxford that year . He was called to the bar in England , and was the first Canadian to win the Arden scholarship . When Jolliffe permanently returned from Oxford , he worked as the CCF 's Ontario organizer and was called to the bar in Ontario and practised law in Toronto from 1938 onwards . He was a candidate in the 1935 Canadian election in the Toronto riding of St. Paul 's , placing fourth . He ran again in the 1940 federal election , this time in the York East electoral district . He was noted for calling out the former federal Conservative government for neglecting WWI soldiers on their return home , and that this time , " proper measures be taken to protect the future of Canadian soldiers and their dependents . " He countered that a C.C.F. government would stop war profiteering and the protect the interests of the country 's soldiers and " small taxpayers . " He was soundly defeated , like every other Ontario CCF candidate , placing a distant third . = = Leader and 1943 election = = He became the first leader of the Ontario CCF in 1942 . The following year , he led the party to within five seats of victory with 34 seats and 32 % of the vote in the election of 1943 that elected a Conservative minority government under George Drew . He won the York South seat , and became its Member of Provincial Parliament ( MPP ) . Note : 1 The Conservative Party renamed itself the " Progressive Conservative Party " in 1943 . 2Salsberg and MacLeod , members of the banned Communist Party , ran and were elected as " Labour " candidates . The Labor @-@ Progressive Party was formally founded several days after the election and Salsberg and Macleod agreed to sit in the legislature as LPP representatives . 3In 1940 , United Farmers of Ontario MLA Farquhar Oliver formally joined the Liberal Party when he entered Hepburn 's Cabinet after having supported the Hepburn government from outside the Liberal caucus for several years . Oliver was re @-@ elected as a Liberal in the 1943 election . 4 The Liberal @-@ Progressive MLAs supported the Liberal government of Mitchell Hepburn since it took office in 1934 . Liberal @-@ Progressive leader Harry Nixon formally joined the Liberal Party in 1937 and was elected its leader in 1943 . Two remaining Liberal @-@ Progressives were elected in 1937 , Liberal @-@ Progressive MLA Roland Patterson was re @-@ elected as a Liberal in 1943 while the other Liberal @-@ Progressive , Douglas Campbell of Kent East left the legislature . = = 1945 " Gestapo " campaign = = In the 1945 Ontario election , Drew ran an anti @-@ Semitic , union bashing , Red @-@ baiting campaign . The previous two years of anti @-@ socialist attacks by the Conservatives and their supporters , like Gladstone Murray and Montague A. Sanderson , were devastatingly effective against the previously popular CCF . Much of the source material for the anti @-@ CCF campaign came from the Ontario Provincial Police ( OPP ) ' s Special Investigation Branch 's agent D @-@ 208 : Captain William J. Osbourne @-@ Dempster . His office was supposed to be investigating war @-@ time 5th column saboteurs . Instead , starting in November 1943 , he was investigating , almost exclusively , Ontario opposition MPPs , mainly focusing on the CCF caucus . The fact that Jolliffe knew about these ' secret ' investigations as early as February 1944 led to one of the most infamous incidents in 20th @-@ century Canadian politics . = = = May 24 , 1945 radio speech = = = As can be discerned from the previous description , the 1945 campaign was anything but genteel and polite . Jolliffe replied by giving a radio speech ( written with the assistance of Lister Sinclair ) that accused Drew of running a political Gestapo in Ontario . In the speech excerpt below , Jolliffe alleged that a secret department of the Ontario Provincial Police was acting as a political police – spying on the opposition and the media . The dramatic tone of the speech is Sinclair 's , as at the time , he was a dramatist , mostly writing for the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation ( CBC ) . At the time , there was speculation among CCF supporters as to whether or not the speech damaged the party 's reputation . But as Gerald Caplan maintains in his book The Dilemma of Canadian Socialism , the CCF was already at 21 percent in popular support in the Gallop poll just prior to the speech . On election day , they received 22 percent of the popular vote , so at best it added an extra percentage point of support . At worst , it didn 't have an effect , which is highly unlikely . Jolliffe 's inflammatory speech became the main issue of the campaign , and dominated coverage in the media for the rest of the election . Drew , and his Attorney @-@ General Leslie Blackwell vehemently denied Jolliffe 's accusations , but the public outcry was too much for them to abate . On May 28 , 1945 they appointed a Royal Commission to investigate these charges . Jolliffe 's CCF and the Ontario Liberal party wanted the election suspended until the Commission tabled its report . Drew ignored these requests and continued to hold the election on its original date , despite it being many months before the Commission 's findings could be made available . = = = Election Day , June 4 , 1945 = = = Jolliffe 's CCF went from 34 seats to 8 , but almost garnering the same number of actual votes cast , though their percentage of the popular vote dropped from 32 to 22 percent . Drew , with his attack campaign , successfully drove the voter turn @-@ out up , thereby driving the CCF 's percentage and seat totals down . Monday , June 4 , 1945 , was one of Ontario 's most important elections in the 20th century according to Caplan and David Lewis . It shaped the province for the next 40 years , as the Conservatives won a massive majority in the Legislature , and would remain in government for the next 40 consecutive years . After going from 34 seats to 8 , as Caplan puts it , " June 4 and June 11 [ federal election ] , 1945 , proved to be black days in CCF annuals : Socialism was effectively removed from the Canadian political agenda . " The CCF would never fully recover from this defeat and would eventually cease as a party and morph into the Ontario New Democratic Party . Only then , and in the 1970s , did a social democratic party attain the popularity it had under Jolliffe in 1943 . For Ted Jolliffe , another election consequence was his tenure as the MPP from York South ended , at least for the time being . He lost the election but did better than any other CCF candidate in Toronto or in the outlying Yorks . = = = LeBel Royal Commission = = = Drew appointed Justice A.M. LeBel as the Royal Commissioner . His terms of reference were restricted to the question of whether Drew was personally responsible for the establishment of " a secret political police organization , for the purpose of collecting , by secret spying , material to be used in attempt to keep him in power . " Wider questions like why the OPP , Ontario Civil Servants , were keeping files on MPPs were not allowed . Jolliffe would act as his own counsel throughout the commission , but was assisted by fellow CCF lawyer , Andrew Brewin . Both he and Brewin were able to establish , from several eyewitnesses , that agent D @-@ 208 , Dempster , was spying on the CCF . What they could not prove , because they did not have access to the information in 1945 , were the letters that Drew wrote to his supporter M.A. ( Bugsy ) Sanderson suggesting that he would finance any lawsuits or other charges stemming from the information provided by Dempster in his advertisements . Sanderson was , in late 1943 to 1945 , along with Gladstone Murray , leading the libelous advertisement campaigns against the CCF in newspapers and bill @-@ boards , with information gleaned from Dempster 's briefings . Jolliffe presented several witnesses that claimed to have seen these documents . But Jolliffe could not produce the actual letter , and Drew would deny ever writing it . On October 11 , 1945 Justice LeBel issued his report that essentially exonerated Drew and Blackwell . Due to Jolliffe presenting only circumstantial evidence that linked Drew to Dempster , Murray and Sanderson , the Commissioner found the information unconvincing , even though LeBel believed Dempster 's interaction with Sanderson and Murray was inappropriate . Jolliffe 's motives regarding his accusations , as well as his choice of words , would be questioned for many years afterwards . That would change . In the late 1970s , when David Lewis was doing research for his Memoirs he came across archival evidence proving the charge . Due to Lewis 's discovery , Drew 's son Edward , placed extremely restrictive conditions on his father 's papers housed in the Public Archives of Canada that continue as of 2010 . As Lewis pointed out in his memoirs , " We found that Premier Drew and Gladstone Murray did not disclose all information to the Lebel Commission ; indeed , they deliberately prevaricated throughout . The head of the Government of Ontario had given false witness under testimony .... The perpetrator of Ontario 's Watergate got away with it . " Jolliffe faced a leadership challenge in 1946 , but was re @-@ elected CCF leader . = = 1948 re @-@ elected MPP = = As a result of the 1948 Ontario election , the CCF recovered , winning 21 seats . Jolliffe again became Leader of the Opposition in Ontario and Member of Provincial Parliament ( MPP ) for York South . In 1951 , however , as a result of the Cold War and the " red scare " , the CCF and labour movement acted to purge individuals ( including CCF MPP Robert Carlin ) suspected of being under Communist influence . Among the general public , support for socialism suffered : the CCF was reduced to only two seats in the 1951 election . Jolliffe lost his own seat and resigned as party leader in August 1953 in order to focus on his law practice . = = Post MPP career = = He returned to his previous career as a labour lawyer , founding the firm Jolliffe , Lewis and Osler with fellow CCF activist and future New Democratic Party leader , David Lewis in 1945 . In the 1950s and 1960s , the firm assisted the United Steelworkers union in their fight with the Mine , Mill & Smelter Workers union in Sudbury , Ontario . In 1968 , he was appointed Chief Adjudicator under the ( federal ) Public Service Staff Relations Act , a position he held until 1978 . He then became active as a labour arbitrator until his retirement . In 1972 , an historical novel he wrote , entitled The First Hundred , was published by McClelland and Stewart Limited . Ted Jolliffe was the first social democratic leader of the opposition in Ontario 's Legislature in 1943 . He lived long enough to see Bob Rae and the NDP form the Ontario government in September 1990 . He died on March 18 , 1998 in Salt Spring Island , British Columbia .
= Arthur William Murphy = Air Commodore Arthur William Murphy , DFC , AFC , FRAeS ( 17 November 1891 – 21 April 1963 ) was a senior engineer and aviator in the Royal Australian Air Force ( RAAF ) . He accompanied Captain Henry Wrigley on the first trans @-@ Australia flight from Melbourne to Darwin in 1919 , a feat that earned both men the Air Force Cross . Murphy later played a leading role in military aircraft maintenance and production . A veteran of World War I , he served first as a mechanic and then as a pilot with the Australian Flying Corps . Based in the Middle East , he flew with No. 1 Squadron and was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross . Murphy was the first airman on the RAAF 's strength when it formed in 1921 , and rose to the rank of temporary air commodore during World War II , commanding No. 1 Aircraft Depot and No. 4 Maintenance Group . He was also the RAAF 's first Inspector of Air Accidents . A fellow of the Royal Aeronautical Society , Murphy retired from the military in 1946 , and died in 1963 at the age of seventy @-@ one . = = Early life and World War I = = Murphy was born 17 November 1891 in Kew , a suburb of Melbourne , to joiner and engineer Charles Hubert Murphy and his wife Mary . Educated at Melbourne High School and Footscray Technical School , he spent five years with Austral Otis Engineering as an apprentice . Having been employed at various engineering firms , Murphy joined the Australian Army 's Aviation Instructional Staff at Central Flying School Point Cook in 1914 to train as an air mechanic . By February 1916 , he had risen to the rank of sergeant and volunteered for the Australian Imperial Force to serve overseas . Transferring to the Australian Flying Corps , Murphy was allocated to No. 1 Squadron — also known until 1918 as No. 67 Squadron , Royal Flying Corps ( RFC ) — as a warrant officer . He departed Melbourne aboard HMAT A67 Orsova on 16 March , bound for Egypt . Based in the Sinai Desert and Palestine , Murphy was initially responsible for No. 1 Squadron aircraft maintenance ; his achievements saw him mentioned in dispatches in 1917 . He then trained as a pilot with the RFC in Egypt , where he obtained a temporary commission as a second lieutenant on 24 October . He flew with the RFC before returning to No. 1 Squadron in Palestine . During 1918 , Murphy saw combat over Jordan , operating Bristol Fighters . On 12 August , he and his observer were selected to join Colonel T. E. Lawrence and his irregular Arab army in the Hejaz near Daraa , providing air cover and reconnaissance . Credited with bringing down two enemy aircraft while supporting Lawrence 's troops , Murphy was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross for his " keenness , reliability and boldness " . = = Between the wars = = Murphy 's temporary commission was terminated after the war and he reverted to the rank of sergeant to remain in the Army , returning to Australia on 5 March 1919 . Later that year he took part in the first transcontinental flight across Australia , from Melbourne to Darwin , Northern Territory , accompanying pilot and former schoolmate , Captain Henry Wrigley . The pair departed Point Cook on 16 November and arrived in Darwin on 12 December , having travelled 4 @,@ 500 kilometres ( 2 @,@ 800 mi ) in forty @-@ seven flying hours . They flew in a single @-@ engined Royal Aircraft Factory B.E.2 with no radio , over unmapped and often hazardous terrain , and surveyed seventeen potential landing grounds along the journey . Murphy and Wrigley were each awarded the Air Force Cross in recognition of their achievement . Such was the perceived danger of the expedition that while making preparations for the return flight they received a telegram from the Defence Department ordering them to desist , arrange for the B.E.2 to be dismantled and shipped back , and themselves to travel southwards by steamer . Following disbandment of the wartime AFC , Murphy transferred to its successor , the Australian Air Corps , on 1 January 1920 . On 31 March 1921 , he joined the newly established Royal Australian Air Force ( RAAF ) as its first airman , literally " Airman No. 1 " according to his papers . Nicknamed " Spud " , and described as " immensely capable and popular " , he was commissioned as a flying officer in September that year . Murphy married Alicia Shoebridge at Erskine Presbyterian Church in South Carlton , Melbourne , on 17 October 1922 ; the couple had two sons and a daughter . In July 1925 , he was one of the founding pilots of the newly reformed No. 3 Squadron under Flight Lieutenant Frank Lukis , when it became the first flying unit to be based at the recently opened RAAF Station Richmond , New South Wales . Promoted to flight lieutenant , Murphy was posted to the RAAF Experimental Section under Wing Commander ( later Sir ) Lawrence Wackett in November 1926 . The following year he took part in a round @-@ Australia survey flight under the command of the Chief of the Air Staff , Wing Commander ( later Air Marshal Sir ) Richard Williams . Raised to squadron leader , Murphy was given temporary command of No. 1 Aircraft Depot at RAAF Station Laverton , Victoria , in the opening months of 1933 . He subsequently took charge of the unit 's workshops . Towards the end of 1935 , he was responsible for specially modifying a Westland Wapiti and a de Havilland Gipsy Moth for Antarctic conditions , to enable an Air Force team led by Flight Lieutenant ( later Group Captain ) Eric Douglas and Flying Officer ( later Air Marshal Sir ) Alister Murdoch to rescue explorer Lincoln Ellsworth , who was presumed lost on a journey across the continent . In 1936 , Murphy was selected to join Wackett on a mission to investigate aircraft production overseas with a view to setting up local construction plants . The team determined that the North American NA @-@ 16 was most suitable for Australian conditions and manufacture ; following testing of a prototype , designated the NA @-@ 33 , the design went into production in January 1939 as the CAC Wirraway . Murphy was promoted to wing commander in November 1936 and appointed commanding officer of No. 1 Aircraft Depot in January 1938 . = = World War II and retirement = = Murphy continued to play a leading role in aircraft maintenance and production during World War II . In 1939 he helped set up the Government Aircraft Factory and local manufacture of the Bristol Beaufort torpedo bomber . Completing his tour as CO of No. 1 Aircraft Depot , he was promoted to group captain and appointed Inspector of Air Accidents in June 1940 . The newly created position reported directly to the Chief of the Air Staff . Murphy 's deputy was Flying Officer ( later Sir ) Henry Winneke , who found his boss 's companionship " exhilarating " — Murphy was " a product of the old school of airmen who could not only fly a plane but also pull it apart and put it together again " , generally " amiable " but who " could act gruffly when the occasion demanded " . The inspectorate was small but succeeded in reducing the number of accidents even as training expanded rapidly with Australia 's participation in the Empire Air Training Scheme . Murphy led the investigation into the Canberra air disaster of August 1940 , and the Brocklesby mid @-@ air collision that occurred the following month . The RAAF formed No. 4 Maintenance Group in September 1942 to co @-@ ordinate the efforts of maintenance units in Victoria , South Australia and Tasmania . Murphy was appointed its commander , and held the post until the end of the war . He was promoted to temporary air commodore in July 1943 . By 1945 , he had passed the statutory retirement age for his substantive rank of wing commander , and was summarily retired from the RAAF along with a number of other senior staff and veterans of World War I including Wrigley and Williams , to make way for the advancement of younger and equally capable officers . Discharged from the Air Force on 10 January 1946 , Murphy was later elected a fellow of the Royal Aeronautical Society . He died of heart disease in Essendon , Melbourne , on 21 April 1963 at the age of seventy @-@ one . Survived by his children , " Spud " Murphy was cremated at Fawkner , Victoria .
= Ocean sunfish = The ocean sunfish or common mola ( Mola mola ) is the heaviest known bony fish in the world . It has an average adult weight between 247 and 1 @,@ 000 kg ( 545 – 2 @,@ 205 lb ) . The species is native to tropical and temperate waters around the globe . It resembles a fish head with a tail , and its main body is flattened laterally . Sunfish can be as tall as they are long when their dorsal and ventral fins are extended . Sunfish live on a diet consisting mainly of jellyfish , but because this diet is nutritionally poor , they consume large amounts to develop and maintain their great bulk . Females of the species can produce more eggs than any other known vertebrate , up to 300 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 at a time . Sunfish fry resemble miniature pufferfish , with large pectoral fins , a tail fin , and body spines uncharacteristic of adult sunfish . Adult sunfish are vulnerable to few natural predators , but sea lions , killer whales , and sharks will consume them . Among humans , sunfish are considered a delicacy in some parts of the world , including Japan , Korea , and Taiwan . In the EU , regulations ban the sale of fish and fishery products derived from the family Molidae . Sunfish are frequently caught in gillnets . A member of the order Tetraodontiformes , which also includes pufferfish , porcupinefish , and filefish , the sunfish shares many traits common to members of this order . The ocean sunfish , Mola mola , is the type species of the genus . = = Naming and taxonomy = = Many of the sunfish 's various names allude to its flattened shape . Its specific name , mola , is Latin for " millstone " , which the fish resembles because of its gray color , rough texture , and rounded body . Its common English name , sunfish , refers to the animal 's habit of sunbathing at the surface of the water . The Dutch- , Portuguese- , French- , Catalan- , Spanish- , Italian- , Russian- , Greek- and German @-@ language names , respectively maanvis , peixe lua , poisson lune , peix lluna , pez luna , pesce luna , рыба @-@ луна , φεγγαρόψαρο and Mondfisch , mean " moon fish " , in reference to its rounded shape . In German , the fish is also known as Schwimmender Kopf , or " swimming head " . In Polish , it is named samogłów , meaning " head alone " , because it has no true tail . The Chinese translation of its academic name is fan @-@ che yu 翻車魚 , meaning " toppled wheel fish " . The ocean sunfish has various superseded binomial synonyms , and was originally classified in the pufferfish genus , as Tetraodon mola . It is now placed in its own genus , Mola , with two species : Mola mola and Mola ramsayi . The ocean sunfish , Mola mola , is the type species of the genus . The genus Mola belongs to the family Molidae . This family comprises three genera : Masturus , Mola and Ranzania . The common name " sunfish " without qualifier is used to describe the marine family Molidae as well as the freshwater sunfishes in the family Centrarchidae which are unrelated to Molidae . On the other hand , the name " ocean sunfish " and " mola " refer only to the family Molidae . The family Molidae belongs to the order Tetraodontiformes , which includes pufferfish , porcupinefish , and filefish . It shares many traits common to members of this order , including the four fused teeth that form the characteristic beak and give the order its name ( tetra = four , odous = tooth , and forma = shape ) . Indeed , sunfish fry resemble spiky pufferfish more than they resemble adult molas . = = Description = = The caudal fin of the ocean sunfish is replaced by a rounded clavus , creating the body 's distinct truncated shape . The body is flattened laterally , giving it a long oval shape when seen head @-@ on . The pectoral fins are small and fan @-@ shaped , while the dorsal fin and the anal fin are lengthened , often making the fish as tall as it is long . Specimens up to 3 @.@ 2 m ( 10 @.@ 5 ft ) in height have been recorded . The mature ocean sunfish has an average length of 1 @.@ 8 m ( 5 @.@ 9 ft ) and a fin @-@ to @-@ fin length of 2 @.@ 5 m ( 8 @.@ 2 ft ) . The average weight of mature specimens can range from 247 to 1 @,@ 000 kg ( 545 to 2 @,@ 205 lb ) , but even larger individuals are not unheard of . The maximum size is up to 3 @.@ 3 m ( 10 @.@ 8 ft ) in length 4 @.@ 2 m ( 14 ft ) across the fins and up to 2 @,@ 300 kg ( 5 @,@ 100 lb ) in mass . The spinal column of M. mola contains fewer vertebrae and is shorter in relation to the body than that of any other fish . Although the sunfish descended from bony ancestors , its skeleton contains largely cartilaginous tissues , which are lighter than bone , allowing it to grow to sizes impractical for other bony fishes . Its teeth are fused into a beak @-@ like structure , and pharyngeal teeth located in the throat . The sunfish lacks a swim bladder . Some sources indicate the internal organs contain a concentrated neurotoxin , tetrodotoxin , like the organs of other poisonous tetraodontiformes , while others dispute this claim . = = = Fins = = = In the course of its evolution , the caudal fin ( tail ) of the sunfish disappeared , to be replaced by a lumpy pseudotail , the clavus . This structure is formed by the convergence of the dorsal and anal fins , and is used by the fish as a rudder . The smooth @-@ denticled clavus retains 12 fin rays , and terminates in a number of rounded ossicles . Ocean sunfish often swim near the surface , and their protruding dorsal fins are sometimes mistaken for those of sharks . However , the two can be distinguished by the motion of the fin . Sharks , like most fish , swim by moving the tail sideways while keeping the dorsal fin stationary . The sunfish , though , swings its dorsal fin and anal fin in a characteristic sculling motion . = = = Skin = = = Adult sunfish range from brown to silvery @-@ grey or white , with a variety of mottled skin patterns ; some of these patterns may be region @-@ specific . Coloration is often darker on the dorsal surface , fading to a lighter shade ventrally as a form of countershading camouflage . M. mola also exhibits the ability to vary skin coloration from light to dark , especially when under attack . The skin , which contains large amounts of reticulated collagen , can be up to 7 @.@ 3 cm ( 2 @.@ 9 in ) thick on the ventral surface , and is covered by denticles and a layer of mucus instead of scales . The skin on the clavus is smoother than that on the body , where it can be as rough as sandpaper . More than 40 species of parasites may reside on the skin and internally , motivating the fish to seek relief in a number of ways . One of the most frequent ocean sunfish parasites is the flatworm , Accacoelium contortum . In temperate regions , drifting kelp fields harbor cleaner wrasses and other fish which remove parasites from the skin of visiting sunfish . In the tropics , M. mola solicits cleaning help from reef fishes . By basking on its side at the surface , the sunfish also allows seabirds to feed on parasites from its skin . Sunfish have been reported to breach , clearing the surface by approximately 3 m ( 9 @.@ 8 ft ) , in an effort to dislodge embedded parasites . = = Range and behavior = = Ocean sunfish are native to the temperate and tropical waters of every ocean in the world . Mola genotypes appear to vary widely between the Atlantic and Pacific , but genetic differences between individuals in the Northern and Southern hemispheres are minimal . Although early research suggested sunfish moved around mainly by drifting with ocean currents , individuals have been recorded swimming 26 km in a day , at a top speed of 3 @.@ 2 km / h . Sunfish are pelagic and swim at depths to 600 m ( 2 @,@ 000 ft ) . Contrary to the perception that sunfish spend much of their time basking at the surface , M. mola adults actually spend a large portion of their lives submerged at depths greater than 200 m ( 660 ft ) , occupying both the epipelagic and mesopelagic zones . Sunfish are most often found in water warmer than 10 ° C ( 50 ° F ) ; prolonged periods spent in water at temperatures of 12 ° C ( 54 ° F ) or lower can lead to disorientation and eventual death . Surface basking behavior , in which a sunfish swims on its side , presenting its largest profile to the sun , may be a method of " thermally recharging " following dives into deeper , colder water . Sightings of the fish in colder waters outside of its usual habitat , such as those southwest of England , may be evidence of increasing marine temperatures . Sunfish are usually found alone , but occasionally in pairs or in large groups while being cleaned . They swim primarily in open waters , but are sometimes seen near kelp beds , taking advantage of resident populations of smaller fish which remove ectoparasites from their skin . Because sunfish must consume a large volume of prey , their presence in a given area may be used as an indicator of nutrient @-@ rich waters where endangered species may be found . = = = Feeding = = = The diet of the ocean sunfish consists primarily of various jellyfish . It also consumes salps , squid , crustaceans , small fish , fish larvae , and eel grass . This range of food items indicates that the sunfish feeds at many levels , from the surface to deep water , and occasionally down to the seafloor in some areas . The diet is nutritionally poor , forcing the sunfish to consume a large amount of food to maintain its size . = = = Lifecycle = = = Ocean sunfish may live up to ten years in captivity , but their lifespan in a natural habitat has not yet been determined . Their growth rate is also undetermined . However , a young specimen at the Monterey Bay Aquarium increased in weight from 26 to 399 kg ( 57 to 880 lb ) and reached a height of nearly 1 @.@ 8 m ( 5 @.@ 9 ft ) in 15 months . The sheer size and thick skin of an adult of the species deters many smaller predators , but younger fish are vulnerable to predation by bluefin tuna and mahi mahi . Adults are consumed by sea lions , Orca , and sharks . Sea lions appear to hunt sunfish for sport , tearing the fins off , tossing the body around , and then simply abandoning the still @-@ living but helpless fish to die on the seafloor . The mating practices of the ocean sunfish are poorly understood , but spawning areas have been suggested in the North Atlantic , South Atlantic , North Pacific , South Pacific , and Indian oceans . Females can produce as many as 300 million eggs at a time , more than any other known vertebrate . Sunfish eggs are released into the water and externally fertilized by sperm . Newly hatched sunfish larvae are only 2 @.@ 5 mm ( 0 @.@ 098 in ) long and weigh a fraction of a gram . They grow to become fry , and those which survive grow many millions of times their original size before reaching adult proportions . Sunfish fry , with large pectoral fins , a tail fin , and body spines uncharacteristic of adult sunfish , resemble miniature pufferfish , their close relatives . Young sunfish school for protection , but this behavior is abandoned as they grow . By adulthood , they have the potential to grow more than 60 million times their birth size , arguably the most extreme size growth of any vertebrate animal . = = Human interaction = = Despite their size , ocean sunfish are docile , and pose no threat to human divers . Injuries from sunfish are rare , although a slight danger exists from large sunfish leaping out of the water onto boats ; in one instance , a sunfish landed on a 4 @-@ year @-@ old boy when the fish leaped onto the boy 's family 's boat . Areas where they are commonly found are popular destinations for sport dives , and sunfish at some locations have reportedly become familiar with divers . The fish is more of a problem to boaters than to swimmers , as its immense size and weight can cause significant damage to a boat striking one of these fish . Collisions with sunfish are very common in some parts of the world and have caused damage to the hull of a boat , and their bodies can become lodged in the propellers of larger ships . The flesh of the ocean sunfish is considered a delicacy in some regions , the largest markets being Taiwan and Japan . All parts of the sunfish are used in cuisine , from the fins to the internal organs . Some parts of the fish are used in some areas of traditional medicine . If the body does contain toxins , then the marketing and sale of ocean sunfish is forbidden in the European Union according to Regulation ( EC ) No 853 / 2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council . Sunfish are accidentally but frequently caught in drift gillnet fisheries , making up nearly 30 % of the total catch of the swordfish fishery employing drift gillnets in California . The bycatch rate is even higher for the Mediterranean swordfish industry , with 71 % to 90 % of the total catch being sunfish . The fishery bycatch and destruction of ocean sunfish are unregulated worldwide . In some areas , the fish are " finned " by fishermen who regard them as worthless bait thieves ; this process , in which the fins are cut off , results in the eventual death of the fish , because it can no longer propel itself without its dorsal and anal fins . The species is also threatened by floating litter such as plastic bags which resemble jellyfish , its main food . Bags can choke and suffocate a fish or fill its stomach to the extent that it starves . Many areas of sunfish biology remain poorly understood , and various research efforts are underway , including aerial surveys of populations , satellite surveillance using pop @-@ off satellite tags , genetic analysis of tissue samples , and collection of amateur sighting data . A decrease in sunfish populations may be caused by more frequent bycatch and the increasing popularity of sunfish in human diet . In 2015 , a video went viral of a Boston man profanely expressing his amazement when encountering a sunfish for the first time . = = = In captivity = = = Sunfish are not widely held in aquarium exhibits , due to the unique and demanding requirements of their care . Some Asian aquaria display them , particularly in Japan . The Kaiyukan Aquarium in Osaka is one of few aquariums with M. mola on display , where it is reportedly as popular an attraction as the larger whale sharks . The Lisbon Oceanarium in Portugal has sunfish showcased in the main tank , and in Spain , the Valencia Oceanogràfic has specimens of sunfish . The Nordsøen Oceanarium in the northern town of Hirtshals in Denmark is also famous for its sunfish . While the first ocean sunfish to be held in an aquarium in the United States is claimed to have arrived at the Monterey Bay Aquarium in August 1986 , other specimens have previously been held at other locations . Marineland of the Pacific , closed since 1998 and located on the Palos Verdes Peninsula in Los Angeles County , California , held an ocean sunfish in its warm @-@ water tank as early as 1957 , and in 1964 held a 650 @-@ pound ( 290 kg ) specimen , claimed as the largest ever captured at that time . However , another 1 @,@ 000 @-@ pound ( 450 kg ) specimen was brought alive to Marineland Studios Aquarium , near St. Augustine , Florida , in 1941 . Because sunfish had not been kept in captivity on a large scale before , the staff at Monterey Bay was forced to innovate and create their own methods for capture , feeding , and parasite control . By 1998 , these issues were overcome , and the aquarium was able to hold a specimen for more than a year , later releasing it after its weight increased by more than 14 times . Mola mola has since become a permanent feature of the Open Sea exhibit . Monterey Bay Aquarium 's largest sunfish specimen was euthanized on February 14 , 2008 , after an extended period of poor health . A major concern to curators is preventive measures taken to keep specimens in captivity from injuring themselves by rubbing against the walls of a tank , since ocean sunfish cannot easily maneuver their bodies . In a smaller tank , hanging a vinyl curtain has been used as a stopgap measure to convert a cuboid tank to a rounded shape and prevent the fish from scraping against the sides . A more effective solution is simply to provide enough room for the sunfish to swim in wide circles . The tank must also be sufficiently deep to accommodate the vertical height of the sunfish , which may reach 3 @.@ 2 m ( 10 ft ) . Feeding captive sunfish in a tank with other faster @-@ moving , more aggressive fish can also present a challenge . Eventually , the fish can be taught to respond to a floating target to be fed , and to take food from the end of a pole or from human hands . = = = Research and info = = = FishBase reference Australian Museum OceanSunfish.org = = = Images and videos = = = Mike Johnson Natural History Photography Phillip Colla Photography / Oceanlight.com Video lecture ( 16 : 53 ) : Swim with giant sunfish in the open ocean - Tierney Thys Skaphandrus.com Mola mola photos Giant sunfish filmed off Malta Sunfish filmed off the coast of Massachusetts in 2015
= Polyadenylation = Polyadenylation is the addition of a poly ( A ) tail to a messenger RNA . The poly ( A ) tail consists of multiple adenosine monophosphates ; in other words , it is a stretch of RNA that has only adenine bases . In eukaryotes , polyadenylation is part of the process that produces mature messenger RNA ( mRNA ) for translation . It , therefore , forms part of the larger process of gene expression . The process of polyadenylation begins as the transcription of a gene terminates . The 3 ' -most segment of the newly made pre @-@ mRNA is first cleaved off by a set of proteins ; these proteins then synthesize the poly ( A ) tail at the RNA 's 3 ' end . In some genes these proteins add a poly ( A ) tail at one of several possible sites . Therefore , polyadenylation can produce more than one transcript from a single gene ( alternative polyadenylation ) , similar to alternative splicing . The poly ( A ) tail is important for the nuclear export , translation , and stability of mRNA . The tail is shortened over time , and , when it is short enough , the mRNA is enzymatically degraded . However , in a few cell types , mRNAs with short poly ( A ) tails are stored for later activation by re @-@ polyadenylation in the cytosol . In contrast , when polyadenylation occurs in bacteria , it promotes RNA degradation . This is also sometimes the case for eukaryotic non @-@ coding RNAs . mRNA molecules in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes have polyadenylated 3 ' -ends , with the prokaryotic poly ( A ) tails generally shorter and less mRNA molecules polyadenylated . = = Background on RNA = = For further information , see RNA and Messenger RNA RNAs are a type of large biological molecules , whose individual building blocks are called nucleotides . The name poly ( A ) tail ( for polyadenylic acid tail ) reflects the way RNA nucleotides are abbreviated , with a letter for the base the nucleotide contains ( A for adenine , C for cytosine , G for guanine and U for uracil ) . RNAs are produced ( transcribed ) from a DNA template . By convention , RNA sequences are written in a 5 ' to 3 ' direction . The 5 ' end is the part of the RNA molecule that is transcribed first , and the 3 ' end is transcribed last . The 3 ' end is also where the poly ( A ) tail is found on polyadenylated RNAs . Messenger RNA ( mRNA ) is RNA that has a coding region that acts as a template for protein synthesis ( translation ) . The rest of the mRNA , the untranslated regions , tune how active the mRNA is . There are also many RNAs that are not translated , called non @-@ coding RNAs . Like the untranslated regions , many of these non @-@ coding RNAs have regulatory roles . = = Nuclear polyadenylation = = = = = Function = = = In nuclear polyadenylation , a poly ( A ) tail is added to an RNA at the end of transcription . On mRNAs , the poly ( A ) tail protects the mRNA molecule from enzymatic degradation in the cytoplasm and aids in transcription termination , export of the mRNA from the nucleus , and translation . Almost all eukaryotic mRNAs are polyadenylated , with the exception of animal replication @-@ dependent histone mRNAs . These are the only mRNAs in eukaryotes that lack a poly ( A ) tail , ending instead in a stem @-@ loop structure followed by a purine @-@ rich sequence , termed histone downstream element , that directs where the RNA is cut so that the 3 ' end of the histone mRNA is formed . Many eukaryotic non @-@ coding RNAs are always polyadenylated at the end of transcription . There are small RNAs where the poly ( A ) tail is seen only in intermediary forms and not in the mature RNA as the ends are removed during processing , the notable ones being microRNAs . But , for many long noncoding RNAs – a seemingly large group of regulatory RNAs that , for example , includes the RNA Xist , which mediates X chromosome inactivation – a poly ( A ) tail is part of the mature RNA . = = = Mechanism = = = The processive polyadenylation complex in the nucleus of eukaryotes works on products of RNA polymerase II , such as precursor mRNA . Here , a multi @-@ protein complex ( see components on the right ) cleaves the 3 ' -most part of a newly produced RNA and polyadenylates the end produced by this cleavage . The cleavage is catalysed by the enzyme CPSF and occurs 10 – 30 nucleotides downstream of its binding site . This site often has the polyadenylation signal sequence AAUAAA on the RNA , but variants of it that bind more weakly to CPSF exist . Two other proteins add specificity to the binding to an RNA : CstF and CFI . CstF binds to a GU @-@ rich region further downstream of CPSF 's site . CFI recognises a third site on the RNA ( a set of UGUAA sequences in mammals ) and can recruit CPSF even if the AAUAAA sequence is missing . The polyadenylation signal – the sequence motif recognised by the RNA cleavage complex – varies between groups of eukaryotes . Most human polyadenylation sites contain the AAUAAA sequence , but this sequence is less common in plants and fungi . The RNA is typically cleaved before transcription termination , as CstF also binds to RNA polymerase II . Through a poorly understood mechanism ( as of 2002 ) , it signals for RNA polymerase II to slip off of the transcript . Cleavage also involves the protein CFII , though it is unknown how . The cleavage site associated with a polyadenylation signal can vary up to some 50 nucleotides . When the RNA is cleaved , polyadenylation starts , catalysed by polyadenylate polymerase . Polyadenylate polymerase builds the poly ( A ) tail by adding adenosine monophosphate units from adenosine triphosphate to the RNA , cleaving off pyrophosphate . Another protein , PAB2 , binds to the new , short poly ( A ) tail and increases the affinity of polyadenylate polymerase for the RNA . When the poly ( A ) tail is approximately 250 nucleotides long the enzyme can no longer bind to CPSF and polyadenylation stops , thus determining the length of the poly ( A ) tail . CPSF is in contact with RNA polymerase II , allowing it to signal the polymerase to terminate transcription . When RNA polymerase II reaches a " termination sequence " ( TTATTT on the DNA template and AAUAAA on the primary transcript ) , the end of transcription is signaled . The polyadenylation machinery is also physically linked to the spliceosome , a complex that removes introns from RNAs . = = = Downstream effects = = = The poly ( A ) tail acts as the binding site for poly ( A ) -binding protein . Poly ( A ) -binding protein promotes export from the nucleus and translation , and inhibits degradation . This protein binds to the poly ( A ) tail prior to mRNA export from the nucleus and in yeast also recruits poly ( A ) nuclease , an enzyme that shortens the poly ( A ) tail and allows the export of the mRNA . Poly ( A ) -binding protein is exported to the cytoplasm with the RNA. mRNAs that are not exported are degraded by the exosome . Poly ( A ) -binding protein also can bind to , and thus recruit , several proteins that affect translation , one of these is initiation factor @-@ 4G , which in turn recruits the 40S ribosomal subunit . However , a poly ( A ) tail is not required for the translation of all mRNAs . = = = Deadenylation = = = In eukaryotic somatic cells , the poly ( A ) tail of most mRNAs in the cytoplasm gradually get shorter , and mRNAs with shorter poly ( A ) tail are translated less and degraded sooner . However , it can take many hours before an mRNA is degraded . This deadenylation and degradation process can be accelerated by microRNAs complementary to the 3 ' untranslated region of an mRNA . In immature egg cells , mRNAs with shortened poly ( A ) tails are not degraded , but are instead stored without being translated . They are then activated by cytoplasmic polyadenylation after fertilisation , during egg activation . In animals , poly ( A ) ribonuclease ( PARN ) can bind to the 5 ' cap and remove nucleotides from the poly ( A ) tail . The level of access to the 5 ' cap and poly ( A ) tail is important in controlling how soon the mRNA is degraded . PARN deadenylates less if the RNA is bound by the initiation factors 4E ( at the 5 ' cap ) and 4G ( at the poly ( A ) tail ) , which is why translation reduces deadenylation . The rate of deadenylation may also be regulated by RNA @-@ binding proteins . Once the poly ( A ) tail is removed , the decapping complex removes the 5 ' cap , leading to a degradation of the RNA . Several other enzymes that seem to be involved in deadenylation have been identified in yeast . = = = Alternative polyadenylation = = = Many protein @-@ coding genes have more than one polyadenylation site , so a gene can code for several mRNAs that differ in their 3 ' end . Since alternative polyadenylation changes the length of the 3 ' untranslated region , it can change which binding sites for microRNAs the 3 ' untranslated region contains . MicroRNAs tend to repress translation and promote degradation of the mRNAs they bind to , although there are examples of microRNAs that stabilise transcripts . Alternative polyadenylation can also shorten the coding region , thus making the mRNA code for a different protein , but this is much less common than just shortening the 3 ' untranslated region . The choice of poly ( A ) site can be influenced by extracellular stimuli and depends on the expression of the proteins that take part in polyadenylation . For example , the expression of CstF @-@ 64 , a subunit of cleavage stimulatory factor ( CstF ) , increases in macrophages in response to lipopolysaccharides ( a group of bacterial compounds that trigger an immune response ) . This results in the selection of weak poly ( A ) sites and thus shorter transcripts . This removes regulatory elements in the 3 ' untranslated regions of mRNAs for defense @-@ related products like lysozyme and TNF @-@ α . These mRNAs then have longer half @-@ lives and produce more of these proteins . RNA @-@ binding proteins other than those in the polyadenylation machinery can also affect whether a polyadenyation site is used , as can DNA methylation near the polyadenylation signal . = = Cytoplasmic polyadenylation = = There is polyadenylation in the cytosol of some animal cell types , namely in the germ line , during early embryogenesis and in post @-@ synaptic sites of nerve cells . This lengthens the poly ( A ) tail of an mRNA with a shortened poly ( A ) tail , so that the mRNA will be translated . These shortened poly ( A ) tails are often less than 20 nucleotides , and are lengthened to around 80 – 150 nucleotides . In the early mouse embryo , cytoplasmic polyadenylation of maternal RNAs from the egg cell allows the cell to survive and grow even though transcription does not start until the middle of the 2 @-@ cell stage ( 4 @-@ cell stage in human ) . In the brain , cytoplasmic polyadenylation is active during learning and could play a role in long @-@ term potentiation , which is the strengthening of the signal transmission from a nerve cell to another in response to nerve impulses and is important for learning and memory formation . Cytoplasmic polyadenylation requires the RNA @-@ binding proteins CPSF and CPEB , and can involve other RNA @-@ binding proteins like Pumilio . Depending on the cell type , the polymerase can be the same type of polyadenylate polymerase ( PAP ) that is used in the nuclear process , or the cytoplasmic polymerase GLD @-@ 2 . = = Tagging for degradation in eukaryotes = = For many non @-@ coding RNAs , including tRNA , rRNA , snRNA , and snoRNA , polyadenylation is a way of marking the RNA for degradation , at least in yeast . This polyadenylation is done in the nucleus by the TRAMP complex , which maintains a tail that is around 4 nucleotides long to the 3 ' end . The RNA is then degraded by the exosome . Poly ( A ) tails have also been found on human rRNA fragments , both the form of homopolymeric ( A only ) and heterpolymeric ( mostly A ) tails . = = In prokaryotes and organelles = = In many bacteria , both mRNAs and non @-@ coding RNAs can be polyadenylated . This poly ( A ) tail promotes degradation by the degradosome , which contains two RNA @-@ degrading enzymes : polynucleotide phosphorylase and RNase E. Polynucleotide phosphorylase binds to the 3 ' end of RNAs and the 3 ' extension provided by the poly ( A ) tail allows it to bind to the RNAs whose secondary structure would otherwise block the 3 ' end . Successive rounds of polyadenylation and degradation of the 3 ' end by polynucleotide phosphorylase allows the degradosome to overcome these secondary structures . The poly ( A ) tail can also recruit RNases that cut the RNA in two . These bacterial poly ( A ) tails are about 30 nucleotides long . In as different groups as animals and trypanosomes , the mitochondria contain both stabilising and destabilising poly ( A ) tails . Destabilising polyadenylation targets both mRNA and noncoding RNAs . The poly ( A ) tails are 43 nucleotides long on average . The stabilising ones start at the stop codon , and without them the stop codon ( UAA ) is not complete as the genome only encodes the U or UA part . Plant mitochondria have only destabilising polyadenylation , and yeast mitochondria have no polyadenylation at all . While many bacteria and mitochondria have polyadenylate polymerases , they also have another type of polyadenylation , performed by polynucleotide phosphorylase itself . This enzyme is found in bacteria , mitochondria , plastids and as a constituent of the archaeal exosome ( in those archaea that have an exosome ) . It can synthesise a 3 ' extension where the vast majority of the bases are adenines . Like in bacteria , polyadenylation by polynucleotide phosphorylase promotes degradation of the RNA in plastids and likely also archaea . = = Evolution = = Although polyadenylation is seen in almost all organisms , it is not universal . However , the wide distribution of this modification and the fact that it is present in organisms from all three domains of life implies that the last universal common ancestor of all living organisms , it is presumed , had some form of polyadenylation system . A few organisms do not polyadenylate mRNA , which implies that they have lost their polyadenylation machineries during evolution . Although no examples of eukaryotes that lack polyadenylation are known , mRNAs from the bacterium Mycoplasma gallisepticum and the salt @-@ tolerant archaean Haloferax volcanii lack this modification . The most ancient polyadenylating enzyme is polynucleotide phosphorylase . This enzyme is part of both the bacterial degradosome and the archaeal exosome , two closely related complexes that recycle RNA into nucleotides . This enzyme degrades RNA by attacking the bond between the 3 ' -most nucleotides with a phosphate , breaking off a diphosphate nucleotide . This reaction is reversible , and so the enzyme can also extend RNA with more nucleotides . The heteropolymeric tail added by polynucleotide phosphorylase is very rich in adenine . The choice of adenine is most likely the result of higher ADP concentrations than other nucleotides as a result of using ATP as an energy currency , making it more likely to be incorporated in this tail in early lifeforms . It has been suggested that the involvement of adenine @-@ rich tails in RNA degradation prompted the later evolution of polyadenylate polymerases ( the enzymes that produce poly ( A ) tails with no other nucleotides in them ) . Polyadenylate polymerases are not as ancient . They have separately evolved in both bacteria and eukaryotes from CCA @-@ adding enzyme , which is the enzyme that completes the 3 ' ends of tRNAs . Its catalytic domain is homologous to that of other polymerases . It is presumed that the horizontal transfer of bacterial CCA @-@ adding enzyme to eukaryotes allowed the archaeal @-@ like CCA @-@ adding enzyme to switch function to a poly ( A ) polymerase . Some lineages , like archaea and cyanobacteria , never evolved a polyadenylate polymerase . = = History = = Poly ( A ) polymerase was first identified in 1960 as an enzymatic activity in extracts made from cell nuclei that could polymerise ATP , but not ADP , into polyadenine . Although identified in many types of cells , this activity had no known function until 1971 , when poly ( A ) sequences were found in mRNAs . The only function of these sequences was thought at first to be protection of the 3 ' end of the RNA from nucleases , but later the specific roles of polyadenylation in nuclear export and translation were identified . The polymerases responsible for polyadenylation were first purified and characterized in the 1960s and 1970s , but the large number of accessory proteins that control this process were discovered only in the early 1990s .
= Government Hooker = " Government Hooker " is a song by American recording artist Lady Gaga from her second studio album , Born This Way ( 2011 ) . It was composed and produced by Gaga , Fernando Garibay , and DJ White Shadow . " Government Hooker " was previously an unused track that Shadow created with DJ Snake . Recording sessions took place in 2010 at the Studio at the Palms in Las Vegas , Nevada . The song is a synthpop track incorporating influences from many electronic subgenres including techno , trance , post @-@ disco , and industrial . Its themes relate to female sexual empowerment , expressed as a metaphor for the supposed relationship between actress Marilyn Monroe and United States president John F. Kennedy . Critics appreciated the song 's risqué and dark nature , as well as its music . Although never released as a single , " Government Hooker " charted in South Korea and the United States , where it peaked at number sixteen on the Hot Dance / Electronic Digital Songs . = = Background = = " Government Hooker " is a collaborative effort between Gaga , Fernando Garibay and DJ White Shadow . Recording sessions took place in 2010 at the Studio at the Palms in Las Vegas , Nevada . " Government Hooker " began as an old recording by DJ White Shadow and DJ Snake . Shadow increased the tempo of the beat after conversing with Vince Herbert " about faster songs " . Herbert particularly enjoyed the prototype of " Government Hooker " , more so than the other beats that he heard during the session . Gaga wrote the lyrics of " Government Hooker " shortly after first hearing the beat . During writing , security guard Peter van der Veen was recruited to sing in lieu of computerized vocals . Shadow noticed van der Veen 's thick , distinctive Dutch accent while he was browsing through the lyrics . Alongside " Scheiße " and a remix of " Born This Way " , " Government Hooker " was first publicly played at a Thierry Mugler fashion show in Paris , France on March 2 , 2011 , as Gaga made her runway debut . = = Composition = = " Government Hooker " is an uptempo synthpop song with elements of trance , techno , post @-@ disco , and industrial . Los Angeles Times columnist Randall Roberts heard it as an homage to the German electronic group Kraftwerk , and noted " weird Casio @-@ tone circuit @-@ bending " . To Evan Sawdey of PopMatters , the song contained amalgamated elements of Britney Spears ' " Gimme More " ( 2007 ) and the New Order song " Blue Monday " ( 1983 ) . According to the music sheet published by Sony / ATV Music Publishing on Musicnotes.com , " Government Hooker " is written in the time signature of common time , with a moderate tempo of 120 beats per minute . It is composed in the key of F ♯ minor . Gaga 's voice spans the tonal nodes of F ♯ 3 to C ♯ 5 . The song has a basic sequence of D – F ♯ m – D – F ♯ m during the verses , B – D – A – E during the bridge and Bm – F ♯ m – Bm – F ♯ m during the chorus , as its chord progression . The song primarily explores themes of female sexual empowerment . " Government Hooker " begins as Gaga sings in an operatic fashion — backed by industrial synthesizers — and transcends into an electro @-@ pop Gregorian chant . The song then progresses into the chorus : " I can be good / I can be sex / I can be anything / I can be everything / I can be mom . " A male vocalist accompanies the singer 's lyrics , " Unless you want to be man / Unless you want to hold hands / Unless you want to be dad " . After Gaga sings " I 'm gonna drink my tears and cry / ' cos I know you love me baby " during the techno @-@ inspired bridge , she alludes to the alleged affair between Marilyn Monroe and John F. Kennedy with the lyrics " Put your hands on me / John F. Kennedy / I 'll make you squeal baby " , singing in an impassive and monotonous manner . = = Reception = = " Government Hooker " garnered acclaim from music critics . Roberts asserted that the song 's dynamic was a quirky exception to the contravening nature of Born This Way . Chris Richards of The Washington Post chose the song as a highlight on the album commenting that " ' The Edge of Glory ' makes a song like ' Government Hooker ' seem much more daring than it actually is " . Caryn Ganz of Spin said that Lady Gaga 's eccentric and outlandish persona — the so @-@ called " nutty come @-@ ons " — were apparent in the " grimy doom disco " of " Government Hooker " . Christian Blauvelt of Entertainment Weekly described the song 's chorus as " an infectious raver with a killer hook [ and it ] is pretty irresistible . " Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine described it as " filthy @-@ fabulous " , while Jocelyn Vena of MTV called the song a " massive club track " . Rolling Stone journalist Jody Rosen felt that the production of the " requisite kinky song " was captivating , including its " shape @-@ shifting assemblage of buzzes , beeps and clattering beats " . Dan Martin of NME wrote that " Government Hooker " is inimical to the campy nature of the album , and felt that as the track starts , Born This Way effectively transcends into " claustrophobic " techno beats . " This is freeform and industrial and quite mad " , Martin noted . Billboard writer Kerri Mason said that the track has " opera vocalizing , minimal techno bleeps , a JFK reference , and conflicting definitions of self as seductive product " . To Ian Wade of BBC Music , the eerie operatic entrance of " Government Hooker " gives way to a " Casiotone throb " . Sawdey commended the sexual lyrics of the song , and insisted that the " gender @-@ bending " chorus was the best since The Killers ' " Somebody Told Me " . Despite not being released as a single , " Government Hooker " entered the charts in two countries : In South Korea , the song debuted at number fifteen on the Gaon Digital Chart selling 13 @,@ 976 copies , while in the United States , " Government Hooker " debuted at number sixteen on the Billboard Hot Dance / Electronic Digital Songs . = = Live performances = = Gaga performed " Government Hooker " at the Clinton Foundation 's Decade of Difference celebration at the Hollywood Bowl in Los Angeles , California . The song was featured in a promotional video for the 2011 MTV Video Music Awards on August 18 , 2011 . " Government Hooker " was included on the setlist of the Born This Way Ball , Gaga 's third headlining tour . The song was performed as the second song in the setlist , after " Highway Unicorn ( Road to Love ) " which opened the show . After a brief interlude Gaga appeared from one of the doors in the castle and walked down the castle steps . She preceded to take part in a sexual routine with one of her dancers . During the breakdown , Gaga pulled a gun out of a draw and shot the dancer and then sung the chorus one more time and telling the crowd , ' Welcome to the Born This Way Ball ' and shot the castle gates open . = = Credits and personnel = = Credits adapted from the liner notes of Born This Way . = = Charts = =
= Nani = Luís Carlos Almeida da Cunha , ComM ( born 17 November 1986 ) , commonly known as Nani ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ naˈni ] ) or Luís Nani , is a Portuguese professional footballer who plays as a winger for Spanish club Valencia CF and the Portugal national team . Although predominantly right @-@ footed , he has been utilised on the left wing on many occasions . Nani was born in Cape Verde and emigrated to Europe with his family at an early age . He was raised in Portugal and began his football career playing for local side Real Massamá . At the age of nine , he began training with Sporting Clube de Portugal and S.L. Benfica on alternate days , eventually joining Sporting 's youth squad after they offered him pre @-@ season training . In 2005 , he made his professional debut with the club and won the Portuguese Cup during his second season with them . Nani was named the SJPF Young Player of the Month for May 2007 and his performances with Sporting culminated into a move to English club Manchester United in July 2007 for a fee of € 25 million . Nani won the Community Shield on his competitive debut at Manchester United and added a number of trophies , including the Premier League and Champions League during his debut season at the club . He established himself as first @-@ choice winger at United and won a further three Premier League titles , the Football League Cup , one FIFA Club World Cup , and three Community Shield titles . Individually , Nani was included in the Professional Footballers ' Association ( PFA ) Premier League Team of the Year on one occasion and was a nominee for the PFA Young Player of the Year in 2011 . Following a loan back to Sporting , in which he won the Taça de Portugal , he was signed for £ 4 @.@ 25 million by Fenerbahçe in July 2015 , and a year later he signed for Valencia . Nani is also a Portugal international . Prior to playing at senior level , he played at under @-@ 21 level . He made his senior international debut in September 2006 in a friendly match against Denmark and scored his first international goal during the 4 – 2 defeat in Copenhagen . Nani has represented his country at four major tournaments , including three European Championships : he took part at the 2008 , 2012 and 2016 European Championships , reaching the semi @-@ finals of Euro 2012 , and winning Euro 2016 ; he also participated at the 2014 FIFA World Cup with Portugal . Since his debut , he has made over 100 appearances and scored 20 goals for the Portugal national team , making him their fourth @-@ most capped player of all time . = = Early life = = Nani was born on 17 November 1986 in Praia , the capital of Cape Verde , off the West African coast . Nani emigrated with his family to Portugal at an early age . Nani was raised by his aunt Antónia in the Santa Filomena estate in the Amadora district of Lisbon after being abandoned by his parents . At the age of five , his father left for a holiday in Cape Verde but never returned and when he was 12 years old , his mother left Portugal to start a new life in the Netherlands . Nani has nine siblings from his mother , of which he is the youngest , and five from his father . Nani gained his nickname from an elder sister at a young age . Nani 's older brother taught him how to play football and he played with his childhood friend , midfielder Manuel Fernandes . Around the age of 14 , Nani 's older brother took him to train with Real Massamá . They were Nani 's first club and gave him money , food , and helped him obtain an ID card and a passport . At the age of 16 , Nani was training on alternate days with Sporting Clube de Portugal and Benfica . Nani sometimes walked miles to and from practice before Sporting offered him pre @-@ season training . Despite growing up in Lisbon , Nani and his brother supported FC Porto as a boy and his footballing hero was Luís Figo . = = Club career = = = = = Sporting CP = = = Nani joined Sporting Clube de Portugal from his first club , Real Massamá . After two seasons in the youth team , where he won the National Junior Championship in 2004 – 05 , Nani was promoted to the first team early in the 2005 – 06 season . On 10 August 2005 , Nani made his Sporting debut , coming on as a substitute for Custódio in the 73rd minute in a 1 – 0 home defeat to Udinese in their third @-@ round qualifier in the UEFA Champions League . Nani made his Portuguese Liga debut on 28 August , replacing Deivid in the 76th minute of a 1 – 2 victory over Marítimo at the Estádio dos Barreiros . Nani scored his first Sporting goal on 30 October , opening the scoring in a 2 – 2 draw away to Boavista . Nani ended the first season of his career with 36 appearances and five goals in all competitions . Nani first came into the spotlight after scoring in the Champions League against Spartak Moscow , netting Sporting 's goal in a 1 – 1 Group Stage tie on 27 September 2006 . Nani helped Sporting win the 2006 – 07 Portuguese Cup , lifting the trophy after a 1 – 0 win over Belenenses on 27 May 2007 in the final . Nani was then named as the SJPF Young Player of the Month for May 2007 . Nani 's second season with Sporting ended with similar league statistics , with 40 appearances and six goals in all competitions . = = = Manchester United = = = = = = = Early years = = = = Nani was sold to Manchester United for € 25 @.@ 5 million , five percent of which was paid to Real Massamá , his first professional club . He passed his medical on 6 June 2007 , and signed a five @-@ year contract a month later , joining Portuguese compatriot Cristiano Ronaldo — with whom he lived for a time at the start of his Manchester United career – at the club . Nani scored on his debut in a pre @-@ season friendly against Shenzhen , netting the third in a 6 – 0 win . He also scored in the following game against Guangzhou Pharmaceutical with a chip off the right post from the left side of the penalty area in a 3 – 0 win . On 5 August 2007 , Nani made his competitive debut for United , coming on as a substitute in the Community Shield against Chelsea . He marked his debut with a trophy after they won 3 – 0 on penalties , following a 1 – 1 draw during normal time . This was followed up by Nani 's third goal for the club three days later , when he scored against Glentoran in another 3 – 0 pre @-@ season win . Nani 's Premier League debut came in United 's opening match at home to Reading on 12 August as a substitute for Wayne Rooney , who had suffered a foot injury . Two weeks later , on 26 August , Nani scored his first competitive goal for United , netting a 30 @-@ yard goal in the 69th minute against Tottenham Hotspur . Nani also set up crucial goals for Louis Saha and Nemanja Vidić , allowing United to beat both Sunderland and Everton 1 – 0 , respectively . He returned to face his previous club , Sporting CP , in a Champions League tie in September , though it was teammate and fellow former Sporting player Cristiano Ronaldo who scored the winner in a 0 – 1 victory . Nani opened the scoring in a 4 – 1 home victory over Middlesbrough on 27 October . On 16 February 2008 , Nani put in a man of the match performance against Arsenal in the FA Cup Fourth Round , his goal and two assists helping United to a 4 – 0 win over their rivals . During the match , Nani was involved in an altercation with Arsenal captain William Gallas , who felt that the Portuguese was " showboating . " After the match , Arsenal manager Arsène Wenger was equally displeased , while Gilberto Silva said that Nani had a " big head . " On 23 March , Nani set up the second and scored the final goal in a 3 – 0 victory over rivals Liverpool , in the 79th and 81st minutes respectively , after coming onto the pitch as a substitute . On 3 May , towards the end of a 4 – 1 home win over West Ham United , Nani was sent off for the first time in his United career for a headbutt on West Ham defender Lucas Neill . On 21 May , Nani came on as a substitute for Wayne Rooney in the 2008 UEFA Champions League Final as United defeated Chelsea 6 – 5 on penalties following a 1 – 1 draw after extra time . Nani took and scored Manchester United 's crucial fifth penalty in the shootout . Nani scored his first goal of the 2008 – 09 season on 23 September 2008 , scoring United 's third goal in a 3 – 1 win over Middlesbrough in the last minute to secure passage to the Fourth Round of the League Cup . On 18 October , he scored from a Wayne Rooney assist to complete the 4 – 0 rout of West Bromwich Albion at Old Trafford . On 20 January 2009 , he opened the scoring for United in their 4 – 2 win at home to Derby County in the second leg of their League Cup semi @-@ final . = = = = Breakthrough = = = = After Cristiano Ronaldo 's transfer to Real Madrid in the 2009 close season , the weight of expectation was on Nani to step up from bit part player and replace his compatriot . Nani 's first contribution to United 's new season was opening the scoring in the 10th minute of the 2009 FA Community Shield , but United eventually lost the match on penalties after a 2 – 2 draw . Nani suffered a dislocated shoulder during the match , which was originally expected to keep him out of the start of the season . He recovered in time to play 17 minutes for Portugal against Liechtenstein on 12 August , however , and started the match against Birmingham City on 16 August . Although he provided the assist for Wayne Rooney 's winning goal in the 34th minute , Nani was replaced by Ryan Giggs at half @-@ time . On 22 August , Nani scored his first league goal of the 2009 – 10 season , netting a free @-@ kick against Wigan Athletic in a 0 – 5 away win . Following several poor performances , Nani criticised Sir Alex Ferguson for his lack of confidence in him . Despite this outburst Nani was given a chance to shine and provided an assist for Wayne Rooney in the 4 – 0 league win over Hull City . Soon after this positive display , he put in another good performance in their League Cup semi @-@ final victory over derby rivals Manchester City , revealing a heart @-@ to @-@ heart with Sir Alex Ferguson had resulted in a better display of form . On 31 January 2010 , Nani scored the first goal and set up Rooney 's 100th career Premier League strike in a 1 – 3 league victory over Arsenal at the Emirates Stadium . Nani 's goal was first thought of as a Manuel Almunia own goal by many sources , but was confirmed as belonging to Nani on 26 March by the Dubious Goals Panel . Following this performance , Nani then set up the second of a 5 – 0 home win over Portsmouth . Just four days later , however , he was sent off for a lunge at Stiliyan Petrov against Aston Villa , which resulted in a three @-@ match ban and ruled him out of the League Cup final . On 10 March , Nani set up Rooney 's second in a 4 – 0 win over Milan , before providing another assist for Rooney four days later , in the 3 – 0 league victory over Fulham . On 26 March , Nani signed a new four @-@ year contract with United , committing himself until 2014 . A day later , Nani took his assist tally in the league for the season to nine as he set up two goals in a 0 – 4 win over Bolton Wanderers at the Reebok Stadium , providing goals for Dimitar Berbatov and Darron Gibson . On 7 April , Nani scored his first ever European goals for United , netting two strikes in a 3 – 2 victory over Bayern Munich . Despite United winning the game , they were eliminated from the competition due to the away goals rule when the aggregate score was 4 – 4 . On 24 April , Nani scored his first league goal at Old Trafford in 18 months , netting United 's second in a 3 – 1 home victory over Tottenham Hotspur . On 2 May , Nani scored for the second game in a row , netting the only goal in a 0 – 1 away victory over Sunderland . Nani 's third season with Manchester United ended with 34 appearances and seven goals in all competitions . = = = = 2010 – 11 season = = = = On 22 August 2010 , Nani missed a penalty in the 87th minute away to Fulham , and they then equalised two minutes later through Brede Hangeland to end the game 2 – 2 . Six days later , in a 3 – 0 home victory over West Ham United , Nani netted his first goal of the season and assisted Dimitar Berbatov in a Man of the Match display . Nani scored and assisted Michael Owen in a 2 – 2 away draw away to Bolton Wanderers on 26 September . On 16 October , Nani scored United 's second in a 2 – 2 home draw against West Bromwich Albion . Four days later , Nani scored his first Champions League goal of the season , netting the solitary strike in a 1 – 0 home victory over Bursaspor . On 30 October , Nani scored a controversial second goal as United beat Tottenham Hotspur 2 – 0 at home . He scored into an empty net after Tottenham goalkeeper Heurelho Gomes rolled the ball out to take a free @-@ kick that he thought had been given for handball , however , play was allowed to go on as referee Mark Clattenburg did not blow his whistle . On 27 November , Nani scored United 's fifth goal in a 7 – 1 home win over Blackburn Rovers . Nani netted his first goal of 2011 as he scored the winning strike in a 2 – 1 home victory over Stoke City on 4 January . On 22 January , Nani scored the final goal of a 5 – 0 home victory over Birmingham City . Nani netted United 's only goal in their first league loss of the season , a 2 – 1 defeat at Wolves on 5 February . Seven days later Nani scored his first Manchester derby goal , opening the scoring in a 2 – 1 home victory over Manchester City . On 6 March , during United 's 3 – 1 loss against Liverpool at Anfield , Nani was injured following a challenge from Jamie Carragher just before half @-@ time . Nani shed tears after the challenge and he was subsequently taken off the pitch in a stretcher . Following post @-@ match comments to the press from Manchester United it was believed Nani had suffered a broken leg . However this was not the case as he started training the following week . It was thought that Nani would miss up to three weeks as a result of this tackle and would return in April , however , he recovered in time to play 61 minutes of a 2 – 1 victory over Marseille on 15 March . Nani was revealed as a contender for the Professional Footballers ' Association ( PFA ) Young Player of the Year award alongside teammate Javier Hernández on 8 April . However , many people , including Nani , expressed their surprise that he was not nominated for the main award . Following this nomination , he assisted both goals in a 2 – 0 home win over Fulham on 9 April . Nani lost out to Jack Wilshere for the PFA Young Player of the Year award on 18 April but he was however included into the PFA Premier League Team of the Year for the first time . He was awarded for his outstanding season as he was voted Players ' Player of the Year at the club 's awards night on 18 May . = = = = 2011 – 12 season = = = = Nani began the new season by putting in a man of the match performance and scoring twice against derby rivals Manchester City in the 2011 Community Shield , including a 94th @-@ minute winner , as United came from two goals down to win 3 – 2 on 7 August 2011 . He scored his first league goal of the 2011 – 12 season by netting United 's fifth goal in an 8 – 2 victory over Arsenal on 28 August . Nani made his 100th Premier League appearance on 18 September as he scored in a 3 – 1 home win over Chelsea . He scored with a long range strike after cutting inside from the right wing . He was also awarded with the man of the match . In United 's following league game at the Britannia Stadium , Nani scored his third goal of the season in a 1 – 1 draw with Stoke City . He played a neat one @-@ two with Darren Fletcher before making his way through Stoke 's defence and firing a low shot inside the left post . Nani started the match against Manchester city where they fell victim to a 1 – 6 beating at home to their neighbours . On 1 November , Nani was shortlisted for the prestigious FIFA Ballon d 'Or . On 10 December , the first match after United 's elimination from the UEFA Champions League , Nani scored a brace in a home game against Wolves . He opened the scoring in the 17th minute to put them 1 – 0 up with a shot into the bottom left corner . He scored his second goal in the 56th minute , tapping in from Antonio Valencia 's drilled cross across the six @-@ yard box to extend the lead to 3 – 1 . He was later replaced by another winger Ashley Young as the game finished 4 – 1 to the home side . Nani scored his sixth league goal of the season and provided two assists in a 5 – 0 away win at Fulham on 21 December . He first advanced on a run down the left flank before crossing for Danny Welbeck to slot home . He then met a Ryan Giggs cross with his head , to glance United into a 2 – 0 lead . He then returned the compliment , squaring for Giggs to put United 3 – 0 up before half time . During United 's 2 – 1 win against Arsenal on 22 January , Nani sustained a foot injury from a tackle by Arsenal defender Laurent Koscielny in the 75th minute and was replaced by fellow winger Ashley Young . After a scan on Nani 's foot , he was feared to have suffered a metatarsal injury , thus not being able to play for 2 months . Nani returned to football on 15 April at United 's match against Aston Villa as a substitute , replacing Ashley Young on the left wing . He scored a goal in stoppage time ( 93rd minute ) with a low shot pass Villa keeper Shay Given from Evans 's assist with a through pass , resulting in a 4 – 0 win over Villa . Nani then followed this up with another goal when chipping Tim Howard at his near post the final score resulted in a 4 – 4 draw at Old Trafford against Everton . = = = = 2013 – 14 season = = = = On 5 September 2013 , Nani renewed his contract with Manchester United , which was to keep him at the club until 2018 . He started his first game of 2013 – 14 season against Liverpool in the League Cup . Despite this , Nani spent most of the season struggling against injury and trying to find form . = = = = Loan return to Sporting CP = = = = On 19 August 2014 , Sporting CP announced the return of Nani to the club on a season @-@ long loan from Manchester United , as part of a deal that brought in Marcos Rojo to Manchester United . He was given the number 77 shirt . Nani made his comeback at José Alvalade in a league match against Arouca , four days after signing . He missed a penalty , received a yellow card and was substituted in the 77th minute , as the match ended in a 1 – 0 win for Sporting . He scored his first goal of this loan on 17 September , opening a 1 – 1 draw at NK Maribor in the first match of the Champions League group stage . He was also voted Man of the Match . Nani scored his first league goal for the club four days later in a 4 – 0 win against Gil Vicente F.C. On 3 January 2015 , Nani was sent off for two bookings in a 3 – 0 win over Estoril . Nani scored in Sporting 's penalty shootout victory over S.C. Braga in the 2015 Taça de Portugal Final , which earned the club their first trophy since 2008 . = = = Fenerbahçe = = = On 6 July 2015 , Nani joined Turkish club Fenerbahçe , signing a three @-@ year deal for a fee of £ 4 @.@ 25 million . He and his former United teammate Robin van Persie debuted 22 days later in a goalless home draw against Shakhtar Donetsk in the third qualifying round of the season 's Champions League , with Nani starting . He scored two goals including the winner , a free kick in second @-@ half stoppage time , against Antalyaspor on 30 August . = = = Valencia = = = In July 2016 , Nani signed for Spanish club Valencia on a three @-@ year contract , with Valencia paying an undisclosed fee to complete the transfer . = = International career = = = = = Portugal under – 21 = = = Nani was the youngest member of the Portugal squad at the 2006 UEFA Under @-@ 21 Championship , making his debut on 23 May 2006 in a 0 – 1 defeat to France U21 . He appeared in all three games , scoring no goals , before Portugal bowed out in group stages . During the 2007 European Under @-@ 21 Football Championship , he made four appearances , scoring one goal in a 4 – 0 victory against Israel U21 in a group stage match on 16 June 2007 , and had to be taken off during the match after a right ankle injury . = = = Portugal senior team = = = Nani made his first appearance for the senior Portuguese team on 1 September 2006 , and marked his debut with a goal in Portugal 's 4 – 2 friendly defeat to Denmark . Nani was omitted from Portugal 's 1 – 1 draw with Armenia , but was recalled for Euro 2008 qualifiers against Poland and Serbia in September . He also provided the assist for Ricardo Quaresma 's goal in a friendly against Italy on 6 February 2008 . Nani was ruled out of Portugal 's friendly with Greece in March 2008 due to injury . = = = = Euro 2008 = = = = Nani was a regular member of the Portuguese squad in Euro 2008 qualification , and scored one of the goals in the 2 – 1 away win over Belgium on 2 June 2007 . Nani received a call @-@ up to Luiz Felipe Scolari 's 23 @-@ man squad for Euro 2008 alongside Manchester United teammate Cristiano Ronaldo . During the campaign Nani played three games and started just one , but did provide the assist for Hélder Postiga 's goal during a substitute appearance in the 3 – 2 quarter @-@ final defeat to Germany on 19 June . = = = = Post @-@ Euro 2008 = = = = Nani 's fourth international goal came in Portugal 's final friendly game before their World Cup qualifying campaign started , a 5 – 0 victory over the Faroe Islands on 20 August 2008 . Nani scored the final goal of a 4 – 0 victory over Malta as Portugal started qualification for the 2010 World Cup on 6 September . He opened the scoring in the 3 – 2 home loss against Denmark four days later . Nani helped Portugal book a play @-@ off place for the World Cup as he netted in the 4 – 0 home win over Malta on 14 October 2009 . Nani was influential in the play @-@ off against Bosnia and Herzegovina , setting up Bruno Alves for the only goal in the first leg . Raul Meireles ' goal in the second @-@ leg sealed Portugal 's place at the World Cup in South Africa . On 1 June 2010 , Nani netted Portugal 's third in a 3 – 1 victory over Cameroon . Following that game Nani was named in Carlos Queiroz 23 @-@ man squad for the tournament , However , on 8 June , Nani was ruled out of the tournament through a shoulder injury and was replaced by Benfica midfielder Rúben Amorim . Nani scored twice and assisted once in Paulo Bento 's first game in charge of Portugal in a 3 – 1 Euro 2012 qualifying win over Denmark on 8 October 2010 . Nani scored twice and set up another again in a 5 – 3 win over Iceland on 7 October 2011 . = = = = 2014 FIFA World Cup = = = = Nani started in the opening match of the 2014 FIFA World Cup for Portugal against Germany . After the match he stated how the team played well despite the loss and how " the referee has discriminated against us , but that 's normal , Portugal against big teams never get help ... " . In the team 's second fixture , Nani scored the opening goal for Portugal in a 2 – 2 draw with the United States . = = = = UEFA Euro 2016 = = = = Nani scored Portugal 's first goal in the last match of the group stage , a 3 – 3 draw against Hungary on 22 June , to help the team qualify for the knockout round . He subsequently contributed to the only goal of the match in a 1 – 0 extra @-@ time victory in the last 16 against Croatia on 25 June . During their quarter @-@ final match on 30 June against Poland , Nani set up Renato Sanches 's goal in regulation time , and later scored Portugal 's fourth penalty in an eventual 5 – 3 shoot @-@ out victory , following a 1 – 1 draw after extra @-@ time . In the semi @-@ finals against Wales on 6 July , he scored the second goal in a 2 – 0 victory . In the final against host @-@ nation France on 10 July , Nani was awarded the captain 's armband after Ronaldo was forced off in the opening 25 minutes of the match following a challenge from Dimitri Payet . During extra @-@ time , substitute Éder scored in the 109th minute to earn Portugal a 1 – 0 victory . = = Style of play = = In the early stages of his career at Manchester United , Nani often invited comparison in playing style and ability with club and international colleague Cristiano Ronaldo , for whom he often deputised at club level . In Ronaldo 's absence , however , Nani 's style has developed into a more classical winger 's style , able to play on both wings though more comfortable on the right , utilising pace , ball control and trickery to create space . While capable of cutting off both wings to strike at goal from distance , Nani has substantially fewer goals , yet a substantially higher proportion of assists than his former colleague . He can also play in the more attacking position of forward or wing forward . = = Celebration = = Nani celebrates with a " mortal " ( " Leap of death " ) , similar to that of Obafemi Martins and Lomana LuaLua . The celebration derives from Nani 's background in capoeira , which he used to practice as a child . For a while , it was reported that United manager Sir Alex Ferguson had banned Nani 's celebration due to fear for his safety . Nani denounced the reports in August 2007 , stating that it was " not true " and that " Ferguson has never spoken to me about this subject and I am going to continue to celebrate goals in this way . The conversations he has had with me are normal conversations , like he has with all players . " = = Career statistics = = = = = Club = = = As of 28 June 2016 . = = = International = = = As of 13 July 2016 = = = International goals = = = As of match played 6 July 2016 . Portugal score listed first , score column indicates score after each Nani goal . = = Honours = = = = = Club = = = Sporting CP Taça de Portugal : 2006 – 07 , 2014 – 15 Manchester United Premier League : 2007 – 08 , 2008 – 09 , 2010 – 11 , 2012 – 13 Football League Cup : 2008 – 09 , 2009 – 10 FA Community Shield : 2007 , 2008 , 2010 , 2011 UEFA Champions League : 2007 – 08 FIFA Club World Cup : 2008 = = = Country = = = Portugal UEFA European Championship : 2016 = = = Individual = = = SJPF Young Player of the Month : May 2007 PFA Premier League Team of the Year : 2010 – 11 Premier League Assist Leader : 2000 – 11 Manchester United Players ' Player of the Year : 2010 – 11 SJPF Player of the Month : October 2014 , November 2014
= Boeing B @-@ 52 Stratofortress = The Boeing B @-@ 52 Stratofortress is a long @-@ range , subsonic , jet @-@ powered strategic bomber . The B @-@ 52 was designed and built by Boeing , which has continued to provide support and upgrades . It has been operated by the United States Air Force ( USAF ) since the 1950s . The bomber is capable of carrying up to 70 @,@ 000 pounds ( 32 @,@ 000 kg ) of weapons , and has a typical combat range of more than 8 @,@ 800 miles ( 14 @,@ 080 km ) without aerial refueling . Beginning with the successful contract bid in June 1946 , the B @-@ 52 design evolved from a straight wing aircraft powered by six turboprop engines to the final prototype YB @-@ 52 with eight turbojet engines and swept wings . The B @-@ 52 took its maiden flight in April 1952 . Built to carry nuclear weapons for Cold War @-@ era deterrence missions , the B @-@ 52 Stratofortress replaced the Convair B @-@ 36 . A veteran of several wars , the B @-@ 52 has dropped only conventional munitions in combat . The B @-@ 52 's official name Stratofortress is rarely used ; informally , the aircraft has become commonly referred to as the BUFF ( Big Ugly Fat Fucker ) . The B @-@ 52 has been in active service with the USAF since 1955 . As of 2012 , 85 were in active service with nine in reserve . The bombers flew under the Strategic Air Command ( SAC ) until it was inactivated in 1992 and its aircraft absorbed into the Air Combat Command ( ACC ) ; in 2010 all B @-@ 52 Stratofortresses were transferred from the ACC to the newly created Air Force Global Strike Command ( AFGSC ) . Superior performance at high subsonic speeds and relatively low operating costs have kept the B @-@ 52 in service despite the advent of later , more advanced aircraft , including the canceled Mach 3 B @-@ 70 Valkyrie , the variable @-@ geometry B @-@ 1 Lancer , and the stealth B @-@ 2 Spirit . The B @-@ 52 completed sixty years of continuous service with its original operator in 2015 . After being upgraded between 2013 and 2015 , it is expected to serve into the 2040s . = = Development = = = = = Origins = = = On 23 November 1945 , Air Materiel Command ( AMC ) issued desired performance characteristics for a new strategic bomber " capable of carrying out the strategic mission without dependence upon advanced and intermediate bases controlled by other countries " . The aircraft was to have a crew of five or more turret gunners , and a six @-@ man relief crew . It was required to cruise at 300 mph ( 260 knots , 480 km / h ) at 34 @,@ 000 feet ( 10 @,@ 400 m ) with a combat radius of 5 @,@ 000 miles ( 4 @,@ 300 nautical miles , 8 @,@ 000 km ) . The armament was to consist of an unspecified number of 20 mm cannon and 10 @,@ 000 pounds ( 4 @,@ 500 kg ) of bombs . On 13 February 1946 , the Air Force issued bid invitations for these specifications , with Boeing , Consolidated Aircraft , and Glenn L. Martin Company submitting proposals . On 5 June 1946 , Boeing 's Model 462 , a straight @-@ wing aircraft powered by six Wright T35 turboprops with a gross weight of 360 @,@ 000 pounds ( 160 @,@ 000 kg ) and a combat radius of 3 @,@ 110 miles ( 2 @,@ 700 nmi , 5 @,@ 010 km ) , was declared the winner . On 28 June 1946 , Boeing was issued a letter of contract for US $ 1 @.@ 7 million to build a full @-@ scale mock @-@ up of the new XB @-@ 52 and do preliminary engineering and testing . However , by October 1946 , the air force began to express concern about the sheer size of the new aircraft and its inability to meet the specified design requirements . In response , Boeing produced Model 464 , a smaller four @-@ engine version with a 230 @,@ 000 pound ( 105 @,@ 000 kg ) gross weight , which was briefly deemed acceptable . Subsequently , in November 1946 , the Deputy Chief of Air Staff for Research and Development , General Curtis LeMay , expressed the desire for a cruise speed of 400 miles per hour ( 345 kn , 645 km / h ) , to which Boeing responded with a 300 @,@ 000 lb ( 136 @,@ 000 kg ) aircraft . In December 1946 , Boeing was asked to change their design to a four @-@ engine bomber with a top speed of 400 miles per hour , range of 12 @,@ 000 miles ( 10 @,@ 000 nmi , 19 @,@ 300 km ) , and the ability to carry a nuclear weapon ; in total , the aircraft could weigh up to 480 @,@ 000 pounds ( 220 @,@ 000 kg ) . Boeing responded with two models powered by the T @-@ 35 turboprops . The Model 464 @-@ 16 was a " nuclear only " bomber with a 10 @,@ 000 pound ( 4 @,@ 500 kg ) payload , while the Model 464 @-@ 17 was a general purpose bomber with a 9 @,@ 000 pound ( 4 @,@ 000 kg ) payload . Due to the cost associated with purchasing two specialized aircraft , the air force selected Model 464 @-@ 17 with the understanding that it could be adapted for nuclear strikes . In June 1947 , the military requirements were updated and the Model 464 @-@ 17 met all of them except for the range . It was becoming obvious to the Air Force that , even with the updated performance , the XB @-@ 52 would be obsolete by the time it entered production and would offer little improvement over the Convair B @-@ 36 ; as a result , the entire project was postponed for six months . During this time , Boeing continued to perfect the design , which resulted in the Model 464 @-@ 29 with a top speed of 455 miles per hour ( 395 kn , 730 km / h ) and a 5 @,@ 000 @-@ mile range . In September 1947 , the Heavy Bombardment Committee was convened to ascertain performance requirements for a nuclear bomber . Formalized on 8 December 1947 , these requirements called for a top speed of 500 miles per hour ( 440 kn , 800 km / h ) and an 8 @,@ 000 mile ( 7 @,@ 000 nmi , 13 @,@ 000 km ) range , far beyond the capabilities of 464 @-@ 29 . The outright cancellation of the Boeing contract on 11 December 1947 was staved off by a plea from its president William McPherson Allen to the Secretary of the Air Force Stuart Symington . Allen reasoned that the design was capable of being adapted to new aviation technology and more stringent requirements . In January 1948 Boeing was instructed to thoroughly explore recent technological innovations , including aerial refueling and the flying wing . Noting stability and control problems Northrop was experiencing with their YB @-@ 35 and YB @-@ 49 flying wing bombers , Boeing insisted on a conventional aircraft , and in April 1948 presented a US $ 30 million ( US $ 295 million today ) proposal for design , construction , and testing of two Model 464 @-@ 35 prototypes . The Model 464 @-@ 35 design had a configuration similar to a later Tupolev design that was built for the Soviet Union , the Tupolev Tu @-@ 95 Bear strategic bomber . Further revisions during 1948 resulted in an aircraft with a top speed of 513 miles per hour ( 445 kn , 825 km / h ) at 35 @,@ 000 feet ( 10 @,@ 700 m ) , a range of 6 @,@ 909 miles ( 6 @,@ 005 nmi , 11 @,@ 125 km ) , and a 280 @,@ 000 pounds ( 125 @,@ 000 kg ) gross weight , which included 10 @,@ 000 pounds ( 4 @,@ 500 kg ) of bombs and 19 @,@ 875 US gallons ( 75 @,@ 225 L ) of fuel . = = = Design effort = = = In May 1948 , AMC asked Boeing to incorporate the previously discarded , but now more fuel @-@ efficient , jet engine into the design . That resulted in the development of yet another revision — in July 1948 , Model 464 @-@ 40 substituted Westinghouse J40 turbojets for the turboprops . The Air Force project officer who reviewed the Model 464 @-@ 40 was favorably impressed , especially since he had already been thinking along similar lines . Nevertheless , the government was concerned about the high fuel consumption rate of the jet engines of the day , and directed that Boeing still use the turboprop @-@ powered Model 464 @-@ 35 as the basis for the XB @-@ 52 . Although he agreed that turbojet propulsion was the future , General Howard A. Craig , Deputy Chief of Staff for Material , was not very keen on a jet @-@ powered B @-@ 52 , since he felt that the jet engine had not yet progressed sufficiently to permit skipping an intermediate turboprop stage . However , Boeing was encouraged to continue turbojet studies even without any expected commitment to jet propulsion . On Thursday , 21 October 1948 , Boeing engineers George S. Schairer , Art Carlsen and Vaughn Blumenthal presented the design of a four @-@ engine turboprop bomber to the chief of bomber development , Colonel Pete Warden . Warden was disappointed by the projected aircraft and asked if the Boeing team could come up with a proposal for a four @-@ engine turbojet bomber . Joined by Ed Wells , Boeing vice president of engineering , the engineers worked that night in the Hotel Van Cleve in Dayton , Ohio , redesigning Boeing 's proposal as a four @-@ engine turbojet bomber . On Friday , Colonel Warden looked over the information and asked for a better design . Returning to the hotel , the Boeing team was joined by Bob Withington and Maynard Pennell , two top Boeing engineers who were in town on other business . By late Friday night , they had laid out what was essentially a new airplane . The new design ( 464 @-@ 49 ) built upon the basic layout of the B @-@ 47 Stratojet with 35 degree swept wings , eight engines paired in four underwing pods , and bicycle landing gear with wingtip outrigger wheels . A notable feature of the landing gear was the ability to pivot the main landing gear up to 20 ° from the aircraft centerline to increase safety during crosswind landings . After a trip to a hobby shop for supplies , Schairer set to work building a model . The rest of the team focused on weight and performance data . Wells , who was also a skilled artist , completed the aircraft drawings . On Sunday , a stenographer was hired to type a clean copy of the proposal . On Monday , Schairer presented Colonel Warden with a neatly bound 33 @-@ page proposal and a 14 @-@ inch scale model . The aircraft was projected to exceed all design specifications . Although the full @-@ size mock @-@ up inspection in April 1949 was generally favorable , range again became a concern since the J40s and early model J57s had excessive fuel consumption . Despite talk of another revision of specifications or even a full design competition among aircraft manufacturers , General LeMay , now in charge of Strategic Air Command , insisted that performance should not be compromised due to delays in engine development . In a final attempt to increase range , Boeing created the larger 464 @-@ 67 , stating that once in production , the range could be further increased in subsequent modifications . Following several direct interventions by LeMay , Boeing was awarded a production contract for thirteen B @-@ 52As and seventeen detachable reconnaissance pods on 14 February 1951 . The last major design change — also at General LeMay 's insistence — was a switch from the B @-@ 47 style tandem seating to a more conventional side @-@ by @-@ side cockpit , which increased the effectiveness of the copilot and reduced crew fatigue . Both XB @-@ 52 prototypes featured the original tandem seating arrangement with a framed bubble @-@ type canopy . = = = Pre @-@ production and production = = = The YB @-@ 52 , the second XB @-@ 52 modified with more operational equipment , first flew on 15 April 1952 with " Tex " Johnston as pilot . During ground testing on 29 November 1951 , the XB @-@ 52 's pneumatic system failed during a full @-@ pressure test ; the resulting explosion severely damaged the trailing edge of the wing , necessitating considerable repairs . A two @-@ hour , 21 @-@ minute proving flight from Boeing Field , King County , in Seattle , Washington to Larson AFB was undertaken with Boeing test pilot Johnston and air force Lieutenant Colonel Guy M. Townsend . The XB @-@ 52 followed on 2 October 1952 . The thorough development , including 670 days in the wind tunnel and 130 days of aerodynamic and aeroelastic testing , paid off with smooth flight testing . Encouraged , the air force increased its order to 282 B @-@ 52s . Only three of the 13 B @-@ 52As ordered were built . All were returned to Boeing , and used in their test program . On 9 June 1952 , the February 1951 contract was updated to order the aircraft under new specifications . The final 10 , the first aircraft to enter active service , were completed as B @-@ 52Bs . At the roll out ceremony on 18 March 1954 , Air Force Chief of Staff General Nathan Twining said : The long rifle was the great weapon of its day . ... today this B @-@ 52 is the long rifle of the air age . The B @-@ 52B was followed by progressively improved bomber and reconnaissance variants , culminating in the B @-@ 52G and turbofan B @-@ 52H . To allow rapid delivery , production lines were set up both at its main Seattle factory and at Boeing 's Wichita facility . More than 5 @,@ 000 companies were involved in the massive production effort , with 41 % of the airframe being built by subcontractors . The prototypes and all B @-@ 52A , B and C models ( 90 aircraft ) were built at Seattle . Testing of aircraft built at Seattle caused problems due to jet noise , which led to the establishment of curfews for engine tests . Aircraft were ferried 150 miles ( 240 km ) east on their maiden flights to Larson Air Force Base near Moses Lake , where they were fully tested . As production of the B @-@ 47 came to an end , the Wichita factory was phased in for B @-@ 52D production , with Seattle responsible for 101 D @-@ models and Wichita 69 . Both plants continued to build the B @-@ 52E , with 42 built at Seattle and 58 at Wichita , and the B @-@ 52F ( 44 from Seattle and 45 from Wichita ) . For the B @-@ 52G , it was decided in 1957 to transfer all production to Wichita , which freed up Seattle for other tasks ( in particular the production of airliners ) . Production ended in 1962 with the B @-@ 52H , with 742 aircraft built , plus the original two prototypes . = = = Upgrades = = = A proposed variant of the B @-@ 52H was the EB @-@ 52H , which would have consisted of 16 modified and augmented B @-@ 52H airframes with additional electronic jamming capabilities . This variant would have restored USAF airborne jamming capability that it lost on retiring the EF @-@ 111 Raven . The program was canceled in 2005 following the removal of funds for the stand @-@ off jammer . The program was revived in 2007 , and cut again in early 2009 . In July 2013 , the Air Force began a fleet @-@ wide technological upgrade of its B @-@ 52 bombers called Combat Network Communications Technology ( CONECT ) to modernize electronics , communications technology , computing , and avionics on the flight deck . CONECT upgrades include software and hardware such as new computer servers , modems , radios , data @-@ links , receivers , and digital workstations for the crew . One update is the ARC @-@ 210 Warrior beyond @-@ line @-@ of @-@ sight software programmable radio able to transmit voice , data , and information in @-@ flight between B @-@ 52s and ground command and control centers , allowing the transmission and reception of data with updated intelligence , mapping , and targeting information ; previous in @-@ flight target changes required copying down coordinates . The ARC @-@ 210 allows machine @-@ to @-@ machine transfer of data , useful on long @-@ endurance missions where targets may have moved before the arrival of the B @-@ 52 . The aircraft will be able to receive information through Link @-@ 16 . CONECT upgrades will cost $ 1 @.@ 1 billion overall and take several years . Funding has been secured for 30 B @-@ 52s ; the Air Force hopes for 10 CONECT upgrades per year , but the rate has yet to be decided . Weapons upgrades include the 1760 Internal Weapons Bay Upgrade ( IWBU ) , which gives a 66 percent increase in weapons payload using a digital interface and rotary launcher . IWBU is expected to cost roughly $ 313 million . The 1760 IWBU will allow the B @-@ 52 to carry the AGM @-@ 158B JASSM @-@ ER and the ADM @-@ 160C MALD @-@ J. All 1760 IWBUs should be operational by October 2017 . Two bombers will have the ability to carry 40 weapons in place of the 36 that three B @-@ 52s can carry . The 1760 IWBU allows precision @-@ guided missiles or bombs to be deployed from inside the weapons bay ; previous aircraft carried these munitions externally on wing hardpoints . This increases the number of guided weapons a B @-@ 52 can carry and reduces the need for guided bombs to be carried . The first phase will allow a B @-@ 52 to carry twenty @-@ four 500 @-@ pound guided JDAM bombs or twenty 2 @,@ 000 @-@ pound JDAMs , with later phases accommodating the JASSM and MALD family of missiles . In addition to carrying more smart bombs , moving them internally from the wings reduces drag and achieves a 15 percent reduction in fuel consumption . = = Design = = = = = Overview = = = The B @-@ 52 shared many technological similarities with the preceding Boeing B @-@ 47 Stratojet strategic bomber . The two aircraft used the same basic design , such as swept wings and podded jet engines , and the cabin included the crew ejection systems . On the B @-@ 52D , the pilots and electronic countermeasures ( EDM ) operator ejected upwards , while the lower deck crew ejected downwards ; until the B @-@ 52G , the gunner had to jettison the tail gun to bail @-@ out . Structural fatigue was accelerated by at least a factor of eight in a low @-@ altitude flight profile over that of high @-@ altitude flying , requiring costly repairs to extend service life . In the early 1960s , the three @-@ phase High Stress program was launched to counter structural fatigue , enrolling aircraft at 2 @,@ 000 flying hours . Follow @-@ up programs were conducted , such as a 2 @,@ 000 @-@ hour service life extension to select airframes in 1966 – 1968 , and the extensive Pacer Plank reskinning , completed in 1977 . The wet wing introduced on G and H models was even more susceptible to fatigue , experiencing 60 % more stress during flight than the old wing . The wings were modified by 1964 under ECP 1050 . This was followed by a fuselage skin and longeron replacement ( ECP 1185 ) in 1966 , and the B @-@ 52 Stability Augmentation and Flight Control program ( ECP 1195 ) in 1967 . Fuel leaks due to deteriorating Marman clamps continued to plague all variants of the B @-@ 52 . To this end , the aircraft were subjected to Blue Band ( 1957 ) , Hard Shell ( 1958 ) , and finally QuickClip ( 1958 ) programs . The latter fitted safety straps that prevented catastrophic loss of fuel in case of clamp failure . In September 2006 , the B @-@ 52 became one of the first US military aircraft to fly using alternative fuel . It took off from Edwards Air Force Base with a 50 / 50 blend of Fischer @-@ Tropsch process ( FT ) synthetic fuel and conventional JP @-@ 8 jet fuel , which burned in two of the eight engines . On 15 December 2006 , a B @-@ 52 took off from Edwards with the synthetic fuel powering all eight engines , the first time an air force aircraft was entirely powered by the blend . The seven @-@ hour flight was considered a success . This program is part of the Department of Defense Assured Fuel Initiative , which aims to reduce crude oil usage and obtain half of its aviation fuel from alternative sources by 2016 . On 8 August 2007 , Air Force Secretary Michael Wynne certified the B @-@ 52H as fully approved to use the FT blend . = = = Flight controls = = = Because of the B @-@ 52 's mission parameters , only modest maneuvers would be required with no need for spin recovery . The aircraft has a relatively small , narrow chord rudder , giving it limited yaw control authority . Originally an all @-@ moving vertical stabilizer was to be used , but was abandoned because of doubts about hydraulic actuator reliability . Because the aircraft has eight engines , asymmetrical thrust due to the loss of an engine in flight would be minimal and correctable with the narrow rudder . To assist with crosswind takeoffs and landings the main landing gear can be pivoted 20 degrees to either side from neutral . This yaw adjustable crosswind landing gear would be preset by the crew according to wind observations made on the ground . The elevator is also very narrow in chord like the rudder , and the B @-@ 52 suffers from limited elevator control authority . For long term pitch trim and airspeed changes the aircraft uses an all @-@ moving tail with the elevator used for small adjustments within a stabilizer setting . The stabilizer is adjustable through 13 degrees of movement ( nine up , four down ) and is crucial to operations during take off and landing due to large pitch changes induced by flap application . B @-@ 52s prior to the G models had very small ailerons with a short span that was approximately equal to their chord . These " feeler ailerons " were used to provide feedback forces to the pilot 's control yoke and to fine tune the roll axes during delicate maneuvers such as aerial refueling . Due to twisting of the thin main wing , conventional outboard flap type ailerons would lose authority and therefore could not be used . In other words , aileron activation would cause the wing to twist , undermining roll control . Six spoilerons on each wing are responsible for the majority of roll control . The late B @-@ 52G models eliminated the ailerons altogether and added an extra spoileron to each wing . Partly because of the lack of ailerons , the B @-@ 52G and H models were more susceptible to dutch roll . = = = Avionics = = = Ongoing problems with avionics systems were addressed in the Jolly Well program , completed in 1964 , which improved components of the AN / ASQ @-@ 38 bombing navigational computer and the terrain computer . The MADREC ( Malfunction Detection and Recording ) upgrade fitted to most aircraft by 1965 could detect failures in avionics and weapons computer systems , and was essential in monitoring the Hound Dog missiles . The electronic countermeasures capability of the B @-@ 52 was expanded with Rivet Rambler ( 1971 ) and Rivet Ace ( 1973 ) . To improve operations at low altitude , the AN / ASQ @-@ 151 Electro @-@ Optical Viewing System ( EVS ) , which consisted of a Low Light Level Television ( LLLTV ) and a Forward looking infrared ( FLIR ) system mounted in blisters under the noses of B @-@ 52Gs and Hs between 1972 and 1976 . The navigational capabilities of the B @-@ 52 were later augmented with the addition of GPS in the 1980s . The IBM AP @-@ 101 , also used on the Rockwell B @-@ 1 Lancer bomber and the Space Shuttle , was the B @-@ 52 's main computer . In 2007 the LITENING targeting pod was fitted , which increased the effectiveness of the aircraft in the attack of ground targets with a variety of standoff weapons , using laser guidance , a high @-@ resolution forward @-@ looking infrared sensor ( FLIR ) , and a CCD camera used to obtain target imagery . LITENING pods have been fitted to a wide variety of other US aircraft , such as the McDonnell Douglas F / A @-@ 18 Hornet , the General Dynamics F @-@ 16 Fighting Falcon and the McDonnell Douglas AV @-@ 8B Harrier II . = = = Armament = = = The ability to carry up to 20 AGM @-@ 69 SRAM nuclear missiles was added to G and H models , starting in 1971 . To further improve its offensive ability , air @-@ launched cruise missiles ( ALCMs ) were fitted . After testing of both the Air Force @-@ backed Boeing AGM @-@ 86 and the Navy @-@ backed General Dynamics AGM @-@ 109 Tomahawk , the AGM @-@ 86B was selected for operation by the B @-@ 52 ( and ultimately by the B @-@ 1 Lancer ) . A total of 194 B @-@ 52Gs and Hs were modified to carry AGM @-@ 86s , carrying 12 missiles on underwing pylons , with 82 B @-@ 52Hs further modified to carry another eight missiles on a rotary launcher fitted in the bomb @-@ bay . To conform with SALT II Treaty requirements that cruise missile @-@ capable aircraft be readily identifiable by reconnaissance satellites , the cruise missile armed B @-@ 52Gs were modified with a distinctive wing root fairing . As all B @-@ 52Hs were assumed modified , no visual modification of these aircraft was required . In 1990 , the stealthy AGM @-@ 129 ACM cruise missile entered service ; although intended to replace the AGM @-@ 86 , a high cost and the Cold War 's end led to only 450 being produced ; unlike the AGM @-@ 86 , no conventional ( non @-@ nuclear ) version was built . The B @-@ 52 was to have been modified to utilize Northrop Grumman 's AGM @-@ 137 TSSAM weapon ; however , the missile was canceled due to development costs . Those B @-@ 52Gs not converted as cruise missile carriers underwent a series of modifications to improve conventional bombing . They were fitted with a new Integrated Conventional Stores Management System ( ICSMS ) and new underwing pylons that could hold larger bombs or other stores than could the external pylons . Thirty B @-@ 52Gs were further modified to carry up to 12 AGM @-@ 84 Harpoon anti @-@ ship missiles each , while 12 B @-@ 52Gs were fitted to carry the AGM @-@ 142 Have Nap stand @-@ off air @-@ to @-@ ground missile . When the B @-@ 52G was retired in 1994 , an urgent scheme was launched to restore an interim Harpoon and Have Nap capability , the four aircraft being modified to carry Harpoon and four to carry Have Nap under the Rapid Eight program . The Conventional Enhancement Modification ( CEM ) program gave the B @-@ 52H a more comprehensive conventional weapons capability , adding the modified underwing weapon pylons used by conventional @-@ armed B @-@ 52Gs , Harpoon and Have Nap , and the capability to carry new @-@ generation weapons including the Joint Direct Attack Munition and Wind Corrected Munitions Dispenser guided bombs , the AGM @-@ 154 glide bomb and the AGM @-@ 158 JASSM missile . The CEM program also introduced new radios , integrated Global Positioning System into the aircraft 's navigation system and replaced the under @-@ nose FLIR with a more modern unit . Forty @-@ seven B @-@ 52Hs were modified under the CEM program by 1996 , with 19 more by the end of 1999 . Starting in 2016 , Boeing is to upgrade the internal rotary launchers to the MIL @-@ STD @-@ 1760 interface to enable the internal carriage of smart bombs , which can currently only be carried on the wings . = = = Engines = = = The eight engines of the B @-@ 52 are paired in pods and suspended by four pylons beneath and forward of the wings ' leading edge . The careful arrangement of the pylons also allowed them to work as wing fences and delay the onset of stall . The first two prototypes , XB @-@ 52 and YB @-@ 52 , were both powered by experimental Pratt & Whitney YJ57 @-@ P @-@ 3 turbojet engines of 8 @,@ 700 lbf ( 38 @.@ 70 kN ) of static thrust each . The B @-@ 52A models were equipped with Pratt & Whitney J57 @-@ P @-@ 1W turbojets , providing a dry thrust of 10 @,@ 000 lbf ( 44 @.@ 48 kN ) which could be increased for short periods to 11 @,@ 000 lbf ( 48 @.@ 93 kN ) with water injection . The water was carried in a 360 @-@ gallon tank in the rear fuselage . B @-@ 52B , C , D and E models were equipped with Pratt & Whitney J57 @-@ P @-@ 29W , J57 @-@ P @-@ 29WA , or J57 @-@ P @-@ 19W series engines all rated at 10 @,@ 500 lbf ( 46 @.@ 71 kN ) . The B @-@ 52F and G models were powered by Pratt & Whitney J57 @-@ P @-@ 43WB turbojets , each rated at 13 @,@ 750 lbf ( 61 @.@ 16 kN ) static thrust with water injection . On May 9 , 1961 , B @-@ 52H started being delivered to the Air Force with cleaner burning and quieter Pratt & Whitney TF33 @-@ P @-@ 3 turbofans with a maximum thrust of 17 @,@ 100 lbf ( 76 @.@ 06 kN ) . = = = = Re @-@ engining = = = = For a study for the U.S. Air Force in the mid @-@ 1970s , Boeing investigated replacing the engines , changing to a new wing , and other improvements to upgrade B @-@ 52G / H aircraft as an alternative to the B @-@ 1A , then in development . In 1982 , Pratt & Whitney studied retrofiting B @-@ 52s with four PW2000 ( F117 ) engines but this was not done since all B @-@ 52s were to be replaced by B @-@ 1s and B @-@ 2s by the late 1990s . In 1996 Rolls @-@ Royce and Boeing jointly proposed to fit B @-@ 52s with four leased RB211 @-@ 535s , but this plan failed because of a flawed economic assessment by the Air Force and resistance to leasing combat assets . This would involve replacing the eight Pratt & Whitney TF33s ( total thrust 8 × 17 @,@ 000 lb ) with four RB211s ( total thrust 4 × 37 @,@ 400 lb ) — which would increase range and reduce fuel consumption , at a cost of approximately US $ 2 @.@ 56 billion for the whole fleet ( 71 aircraft at $ 36 million each ) . A Government Accountability Office ( GAO ) study concluded that Boeing 's estimated savings of US $ 4 @.@ 7 billion would not be realized and that it would cost US $ 1 @.@ 3 billion over keeping the existing engines , citing significant up @-@ front procurement and re @-@ tooling expenditure , as well as the RB211 's higher maintenance cost . The GAO report was subsequently disputed in a Defense Science Board ( DSB ) report in 2003 ; the Air Force was urged to re @-@ engine the aircraft without delay . Further , the DSB report stated the program would have significant savings , reduce greenhouse gas emissions , and increase aircraft range and endurance , in line with the conclusions of a separate Congress @-@ funded study conducted in 2003 . The DSB in 2002 found the Air Force failed to account for the cost of aerial refueling , fuel costing 17 times more in air than on the ground . As the TF33 overhaul cost tripled in a decade , a joint Boeing / USAF study recommended a $ 4 – 4 @.@ 7 billion re @-@ engining allowing $ 11 – 15 billion cost savings while increasing B @-@ 52H combat range by 22 % and tripling loiter time on station , proposing a competition between the RB211 , PW2000 , and eight CFM56 financed by an Energy Savings Performance Contract In 2014 , the U.S. Air Force was reviewing industry studies of engine replacement . The re @-@ engining has not been approved as of 2014 . In late 2014 , it was reported that the DOD and unnamed private companies were exploring a leasing program where private lease companies would purchase new engines and lease them to the USAF . DOD costs would be determined by depreciation and actual usage with no up @-@ front lump payments . Because the last PW2000 have been delivered with the final C @-@ 17 and the RB211 has been out of production since the B757 stop in 2004 current possibilities are eight GE CF34 @-@ 10 ( 17 @,@ 640 @-@ 20 @,@ 360 @-@ lb. thrust ) or four Pratt & Whitney PW1135G @-@ JM ( 35 @,@ 000 @-@ lb. thrust ) = = = Costs = = = = = Operational history = = = = = Introduction = = = Although the B @-@ 52A was the first production variant , these aircraft were used only in testing . The first operational version was the B @-@ 52B that had been developed in parallel with the prototypes since 1951 . First flying in December 1954 , B @-@ 52B , AF Serial Number 52 @-@ 8711 , entered operational service with 93rd Heavy Bombardment Wing ( 93rd BW ) at Castle Air Force Base , California , on 29 June 1955 . The wing became operational on 12 March 1956 . The training for B @-@ 52 crews consisted of five weeks of ground school and four weeks of flying , accumulating 35 to 50 hours in the air . The new B @-@ 52Bs replaced operational B @-@ 36s on a one @-@ to @-@ one basis . Early operations were problematic ; in addition to supply problems , technical issues also struck . Ramps and taxiways deteriorated under the aircraft 's weight , the fuel system was prone to leaks and icing , and bombing and fire control computers were unreliable . The split level cockpit presented a temperature control problem – the pilots ' cockpit was heated by sunlight while the observer and the navigator on the bottom deck sat on the ice @-@ cold floor . Thus , a comfortable temperature setting for the pilots caused the other crew members to freeze , while a comfortable temperature for the bottom crew caused the pilots to overheat . The J57 engines proved unreliable . Alternator failure caused the first fatal B @-@ 52 crash in February 1956 ; as a result the fleet was briefly grounded . In July , fuel and hydraulic issues grounded the B @-@ 52s again . In response to maintenance issues , the air force set up " Sky Speed " teams of 50 contractors at each B @-@ 52 base to perform maintenance and routine checkups , taking an average of one week per aircraft . On 21 May 1956 , a B @-@ 52B ( 52 @-@ 0013 ) dropped a Mk @-@ 15 nuclear bomb over the Bikini Atoll in a test code @-@ named Cherokee . It was the first air @-@ dropped thermonuclear weapon . From 24 to 25 November 1956 , four B @-@ 52Bs of the 93rd BW and four B @-@ 52Cs of the 42nd BW flew nonstop around the perimeter of North America in Operation Quick Kick , which covered 15 @,@ 530 miles ( 13 @,@ 500 nmi , 25 @,@ 000 km ) in 31 hours , 30 minutes . SAC noted the flight time could have been reduced by 5 to 6 hours if the four inflight refuelings were done by fast jet @-@ powered tanker aircraft rather than propeller @-@ driven Boeing KC @-@ 97 Stratofreighters . In a demonstration of the B @-@ 52 's global reach , from 16 to 18 January 1957 , three B @-@ 52Bs made a non @-@ stop flight around the world during Operation Power Flite , during which 24 @,@ 325 miles ( 21 @,@ 145 nmi , 39 @,@ 165 km ) was covered in 45 hours 19 minutes ( 536 @.@ 8 smph ) with several in @-@ flight refuelings by KC @-@ 97s . The B @-@ 52 set many records over the next few years . On 26 September 1958 , a B @-@ 52D set a world speed record of 560 @.@ 705 miles per hour ( 487 kn , 902 km / h ) over a 10 @,@ 000 kilometers ( 5 @,@ 400 nmi , 6 @,@ 210 mi ) closed circuit without a payload . The same day , another B @-@ 52D established a world speed record of 597 @.@ 675 miles per hour ( 519 kn , 962 km / h ) over a 5 @,@ 000 kilometer ( 2 @,@ 700 nmi , 3 @,@ 105 mi ) closed circuit without a payload . On 14 December 1960 , a B @-@ 52G set a world distance record by flying unrefueled for 10 @,@ 078 @.@ 84 miles ( 8 @,@ 762 nmi , 16 @,@ 227 km ) ; the flight lasted 19 hours 44 minutes ( 510 @.@ 75 mph ) . From 10 to 11 January 1962 , a B @-@ 52H set a world distance record by flying unrefueled , surpassing the prior B @-@ 52 record set two years earlier , from Kadena Air Base , Okinawa , Japan , to Torrejon Air Base , Spain , which covered 12 @,@ 532 @.@ 28 miles ( 10 @,@ 895 nmi , 20 @,@ 177 km ) . The flight passed over Seattle , Fort Worth and the Azores . = = = Cold War = = = When the B @-@ 52 entered into service , the Strategic Air Command ( SAC ) intended to use it to deter and counteract the vast and modernizing Soviet military . As the Soviet Union increased its nuclear capabilities , destroying or " countering " the forces that would deliver nuclear strikes ( bombers , missiles , etc . ) became of great strategic importance . The Eisenhower administration endorsed this switch in focus ; the President in 1954 expressing a preference for military targets over civilian ones , a principle reinforced in the Single Integrated Operation Plan ( SIOP ) , a plan of action in the case of nuclear war breaking out . Throughout the Cold War , B @-@ 52s and other US strategic bombers performed airborne alert patrols under code names such as Head Start , Chrome Dome , Hard Head , Round Robin , and Giant Lance . Bombers loitered at high altitude near the borders of the Soviet Union to provide rapid first strike or retaliation capability in case of nuclear war . These airborne patrols formed one component of the US 's nuclear deterrent , which would act to prevent the breakout of a large @-@ scale war between the US and the Soviet Union under the concept of Mutually Assured Destruction . Due to the late 1950s @-@ era threat of surface @-@ to @-@ air missiles ( SAMs ) that could threaten high @-@ altitude aircraft , seen in practice in the 1960 U @-@ 2 incident , the intended use of B @-@ 52 was changed to serve as a low @-@ level penetration bomber during a foreseen attack upon the Soviet Union , as terrain masking provided an effective method of avoiding radar and thus the threat of the SAMs . Although never intended for the low level role , the B @-@ 52 's flexibility allowed it to outlast several intended successors as the nature of aerial warfare changed . The B @-@ 52 's large airframe enabled the addition of multiple design improvements , new equipment , and other adaptations over its service life . In November 1959 , to improve the aircraft 's combat capabilities in the changing strategic environment , SAC initiated the Big Four modification program ( also known as Modification 1000 ) for all operational B @-@ 52s except early B models . The program was completed by 1963 . The four modifications were the ability to launch AGM @-@ 28 Hound Dog standoff nuclear missiles and ADM @-@ 20 Quail decoys , an advanced electronic countermeasures ( ECM ) suite , and upgrades to perform the all @-@ weather , low @-@ altitude ( below 500 feet or 150 m ) interdiction mission in the face of advancing Soviet missile @-@ based air defenses . In the 1960s , there were concerns over the fleet 's capable lifespan . Several projects beyond the B @-@ 52 , the Convair B @-@ 58 Hustler and North American XB @-@ 70 Valkyrie , had either been aborted or proved disappointing in light of changing requirements , which left the older B @-@ 52 as the main bomber as opposed to the planned successive aircraft models . On 19 February 1965 , General Curtis E. LeMay testified to Congress that the lack of a follow @-@ up bomber project to the B @-@ 52 raised the danger that , " The B @-@ 52 is going to fall apart on us before we can get a replacement for it . " Other aircraft , such as the General Dynamics F @-@ 111 Aardvark , later complemented the B @-@ 52 in roles the aircraft was not as capable in , such as missions involving high @-@ speed , low @-@ level penetration dashes . = = = Vietnam War = = = With the escalating situation in Southeast Asia , 28 B @-@ 52Fs were fitted with external racks for 24x 750 pound ( 340 kg ) bombs under project South Bay in June 1964 ; an additional 46 aircraft received similar modifications under project Sun Bath . In March 1965 , the United States commenced Operation Rolling Thunder . The first combat mission , Operation Arc Light , was flown by B @-@ 52Fs on 18 June 1965 , when 30 bombers of the 9th and 441st Bombardment Squadrons struck a communist stronghold near the Bến Cát District in South Vietnam . The first wave of bombers arrived too early at a designated rendezvous point , and while maneuvering to maintain station , two B @-@ 52s collided , which resulted in the loss of both bombers and eight crewmen . The remaining bombers , minus one more that turned back due to mechanical problems , continued toward the target . Twenty @-@ seven Stratofortresses dropped on a one @-@ mile by two @-@ mile target box from between 19 @,@ 000 and 22 @,@ 000 feet , a little more than 50 % of the bombs falling within the target zone . The force returned to Andersen AFB except for one bomber with electrical problems that recovered to Clark AFB , the mission having lasted 13 hours . Post @-@ strike assessment by teams of South Vietnamese troops with American advisors found evidence that the VC had departed the area before the raid , and it was suspected that infiltration of the south 's forces may have tipped off the north because of the South Vietnamese Army troops involved in the post @-@ strike inspection . Beginning in late 1965 , a number of B @-@ 52Ds underwent Big Belly modifications to increase bomb capacity for carpet bombings . While the external payload remained at 24 500 @-@ pound ( 227 kg ) or 750 pound ( 340 kg ) bombs , the internal capacity increased from 27 to 84 500 pound bombs or from 27 to 42 750 @-@ pound bombs . The modification created enough capacity for a total of 60 @,@ 000 pounds ( 27 @,@ 215 kg ) in 108 bombs . Thus modified , B @-@ 52Ds could carry 22 @,@ 000 pounds ( 9 @,@ 980 kg ) more than B @-@ 52Fs . Designed to replace B @-@ 52Fs , modified B @-@ 52Ds entered combat in April 1966 flying from Andersen Air Force Base , Guam . Each bombing mission lasted 10 to 12 hours with an aerial refueling by KC @-@ 135 Stratotankers . In spring 1967 , the aircraft began flying from U Tapao Airfield in Thailand giving the aircraft the advantage of not requiring in @-@ flight refueling . On 22 November 1972 , a B @-@ 52D ( 55 @-@ 0110 ) from U @-@ Tapao was hit by a surface @-@ to @-@ air missile ( SAM ) while on a raid over Vinh . The crew was forced to abandon the damaged aircraft over Thailand . This was the first B @-@ 52 destroyed by hostile fire . In total , 31 B @-@ 52s were lost during the war , which included 10 B @-@ 52s shot down over North Vietnam . The zenith of B @-@ 52 attacks in Vietnam was Operation Linebacker II ( sometimes referred to as the Christmas Bombing ) which consisted of waves of B @-@ 52s ( mostly D models , but some Gs without jamming equipment and with a smaller bomb load ) . Over 12 days , B @-@ 52s flew 729 sorties and dropped 15 @,@ 237 tons of bombs on Hanoi , Haiphong , and other targets . Originally 42 B @-@ 52s were committed to the war ; however , numbers were frequently twice this figure . During Operation Linebacker II , fifteen B @-@ 52s were shot down , five were heavily damaged ( one crashed in Laos ) , and five suffered medium damage . A total of 25 crew men were killed in these losses . North Vietnam claimed 34 B @-@ 52s were shot down . = = = = Air @-@ to @-@ air combat = = = = During the Vietnam War , B @-@ 52D tail gunners were credited with shooting down two MiG @-@ 21 " Fishbeds " . On 18 December 1972 tail gunner Staff Sergeant Samuel O. Turner 's B @-@ 52 had just completed a bomb run for Operation Linebacker II and was turning away , when a North Vietnamese Air Force MiG @-@ 21 approached . The MiG and the B @-@ 52 locked onto one another . When the fighter drew within range , Turner fired his quad ( four guns on one mounting ) .50 caliber machine guns . The MiG exploded aft of the bomber , as confirmed by Master Sergeant Louis E. Le Blanc , the tail gunner in a nearby Stratofortress . Turner received a Silver Star for his actions . His B @-@ 52 , tail number 55 @-@ 0676 , is preserved on display with air @-@ to @-@ air kill markings at Fairchild AFB in Spokane , Washington . On 24 December 1972 , during the same bombing campaign , the B @-@ 52 Diamond Lil was headed to bomb the Thái Nguyên railroad yards when tail gunner Airman First Class Albert E. Moore spotted a fast @-@ approaching MiG @-@ 21 . Moore opened fire with his quad .50 caliber guns at 4 @,@ 000 yd ( 3 @,@ 700 m ) , and kept shooting until the fighter disappeared from his scope . Technical Sergeant Clarence W. Chute , a tail gunner aboard another Stratofortress , watched the MiG catch fire and fall away ; this was not confirmed by the VPAF . Diamond Lil is preserved on display at the United States Air Force Academy in Colorado . Moore was the last bomber gunner believed to have shot down an enemy aircraft with machine guns in aerial combat . Vietnamese sources have attributed a third air @-@ to @-@ air victory to a B @-@ 52 , a MiG @-@ 21 shot down on 16 April 1972 . These victories make the B @-@ 52 the largest aircraft credited with air @-@ to @-@ air kills . The last Arc Light mission without fighter escort took place on 15 August 1973 , as U.S. military action in Southeast Asia was wound down . = = = Post Vietnam service = = = B @-@ 52Bs reached the end of their structural service life by the mid @-@ 1960s and all were retired by June 1966 , followed by the last of the B @-@ 52Cs on 29 September 1971 ; except for NASA 's B @-@ 52B " 008 " which was eventually retired in 2004 at Edwards AFB , California . Another of the remaining B Models , " 005 " is on display at the Wings Over the Rockies Air and Space Museum in Denver , Colorado . A few time @-@ expired E models were retired in 1967 and 1968 , but the bulk ( 82 ) were retired between May 1969 and March 1970 . Most F models were also retired between 1967 and 1973 , but 23 survived as trainers until late 1978 . The fleet of D models served much longer ; 80 D models were extensively overhauled under the Pacer Plank program during the mid @-@ 1970s . Skinning on the lower wing and fuselage was replaced , and various structural components were renewed . The fleet of D models stayed largely intact until late 1978 , when 37 not already upgraded Ds were retired . The remainder were retired between 1982 and 1983 . The remaining G and H models were used for nuclear standby ( " alert " ) duty as part of the United States ' nuclear triad . This triad was the combination of nuclear @-@ armed land @-@ based missiles , submarine @-@ based missiles and manned bombers . The B @-@ 1 , intended to supplant the B @-@ 52 , replaced only the older models and the supersonic FB @-@ 111 . In 1991 , B @-@ 52s ceased continuous 24 @-@ hour SAC alert duty . After Vietnam the experience of operations in a hostile air defense environment was taken into account . Due to this B @-@ 52s were modernized with new weapons , equipment and both offensive and defensive avionics . This and the use of low @-@ level tactics marked a major shift in the B @-@ 52 's utility . The upgrades were : Supersonic short @-@ range nuclear missiles : G and H models were modified to carry up to 20 SRAM missiles replacing existing gravity bombs . Eight SRAMs were carried internally on a special rotary launcher and 12 SRAMs were mounted on two wing pylons . With SRAM , the B @-@ 52s could strike heavily defended targets without entering the terminal defenses . New countermeasures : Phase VI ECM modification was the sixth major ECM program for the B @-@ 52 . It improved the aircraft 's self @-@ protection capability in the dense Soviet air defense environment . The new equipment expanded signal coverage , improved threat warning , provided new countermeasures techniques and increased the quantity of expendables . The power requirements of Phase VI ECM also consumed most of the excess electrical capacity on the B @-@ 52G . B @-@ 52G and Hs were also modified with electro @-@ optical viewing system ( EVS ) that made low @-@ level operations and terrain avoidance much easier and safer . EVS system contained a low light level television ( LLTV ) camera and a forward looking infrared ( FLIR ) camera to display information needed for penetration at lower altitude . Subsonic @-@ cruise unarmed decoy : SCUD resembled the B @-@ 52 on radar . As an active decoy , it carried ECM and other devices , and it had a range of several hundred miles . Although SCUD was never deployed operationally , the concept was developed , becoming known as the air launched cruise missile ( ALCM @-@ A ) . These modifications increased weight by nearly 24 @,@ 000 pounds , and decreased operational range by 8 @-@ 11 % . This was considered acceptable for the increase in capabilities . After the fall of the Soviet Union , all B @-@ 52Gs remaining in service were destroyed in accordance with the terms of the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty ( START ) . The Aerospace Maintenance and Regeneraton Center ( AMRC ) cut the 365 B @-@ 52G bombers into pieces . Completion of the destruction task was verified by Russia via satellite and first @-@ person inspection at the AMARC facility . = = = Gulf War and later = = = B @-@ 52 strikes were an important part of Operation Desert Storm . Starting on 16 January 1991 , a flight of B @-@ 52Gs flew from Barksdale AFB , Louisiana , refueled in the air en route , struck targets in Iraq , and returned home – a journey of 35 hours and 14 @,@ 000 miles ( 23 @,@ 000 km ) round trip . It set a record for longest @-@ distance combat mission , breaking the record previously held by an RAF Vulcan bomber in 1982 ; however , this was achieved using forward refueling . Those seven B @-@ 52s flew the first combat sorties of Operation Desert Storm , firing 35 AGM @-@ 86C CALCMs and successfully destroying 85 @-@ 95 percent of their targets . B @-@ 52Gs operating from the King Abdullah Air Base at Jeddah , Saudi Arabia ; RAF Fairford in the United Kingdom ; Morón Air Base , Spain ; and the island of Diego Garcia in the British Indian Ocean Territory flew bombing missions over Iraq , initially at low altitude . After the first three nights , the B @-@ 52s moved to high @-@ altitude missions instead , which reduced their effectiveness and psychological impact compared to the low altitude role initially played . The conventional strikes were carried out by three bombers , which dropped up to 153 750 @-@ pound bombs over an area of 1 @.@ 5 by 1 mi ( 2 @.@ 4 by 1 @.@ 6 km ) . The bombings demoralized the defending Iraqi troops , many of whom surrendered in the wake of the strikes . In 1999 , the science and technology magazine Popular Mechanics described the B @-@ 52 's role in the conflict : " The Buff 's value was made clear during the Gulf War and Desert Fox . The B @-@ 52 turned out the lights in Baghdad . " During Operation Desert Storm , B @-@ 52s flew about 1 @,@ 620 sorties , and delivered 40 % of the weapons dropped by coalition forces . During the conflict , several claims of Iraqi air @-@ to @-@ air successes were made , including an Iraqi pilot , Khudai Hijab , who allegedly fired a Vympel R @-@ 27R missile from his MIG @-@ 29 and damaged a B @-@ 52G on the opening night of the Gulf War . However , the U.S. Air Force disputes this claim , stating the bomber was actually hit by friendly fire , an AGM @-@ 88 High @-@ speed , Anti @-@ Radiation Missile ( HARM ) that homed on the fire @-@ control radar of the B @-@ 52 's tail gun ; the jet was subsequently renamed In HARM 's Way . Shortly following this incident , General George Lee Butler announced that the gunner position on B @-@ 52 crews would be eliminated , and the gun turrets permanently deactivated , commencing on 1 October 1991 . Since the mid @-@ 1990s , the B @-@ 52H has been the only variant remaining in military service ; it is currently stationed at : Minot Air Force Base , ND – 5th Bomb Wing Barksdale Air Force Base , LA – 2nd Bomb Wing ( active Air Force ) and 307th Bomb Wing ( Air Force Reserve Command ) One B @-@ 52H is assigned to Edwards Air Force Base and is used by Air Force Material Command at the Air Force Flight Test Center . One additional B @-@ 52H is used by NASA at Dryden Flight Research Center , California as part of the Heavy @-@ lift Airborne Launch program . From 2 to 3 September 1996 , two B @-@ 52H bombers conducted a mission as part of Operation Desert Strike . The B @-@ 52s struck Baghdad power stations and communications facilities with 13 AGM @-@ 86C conventional air @-@ launched cruise missiles ( CALCM ) during a 34 @-@ hour , 16 @,@ 000 @-@ mile round trip mission from Andersen AFB , Guam – the longest distance ever flown for a combat mission . On 24 March 1999 , when Operation Allied Force began , B @-@ 52 bombers bombarded Serb targets throughout the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia , including during the Battle of Kosare . The B @-@ 52 contributed to Operation Enduring Freedom in 2001 ( Afghanistan / Southwest Asia ) , providing the ability to loiter high above the battlefield and provide Close Air Support ( CAS ) through the use of precision guided munitions , a mission which previously would have been restricted to fighter and ground attack aircraft . In late 2001 , ten B @-@ 52s dropped a third of the bomb tonnage in Afghanistan . B @-@ 52s also played a role in Operation Iraqi Freedom , which commenced on 20 March 2003 ( Iraq / Southwest Asia ) . On the night of 21 March 2003 , B @-@ 52Hs launched at least one hundred AGM @-@ 86C CALCMs at targets within Iraq . = = = Recent service = = = In August 2007 , a B @-@ 52H ferrying AGM @-@ 129 ACM cruise missiles from Minot Air Force Base to Barksdale Air Force Base for dismantling was mistakenly loaded with six missiles with their nuclear warheads . The weapons did not leave USAF custody and were secured at Barksdale . As of January 2013 , 78 of the original 744 B @-@ 52 aircraft were operational in the U.S. Air Force . Four of 18 B @-@ 52Hs from Barksdale AFB being retired are in the " boneyard " of 309th AMARG at Davis @-@ Monthan AFB as of 8 September 2008 . B @-@ 52s are periodically refurbished at USAF maintenance depots such as Tinker Air Force Base , Oklahoma . Even while the air force works on its Next @-@ Generation Bomber and 2037 Bomber projects , it intends to keep the B @-@ 52H in service until 2045 , nearly 90 years after the B @-@ 52 first entered service , an unprecedented length of service for any aircraft , civilian or military . The USAF continues to rely on the B @-@ 52 because it remains an effective and economical heavy bomber in the absence of sophisticated air defense , particularly in the type of missions that have been conducted since the end of the Cold War against nations with limited defensive capabilities . The B @-@ 52 has also continued in service because there has been no reliable replacement . The B @-@ 52 has the capacity to " loiter " for extended periods , and can deliver precision standoff and direct fire munitions from a distance , in addition to direct bombing . It has been a valuable asset in supporting ground operations during conflicts such as Operation Iraqi Freedom . The B @-@ 52 had the highest mission capable rate of the three types of heavy bombers operated by the USAF in the 2000 – 2001 period . The B @-@ 1 averaged a 53 @.@ 7 % ready rate , the Northrop Grumman B @-@ 2 Spirit achieved 30 @.@ 3 % , while the B @-@ 52 averaged 80 @.@ 5 % . The B @-@ 52 's $ 72 @,@ 000 cost per hour of flight is more than the B @-@ 1B 's $ 63 @,@ 000 cost per hour , but less than the B @-@ 2 's $ 135 @,@ 000 per hour . The Long Range Strike Bomber program is intended to yield a stealthy successor for the B @-@ 52 and B @-@ 1 that would begin service in the 2020s ; it is intended to produce 80 to 100 aircraft . Two competitors , Northrop Grumman and a joint team of Boeing and Lockheed Martin , submitted proposals in 2014 ; Northrop Grumman was awarded a contract in October 2015 . On 12 November 2015 , the B @-@ 52 began freedom of navigation operations in the South China Sea in response to Chinese man @-@ made islands in the region . Chinese forces , claiming jurisdiction within a 12 @-@ mile exclusion zone of the islands , ordered the bombers to leave the area , but they refused , not recognizing jurisdiction . On 10 January 2016 , a B @-@ 52 overflew parts of South Korea escorted by South Korean F @-@ 15Ks and U.S. F @-@ 16s in response to the supposed test of a hydrogen bomb by North Korea . On 9 April 2016 , an undisclosed number of B @-@ 52s arrived at Al Udeid Air Base in Qatar as part of Operation Inherent Resolve , part of the Military intervention against ISIL . The B @-@ 52s took over heavy bombing after B @-@ 1 Lancers that had been conducting airstrikes rotated out of the region in January 2016 . = = Variants = = The B @-@ 52 went through several design changes and variants over its 10 years of production . XB @-@ 52 Two prototype aircraft with limited operational equipment , used for aerodynamic and handling tests YB @-@ 52 One XB @-@ 52 modified with some operational equipment and re @-@ designated B @-@ 52A Only three of the first production version , the B @-@ 52A , were built , all loaned to Boeing for flight testing . The first production B @-@ 52A differed from prototypes in having a redesigned forward fuselage . The bubble canopy and tandem seating was replaced by a side @-@ by @-@ side arrangement and a 21 in ( 53 cm ) nose extension accommodated more avionics and a new sixth crew member . In the rear fuselage , a tail turret with four 0 @.@ 50 inch ( 12 @.@ 7 mm ) machine guns with a fire @-@ control system , and a water injection system to augment engine power with a 360 US gallon ( 1 @,@ 363 L ) water tank were added . The aircraft also carried a 1 @,@ 000 US gallon ( 3 @,@ 785 L ) external fuel tank under each wing . The tanks damped wing flutter and also kept wingtips close to the ground for ease of maintenance . NB @-@ 52A The last B @-@ 52A ( serial 52 @-@ 0003 ) was modified and redesignated NB @-@ 52A in 1959 to carry the North American X @-@ 15 . A pylon was fitted under the right wing between the fuselage and the inboard engines with a 6 feet x 8 feet ( 1 @.@ 8 m x 2 @.@ 4 m ) section removed from the right wing flap to fit the X @-@ 15 tail . Liquid oxygen and hydrogen peroxide tanks were installed in the bomb bays to fuel the X @-@ 15 before launch . Its first flight with the X @-@ 15 was on 19 March 1959 , with the first launch on 8 June 1959 . The NB @-@ 52A , named " The High and Mighty One " carried the X @-@ 15 on 93 of the program 's 199 flights . B @-@ 52B / RB @-@ 52B The B @-@ 52B was the first version to enter service with the USAF on 29 June 1955 with the 93rd Bombardment Wing at Castle AFB , California . This version included minor changes to engines and avionics , enabling an extra 12 @,@ 000 pounds of thrust using water injection . Temporary grounding of the aircraft after a crash in February 1956 and again the following July caused training delays , and at mid @-@ year there were still no combat @-@ ready B @-@ 52 crews . Of the 50 B @-@ 52Bs built , 27 were capable of carrying a reconnaissance pod as RB @-@ 52Bs ( the crew was increased to eight in these aircraft ) . The 300 pound ( 136 kg ) pod contained radio receivers , a combination of K @-@ 36 , K @-@ 38 , and T @-@ 11 cameras , and two operators on downward @-@ firing ejection seats . The pod required only four hours to install . Seven B @-@ 52Bs were brought to B @-@ 52C standard under Project Sunflower . NB @-@ 52B The NB @-@ 52B was B @-@ 52B number 52 @-@ 0008 converted to an X @-@ 15 launch platform . It subsequently flew as the " Balls 8 " in support of NASA research until 17 December 2004 , making it the oldest flying B @-@ 52B . It was replaced by a modified B @-@ 52H . B @-@ 52C The B @-@ 52C 's fuel capacity ( and range ) was increased to 41 @,@ 700 US gallons by adding larger 3000 US gallon underwing fuel tanks . The gross weight was increased by 30 @,@ 000 pounds ( 13 @,@ 605 kg ) to 450 @,@ 000 pounds . A new fire control system , the MD @-@ 9 , was introduced on this model . The belly of the aircraft was painted with antiflash white paint , which was intended to reflect thermal radiation away after a nuclear detonation . RB @-@ 52C The RB @-@ 52C was the designation initially given to B @-@ 52Cs fitted for reconnaissance duties in a similar manner to RB @-@ 52Bs . As all 35 B @-@ 52Cs could be fitted with the reconnaissance pod , the RB @-@ 52C designation was little used and was quickly abandoned . B @-@ 52D The B @-@ 52D was a dedicated long @-@ range bomber without a reconnaissance option . The Big Belly modifications allowed the B @-@ 52D to carry heavy loads of conventional bombs for carpet bombing over Vietnam , while the Rivet Rambler modification added the Phase V ECM systems , which was better than the systems used on most later B @-@ 52s . Because of these upgrades and its long range capabilities , the D model was used more extensively in Vietnam than any other model . Aircraft assigned to Vietnam were painted in a camouflage colour scheme with black bellies to defeat searchlights . B @-@ 52E The B @-@ 52E received an updated avionics and bombing navigational system , which was eventually debugged and included on following models . One E aircraft ( AF Serial No. 56 @-@ 0631 ) was modified as a testbed for various B @-@ 52 systems . Redesignated NB @-@ 52E , the aircraft was fitted with canards and a Load Alleviation and Mode Stabilization system ( LAMS ) which reduced airframe fatigue from wind gusts during low level flight . In one test , the aircraft flew 10 knots ( 11 @.@ 5 mph , 18 @.@ 5 km / h ) faster than the never exceed speed without damage because the canards eliminated 30 % of vertical and 50 % of horizontal vibrations caused by wind gusts . B @-@ 52F This aircraft was given J57 @-@ P @-@ 43W engines with a larger capacity water injection system to provide greater thrust than previous models . This model had problems with fuel leaks which were eventually solved by several service modifications : Blue Band , Hard Shell , and QuickClip . B @-@ 52G The B @-@ 52G was proposed to extend the B @-@ 52 's service life during delays in the B @-@ 58 Hustler program . At first , a radical redesign was envisioned with a completely new wing and Pratt & Whitney J75 engines . This was rejected to avoid slowdowns in production , although a large number of changes were implemented . The most significant of these was the brand @-@ new " wet " wing with integral fuel tanks which considerably increased the fuel capacity ; gross aircraft weight went up by 38 @,@ 000 pounds ( 17 @,@ 235 kg ) compared with prior variants . In addition , a pair of 700 US gallon ( 2 @,@ 650 L ) external fuel tanks was fitted under the wings . In this model , the traditional ailerons were eliminated . Instead , spoilers provided roll control . The tail fin was shortened by 8 feet ( 2 @.@ 4 m ) , water injection system capacity was increased to 1 @,@ 200 US gallons ( 4 @,@ 540 L ) , and the nose radome was enlarged . The tail gunner manning the 4 .50 caliber machine guns ( quad mounted in a remote controlled tail turret on the G @-@ model ( ASG @-@ 15 ) , the guns were later removed from all operational aircraft ) was relocated to the main cockpit and was provided with an ejection seat . Dubbed the " Battle Station " concept , the offensive crew ( pilot and copilot on the upper deck and the two bombing navigation system operators on the lower deck ) faced forward , while the defensive crew ( tail gunner and ECM operator ) on the upper deck faced aft . The B @-@ 52G entered service on 13 February 1959 ( a day earlier , the last B @-@ 36 was retired , making SAC an all @-@ jet bomber force ) . 193 B @-@ 52Gs were produced , making this the most produced B @-@ 52 variant . Most B @-@ 52Gs were destroyed in compliance with the 1992 Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty ; the last B @-@ 52G , number 58 @-@ 0224 , was dismantled under New START treaty requirements in December 2013 . A few examples remain on display for museums . B @-@ 52H The B @-@ 52H had the same crew and structural changes as the B @-@ 52G . The most significant upgrade was the switch to TF33 @-@ P @-@ 3 turbofan engines which , despite the initial reliability problems ( corrected by 1964 under the Hot Fan program ) , offered considerably better performance and fuel economy than the J57 turbojets . The ECM and avionics were updated , a new fire control system was fitted , and the rear defensive armament was changed from machine guns to a 20 mm M61 Vulcan cannon ( later removed in 1991 – 94 ) . The final 18 aircraft were manufactured with provision for the ADR @-@ 8 countermeasures rocket , which was later retrofitted to the remainder of the B @-@ 52G and B @-@ 52H fleet . A provision was made for four GAM @-@ 87 Skybolt ballistic missiles . The aircraft 's first flight occurred on 10 July 1960 , and it entered service on 9 May 1961 . This is the only variant still in use by the USAF . A total of 102 B @-@ 52Hs were built . The last production aircraft , B @-@ 52H AF Serial No. 61 @-@ 0040 , left the factory on 26 October 1962 . XR @-@ 16A Allocated to the reconnaissance variant of the B @-@ 52B but not used and the aircraft were designated RB @-@ 52B instead . = = Operators = = United States NASA United States Air Force 76 aircraft in service as of February , 2015 Air Combat Command 57th Wing – Nellis AFB , Nevada 340th Weapons Squadron ( Barksdale ) Air Force Global Strike Command 2d Bomb Wing – Barksdale AFB , Louisiana 11th Bomb Squadron 20th Bomb Squadron 96th Bomb Squadron 5th Bomb Wing – Minot AFB , North Dakota 23d Bomb Squadron 69th Bomb Squadron Air Force Materiel Command 412th Test Wing – Edwards AFB , California 419th Flight Test Squadron Air Force Reserve Command 307th Bomb Wing – Barksdale AFB , LA 93d Bomb Squadron 343d Bomb Squadron = = Notable accidents = = On 10 January 1957 , a B @-@ 52 returning to Loring Air Force Base from a routine instrument training mission broke apart in midair and crashed near Morrell , New Brunswick , killing eight of the nine crew on board . Co @-@ pilot Captain Joseph L. Church parachuted to safety . The crash was believed to have been caused by overstressing the wings and / or airframe during an exercise designed to test the pilot 's reflexes . This was the fourth crash involving a B @-@ 52 in 11 months . On 11 February 1958 , a B @-@ 52D crashed in South Dakota because of ice blocking the fuel system , leading to an uncommanded reduction in power to all eight engines . Three crew members were killed . On 8 September 1958 , two B @-@ 52s collided in midair near Fairchild Air Force Base , Washington ; all 13 crew members on the 2 aircraft were killed On 15 October 1959 , a B @-@ 52 from the 492d Bomb Squadron at Columbus AFB , Mississippi carrying 2 nuclear weapons collided in midair with a KC @-@ 135 tanker near Hardinsburg , Kentucky ; 4 of the 8 crew members on the bomber and all 4 crew on the tanker were killed . One of the nuclear bombs was damaged by fire but both weapons were recovered . On 10 August 1959 , a B @-@ 52 crashed in the Spruce Swamp at Fremont , New Hampshire . The bomber was on a routine training mission from Chicopee , Massachusetts , when its air speed indicator and altimeter failed , which led to more serious malfunctions . The B @-@ 52 was attempting to make an emergency landing at Goose Bay , Labrador the only landing option not affected by foggy weather conditions . However , it crashed before making the landing . The U.S. Air Force reported that it was the first B @-@ 52 crash where the entire crew survived ; the crew parachuted to safety . Debris from the crash covered a quarter @-@ mile of densely wooded swampland . On 24 January 1961 , a B @-@ 52G broke up in midair and crashed after suffering a severe fuel loss , near Goldsboro , North Carolina , dropping two nuclear bombs in the process without detonation . On 14 March 1961 , a B @-@ 52F from Mather AFB , California carrying two nuclear weapons experienced an uncontrolled decompression , necessitating a descent to 10 @,@ 000 feet to lower the cabin altitude . Due to increased fuel consumption at the lower altitude and unable to rendezvous with a tanker in time , the aircraft ran out of fuel . The crew ejected safely , while the unmanned bomber crashed 15 miles ( 24 km ) west of Yuba City , California . On 7 April 1961 , B @-@ 52B AF Serial No. 53 @-@ 0380 was accidentally shot down by a New Mexico Air National Guard F @-@ 100 on an intercept training mission . The F @-@ 100 was carrying live missiles whose launch capability was supposed to be disabled , but a wiring fault caused one of them to fire and strike the bomber 's left wing . The aircraft crashed near Mount Taylor , killing three of the eight crew members on board . On 24 January 1963 , a B @-@ 52C on a training mission out of Westover Air Force Base , Massachusetts , lost its vertical stabilizer due to buffeting during low @-@ level flight , and crashed on the west side of Elephant Mountain near Greenville , Maine . Of the nine crewmen aboard , two survived the crash . On 30 January 1963 , a B @-@ 52E of the 6th Bomb Wing from Walker Air Force Base , New Mexico , crashed in snow @-@ covered mountains in northern New Mexico after turbulence tore off the vertical fin . The ECM operator and tail gunner were killed but at least three crew ( pilot , radio operator and one other crew member ) survived . Three Lockheed T @-@ 33 Shooting Stars and , later , three Douglas C @-@ 54 Skymaster transports , circled the area trying to locate survivors ; the pilots reported that they saw two other survivors after the first man walked to safety . On 10 January 1964 , a B @-@ 52H flown by Boeing test pilots lost its vertical stabilizer to turbulence near East Spanish Peak . It was able to land at Blytheville Air Force Base , Arkansas . On 13 January 1964 , a B @-@ 52D carrying two nuclear bombs suffered a structural failure in flight that caused the tail section to shear off . Four crewmen ejected successfully before the aircraft crashed near Cumberland , Maryland . Two crewmen subsequently perished on the ground because of hypothermia , while another , who was unable to eject , died in the aircraft ; both weapons were recovered . This was one of several incidents caused by failure of the vertical stabilizer . On 17 January 1966 , a fatal collision occurred between a B @-@ 52G and a KC @-@ 135 Stratotanker over Palomares , Spain . The two unexploded B @-@ 28 FI 1 @.@ 45 @-@ megaton @-@ range nuclear bombs on the B @-@ 52 were eventually recovered ; the conventional explosives of two more bombs detonated on impact , with serious dispersion of both plutonium and uranium , but without triggering a nuclear explosion . After the crash , 1 @,@ 400 metric tons ( 3 @,@ 100 @,@ 000 lb ) of contaminated soil was sent to the United States . In 2006 , an agreement was made between the U.S. and Spain to investigate and clean the pollution still remaining as a result of the accident . On 18 November 1966 , a B @-@ 52G AF Ser . No. 58 @-@ 0228 deployed from Barksdale Air Force Base crashed and was destroyed when it flew into the ground in swampland south of Stone Lake , Sawyer County , Wisconsin . The crew was on a low level terrain avoidance night mission , before SAC stopped such flights , and had just entered low altitude and were calibrating their terrain avoidance radar , when they flew too low , clipped the tops of the forest and crashed . On 8 July 1967 , B @-@ 52D AF Ser . No. 56 @-@ 0601 , overran the runway due to loss of brakes during an emergency landing at Da Nang Air Base , Vietnam with the loss of five of her six crew . The aircraft had suffered an electrical malfunction that led to the flameout of two engines . On 21 January 1968 , a B @-@ 52G , with four nuclear bombs aboard as part of Operation Chrome Dome , crashed on the ice of the North Star Bay while attempting an emergency landing at Thule Air Base , Greenland . The resulting fire caused extensive radioactive contamination , the cleanup ( Project Crested Ice ) lasting until September of that year . Following closely on the Palomares incident , the cleanup costs and political consequences proved too high to risk again , so SAC ended the airborne alert program the following day . On 3 April 1970 , a B @-@ 52D assigned to the 28th Bomb Wing caught fire and crashed while landing at Ellsworth Air Force Base , South Dakota ; sliding to a halt and burning atop a 25 @,@ 000 gallon fuel storage tank . Efforts by fire department personnel saved the 9 man crew and prevented a catastrophic explosion of the fuel tank . On 31 March 1972 , B @-@ 52D AF Ser . No. 56 @-@ 0625 , departed McCoy Air Force Base , Florida on a routine training mission . Assigned to the 306th Bombardment Wing , the unarmed aircraft sustained multiple engine failures and engine fires on engines No.7 and No.8 shortly after takeoff . The aircraft immediately attempted to return to the base , but crashed just short of Runway 18R in a residential area of Orlando , Florida , approximately 1 mile north of McCoy AFB , destroying or damaging eight homes . The flight crew of 7 airmen and 1 civilian on the ground were killed . On 30 July 1972 , B @-@ 52D 56 @-@ 0677 , assigned to the 307th Strategic Bomb Wing , operating out of U @-@ Tapao Royal Thai Navy Airfield on a combat mission as part of Operation Linebacker was hit by lightning . The strike knocked out the plane 's instruments and started a fire on the port wing . Five of the six crewmen were killed in the crash On 30 October 1981 , B @-@ 52D , AF Serial No. 55 @-@ 078 , assigned to the 22d Bomb Wing , March Air Force Base , California , impacted the ground nine miles east of La Junta , CO during a night low @-@ level training mission . All eight crew members on board were killed ( six crew and two maintainers ) . Sortie departed March AFB with a planned recovering at Carswell Air Force Base , Texas . On 16 December 1982 , B @-@ 52G 57 @-@ 6482 , assigned to 328th BS , 93rd BW , Castle AFB , California , was participating in a Minimum Interval Take @-@ Off ( MITO ; 12 seconds between each aircraft on takeoff ) from Mather AFB , CA . The incident aircraft was in the number two position of a three @-@ ship cell . The B @-@ 52G was equipped with water injection to give additional thrust for take @-@ off , but the lead aircraft was not equipped with this system . The incident aircraft used the thrust augmentation system . During the take @-@ off , the incident aircraft rapidly started to overtake the lead aircraft . The incident aircraft pilot retarded the throttles rapidly causing flameout of four engines . The aircraft then stalled leading to impact with the ground . Nine crew members were killed . There were no fatalities on the ground . On 16 October 1984 , B @-@ 52G 57 @-@ 6479 , assigned to the 92d Bomb Wing , Fairchild AFB , Washington , clipped its wing on Hunts Mesa , an outcropping in Monument Valley , Arizona , and crashed , sending a fireball high into the air . Two of the seven crew perished in the crash , including Col. William Ivy , the wing 's deputy commander for operations . On 2 February 1991 , B @-@ 52G Hulk 46 , assigned to the 4300th Bomb Wing ( Provisional ) , Diego Garcia , British Indian Ocean Territory ( BIOT ) crashed while returning from a bombing mission in Iraq during the Persian Gulf War . The crash was eventually blamed on a catastrophic failure of the aircraft 's electrical system . Three of the six crew members on board were killed . On 24 June 1994 , B @-@ 52H Czar 52 , 61 @-@ 0026 crashed at Fairchild AFB , Washington , during practice for an airshow . All four crew members died in the accident . On 21 July 2008 , a B @-@ 52H , Raidr 21 , 60 @-@ 0053 , deployed from Barksdale Air Force Base , Louisiana to Andersen Air Force Base , Guam crashed approximately 25 miles ( 40 km ) off the coast of Guam . All six crew members were killed ( five standard crew members and a flight surgeon ) . = = Aircraft on display = = = = Specifications ( B @-@ 52H ) = = Data from Knaack , USAF fact sheet , Quest for Performance General characteristics Crew : 5 ( Pilot , Copilot , Weapon Systems Officer , Navigator , Electronic Warfare Officer , and Tail gunner until the removal of the tail gun in 1991 ) Length : 159 ft 4 in ( 48 @.@ 5 m ) Wingspan : 185 ft 0 in ( 56 @.@ 4 m ) Height : 40 ft 8 in ( 12 @.@ 4 m ) Wing area : 4 @,@ 000 sq ft ( 370 m ² ) Airfoil : NACA 63A219.3 mod root , NACA 65A209.5 tip Empty weight : 185 @,@ 000 lb ( 83 @,@ 250 kg ) Loaded weight : 265 @,@ 000 lb ( 120 @,@ 000 kg ) Max. takeoff weight : 488 @,@ 000 lb ( 220 @,@ 000 kg ) Powerplant : 8 × Pratt & Whitney TF33 @-@ P @-@ 3 / 103 turbofans , 17 @,@ 000 lbf ( 76 kN ) each Fuel capacity : 47 @,@ 975 U.S. gal ( 39 @,@ 948 imp gal ; 181 @,@ 610 L ) Zero @-@ lift drag coefficient : 0 @.@ 0119 ( estimated ) Drag area : 47 @.@ 60 sq ft ( 4 @.@ 42 m ² ) Aspect ratio : 8 @.@ 56 Performance Maximum speed : 560 kn ( 650 mph , 1 @,@ 047 km / h ) Cruise speed : 442 kn ( 525 mph , 844 km / h ) Combat radius : 4 @,@ 480 mi ( 3 @,@ 890 nmi , 7 @,@ 210 km ) Ferry range : 10 @,@ 145 mi ( 8 @,@ 764 nmi , 16 @,@ 232 km ) Service ceiling : 50 @,@ 000 ft ( 15 @,@ 000 m ) Rate of climb : 6 @,@ 270 ft / min ( 31 @.@ 85 m / s ) Wing loading : 120 lb / ft ² ( 586 kg / m ² ) Thrust / weight : 0 @.@ 31 Lift @-@ to @-@ drag ratio : 21 @.@ 5 ( estimated ) Armament Guns : 1 × 20 mm ( 0 @.@ 787 in ) M61 Vulcan cannon originally mounted in a remote controlled tail turret on the H @-@ model , removed from all current operational aircraft in 1991 Bombs : Approximately 70 @,@ 000 lb ( 31 @,@ 500 kg ) mixed ordnance ; bombs , mines , missiles , in various configurations . Avionics Electro @-@ optical viewing system that uses platinum silicide forward looking infrared and high resolution low @-@ light @-@ level television sensors ADR @-@ 8 chaff rocket ( 1965 @-@ 1970 ) LITENING Advanced Targeting System Sniper Advanced Targeting Pod IBM AP @-@ 101 computer = = Notable appearances in media = = The B @-@ 52 has been featured in a number of major films , most notably : Bombers B @-@ 52 ( 1957 ) , A Gathering of Eagles ( 1963 ) , Dr. Strangelove or : How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb ( 1964 ) , and By Dawn 's Early Light ( 1990 ) . It has also been featured in numerous novels , such as most of the early Patrick McLanahan novels by Dale Brown , which feature one or more heavily modified B @-@ 52 bombers , nicknamed the " EB @-@ 52 Megafortress " . A 1960s hairstyle , the beehive , is also called a B @-@ 52 for its resemblance to the aircraft 's distinct nose . The popular band The B @-@ 52 's was subsequently named after this hairstyle .
= Final Fantasy Type @-@ 0 = Final Fantasy Type @-@ 0 ( Japanese : ファイナルファンタジー零式 , Hepburn : Fainaru Fantajī Reishiki ) is an action role @-@ playing game developed and published by Square Enix for the PlayStation Portable ( PSP ) . Released in Japan on October 27 , 2011 , Type @-@ 0 is part of the Fabula Nova Crystallis subseries , a set of games sharing a common mythos which includes Final Fantasy XIII and Final Fantasy XV . The gameplay , similar to Crisis Core : Final Fantasy VII , has the player taking control of characters in real @-@ time combat during missions across Orience . The player also engages in large @-@ scale strategy @-@ based battles on the world map , and has access to a multiplayer option during story missions and side quests . The story focuses on Class Zero , a group of fourteen students from the Vermillion Peristylium , a magical academy in the Dominion of Rubrum . When the Militesi Empire launches an assault on the other Crystal States of Orience , seeking to control their respective crystals , Class Zero is mobilized for the defense of Rubrum . Eventually , the group becomes entangled in the secrets behind both the war and the reason for their existence . The setting and presentation were inspired by historical documentaries , and the story itself was written to be darker than other Final Fantasy titles . The game was originally announced as a title for mobile phones and the PSP called Final Fantasy Agito XIII . It was directed by Hajime Tabata , who took up the project after completing Before Crisis : Final Fantasy VII . Initially designed to provide players with easy access to the Fabula Nova Crystallis universe , the mobile version was eventually cancelled and the game 's title was changed to distance it from the subseries ' flagship title Final Fantasy XIII . Releasing to strong sales , it received praise for its story and gameplay , but was criticized for its camera control and artificial intelligence . Despite plans to do so , Type @-@ 0 has never been released outside Japan . Further games related to Type @-@ 0 have also been developed , including a high definition remaster that released internationally in March 2015 . = = Gameplay = = Final Fantasy Type @-@ 0 is an action role @-@ playing video game in which the player controls the 14 members of Class Zero , who are sent on missions across Orience . Outside environments such as the Vermillion Peristylium ( Class Zero 's home base ) and dedicated missions , the game world of Orience is navigated via a scaled @-@ down world map . Class Zero are sent on missions across Orience during the course of the game . The player initially travels to preset destinations in the world on an airship supplied by the Peristylium , but gains their own airship to freely navigate the world map with after defeating a powerful enemy guarding it . The main gameplay is presented in a mission @-@ based structure . The two types of missions encountered are story @-@ based missions , and " Practice " missions , which act as side @-@ quests . During missions , optional orders are issued which can be obeyed or ignored as the player chooses . Should they be accepted , the characters receive a temporary power boost , and completing the objectives yields rewards . Players can also engage in real @-@ time strategy battles on the world map , with the player taking control of allied military divisions . Missions involve liberating cities and towns from enemy forces . Timed aerial missions are also available where the characters shoot down attacking dragons using their airship 's weapons . While outside combat , players can breed chocobos , recurring galliform birds in the Final Fantasy series . Players must capture two chocobos on the world map and take them to a special ranch within the Peristylium : by pairing certain chocobos and adding specific items , a special chocobo can be bred for use . Players can visit the Peristylium Crystarium to review defeated enemies , character information , in @-@ game lore and special video clips . Moogles , another recurring creature in the series , hand out missions to the player : the objectives of missions can change during gameplay . Items and new equipment can be bought from shops managed by non @-@ player characters ( NPCs ) both within the Peristylium and across Orience . Towns liberated during missions give access to a wider range of shops . After completing the game once , players unlock a " New Game + " option : in this mode , players keep their stats and weapons from the previous playthrough , while also unlocking story scenes and character @-@ specific missions . Type @-@ 0 features three difficulty levels ; " normal " , " hard " , and " impossible " . = = = Battle system = = = Type @-@ 0 uses a real @-@ time , action @-@ based battle system similar to the system used in Crisis Core : Final Fantasy VII . The player is allowed access to three characters , which they can swap between at any time . The two not being controlled are managed by the game 's artificial intelligence . Each character has a specific weapon , and special attacks unique to a character are unlocked as they gain experience levels . During combat , characters lock onto targets while attacking and can switch targets . Characters are able to perform precisely timed attacks during the period when an enemy unit is attacking : the " Break Sight " , which deals high damage , and the " Kill Sight " , which kills a standard enemy with a single hit . Three characters can also be commanded to use a Triad Maneuver , combining their attacks to deal higher damage to a target . Aside from human enemies , the game features multiple recurring Final Fantasy monsters . In addition to enemies encountered in missions , there are special enemies that can be encountered while exploring the world map . Defeated enemy units drop a substance called Phantoma . The color of Phantoma indicates what aspect of the character it will replenish , though in general they automatically replenish a set amount of magic points . Phantoma are used in the game 's leveling system , the Altocrystarium , to strengthen a character 's magic skills . The game 's magic skills are divided into five basic groups named after types of guns : for example , " Rifle " fires the spell in a straight line , while " Missile " homes in on and chases targeted enemies . Holding down the assigned action button increases the power of the attack . Many combat situations involve timed challenges . Success rewards the character , while failure drains their health . If a character is defeated in battle , the player can instantly select another to replace it , and the defeated character must be revived outside the mission . The game features an arena where practice fights take place . While these fights are not against real foes , the characters continue to level up and gain Phantoma after the battle , and twenty battles can be arranged at any one time . Each character has access to summoned monsters called Eidolons , which act as temporary playable characters and have their own set of skills . Summoning them empties the selected character 's health gauge , removing them from battle until they are revived . Summons are also affected by the current environment : as an example , Shiva 's powers are stronger in snowy weather . After a limited time in battle , the Eidolons are dismissed . Those available to players are series staples Shiva , Ifrit , Golem , Odin , Diablos and Bahamut . Each Eidolon has variants of its original form , many of which are unlocked as the game progresses . Characters can continue to level up through activities within the Peristylium while the PSP is in sleep mode , the game 's UMD is running , and the PSP is charging . The multiplayer function , activated through the game 's configuration screen , allows two other players to jump into another host player 's game via an online connection . The allotted time for multiplayer is limited to a few minutes , with transitions between zones triggering the end of a multiplayer section . The time limit can be extended by players helping their current host . The first and last segments of the game are not open to multiplayer . There is also a function called Magical Academy Assist , in which NPCs named after members of the game 's production team are summoned into battle to assist the cadets . = = Synopsis = = Note : The plot of Type @-@ 0 is the same in its original version and the high @-@ definition remaster Final Fantasy Type @-@ 0 HD , so the terms and quotes used in the text are from the localization of the high @-@ definition remaster rather than unofficial translations . = = = Setting = = = Final Fantasy Type @-@ 0 is set within Orience , a land divided between four nations or " Crystal States " . Each nation has crystals of power based on the Four Symbols , which are in turn their national emblems . The Dominion of Rubrum uses the Vermillion Bird Crystal , which controls magic ; the Militesi Empire controls the White Tiger Crystal , containing the power of science and weapons ; the Kingdom of Concordia uses the Azure Dragon Crystal , containing the power of Dragons ; and the Lorican Alliance is home to the Black Tortoise Crystal , containing the power of shielding . Each nation has an academy , or Peristylium , to research and protect the country 's respective crystal . The crystals have the ability to mark humans as their countries ' servants . These servants , called l 'Cie , are branded with a symbol and are given a " Focus " , a task to complete . While blessed with long life and the ability to transform into crystal , l 'Cie are cursed to lose their memories over time . The people of Orience also lose their memories of the dead so they will not be held back by any past regrets and continue strengthening their souls through conflict , a mechanism put in place by the crystals for the convenience of the deities who crafted them . The main aim of many characters is to become Agito , a legendary figure who will appear and save the world from Tempus Finis , an apocalyptic event that will destroy Orience . = = = Characters = = = The main characters of Final Fantasy Type @-@ 0 are Class Zero , an elite group of 14 students from the Vermillion Peristylium . The first 12 are card wielder Ace , flute wielder Deuce , the archer Trey , magic @-@ gun wielder Cater , the mace @-@ wielding Cinque , scythe wielder Sice , whip wielder Seven , martial artist Eight , spearman Nine , katana wielding Jack , swordswoman Queen and dual pistol wielding King . The last two , Machina Kunagiri and Rem Tokimiya , double as narrators and the focus for the game 's main subplot . Supporting Class Zero are their mentor Kurasame Susaya , and Arecia Al @-@ Rashia , Class Zero 's former mentor and the overseer for magical development at the Vermillion Peristylium . Other important characters from Rubrum are Khalia Chival VI , the current leader of Rubrum and headmaster of the Vermillion Peristyrium , and the l 'Cie Caetuna . Multiple Militesi figures , led by Marshal Cid Aulstyne , act as the game 's main antagonists . Other important characters include the Concordian queen Andoria , Gala , leader of the Rursus Army and the instigator of Tempus Finis , and Joker and Tiz , two mysterious figures who observe the events of the game . = = = Plot = = = Marshal Cid Aulstyne leads the army of Milites against the other nations of Orience , launching a devastating attack against the Vermillion Peristylium and neutralising the Vermillion Bird Crystal using a crystal jammer . Class Zero , immune to the effects of the jammer , repel the invasion . During the conflict Izana Kunagiri , Machina 's older brother , is killed while on a mission for Class Zero . This event later creates a rift between Machina and Class Zero . Coordinated by Kurasame and Arecia Al @-@ Rashia , Class Zero plays a key role in freeing Rubrum 's territories and launching counterattacks in alliance with Concordia , while Lorica 's capital is destroyed by a Militesi bomb . Concordia 's queen then forces a ceasefire between the remaining nations . During peace talks in the Militesi capital , Class Zero is framed for Andoria 's murder , resulting in Concordia 's puppet government and Milites launching a united assault on Rubrum . During their flight , Machina storms off after clashing with Class Zero , and becomes a White Tiger l 'Cie to protect Rem from his brother 's fate before returning to them . The White Tiger Crystal 's will eventually forces him to leave . With help from its l 'Cie soldiers and Class Zero , Rubrum destroys the forces of Concordia and Milites , uniting Orience under its flag . This triggers the arrival of Tempus Finis , with the Rursus Army emerging from the magical fortress Pandaemonium to wipe out Orience 's population . Cid and Class Zero each travel to Pandaemonium : Cid attempts to become Agito and is transformed into the Rursus Arbiter by Gala , while Class Zero resolve to halt Tempus Finis . As Class Zero face the trials of the Arbiter , the Vermillion Bird Crystals offers them the chance to become l 'Cie . Class Zero refuse the Crystal 's offer and Rem is made a l 'Cie in their place . Machina and Rem end up fighting each other in Pandaemonium : Rem is mortally wounded , and she and Machina turn to crystal . Severely weakened by the trials and demoralized at seeing Machina and Rem 's condition , Class Zero are initially unable to defeat the Arbiter . Machina and Rem 's spirits give them the strength they need to defeat the Arbiter and halt Tempus Finis . Fatally injured , Class Zero spend their final minutes imagining their possible post @-@ war lives . They are found by Machina and Rem , who have returned to human form and , along with the rest of Orience , are allowed to remember the dead . In a post @-@ credits sequence , it is said that the Crystal States fall into turmoil as the Crystals lose their powers . Machina and Rem unite Orience and rebuild the world , and Machina records Class Zero 's history before dying with Rem at his side . A second playthrough reveals that Orience is trapped in a stable timeloop created by Arecia and Gala , the respective servants of the deities Pulse and Lindzei , as part of an experiment to find the gateway to the Unseen Realm . Competing with each other to open the gateway using a different method , both failed and reset the world for another attempt . By the events of Type @-@ 0 , the experiment had been performed over six hundred million times . The game features multiple endings . During the original playthrough , if Class Zero accept the Vermillion Bird Crystal 's offer for them to become l 'Cie , they go into battle against the Rursus and die , dooming Orience to be destroyed in Tempus Finis and reborn in another spiral of history . In a sequence unlocked during the second playthrough , it is revealed that Cid wanted to free Orience from the Crystals ' control , and killed himself in an unsuccessful attempt to prevent Gala from using him . After the Arbiter 's defeat , Joker and Tiz speak with Arecia and show her the memories of Class Zero and the people of Orience to make her reconsider restarting the experiment . After speaking with Machina and Rem , Arecia decides to abandon the experiment and returns the two to human form . In an alternate ending , Arecia chooses to remove the crystals from Orience 's history , creating a new timeline where the war never occurred and the world 's population can live happily . = = Development = = Final Fantasy Type @-@ 0 was originally titled Final Fantasy Agito XIII , envisioned as a game for mobile devices . It was conceived in 2005 as part of Fabula Nova Crystallis Final Fantasy , a subseries of Final Fantasy games linked by a common mythos . Agito XIII was the final original Fabula Nova Crystallis game to be created . The decision to make it a mobile game was based on the popularity of Before Crisis : Final Fantasy VII . Hajime Tabata , who contributed to the Fabula Nova Crystallis mythos , was searching for a new project after finishing Before Crisis and became the game 's director . Before Crisis producer Kosei Ito acted as producer before his move to Capcom prior to 2009 . Beginning development in 2006 , it was first announced at that year 's Electronic Entertainment Expo ( E3 ) . It was said to offer on @-@ the @-@ go access to the Fabula Nova Crystallis universe , using gameplay functions exclusive to mobile phones of the time . The concept was to deliver a game for mobile platforms equivalent to a console game from the main Final Fantasy series , and to make it available in its entirety upon release rather than in episodic format . Developers had been planning a release on the next generation of mobile phones , as those available at the time could not offer all the capabilities they would need . While it was originally claimed to be a mobile exclusive , versions for both mobiles and the PlayStation Portable were being developed , with the latter to be revealed when the former was sufficiently advanced . The original staff members were Tabata , Yusuke Naora and Tetsuya Nomura . Nomura acted as a character designer and creative producer . Between 2006 and 2008 , development wavered between inactivity and sluggishness since most of the team was devoted to Crisis Core : Final Fantasy VII . In 2008 , it was said to be facing serious problems due to the scale of the project . An issue developers had grappled with was whether or not to make the command buttons used in the game visible on the mobile screen . Agito XIII was described as an online RPG using fully rendered 3D graphics similar to console games , as well as having gameplay elements from multiple genres such as MMORPGs , smaller @-@ scale multiplayer @-@ focused games , and standard role @-@ playing games . Other unfinished concepts being developed were a day @-@ night cycle , a calendar system linked to real @-@ world time and dates , and a story influenced by player votes . In 2008 , it was decided to make Type @-@ 0 a PSP exclusive , cancelling the mobile version of the game as the developers did not want to wait for mobile technology to reach a level which could handle their full vision for the game . Full development began that year by the same team who developed Crisis Core , but was again slowed as most of them were completing work on The 3rd Birthday . Because of these conflicting projects , Type @-@ 0 came close to being cancelled outright . Between 2009 and 2011 , the title was changed to distance it from Final Fantasy XIII , since after the platform change the two games had little in common other than their shared mythos . One of the titles considered and rejected was Final Fantasy Live , referring to the game 's multiplayer element . The new title , Final Fantasy Type @-@ 0 , was intended to indicate the game 's separation from the main series . It was also the beginning of an alternative numbering system parallel to the main series . The game made its first official public appearance under the new title at the Square Enix 1st Production Department Premier in Tokyo , along with a new trailer that was released to the public on January 27 , 2011 . = = = Scenario and design = = = Type @-@ 0 's scenario was conceived by Tabata and written by Hiroki Chiba and Sarah Obake . While the game was still titled Agito XIII , Tabata described it as " a major title [ ... ] formed from a variety of concepts " which included the collision of four fantasies ( the game 's view of Orience ) , a battle between magic and weapons , and the two sides of reality . The early story concept drew heavily from popular manga and anime , but little survived after the platform change . Tabata instead chose a new style similar to historical films and documentaries . The new story 's concept started with the idea of a war story told by young people caught up in the event , with its story themes revolving around death and its impact on others . A major inspiration was the Japanese documentary series Centuries of Picture . The final story was darker than many other Final Fantasy games . Despite its title change , the game was kept within the Fabula Nova Crystallis mythos . The approach taken with the mythos was to portray the roles of its deities from a historical standpoint , while telling a story focused on the human side of events . The cyclic nature of the game 's universe was created to help incorporate aspects of the mythos . The roles and backgrounds for each character in the game were conceived and put into place after the setting and main story had been finalized . After the game 's release , Tabata commented that when he was writing the story he would have liked to have been more thorough , and to have made the story easier for players to understand . The game 's logo artwork was drawn by regular series artist Yoshitaka Amano . The kanji symbol used in the logo was drawn by Naora , who had designed the Shinra logo in Final Fantasy VII and its companion media . Naora specifically requested that he draw the logo due to this previous experience . To achieve the grittier atmosphere , Naora took a research trip to a Japanese military camp to learn what being a military cadet was like . The island of the Vermillion Perystilium was based on an offshore Japanese island he had visited prior to his involvement with the game , adding elements in @-@ game such as an offshore ship wreck to symbolize his fear of the sea . He was also influenced by an incident where he saw a dead cat surrounded by other cats to portray the bond between members of Class Zero , and the game 's themes , in promotional artwork . The gameplay was inspired by the multi @-@ character system of Before Crisis , while the naming of magic styles after weapons of war made reference to first @-@ person shooters . The combat was designed to be filled with tension and portray each playable character 's personality on the battlefield . The Eidolons were originally not controlled in realtime , but during the development of Ifrit , Tabata did some testing with real @-@ time commands . The results impressed him enough that he decided to overcome the technical difficulties involved and make the Eidolons controllable . Due to technical restrictions and the presence of the Academy Assist function , the game 's artificial intelligence for playable characters needed to be limited to healing , survival and other minor actions . The game 's multiplayer was deliberately designed around restricted segments . Its development was still ongoing during the summer of 2011 , with a temporary stoppage of PlayStation Network that year negatively affecting its development . Because of the size of the project , debugging the game took far longer than anticipated . Between the release of the demo and the full game , adjustments were made to gameplay mechanics and the in @-@ game camera . In a post @-@ release interview , Tabata commented that he would have liked to expand the multiplayer functions to include an ad @-@ hoc function and expanded cooperative gameplay , and create a more forgiving learning curve for players . = = = Music = = = The music for Type @-@ 0 was composed by Takeharu Ishimoto . He had previously composed the music for Before Crisis , Crisis Core and The World Ends with You . Ishimoto gave the music a dark and heavy feel , describing the themes as " war , life , and death " . He used less rock elements than in his previous games to promote a feeling of immersion . One of his primary instruments was the guitar , which Ishimoto played himself during recording sessions . Although the title was for the PSP , the team did not want to hold back despite hardware limitations , recording a quantity of tracks unusual for a spin @-@ off Final Fantasy title . Wherever possible , the recording was done live . The orchestral and choral elements were performed by the Sydney Symphony Orchestra and the Cantillation chamber choir , and the recording and mixing of these tracks was done at the Sydney Opera House . Recording for other tracks was done at Ishimoto 's studio in Japan . After recording , Ishimoto combined the orchestral and choral elements , and rearranged the main leitmotifs to create more variety in the score . Arrangements for the orchestral tunes were done by Kentaro Sato , while arrangements for other tracks were done by Rieko Mikoshiba . The game 's theme song , " Zero " , was composed and performed by Japanese rock band Bump of Chicken . The band , which was a big fan of the Final Fantasy series , was contacted by Square Enix to compose and perform the song and agreed readily . It was brought in after the platform move onto the PSP , but while the game was still titled Agito XIII . While looking for inspiration , the band was able to see in @-@ development screenshots of the game , samples of the script , and character illustrations . The band was mostly given a free hand while composing the song . Its one guideline was provided by Tabata , who suggested the theme song for Centuries of Picture , " Is Paris Burning ? " by Takeshi Kako , as a source of inspiration . Multiple versions of " Zero " were composed for use in different areas of the game . At the request of band leader Motoo Fujiwara , Amano 's logo artwork was used for the cover of the single 's limited edition . Final Fantasy Type @-@ 0 Original Soundtrack was released on October 26 , 2011 . The soundtrack was released in a standard edition , as well as a limited edition that could be purchased both separately and with the collector 's edition of the game . A promotional album featuring five tracks was sold by Square Enix at their booth at the Odaiba Expo 2011 . The album stayed on the Oricon charts for seven weeks , reaching a high of # 25 . The soundtrack has received positive reviews in the west from dedicated music outlets Original Sound Version and Game @-@ OST , with the sites giving both individual tracks and the work in general high praise . " Zero " was released on October 19 , 2011 . It was released as a single instead of being part of the main soundtrack , receiving both a limited and standard edition . The single remained in the Oricon charts for thirty @-@ two weeks , peaking at # 2 . Tracklist Literal translation of the original titles appear in ( brackets ) if different = = Release = = Type @-@ 0 was released on October 27 , 2011 , receiving both physical and digital releases . It was initially announced for release in summer of that year , but unspecified difficulties with development including the stoppage of PlayStation Network caused a delay . It was then announced for released on October 13 , but was delayed by two weeks . While Square Enix stated it wanted to improve its quality , no other information was given . It was speculated to be due to complaints surrounding the camera control and other gameplay elements . The releases of the soundtrack and the theme song were also delayed . Type @-@ 0 was one of a few releases for the PSP to be released on two UMDs , as Tabata wanted to cut as little content as possible , which would have been impossible if they had settled for using one UMD . A demo for the original game was released in August 2011 , featuring seven playable characters and four missions at locked difficulty levels . Sava data could be transferred to the full game , unlocking special costumes and items and keeping experience points . A second demo was released on November 22 , a month after the full game 's release . It replaced the original demo and gave players access to exclusive items and costumes . A collector 's edition was released exclusively through Square Enix 's online store , containing artwork , a limited edition version of the soundtrack , postcards and a booklet of character introductions . The title was later added to their Ultimate Hits budget title collection . Type @-@ 0 has never received an official localization in its original form . During development , while it was still titled Agito XIII , Tabata said he was trying to make the game appealing to North American players . Despite a localization being confirmed as in development in an official guidebook interview , the original version of Type @-@ 0 was not released in the west . In the wake of the game 's release in Japan , 1UP.com and Joystiq speculated that the game could be successfully brought west as a port to the PlayStation Vita . Tabata later commented that the main reasons for the game not being localized were the flagging Western PSP market and uncertainties surrounding the Vita 's commercial success . An unofficial fan translation patch was announced in mid @-@ 2012 . Work on the fan translation took place over the following two years , during which time Square Enix was noncommittal concerning an official Western release . The patch was initially announced for an August 2014 release , but was instead was released on June 9 , 2014 . According to the translation team leader , the patch was downloaded 100 @,@ 000 times in the first four days . It was taken down in July of the same year after Square Enix allegedly threatened unspecified legal action , originally thought to be a cease @-@ and @-@ desist order . Later statements revealed that the patch was released earlier than originally announced due to the lead translator on the project wanting fans to see their achievements , which ended up causing a rift between him and the rest of the team . Before the release , Square Enix and the translation team had been in friendly communication concerning the translation . The formal requests to take the patch down were made in the weeks following its release , shortly before the announcement of Type @-@ 0 HD . = = = Merchandise = = = Multiple pieces of merchandise were created for the game . An Ultimania , part of a series of dedicated guidebooks , was released in the same month as the original game . It contained story and character breakdowns , concept art , and interviews with developers . A different book , Final Fantasy Type @-@ 0 World Preview , was also released in October . It featured character biographies , details on the world of Orience , and interviews with the voice actors for Class Zero . The following year , a dedicated art book was released containing artwork of the game 's characters and monsters , and an interview with Tabata . Characters from the game , including Ace , Machina and other members of Class Zero , appeared in the fourth series of releases for the Final Fantasy Trading Card Game . In November 2011 , a manga adaptation of Type @-@ 0 , illustrated by Takatoshi Shiozawa , began serialization in Young Gangan magazine . The manga has been collected into a tankōbon volume and was released on April 21 , 2012 . Another manga titled Final Fantasy Type @-@ 0 Side Story : Reaper of the Icy Blade , also illustrated by Shiozawa , began publication in Young Gangan in April 2012 . It ended in January 2014 , with a bonus chapter being published in February of that year , and was later released in five compiled volumes . Yen Press began distribution of the manga in the west in July 2015 . Square Enix released two novel adaptations , in April and June 2012 , depicting an alternate version of Type @-@ 0 's story : Final Fantasy Type @-@ 0 : Change the World -The Answer- and Final Fantasy Type @-@ 0 : Change the World Volume 2 -The Penultimate Truth- . The novels were written by Sōki Tsukishima . = = Reception = = In the first week on sale , Final Fantasy Type @-@ 0 sold 472 @,@ 253 units , topping Japanese sales charts and selling through 79 @.@ 08 % of its initial shipments . As of January 16 , 2012 , the game had sold 746 @,@ 203 copies in Japan . It was the best @-@ selling game of 2011 for Japanese media retail shop Tsutaya , beating Monster Hunter Portable 3rd ( PlayStation Portable ) and Final Fantasy XIII @-@ 2 ( PlayStation 3 ) . It was also the store 's best @-@ selling PSP title of the year , followed by Monster Hunter Portable 3rd and Dissidia 012 Final Fantasy . Famitsu and Dengeki PlayStation both praised the story , with Famitsu saying it " vividly portrays the fact that this is a deep , intense Final Fantasy experience , something beyond just a side story " . Gaming website PlayStation LifeStyle 's Heath Hindman was impressed by the darker presentation , calling it " powerful and well done throughout " , and was impressed with the characters despite some awkward introductory scenes . Erren Van Duine , writing for RPG Site , said that fans would appreciate the scale of the narrative , and praised the handling of the Fabula Nova Crystallis mythos . She did note that some plot points seemed only included for the sake of convenience , and that the ending forced a second playthrough to see the whole story . Famitsu called the original version 's gameplay a " stressless experience " , praising the game 's size and saying the action @-@ oriented battle system made it " a very different Final Fantasy " . Dengeki PlayStation similarly praised its size and the tense combat , though the review found aspects of the navigation less appealing . Hindman was generally positive about most aspects of gameplay and the high replay value , but found faults with the scripted opening of the overworld and the real @-@ time strategy segments . Van Duine said the gameplay encouraged immersion and was harsh on novices ; she praised several aspects of gameplay , but described the leveling system as " tricky " . The multiplayer functions were universally praised in Japan . Opinions were divided on the original camera , with Famitsu praising its movement , while Van Duine and Dengeki PlayStation found issues with it getting stuck in the environment or impeding visibility . The character AI also received criticism for being unresponsive or wayward . = = Legacy = = Type @-@ 0 affected several other works in multiple ways . During its development , several staff members and voice actors who had worked on Final Fantasy X reunited . Their meeting triggered the development of Final Fantasy X / X @-@ 2 HD Remaster . In the September 2013 issue of Famitsu Weekly , Square Enix revealed Final Fantasy Agito , an online companion game to Type @-@ 0 for iOS and Android mobile devices . The game was released in May 2014 , and a localization was announced alongside that of Type @-@ 0 . Its servers were closed down in November 2015 , with its localization being cancelled as a result . A new online game set in the Type @-@ 0 universe , Final Fantasy Type @-@ 0 Online , is set for release in 2016 . While working on Final Fantasy XV , Tabata decided to make a high @-@ definition remaster of Type @-@ 0 for eighth @-@ generation consoles . Developed by Square Enix and HexaDrive , Final Fantasy Type @-@ 0 HD was originally announced at E3 2014 , and released worldwide in March 2015 . After Type @-@ 0 's release , Tabata stated in an interview that he wished to explore the distant history of Orience after the events of the game . Trademarks for Type @-@ 1 , Type @-@ 2 and Type @-@ 3 were registered shortly after the Type @-@ 0 trademark , but it was suggested that they were simply a protective measure . During interviews given in 2014 , Tabata commented that he wished to work on Type @-@ 1 after completing XV , and later explained the conceptual Type series as a means of publishing Final Fantasy games too experimental for the main series . He hoped to continue with the Type series if Type @-@ 0 HD was commercially successful . = = Translations = =
= The Mansion of Happiness = The Mansion of Happiness : An Instructive Moral and Entertaining Amusement is a children 's board game inspired by Christian morality . Players race about a sixty @-@ six space spiral track depicting virtues and vices with their goal being The Mansion of Happiness at track 's end . Instructions upon virtue spaces advance players toward the goal while those upon vice spaces force them to retreat . The Mansion Of Happiness was designed by George Fox , a children 's author and game designer in England . The first edition , printed in gold ink " containing real gold " using one copper plate engraving and black ink using a second copper plate engraving , produced a few hundred copies . Water coloring was used to complete the game board , making a brilliant , colorful , and expensive product fit for the nobility . Later in 1800 , a second edition was printed , probably for rich but common folk . Only one copper plate was used to print black ink and no water coloring was used . The game must have become quite popular in England as a third edition was printed using two copper plates , one for black , and the second for green lines to indicate blank spaces . Water colors were added to make a beautiful product . Laurie and Whittle published all three editions in 1800 . On all three editions George Fox was listed as the inventor and the game honored the Duchess of York . In the first edition , gold not only added color and price but homage to royalty . In all three editions , the paper was glued to linen so it could fold up and be inserted into a heavy attractively labeled cardboard case . W. & S. B. Ives published the game in the United States in Salem , Massachusetts on November 24 , 1843 . It was republished by Parker Brothers in 1894 after George S. Parker & Co. bought the rights to the Ives games . The republication claimed The Mansion of Happiness was the first board game published in the United States of America ; today , however , the distinction is awarded to Lockwood 's Traveller 's Tour games of 1822 . The popularity of The Mansion of Happiness and similar moralistic board games was challenged in the last decades of the 19th century when the focus of games became materialistic and competitive capitalistic behavior . = = Context = = With the industrialization and urbanization of the United States in the early 19th century , the American middle class experienced an increase in leisure time . The home gradually lost its traditional role as the center of economic production and became the locus of leisure activities and education under the supervision of mothers . As a result , the demand increased for children 's board games emphasizing literacy and Christian principles , morals , and values . Advances in papermaking and printing technology during the era made the publication of inexpensive board games possible , and the technological invention of chromolithography made colorful board games a welcome addition to the parlor tabletop . One of the earliest children 's board games published in America was The Mansion of Happiness ( 1843 ) , " the progenitor of American board games " . Like other children 's games that followed in its wake , The Mansion of Happiness was based on the Puritan world view that Christian virtue and deeds were assurances of happiness and success in life . Even game mechanics were influenced by the Puritan view . A spinner or a top @-@ like teetotum , for instance , was utilized in children 's board games rather than dice , which were then associated with Satan and gambling . While the Puritan view forbade game playing on the Sabbath , The Mansion of Happiness and similar games with high moral content would have been permitted for children in more liberal households . In 1860 , Milton Bradley developed a radically different concept of success in The Checkered Game of Life , the first American board game rewarding players for worldly ventures such as attending college , being elected to Congress , and getting rich . Virtue became a means to an end rather than an end in itself . Daily life was the focus of the game with secular virtues such as thrift , ambition , and neatness receiving more emphasis than religious virtues . Indeed , the only suggestion of religion in Bradley 's game was the marriage altar . The Checkered Game of Life was wildly popular , selling 40 @,@ 000 copies in its first year . Protestant America gradually began viewing the accumulation of material goods and the cultivation of wealth as signs of God 's blessing , and , with the decade of economic expansion and optimism in the 1880s , wealth became the defining characteristic of American success . Protestant values shifted from virtuous Christian living to values based on materialism and competitive , capitalist behavior . Being a good Christian and a successful capitalist were not incompatible . Dice lost their taint during the period , and replaced teetotums in games . In a twist on The Mansion of Happiness , McLoughlin Brothers and Parker Brothers released several games in the late 1880s based on the then @-@ popular Algeresque rags to riches theme . Games such as Game of the District Messenger Boy , or Merit Rewarded , Messenger Boy , Game of the Telegraph Boy , and The Office Boy allowed players to emulate the successful capitalist . Players began these games as company underlings , newbies , or gofers , and , with luck , won the game with a seat in the President 's Office ( rather than a seat in Heaven , as in The Mansion of Happiness ) or as Head of the Firm . In Parker Brothers ' The Office Boy , spaces designating carelessness , inattentiveness , and dishonesty sent the player back on the track while spaces designating capability , earnestness , and honesty advanced him toward the goal . Such games reflected the belief that the enterprising American – regardless of his background , humble or privileged – would be rewarded under the American capitalist system , and insinuated that success was equated with increased social status via the accumulation of wealth . Wealth and goods became game rewards during the last decades of the 19th century with the winner of McLoughlin Brothers ' The Game of Playing Department Store , for instance , being the player who carefully spent his money accumulating the most goods in a department store . Bulls and Bears : The Great Wall St. Game promised players they would feel like " speculators , bankers , and brokers " , and the 1885 catalog advertisement for McLoughlin Brothers Monopolist informed the interested , " On this board the great struggle between Capital and Labor can be fought out to the satisfaction of all parties , and , if the players are successful , they can break the Monopolist and become Monopolists themselves " . = = Game play = = The Mansion of Happiness is a roll @-@ and @-@ move track board game , and , typical of such games , the object is to be the first player to reach the goal at the end of the board 's track , here called The Mansion of Happiness ( Heaven ) . Centrally located on the board , the goal pictures happy men and women making music and dancing before a house and garden . To reach The Mansion of Happiness , the player spins a teetotum and races around a sixty @-@ six space spiral track depicting various virtues and vices . Instructions upon spaces depicting virtues move the player closer to The Mansion of Happiness while spaces depicting vices send the player back to the pillory , the House of Correction , or prison , and thus , further from The Mansion of Happiness . Sabbath @-@ breakers are sent to the whipping post . The vice of Pride sends a player back to Humility , and the vice of Idleness to Poverty . The game 's rules noted : " WHOEVER possesses PIETY , HONESTY , TEMPERANCE , GRATITUDE , PRUDENCE , TRUTH , CHASTITY , SINCERITY ... is entitled to Advance six numbers toward the Mansion of Happiness . WHOEVER gets into a PASSION must be taken to the water and have a ducking to cool him ... WHOEVER posses [ ses ] AUDACITY , CRUELTY , IMMODESTY , or INGRATITUDE , must return to his former situation till his turn comes to spin again , and not even think of HAPPINESS , much less partake of it . " = = Design and publication = = The Mansion of Happiness was published in many forms , first in England , then in the United States . It was designed by George Fox and published as a linen game board that folded into a hard cover booklet . Laurie and Whittles published three editions of the game in 1800 , and a Laurie relative published it in England again in 1851 . It was first published in the United States by W. & S.B. Ives in Salem , Massachusetts on November 25 , 1843 . Their game was a folding game board with a cloth and cardboard pocket attached to the bottom of the game board along its edge . In the pocket were the rules , implements , and teetotum . Its teetotum was an ivory dowel sharpened to a point at the bottom end inserted in an octagonal ivory plate . This type of teetotum was referred to as a pin and plate teetotum . When board games were published in 1843 , morality was the most important aspect of the game . Since dice were called " the bones of the Devil " because they were used to determine which Roman soldier would keep Christ 's loin cloth , teetotums were used instead . There were many different printings of Ives ' The Mansion of Happiness . FIRST EDITION : The first two print runs used Thayer and Company lithograpers , with one litho stone for the color and the other for printing black on the white paper stock . Because the paper of 1840 's through 1890 's included a lavish amount of fiber , often taken from mummy wrappings , it would not fade or decompose like the wood pulp paper used today . The first print run copied the Laurie and Whittles game . Laurie and Whittles used gold ink . Thayer mixed his ink to look gold but it really was a goldish brown . Like Laurie and Whittles game , Thayer used an octagonal end space . SECOND EDITION : In Thayer 's second print run , in 1844 , he used the same litho stones as used in the first edition . Green was used instead of goldish brown and the endspace remained an octagon . By September 24 , 1844 , between 3000 and 4000 of the Thayer printed games were sold by its publishers , W. & . S.B. Ives . THIRD EDITION : By the fall of 1844 , Thayer left the lithography business and was replaced by John Bufford , a lithographer who worked for Thayer in Boston from 1939 through 1844 . Previously , from 1835 through 1839 , Bufford owned his own firm in New York under the title Bufford Lithographer . By the end of 1844 through 1851 , the Boston company name was changed to J. H. Bufford & Co . The next , third edition , listed Bufford Lithographer so the third edition must have been printed after the beginning of the fall of 1844 but before the end of 1844 . J. H. Bufford & Co. printed other Ives ' games but this third edition of Ives ' The Mansion Of Happiness is the only Ives ' game to list Bufford Lithographer . Green was again used on one of the litho stones but the end space was a green circle . The other litho stone printed black . FOURTH EDITION : Thayer then returned to his business in 1847 . Ives needed another print run of The Mansion Of Happiness that year . So Thayer needed two new litho stones , resulting in the fourth edition . Thayer again printed one color in black and one color in green and changed the endspace back to a green octagon . The entire game board looked different from his first two print runs . Thayer 's first and second edition litho stones were either no longer usable or ground down and redrawn for other lithographs . On the new " black printing " litho stone the position of " Thayer and Company Lithograpers " was moved . The new " green printing " litho stone not only included green printing for unnamed spaces but also for corner decorations and to highlight the beginning of the banner . FIFTH EDITION : Another Thayer edition was needed between 1847 and 1853 , so splitting the difference results in 1850 . We know this because the lithography is different from the 1847 edition . The " green printing " litho stone had apparently been damaged or over used so the green printing at the beginning of the banner was removed . SIXTH EDITION : Yet another Thayer printrun was needed in early 1853 . Thayer was about to leave his Boston business for the final time , but finished the job for the Ives firm . This sixth edition resulted from another need to redraw the green printing litho stone . Green was removed from the banner and corners , and , only the blank spaces were printed in green . SEVENTH EDITION : When Thayer left , his brother @-@ in @-@ law , S. W. Chandler took over the business in late 1853 @.@ so a seventh edition was needed by the beginning of 1854 . Two new litho stones were made . Chandler printed black using one stone and green with the other . The endspace was changed back to a green circle . There are at least two known copies of the Chandler edition , one was owned by deceased game historian Lee Dennis . Another is owned by a charter member of The American Game Collectors Association . EIGHTH EDITION : William and Stephen Bradshaw Ives dissolved their partnership on April 24 , 1854 . William then put most of his time managing his newspaper , The Salem Observer . Stephen Bradshaw held the copyrights for the games and started a fancy goods importing business in Boston while overseeing the Salem business owned by a partnership of his youngest son , Henry P. Ives , and Henry 's partner , Augustus Smith at the same business location . A new Mansion Of Happiness print run was needed but Chandler was no longer in business , With control of the copyright , the Ives family chose lithograper F.F. Oakleys . Consequently Ives and Smith could sell The Mansion Of Happiness in Salem but had no right to the copyright . F. F. Oakleys needed to two new litho stones so the eighth edition was created . One stone was used to print black and the other to print green . The circle endspace was retained . In addition to continue publishing The Mansion of Happiness , H. P. Ives and A. A. Weeks published at least two new games : Experts and Tournament & Knighthood . NINTH EDITION : By December 21 , 1860 , Henry P. Ives bought out A. A. Smith to obtain the business . A. A. Smith then partnered with G. M. Whipple to form another bookstore and publishing business where they published The Game of Authors . Henry P. Ives continued to publish The Mansion of Happiness using other lithographers , including Taylor & Adams of Boston in 1864 , Henry P. Ives was free to publish The Mansion Of Happiness and other Ives ' games under his name , his brother 's name , and his father 's name . TENTH EDITION : In 1886 , Henry P. Ives sold his remaining inventory to George S. Parker . George S. Parker reprinted the green cover label to read H. P. Ives , Geo . S. Parker & Co. and affixed this label to the back of the gameboard over the original H. P. Ives label . By 1888 , Henry P. Ives sold all the game rights of the Ives family to Geo . S. Parker & Co . , part of them in 1887 and the rest of them in 1888 . The green printing and circle end space remained through different lithographers until 1886 . ELEVENTH EDITION : Parker Brothers published the eleventh edition in 1894 . They continued to print this 1894 edition well into the early 1900s . TWELFTH EDITION : McLoughlin Brothers of New York published their own edition in 1895 , using different lithographs from the 1894 Parker Brothers edition , both on the game box cover and game board . THIRTEENTH EDITION : In 1926 , Parker Brothers Inc. republished The Mansion of Happiness in its original form , with minor modification to game spaces . The game included the circular end space introduced by J. Bufford in the third edition . This sixth edition used a folding game board with a fabric and cardboard pocket on the back edge of the game board . The teetotum was made using a wood dowel and cardboard hexagon . = = Misconceptions = = Anne Wales Abbot was believed to be the designer of the Ives ' game , The Mansion of Happines for over 145 years , from 1843 to 1989 . She , however , did not design Ives The Mansion of Happiness but did design two other Ives ' games : Dr. Busby and Master Rodbury and His Pupils . As further proof , Anne Wales Abbot was busy designing The Game Of Racers for Crosby and Nichols of Boston , an Ives 's competitor . According to The Salem Observer , The Game Of Racers went on sale in Salem , Massachusetts through J. P. Jewett on January 13 , 1844 . It went on sale in Boston even earlier . Abbot would have been working with Crosby and Nichols in Boston while the Ives firm published The Mansion Of Happiness . The Mansion of Happiness was considered the first mass @-@ produced board game in the United States for almost 100 years . In 1886 , George S. Parker purchased some of Ives ' inventory from Henry P. Ives , who had taken over the Ives ' business . George had his own oversized green label printed and proceeded to glue it over the Ives label . When the last of the Ives brothers died in 1888 , board game titans Charles and George Parker purchased the rights to The Mansion of Happiness . In 1894 , Parker Brothers republished The Mansion of Happiness in their new patented box . The game came with a cover on top of a box . The game board was attached to the top of the box and a drawer was added to the box for the implements and spinner . A teetotum was no longer needed as a metal pointer could be attached to a lithographed card using a pop rivet . The pointer could then spin around to produce a random number . The game board and box top were printed using lithography , making the game look like a work of art . Some of the vice spaces were removed ( those depicting women engaged in immoral acts and behaviors ) , and men were substituted for women in the House of Correction . The game remained in the Parker Brothers catalog for thirty years , displaying the line , " The first board game ever published in America " on its box cover . In 1895 , the New York game firm of McLoughlin Brothers printed and published another version of The Mansion of Happiness . The McLoughlin version used even better artwork than the Parker Brothers version which makes it more valuable to collectors . The McLoughlin version used a game box with the game board attached to the inside bottom of the box . Implements and spinner were simply placed in the box . The distinction of " the first published American board game " however is awarded today to Traveller 's Tour of the United States published by New York book sellers F. & R. Lockwood in 1822 . Because printing of game boards was more difficult in 1822 than 1843 , the term mass market is a gray area . In 1822 reversed etched copper plates were used to print game boards . After the first 2 @,@ 000 impressions , breaks quickly appeared in lines . Games were so expensive , the people who could afford them did not want game boards they could not read . By 1843 , lithography with water color painting was popular . Lithography could easily produce 40 @,@ 000 perfect impressions . = = Legacy = = With The Mansion Of Happiness published from 1800 in England to 1926 in The United States , it is the longest continuously published board game with a known designer , George Fox . That totals 126 years of continuous publication . Obviously Chess , Draughts ( Checkers ) , Go , and many other board games have been continuously published for a longer time , but no one knows the designer of these games .
= Louis Lambert ( novel ) = Louis Lambert is an 1832 novel by French novelist and playwright Honoré de Balzac ( 1799 – 1850 ) , included in the Études philosophiques section of his novel sequence La Comédie humaine . Set mostly in a school at Vendôme , it examines the life and theories of a boy genius fascinated by the Swedish philosopher Emanuel Swedenborg ( 1688 – 1772 ) . Balzac wrote Louis Lambert during the summer of 1832 while he was staying with friends at the Château de Saché , and published three editions with three different titles . The novel contains a minimal plot , focusing mostly on the metaphysical ideas of its boy @-@ genius protagonist and his only friend ( eventually revealed to be Balzac himself ) . Although it is not a significant example of the realist style for which Balzac became famous , the novel provides insight into the author 's own childhood . Specific details and events from the author 's life – including punishment from teachers and social ostracism – suggest a fictionalized autobiography . While he was a student at Vendôme , Balzac wrote an essay called Traité de la Volonté ( " Treatise on the Will " ) ; it is described in the novel as being written by Louis Lambert . The essay discusses the philosophy of Swedenborg and others , although Balzac did not explore many of the metaphysical concepts until much later in his life . Ideas analyzed in the essay and elsewhere in the novel include the split between inward and outward existence ; the presence of angels and spiritual enlightenment ; and the interplay between genius and madness . Although critics panned the novel , Balzac remained steadfast in his belief that it provided an important look at philosophy , especially metaphysics . As he developed the scheme for La Comédie humaine , he placed Louis Lambert in the Études philosophiques section , and later returned to the same themes in his novel Séraphîta , about an androgynous angelic creature . = = Background = = By 1832 , Honoré de Balzac had begun to make a name for himself as a writer . The second of five children , Balzac was sent to the Oratorian College de Vendôme at the age of eight . He returned from the school six years later , sickly and weak . He was taught by tutors and private schools for two and a half years , then attended the Sorbonne in Paris . After training as a law clerk for three years , he moved into a tiny garret in 1819 and began writing . His first efforts , published under a variety of pseudonyms , were cheaply printed potboiler novels . In 1829 he finally released a novel under his own name , titled Les Chouans ; it was a minor success , though it did not earn the author enough money to relieve his considerable debt . He found fame soon afterwards with a series of novels including La Physiologie du mariage ( 1829 ) , Sarrasine ( 1830 ) , and La Peau de chagrin ( 1831 ) . In 1831 Balzac published a short story called " Les Proscrits " ( " The Exiles " ) , about two poets named Dante and Godefroid de Gand who attend the Sorbonne at the start of the fourteenth century . It explores questions of metaphysics and mysticism , particularly the spiritual quest for illuminism and enlightenment . Balzac had been influenced greatly as a young man by the Swedish philosopher Emanuel Swedenborg , whose theories permeate " Les Proscrits " . The story was published – alongside La Peau de chagrin , which also delves into metaphysics – as part of an 1831 collection entitled Romans et contes philosophiques ( " Philosophical novels and stories " ) . = = Writing and publication = = In May 1832 , Balzac suffered a head injury when his tilbury carriage crashed in a Parisian street . Although he was not hurt badly , he wrote to a friend about his worry that " some of the cogs in the mechanism of my brain may have got out of adjustment " . His doctor ordered him to rest and refrain from writing and other mental activity . When he had recuperated , he spent the summer at the Château de Saché , just outside the city of Tours , with a family friend , Jean de Margonne . While in Saché , he wrote a short novel called Notice biographique sur Louis Lambert about a misfit boy genius interested in metaphysics . Like " Les Proscrits " , Louis Lambert was a vehicle for Balzac to explore the ideas that had fascinated him , particularly those of Swedenborg and Louis Claude de Saint @-@ Martin . He hoped the work would " produce an effect of incontestable superiority " . and provide " a glorious rebuttal " to critics who ridiculed his interest in metaphysics . The novel was first published as part of the Nouveaux contes philosophiques in late 1832 , but by the start of the following year he declared it to be " a wretched miscarriage " and began rewriting it . During the process , Balzac was aided by a grammarian working as a proofreader , who found " a thousand errors " in the text . Once he had returned home , the author " cried with despair and with that rage that takes hold of you when you recognize your faults after working so hard " . A vastly expanded and revised novel , Histoire intellectuelle de L.L. , was published as a single volume in 1833 . Balzac , still unsatisfied , continued reworking the text – as he often did between editions – and included a series of letters written by the boy genius , as well as a detailed description of his metaphysical theories . This final edition was released as Louis Lambert , included with " Les Proscrits " and a later work , Séraphîta , in a volume entitled Le Livre mystique ( " The Mystical Book " ) . = = Plot summary = = The novel begins with an overview of the main character 's background . Louis Lambert , the only child of a tanner and his wife , is born in 1797 and begins reading at an early age . In 1811 he meets the real @-@ life Swiss author Madame de Staël ( 1766 – 1817 ) , who – struck by his intellect – pays for him to enroll in the Collège de Vendôme . There he meets the narrator , a classmate named " the Poet " who later identifies himself in the text as Balzac ; they quickly become friends . Shunned by the other students and berated by teachers for not paying attention , the boys bond through discussions of philosophy and mysticism . After completing an essay entitled Traité de la Volonté ( " Treatise on the Will " ) , Lambert is horrified when a teacher confiscates it , calls it " rubbish " , and – the narrator speculates – sells it to a local grocer . Soon afterwards , a serious illness forces the narrator to leave the school . In 1815 , Lambert graduates at the age of eighteen and lives for three years in Paris . After returning to his uncle 's home in Blois , he meets a woman named Pauline de Villenoix and falls passionately in love with her . On the day before their wedding , however , he suffers a mental breakdown and attempts to castrate himself . Declared " incurable " by doctors , Lambert is ordered into solitude and rest . Pauline takes him to her family 's château , where he lives in a near coma . The narrator , ignorant of these events , meets Lambert 's uncle by chance , and is given a series of letters . Written by Lambert while in Paris and Blois , they continue his philosophical musings and describe his love for Pauline . The narrator visits his old friend at the Villenoix château , where the decrepit Lambert says only : " The angels are white . " Pauline shares a series of statements her lover had dictated , and Lambert dies on 25 September 1824 at the age of twenty @-@ eight . = = Style = = The actual events of Louis Lambert are secondary to extended discussions of philosophy ( especially metaphysics ) and human emotion . Because the novel does not employ the same sort of realism for which Balzac became famous , it has been called one of " the most diffuse and least valuable of his works " . Whereas many Balzac stories focus on the external world , Louis Lambert examines many aspects of the thought process and the life of the mind . Many critics , however , condemn the author 's disorganized style and his placement of his own mature philosophies into the mind of a teenage boy . Still , shades of Balzac 's realism are found in the book , particularly in the first @-@ hand descriptions of the Collège de Vendôme . The first part of the novel is replete with details about the school , describing how quarters were inspected and the complex social rules for exchanging dishes at dinnertime . Punishments are also described at length , including the assignment of tedious writing tasks and the painful application of the strap : Of all the physical torments to which we were exposed , certainly the most acute was that inflicted by this leathern instrument , about two fingers wide , applied to our poor little hands with all the strength and all the fury of the administrator . To endure this classical form of correction , the victim knelt in the middle of the room . He had to leave his form and go to kneel down near the master 's desk under the curious and generally merciless eyes of his fellows .... Some boys cried out and shed bitter tears before or after the application of the strap ; others accepted the infliction with stoic calm ... but few could control an expression of anguish in anticipation . Further signs of Balzac 's realism appear when Lambert describes his ability to vicariously experience events through thought alone . In one extended passage , he describes reading about the Battle of Austerlitz and seeing " every incident " . In another he imagines the physical pain of a knife cutting his skin . As Balzac 's biographer André Maurois notes , these reflections provide insight into the author 's perspective toward the world and its written representations . = = Themes = = = = = Autobiography = = = Biographers and critics agree that Louis Lambert is a thinly veiled version of the author , evidenced by numerous similarities between them . As a student at the Collège de Vendôme , Balzac was friends with a boy named Louis @-@ Lambert Tinant . Like the title character , Balzac 's faith was shaken at the time of his first communion . Balzac read voraciously while in school , and – like Lambert – was often punished for misbehaving in class . The precise details of the school also reflect Balzac 's time there : as described in the novel , students were allowed to keep pigeons and tend gardens , and holidays were spent in the dormitories . Lambert 's essay about metaphysics , Traité de la Volonté ( " Treatise on the Will " ) , is another autobiographical reference . Balzac wrote the essay himself as a boy , and – as in the novel – it was confiscated by an angry teacher . Lambert 's genius and philosophical erudition are reflections of Balzac 's self @-@ conception . Similarly , some critics and biographers have suggested that Lambert 's madness reflects ( consciously or not ) Balzac 's own unsteady mental state . His plans to run for parliament and other non @-@ literary ambitions led observers at the time to suspect his sanity . The many letters in the novel written by Lambert are also based on Balzac 's life . After finishing the first version of the book , Balzac tried to win the heart of the Marquise de Castries by sending her a fragmented love letter from the book . Lambert 's letters to his uncle about life in Paris from 1817 to 1820 , meanwhile , mirror Balzac 's own sentiments while attending the Sorbonne at the same time . = = = Swedenborg and metaphysics = = = The ideas of Swedish philosopher Emanuel Swedenborg ( and his disciple Louis Claude de Saint @-@ Martin ) are central to Louis Lambert . Madame de Staël is impressed by Lambert when she finds him in a park reading Swedenborg 's metaphysical treatise Heaven and Hell ( 1758 ) ; the Swedish writer 's ideas are later reproduced in Lambert 's own comments about mind , soul , and will . Primary among these is the division of the human into an " inward " and " outward " being . The outward being , subject to the forces of nature and studied by science , manifests itself in Lambert as the frail , frequently sick boy . The inward being , meanwhile , contains what Lambert calls " the material substance of thought " , and serves as the true life into which he gradually moves throughout the novel . Swedenborg 's concepts are explored with relation to language , pain , memory , and dreams . When the students take a trip to the nearby Château de Rochambeau , for example , Lambert , who has never visited the château , nevertheless recalls vivid memories of the place from a dream . Believing his spirit visited the place while his body slept , he ascribes the experience to " a complete severance of my body and my inner being " and " some inscrutable locomotive faculty in the spirit with effects resembling those of locomotion in the body " . Like his heroes Swedenborg and Saint @-@ Martin , Balzac attempts in Louis Lambert to construct a viable theory to unify spirit and matter . Young Lambert attempts this goal in his Traité de la Volonté , which – having been confiscated by a teacher – is described by the narrator : The word Will he used to connote ... the mass of power by which man can reproduce , outside himself , the actions constituting his external life .... The word Mind , or Thought , which he regarded as the quintessential product of the Will , also represented the medium in which the ideas originate to which thought gives substance .... Thus the Will and the Mind were the two generating forces ; the Volition and the Idea were the two products . Volition , he thought , was the Idea evolved from the abstract state to a concrete state , from its generative fluid to a solid expression .... According to him , the Mind and Ideas are the motion and the outcome of our inner organization , just as the Will and Volition are of our external activity . He gave the Will precedence over the Mind . The exploration of human will and thought is linked to Balzac 's interest in Franz Mesmer , who postulated the theory of animal magnetism , a force flowing among humans . The narrator invokes Mesmer twice in the text , and describes a section of the Traité de la Volonté which reflects the animal @-@ magnetic theory . = = = Religion = = = Balzac 's spiritual crisis at the time of his first communion led him to explore the first Christian thinkers and the question of evil . As the French critic Philippe Bertault points out , much of the mysticism in Louis Lambert is related to that of early Christianity . In his letters , Lambert describes exploring the philosophies of Christianity , Hinduism , Buddhism , Islam , and Confucianism , among others . Tracing the similarities among these traditions , he declares that Swedenborg " undoubtedly epitomizes all of the religions — or rather the one religion — of humanity " . The same theory informs Balzac 's efforts , in Louis Lambert and elsewhere , to complement his Christian beliefs with occult mysticism and secular realism . The church itself is a subject of Lambert 's meditations , particularly with regard to the early Christian martyrs . The split between inward and outward realities , he suggests , serves to explain the ability of those being tortured and maimed to escape physical suffering through the will of the spirit . As Lambert says : " Do not the phenomena observed in almost every instance of the torments so heroically endured by the early Christians for the establishment of the faith , amply prove that Material force will never prevail against the force of Ideas or the Will of man ? " This inward – outward split also serves to explain the Miracles attributed to Jesus , whom Lambert considers a " perfect " representation of unity between the two beings . The religious theme later appears in passages relating to angels . Discussing the contents of Swedenborg 's Heaven and Hell , Lambert tries to convince the narrator of the existence of angels , described as " an individual in whom the inner being conquers the outer being " . The boy genius himself is seen as an example of this process : his physical body withers and sickens , while his spiritual enlightenment expands , reaching its apex with his comment to the narrator : " The angels are white . " Pauline , meanwhile , is described as " the angel " and " Angel @-@ woman " . Their parallel angelic states merge into what critic Charles Affron calls " a kind of perfect marriage , a spiritual bond that traverses this world and the next " . Balzac later returned to the question of angels in other works of the Études philosophiques , particularly Séraphîta . = = = Genius and madness = = = Convinced that he was himself a genius , Balzac used Louis Lambert to explore the difficulty of geniuses in society , as well as their frequent progression into madness . He had been troubled greatly when , at Vendôme , he watched a schoolmate 's mental condition deteriorate severely . Lambert 's madness is represented most vividly in his attempt at self @-@ castration , followed by years spent in a catatonic state . This transformation is in many ways a byproduct of his genius ; because his brilliance is condemned by teachers and incompatible with the society of the other children , Lambert finds himself rejected by the world . He finds no more success in Paris , where he is led to " eat my heart out in misery " . He becomes a vegetable , removed from the physical world entirely . As a reflection of Balzac himself , Lambert also embodies the author 's self @-@ image as a brilliant writer , but one who acknowledges suspicions about his mental health . Some of his stories and public statements – as well as his fall prior to writing the novel – had led some observers to question Balzac 's sanity . The protagonist 's madness in Louis Lambert only added weight to these claims . As biographer Graham Robb writes : " It was typical of Balzac to douse a fire with petrol . " = = Reception and legacy = = Balzac was fiercely proud of Louis Lambert and believed that it elegantly represented his diverse interests in philosophy , mysticism , religion , and occultism . When he sent an early draft to his lover at the time , however , she predicted the negative reception it would receive . " Let the whole world see you for themselves , my dearest , " she wrote , " but do not cry out to them to admire you , because then the most powerful magnifying glasses will be directed at you , and what becomes of the most exquisite object when it is put under a microscope ? " Critical reaction was overwhelmingly negative , due mostly to the book 's lack of sustaining narrative . Conservative commentator Eugène Poitou , on the other hand , accused Balzac of lacking true faith and portraying the French family as a vile institution . Balzac was undeterred by the negative reactions ; referring to Louis Lambert and the other works in Le Livre mystique , he wrote : " Those are books that I create for myself and for a few others . " Although he was often critical of Balzac 's work , French author Gustave Flaubert was influenced – perhaps unconsciously – by the book . His own story " La Spirale " , written in the 1850s , bears a strong plot resemblance to Balzac 's 1832 novel . While the three editions of Louis Lambert were being revised and published , Balzac was developing a scheme to organize all of his novels – written and unwritten . He called the scheme La Comédie humaine ( " The Human Comedy " ) , and envisioned it as a panoramic look at every part of French life at the time . He placed Louis Lambert in the section named Études philosophiques ( " Philosophical Studies " ) , where it remained throughout his fifteen @-@ year refinement of the project . He returned to the themes of the novel in his later work Séraphîta , which follows the travails of an androgynous angelic creature . Balzac also inserted Lambert and his lover Pauline into later works – as he often did with characters from earlier novels – most notably in the story " Un Drame au bord de la mer " ( " A Drama at the Sea 's Edge " ) .
= Tamar of Georgia = Tamar the Great ( Georgian : თამარი ) ( c . 1160 – 18 January 1213 ) reigned as Queen regnant of Georgia from 1184 to 1213 , presiding over the apex of the Georgian Golden Age . A member of the Bagrationi dynasty , her position as the first woman to rule Georgia in her own right was emphasized by the title mep 'e ( " king " ) , commonly afforded to Tamar in the medieval Georgian sources . Tamar was proclaimed heir and co @-@ ruler by her reigning father George III in 1178 , but she faced significant opposition from the aristocracy upon her ascension to full ruling powers after George 's death . Tamar was successful in neutralizing this opposition and embarked on an energetic foreign policy aided by the decline of the hostile Seljuq Turks . Relying on a powerful military élite , Tamar was able to build on the successes of her predecessors to consolidate an empire which dominated the Caucasus until its collapse under the Mongol attacks within two decades after Tamar 's death . Tamar was married twice , her first union being , from 1185 to 1187 , to the Rus ' prince Yuri , whom she divorced and expelled from the country , defeating his subsequent coup attempts . For her second consort Tamar chose , in 1191 , the Alan prince David Soslan , by whom she had two children , George and Rusudan , the two successive monarchs on the throne of Georgia . Tamar 's association with the period of political and military successes and cultural achievements , combined with her role as a female ruler , has led to her idealization and romanticization in Georgian arts and historical memory . She remains an important symbol in Georgian popular culture and has been canonized by the Georgian Orthodox Church as the Holy Righteous King Tamar ( Georgian : წმიდა კეთილმსახური მეფე თამარი ts 'mida k 'etilmsakhuri mepe tamari ) , with her feast day commemorated on 14 May ( O.S. 1 May ) . = = Early life and ascent to the throne = = Tamar was born in circa 1160 to George III , King of Georgia , and his consort Burdukhan , a daughter of the king of Alania . While it is possible that Tamar had a younger sister , Rusudan , she is only mentioned once in all contemporary accounts of Tamar 's reign . The name Tamar is of Hebrew origin and , like other biblical names , was favored by the Georgian Bagrationi dynasty because of their claim to be descended from David , the second king of Israel . Tamar 's youth coincided with a major upheaval in Georgia ; in 1177 , her father , George III , was confronted by a rebellious faction of nobles . The rebels intended to dethrone George in favor of the king 's fraternal nephew , Demna , who was considered by many to be a legitimate royal heir of his murdered father , David V. Demna 's cause was little but a pretext for the nobles , led by the pretender 's father @-@ in @-@ law , the amirspasalar ( " constable " ) Ivane Orbeli , to weaken the crown . George III was able to crush the revolt and embarked on a crackdown campaign on the defiant aristocratic clans ; Ivane Orbeli was put to death and the surviving members of his family were driven out of Georgia . Prince Demna , castrated and blinded on his uncle 's order , did not survive the mutilation and soon died in prison . Once the rebellion was suppressed and the pretender eliminated , George went ahead to co @-@ opt Tamar into government with him and crowned her as co @-@ ruler in 1178 . By doing so , the king attempted to preempt any dispute after his death and legitimize his line on the throne of Georgia . At the same time , he raised men from the gentry and unranked classes to keep the dynastic aristocracy away from the center of power . = = Early reign and the first marriage = = For six years , Tamar was a co @-@ ruler with her father upon whose death , in 1184 , Tamar continued as the sole monarch and was crowned a second time at the Gelati cathedral near Kutaisi , western Georgia . She inherited a relatively strong kingdom , but the centrifugal tendencies fostered by the great nobles were far from being quelled . There was considerable opposition to Tamar 's succession ; this was sparked by a reaction against the repressive policies of her father and encouraged by the new sovereign 's other perceived weakness , her sex . As Georgia had never previously had a female ruler , a part of the aristocracy questioned Tamar 's legitimacy , while others tried to exploit her youth and supposed weakness to assert greater autonomy for themselves . The energetic involvement of Tamar 's influential aunt Rusudan and the Georgian Catholicos @-@ Patriarch Michael IV Mirianisdze was crucial for legitimizing Tamar 's succession to the throne . However , the young queen was forced into making significant concessions to the aristocracy . She had to reward the Catholicos @-@ Patriarch Michael 's support by making him a chancellor , thus placing him at the top of both the clerical and secular hierarchies . Tamar was also pressured into dismissing her father 's appointees , among them the constable Qubasar ( ყუბასარი ) , a Georgian Kipchak of ignoble birth , who had helped George III in his crackdown on the defiant nobility . One of the few untitled servitors of George III to escape this fate was the treasurer Qutlu Arslan who now led a group of nobles and wealthy citizens in a struggle to limit the royal authority by creating a new council , karavi , whose members would alone deliberate and decide policy . This attempt at " feudal constitutionalism " was rendered abortive when Tamar had Qutlu Arslan arrested and his supporters were inveigled into submission . Yet , Tamar 's first moves to reduce the power of the aristocratic élite were unsuccessful . She failed in her attempt to use a church synod to dismiss the Catholicos @-@ Patriarch Michael , and the noble council , darbazi , asserted the right to approve royal decrees . Even the queen 's first husband , the Rus ' prince Yuri , was forced on her by the nobles . Pursuant to dynastic imperatives and the ethos of the time , the nobles required Tamar to marry in order to have a leader for the army and to provide an heir to the throne . Their choice fell on Yuri , son of the murdered prince Andrei I Bogolyubsky of Vladimir @-@ Suzdal , who then lived as a refugee among the Kipchaks of the North Caucasus . The choice was approved by Tamar 's aunt Rusudan and the prince was brought to Georgia to marry the queen in 1185 . Yuri proved to be an able soldier , but a difficult person and he soon ran afoul of his wife . The strained spousal relations paralleled a factional struggle at the royal court in which Tamar was becoming more and more assertive of her rights as a queen regnant . The turning point in Tamar 's fortunes came with the death of the powerful Catholicos @-@ Patriarch Michael whom the queen replaced , as a chancellor , with her supporter , Anton Gnolistavisdze . Tamar gradually expanded her own power @-@ base and elevated her loyal nobles to high positions at the court , most notably the Zakarids @-@ Mkhargrzeli . = = Second marriage = = In 1187 , Tamar persuaded the noble council to approve her to divorce Yuri , who was accused of addiction to drunkenness and " sodomy " and was sent off to Constantinople . Assisted by several Georgian aristocrats anxious to check Tamar 's growing power , Yuri made two coup attempts , but failed and went off to obscurity after 1191 . The queen chose her second husband herself . He was David Soslan , an Alan prince , to whom the 18th @-@ century Georgian scholar Prince Vakhushti ascribes descent from the early 11th @-@ century Georgian king George I. David , a capable military commander , became Tamar 's major supporter and was instrumental in defeating the rebellious nobles who rallied behind Yuri . Tamar and David had two children . In 1192 or 1194 , the queen gave birth to a son , George @-@ Lasha , the future king George IV . The daughter , Rusudan , was born c . 1195 and would succeed her brother as a sovereign of Georgia . David Soslan 's status of a king consort , as well as his presence in art , on charters , and on coins , was dictated by the necessity of male aspects of kingship , but he remained a subordinate ruler who shared the throne with and derived his power from Tamar . Tamar continued to be styled as mep ’ et ’ a mep ’ e – " king of kings " . In Georgian , a language with no grammatical genders , mep 'e ( " king " ) does not necessarily imply a masculine connotation and can be rendered as a " sovereign " . The female equivalent of mep 'e is dedop 'ali ( " queen " ) , which was applied to queens consort or the king 's closest , senior female relatives . Tamar is occasionally called dedop 'ali in the Georgian chronicles and on some charters . Thus , the title of mep 'e might have been applied to Tamar to mark out her unique position among women . = = Foreign policy and military campaigns = = = = = Muslim neighbors = = = Once Tamar succeeded in consolidating her power and found a reliable support in David Soslan , the Zakarids @-@ Mkhargrzeli , Toreli , and other noble families , she revived the expansionist foreign policy of her predecessors . Repeated occasions of dynastic strife in Georgia combined with the efforts of regional successors of the Great Seljuq Empire , such as the Ildenizid atabegs of Azerbaijan , Shirvanshahs , and the Ahlatshahs , had slowed down the dynamic of the Georgians achieved during the reigns of Tamar 's great @-@ grandfather , David IV , and her father , George III . However , the Georgians became again active under Tamar , more prominently in the second decade of her rule . Early in the 1190s , the Georgian government began to interfere in the affairs of the Ildenizids and of the Shirvanshahs , aiding rivaling local princes and reducing Shirvan to a tributary state . The Ildenizid atabeg Abu Bakr attempted to stem the Georgian advance , but suffered a defeat at the hands of David Soslan at the Battle of Shamkor and lost his capital to a Georgian protégé in 1195 . Although Abu Bakr was able to resume his reign a year later , the Ildenizids were only barely able to contain further Georgian forays . In 1199 , Tamar 's armies led by two Christianised Kurdish generals , Zak 'are and Ivane Zakarid @-@ Mkhargrzeli , dislodged the Shaddadid dynasty from Ani , the erstwhile capital of the Armenian kingdom , and received it from the queen as their fief . From their base at Ani , the brothers surged ahead into the central Armenian lands , reclaiming one after another fortresses and districts from local Muslim rulers : Bjni was taken in 1201 and Dvin fell in 1203 . Alarmed by the Georgian successes , Süleymanshah II , the resurgent Seljuqid sultan of Rûm , rallied his vassal emirs and marched against Georgia , but his camp was attacked and destroyed by David Soslan at the Battle of Basian in 1203 or 1204 . The chronicler of Tamar describes how the army was assembled at the rock @-@ hewn town of Vardzia before marching on to Basian and how the queen addressed the troops from the balcony of the church . The Zakarids @-@ Mkhargrzeli captured Kars on behalf of the Georgian crown in 1206 , but were repelled from the walls of Akhlat in 1209 . This brought the struggle for the Armenian lands to a stall , leaving the Lake Van region in a relatively secure possession of its new masters – the Ayyubids of Damascus . In 1209 , the brothers Zakarids @-@ Mkhargrzeli laid waste to Ardabil – according to the Georgian and Armenian annals – as a revenge for the local Muslim ruler 's attack on Ani and his massacre of the city 's Christian population . In a great final burst , the brothers led an army marshaled throughout Tamar 's possessions and vassal territories in a march , through Nakhchivan and Julfa , to Marand , Tabriz , and Qazvin in northwest Iran , pillaging several settlements on their way . = = = Trebizond and the Middle East = = = Among the remarkable events of Tamar 's reign was the foundation of the Empire of Trebizond on the Black Sea coast in 1204 . This state was established by Alexios I Megas Komnenos ( r . 1204 – 1222 ) and his brother , David , in the northeastern Pontic provinces of the crumbling Byzantine Empire with the aid of Georgian troops . Alexios and David , Tamar 's relatives , were fugitive Byzantine princes raised at the Georgian court . According to Tamar 's historian , the aim of the Georgian expedition to Trebizond was to punish the Byzantine emperor Alexios IV Angelos ( r . 1203 – 1204 ) for his confiscation of a shipment of money from the Georgian queen to the monasteries of Antioch and Mount Athos . However , Tamar 's Pontic endeavor can better be explained by her desire to take advantage of the Western European Fourth Crusade against Constantinople to set up a friendly state in Georgia 's immediate southwestern neighborhood , as well as by the dynastic solidarity to the dispossessed Komnenoi . Tamar sought to make use of the weakness of the Byzantine Empire and the Crusaders ' defeat at the hands of the Ayyubid sultan Saladin in order to gain Georgia 's position on the international stage and to assume the traditional role of the Byzantine crown as a protector of the Christians of the Middle East . Christian Georgian missionaries were active in the North Caucasus and the expatriate monastic communities were scattered throughout the Eastern Mediterranean . Tamar 's chronicle praises her universal protection of Christianity and her support of churches and monasteries from Egypt to Bulgaria and Cyprus . The Georgian court was primarily concerned with the protection of the Georgian monastic centers in the Holy Land . By the 12th century , eight Georgian monasteries were listed in Jerusalem . Saladin 's biographer , Bahā ' ad @-@ Dīn ibn Šaddād , reports that after the Ayyubid conquest of Jerusalem in 1187 , Tamar sent envoys to the sultan to request that the confiscated possessions of the Georgian monasteries in Jerusalem be returned . Saladin 's response is not recorded , but the queen 's efforts seem to have been successful : Jacques de Vitry , who attained to the bishopric of Acre shortly after Tamar 's death , gives further evidence of the Georgians ’ presence in Jerusalem . He writes that the Georgians were – in contrast to the other Christian pilgrims – allowed a free passage into the city , with their banners unfurled . Ibn Šaddād furthermore claims that Tamar outbid the Byzantine emperor in her efforts to obtain the relics of the True Cross , offering 200 @,@ 000 gold pieces to Saladin who had taken the relics as booty at the Battle of Hattin – to no avail , however . = = Golden age = = = = = Feudal monarchy = = = Georgia 's political and cultural exploits of Tamar 's epoch were rooted in a long and complex past . Tamar owed her accomplishments most immediately to the reforms of her great @-@ grandfather David IV ( r . 1089 – 1125 ) and , more remotely , to the unifying efforts of David III and Bagrat III who became architects of a political unity of Georgian kingdoms and principalities in the opening decade of the 11th century . Tamar was able to build upon their successes . By the last years of Tamar 's reign , the Georgian state had reached the zenith of its power and prestige in the Middle Ages . Tamar 's realm stretched from the Greater Caucasus crest in the north to Erzurum in the south , and from the Zygii in the northwest to the vicinity of Ganja in the southeast , forming a pan @-@ Caucasian empire , with the loyal Zachariad regime in northern and central Armenia , Shirvan as a vassal and Trebizond as an ally . A contemporary Georgian historian extols Tamar as the master of the lands " from the Sea of Pontus [ i.e. , the Black Sea ] to the Sea of Gurgan [ i.e. , the Caspian Sea ] , from Speri to Derbend , and all the Hither and the Thither Caucasus up to Khazaria and Scythia . " The royal title was correspondingly aggrandized . It now reflected not only Tamar 's sway over the traditional subdivisions of the Georgian realm , but also included new components , emphasizing the Georgian crown 's hegemony over the neighboring lands . Thus , on the coins and charters issued in her name , Tamar is identified as : The queen never achieved autocratic powers and the noble council continued to function . However , Tamar 's own prestige and the expansion of patronq 'moba – a Georgian version of feudalism – kept the more powerful dynastic princes from fragmenting the kingdom . This was a classical period in the history of Georgian feudalism . Attempts at transplanting feudal practices in the areas where they had previously been almost unknown did not pass without resistance . Thus , there was a revolt among the mountaineers of Pkhovi and Dido on Georgia 's northeastern frontier in 1212 , which was put down by Ivane Zakarid @-@ Mkhargrzeli after three months of heavy fighting . With flourishing commercial centers now under Georgia 's control , industry and commerce brought new wealth to the country and the court . Tribute extracted from the neighbors and war booty added to the royal treasury , giving rise to the saying that " the peasants were like nobles , the nobles like princes , and the princes like kings . " = = = Culture = = = With this prosperity came an outburst of the distinct Georgian culture , emerging from the amalgam of Christianity , secularism , as well as western and eastern influences . Despite this , the Georgians continued to identify with the Byzantine West , rather than Islamic East , with the Georgian monarchy seeking to underscore its association with Christianity and present its position as God @-@ given . It was in that period that the canon of Georgian Orthodox architecture was redesigned and a series of large @-@ scale domed cathedrals were built . The Byzantine @-@ derived expression of royal power was modified in various ways to bolster Tamar 's unprecedented position as a woman ruling in her own right . The five extant monumental church portraits of the queen are clearly modeled on Byzantine imagery , but also highlight specifically Georgian themes and Persian @-@ type ideals of female beauty . Despite Georgia 's Byzantine @-@ leaning culture , the country 's intimate trade connections with the Middle East is evidenced on contemporary Georgian coinage , whose legends were composed in Georgian and Arabic . A series of coins minted in circa 1200 in the name of Queen Tamar depicted a local variant of the Byzantine obverse and an Arabic inscription on the reverse proclaiming Tamar as the " Champion of the Messiah " . The contemporary Georgian chronicles enshrined Christian morality and patristic literature continued to flourish , but it had , by that time , lost its earlier dominant position to secular literature , which was highly original , even though it developed close contact with neighboring cultures . The trend culminated in Shota Rustaveli 's epic poem The Knight in the Panther 's Skin ( Vepkhistq 'aosani ) , which celebrates the ideals of an " Age of Chivalry " and is revered in Georgia as the greatest achievement of native literature . = = Death and burial = = Tamar outlived her consort , David Soslan , and died of a " devastating disease " not far from her capital Tbilisi , having previously crowned her son , Giorgi @-@ Lasha , coregent . Tamar 's historian relates that the queen suddenly fell ill when discussing state affairs with her ministers at the Nacharmagevi castle near the town of Gori . She was transported to Tbilisi and then to the nearby castle of Agarani where Tamar died and was mourned by her subjects . Her remains were transferred to the cathedral of Mtskheta and then to the Gelati monastery , a family burial ground of the Georgian royal dynasty . The traditional scholarly opinion is that Tamar died in 1213 , although there are several indications that she might have died earlier , in 1207 or 1210 . In later times , a number of legends emerged about Tamar 's place of burial . One of them has it that Tamar was buried in a secret niche at the Gelati monastery so as to prevent the grave from being profaned by her enemies . Another version suggests that Tamar 's remains were reburied in a remote location , possibly in the Holy Land . The French knight Guillaume de Bois , in a letter dated from the early 13th century , written in Palestine and addressed to the bishop of Besançon , claimed that he had heard that the king of the Georgians was heading towards Jerusalem with a huge army and had already conquered many cities of the Saracens . He was carrying , the report said , the remains of his mother , the " powerful queen Tamar " ( regina potentissima Thamar ) , who had been unable to make a pilgrimage to the Holy Land in her lifetime and had bequeathed her body to be buried near the Holy Sepulchre . In the 20th century , the quest for Tamar 's grave became a subject of scholarly research , as well as the focus of broader public interest . The Georgian writer Grigol Robakidze wrote in his 1918 essay on Tamar : " Thus far , nobody knows where Tamar 's grave is . She belongs to everyone and to no one : her grave is in the heart of the Georgian . And in the Georgians ' perception , this is not a grave , but a beautiful vase in which an unfading flower , the great Tamar , flourishes . " An orthodox academic view still places Tamar 's grave at Gelati , but a series of archaeological studies , beginning with Taqaishvili in 1920 , has failed to locate it at the monastery . = = Legacy and popular culture = = = = = Medieval = = = Over the centuries , Queen Tamar has emerged as a dominant figure in the Georgian historical pantheon . The construction of her reign as a " Golden age " began in the reign itself and Tamar became the focus of the era . Several medieval Georgian poets , including Shota Rustaveli , claimed Tamar as the inspiration for their works . A legend has it that Rustaveli was even consumed with love for the queen and ended his days in a monastery . A dramatic scene from Rustaveli 's poem where the seasoned King Rostevan crowns his daughter Tinatin is an allegory to George III 's co @-@ option of Tamar . Rustaveli comments on this : " A lion cub is just as good , be it female or male " . The queen became a subject of several contemporary panegyrics , such as Chakhrukhadze 's Tamariani and Ioane Shavteli 's Abdul @-@ Mesia . She was eulogized in the chronicles , most notably in the two accounts centered on her reign – The Life of Tamar , Queen of Queens and The Histories and Eulogies of the Sovereigns – which became the primary sources of Tamar 's sanctification in Georgian literature . The chroniclers exalt her as a " protector of the widowed " and " the thrice blessed " , and place a particular emphasis on Tamar 's virtues as a woman : beauty , humility , love of mercy , fidelity , and purity . Although Tamar was canonized by the Georgian church much later , she was even named as a saint in her lifetime in a bilingual Greco @-@ Georgian colophon attached to the manuscript of the Vani Gospels . The idealization of Tamar was further accentuated by the events that took place under her immediate successors ; within two decades of Tamar 's death , the Khwarezmian and Mongol invasions brought Georgian ascendancy to an abrupt end . Later periods of national revival were too ephemeral to match the achievements of Tamar 's reign . All of these contributed to the cult of Tamar which blurred the distinction between the idealized queen and the real personality . In popular memory , Tamar 's image has acquired a legendary and romantic façade . A diverse set of folk songs , poems and tales illustrate her as an ideal ruler , a holy woman onto whom certain attributes of pagan deities and Christian saints were sometimes projected . For example , in an old Ossetian legend , Queen Tamar conceives her son of a sunbeam which shines through the window . Another myth , from the Georgian mountains , equates Tamar with the pagan deity of weather , Pirimze , who controls winter . Similarly , in the highland district of Pshavi , Tamar 's image fused with a pagan goddess of healing and female fertility . While Tamar occasionally accompanied her army and is described as planning some campaigns , she was never directly involved in the fighting . Yet , the memory of the military victories of her reign contributed to Tamar 's other popular image , that of a model warrior @-@ queen . It also echoed in the Tale of Queen Dinara , a popular 16th @-@ century Russian story about a fictional Georgian queen fighting against the Persians . Tsar of All the Russias Ivan the Terrible before the seizure of Kazan encouraged his army by the examples of Tamar 's battles by describing her as : = = = Modern = = = Much of the modern perception of Queen Tamar was shaped under the influence of 19th @-@ century Romanticism and growing nationalism among Georgian intellectuals of that time . In the Russian and Western literatures of the 19th century , the image of Queen Tamar reflected the European conceptions of the Orient – of which Georgia was perceived as a part – and the position and characteristics of women in it . The Tyrolean writer Jakob Philipp Fallmerayer described Tamar as a " Caucasian Semiramis " . Fascinated by the " exotic " Caucasus , the Russian poet Mikhail Lermontov wrote the romantic poem Tamara ( Russian : Тамара ; 1841 ) in which he utilized the old Georgian legend about a siren @-@ like mountainous princess whom the poet gave the name of Queen Tamar . Although Lermontov 's depiction of the Georgian queen as a destructive seductress had no apparent historical background , it has been influential enough to raise the issue of Tamar 's sexuality , a question that was given some prominence by the 19th @-@ century European authors . Knut Hamsun 's 1903 play Dronning Tamara ( " Queen Tamara " ) was less successful ; the theatre critics saw in it " a modern woman dressed in a medieval costume " and read the play as " a commentary on the new woman of the 1890s . " Russian conductor Mily Balakirev composed a symphony named " Tamara " . In Georgian literature , Tamar was also romanticized , but very differently from the Russian and Western European view . The Georgian romanticists followed a medieval tradition in Tamar 's portrayal as a gentle , saintly woman who ruled a country permanently at war . This sentiment was further inspired by the rediscovery of a contemporary , 13th @-@ century wall painting of Tamar in the then @-@ ruined Betania monastery , which was uncovered and restored by Prince Grigory Gagarin in the 1840s . The fresco became a source of numerous engravings circulating in Georgia at that time and inspired the poet Grigol Orbeliani to dedicate a romantic poem to it . Furthermore , the Georgian literati , reacting to Russian rule in Georgia and the suppression of national institutions , contrasted Tamar 's era to their contemporary situation , lamenting the irretrievably lost past in their writings . Hence , Tamar became a personification of the heyday of Georgia , a perception that has persisted down to the present time . Tamar 's marriage to the Rus ' prince Yuri has become a subject of two resonant prose works in modern Georgia . Shalva Dadiani 's play , originally entitled The Unfortunate Russian ( უბედური რუსი ; 1916 – 1926 ) , was attacked by Soviet critics for distorting the " centuries @-@ long friendship of the Russian and Georgian peoples . " Under Communist Party pressure , Dadiani had to revise both the title and plot in accordance with the official ideology of the Soviet state . In 2002 , a satirical short @-@ story The First Russian ( პირველი რუსი ) penned by the young Georgian writer Lasha Bughadze and focused on a frustrated wedding night of Tamar and Yuri outraged many conservatives and triggered a nationwide controversy , including heated discussions in the media , the Parliament of Georgia and the Patriarchate of the Georgian Orthodox Church . = = Genealogy = = The chart below shows the abbreviated genealogy of Tamar and her family , tracing it from Tamar 's grandfather to her grandchildren .
= Richard Lloyd Racing = Richard Lloyd Racing ( RLR ) , originally named GTi Engineering , was a British auto racing team created in 1977 by driver Richard Lloyd . Originally named for the Volkswagen Golf GTIs that Lloyd raced in the British Saloon Car Championship ( BSCC ) , they went on to become a successful Porsche privateer in the World Sportscar Championship ( WSC ) . Richard Lloyd Racing eventually folded at the end of the 1990 season due to the increased cost of the World Championship . The team was also known for their extensively modified Porsche 956s and 962Cs , developed to overcome some problems in the original Porsche design and construction . The cars , all named GTi after the team , were able to outperform their standard counterparts . The GTis made some of the first uses of exotic materials and innovative design elements that would later be adopted by Porsche and other manufacturers . Even after the racing team had moved on to running Porsches , GTi Engineering remained a division of Richard Lloyd Racing and continued to offer car tuning for Volkswagen and Audi products . Parts and full conversions were constructed in their shared race shop at Silverstone Circuit . The tuning company was eventually sold off , but it remains in existence today . = = Racing history = = = = = 1977 – 1980 = = = GTi Engineering was created by Richard Lloyd in 1977 as his personal team in the British Saloon Car Championship , in which he had been competing for several years . The team was the primary entrant of the new GTi version of the Volkswagen Golf , which had been launched in 1976 , and primary backing came from Volkswagen Great Britain . Lloyd not only managed the team , but also continued to drive . He earned a best result in the BSCC in 1978 when he finished second in the championship , and he earned several wins over the three @-@ year period of the GTi program . In 1980 , GTi Engineering moved from Volkswagen to partner brand Audi , entering the new Audi 80 in the BSCC . Lloyd was able to sign British drivers Stirling Moss and Martin Brundle to the team for that season . Following the 1980 campaign , GTi Engineering was approached by Porsche about becoming the primary European entrant of the company 's new 924 Carrera GTR in endurance racing . To help with the project , GTi Engineering was able to sign Japanese camera firm Canon as the primary sponsor , leading to the team being known as Canon Racing . = = = 1981 – 1982 = = = The team made their international debut at the 1981 1000 km Monza , where drivers Richard Lloyd and Tony Dron finished in eighth place and second in their class . Victory quickly followed as Lloyd and driver Andy Rouse won their class in their home event , the 1000 km Brands Hatch . For 1982 , the team 's 924 Carrera GTRs were adapted to comply with the International Motor Sports Association 's GTO class regulations . Although this made the car ineligible for class victories in most European events , it was still able to compete with cars of similar classes . The team struggled for results that year , but a best result of fifth overall was achieved at the 1000 km Nürburgring . The team outlasted several Group C and Group 6 sports prototypes to finish high in the results . = = = 1983 – 1985 = = = Following the 1982 season , Porsche ended their 924 Carrera GTR development program and the team moved on to Porsche 's newest motorsport offering , the Group C 956 . This promoted GTi Engineering to the top class in the World Championship , which allowed them to compete for overall wins . In the team 's second race with the 956 , their home event at Silverstone , Jan Lammers and Thierry Boutsen secured a podium finish , which was followed by another at the Nürburgring . A final appearance on the podium was earned in the final European race of the year at Mugello Circuit . Lammers finished seventh in the Drivers Championship . For 1984 , GTi continued their success in the World Championship . As part of an agreement with sponsor Canon , GTi Engineering entered a second car in select rounds of the championship for the purpose of carrying an on @-@ board video camera within the cockpit to record the entire event . Although the added weight of the camera systems hampered the performance of the 956 , the car was still driven as normal by Richard Lloyd and team mate , Pink Floyd drummer Nick Mason , and it made its debut at the 24 Hours of Le Mans . GTi 's main 956 entry , however , remained a front runner in the hands of Lammers and John Fitzpatrick . Jonathan Palmer substituted for Fitzpatrick and , along with Lammers , took the team 's first World Championship victory at Brands Hatch , two laps ahead of a Joest Racing Porsche . Soon after the victory , the team debuted its new car , the custom @-@ built 956 GTi . The GTi was quickly able to usurp its predecessor , taking second at Imola . The team ended the year with Lammers and Fitzpatrick tied for fifth in the Drivers Championship . During 1985 , the team officially changed its title to Richard Lloyd Racing , although the GTi Engineering name was retained as part of the company . The team continued on with their 956s , even though some competitors were now using the improved 962C . The season began with Lammers and Palmer earning good results , and the team managed to earn a second @-@ place finish at the 24 Hours of Le Mans with Jonathan Palmer , James Weaver , and Lloyd himself completing the race only three laps behind the winning Joest Porsche but ahead of the factory Rothmans Porsche . Trouble occurred during practice for the 1000 km Spa when a tyre let go , sending the car into the barrier at 140 mph ( 230 km / h ) , injuring Palmer and badly damaging the car , forcing it to undergo a lengthy rebuild . The team returned to the championship at Fuji but was unable to finish the event . Richard Lloyd Racing ended the year fifth in the Teams Championship , although Palmer was only twelfth in the Drivers Championship . = = = 1986 – 1990 = = = Canon chose to end their sponsorship of Richard Lloyd Racing in 1986 , leaving the team to sign Liqui Moly as a replacement . The team pressed on with the 956 GTi , using a variety of rotating drivers without much success early in the season . Their results improved , however , as Brands Hatch once again saw success for the squad when they earned their second World Championship victory by four laps over Joest Racing , with factory Porsche drivers Mauro Baldi and Bob Wollek in the car . A second @-@ place finish at the Nürburgring was the only other podium showing of the year , and the team finished the season sixth in the Teams Championship . Outside of the World Championship , the 956 GTi also made an appearance at an Interserie event at Richard Lloyd Racing 's home track of Thruxton , winning one heat and finishing second overall in the combined results . Richard Lloyd Racing replaced their aging 956 GTi prior to the 1987 season . A new 962C @-@ based car was obtained , although it was once again built to a unique GTi specification . Jonathan Palmer and Mauro Baldi became full @-@ season drivers for the squad . The team repeated their lack of early success from the previous year , once again earning a victory in the second half of the season . However , unlike the previous Brands Hatch successes , this one was earned at the Norisring sprint event . Brands Hatch remained lucky for the team though , as they earned a second place that year . Richard Lloyd Racing closed off the season with a third at Fuji , earning them fifth in the Teams Championship and helping Baldi tie for eighth in the Drivers Championship . The team also won the post @-@ season exhibition event at Kyalami , South Africa , with Jochen Mass driving . A limited schedule of races were run in 1988 , as Liqui Moly ended their sponsoring of the team . New backing instead came from Porsche Great Britain . A fourth @-@ place finish at the opening sprint event was followed by a string of accidents and disqualifications , leading to the team missing several races for repairs . A seventh @-@ place finish at the Nürburgring was the only other finish to earn points for the team , leaving them ninth in the Teams Championship as they ended their season early . Rather than participate in the Fuji event , the team went to North America for an exhibition event in Tampa , Florida , participating against Camel GT Championship teams . American driver Price Cobb joined James Weaver , and the duo earned third place behind the American Electramotive Nissan and the European Brun Porsche . An evolution of the World Championship in 1989 , with a schedule consisting entirely of shorter sprint events , helped reduce the cost for the teams and allowed Richard Lloyd Racing to restructure and add a second car to their line @-@ up . Drivers included Derek Bell , Tiff Needell , and Steven Andskär . A fifth @-@ place finish at Dijon @-@ Prenois and fourth @-@ place finish in the finale at Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez were once again the only points earned by Richard Lloyd Racing , leaving them ninth in the Teams Championship . A home success outside the World Championship was achieved when Needell took second in a Supercup event at Silverstone . For 1990 , Richard Lloyd Racing signed Japanese firm Italiya as the primary sponsor for the team . The team was reduced to a single entry , primarily driven by Manuel Reuter , James Weaver , and Steven Andskär . A sixth place at Spa and third at a shortened Montreal event were the highlights of the year , and Richard Lloyd Racing was once again ninth in the championship with three points . The team also ran a standard 962C at Le Mans for Nick Mason . The Mason @-@ owned car finished eleventh while the team 's 962C GTi withdrew after a pit fire . After the season ended , Richard Lloyd Racing was closed due to a lack of funding necessary to continue on into 1991 . = = GTi Porsches = = = = = 956 GTi = = = Following a successful debut season with the 956 in 1983 , Richard Lloyd commissioned designer Nigel Stroud to develop a replacement monocoque and base chassis for the team 's car in an attempt to increase structural rigidity over that of the factory Porsche unit . Aluminium composite honeycomb was used in place of aluminium sheet metal in constructing the new monocoque . This car , originally 956 chassis # 106 , was replaced by the Stroud @-@ designed chassis designated # 106B , leading to the car being renamed a 956 GTi . Further modifications were made to the car once the monocoque had been completed , which included replacing the entire Porsche front suspension setup with a custom design . Bodywork modifications were also carried out by automotive designer Peter Stevens in an attempt to increase the overall downforce of the car on smaller circuits ; a narrow wing devised by Lloyd and team manager Greene at the 1984 1000 km of Brands Hatch was placed on two vertical struts , attached to the nose of the car between the headlights and fenders . In addition , the standard rear wing was replaced with a two element design at different angles of attack , with a narrow gap between the two . The wings were also constructed from carbon fibre , lighter than the standard material used on 956s . The # 106B GTi chassis was badly damaged in an accident at the 1000 km Spa in 1985 , requiring the team to build another monocoque known as # 106BII . This chassis also adapted several newer 962 elements , including moving the cockpit farther back from the front axle . This chassis served with the team until the end of 1986 , when it was replaced by the new 962C GTi . Following its retirement , 956 GTi was refurbished in 1990 and is now used in historic motorsport events . The car 's initial Canon paint scheme is used once again . = = = 962C GTi = = = In an attempt to catch the improving capabilities of the factory 962Cs , Lloyd commissioned the construction of a new car for the 1987 season . As before , the monocoque was designed by Nigel Stroud , while standard 962 parts were adapted to fit alongside custom @-@ built pieces . The first chassis , intentionally retaining the identification # 106B but not the same chassis as used on the 956 GTi , once again featured noticeable differences from its factory brethren . The rear of the car was completely redesigned , with the rear wing no longer part of the long tail bodywork . Instead , the wing hung off the rear of the car , attached only by struts at the center . As the 1987 season continued on , modifications were made to the front of the car as well . The fenders and nose were rounded off , while the front brake cooling ducts and smaller headlights featured an all @-@ new design . These front end improvements were continued into 1988 with the construction of another car , chassis # 200 . The central gap on the bottom of the nose was filled in , allowing for the relocation of the brake cooling ducts towards the center of the car , while an extended splitter was added to aid front downforce . At the rear , Nigel Stroud adapted a design element which had been used by Jaguar : bodywork covered the sides of the rear wheels of the car , allowing for better airflow . Chassis # 201 joined the team in 1989 , identical to the other team car . The new car initially retained the rear wheel covers that # 200 had used for improved aerodynamic performance , but they were later removed in 1990 . The brake cooling ducts were also moved into larger openings higher on the nose . Two further 962C GTi chassis were constructed by GTi Engineering . Dyson Racing purchased chassis # 202 , which they further modified for the Camel GT Championship , becoming known as # DR1 . Dyson 's 962C GTi won a single event in San Antonio , Texas . ADA Engineering received # 203 for the 1992 24 Hours of Le Mans before using it again in 1994 with Team Nippon . Chassis # 106B was sold after Richard Lloyd had replaced it , and it ended up in the All Japan Sports Prototype Championship in the hands of Trust Racing Team from 1988 to 1990 , then the Nisseki Racing Team in 1991 . Chassis # 200 also ran in Japan under the Alpha Cubic banner in 1990 .
= Pearl Corkhill = Pearl Elizabeth Corkhill MM ( 11 March 1887 – 4 December 1985 ) was an Australian military nurse of the First World War . Trained as a nurse in Sydney , Corkhill enlisted in the Australian Imperial Force on 4 June 1915 . After serving in France at the 1st and 3rd Australian General Hospitals , Corkhill was assigned to the 38th British Casualty Clearing Station near Abbeville on 21 August 1918 . On 23 August , while the camp was being heavily bombed by enemy aircraft , Corkhill remained calm and continued to tend to her patients , despite the danger . For her bravery , she was awarded the Military Medal , one of only seven Australian nurses to be so decorated in the First World War . Following the Armistice , she went on to work as a nurse at various public hospitals , and donated a large collection of her father 's photographs to the National Library of Australia . = = Early life = = Corkill was born on 11 March 1887 , the second child of William Corkhill , a grazier and photographer , and Francis Hawtrey née Bate . Growing up on the family ranch , " Marengo " , near Tilba Tilba in southern New South Wales , Corkhill and her sister Edith 's lives where extensively recorded by their father , who by 1890 had become a professional photographer . She was first educated by a governess before attending the public school in town . She undertook nursing training at a private hospital in Summer Hill , Sydney and qualified as a general nurse in 1914 . = = Military years = = On 4 June 1915 , Corkhill enrolled as a staff nurse in the Australian Imperial Force . She left Fremantle aboard the A62 Wandila on 25 June 1915 , and arrived in Egypt in July that year . She was assigned to the 1st Australian General Hospital , and assisted in the treatment of soldiers involved with the Gallipoli Campaign . On 24 March 1916 , Corkhill was among a group of nurses sent to Marseille aboard the Braemar Castle , a hospital ship . Arriving in early April , she was then sent aboard a train destined for the 2nd British General Hospital in Le Havre . The train was poorly equipped and was missing many amenities , such as toilets or water , so the women were forced to improvise by washing with cologne . In her time at the British hospital , Corkhill looked forward to returning to an Australian hospital and being " amongst our boys " ; the Australian soldiers often found their compatriots to be friendlier than the British nurses . On Anzac Day 1916 , a year after the Landing at Gallipoli , Corkhill and two other Australian nurses commemorated the occasion . They wore gum tree leaves on their capes , and gave small packets of cigarettes and matches to the Australians who were interned at the hospital as gifts . Corkhill went back to serve at the 1st Australian General Hospital in Rouen on 16 June 1916 for the remainder of the year . On 23 January 1917 , she went to England on leave until 9 February . She then served at the Australian Hospital until July 1918 , with the exception of her two leaves ; to England in October 1917 and to Paris in February 1918 . On 15 May 1918 , Corkhill was sent to Abbeville to join the 3rd Australian General Hospital , and was briefly posted to the 38th British Casualty Clearing Station on 2 June . After serving in with the 3rd Australian General Hospital for a further two months , she was again posted to the Casualty Clearing Station on 21 August 1918 . = = = Military Medal = = = Casualty Clearing Stations were deliberately sited as close to the front line as possible , since many injuries caused during battle required more urgent attention than the time to travel to a field hospital allowed . Often within seven miles of the front line , they were considered extremely dangerous , and the appropriateness of having nurses attend such stations was hotly debated within the military . As a result of its proximity to the front , the station would often come under enemy attack , as was the case of the 38th British Casualty Station on 23 August . The Casualty Station suffered a heavy air raid by German forces , with the sterilisation room being destroyed and the camp being hit by numerous bombs . Despite the heavy attack , Corkhill , who was attending to the wounded at the time , remained calm and continued to aid the patients . For her actions , she was recommended for and later awarded the Military Medal . War Office , 23rd August , 1918 His Majesty the KING has been pleased to approve of the award of the Military Medal to the undermentioned Lady for distinguished service in the Field , as recorded : — Staff Nurse Pearl Elizabeth Corkhill , Aust . A.N.S. For courage and devotion on the occasion of an enemy air @-@ raid . She continued to attend to the wounded without any regard to her own safety , though enemy aircraft were overhead . Her example was of the greatest value in allaying the alarm of the patients . Corkhill was initially unconvinced that she deserved the award , being more concerned about having to purchase a new dress to wear while meeting the King . The award was more heavily celebrated by the men than by Corkhill herself , as she described in a letter to her mother : Today word came that I had been awarded the MM. Well the C.O. sent over a bottle of champagne and they all drank my health and now the medical officers are giving me a dinner in honour of the event . I can 't see what I 've done to deserve it but the part I don 't like is having to face old George and Mary to get the medal . It will cost me a new mess dress , but I suppose I should not grumble at that — I 'm still wearing the one I left Australia in . = = = Later service = = = The day following the action , 24 August , Corkhill was posted to the 1st Australian General Hospital , and went on leave in the United Kingdom . She was retained for service at the 1st Australian Auxiliary Hospital in Harefield , London on 27 August 1918 . She was promoted to the rank of Sister on 1 October , and continued to serve at the hospital until She returned to Australia on 24 January 1919 . She was discharged on 22 June 1919 . = = Later life = = A memorial commemorating Corkhill 's efforts in the war was erected in Tilba , and she was presented with the medal by Governor @-@ General Lord Foster . Following the war , Corkhill went on to pursue a nursing career . After serving as a nurse in various hospitals both in Australia and overseas , Corkhill became the senior sister at the District Hospital in Bega , New South Wales in 1951 . In 1975 , she donated a large collection of her father 's photographs to National Library of Australia . Amongst the one thousand piece collection were personal photographs along with pictures the Tilba area , which were later used to create a book , Taken at Tilba and an engagement calendar . Corkhill was a skilled horsewoman , and was the lead in the centenary Cooma Show . A supper cloth made by Corkhill while on duty has been used as an example of decorative crafts of the era , and a number of photographs she had taken while on duty were donated to the Australian War Memorial . Corkhill died on 4 December 1985 in Dalmeny , New South Wales . She was unmarried .
= Beecher 's Handmade Cheese = Beecher 's Handmade Cheese is an artisan cheesemaker and retail shop with locations in the Pike Place Market , Seattle , Washington and New York City 's Flatiron District . The company was founded by Kurt Beecher Dammeier in 2003 and opened in the Pike Place Market after Dammeier obtained a difficult to obtain storefront lease in the Market . Because Dammeier had never been a cheesemaker , he sought out the assistance of Brad Sinko , who helped run a family cheese @-@ making business in Oregon . A second location was opened in 2011 in the Flatiron neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City . Unlike most artisan cheese makers , Beecher 's mainly uses pasteurized milk and operates a high @-@ volume modern production facility , with multiple farms supplying milk . When Beecher 's encountered problems in guaranteeing the standard flavor of the milks they were using to make cheese , the company bought their own herds of dairy cattle and farms to ensure control of the cheese products from beginning to end . Beecher 's uses various cheese cultures when mixing cheeses , so a cheddar cheese produced by Beecher 's may use cultures not normally intended for cheddar cheese production . Beecher 's Pike Place Market cheese @-@ making facility includes a café , which serves grilled cheese and other items , and a retail shop , which sells both Beecher 's cheeses and others brands from local Pacific Northwest cheesemakers . The New York location is a much larger space . In addition to the production facility , café , and retail space , it also has a full @-@ service restaurant downstairs referred to as The Cellar . Beecher 's also manufactures and sells macaroni and cheese dishes ( and other frozen sides ) , which have received praise in reviews from the national news media . Dammeier and his firm 's cheeses have been featured on national television , including twice on The Martha Stewart Show and once on Oprah , with the " World 's Best " Macaroni and Cheese featured as one of Oprah 's " Favorite Things . " A cookbook by Dammeier , Pure Flavor : 125 Fresh All @-@ American Recipes From The Pacific Northwest , has been published , and incorporates recipes used to make various Beecher 's products and dishes . In addition to their various business endeavors , Beecher 's sponsors the Flagship foundation and Pure Food Kids project , an educational program to teach children in the Seattle public schools system about healthful diets . = = Founding and history = = Before founding Beecher 's , Dammeier had never made cheese , and had little direct knowledge of the cheese making business . His self @-@ described " passion " for cheese began during his childhood in Tacoma , Washington , where his family always kept a cheese board piled high with local cheeses . Raised in a family business involving printing and food manufacturing , he decided to open a cheese business after his family sold the printing company . He named it for his great @-@ grandfather , Beecher McKenzie . Dammeier also owns the Seattle @-@ based specialty grocer Pasta & Co. and is a major investor in Pyramid Breweries , Inc . ; other members of his family have stakes in Pyramid as well . Dammeier also founded Bennett 's Pure Food Bistro on nearby Mercer Island , and the food truck Maximus / Minimus , both of which carry many dishes prepared with Beecher 's products . In 2003 , Dammeier opened Beecher 's in Seattle 's Pike Place Market when a rare large retail location became available in the market after the nursery Molbak 's closed its Market location and moved to its current Woodinville , Washington property . After taking a cheese making course at Washington State University , Dammeier decided he needed to hire someone to work with him as chief cheesemaker . He hired Brad Sinko , a microbiologist , who previously had managed his family cheese business of Bandon Cheese in Oregon , before it was acquired by the Tillamook County Creamery Association . According to Dammeier , the artisanal cheese market was underrepresented in Seattle and Washington , and he opened his business in part to encourage more cheese business to grow in the region . In 2000 , Washington had nine licensed cheesemakers ; this expanded to twenty @-@ eight by 2007 . Dammeier compared the growth he expects in artisan cheese to the United States ' recent growth in sales of specialty beers : " If you said the word ' Porter ' 20 years ago , no one in the U.S. would have had any idea you were talking about beer . Twenty years from now , people will know what a washed rind is . " Thanks to financing from Dammeier 's other business ventures , Beecher 's had the ability to build up their operations slowly , absorbing the costs of capitalization of the business while experimenting with their cheeses , including the time to age them . " The first vat , " remarked Dammeier , " we threw away . The second vat was really good . " As their work progressed Sinko would adjust the formulas of their cheese processing , the cultures , and the enzymes involved , and increased the average aging time for their Flagship brand to 18 months . However , they only publicly claim 12 months of aging . In their first year of operation , Beecher 's had no aged product of their own to sell , instead building up an inventory of 80 @,@ 000 pounds ( 36 @,@ 000 kg ) of cheese . During that same time , their primary sales were of fresh cheese curds . = = Milk supplies = = After their initial founding with one milk supplier , Beecher 's production system has had to expand several times to include more suppliers . As of 2006 , Beecher 's was in the process of purchasing their own farms in Eastern Washington for additional milk production , which will also give them full control over their entire product 's creation . The principal milk supplier is Green Acres Farm in Duvall , Washington , using only hormone @-@ free and antibiotic @-@ free milk . When consistent milk production first became a problem , Beecher 's purchased a herd of 200 cows . The entire dairy herd at Green Acres Farm is owned by Beecher 's , who leases them back to the farm . For the New York production , all Holstein and Jersey milk come directly from Dutch Hollow Farms in upstate New York . To ensure a standardized flavor for the finished cheeses , and due to there being insufficient space in their facilities for milk separating systems , Sinko said he " went and standardized the herd . " Their initial milk from Holstein cows was sweet , but lacked the fatty content and nuttiness of Jersey cow milk that was part of the product they wanted to create . They were able to eventually balance the two to their satisfaction . Dammeier has described the blend of Holstein and Jersey milk as a " 50 – 50 mix " . From each farm , all the milk supplied to Beecher 's is from the same herd , to ensure that the flavor of each batch of milk they receive is consistent ( based on the herd 's diet and environment ) . At times , Beecher 's has encountered challenges in maintaining this uniform standard . For example , when flooding affected one farm , the cows there produced enzymes in their milk that helped their calves to fight off bacteria , but changed the flavor of the milk . = = Cheese and food manufacturing = = The cheese factory is housed in a small , glass @-@ walled facility in Seattle 's Pike Place Market , on Pike Place between Stewart Street and Pine Street . The location includes a retail shop and a café that features cheese @-@ based meals . Passers @-@ by in the heavily touristed market can watch the cheese making process . Beecher 's produces over 500 @,@ 000 pounds ( 230 @,@ 000 kg ) of cheese annually . Their manufacturing facility now operates twenty @-@ four hours a day to keep up with their demand . The New York facility is significantly larger than Seattle 's and can produce over three tons of cheese a day . Sinko admits that the modern facility with large vats of cheese and milk processing would seem to contradict the word " Handmade " in the company name . According to him , all of the cheese is monitored , processed , and prepared by hand , but simply on a larger scale than most artisanal cheesemakers . Unlike most artisan cheeses , Beecher 's is made largely with pasteurized milk . Dammeier believes that many people feel raw milk cheeses taste better due to renowned French cheeses , which were historically made of raw milk because the farms were unable to afford pasteurization . " I 've probably tasted 150 different cheeses this year , and I 'm convinced that raw milk doesn 't create more flavor , " he said , adding that his cheeses have a more consistent taste from not using raw milk . Nevertheless , Beecher 's offers a raw milk version of their Flagship cheese . The cheeses they produce use no artificial ingredients or preservatives . Beecher 's typically manufactures up to nine different varieties of cheeses each year , including a combination of their staple brands and various seasonal varieties . At the Beecher 's facility , their process for cheese manufacturing is multi @-@ staged . Thousands of gallons of milk are hose @-@ fed from delivery trucks into the manufacturing area , where it is heated to complete the pasteurization of the milk . The heated milk is processed into a stainless steel trough , and the temperature further increased , while the first live cheese cultures and rennet , a coagulant , are added to the developing mixture . According to Amir Rosenblatt , a cheesemaker at Beecher 's , the heating and cheese temperatures used in their cooking process are tightly controlled through the sustainable technology of steam power . " A variation of half a degree [ in the pasteurization process ] can change the flavor of the cheese , " he said . Cheesemakers use stainless steel " rakes " to then gather the milk mixture , before allowing it to settle briefly , at which point the cheese is cut repeatedly by hand until it achieves a yogurt @-@ like texture and substance . This process is repeated often , until a desired consistency is reached . The mixture is then drawn away to a new trough where most of the remaining water and whey is drained from the cheese . While the whey is continually pulled from the cheese , cheesemakers constantly separate the cheese by hand into smaller and small stacks of cheese curds , which form as the whey is removed . To complete the curding , a large amount of salt is added to cure the cheese and draw still more whey from it . The curds are finally cut into portions , filled into cheese molds , stacked on top of each other , and the remaining excess moisture is forced from the cheese with a constant 60 pounds ( 27 kg ) of pressure for at least 24 hours , before the finished cheese is stored to age . For every 10 pounds ( 10 kilograms ) of milk and whey , Beecher 's will typically create 1 pound ( 1 kilogram ) of finished cheese . Beecher 's cheeses differ from similar cheeses in that they mix cheese growth cultures in unusual ways . For example , their signature " Flagship " cheese includes cultures typically used for non @-@ cheddar cheeses , such as Gruyère and Emmental , changing the nature , flavor , and texture of their cheddar . Flagship cheese is produced using a cheddaring process , but owing to a different taste , Beecher 's does not call this cheese cheddar . The cheese has been described as having a " sweet finish and creamy texture " unlike the tangier cheddars , owing to this being one of the cheeses they create with a mixture of different cheese cultures . After being prepared in 40 pounds ( 18 kg ) blocks and aged for approximately one year , the Flagship — unlike cheddars — lacks a rind , is moister , resembles butter visually , and carries a milky aroma due to being aged in plastic bags . A variant called " Flagship Reserve " is aged in cheese cloth in 18 pounds ( 8 @.@ 2 kg ) sizes on racks in open air , and is rubbed with butter while being turned daily . This preparation method causes the Reserve to lose up to 12 % of its initial weight by the time it is completed . The Reserve is aged for a shorter amount of time , leading to a sharper , nuttier taste and texture , according to Food & Wine Magazine . Of the 500 @,@ 000 pounds ( 230 @,@ 000 kg ) of cheese they produce annually , approximately 200 @,@ 000 pounds ( 91 @,@ 000 kg ) will be Flagship , and only 15 @,@ 000 pounds ( 6 @,@ 800 kg ) will be Flagship Reserve . Additionally , Beecher 's is in the process of developing new types of crackers , designed to not overpower the taste of the cheese with which they are paired . = = Retail sales and cheese shop = = Beecher 's features a gourmet cheese shop and café in both their Pike Place Market and Flatiron facility . It is considered an anchor of the Pike Place Market , and has become a tourist attraction in its own right . During the day , crowds typically gather in the store , watching through windows as the cheesemakers prepare batches of cheese . A portion of the cheese curds used in the manufacturing process is set aside to sell directly to visitors at the retail store . The principal cheeses created and sold by Beecher 's are their Flagship and Flagship Reserve varieties ; " Just Jack " , a form of Monterey Jack cheese ; " Blank Slate " , a type of cream cheese ; unpasteurized , raw @-@ milk versions of their Flagship cheeses , and different cheeses seasoned and flavored with spices and herbs . Some of their seasonal varieties have included cheeses similar to Brie . The Pike Place Market store now sells roughly thirty @-@ five other local artisan cheese brands , in addition to the various Beecher 's products . The Pike Place Market location also offers classes to the public about cheese making , cheese history , and the pairing of wine with cheese . The collection of Pacific Northwest cheeses on sale at the retail store has been described as the best in the entire region by Will O 'Donnell in Northwest Magazine . In keeping with Dammeier 's idea that his cheese business should encourage the growth of the artisan cheese businesses in the area , the Beecher 's retail store makes special efforts to feature and sell cheeses from new and small Northwest cheesemakers . The Flatiron location incorporates the Northwest influence its cheesecase , but carries a significant number of Northeast artisanal cheeses . Beecher 's products are sold in retail stores throughout the country at well @-@ known artisanal cheese vendors such as the shops of Murray Klein and the international Artisanal Cheese retail company . Beecher 's also uses the services of PeriShip to ensure their products arrive to customers across the United States . = = Macaroni and cheese = = Beecher 's retail shop in the Pike Place Market sells over 17 @,@ 000 orders of Dammeier 's macaroni and cheese dish annually . The recipe is featured in a 2007 cookbook , Pure Flavor : 125 Fresh All @-@ American Recipes From The Pacific Northwest , which Dammeier wrote with Laura Holmes Haddad . Both The New York Times and The Washington Post gave it reviews described as " rave " , according to MSNBC news . Dammeier says the key to the success of their macaroni and cheese is to undercook the pasta by half , so that it softens from cheese sauces in baking with a béchamel sauce . The recipe , named simply " World 's Best Mac & Cheese " , has been prepared by Dammeier during guest appearances on several television programs . On August 19 , 2008 , Beecher 's facility and cheese was featured on The Martha Stewart Show , and Dammeier prepared his macaroni and cheese dish with Stewart on the program . The " World 's Best Mac & Cheese " was also featured as one of Oprah 's " Favorite Things , " and a second time on " The Martha Stewart Show . " = = Awards and recognition = = In 2007 , Beecher 's was the winner of the American Cheese Society awards for their cheddar cheese . At the World Cheese Awards in 2007 , Beecher 's " Marco Polo " cheese won a gold medal , and at the American Cheesemaker Awards in Newport Beach , California , they took first place , also in 2007 . Beecher 's also came in as the runner up for Best In Show at the 2007 World Cheese Society competition , in a field of 1 @,@ 207 competitors . Beecher 's again won a top award from the American Cheese Society for their Marco Polo cheese in 2008 . According to Laura Werlin , author of The New American Cheese : Profiles of America 's Great Cheesemakers , their Flagship cheese is " everything a cheddar should be - and more . " = = Pure Food Kids = = Beecher 's and Dammeier also fund and develop " Pure Food Kids : A Recipe for Healthy Eating " , an outreach and educational program , run by the Pure Food Kids Foundation , for elementary and middle @-@ school children in the Seattle Public Schools , with the goal of teaching children about healthful foods and eating habits . The program was initially developed by Dammeier and his wife Leslie , after they learned about and were unhappy with the state of school cafeteria meals in Seattle , where their three children attended public school . Established in 2005 , 1 % of the total sales for Beecher 's and Dammeier 's other business , Bennet 's Pure Food , Maximus / Minimus , and Pasta & Co . , are used to fund the Pure Food Kids program . The Pure Food Kids program is staffed by trained volunteers , including Dammeier himself . Fourth through sixth grade elementary school children are educated on the effects of food additives , eating healthful foods , reading food labels , and about marketing of food aimed at children . According to Chip Wood , co @-@ founder of the Northeast Foundation for Children , fourth through sixth grade children will typically be between the ages of 9 and 12 years old . The program is provided at no cost to the children and their families . To date , over 15 @,@ 000 children have participated in the educational program . Pure Food Kids is taught in classrooms , after @-@ school events , and at Parent @-@ Teacher Association events , with all supplies and materials provided by Beecher 's , although there is explicitly no promotion or use of any products from any of Dammeier 's businesses .
= Music of the Sun = Music of the Sun is the debut studio album by Barbadian singer Rihanna . It was released by Def Jam Recordings on August 30 , 2005 . Prior to signing with Def Jam , Rihanna was discovered by record producer Evan Rogers in Barbados , who helped Rihanna record demo tapes to send out to several record labels . Jay @-@ Z , the former chief executive officer ( CEO ) and president of Def Jam , was given Rihanna 's demo by Jay Brown , his A & R at Def Jam , and invited her to audition for the label after hearing what turned out to be her first single , " Pon de Replay " . She auditioned for Jay @-@ Z and L.A. Reid , the former CEO and president of record label group The Island Def Jam Music Group , and was signed on the spot to prevent her from signing with another record label . After Rihanna was signed by Jay @-@ Z , she continued to work with Rogers and his production partner Carl Sturken , as well as other music producers such as , Poke & Tone , D. " Supa Dups " Chin @-@ quee , and StarGate . Music of the Sun features vocals from Canadian rapper Kardinal Offishall , music group J @-@ Status , and Jamaican singer Vybz Kartel . Its music incorporates Caribbean music such as dancehall and reggae , as well as dance @-@ pop and R & B ballads . Music of the Sun received generally mixed reviews from music critics , who complimented its dancehall and Caribbean @-@ inspired songs , while others criticized some of the production . The album debuted at number 10 on the United States Billboard 200 and number six on the Top R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Albums chart . The album peaked in the top @-@ 40 of album charts in Germany , New Zealand , Switzerland and the United Kingdom . It produced two singles : " Pon de Replay " and " If It 's Lovin ' that You Want " , the former of which peaked at number two on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart and number one on the US Dance Club Songs chart . Music of the Sun was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) , denoting shipments of over 500 @,@ 000 copies . = = Background = = Before signing to Def Jam Recordings , Rihanna was discovered in her home country Barbados by American record producer Evan Rogers . The two met in December 2003 through mutual friends of Rihanna 's and Rogers ' wife , while the couple was on vacation in Barbados , because of how Rihanna 's friend had told Rogers ' wife how the aspiring singer was always singing and performing . After meeting for the first time , Rogers ' asked Rihanna to come to his hotel room , where she performed renditions of Destiny 's Child 's " Emotion " and Mariah Carey 's " Hero " . Rihanna 's renditions impressed Rogers , who then took her to New York , where she was accompanied by her mother to record some demo tapes which could be sent to record labels . She recorded the demo over the next year intermittently , due to Rihanna only being able to record during school holidays . At the age of 16 , Rihanna was signed to Rogers ' and Carl Sturken 's production company , Syndicated Rhythm Productions , who assigned her a lawyer and manager , before the completed demo tape were distributed to various record labels around the world in late 2004 . The first to respond to the demo tape was Jay @-@ Z , who had recently been appointed as president and CEO of Def Jam Recordings . Rihanna auditioned for him and music mogul L.A. Reid , in his office . Looking back on the audition and meeting Jay @-@ Z , Rihanna explained in an interview how she felt before walking into the room , saying : " That 's when I really got nervous ..... I was like : ' Oh God , he 's right there , I can 't look , I can 't look , I can 't look ! ' I remember being extremely quiet . I was very shy . I was cold the entire time . I had butterflies . I 'm sitting across from Jay @-@ Z. Like , Jay @-@ Zee . I was star @-@ struck . " During the audition , Rihanna performed Whitney Houston 's cover of " For the Love of You " , as well as " Pon de Replay " and " The Last Time " , which were written and produced by Rogers and Sturken and would be included on her debut album Music of the Sun . Jay @-@ Z was initially skeptical about signing Rihanna after he felt " Pon de Replay " was too big for her , saying " when a song is that big , it 's hard [ for a new artist ] to come back from . I don 't sign songs , I sign artists " . The audition resulted in Rihanna signing a six @-@ album record deal with Def Jam Recordings in February 2005 , on the same day of the audition , with Jay @-@ Z saying " There 's only two ways out . Out the door after you sign this deal . Or through this window ... " , meaning that he was not going to let her leave without signing a record deal . After signing to Def Jam Recordings , Rihanna cancelled other meetings with record labels and relocated from Barbados to New York to live with Rogers ' and his wife . Rihanna explained the concept behind the title of the album to Kidzworld , saying that the sun is representative of the her native Caribbean culture as well as herself and that the album consists of music from her heritage . = = Recording and composition = = Rihanna worked with various producers for Music of the Sun and continued to work with Rogers and Sturken , who had previously written and produced " Pon de Replay " and " The Last Time " for Rihanna 's demo tape . Although Rihanna stated that when she first heard " Pon de Replay " , she did not want to record it , expressing that she felt the song was " sing @-@ songy " , but grew to like the song at the end of the recording process . In an interview with Kidzworld , Rihanna explained how the pair helped her develop her song @-@ writing abilities , saying Rogers and Sturken , who had worked with recording artists including Britney Spears , Christina Aguilera and Kelly Clarkson . Music of the Sun is a Caribbean @-@ influenced , urban dance @-@ pop album . Its dance @-@ pop songs are complemented by contentional R & B ballads . The lead single " Pon de Replay " was written by Rogers , Sturken and Vada Nobles , and was produced by the first two . " Pon de Replay " is a simple dance @-@ pop song with dancehall beats and reggae vocal cadence . Lyrically , the song is about asking the DJ to play the protagonist 's favorite song , as well as the fulfillment of dancing in a club . " The Last Time " , written and produced by Rogers and Sturken is an acoustic guitar driven ballad , while " Now That I Know " is a stripped down string driven song . In addition to working with Rogers and Sturken for the majority of the album , Rihanna worked with production teams Poke & Tone of Trackmasters and StarGate . The former wrote and produced the second single released from the album , " If It 's Lovin ' that You Want " , which Rihanna described as a " fun song " . An R & B song , " If It 's Lovin ' that You Want " is a song about a girl telling a boy that he should make her his girl , because she has what the boy wants . A remix of the song entitled " If It 's Lovin ' That You Want – Part 2 " , which features rap vocals by Cory Gunz , was included as a bonus track on Rihanna 's sophomore album , A Girl like Me ( 2006 ) . Alongside Rogers and Sturken , StarGate co @-@ wrote and co @-@ produced " Let Me " , which appears as the ninth song on the album . Music of the Sun contains a remake of Jamaican singer Dawn Penn 's " You Don 't Love Me ( No , No , No ) " , and features dancehall recording artist Vybz Kartel . = = Critical reception = = Music of the Sun received generally mixed reviews from music critics . Kelefa Sanneh of The New York Times viewed that the album 's combination of dancehall and pop resulted in " [ Pon de Replay being ] one [ of ] the summer 's biggest and most seductive club tracks " , but felt that Rihanna sounds " stranded " without a beat to sing along to . Barry Walters of Rolling Stone found it lacking in replay value , ingenuity , and rhythm of the single with " generic vocal hiccups and frills " of US R & B inflecting upon her " Caribbean charm " . Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine called the album a " glut of teen R & B chanteuses " and described the lead single " Pon de Replay " as " a dancehall @-@ pop mixture that owes plenty of its sweat and shimmy to Beyoncé Knowles ' " Baby Boy " . Evan Serpick of Entertainment Weekly wrote that Rihanna 's " vibrant vocals lift tracks like ' That La La La ' and ' Let Me , ' but this bland dancehall / R & B debut is filled with chintzy production and maudlin arrangements that block out the Music of the Sun . " Robert Christgau of The Village Voice rated the album a " dud " , indicating " a bad record whose details rarely merit further thought . " In a positive review , Jason Birchmeier of AllMusic commented that the album presents Rihanna as " winsome rather than [ a ] wannabe , " as well as how she managed to set herself apart from other urban dance @-@ pop artists such as Ashanti , Beyoncé , and Ciara . Birchmeier further stated that " Music of the Sun descends into faceless slow jams after a while , overall consistency not being among its attributes , but thankfully it picks up the pace toward the end ..... the result is one of the more engaging urban dance @-@ pop albums of the year . " Chantal Jenoure of The Jamaica Observer complimented the dancehall and hip hop composition on several of the songs , including " Pon de Replay " , " Rush " , " Let Me " , " Music of the Sun " and " That La La La " , writing that they make the listener feel " happy " and " carefree " . = = Commercial performance = = In the United States , Music of the Sun sold 69 @,@ 000 and debuted at number 10 on the Billboard 200 album chart in the chart issue dated September 17 , 2005 . The album spent a total of 35 weeks on the chart . Music of the Sun debuted on the US Top R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Albums chart at number six in the same chart issue , and spent a total of 44 weeks on the chart . After five months of release , the album was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) on January 1 , 2006 , denoting shipments of over 500 @,@ 000 copies . As of November 2013 , the album had sold 609 @,@ 000 copies in the United States . In Canada , Music of the Sun debuted and peaked at number seven on the Canadian Albums Chart in the chart issue September 17 , 2005 , but dropped out of the top ten the following week . After four months of release , the album was certified platinum by Music Canada for shipments of over 100 @,@ 000 copies . Outside of the United States and Canada , Music of the Sun failed to achieve a comparable level of chart success . In the United Kingdom , the album debuted and peaked at number 35 on the UK Albums Chart in the chart issue October 10 , 2005 . In its second week charting , Music of the Sun fell by three positions to number 38 , and dropped out of the Official UK Top 40 the following week . On May 12 , 2006 , the album was certified gold by the British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) denoting shipments of over 100 @,@ 000 copies . Elsewhere in Europe , the album debuted on the Swiss Albums Chart at number 46 in the chart issue September 11 , 2005 , and peaked at number 38 four weeks later . In Austria , Music of the Sun debuted on the Austrian Albums Chart at number 61 in the chart issue September 18 , 2005 , and peaked at number 45 the following week . The album debuted and peaked at number 93 on the French Albums Chart in the chart issue September 24 , 2005 . In The Netherlands , Music of the Sun debuted and peaked at number 98 on the Dutch Albums Chart in the chart issue April 29 , 2006 , and spent one week on the chart . In New Zealand , the album debuted on the New Zealand Albums Chart at number 40 in the chart issue September 26 , 2005 . Between September 29 and October 10 , 2005 , Music of the Sun dropped out of the top @-@ 40 albums chart , but made a re @-@ entry at number 40 on October 10 , 2005 . In its fourth week charting , the album peaked at number 26 . = = Singles = = " Pon de Replay " was released as the album 's lead single on May 24 , 2005 . The song peaked at number one on the New Zealand Singles Chart and number two on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart and UK Singles Chart . An accompanying music video was directed by Little X and features Rihanna in a club environment . " If It 's Lovin ' that You Want " was released as the second and final single from Music of the Sun on December 2 , 2005 . The song failed to replicate the chart success which " Pon de Replay " experienced , peaking at number 36 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart and inside the top forty of multiple other charts . An accompanying music video was directed by Marcus Raboy and features Rihanna in a beach setting . = = Track listings = = Notes ^ a denotes a co @-@ producer ^ b denotes a vocal producer = = Personnel = = Credits for Music of the Sun are adapted from AllMusic . = = = Musicians = = = = = = Production = = = Johnny Nice- Mixed by = = Charts = = = = Certifications = = = = Release history = =
= Italian cruiser Goito = Goito was a torpedo cruiser built for the Italian Regia Marina ( Royal Navy ) in the 1880s . She was the lead ship of the Goito class , which included three other vessels . Goito was built by the Regio Cantiere di Castellammare di Stabia shipyard between September 1885 and February 1888 . She was armed with a variety of light guns and five 14 @-@ inch ( 356 mm ) torpedo tubes , and was capable of a top speed of 18 knots ( 33 km / h ; 21 mph ) . The ship served the duration of her career in the main Italian fleet . Her early service was primarily occupied with training exercises ; front @-@ line duties ended in 1897 when she was converted into a minelayer , though she continued to participate in fleet exercises . During World War I , Goito laid defensive minefields in the Adriatic Sea . She was eventually sold for scrap in 1920 and broken up . = = Design = = Goito was 73 @.@ 4 meters ( 241 ft ) long overall and had a beam of 7 @.@ 88 m ( 25 @.@ 9 ft ) and an average draft of 3 @.@ 6 m ( 12 ft ) . She displaced 829 metric tons ( 816 long tons ; 914 short tons ) normally . Her propulsion system consisted of three double @-@ expansion steam engines each driving a single screw propeller , with steam supplied by six coal @-@ fired locomotive boilers . Exact figures for the ship 's performance have not survived , but the members of the Goito class could steam at a speed of about 18 knots ( 33 km / h ; 21 mph ) from 2 @,@ 500 to 3 @,@ 180 indicated horsepower ( 1 @,@ 860 to 2 @,@ 370 kW ) . Goito had a cruising radius of 1 @,@ 100 nautical miles ( 2 @,@ 000 km ; 1 @,@ 300 mi ) at a speed of 10 knots ( 19 km / h ; 12 mph ) . She had a crew of between 105 and 121 . The primary armament for Goito was five 14 in ( 356 mm ) torpedo tubes . She was also equipped with five 57 mm ( 2 @.@ 2 in ) 40 @-@ caliber guns , two 37 mm ( 1 @.@ 5 in ) 20 @-@ cal. guns , and three 37 mm revolving Hotchkiss guns , all mounted singly . The ship was protected with an armored deck that was 1 @.@ 5 in ( 38 mm ) thick . = = Service history = = Goito was built by the Regio Cantiere di Castellammare di Stabia shipyard ; her keel was laid down in September 1885 and her completed hull was launched on 6 July 1887 . She was completed on 16 February 1888 and commissioned into the fleet , the first member of her class to enter service . That year , she took part in the annual fleet maneuvers , along with five ironclads , a protected cruiser , the torpedo cruisers Tripoli , Saetta , and Folgore , and numerous smaller vessels . The maneuvers consisted of close @-@ order drills and a simulated attack on and defense of La Spezia . Later that year , the ship was present during a naval review held for the German Kaiser Wilhelm II during a visit to Italy . The ship served in the 3rd Division of the Active Squadron during the 1893 fleet maneuvers , along with the ironclads Affondatore and Enrico Dandolo and four torpedo boats . During the maneuvers , which lasted from 6 August to 5 September , the ships of the Active Squadron simulated a French attack on the Italian fleet . The following year , the ship took part in the annual fleet maneuvers in the 1st Division of the Active Squadron , along with the ironclad battleship Re Umberto and the protected cruiser Stromboli . That year , Goito had her coal @-@ fired boilers replaced with oil @-@ fired models , and her center engine and propeller shaft were removed . Her engines now produced 2 @,@ 521 ihp ( 1 @,@ 880 kW ) for a top speed of 17 @.@ 2 knots ( 31 @.@ 9 km / h ; 19 @.@ 8 mph ) . In 1895 , Goito was stationed in the 2nd Maritime Department , split between Taranto and Naples , along with most of the torpedo cruisers in the Italian fleet . These included her sister ships Monzambano , Montebello , and Confienza , the eight Partenope @-@ class cruisers , and Tripoli . Goito was converted into a minelayer in 1897 . Her torpedo tubes were removed and equipment to handle sixty naval mines was installed . In 1898 , Goito was assigned to the Reserve Squadron , which included the ironclads Lepanto , Francesco Morosini , and Ruggiero di Lauria , and three protected cruisers . The following year , she returned to the Active Squadron , where she served with six ironclads , the armored cruiser Vettor Pisani , the protected cruiser Lombardia , and Calatafimi . During the 1907 fleet maneuvers , Goito was attached to the main fleet to lay mines at a simulated advance base that would be created during the exercises . At the outbreak of the Italo @-@ Turkish War in September 1911 , Goito was stationed in Venice along with Tripoli and Montebello . None of the vessels saw action during the war . Italy had declared neutrality at the start of World War I , but by July 1915 , the Triple Entente had convinced the Italians to enter the war against the Central Powers . Admiral Paolo Thaon di Revel , the Italian naval chief of staff , believed that the threat from Austro @-@ Hungarian submarines and naval mines in the narrow waters of the Adriatic was too serious for him to use the fleet in an active way . Instead , Revel decided to implement a blockade at the relatively safer southern end of the Adriatic with the main fleet , while smaller vessels , such as the MAS boats , conducted raids on Austro @-@ Hungarian ships and installations . Goito was initially used to lay a series of defensive minefields , along with the torpedo cruisers Partenope and Minerva , in support of this strategy . The ship remained in service until early 1920 ; she was stricken from the naval register on 15 March 1920 and subsequently broken up for scrap .
= Reflections of signals on conducting lines = A signal travelling along an electrical transmission line will be partly , or wholly , reflected back in the opposite direction when the travelling signal encounters a discontinuity in the characteristic impedance of the line , or if the far end of the line is not terminated in its characteristic impedance . This can happen , for instance , if two lengths of dissimilar transmission lines are joined together . This article is about signal reflections on electrically conducting lines . Such lines are loosely referred to as copper lines , and indeed , in telecommunications are generally made from copper , but other metals are used , notably aluminium in power lines . Although this article is limited to describing reflections on conducting lines , this is essentially the same phenomenon as optical reflections in fibre @-@ optic lines and microwave reflections in waveguides . Reflections cause several undesirable effects , including modifying frequency responses , causing overload power in transmitters and overvoltages on power lines . However , the reflection phenomenon can also be made use of in such devices as stubs and impedance transformers . The special cases of open circuit and short circuit lines are of particular relevance to stubs . Reflections cause standing waves to be set up on the line . Conversely , standing waves are an indication that reflections are present . There is a relationship between the measures of reflection coefficient and standing wave ratio . = = Specific cases = = There are several approaches to understanding reflections , but the relationship of reflections to the conservation laws is particularly enlightening . A simple example is a step voltage , <formula> ( where <formula> is the height of the step and <formula> is the unit step function with time <formula> ) , applied to one end of a lossless line , and consider what happens when the line is terminated in various ways . The step will be propagated down the line according to the telegrapher 's equation at some velocity <formula> and the incident voltage , <formula> , at some point <formula> on the line is given by <formula> The incident current , <formula> , can be found by dividing the characteristic impedance , <formula> <formula> = = = Open circuit line = = = The incident wave travelling down the line is not affected in any way by the open circuit at the end of the line . It cannot have any effect until the step actually reaches that point . The signal cannot have any foreknowledge of what is at the end of the line and is only affected by the local characteristics of the line . However , if the line is of length <formula> the step will arrive at the open circuit at time <formula> , at which point the current in the line is zero ( by the definition of an open circuit ) . Since charge continues to arrive at the end of the line through the incident current , but no current is leaving the line , then conservation of electric charge requires that there must be an equal and opposite current into the end of the line . Essentially , this is Kirchhoff 's current law in operation . This equal and opposite current is the reflected current , <formula> , and since <formula> there must also be a reflected voltage , <formula> , to drive the reflected current down the line . This reflected voltage must exist by reason of conservation of energy . The source is supplying energy to the line at a rate of <formula> . None of this energy is dissipated in the line or its termination and it must go somewhere . The only available direction is back up the line . Since the reflected current is equal in magnitude to the incident current , it must also be so that <formula> These two voltages will add to each other so that after the step has been reflected , twice the incident voltage appears across the output terminals of the line . As the reflection proceeds back up the line the reflected voltage continues to add to the incident voltage and the reflected current continues to subtract from the incident current . After a further interval of <formula> the reflected step arrives at the generator end and the condition of double voltage and zero current will pertain there also as well as all along the length of the line . If the generator is matched to the line with an impedance of <formula> the step transient will be absorbed in the generator internal impedance and there will be no further reflections . This counter @-@ intuitive doubling of voltage may become clearer if the circuit voltages are considered when the line is so short that it can be ignored for the purposes of analysis . The equivalent circuit of a generator matched to a load <formula> to which it is delivering a voltage <formula> can be represented as in figure 2 . That is , the generator can be represented as an ideal voltage generator of twice the voltage it is to deliver and an internal impedance of <formula> . However , if the generator is left open circuit , a voltage of <formula> appears at the generator output terminals as in figure 3 . The same situation pertains if a very short transmission line is inserted between the generator and the open circuit . If , however , a longer line with a characteristic impedance of <formula> and noticeable end @-@ to @-@ end delay is inserted , the generator – being initially matched to the impedance of the line – will have <formula> at the output . But after an interval , a reflected transient will return from the end of the line with the " information " on what the line is actually terminated with , and the voltage will become <formula> as before . = = = Short circuit line = = = The reflection from a short @-@ circuited line can be described in similar terms to that from an open @-@ circuited line . Just as in the open circuit case the current must be zero at the end of the line , in the short circuit case the voltage must be zero since there can be no volts across a short circuit . Again , all of the energy must be reflected back up the line and the reflected voltage must be equal and opposite to the incident voltage by Kirchhoff 's voltage law : <formula> and , <formula> As the reflection travels back up the line , the two voltages subtract and cancel , while the currents will add ( the reflection is double negative - a negative current travelling in the reverse direction ) , the dual situation to the open circuit case . = = = Arbitrary impedance = = = For the general case of a line terminated in some arbitrary impedance it is usual to describe the signal as a wave travelling down the line and analyse it in the frequency domain . The impedance is consequently represented as a frequency dependant complex function . For a line terminated in its own characteristic impedance there is no reflection . By definition , terminating in the characteristic impedance has the same effect as an infinitely long line . Any other impedance will result in a reflection . The magnitude of the reflection will be smaller than the magnitude of the incident wave if the terminating impedance is wholly or partly resistive since some of the energy of the incident wave will be absorbed in the resistance . The voltage , <formula> , across the terminating impedance , <formula> , may be calculated by replacing the output of the line with an equivalent generator ( figure 4 ) and is given by <formula> The reflection , <formula> must be the exact amount required to make <formula> , <formula> The reflection coefficient , <formula> , is defined as <formula> and substituting in the expression for <formula> , <formula> In general <formula> is a complex function but the above expression shows that the magnitude is limited to <formula> when <formula> The physical interpretation of this is that the reflection cannot be greater than the incident wave when only passive elements are involved ( but see negative resistance amplifier for an example where this condition does not hold ) . For the special cases described above , When both <formula> and <formula> are purely resistive then <formula> must be purely real . In the general case when <formula> is complex , this is to be interpreted as a shift in phase of the reflected wave relative to the incident wave . = = = Reactive termination = = = Another special case occurs when <formula> is purely real ( <formula> ) and <formula> is purely imaginary ( <formula> ) , that is , it is a reactance . In this case , <formula> Since <formula> then <formula> showing that all the incident wave is reflected , and none of it is absorbed in the termination , as is to be expected from a pure reactance . There is , however , a change of phase , <formula> , in the reflection given by <formula> = = = Discontinuity along line = = = A discontinuity , or mismatch , somewhere along the length of the line results in part of the incident wave being reflected and part being transmitted onward in the second section of line as shown in figure 5 . The reflection coefficient in this case is given by <formula> In a similar manner , a transmission coefficient , <formula> , can be defined to describe the portion of the wave , <formula> , that it is transmitted in the forward direction : <formula> Another kind of discontinuity is caused when both sections of line have an identical characteristic impedance but there is a lumped element , <formula> , at the discontinuity . For the example shown ( figure 6 ) of a shunt lumped element , <formula> <formula> Similar expressions can be developed for a series element , or any electrical network for that matter . = = = Networks = = = Reflections in more complex scenarios , such as found on a network of cables , can result in very complicated and long lasting waveforms on the cable . Even a simple overvoltage pulse entering a cable system as uncomplicated as the power wiring found in a typical private home can result in an oscillatory disturbance as the pulse is reflected to and fro from multiple circuit ends . These ring waves as they are known persist for far longer than the original pulse and their waveforms bears little obvious resemblance to the original disturbance , containing high frequency components in the tens of MHz range . = = Standing waves = = For a transmission line carrying sinusoidal waves , the phase of the reflected wave is continually changing with distance , with respect to the incident wave , as it proceeds back down the line . Because of this continuous change there are certain points on the line that the reflection will be in phase with the incident wave and the amplitude of the two waves will add . There will be other points where the two waves are in anti @-@ phase and will consequently subtract . At these latter points the amplitude is at a minimum and they are known as nodes . If the incident wave has been totally reflected and the line is lossless , there will be complete cancellation at the nodes with zero signal present there despite the ongoing transmission of waves in both directions . The points where the waves are in phase are anti @-@ nodes and represent a peak in amplitude . Nodes and anti @-@ nodes alternate along the line and the combined wave amplitude varies continuously between them . The combined ( incident plus reflected ) wave appears to be standing still on the line and is called a standing wave . The incident wave can be characterised in terms of the line 's propagation constant , <formula> , source voltage , <formula> and distance from the source , <formula> , by <formula> However , it is often more convenient to work in terms of distance from the load ( <formula> ) and the incident voltage that has arrived there ( <formula> ) . <formula> The exponent is positive because <formula> is measured in the reverse direction back up the line and the voltage is increasing closer to the source . Likewise the reflected voltage is given by <formula> The total voltage on the line is given by <formula> It is often convenient to express this in terms of hyperbolic functions <formula> Similarly , the total current on the line is <formula> The voltage nodes ( current nodes are not at the same locations ) and anti @-@ nodes occur when <formula> This does not have an easy analytical solution in the general case , but in the case of lossless lines ( or lines that are short enough to be considered so ) <formula> can be replaced by <formula> where <formula> is the phase change constant . The voltage equation then reduces to trigonometric functions <formula> and the partial differential of the magnitude of this yields the condition , <formula> Expressing <formula> in terms of wavelength , <formula> , allows <formula> to be solved in terms of <formula> : <formula> <formula> is purely real when the termination is short circuit or open circuit , or when both <formula> and <formula> are purely resistive . In those cases the nodes and anti @-@ nodes are given by <formula> which solves for <formula> at <formula> For <formula> the first point is a node , for <formula> the first point is an anti @-@ node and thenceforth they will alternate . For terminations that are not purely resistive the spacing and alternation remain the same but the whole pattern is shifted along the line by a constant amount related to the phase of <formula> . = = = Voltage standing wave ratio = = = The ratio of <formula> at anti @-@ nodes and nodes is called the voltage standing wave ratio ( VSWR ) and is related to the reflection coefficient by <formula> for a lossless line . For a lossy line the expression is only valid adjacent to the termination ; VSWR asymptotically approaches unity with distance from the termination or discontinuity . VSWR and the positions of the nodes are parameters that can be directly measured with an instrument called a slotted line . This instrument makes use of the reflection phenomenon to make many different measurements at microwave frequencies . One use is that VSWR and node position can be used to calculate the impedance of a test component terminating the slotted line . This is a useful method because measuring impedances by directly measuring voltages and currents is difficult at these frequencies . VSWR is the conventional means of expressing the match of a radio transmitter to its antenna . It is an important parameter because power reflected back in to a high power transmitter can damage its output circuitry . = = Input impedance = = The input impedance looking into a transmission line which is not terminated with its characteristic impedance at the far end will be something other than <formula> and will be a function of the length of the line . The value of this impedance can be found by dividing the expression for total voltage by the expression for total current given above : <formula> Substituting <formula> , the length of the line and dividing through by <formula> reduces this to <formula> As before , when considering just short pieces of transmission line , <formula> can be replaced by <formula> and the expression reduces to trigonometric functions <formula> = = = Applications = = = There are two structures that are of particular importance which use reflected waves to modify impedance . One is the stub which is a short length of line terminated in a short @-@ circuit ( or it can be an open @-@ circuit ) . This produces a purely imaginary impedance at its input , that is , a reactance <formula> By suitable choice of length , the stub can be used in place of a capacitor , an inductor or a resonant circuit . The other structure is the quarter wave impedance transformer . As its name suggests , this is a line exactly <formula> in length . Since <formula> this will produce the inverse of its terminating impedance <formula> Both of these structures are widely used in distributed element filters and impedance matching networks .
= Love , Inc . ( TV series ) = Love , Inc. is an American television sitcom , created by Andrew Secunda , which originally aired on United Paramount Network ( UPN ) from September 22 , 2005 to May 11 , 2006 , lasting one season . With an ensemble cast led by Busy Philipps , Vince Vieluf , Reagan Gomez @-@ Preston , Ion Overman , and Holly Robinson Peete , the show revolves around five matchmakers working in a dating agency . The series was produced by Chase TV , the Littlefield Company , Burg / Koules Television , and Paramount Television , and distributed by UPN in its original run and later by LivingTV and Nelonen in the United Kingdom and Sweden respectively . The executive producers were Adam Chase , Warren Littlefied , Mark Burg , and Oren Koules . Originally developed under the working title Wingwoman , Love , Inc. was intended to be a vehicle for Shannen Doherty . It would have marked her first role in a sitcom . Though picked up by UPN , Doherty was removed from the project at the request of the network due to her poor reception by preview audiences ; Doherty was replaced by Philipps . It was set in New York , but the filming took place at Paramount Studios in Hollywood , Los Angeles and California . UPN heavily promoted the show to attract an " urban " audience , and to that end , paired it with Everybody Hates Chris and included contemporary hip hop music . The series suffered low viewership despite its high ratings among young Hispanic women ; it was cancelled following UPN 's merger with the WB to launch the CW in 2006 . The cancellation of the series , along with that of other black sitcoms , was criticized by media outlets for reducing representation of African American characters and roles for African American actors on television . Critical response to Love , Inc. was mixed : some critics praised its multiethnic cast , while other cited the storylines and characters as unoriginal and Philipps ' portrayal of her character as unsympathetic . It was never made available on Blu @-@ ray or DVD . = = Premise = = Set in New York City , the dating agency Love , Inc. features a staff of single friends desperately looking for love . Newly divorced Clea Lavoy , the creator and owner of the company , seeks out the help of her friend and employee Denise Johnson to reignite her romantic life . She continually struggles to find love despite Denise 's best attempts . The future of the agency is put into jeopardy considering that its success and advertising relied on Clea 's " successful " , nearly decade @-@ long marriage . Love , Inc. also includes the receptionist Viviana , the style expert Francine , and the technician and photographer Barry . Episodes typically depict the inner workings of the agency , such as their first experience with a lesbian client , a consultation with a former priest , and marketing strategies to appeal to geeks and agoraphobes . Hired as wingmen for their clients , the employees act as " guardian angels for the conversationally challenged " . Each of the five characters have various comedic and romantic adventures outside the agency , like Viviana 's search for an eligible United States citizen to marry in order to secure a green card and Denise 's inability to find true love despite her talent in matching her clients with their " seemingly unattainable soulmates " . = = Characters = = The series features five main characters throughout its run : Busy Philipps as Denise Johnson , a dating consultant and self @-@ described expert at matchmaking , who provides her clients with " come @-@ on lines to use and avoid ; wardrobe and grooming hints , and conversation starters and stoppers " . Despite being characterized as " the Kung Fu master at setting up freaks , " she struggles with finding her own true love . After being contacted by her ex @-@ boyfriend to find the perfect match , she becomes cynical about dating and love , saying " I ’ ve been Wing Womaning my butt off " . Philipps described the character 's love life as a " complete disaster " . Vince Vieluf as Barry , Denise 's roommate and co @-@ worker who serves as the agency 's technician and photographer . Described as an " idiot savant " , he is characterized as a conspiracy theorist who experiences paranoia about everything from dentists to toothpaste companies . He frequently communicates through " head @-@ scratching non sequiturs " , leading to the characters perceiving him as " operat [ ing ] on a whole other level ... and sometimes on a whole other planet " . Vieluf said the character was pitched as " the only guy on the show " and " the luckiest guy in the world " . Reagan Gomez @-@ Preston as Francine , the agency style expert who encourages her clients to use and trust their fashion as a way to find a partner . She is introduced as criticizing Clea 's outfit as belonging to a coach for a women 's basketball team and is characterized as the hip worker at the agency . Francine 's storylines were not fully developed and " remain [ ed ] a bit of a mystery " by the end of the show . According to Vieluf , Francine communicates through a " whole different language " and has a special bond with Barry due to their different approaches to life . Ion Overman as Viviana , an Argentinian receptionist who " solicits personal information in a rather startling way " . She is constantly searching for an eligible American citizen to marry in order to secure a green card . Her heavy accent is written as a source of humor on the show , which led to critics accusing the writers of reducing the character to an ethnic stereotype . Holly Robinson Peete as Clea Lavoy , the founder and owner of the Love , Inc. dating agency . Clea is " thrust into the dating world " following the end of her nearly decade @-@ long marriage , in which her husband has an affair with a younger woman . = = Production = = Love , Inc. was developed under the working title Wing Woman and promoted as a " new ' Hitch ' -esque comedy " . The show 's concept was based on an article from The New York Times that discussed dating services . Production was handled by Chase TV , the Littlefield Company , Burg / Koules Television , and Paramount Television . The Littlefield Company suggested that the show 's creator Andrew Secunda collaborate with executive producer Adam Chase , who had previously worked on Friends . The series was Secunda 's first experience creating a television sitcom . Marta Kauffman , Liz Tuccillo , and Mark Burg and Oren Koules also contributed to the series as executive producers . On April 12 , 2005 , UPN announced that Doherty was in talks for the lead role while Reagan Gomez @-@ Preston was being considered for the role of the lead character 's " longtime friend , co @-@ worker and roommate " and Ion Overman for an unspecified part . Overman said she was attracted to part since she was searching for a job and viewed the series as a " very cool concept " . On April 18 , Holly Robinson Peete was confirmed to have joined the cast as the boss to Doherty 's character . The series was originally designed as a star vehicle for Doherty , who portrayed Denise Johnson in the unaired pilot . Denise was Doherty 's first role in a television sitcom . Doherty said she immediately loved the script for the pilot , which she described as " hysterical , " but felt intimidated by the role given her inexperience with comedy . The series was initially marketed as featuring Doherty and Peete , before United Paramount Network ( UPN ) announced it would pick it up on the condition Doherty was removed and the character was recast . According to TV Guide , Doherty was poorly received by preview audiences . When queried by an interviewer about the removal of Doherty from the show , executive producer Warren Littlefield said the actress was " fabulous " in the role . According to Littlefield , Doherty actively wanted to change her negative reputation from leaving Beverly Hills , 90210 and Charmed through acting on the show . Peete praised Doherty 's performance on the show , saying " we had so much fun and such a great vibe " . UPN Entertainment president cited the rationale behind Doherty 's departure through the " standard going @-@ in @-@ a @-@ different @-@ direction reason " . Rachel Cericola of TV Fodder listed Love , Inc. as one the " four promising sitcoms for the upcoming TV season " due to the behind the scenes drama involving Doherty 's replacement . UPN announced that Busy Philipps was cast as Denise on July 25 , and later billed as the show 's star . According to Vince Vieluf , the casting change from Doherty to Philipps led to the series being retooled as an ensemble show featuring all the members of the agency rather than focusing on Denise . Vieluf said the alterations in the series ' premise were due to concerns that " people would get tired of a show that was only about the mishaps of one person ’ s love life " . Page Kennedy reported that he was considered for a part on the show , but rejected it for the role of Caleb Applewhite on the second season of the ABC drama Desperate Housewives . Retired Los Angeles Lakers player Rick Fox guest starred in three episodes as David , one of Clea 's love interests . The casting of racially diverse actors was identified with UPN 's position as " the only network to actively program for an African American audience " . Tim Good of the San Francisco Chronicle pointed to the show 's casting as the only way in which it acts as a " positive reference " . Even though the show was set in New York City , filming took place in the Bluhdorn Building at Paramount Studios in Hollywood , Los Angeles , California , and used the multiple @-@ camera format . Transitions between scenes feature images of New York City set to contemporary music , such as The Black Eyed Peas ' single " Don 't Phunk with My Heart " and Kelis ' single " Milkshake " . Todd R. Ramlow of PopMatters described the music as a further attempt to appeal to " an ' urban , ' black @-@ white audience , " and praised the musical choices as a " nice try at crossover for a network whose shows usually target a black demographic " . Aaron Korsh wrote the nineteenth episode as freelance work . = = Episodes = = The title for each episode references a popular sitcom . = = Reception = = = = = Broadcast history = = = On August 6 , 2005 , UPN officially ordered the series for thirteen episodes . The network later ordered a full season of twenty @-@ two episodes of the show on November 7 , 2005 amid speculation that it would be cancelled . In 2006 , LivingTV broadcast the series in the United Kingdom , and it was broadcast by Nelonen in Sweden in 2008 . UPN paired the series with Everybody Hates Chris , Eve , and Cuts in order to attract an " urban " audience . The network moved WWE SmackDown to Fridays in favor of scheduling Thursdays as focused on sitcoms . This decision was made to establish a " night of scripted programming " and draw more attention from film studios to purchase advertising space for their upcoming releases . Critics questioned the network 's belief that Love , Inc. and Everybody Hates Chris would appeal to the same viewership , and noted the difference in quality between the two , with Love , Inc. frequently cited as the inferior show . While the series initially retained 59 % of the audience from Everybody Hates Chris , the marketing strategy proved unsuccessful when it lost a majority of the viewership in later episodes . Cericola reported that Love , Inc. earned an average of 3 @.@ 6 million viewers per episode and an article in The Hollywood Reporter stated that the series garnered an average of 1 @.@ 0 / 3 Nielsen rating / share in the 18 – 49 demographic . It ranked 141st among broadcast television networks in the 2005 @-@ 2006 television season . According to the Nielsen Company , the show achieved high ratings among " Latina adolescents Ages 12 @-@ 17 " and earned 3 @.@ 4 million viewers in that demographic for 2005 . It ranked above two other UPN sitcoms : One on One and Half & Half for Latin women in the 12 @-@ 17 age demographic , and in " the top half of all UPN series " for total viewership . The series premiere saw a 6 % increase in the 18 – 49 age range , 53 % in women between 18 and 34 , and 118 % in women between 18 and 49 from the show that aired in the same time period during the last television season . The show , as well as a majority of UPN 's programs , were officially cancelled due to the network 's merger with the WB Television Network ( the WB ) to form the CW in 2006 . Fern Gillespie of The Crisis was critical of UPN 's decision to cancel the series given how the network " in one swoop , wiped out five of its eight African American comedies " for the creation of the CW . Gillespie expressed disappointment at the lack of African American sitcoms on the three major networks by saying : " Without that opportunity for some of the younger artists to hone and develop their skills , it will potentially have a generational impact . " Critic Tim Goodman identified Love , Inc. as one of six shows " geared for an African American audience " and featuring " an African American lead actress " that were cancelled during the merger . He equated these cancellations as a sign of networks " eliminat [ ing ] niche programming " . The series was never made available on Blu @-@ ray or DVD . = = = Critical response = = = Love , Inc. received mixed critical feedback . Ebony 's Zondra Hughes praised the show as one of the shows " the networks promise will keep you spellbound " and identified Peete and Overman as its primary " star appeal " . While reviewing its broadcast on LivingTV , a reviewer from Daily Record listed the show as its " pick of the day " and suggested it for viewers who would " fancy a giggle " . Diane Werts of Newsday found the characters to be " vibrantly well @-@ defined " and the writing " smart , with a light touch " . Peete received a nomination for the NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actress in a Comedy Series in the 37th NAACP Image Awards , but lost to Tichina Arnold who starred in Everybody Hates Chris . The Futon Critic 's Brian Ford Sullivan praised Vieluf as the standout despite his limited role , but felt the execution of the matchmaking premise was inferior to that done in the 2005 film Hitch . Variety 's Laura Fries wrote that the series had " a quirky vibe , personable cast and snappy writing , " but likened it to the " proverbial old maid " by determining that the storylines and characters required more original material . Jon Bonné and Gael Fashingbauer Cooper of Today commended the series for its multiethnic cast , but wrote that it " struggles to salvage some screechingly bad jokes " . Bonné and Cooper called the show one of the network 's " most vulnerable properties " following the reports of UPN 's closure . Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned a score of 28 out of 100 based on 17 reviews , indicating " generally unfavorable reviews " . Virginia Heffernan of The New York Times criticized the writing for being " unsparkly and sometimes labored " and relying too much on sitcom conventions . Paul Brownfield of the Los Angeles Times criticized the series for being " unintentionally unfunny " , comparing it to the fictional sitcom " Rom and Bored " featured in the HBO comedy @-@ drama The Comeback . The Sun @-@ Sentinel 's Tom Jicha wrote that Love , Inc. was a " lethal combination of a stupid show and a suicidal time slot " . The Chicago Tribune 's Maureen Ryan called the series a " grating comedy " that is " destined to be a footnote in history as the show that premiered after ' Everybody Hates Chris , ' and most likely faded shortly thereafter " . Miami Herald 's Glenn Garvin summarized the show as " humdrum " , and Doug Elfman of the Chicago Sun @-@ Times dismissed it as " negligible " . Mike Duffy of the Detroit Free Press found the series to be a " trite little laugh @-@ track factory " . Common Sense Media 's Jill Murphy called the show an " unoriginal look at finding love " filled with " stereotypical clients " , and Karla Peterson of The San Diego Union @-@ Tribune criticized it for being " neither funny nor particularly youthful " . Critics negatively responded to the character of Denise and Philipps ' performance , and cited both as annoying and unsympathetic . Heffernan described Denise as having a " smug fix @-@ it type " personality similar to Cher Horowitz from the 1995 film Clueless without the charm or charisma . USA Today 's Robert Bianco gave the series a half of a point out of four and called it on the " worst and laziest " comedies of 2005 . Bianco was critical of Philipps ' performance , which was described as " constant motion ; her face contorting , body twitching , voice braying " and transforming the show into something " truly unbearable " . Orlando Sentinel 's Hal Boedeker felt that Phillip 's character was an " overbearing know @-@ it @-@ all " . Matthew GIlbert of The Boston Globe called the show a " one @-@ joke affair " and wrote the premise behind Denise had the " same irony that failed to make Alicia Silverstone 's Miss Match very interesting " . The Pittsburgh Post @-@ Gazette 's Rob Owen favored Doherty 's portrayal of the character , which he described as " brimming with self @-@ confidence , " and criticized Philipps ' Denise as a " dizzyingly neurotic nutcase " . Ramlow called the series " boringly un @-@ hip " and wrote that the women were " needy and desperate " and " one @-@ shtick ponies " in comparison to those from Sex and the City .
= 2009 Football League Two play @-@ off Final = The 2009 Football League Two play @-@ off final was a football match played at Wembley Stadium on 23 May 2009 , at the end of the 2008 – 09 season . The match determined the fourth and final team to gain promotion from Football League Two , the fourth tier of the English football league system , and featured Gillingham , who finished fifth during the league season , and Shrewsbury Town , who finished seventh . The match was Gillingham 's first appearance at the new Wembley Stadium and Shrewsbury 's second . The teams reached the final by defeating Rochdale and Bury respectively in the semi @-@ finals . The match remained scoreless until the last minute , when Simeon Jackson headed in Josh Wright 's corner kick to give Gillingham the lead with seconds remaining . The Kent @-@ based club thus won promotion back to Football League One one year after being relegated . = = Route to the final = = Gillingham had finished the 2008 – 09 season in fifth place in Football League Two with 75 points , two places and six points above Shrewsbury . In the play @-@ off semi @-@ finals , the " Gills " faced Rochdale , who had finished in sixth position . The first leg at Rochdale 's Spotland Stadium on 7 May 2009 finished in a 0 – 0 draw . In the second match at Priestfield Stadium three days later , Simeon Jackson scored from an Andy Barcham cross to give Gillingham the lead in the 13th minute , only for Chris Dagnall to equalise in the 36th minute . Jackson scored a second goal with a penalty kick in the 58th minute after John Nutter had been fouled by Rory McArdle . Gillingham thus won the match 2 – 1 and won their semi @-@ final on aggregate by the same score . Shrewsbury , who had only qualified for the play @-@ offs by defeating Dagenham & Redbridge in the final match of the regular season , played fourth placed Bury in their semi @-@ final . The first match at Shrewsbury 's home ground , New Meadow , was decided by a late own goal from Shrewsbury 's Neil Ashton , who accidentally lobbed the ball over his own goalkeeper Luke Daniels to give Bury a 1 – 0 win . In the second leg at Gigg Lane , Daniels saved Phil Jevons ' penalty kick and Shrewsbury 's Kevin McIntyre scored a goal in the 88th minute to level the tie . With no further score , a penalty shoot @-@ out was required to decide which team would advance to the final . Daniels saved penalty kicks from Andy Bishop and Danny Racchi and Shrewsbury won the shoot @-@ out and thus reached the final . = = Match summary = = The two teams were competing for promotion to Football League One , the third tier of the English football league system . The match was Gillingham 's first appearance at the new Wembley Stadium , although the club had played at the original Wembley in 1999 and 2000 . Shrewsbury had previously played at the new Wembley in the 2007 League Two play @-@ off final and at the original in the final of the 1996 Football League Trophy . The attendance of 53 @,@ 706 was significantly higher than the 35 @,@ 715 registered at the previous year 's League Two play @-@ off final . A specific revenue figure for the match was not made public , but half of the gate receipts went to The Football League to distribute amongst its member clubs , with Gillingham and Shrewsbury each receiving twenty @-@ five per cent and no additional television broadcast fee . Gillingham manager Mark Stimson named the same eleven players who had started the second leg of the semi @-@ final against Rochdale , while his opposite number Paul Simpson made two changes from the team which contested the second leg of the semi @-@ final against Bury , replacing David Worrall and Ömer Rıza with Chris Humphrey and Nick Chadwick . Shortly before kick @-@ off , sports betting organisation Sky Bet gave identical odds of 6 / 4 on both teams to win , with 9 / 4 on a draw . The match referee was Clive Oliver , whose son Michael took charge of the League One play @-@ off Final the following day . This was the first time that a father and son had refereed in Football League play @-@ off finals . Pre @-@ match entertainment included teams from Killamarsh Junior School and Thurlby Community Primary School contesting the final of the Football Association Community Cup , a parade by members of the British armed forces , and a performance of the National Anthem led by operatic vocalist Will Martin . = = = First half = = = The early part of the game was largely uneventful , with both teams ' defenses looking unsettled . In the first minute Gillingham 's captain Barry Fuller was forced to hack the ball clear of his goal area after confusion among his team @-@ mates . Gillingham began to take control of the game , but the first serious goalscoring opportunity did not come until the 31st minute when John Nutter shot for goal after a corner kick , only to be denied by Shrewsbury goalkeeper Luke Daniels . Josh Wright and Dennis Oli both had goalscoring chances blocked by Shrewsbury 's defenders and Daniels also saved a shot from Wright . Shrewsbury struggled to keep possession of the ball and had few attempts on goal before the half @-@ time break . = = = Second half = = = The second half began with Gillingham dominating play , and Andy Barcham had a goalbound shot tipped away by goalkeeper Daniels . Soon afterwards , Gillingham goalkeeper Simon Royce made his first significant save of the match , stopping a shot from Shrewsbury 's Ben Davies , which marked the start of a spell of pressure from the " Shrews " . Kelvin Langmead 's shot was saved by Royce and Kevin McIntyre headed wide of the target when presented with what Sky Sports ' Richard Bailey considered the best opportunity of the game . In the final minute of the game , Barcham tussled with a Shrewsbury defender and the referee awarded a corner kick to Gillingham . Josh Wright took the corner and Simeon Jackson headed the ball into the goal to give Gillingham the lead . Defender Neil Ashton , standing on the goal line , attempted to keep the ball out but was unsuccessful . Shrewsbury launched a last @-@ ditch attack in a bid to equalise , but captain Graham Coughlan 's header went over the crossbar and Gillingham held on to claim victory and gain promotion back to League One one year after being relegated from that division . = = = Post @-@ match = = = Post @-@ match analysis showed that referee Oliver had erroneously awarded the corner kick from which Gillingham 's goal had been scored , as the ball had in fact come off Barcham and therefore a goal kick should instead have been awarded to Shrewsbury . Paul Simpson referred to this in his post @-@ match comments , but said that " if we look at things like that we will be clutching at straws " . Mark Stimson highlighted the financial benefits of his team 's promotion , noting that large crowds would be expected for matches in League One against Leeds United , Norwich City and Southampton . After the match , Gillingham captain Barry Fuller received the winners ' trophy from the presentation party , which consisted of Lord Mawhinney , the chairman of The Football League , and Mark Osikoya , Head of Marketing Assets for the League 's sponsors , Coca @-@ Cola . Two days later , the club staged a celebratory open @-@ top bus parade from Rochester Castle to Priestfield Stadium . = = Match details = = = = Statistics = = Source : Sky Sports
= Flu Season ( Parks and Recreation ) = " Flu Season " ( sometimes referred to as " The Flu " ) is the second episode of the third season of the American comedy television series Parks and Recreation , and the 32nd overall episode of the series . It originally aired on NBC in the United States on January 27 , 2011 . In the episode , a flu outbreak leaves Leslie ill , but she insists on making a public presentation about her proposed harvest festival . Meanwhile , Andy and Ron bond , and a hospital @-@ bound April torments the nurse Ann . The episode was written by Norm Hiscock and directed by Wendey Stanzler . The episode included major development of the characters Ann , Ron and Ben , the latter of whom becomes extremely impressed with Leslie , starting a season @-@ long romance subplot between the two characters . Brent Briscoe made a guest appearance as J.J. , owner of J.J. ' s Diner , a restaurant that has appeared in previous Parks episodes . According to Nielsen Media Research , " Flu Season " was seen by 5 @.@ 83 million household viewers , a six percent decline from the previous episode , third season premiere " Go Big or Go Home " . The episode received positive reviews , with many commentators calling it one of the show 's best episodes . Critics also praised the performance of Rob Lowe during the scenes when Chris is stricken by the flu . Reviewers said the relationship between Chris and Ann made her character much more interesting and funny . Amy Poehler submitted this episode for judging for her nomination for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series in 2011 . = = Plot = = The flu season has hit Pawnee hard , leaving nurse Ann ( Rashida Jones ) caring for many sick citizens at the hospital . Among them are April ( Aubrey Plaza ) , who constantly mistreats Ann in retaliation for kissing Andy ( Chris Pratt ) . April asks Ron ( Nick Offerman ) not to tell Andy she is in the hospital , and Ron is anxious not to get involved in their personal affairs . Leslie ( Amy Poehler ) also has the flu , but will not admit it because she wants to give an important presentation to the Pawnee Chamber of Commerce about the planned Harvest Festival , which she hopes will restore the dwindling budget of the parks department . Ben ( Adam Scott ) finally takes a reluctant Leslie to the hospital , where she is admitted with a dangerously high fever and dehydration . Ben and Tom ( Aziz Ansari ) decide to do the presentation themselves , much to the chagrin of Leslie , who does not trust anyone but herself to do it . Tom immediately abandons Ben to hang out with a group of older men at the spa . To Ann 's surprise , Chris ( Rob Lowe ) has also been admitted to the hospital with the flu . The two have been dating and , although Ann really likes Chris , she fears he is too perfect . However , because the extremely health @-@ conscious Chris has a poor immune system and nearly no body fat , he suffers a complete physical breakdown , which makes Ann feel less intimidated about dating him . Meanwhile , Leslie escapes the hospital and heads back to city hall to deliver the presentation herself . Tom returns from the spa , revealing his spa friends are the owners of several car dealerships , which have agreed to lend vehicles to the festival . Although delirious with fever and an excess of flu medication , Leslie delivers a flawless presentation , wildly impressing Ben . She is immediately brought back to the hospital , where Ben tells her 110 businesses have agreed to help with the festival , surpassing the minimum 80 needed . At the department , with April absent from work , Ron asks Andy to fill in as an assistant because the anti @-@ government oriented Ron believes Andy will be ineffective . The two bond over the course of the day , and Andy begins to tell Ron about his problems with April , for whom he still harbors romantic feelings . Although initially not wishing to get involved , Ron reluctantly tells Andy she is at the hospital and he should visit her . Meanwhile , Ann remains pleasant throughout her nursing shift despite April 's constant abuse . The second her shift ends , however , Ann immediately loses her temper and curses at April . Ann apologizes for kissing Andy , but insists it was a mistake and that April should stop taking it out on Andy . Later , Andy visits April , who pretends to be asleep but smiles , revealing she is happy he came . At the end of the episode , Chris tells Ben they have been called back to Indianapolis for a new assignment , but both agree to seek an extension to stay in Pawnee longer . Although both claim they want to help organize the Harvest Festival , it is hinted they really want to stay because of Leslie and Ann . = = Production = = " Flu Season " was written by Norm Hiscock and directed by Wendey Stanzler . Like all six of the first third season episodes , it was written and filmed almost immediately after the second season ended as part of an early shooting schedule needed to accommodate Amy Poehler 's pregnancy . However , although finished early in anticipation of a September 2010 release date , Parks was ultimately placed on hiatus until early 2011 , many months after production on " Flu Season " was already finished . Although initially titled " The Flu " in original press releases , and referred to as such by several news articles , the episode title was later formally changed to " Flu Season " . " Flu Season " continued the subplot of restoring the parks department budget through a harvest festival , which will continue to be a major story arc throughout the first six episodes of the season . Brent Briscoe makes an appearance in " Flu Season " as J.J. , the owner of J.J. ' s Diner . Although the restaurant appears in the previous episode " The Reporter " , " Summer Catalog " and " The Master Plan " , " Flu Season " marked the first appearance of J.J. himself . Michael Schur , co @-@ creator of Parks and Recreation , said the episode included development of several of the protagonist characters , including Ben Wyatt , Ann Perkins and Ron Swanson . One of the major story arcs of the season entails Ben , who had never had a firm sense of home , gradually falling in love with the town of Pawnee due to the optimism and enthusiasm Leslie Knope shows for the town and her job . Commentators suggested this transition appeared to begin in " Flu Season " , when Ben is visibly , extremely impressed by Leslie 's perfect deliverance of a public presentation despite her illness . Steve Kandell of New York magazine wrote : " This is obviously the moment when Ben ’ s begrudging respect for her becomes something else " , and The Atlantic writer Scott Meslow wrote : " Parks and Recreation has allowed Ben to develop in the background so far , but his affection for Pawnee is clearly growing . " " Flu Season " also demonstrated a departure in the way Ann 's romantic relationships were handled compared to past seasons . The character previously dated Andy Dwyer , and Mark Brendanawicz ( Paul Schneider ) who was written out of the show at the end of the second season . In both cases , Ann was primarily in control of the relationship due to Andy 's immaturity and Mark 's lack of experience in long @-@ term romances . Schur said of Ann 's relationship with Chris , " This is the first time that Ann just completely loses herself and really falls for a guy super hard . And the relationship goes in a lot of funny , unexpected directions . " Intimidated by her inability to find a flaw in the extremely positive and physically perfect Chris , Ann acts more awkwardly and nerdy around him than her character has been in the past . " Flu Season " also demonstrated deeper levels to Ron Swanson , who adamantly insists " I 'm not interested in caring about people " , yet reveals he cares about both Andy and April , and tries to help the two reconcile . Schur said Ron takes on a sort of father figure role , " and he ends up revealing in a tiny , tiny , tiny way that 's still true to the character that he has genuine feelings of caring for the people who work around him in the Parks office " . = = Cultural references = = In the episode , Ben compares Leslie 's delivery of a perfect presentation despite having the flu to basketball player Michael Jordan 's showing during the 1997 NBA Finals . During the fifth game of the series , Jordan lead the Chicago Bulls to victory despite suffering from a serious case of the flu . Ben also compares Leslie 's speech to the famous home run baseball player Kirk Gibson hit off of pitcher Dennis Eckersley during the 1988 World Series , despite Gibson suffering from injuries to both legs at the time . While bonding , Ron and Andy discuss the draft history of the Indianapolis Colts , the NFL football team of Indiana . When Andy suggests Ron eat a burrito called the " Meat Tornado " , Ron says , " You had me at Meat Tornado , " a reference to the line " You had me at hello " from the romantic drama film Jerry Maguire ( 1996 ) . While deluded by the flu , Leslie mistakenly refers to the chamber of commerce as the " Chamber of Secrets " , a reference to the fantasy novel Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets . At one point , while practicing her speech delirious with the flu , Leslie turns to a wall poster and says , " Good evening everyone , I 'm Leslie Monster and this is Nightline , " a reference to the NBC newsmagazine program . Later , while still delirious , Leslie introduces Ben to the presentation audience as " Scott Bakula from Quantum Leap " . = = Reception = = = = = Ratings = = = In its original American broadcast , " Flu Season " was seen by an estimated 5 @.@ 83 million household viewers , according to Nielsen Media Research , with an overall 3 @.@ 0 rating / 8 share , and 3 @.@ 2 rating / 5 share among viewers between ages 18 and 49 . It marked a six percent decline compared to the previous episode , " Go Big or Go Home " , which itself was the highest overall Parks rating for since the premiere episode . The night " Flu Season " was broadcast , almost all of the comedy shows in NBC 's Thursday lineup lost viewership compared to the prior week : while Community remained flat , Perfect Couples was down 19 percent , while The Office and 30 Rock were down 11 percent . = = = Reviews = = = " Flu Season " received generally positive reviews , with many commentators praising the performance of Rob Lowe , whose character is usually physically fit to almost superhuman proportions but becomes extremely ill and hallucinatory when infected with the flu . Tim Goodman of The Hollywood Reporter said Lowe 's character now seemed well @-@ integrated into the cast , adding " If you 've never believed Lowe can make you laugh out loud , pay attention to that episode . " Steve Kandell of New York magazine said Lowe stole the show from the usual Parks powerhouses of Offerman and Pratt , and called one scene , when Lowe tries to will away his flu by yelling to himself in the mirror " Stop ... pooping ! " , the " single greatest self @-@ effacingly comic moment of his long , handsome career " . The Atlantic writer Scott Meslow , who said after two episodes , the pairing of Chris and Ann was already more interesting that Ann 's entire relationship with Mark Brendanawicz in the second season , and that the new romance subplot allowed the normally " straight ( wo ) man " Rashida Jones to display her comedic talents . Entertainment Weekly writer Hillary Busis said Chris " really came into his own " in the episode , and also said that Ann 's relationship with Chris made her character more interesting and gave Jones greater comedic material to work with . HitFix writer Alan Sepinwall declared " Flu Season " the one episode he would suggest to newcomers seeking to become familiar with Parks and Recreation because it spotlights so many different characters , includes both warm and comedic moments and includes commentary on small town government . He praised the performances of Lowe and Poehler , the latter of whom was especially effective because there were real stakes to Leslie making her presentation . Matt Fowler of IGN also said Lowe 's character , which he feared would get old fast , had proven to be a strong asset to the show , and Ann 's character was at her strongest opposite him . But Fowler also said " Flu Season " was a strong ensemble with great character moments for everyone , including Ron and Andy 's bonding and Ben 's admiration of Leslie . The A.V. Club writer Steve Heisler said " Flu Season " gave the entire cast the chance to be a bit sillier than usual and demonstrate their wide comedic ranges . Heisler said Ben and Chris felt like they belonged among the other characters , and he praised the performance of Aubrey Plaza , claiming April 's character seemed more fleshed out than in past episodes . Zap2it writer Rick Porter called " Flu Season " one of the best episodes of Parks and Recreation , particularly praising the " outstanding teamup " of Ron and the " different shades of Ann " displayed in the show . Porter said he simultaneously loved both Lowe 's over @-@ the @-@ top performance while sick , and Poehler 's more subtle performance . Matt Richenthal of TV Fanatic said the way Chris has become so well integrated into the show demonstrates how well the writers keep seemingly ridiculous characters grounded . Richenthal said Poehler made her sick scenes seem like strong character moments rather than just slapstick comedy , and praised the scenes with Ron and Andy , as well as Tom 's scenes at the spa . Joel Keller of TV Squad said the episode strongly developed the characters Ben and Chris , and served as a showcase for the comedic talents of Poehler , who he complimented for not going too over the top . Hollywood.com writer Eric Sundermann said the episode showcased Parks and Recreation at its finest , and said both Poehler and Lowe gave some of their best performance to date . Sundermann praised the pairing of Offerman and Pratt , and said although he had reservations about a Ben and Leslie romance , he believed it got off to a charming start in " Flu Season " .
= Aitraaz = Aitraaz ( English : Objection ) is a 2004 Indian Hindi romantic thriller film produced by Subhash Ghai for Mukta Arts and directed by Abbas @-@ Mustan . It tells the story of a man accused of sexual harassment by his female superior . The film stars Akshay Kumar , Kareena Kapoor and Priyanka Chopra and was the third film collaboration between Kumar and Kapoor , and Kumar and Chopra . Aitraaz features Amrish Puri , Paresh Rawal and Annu Kapoor in supporting roles . Its score was composed by Himesh Reshammiya , with lyrics by Sameer . The film was released worldwide on 12 November 2004 to positive reviews , and Chopra received critical acclaim for her role as Sonia Roy , an ambitious woman who accuses an employee of sexual harassment , a first in Hindi cinema . The film grossed about ₹ 240 million ( US $ 3 @.@ 6 million ) domestically , and was a commercial success . Aitraaz received a number of nominations , winning several awards ( including an individual one for Chopra ) . At the 50th Filmfare Awards the film received two nominations , including Best Supporting Actress and Best Performance in a Negative Role , becoming the second ( and final ) actress to win the award after Kajol ; the category was discontinued in 2008 . Aitraaz was remade in Kannada as Shrimathi in 2011 . The film is based on the 1994 Hollywood film Disclosure . = = Plot = = Raj Malhotra ( Akshay Kumar ) is employed by a telecommunications company , Air Voice . Priya Saxena ( Kareena Kapoor ) , who is looking for a full @-@ time job , goes to Raj 's house for an interview , mistaking him for barrister Ram Chautrani ( Annu Kapoor ) , a neighbour and Raj 's friend . Raj and Priya fall in love , marry and are expecting their first child . Raj expects to be promoted to CEO when the company 's chairman ( Amrish Puri ) arrives with his new wife , Sonia Roy ( Priyanka Chopra ) to announce the promotions . Sonia Roy is named the company 's new chairman ; after a discussion with her husband , she announces the promotions . The CEO position goes to Raj 's friend Rakesh ( Vivek Shauq ) , and Raj is named as one of the board of directors . At a party , Raj , accompanied by Priya , learns about his new boss , Sonia Roy . Priya is surprised that Sonia is the wife of the former chairman ( and half his age ) . Raj and his colleagues talk about Sonia Roy and the age difference between her and her husband , and Raj jokes that his magnetic personality was responsible for his promotion . A flashback explores Raj 's previous relationship with Sonia . Five years earlier , Raj and Sonia ( then a model ) meet at a beach in Cape Town . They fall in love and move in together ; Sonia becomes pregnant with Raj 's child , which makes him happy . But Sonia refuses Raj 's marriage proposal and says she is going to terminate the pregnancy . She wants wealth , fame , power and status , and a child would be in the way ; their relationship ends . On the next day , Rakesh tells Raj about a defect in the company 's new mobile handset : a call goes to two people simultaneously — the intended recipient and another person on the phone 's contact list . Raj needs Sonia 's permission to halt production , and she invites him to her house to discuss the matter . Sonia aggressively tries to pursue Raj , who resists . Although he repeatedly rejects her advances , Sonia continues trying to seduce him . For a moment it seems that Raj has given in to Sonia 's advances but after looking at his locket which has Priya 's portrait in it , Raj realises what he is doing and tries to leave . As Raj leaves , she threatens to punish him for spurning her . The next day , he learns that Sonia has told her husband that Raj harassed her sexually . Since he has admitted finding Sonia attractive , his claim of innocence is not believed , and the company pressures him into a resignation . Raj asks Ram Chauthrani to take his case ; Chauthrani tells him not to resign , and to keep going to work . The case goes to court ; Sonia and Roy engage a lawyer , Patel ( Paresh Rawal ) . Although the bulk of the evidence is at first against Raj , his bank manager friend returns from Bangkok and gives him a tape which recorded Raj 's encounter at Sonia 's house . After the tape is proven genuine , Chauthrani is struck by a car driven by someone hired by Sonia and the tape is substituted . When Priya asks Raj why he called their bank manager from Sonia 's house , he replies that he had called Rakesh ; the call went through to the bank manager as well . Priya ( also a lawyer ) continues the case after Chauthrani 's injury . She uses Rakesh 's phone in evidence against Sonia , exposing her earlier relationship with Raj . It is revealed that Sonia married Roy for money , power and status ; when he could not satisfy her sexually , she tried to resume her relationship with Raj . Priya wins the case and Roy leaves Sonia . Guilt @-@ stricken and humiliated , Sonia commits suicide by jumping from a building . = = Cast = = Akshay Kumar as Raj Malhotra Kareena Kapoor as Priya Saxena Malhotra Priyanka Chopra as Mrs. Sonia Roy Amrish Puri as Ranjit Roy Anu Kapoor as Barrister Ram Chauthrani Paresh Rawal as Advocate Patel Vivek Shauq as Rakesh Sharma Preeti Puri as Jenny ( Raj 's secretary ) Upasna Singh as Kanchan Dinesh Lamba as Chauthrani 's assistant Firoz Irani Sudhir Mitoo Anil Nagrath Kamal Chopra Suresh Bhagawat = = Production = = According to Abbas @-@ Mustan , Aitraaz was inspired by National Basketball Association player Kobe Bryant ( who was accused of rape by a fan ) ; the film 's development began when they read about his sexual @-@ assault case in the newspapers . According to the directors , they were fascinated by the possibility of the situation in reverse . About the film 's unusual title , they said the word " aitraaz " was colloquial and suited the subject . In early 2004 the media reported that Akshay Kumar , Kareena Kapoor and Priyanka Chopra were cast in lead roles , making it the third film collaboration between Kumar and Chopra after highly successful films Andaaz ( 2003 ) and Mujhse Shaadi Karogi ( 2004 ) . Kumar was cast as a working man accused of rape at his workplace ; Kapoor is his supportive wife , who goes to extremes to defend him . According to the directors , Kumar was cast against type ; an action star , they wanted him to underplay his character . Abbas @-@ Mustan , known for stylish thrillers and intriguing antagonists , cast Chopra in her first negative role . She plays a woman , married to a business magnate more than twice her age ( played by Amrish Puri ) , who falsely accuses her ex @-@ lover ( Kumar ) of raping her to seek revenge . Chopra was initially apprehensive about such a bold character , due to the controversial nature of sexual harassment . Abbas @-@ Mastan and Subhash Ghai ( the film 's producer ) convinced her to accept the role , assuring her that the film would not damage her career . According to Kumar , Raj ( accused of rape by his female boss ) is realistic and could be described as a " new @-@ age metrosexual " man . He enjoyed the strengths and weaknesses of his character , who is not afraid to show his feelings and does not feel emasculated by his situation . Kumar stated : " There 's a quiet dignity and heroism associated with my character . He doesn 't fight for applause . He fights for his convictions . " In an interview with Tribune India , Kapoor remarked that " every Indian woman could identify with her character " of Priya . She said her role ( a woman whose husband is accused of rape by his former girlfriend ) is supportive ; she stands by him , as any Indian woman would . Chopra described her character ( Sonia , an ambitious woman who accuses her employee of sexual harassment ) as " charming and focused " , commenting that her " philosophy is that she has to achieve her goals at any cost . She knows one thing : that nothing can come in between her desires and herself . " Chopra did not identify with the character , considering it a " man @-@ eater role " because of her conservative real @-@ life upbringing . Chopra found it challenging to play such an " extremely negative character " , and had to mentally prepare herself for an hour before each scene to get inside her character . She improvised gestures and expressions ; beyond actions and dialogue , her attitude was aggressive and bold . The film was shot in Cape Town , Goa , Pune and Mumbai . During filming of the sexual @-@ harassment scene , Chopra wept ; it took the directors several hours to remind her she was only playing a character , and additional filming was postponed . = = Soundtrack = = Aitraaz 's soundtrack was composed by Himesh Reshammiya , with lyrics by Sameer . The album contains fifteen songs : seven original , and eight remixes . Most were sung by Udit Narayan and Alka Yagnik . It was released on 24 September 2004 by Sony Music , topping charts on a number of platforms in India . The video of the title track with Kumar and Chopra was shot in one take with a steadycam . The soundtrack was generally well received by music critics , who praised its lyrics and vocals . Planet Bollywood gave a rating of 7 out of 10 , calling it a " good album " . Joginder Tuteja of Bollywood Hungama rated the album 3 out of 5 , praising " I Want To Make Love To You " ( all three versions ) : " Sunidhi Chauhan is excellent in this wonderfully @-@ composed track that shocks everyone with the intensity of the lyrics and the music " . He concluded , " Except for two or three average songs here and there , the majority of songs in Aitraaz do keep you engaged " . = = Marketing and release = = The first @-@ look poster of the film , with the tagline " In the world of women , you either play by their rules or else ... " , was received positively by critics ; the film 's trailers were also well received . They and the film 's music aided its marketing . Aitraaz was released worldwide on Diwali , 12 November 2004 , to positive reviews and moderate box @-@ office success . It became the eleventh @-@ highest @-@ grossing film of the year in India , and a commercial success . The film was released on DVD 6 December 2004 across all regions in a PAL @-@ format single disc . Distributed by Shemaroo Entertainment , it included a making @-@ of @-@ the @-@ film segment and a photo gallery . The VCD version was released at the same time , and Zee Network bought the exclusive broadcast rights . Aitraaz made its Indian television premiere 30 October 2005 on Zee Cinema . The film was remade in Kannada as Shrimathi , starring Upendra , Priyanka Trivedi and Celina Jaitley . = = Critical reception = = Aitraaz received generally positive reviews from critics , who praised its direction , cinematography , dialogue , music and performances , particularly Chopra 's . The BBC noted the film 's bold theme , good music and performances and remarked that " Abbas @-@ Mustaan have done a good job in ' Indianising ' the whole concept " . It also praised other aspects of the film , describing it as " a gripping edge of the seat drama that keeps viewers glued to their seats " . India Today film critic Anupama Chopra gave it a positive review , remarking that " Aitraaz has no pretensions . It 's good timepass . " Rediff.com praised the film and its originality in Bollywood , noting " the incredible audience response to the film : the public was clapping and whistling throughout the film 's second half ! " However , they considered some of the dialogues to be " extremely cliched " , especially during the court scene . Film critic Subhash K. Jha , on the other hand , was particularly impressed with the court scene which he considered to be " splendid " , and rated the film 3 out of 5 . He considered Chopra 's performance to be a triumph , remarking : " A star is born ! As the predatory social @-@ climbing seductress who can go to any length to satiate her lust for life , Priyanka Chopra rocks the scene like never before . " However , Jha believed that Kareena was miscast and seemed a little awkward in a non @-@ glamorous role , but " comes into her own in the climactic courtroom sequence where she dons the lawyer 's coat to bail her husband out " . Taran Adarsh of Bollywood Hungama rated the film 3 @.@ 5 out of 5 , describing it as " a well @-@ crafted thriller " and complimenting the directors ' opting for " a theme that has been untouched on the Indian screen so far " and the film 's " dramatic moments " . Like Jha , he believed that the film belonged entirely to Priyanka Chopra , and was impressed with her understanding of the character , and the way she drew the hatred of the audience . He also complimented the performances by Kapoor and Kumar . Sudhish Kamath of The Hindu criticised the film 's second half , commenting that " though first half of the movie is well @-@ paced , the second half sags with the songs and twists forced into the plot to buy time " , but stated that it was " passable with its slick production , a few funny lines , glam quotient and star appeal . " = = Awards and nominations = = Aitraaz received a number of awards and nominations , particularly for Chopra 's performance . At the 50th Filmfare Awards , the actress received two nominations for this role : Best Supporting Actress and Best Performance in a Negative Role . She won the latter , the second ( and final ) actress to win the award after Kajol ; the category was discontinued in 2008 . Chopra also won the Best Actress Award at the Bengal Film Journalists ' Association Awards . The film received two nominations at the 10th Screen Awards : Jodi No. 1 ( Best Pair ) for Kumar and Chopra and Best Villain for Chopra , winning the latter . It received ten nominations at the 6th International Indian Film Academy Awards , winning three technical @-@ category awards : Best Editing , Best Sound Recording and Best Sound Re @-@ Recording .
= SMS Saida = SMS Saida was a Novara @-@ class scout cruiser built for the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy in the early 1910s . The ship was armed with a main battery of nine 10 cm ( 3 @.@ 9 in ) guns , and six 53 @.@ 3 cm ( 21 @.@ 0 in ) torpedo tubes were added in 1917 . She was built by the Cantiere Navale Triestino shipyard from 1911 to 1914 , entering service days after the outbreak of World War I. She spent the war as a flotilla leader , conducting raids and patrols in the narrow waters of the Adriatic Sea . In May 1917 , Saida took part in the Battle of the Strait of Otranto , the largest naval action in the course of the war in the Adriatic . Saida was tasked with provoking a final fleet confrontation in June 1918 , but the attack was called off after the dreadnought battleship SMS Szent Istvan was sunk by an Italian motor torpedo boat . Saida was ceded to Italy after war and commissioned as Venezia . She served in the Regia Marina ( Royal Navy ) from 1921 to 1937 , ending her career as a barracks ship after 1930 . The ship was ultimately broken up for scrap in 1937 . The three Novara class cruisers were the largest vessels of the former Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy to see service in foreign navies after the war . = = Design = = Saida was 130 @.@ 64 meters ( 428 ft 7 in ) long overall , with a beam of 12 @.@ 79 meters ( 42 ft 0 in ) and a mean draft of 4 @.@ 6 meters ( 15 ft 1 in ) . She displaced 3 @,@ 500 metric tons ( 3 @,@ 400 long tons ) at normal load , and up to 4 @,@ 017 metric tons ( 3 @,@ 954 long tons ) at deep load . Her propulsion system consisted of two sets of Melms @-@ Pfenniger steam turbines driving two propeller shafts . They were designed to provide 25 @,@ 600 shaft horsepower ( 19 @,@ 100 kW ) and were powered by 16 Yarrow water @-@ tube boilers . These gave the ship a top speed of 27 knots ( 50 km / h ; 31 mph ) . Saida carried about 710 metric tons ( 700 long tons ) of coal that gave her a range of approximately 1 @,@ 600 nautical miles ( 3 @,@ 000 km ; 1 @,@ 800 mi ) at 24 knots ( 44 km / h ; 28 mph ) . The ship had a crew of 340 officers and men . Saida was armed with nine 50 @-@ caliber 10 @-@ centimeter ( 3 @.@ 9 in ) guns in single pedestal mounts . Three were placed forward on the forecastle , four were located amidships , two on either side , and two were side by side on the quarterdeck . A 50 @-@ caliber 6 @.@ 6 @-@ centimeter ( 2 @.@ 6 in ) anti @-@ aircraft gun and six 53 @.@ 3 cm ( 21 @.@ 0 in ) torpedo tubes in twin mounts were added in 1917 . The navy planned to remove the guns on the forecastle and quarterdeck and replace them with a pair of 15 @-@ centimeter ( 5 @.@ 9 in ) guns fore and aft , but nothing was done before the end of the war . The ship was protected by a waterline armored belt that was 60 mm ( 2 @.@ 4 in ) thick amidships . The conning tower had 60 mm thick sides , and the deck was 20 mm ( 0 @.@ 79 in ) thick . = = Service history = = Saida was laid down at the Cantiere Navale Triestino shipyard in Monfalcone on 9 September 1911 . Her completed hull was launched on 26 October 1912 , and construction , including fitting @-@ out , was completed by 1 August 1914 , four days after Austria @-@ Hungary declared war on Serbia . Following the outbreak of World War I , Saida was assigned as the flotilla leader for the First Torpedo Flotilla , which included the six Tátra @-@ class destroyers , six Huszár @-@ class destroyers , ten torpedo boats , and a depot ship . Following the Italian declaration of war against Austria @-@ Hungary in May 1915 , most of the Austro @-@ Hungarian fleet sortied in a surprise attack on various points on the Italian coast . During the operation , Saida , her sister Helgoland , the cruisers Admiral Spaun and Szigetvár , and nine destroyers provided a screen against a possible Italian counterattack , which did not materialize . The ship 's first combat came on 17 August 1915 when she , Helgoland , and four destroyers bombarded Italian forces on the island of Pelagosa which had recently been occupied by the Italians . In late 1915 , the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy began a series of raids against the merchant ships supplying Allied forces in Serbia and Montenegro . On the night of 22 November 1915 , Saida , Helgoland , and the 1st Torpedo Division raided the Albanian coast and sank a pair of Italian transports carrying flour . Chronic problems with Saida 's turbines prevented her from being used for much of the war , leaving Helgoland and SMS Novara to shoulder most of the burden of the naval war in the Adriatic . = = = Battle of the Strait of Otranto = = = In May 1917 , Admiral Miklós Horthy planned a major raid on the drifters of the Otranto Barrage , using a force composed of the three Novara @-@ class cruisers . The three cruisers were modified to resemble destroyers , and where thoroughly overhauled in preparation for the attack . Their boilers and turbines were cleaned to ensure the highest efficiency , and an anti @-@ aircraft gun was installed on each ship . The ships were to attack separately while two destroyers made a diversionary attack on the drifters near the Albanian coast . On the night of 14 May , the ships departed port and managed to pass through the line of drifters in the darkness without being identified . As the sounds from the diversionary attack were heard , the drifters released their nets and began to head towards the Strait of Otranto . At 03 : 45 , Saida and the other cruisers began their attacks on the drifters , though Saida stopped her engines and drifted toward the patrol vessels for about 30 minutes to conceal her position . Saida opened fire at 4 : 20 , setting three drifters on fire , before stopping to pick up nineteen survivors . The Austrian ships were first contacted during their retreat by a group of three French destroyers led by a small Italian scout cruiser , Carlo Mirabello , but the heavier guns of the Austrian ships dissuaded the Allied commander from pressing an attack . They were intercepted shortly afterward by a stronger group of two British protected cruisers , Bristol and Dartmouth , escorted by four Italian destroyers . Dartmouth opened fire with her 6 @-@ inch ( 152 mm ) guns at a range of 10 @,@ 600 yards ( 9 @,@ 700 m ) and Horthy ordered his ships to lay a smoke screen several minutes later . Horthy called for reinforcements that came in the form of the armored cruiser Sankt Georg , which sortied with two destroyers and four torpedo boats . The heavy smoke nearly caused the three Austrian cruisers to collide , but it covered them from the fire from the British ships as they closed the range . When they emerged , the Austrian ships were only about 4 @,@ 900 yards ( 4 @,@ 500 m ) from the British , a range much more suitable for the smaller Austrian guns . The three cruisers were gradually drawing away from their pursuers when Novara , leading the Austrian ships , was hit several times . Novara 's boilers were disabled , leaving her dead in the water . Saida was preparing to take Novara under tow when several Italian destroyers attacked in succession . The weight of fire from the three cruisers prevented them from closing to torpedo range and they scored no hits . Sankt Georg arrived and Saida took Novara under tow for the voyage back to port . The four cruisers assembled in line @-@ ahead formation , with Sankt Georg the last vessel in the line , to cover the other three ships . Later in the afternoon , the old coastal defense ship Budapest and three more torpedo boats joined the ships to strengthen the escort . The ship was tasked to participate in a major attack on the Allied ships defending the Strait of Otranto on 11 June 1918 . Saida , Admiral Spaun , and four torpedo boats were to have attacked the seaplane base at Otranto to draw out the Allied fleet . The operation was called off after the dreadnought SMS Szent István was sunk by an Italian motor torpedo boat en route to the rendezvous for the operation . On 3 November 1918 , the Austro @-@ Hungarian government signed the Armistice of Villa Giusti with Italy , ending their participation in the conflict . Following the armistice , the entire Austro @-@ Hungarian fleet was transferred to the newly formed Yugoslavia . = = = Italian service = = = In 1920 , under the terms of the Treaty of Saint @-@ Germain @-@ en @-@ Laye , Saida and the rest of the fleet was surrendered to the Allied powers as war prizes . The ship was ceded to Italy , where she was commissioned as Venezia on 5 July 1921 ; she and her sisters were the largest vessels of the former Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy to see active service in the navies of their former enemies . Venezia 's 6 @.@ 6 cm anti @-@ aircraft gun was replaced with a 37 mm ( 1 @.@ 5 in ) anti @-@ aircraft gun of Italian manufacture ; apart from that modification , the ship served in her original configuration . From 1930 , she served as a barracks ship , first at Genoa and then in La Spezia . In September 1935 , Venezia was drydocked at La Spezia in preparation of being laid up before being scrapped . The ship was sold for scrapping 11 March 1937 and was subsequently broken up .
= Apollo program = The Apollo program , also known as Project Apollo , was the third United States human spaceflight program carried out by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA ) , which accomplished landing the first humans on the Moon from 1969 to 1972 . First conceived during Dwight D. Eisenhower 's administration as a three @-@ man spacecraft to follow the one @-@ man Project Mercury which put the first Americans in space , Apollo was later dedicated to President John F. Kennedy 's national goal of " landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth " by the end of the 1960s , which he proposed in an address to Congress on May 25 , 1961 . Kennedy 's goal was accomplished on the Apollo 11 mission when astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin landed their Lunar Module ( LM ) on July 20 , 1969 , and walked on the lunar surface , while Michael Collins remained in lunar orbit in the Command / Service Module ( CSM ) , and all three landed safely on Earth on July 24 . Five subsequent Apollo missions also landed astronauts on the Moon , the last in December 1972 . In these six spaceflights , twelve men walked on the Moon . Apollo ran from 1961 to 1972 , with the first manned flight in 1968 . It achieved its goal of manned lunar landing , despite the major setback of a 1967 Apollo 1 cabin fire that killed the entire crew during a prelaunch test . After the first landing , sufficient flight hardware remained for nine follow @-@ on landings with a plan for extended lunar geological and astrophysical exploration . Budget cuts forced the cancellation of three of these . Five of the remaining six missions achieved successful landings , but the Apollo 13 landing was prevented by an oxygen tank explosion in transit to the Moon , which damaged the CSM 's propulsion and life support . The crew returned to Earth safely by using the Lunar Module as a " lifeboat " for these functions . It used Saturn family rockets as launch vehicles , which were also used for an Apollo Applications Program , which consisted of Skylab , a space station that supported three manned missions in 1973 – 74 , and the Apollo – Soyuz Test Project , a joint Earth orbit mission with the Soviet Union in 1975 . Apollo set several major human spaceflight milestones . It stands alone in sending manned missions beyond low Earth orbit . Apollo 8 was the first manned spacecraft to orbit another celestial body , while the final Apollo 17 mission marked the sixth Moon landing and the ninth manned mission beyond low Earth orbit . The program returned 842 pounds ( 382 kg ) of lunar rocks and soil to Earth , greatly contributing to the understanding of the Moon 's composition and geological history . The program laid the foundation for NASA 's current human spaceflight capability , and funded construction of its Johnson Space Center and Kennedy Space Center . Apollo also spurred advances in many areas of technology incidental to rocketry and manned spaceflight , including avionics , telecommunications , and computers . = = Background = = The Apollo program was conceived during the Eisenhower administration in early 1960 , as a follow @-@ up to Project Mercury . While the Mercury capsule could only support one astronaut on a limited Earth orbital mission , Apollo would carry three astronauts . Possible missions included ferrying crews to a space station , circumlunar flights , and eventual manned lunar landings . The program was named after the Greek god of light , music , and the sun by NASA manager Abe Silverstein , who later said that " I was naming the spacecraft like I 'd name my baby . " Silverstein chose the name at home one evening , early in 1960 , because he felt " Apollo riding his chariot across the Sun was appropriate to the grand scale of the proposed program . " = = = Spacecraft feasibility studies = = = In July 1960 , NASA Deputy Administrator Hugh L. Dryden announced the Apollo program to industry representatives at a series of Space Task Group conferences . Preliminary specifications were laid out for a spacecraft with a mission module cabin separate from the command module ( piloting and re @-@ entry cabin ) , and a propulsion and equipment module . On August 30 , a feasibility study competition was announced , and on October 25 , three study contracts were awarded to General Dynamics / Convair , General Electric , and the Glenn L. Martin Company . Meanwhile , NASA performed its own in @-@ house spacecraft design studies led by Maxime Faget , to serve as a gauge to judge and monitor the three industry designs . = = = Political pressure builds = = = In November 1960 , John F. Kennedy was elected president after a campaign that promised American superiority over the Soviet Union in the fields of space exploration and missile defense . Up to the election of 1960 , Kennedy had been speaking out against the " missile gap " that he and many other senators felt had formed between the Soviets and themselves due to the inaction of President Eisenhower . Beyond military power , Kennedy used aerospace technology as a symbol of national prestige , pledging to make the US not " first but , first and , first if , but first period . " Despite Kennedy 's rhetoric , he did not immediately come to a decision on the status of the Apollo program once he became president . He knew little about the technical details of the space program , and was put off by the massive financial commitment required by a manned Moon landing . When Kennedy 's newly appointed NASA Administrator James E. Webb requested a 30 percent budget increase for his agency , Kennedy supported an acceleration of NASA 's large booster program but deferred a decision on the broader issue . On April 12 , 1961 , Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin became the first person to fly in space , reinforcing American fears about being left behind in a technological competition with the Soviet Union . At a meeting of the US House Committee on Science and Astronautics one day after Gagarin 's flight , many congressmen pledged their support for a crash program aimed at ensuring that America would catch up . Kennedy was circumspect in his response to the news , refusing to make a commitment on America 's response to the Soviets . On April 20 , Kennedy sent a memo to Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson , asking Johnson to look into the status of America 's space program , and into programs that could offer NASA the opportunity to catch up . Johnson responded approximately one week later , concluding that " we are neither making maximum effort nor achieving results necessary if this country is to reach a position of leadership . " His memo concluded that a manned Moon landing was far enough in the future that it was likely the United States would achieve it first . On May 25 , 1961 , twenty days after the first US manned spaceflight Freedom 7 , Kennedy proposed the manned Moon landing in a Special Message to the Congress on Urgent National Needs : " Now it is time to take longer strides - time for a great new American enterprise - time for this nation to take a clearly leading role in space achievement , which in many ways may hold the key to our future on Earth . ... I believe that this nation should commit itself to achieving the goal , before this decade is out , of landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth . No single space project in this period will be more impressive to mankind , or more important in the long @-@ range exploration of space ; and none will be so difficult or expensive to accomplish . " Full text = = NASA expansion = = At the time of Kennedy 's proposal , only one American had flown in space — less than a month earlier — and NASA had not yet sent an astronaut into orbit . Even some NASA employees doubted whether Kennedy 's ambitious goal could be met . By 1963 , Kennedy even came close to agreeing to a joint US @-@ USSR Moon mission , to eliminate duplication of effort . With the clear goal of a manned landing replacing the more nebulous goals of space stations and cislunar flights , NASA had to hit the ground running , and decided to discard the feasibility study designs of Convair , GE , and Martin , and proceed with Faget 's command / service module design . The mission module was determined to be only useful as an extra room , and therefore deemed unnecessary . They used Faget 's design as the specification for another competition for spacecraft procurement bids in October 1961 . On November 28 , 1961 , it was announced that North American Aviation had won the contract , although its bid was not rated as good as Martin 's . Webb , Dryden and Robert Seamans chose it in preference due to North American 's longer association with NACA . Landing men on the Moon by the end of 1969 required the most sudden burst of technological creativity , and the largest commitment of resources ( $ 24 billion ) ever made by any nation in peacetime . At its peak , the Apollo program employed 400 @,@ 000 people and required the support of over 20 @,@ 000 industrial firms and universities . On July 1 , 1960 , NASA established of the Marshall Space Flight Center ( MSFC ) in Huntsville , Alabama . MSFC designed the heavy lift @-@ class Saturn launch vehicles , which would be required for Apollo . = = = Manned Spacecraft Center = = = It became clear that managing the Apollo program would exceed the capabilities of Robert R. Gilruth 's Space Task Group , which had been directing the nation 's manned space program from NASA 's Langley Research Center . So Gilruth was given authority to grow his organization into a new NASA center , the Manned Spacecraft Center ( MSC ) . A site was chosen in Houston , Texas , on land donated by Rice University , and Administrator Webb announced the conversion on September 19 , 1961 . It was also clear NASA would soon outgrow its practice of controlling missions from its Cape Canaveral Air Force Station launch facilities in Florida , so a new Mission Control Center would be included in the MSC . In September 1962 , by which time two Project Mercury astronauts had orbited the Earth , Gilruth had moved his organization to rented space in Houston , and construction of the MSC facility was under way , Kennedy visited Rice to reiterate his challenge in a famous speech : " But why , some say , the Moon ? Why choose this as our goal ? And they may well ask , why climb the highest mountain ? Why , 35 years ago , fly the Atlantic ? ... We choose to go to the Moon . We choose to go to the Moon in this decade and do the other things , not because they are easy , but because they are hard ; because that goal will serve to organize and measure the best of our energies and skills ; because that challenge is one that we are willing to accept , one we are unwilling to postpone , and one we intend to win ... . Full text The MSC was completed in September 1963 . It was renamed by the US Congress in honor of Lyndon Johnson soon after his death in 1973 . = = = Launch Operations Center = = = It also became clear that Apollo would outgrow the Canaveral launch facilities in Florida . The two newest launch complexes were already being built for the Saturn I and IB rockets at the northernmost end : LC @-@ 34 and LC @-@ 37 . But an even bigger facility would be needed for the mammoth rocket required for the manned lunar mission , so land acquisition was started in July 1961 for a Launch Operations Center ( LOC ) immediately north of Canaveral at Merritt Island . The design , development and construction of the center was conducted by Kurt H. Debus , a member of Dr. Wernher von Braun 's original V @-@ 2 rocket engineering team . Debus was named the LOC 's first Director . Construction began in November 1962 . Upon Kennedy 's death , President Johnson issued an executive order on November 29 , 1963 , to rename the LOC and Cape Canaveral in honor of Kennedy . The LOC included Launch Complex 39 , a Launch Control Center , and a 130 million cubic foot ( 3 @.@ 7 million cubic meter ) Vertical Assembly Building ( VAB ) in which the space vehicle ( launch vehicle and spacecraft ) would be assembled on a Mobile Launcher Platform and then moved by a transporter to one of several launch pads . Although at least three pads were planned , only two , designated A and B , were completed in October 1965 . The LOC also included an Operations and Checkout Building ( OCB ) to which Gemini and Apollo spacecraft were initially received prior to being mated to their launch vehicles . The Apollo spacecraft could be tested in two vacuum chambers capable of simulating atmospheric pressure at altitudes up to 250 @,@ 000 feet ( 76 km ) , which is nearly a vacuum . = = = Organization = = = Administrator Webb realized that in order to keep Apollo costs under control , he had to develop greater project management skills in his organization , so he recruited Dr. George E. Mueller for a high management job . Mueller accepted , on the condition that he have a say in NASA reorganization necessary to effectively administer Apollo . Webb then worked with Associate Administrator ( later Deputy Administrator ) Seamans to reorganize the Office of Manned Space Flight ( OMSF ) . On July 23 , 1963 , Webb announced Mueller 's appointment as Deputy Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight , to replace then Associate Administrator D. Brainerd Holmes on his retirement effective September 1 . Under Webb 's reorganization , the directors of the Manned Spacecraft Center ( Gilruth ) Marshall Space Flight Center ( von Braun ) and the Launch Operations Center ( Debus ) effectively reported to Mueller . Based on his industry experience on Air Force missile projects , Mueller realized some skilled managers could be found among high @-@ ranking officers in the United States Air Force , so he got Webb 's permission to recruit General Samuel C. Phillips , who gained a reputation for his effective management of the Minuteman program , as OMSF program controller . Phillips ' superior officer Bernard A. Schriever agreed to loan Phillips to NASA , along with a staff of officers under him , on the condition that Phillips be made Apollo Program Director . Mueller agreed , and Phillips managed Apollo from January 1964 , until it achieved the first manned landing in July 1969 , after which he returned to Air Force duty . = = Choosing a mission mode = = Once Kennedy had defined a goal , the Apollo mission planners were faced with the challenge of designing a spacecraft that could meet it while minimizing risk to human life , cost , and demands on technology and astronaut skill . Four possible mission modes were considered : Direct Ascent : The spacecraft would be launched as a unit and travel directly to the Moon and land . It would return , leaving its landing stage on the Moon . This design would have required development of the extremely powerful Nova launch vehicle . Earth Orbit Rendezvous ( EOR ) : Multiple rocket launches ( up to 15 in some plans ) would carry parts of a Direct Ascent spacecraft and propulsion units for translunar injection ( TLI ) . These would be assembled into a single spacecraft in Earth orbit . Lunar Orbit Rendezvous ( LOR ) : A single Saturn V could launch a spacecraft that was composed of a mother ship which would remain in orbit around the Moon , while a smaller , two @-@ stage lander would carry two astronauts to the surface , return to dock with the mother ship , and then be discarded . Landing only a small part of the spacecraft on the Moon and returning an even smaller part to lunar orbit minimized the total mass to be launched from the Earth . Lunar Surface Rendezvous : Two spacecraft would be launched in succession . The first , an automated vehicle carrying propellant for the return to Earth , would land on the Moon , to be followed some time later by the manned vehicle . Propellant would have to be transferred from the automated vehicle to the manned vehicle . In early 1961 , direct ascent was generally the mission mode in favor at NASA . Many engineers feared that a rendezvous — let alone a docking — neither of which had been attempted even in Earth orbit , would be extremely difficult in lunar orbit . Dissenters including John Houbolt at Langley Research Center emphasized the important weight reductions that were offered by the LOR approach . Throughout 1960 and 1961 , Houbolt campaigned for the recognition of LOR as a viable and practical option . Bypassing the NASA hierarchy , he sent a series of memos and reports on the issue to Associate Administrator Robert Seamans ; while acknowledging that he spoke " somewhat as a voice in the wilderness , " Houbolt pleaded that LOR should not be discounted in studies of the question . Seamans ' establishment of an ad @-@ hoc committee headed by his special technical assistant Nicholas E. Golovin in July 1961 , to recommend a launch vehicle to be used in the Apollo program , represented a turning point in NASA 's mission mode decision . This committee recognized that the chosen mode was an important part of the launch vehicle choice , and recommended in favor of a hybrid EOR @-@ LOR mode . Its consideration of LOR — as well as Houbolt 's ceaseless work — played an important role in publicizing the workability of the approach . In late 1961 and early 1962 , members of the Manned Spacecraft Center began to come around to support LOR , including the newly hired deputy director of the Office of Manned Space Flight , Joseph Shea , who became a champion of LOR . The engineers at Marshall Space Flight Center ( MSFC ) , which had much to lose from the decision , took longer to become convinced of its merits , but their conversion was announced by Wernher von Braun at a briefing on June 7 , 1962 . But even after NASA reached internal agreement , it was far from smooth sailing . Kennedy 's science advisor Jerome Wiesner , who had expressed his opposition to manned spaceflight to Kennedy before the President took office , and had opposed the decision to land men on the Moon , hired Golovin , who had left NASA , to chair his own " Space Vehicle Panel " , ostensibly to monitor , but actually to second @-@ guess NASA 's decisions on the Saturn V launch vehicle and LOR by forcing Shea , Seamans , and even Webb to defend themselves , delaying its formal announcement to the press on July 11 , 1962 , and forcing Webb to still hedge the decision as " tentative " . Wiesner kept up the pressure , even making the disagreement public during a two @-@ day September visit by the President to Marshall Space Flight Center . Wiesner blurted out " No , that 's no good " in front of the press , during a presentation by von Braun . Webb jumped in and defended von Braun , until Kennedy ended the squabble by stating that the matter was " still subject to final review " . Webb held firm , and issued a request for proposal to candidate Lunar Excursion Module ( LEM ) contractors . Wiesner finally relented , unwilling to settle the dispute once and for all in Kennedy 's office , because of the President 's involvement with the October Cuban missile crisis , and fear of Kennedy 's support for Webb . NASA announced the selection of Grumman as the LEM contractor in November 1962 . Space historian James Hansen concludes that : Without NASA 's adoption of this stubbornly held minority opinion in 1962 , the United States may still have reached the Moon , but almost certainly it would not have been accomplished by the end of the 1960s , President Kennedy 's target date . The LOR method had the advantage of allowing the lander spacecraft to be used as a " lifeboat " in the event of a failure of the command ship . Some documents prove this theory was discussed before and after the method was chosen . A 1964 MSC study concluded , " The LM [ as lifeboat ] ... was finally dropped , because no single reasonable CSM failure could be identified that would prohibit use of the SPS . " Ironically , just such a failure happened on Apollo 13 when an oxygen tank explosion left the CSM without electrical power . The Lunar Module provided propulsion , electrical power and life support to get the crew home safely . = = Spacecraft = = Faget 's preliminary Apollo design employed a cone @-@ shaped command module , supported by one of several service modules providing propulsion and electrical power , sized appropriately for the space station , cislunar , and lunar landing missions . Once Kennedy 's Moon landing goal became official , detailed design began of a Command / Service Module ( CSM ) in which the crew would spend the entire direct @-@ ascent mission and lift off from the lunar surface for the return trip , after being soft @-@ landed by a larger landing propulsion module . The final choice of lunar orbit rendezvous changed the CSM 's role to the translunar ferry used to transport the crew , along with a new spacecraft , the Lunar Excursion Module ( LEM , later shortened to Lunar Module , LM ) which would take two men to the lunar surface and return them to the CSM . = = = Command / Service Module = = = The Command Module ( CM ) was the conical crew cabin , designed to carry three astronauts from launch to lunar orbit and back to an Earth ocean landing . It was the only component of the Apollo spacecraft to survive without major configuration changes as the program evolved from the early Apollo study designs . Its exterior was covered with an ablative heat shield , and had its own reaction control system ( RCS ) engines to control its attitude and steer its atmospheric entry path . Parachutes were carried to slow its descent to splashdown . The module was 11 @.@ 42 feet ( 3 @.@ 48 m ) tall , 12 @.@ 83 feet ( 3 @.@ 91 m ) in diameter , and weighed approximately 12 @,@ 250 pounds ( 5 @,@ 560 kg ) . A cylindrical Service Module ( SM ) supported the Command Module , with a service propulsion engine and an RCS with propellants , and a fuel cell power generation system with liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen reactants . A high @-@ gain S @-@ band antenna was used for long @-@ distance communications on the lunar flights . On the extended lunar missions , an orbital scientific instrument package was carried . The Service Module was discarded just before re @-@ entry . The module was 24 @.@ 6 feet ( 7 @.@ 5 m ) long and 12 @.@ 83 feet ( 3 @.@ 91 m ) in diameter . The initial lunar flight version weighed approximately 51 @,@ 300 pounds ( 23 @,@ 300 kg ) fully fueled , while a later version designed to carry a lunar orbit scientific instrument package weighed just over 54 @,@ 000 pounds ( 24 @,@ 000 kg ) . North American Aviation won the contract to build the CSM , and also the second stage of the Saturn V launch vehicle for NASA . Because the CSM design was started early before the selection of lunar orbit rendezvous , the service propulsion engine was sized to lift the CSM off of the Moon , and thus was oversized to about twice the thrust required for translunar flight . Also , there was no provision for docking with the Lunar Module . A 1964 program definition study concluded that the initial design should be continued as Block I which would be used for early testing , while Block II , the actual lunar spacecraft , would incorporate the docking equipment and take advantage of the lessons learned in Block I development . = = = Lunar Module = = = The Lunar Module ( LM ) was designed to descend from lunar orbit to land two astronauts on the Moon and take them back to orbit to rendezvous with the Command Module . Not designed to fly through the Earth 's atmosphere or return to Earth , its fuselage was designed totally without aerodynamic considerations , and was of an extremely lightweight construction . It consisted of separate descent and ascent stages , each with its own engine . The descent stage contained storage for the descent propellant , surface stay consumables , and surface exploration equipment . The ascent stage contained the crew cabin , ascent propellant , and a reaction control system . The initial LM model weighed approximately 33 @,@ 300 pounds ( 15 @,@ 100 kg ) , and allowed surface stays up to around 34 hours . An Extended Lunar Module weighed over 36 @,@ 200 pounds ( 16 @,@ 400 kg ) , and allowed surface stays of over 3 days . The contract for design and construction of the Lunar Module was awarded to Grumman Aircraft Engineering Corporation , and the project was overseen by Thomas J. Kelly . = = Launch vehicles = = Before the Apollo program began , Wernher von Braun and his team of rocket engineers had started work on plans for very large launch vehicles , the Saturn series , and the even larger Nova series . In the midst of these plans , von Braun was transferred from the Army to NASA , and made Director of the Marshall Space Flight Center . The initial direct ascent plan to send the three @-@ man Apollo Command / Service Module directly to the lunar surface , on top of a large descent rocket stage , would require a Nova @-@ class launcher , with a lunar payload capability of over 180 @,@ 000 pounds ( 82 @,@ 000 kg ) . The June 11 , 1962 , decision to use lunar orbit rendezvous enabled the Saturn V to replace the Nova , and the MSFC proceeded to develop the Saturn rocket family for Apollo . = = = Little Joe II = = = Since Apollo , like Mercury , would require a launch escape system ( LES ) in case of a launch failure , a relatively small rocket was required for qualification flight testing of this system . A size bigger than the NAA Little Joe would be required , so the Little Joe II was built by General Dynamics / Convair . After an August 1963 qualification test flight , four LES test flights ( A @-@ 001 through 004 ) were made at the White Sands Missile Range between May 1964 and January 1966 . = = = Saturn I = = = Since Apollo , like Mercury , used more than one launch vehicle for space missions , NASA used spacecraft @-@ launch vehicle combination series numbers : AS @-@ 10x for Saturn I , AS @-@ 20x for Saturn IB , and AS @-@ 50x for Saturn V ( compare Mercury @-@ Redstone 3 , Mercury @-@ Atlas 6 ) to designate and plan all missions , rather than numbering them sequentially as in Project Gemini . This was changed by the time manned flights began . Saturn I , the first US heavy lift launch vehicle , was initially planned to launch partially equipped CSMs in low Earth orbit tests . The S @-@ I first stage burned RP @-@ 1 with liquid oxygen ( LOX ) oxidizer in eight clustered Rocketdyne H @-@ 1 engines , to produce 1 @,@ 500 @,@ 000 pounds @-@ force ( 6 @,@ 670 kN ) of thrust . The S @-@ IV second stage used six liquid hydrogen @-@ fueled Pratt & Whitney RL @-@ 10 engines with 90 @,@ 000 pounds @-@ force ( 400 kN ) of thrust . A planned Centaur ( S @-@ V ) third stage with two RL @-@ 10 engines , never flew on Saturn I. The first four Saturn I test flights were launched from LC @-@ 34 , with only live first stages , carrying dummy upper stages filled with water . The first flight with a live S @-@ IV was launched from LC @-@ 37 . This was followed by five launches of boilerplate CSMs ( designated AS @-@ 101 through AS @-@ 105 ) into orbit in 1964 and 1965 . The last three of these further supported the Apollo program by also carrying Pegasus satellites , which verified the safety of the translunar environment by measuring the frequency and severity of micrometeorite impacts . In September 1962 , NASA planned to launch four manned CSM flights on the Saturn I from late 1965 through 1966 , concurrent with Project Gemini . The 22 @,@ 500 @-@ pound ( 10 @,@ 200 kg ) payload capacity would have severely limited the systems which could be included , so the decision was made in October 1963 to use the uprated Saturn IB for all manned Earth orbital flights . = = = Saturn IB = = = The Saturn IB was an upgraded version of the Saturn I. The S @-@ IB first stage increased the thrust to 1 @,@ 600 @,@ 000 pounds @-@ force ( 7 @,@ 120 kN ) by uprating the H @-@ 1 engine . The second stage replaced the S @-@ IV with the S @-@ IVB @-@ 200 , powered by a single J @-@ 2 engine burning liquid hydrogen fuel with LOX , to produce 200 @,@ 000 pounds @-@ force ( 890 kN ) of thrust . A restartable version of the S @-@ IVB was used as the third stage of the Saturn V. The Saturn IB could send over 40 @,@ 000 pounds ( 18 @,@ 100 kg ) into low Earth orbit , sufficient for a partially fueled CSM or the LM . Saturn IB launch vehicles and flights were designated with an AS @-@ 200 series number , " AS " indicating " Apollo Saturn " and the " 2 " indicating the second member of the Saturn rocket family . = = = Saturn V = = = Saturn V launch vehicles and flights were designated with an AS @-@ 500 series number , " AS " indicating " Apollo Saturn " and the " 5 " indicating Saturn V. The three @-@ stage Saturn V was designed to send a fully fueled CSM and LM to the Moon . It was 33 feet ( 10 @.@ 1 m ) in diameter and stood 363 feet ( 110 @.@ 6 m ) tall with its 96 @,@ 800 @-@ pound ( 43 @,@ 900 kg ) lunar payload . Its capability grew to 103 @,@ 600 pounds ( 47 @,@ 000 kg ) for the later advanced lunar landings . The S @-@ IC first stage burned RP @-@ 1 / LOX for a rated thrust of 7 @,@ 500 @,@ 000 pounds @-@ force ( 33 @,@ 400 kN ) , which was upgraded to 7 @,@ 610 @,@ 000 pounds @-@ force ( 33 @,@ 900 kN ) . The second and third stages burned liquid hydrogen , and the third stage was a modified version of the S @-@ IVB , with thrust increased to 230 @,@ 000 pounds @-@ force ( 1 @,@ 020 kN ) and capability to restart the engine for translunar injection after reaching a parking orbit . = = Astronauts = = NASA 's Director of Flight Crew Operations during the Apollo program was Donald K. " Deke " Slayton , one of the original Mercury Seven astronauts who was medically grounded in September 1962 due to a heart murmur . Slayton was responsible for making all Gemini and Apollo crew assignments . Thirty @-@ two astronauts were assigned to fly missions in the Apollo program . Twenty @-@ four of these left Earth ’ s orbit and flew around the Moon between December 1968 and December 1972 ( three of them twice ) . Half of the 24 walked on its surface , though none of them returned to the Moon after landing once . One of the moonwalkers was a trained geologist . Of the 32 , Gus Grissom , Edward H. White , and Roger Chaffee were killed during a ground test in preparation for their Apollo 1 mission . The Apollo astronauts were chosen from the Project Mercury and Gemini veterans , plus from two later astronaut groups . All missions were commanded by Gemini or Mercury veterans . Crews on all development flights ( except the Earth orbit CSM development flights ) through the first two landings on Apollo 11 and Apollo 12 , included at least two ( sometimes three ) Gemini veterans . Dr. Harrison Schmitt , a geologist , was the first NASA scientist astronaut to fly in space , and landed on the Moon on the last mission , Apollo 17 . Schmitt participated in the lunar geology training of all of the Apollo landing crews . NASA awarded all 32 of these astronauts its highest honor , the Distinguished Service Medal , given for " distinguished service , ability , or courage " , and personal " contribution representing substantial progress to the NASA mission " . The medals were awarded posthumously to Grissom , White , and Chaffee in 1969 , then to the crews of all missions from Apollo 8 onward . The crew that flew the first Earth orbital test mission Apollo 7 , Walter M. Schirra , Donn Eisele , and Walter Cunningham , were awarded the lesser NASA Exceptional Service Medal , because of discipline problems with the Flight Director 's orders during their flight . The NASA Administrator in October , 2008 , decided to award them the Distinguished Service Medals , by this time posthumously to Schirra and Eisele . = = Lunar mission profile = = The nominal planned lunar landing mission proceeded as follows : = = = Profile variations = = = After Apollo 12 placed the second of several seismometers on the Moon , the S @-@ IVBs on subsequent missions were deliberately crashed on the Moon instead of being sent to solar orbit , as an active seismic experiment to induce vibrations in the Moon . The first three lunar missions ( Apollo 8 , Apollo 10 , and Apollo 11 ) used a free return trajectory , keeping a flight path coplanar with the lunar orbit , which would allow a return to Earth in case the SM engine failed to make lunar orbit insertion . Landing site lighting conditions on later missions dictated a lunar orbital plane change , which required a course change maneuver soon after TLI , and eliminated the free @-@ return option . Starting with Apollo 13 , descent orbit insertion was to be performed using the Service Module engine instead of the LM engine , in order to allow a greater fuel reserve for landing . This was actually first done for the first time on Apollo 14 , since the Apollo 13 mission was aborted before landing . On Apollo 12 and later missions , the jettisoned LM ascent stages were deliberately crashed on the Moon at known locations , as another active seismic experiment . The only exceptions to this were the Apollo 13 LM which burned up in the Earth 's atmosphere , and Apollo 16 , where a loss of attitude control after jettison prevented making a targeted impact . = = Development history = = = = = Unmanned flight tests = = = Two Block I CSMs were launched from LC @-@ 34 on suborbital flights in 1966 with the Saturn IB . The first , AS @-@ 201 launched on February 26 , reached an altitude of 265 @.@ 7 nautical miles ( 492 @.@ 1 km ) and splashed down 4 @,@ 577 nautical miles ( 8 @,@ 477 km ) downrange in the Atlantic Ocean . The second , AS @-@ 202 on August 25 , reached 617 @.@ 1 nautical miles ( 1 @,@ 142 @.@ 9 km ) altitude and was recovered 13 @,@ 900 nautical miles ( 25 @,@ 700 km ) downrange in the Pacific Ocean . These flights validated the Service Module engine and the Command Module heat shield . A third Saturn IB test , AS @-@ 203 launched from pad 37 , went into orbit to support design of the S @-@ IVB upper stage restart capability needed for the Saturn V. It carried a nosecone instead of the Apollo spacecraft , and its payload was the unburned liquid hydrogen fuel , the behavior of which engineers measured with temperature and pressure sensors , and a TV camera . This flight occurred on July 5 , before AS @-@ 202 , which was delayed because of problems getting the Apollo spacecraft ready for flight . = = = Preparation for manned flight = = = Two manned orbital Block I CSM missions were planned : AS @-@ 204 and AS @-@ 205 . The Block I crew positions were titled Command Pilot , Senior Pilot , and Pilot . The Senior Pilot would assume navigation duties , while the Pilot would function as a systems engineer . The astronauts would wear a modified version of the Gemini spacesuit . After an unmanned LM test flight AS @-@ 206 , a crew would fly the first Block II CSM and LM in a dual mission known as AS @-@ 207 / 208 , or AS @-@ 278 ( each spacecraft would be launched on a separate Saturn IB ) . The Block II crew positions were titled Commander ( CDR ) Command Module Pilot ( CMP ) and Lunar Module Pilot ( LMP ) . The astronauts would begin wearing a new Apollo A6L spacesuit , designed to accommodate lunar extravehicular activity ( EVA ) . The traditional visor helmet was replaced with a clear " fishbowl " type for greater visibility , and the lunar surface EVA suit would include a water @-@ cooled undergarment . Deke Slayton , the grounded Mercury astronaut who became Director of Flight Crew Operations for the Gemini and Apollo programs , selected the first Apollo crew in January 1966 , with Grissom as Command Pilot , White as Senior Pilot , and rookie Donn F. Eisele as Pilot . But Eisele dislocated his shoulder twice aboard the KC135 weightlessness training aircraft , and had to undergo surgery on January 27 . Slayton replaced him with Chaffee . NASA announced the final crew selection for AS @-@ 204 on March 21 , 1966 , with the backup crew consisting of Gemini veterans James McDivitt and David Scott , with rookie Russell L. " Rusty " Schweickart . Mercury / Gemini veteran Wally Schirra , Eisele , and rookie Walter Cunningham were announced on September 29 as the prime crew for AS @-@ 205 . In December 1966 , the AS @-@ 205 mission was canceled , since the validation of the CSM would be accomplished on the 14 @-@ day first flight , and AS @-@ 205 would have been devoted to space experiments and contribute no new engineering knowledge about the spacecraft . Its Saturn IB was allocated to the dual mission , now redesignated AS @-@ 205 / 208 or AS @-@ 258 , planned for August 1967 . McDivitt , Scott and Schweickart were promoted to the prime AS @-@ 258 crew , and Schirra , Eisele and Cunningham were reassigned as the Apollo 1 backup crew . = = = = Program delays = = = = The spacecraft for the AS @-@ 202 and AS @-@ 204 missions were delivered by North American Aviation to the Kennedy Space Center with long lists of equipment problems which had to be corrected before flight ; these delays caused the launch of AS @-@ 202 to slip behind AS @-@ 203 , and eliminated hopes the first manned mission might be ready to launch as soon as November 1966 , concurrently with the last Gemini mission . Eventually the planned AS @-@ 204 flight date was pushed to February 21 , 1967 . North American Aviation was prime contractor not only for the Apollo CSM , but for the Saturn V S @-@ II second stage as well , and delays in this stage pushed the first unmanned Saturn V flight AS @-@ 501 from late 1966 to November 1967 . ( The initial assembly of AS @-@ 501 had to use a dummy spacer spool in place of the stage . ) The problems with North American were severe enough in late 1965 to cause Manned Space Flight Administrator George Mueller to appoint program director Samuel Phillips to head a " tiger team " to investigate North American 's problems and identify corrections . Phillips documented his findings in a December 19 letter to NAA president Lee Atwood , with a strongly worded letter by Mueller , and also gave a presentation of the results to Mueller and Deputy Administrator Robert Seamans . Meanwhile , Grumman was also encountering problems with the Lunar Module , eliminating hopes it would be ready for manned flight in 1967 , not long after the first manned CSM flights . = = = = Disaster strikes = = = = Grissom , White , and Chaffee decided to name their flight Apollo 1 as a motivational focus on the first manned flight . They trained and conducted tests of their spacecraft at North American , and in the altitude chamber at the Kennedy Space Center . A " plugs @-@ out " test was planned for January , which would simulate a launch countdown on LC @-@ 34 with the spacecraft transferring from pad @-@ supplied to internal power . If successful , this would be followed by a more rigorous countdown simulation test closer to the February 21 launch , with both spacecraft and launch vehicle fueled . The plugs @-@ out test began on the morning of January 27 , 1967 , and immediately was plagued with problems . First the crew noticed a strange odor in their spacesuits , which delayed the sealing of the hatch . Then , communications problems frustrated the astronauts and forced a hold in the simulated countdown . During this hold , an electrical fire began in the cabin , and spread quickly in the high pressure , 100 % oxygen atmosphere . Pressure rose high enough from the fire that the cabin inner wall burst , allowing the fire to erupt onto the pad area and frustrating attempts to rescue the crew . The astronauts were asphyxiated before the hatch could be opened . NASA immediately convened an accident review board , overseen by both houses of Congress . While the determination of responsibility for the accident was complex , the review board concluded that " deficiencies existed in Command Module design , workmanship and quality control . " At the insistence of NASA Administrator Webb , North American removed Harrison Storms as Command Module program manager . Webb also reassigned Apollo Spacecraft Program Office ( ASPO ) Manager Joseph Francis Shea , replacing him with George Low . To remedy the causes of the fire , changes were made in the Block II spacecraft and operational procedures , the most important of which were use of a nitrogen / oxygen mixture instead of pure oxygen before and during launch , and removal of flammable cabin and space suit materials . The Block II design already called for replacement of the Block I plug @-@ type hatch cover with a quick @-@ release , outward opening door . NASA discontinued the manned Block I program , using the Block I spacecraft only for unmanned Saturn V flights . Crew members would also exclusively wear modified , fire @-@ resistant A7L Block II space suits , and would be designated by the Block II titles , regardless of whether a LM was present on the flight or not . = = = = Unmanned Saturn V and LM tests = = = = On April 24 , 1967 , Mueller published an official Apollo mission numbering scheme , using sequential numbers for all flights , manned or unmanned . The sequence would start with Apollo 4 to cover the first three unmanned flights while retiring the Apollo 1 designation to honor the crew , per their widows ' wishes . In September 1967 , Mueller approved a sequence of mission types which had to be successfully accomplished in order to achieve the manned lunar landing . Each step had to be successfully accomplished before the next ones could be performed , and it was unknown how many tries of each mission would be necessary ; therefore letters were used instead of numbers . The A missions were unmanned Saturn V validation ; B was unmanned LM validation using the Saturn IB ; C was manned CSM Earth orbit validation using the Saturn IB ; D was the first manned CSM / LM flight ( this replaced AS @-@ 258 , using a single Saturn V launch ) ; E would be a higher Earth orbit CSM / LM flight ; F would be the first lunar mission , testing the LM in lunar orbit but without landing ( a " dress rehearsal " ) ; and G would be the first manned landing . The list of types covered follow @-@ on lunar exploration to include H lunar landings , I for lunar orbital survey missions , and J for extended @-@ stay lunar landings . The delay in the CSM caused by the fire enabled NASA to catch up on man @-@ rating the LM and Saturn V. Apollo 4 ( AS @-@ 501 ) was the first unmanned flight of the Saturn V , carrying a Block I CSM on November 9 , 1967 . The capability of the Command Module 's heat shield to survive a trans @-@ lunar reentry was demonstrated by using the Service Module engine to ram it into the atmosphere at higher than the usual Earth @-@ orbital reentry speed . This was followed on April 4 , 1968 , by Apollo 6 ( AS @-@ 502 ) which carried a CSM and a LM Test Article as ballast . The intent of this mission was to achieve trans @-@ lunar injection , followed closely by a simulated direct @-@ return abort , using the Service Module engine to achieve another high @-@ speed reentry . The Saturn V experienced pogo oscillation , a problem caused by non @-@ steady engine combustion , which damaged fuel lines in the second and third stages . Two S @-@ II engines shut down prematurely , but the remaining engines were able to compensate . The damage to the third stage engine was more severe , preventing it from restarting for trans @-@ lunar injection . Mission controllers were able to use the Service Module engine to essentially repeat the flight profile of Apollo 4 . Based on the good performance of Apollo 6 and identification of satisfactory fixes to the Apollo 6 problems , NASA declared the Saturn V ready to fly men , cancelling a third unmanned test . Apollo 5 ( AS @-@ 204 ) was the first unmanned test flight of LM in Earth orbit , launched from pad 37 on January 22 , 1968 , by the Saturn IB that would have been used for Apollo 1 . The LM engines were successfully test @-@ fired and restarted , despite a computer programming error which cut short the first descent stage firing . The ascent engine was fired in abort mode , known as a " fire @-@ in @-@ the @-@ hole " test , where it was lit simultaneously with jettison of the descent stage . Although Grumman wanted a second unmanned test , George Low decided the next LM flight would be manned . = = = Manned development missions = = = Apollo 7 , launched from LC @-@ 34 on October 11 , 1968 , was the C mission , crewed by Schirra , Eisele and Cunningham . It was an 11 @-@ day Earth @-@ orbital flight which tested the CSM systems . Apollo 8 was planned to be the D mission in December 1968 , crewed by McDivitt , Scott and Schweickart , launched on a Saturn V instead of two Saturn IBs . In the summer it had become clear that the LM would not be ready in time . Rather than waste the Saturn V on another simple Earth @-@ orbiting mission , ASPO Manager George Low suggested the bold step of sending Apollo 8 to orbit the Moon instead , deferring the D mission to the next mission in March 1969 , and eliminating the E mission . This would keep the program on track . The Soviet Union had sent animals around the Moon on September 15 , 1968 , aboard Zond 5 , and it was believed they might soon repeat the feat with human cosmonauts . The decision was not announced publicly until successful completion of Apollo 7 . Gemini veterans Frank Borman and Jim Lovell , and rookie William Anders captured the world 's attention by making ten lunar orbits in 20 hours , transmitting television pictures of the lunar surface on Christmas Eve , and returning safely to Earth . The following March , LM flight , rendezvous and docking were successfully demonstrated in Earth orbit on Apollo 9 , and Schweickart tested the full lunar EVA suit with its Portable Life Support System ( PLSS ) outside the LM . The F mission was successfully carried out on Apollo 10 in May 1969 by Gemini veterans Thomas P. Stafford , John Young and Eugene Cernan . Stafford and Cernan took the LM to within 50 @,@ 000 feet ( 15 km ) of the lunar surface . The G mission was achieved on Apollo 11 in July 1969 by an all @-@ Gemini veteran crew consisting of Neil Armstrong , Michael Collins and Buzz Aldrin . Armstrong and Aldrin performed the first landing at the Sea of Tranquility at 20 : 17 : 40 UTC on July 20 , 1969 . They spent a total of 21 hours , 36 minutes on the surface , and spent 2 hours , 31 minutes outside the spacecraft , walking on the surface , taking photographs , collecting material samples , and deploying automated scientific instruments , while continuously sending black @-@ and @-@ white television back to Earth . The astronauts returned safely on July 24 . That 's one small step for [ a ] man , one giant leap for mankind . = = = Production lunar landings = = = In November 1969 , Gemini veteran Charles " Pete " Conrad and rookie Alan L. Bean made a precision landing on Apollo 12 within walking distance of the Surveyor 3 unmanned lunar probe , which had landed in April 1967 on the Ocean of Storms . The Command Module Pilot was Gemini veteran Richard F. Gordon , Jr . Conrad and Bean carried the first lunar surface color television camera , but it was damaged when accidentally pointed into the Sun . They made two EVAs totaling 7 hours and 45 minutes . On one , they walked to the Surveyor , photographed it , and removed some parts which they returned to Earth . The success of the first two landings allowed the remaining missions to be crewed with a single veteran as Commander , with two rookies . Apollo 13 launched Lovell , Jack Swigert , and Fred Haise in April 1970 , headed for the Fra Mauro formation . But two days out , a liquid oxygen tank exploded , disabling the Service Module and forcing the crew to use the LM as a " life boat " to return to Earth . Another NASA review board was convened to determine the cause , which turned out to be a combination of damage of the tank in the factory , and a subcontractor not making a tank component according to updated design specifications . Apollo was grounded again , for the remainder of 1970 while the oxygen tank was redesigned and an extra one was added . The contracted batch of 15 Saturn Vs were enough for lunar landing missions through Apollo 20 . NASA publicized a preliminary list of eight more planned landing sites , with plans to increase the mass of the CSM and LM for the last five missions , along with the payload capacity of the Saturn V. These final missions would combine the I and J types in the 1967 list , allowing the CMP to operate a package of lunar orbital sensors and cameras while his companions were on the surface , and allowing them to stay on the Moon for over three days . These missions would also carry the Lunar Roving Vehicle ( LRV ) increasing the exploration area and allowing televised liftoff of the LM . Also , the Block II spacesuit was revised for the extended missions to allow greater flexibility and visibility for driving the LRV . = = = = Mission cutbacks = = = = About the time of the first landing in 1969 , it was decided to use an existing Saturn V to launch the Skylab orbital laboratory pre @-@ built on the ground , replacing the original plan to construct it in orbit from several Saturn IB launches ; this eliminated Apollo 20 . NASA 's yearly budget also began to shrink in light of the successful landing , and NASA also had to make funds available for the development of the upcoming Space Shuttle . By 1971 , the decision was made to also cancel missions 18 and 19 . The two unused Saturn Vs became museum exhibits at the John F. Kennedy Space Center on Merritt Island , Florida , George C. Marshall Space Center in Huntsville , Alabama , Michoud Assembly Facility in New Orleans , Louisiana , and Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center in Houston , Texas . The cutbacks forced mission planners to reassess the original planned landing sites in order to achieve the most effective geological sample and data collection from the remaining four missions . Apollo 15 had been planned to be the last of the H series missions , but since there would be only two subsequent missions left , it was changed to the first of three J missions . Apollo 13 's Fra Mauro mission was reassigned to Apollo 14 , commanded in February 1971 by Mercury veteran Alan Shepard , with Stuart Roosa and Edgar Mitchell . This time the mission was successful . Shepard and Mitchell spent 33 hours and 31 minutes on the surface , and completed two EVAs totalling 9 hours 24 minutes , which was a record for the longest EVA by a lunar crew at the time . In August 1971 , just after conclusion of the Apollo 15 mission , President Richard Nixon proposed canceling the two remaining lunar landing missions , Apollo 16 and 17 . Office of Management and Budget Deputy Director Caspar Weinberger was opposed to this , and persuaded Nixon to keep the remaining missions . = = = = Extended missions = = = = Apollo 15 was launched on July 26 , 1971 , with David Scott , Alfred Worden and James Irwin . Scott and Irwin landed on July 30 near Hadley Rille , and spent just under 2 days , 19 hours on the surface . In over 18 hours of EVA , they collected about 77 kilograms ( 170 lb ) of lunar material . Apollo 16 landed in the Descartes Highlands on April 20 , 1972 . The crew was commanded by John Young , with Ken Mattingly and Charles Duke . Young and Duke spent just under 3 days on the surface , with a total of over 20 hours EVA . Apollo 17 was the last of the Apollo program , landing in the Taurus @-@ Littrow region in December 1972 . Eugene Cernan commanded Ronald E. Evans and NASA 's first scientist @-@ astronaut , geologist Dr. Harrison H. Schmitt . Schmitt was originally scheduled for Apollo 18 , but the lunar geological community lobbied for his inclusion on the final lunar landing . Cernan and Schmitt stayed on the surface for just over 3 days and spent just over 23 hours of total EVA . = = Mission summary = = Source : Apollo by the Numbers : A Statistical Reference ( Orloff 2004 ) . = = Samples returned = = The Apollo program returned over 838 pounds ( 380 kg ) of lunar rocks and soil to the Lunar Receiving Laboratory in Houston . Today , 75 % of the samples are stored at the Lunar Sample Laboratory Facility built in 1979 . The rocks collected from the Moon are extremely old compared to rocks found on Earth , as measured by radiometric dating techniques . They range in age from about 3 @.@ 2 billion years for the basaltic samples derived from the lunar maria , to about 4 @.@ 6 billion years for samples derived from the highlands crust . As such , they represent samples from a very early period in the development of the Solar System , that are largely absent on Earth . One important rock found during the Apollo Program is dubbed the Genesis Rock , retrieved by astronauts David Scott and James Irwin during the Apollo 15 mission . This anorthosite rock is composed almost exclusively of the calcium @-@ rich feldspar mineral anorthite , and is believed to be representative of the highland crust . A geochemical component called KREEP was discovered by Apollo 12 , which has no known terrestrial counterpart . KREEP and the anorthositic samples have been used to infer that the outer portion of the Moon was once completely molten ( see lunar magma ocean ) . Almost all the rocks show evidence of impact process effects . Many samples appear to be pitted with micrometeoroid impact craters , which is never seen on Earth rocks , due to the thick atmosphere . Many show signs of being subjected to high pressure shock waves that are generated during impact events . Some of the returned samples are of impact melt ( materials melted near an impact crater . ) All samples returned from the Moon are highly brecciated as a result of being subjected to multiple impact events . Analysis of composition of the lunar samples supports the giant impact hypothesis , that the Moon was created through impact of a large astronomical body with the Earth . = = Costs = = When President Kennedy first chartered the Moon landing program , a preliminary cost estimate of $ 7 billion was generated , but this proved an extremely unrealistic guess of what could not possibly be determined precisely , and James Webb used his judgment as administrator to change the estimate to $ 20 billion before giving it to Vice President Johnson . When Kennedy made his 1962 speech at Rice University , the annual space budget was $ 5 @.@ 4 billion , and he described this cost as 40 cents per person per week , " somewhat less than we pay for cigarettes and cigars every year " , but that the Moon program would soon raise this to " more than 50 cents a week for every man , woman and child in the United States " . Webb 's estimate shocked many at the time ( including the President ) but ultimately proved to be reasonably accurate . In January 1969 , NASA prepared an itemized estimate of the run @-@ out cost of the Apollo program . The total came to $ 23 @.@ 9 billion , itemized as follows : Apollo spacecraft : $ 7 @,@ 945 @.@ 0 million Saturn I launch vehicles : $ 767 @.@ 1 million Saturn IB launch vehicles : $ 1 @,@ 131 @.@ 2 million Saturn V launch vehicles : $ 6 @,@ 871 @.@ 1 million Launch vehicle engine development : $ 854 @.@ 2 million Mission support : $ 1 @,@ 432 @.@ 3 million Tracking and data acquisition : $ 664 @.@ 1 million Ground facilities : $ 1 @,@ 830 @.@ 3 million Operation of installations : $ 2 @,@ 420 @.@ 6 million The final cost of Apollo was reported to Congress as $ 25 @.@ 4 billion in 1973 . It took up the majority of NASA 's budget while it was being developed . For example , in 1966 it accounted for about 60 percent of NASA 's total $ 5 @.@ 2 billion budget . A single Saturn V launch in 1969 cost up to $ 375 million , compared to the National Science Foundation 's fiscal year 1970 budget of $ 440 million . In 2009 , NASA held a symposium on project costs which presented an estimate of the Apollo program costs in 2005 dollars as roughly $ 170 billion . This included all research and development costs ; the procurement of 15 Saturn V rockets , 16 Command / Service Modules , 12 Lunar Modules , plus program support and management costs ; construction expenses for facilities and their upgrading , and costs for flight operations . This was based on a Congressional Budget Office report , A Budgetary Analysis of NASA 's New Vision for Space , September 2004 . The Space Review estimated in 2010 the cost of Apollo from 1959 to 1973 as $ 20 @.@ 4 billion , or $ 109 billion in 2010 dollars . = = Apollo Applications Program = = Looking beyond the manned lunar landings , NASA investigated several post @-@ lunar applications for Apollo hardware . The Apollo Extension Series ( Apollo X , ) proposed up to 30 flights to Earth orbit , using the space in the Spacecraft Lunar Module Adapter ( SLA ) to house a small orbital laboratory ( workshop ) . Astronauts would continue to use the CSM as a ferry to the station . This study was followed by design of a larger orbital workshop to be built in orbit from an empty S @-@ IVB Saturn upper stage , and grew into the Apollo Applications Program ( AAP ) . The workshop was to be supplemented by the Apollo Telescope Mount , which could be attached to the ascent stage of the lunar module via a rack . The most ambitious plan called for using an empty S @-@ IVB as an interplanetary spacecraft for a Venus fly @-@ by mission . The S @-@ IVB orbital workshop was the only one of these plans to make it off the drawing board . Dubbed Skylab , it was constructed complete on the ground rather than in space , and launched in 1973 using the two lower stages of a Saturn V. It was equipped with an Apollo Telescope Mount . Skylab 's last crew departed the station on February 8 , 1974 , and the station itself re @-@ entered the atmosphere in 1979 . The Apollo @-@ Soyuz Test Project also used Apollo hardware for the first joint nation space flight , paving the way for future cooperation with other nations in the Space Shuttle and International Space Station programs . = = Recent observations = = In September 2007 , the X PRIZE Foundation and Google announced the Google Lunar X Prize , to be awarded for a robotic lunar landing mission which transmits close @-@ up images of the Apollo Lunar Modules and other artificial objects on the surface . In 2008 , Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency 's SELENE probe observed evidence of the halo surrounding the Apollo 15 Lunar Module blast crater while orbiting above the lunar surface . In 2009 , NASA 's robotic Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter , while orbiting 50 kilometers ( 31 mi ) above the Moon , began photographing the remnants of the Apollo program left on the lunar surface , and photographed each site where manned Apollo flights landed . All of the U. S. flags left on the Moon during the Apollo missions were found to still be standing , with the exception of the one left during the Apollo 11 mission , which was blown over during that mission 's lift @-@ off from the lunar surface and return to the mission Command Module in lunar orbit ; the degree to which these flags retain their original colors remains unknown . In a November 16 , 2009 editorial , The New York Times opined : [ T ] here 's something terribly wistful about these photographs of the Apollo landing sites . The detail is such that if Neil Armstrong were walking there now , we could make him out , make out his footsteps even , like the astronaut footpath clearly visible in the photos of the Apollo 14 site . Perhaps the wistfulness is caused by the sense of simple grandeur in those Apollo missions . Perhaps , too , it ’ s a reminder of the risk we all felt after the Eagle had landed – the possibility that it might be unable to lift off again and the astronauts would be stranded on the Moon . But it may also be that a photograph like this one is as close as we ’ re able to come to looking directly back into the human past ... There the [ Apollo 11 ] lunar module sits , parked just where it landed 40 years ago , as if it still really were 40 years ago and all the time since merely imaginary . = = Legacy = = = = = Science and engineering = = = The Apollo program has been called the greatest technological achievement in human history . Apollo stimulated many areas of technology , leading to over 1 @,@ 800 spinoff products as of 2015 . The flight computer design used in both the Lunar and Command Modules was , along with the Polaris and Minuteman missile systems , the driving force behind early research into integrated circuits ( IC ) . By 1963 , Apollo was using 60 percent of the United States ' production of ICs . The crucial difference between the requirements of Apollo and the missile programs was Apollo 's much greater need for reliability . While the Navy and Air Force could work around reliability problems by deploying more missiles , the political and financial cost of failure of an Apollo mission was unacceptably high . = = = Cultural impact = = = The crew of Apollo 8 sent the first live televised pictures of the Earth and the Moon back to Earth , and read from the creation story in the Book of Genesis , on Christmas Eve , 1968 . An estimated one @-@ quarter of the population of the world saw — either live or delayed — the Christmas Eve transmission during the ninth orbit of the Moon , and an estimated one @-@ fifth of the population of the world watched the live transmission of the Apollo 11 moonwalk . The Apollo program also affected environmental activism in the 1970s due to photos taken by the astronauts . The most famous , taken by the Apollo 17 astronauts , is The Blue Marble . This image , which was released during a surge in environmentalism , became a symbol of the environmental movement , as a depiction of Earth 's frailty , vulnerability , and isolation amid the vast expanse of space . According to The Economist , Apollo succeeded in accomplishing President Kennedy 's goal of taking on the Soviet Union in the Space Race , and beat it by accomplishing a singular and significant achievement , and thereby showcased the superiority of the capitalistic , free @-@ market system as represented by the US . The publication noted the irony that in order to achieve the goal , the program required the organization of tremendous public resources within a vast , centralized government bureaucracy . There are those who , despite evidence to the contrary , deny that the moon landings took place . The Apollo moon landing hoax claims helped propel conspiracy theories into a quasi @-@ political narrative . = = = Apollo 11 broadcast data restoration project = = = As part of Apollo 11 's 40th anniversary in 2009 , NASA spearheaded an effort to digitally restore the existing videotapes of the mission 's live televised moonwalk . After an exhaustive three @-@ year search for missing tapes of the original video of the Apollo 11 moonwalk , NASA concluded the data tapes had more than likely been accidentally erased . We 're all saddened that they 're not there . We all wish we had 20 @-@ 20 hindsight . I don 't think anyone in the NASA organization did anything wrong , I think it slipped through the cracks , and nobody 's happy about it . The Moon landing data was recorded by a special Apollo TV camera which recorded in a format incompatible with broadcast TV . This resulted in lunar footage that had to be converted for the live television broadcast and stored on magnetic telemetry tapes . During the following years , a magnetic tape shortage prompted NASA to remove massive numbers of magnetic tapes from the National Archives and Records Administration to be recorded over with newer satellite data . Stan Lebar , who led the team that designed and built the lunar television camera at Westinghouse Electric Corporation , also worked with Nafzger to try to locate the missing tapes . So I don 't believe that the tapes exist today at all . It was a hard thing to accept . But there was just an overwhelming amount of evidence that led us to believe that they just don 't exist anymore . And you have to accept reality . With a budget of $ 230 @,@ 000 , the surviving original lunar broadcast data from Apollo 11 was compiled by Nafzger and assigned to Lowry Digital for restoration . The video was processed to remove random noise and camera shake without destroying historical legitimacy . The images were from tapes in Australia , the CBS News archive , and kinescope recordings made at Johnson Space Center . The restored video , remaining in black and white , contains conservative digital enhancements and did not include sound quality improvements . = = Depictions on film = = = = = Documentaries = = = Numerous documentary films cover the Apollo program and the Space Race , including : = = = Docudramas = = = The Apollo program , or certain missions , have been dramatized in Apollo 13 ( 1995 ) , Apollo 11 ( 1996 ) , From the Earth to the Moon ( 1998 ) , The Dish ( 2000 ) , Space Race ( 2005 ) , and Moonshot ( 2009 ) .
= Rudolf Duala Manga Bell = Rudolf Duala Manga Bell ( 1873 - 8 August 1914 ) was a Duala king and resistance leader in the German colony of Kamerun ( Cameroon ) . After being educated in both Kamerun and Europe , he succeeded his father Manga Ndumbe Bell on 2 September 1908 , styling himself after European rulers , and generally supporting the colonial German authorities . He was quite wealthy and educated , although his father left him a substantial debt . In 1910 the German Reichstag developed a plan by which the riverain Duala would be moved inland to allow for wholly European riverside settlements . Manga Bell became the leader of pan @-@ Duala resistance to the policy . He and the other chiefs at first pressured the administration through letters , petitions , and legal arguments , but these were ignored or rebutted . Manga Bell turned to other European governments for aid , and he sent representatives to the leaders of other Cameroonian peoples to suggest the overthrow of the German regime . Sultan Ibrahim Njoya of the Bamum people reported his actions to the authorities , and the Duala leader was arrested . After a summary trial , Manga Bell was hanged for high treason on 8 August 1914 . His actions made him a martyr in Cameroonian eyes . Writers such as Mark W. DeLancey , Mark Dike DeLancey , and Helmuth Stoecker view his actions as an early example of Cameroonian nationalism . = = Early life and reign = = Manga Bell was born in 1873 in Douala in the German colony of Kamerun . He was the eldest son of Manga Ndumbe Bell , king of the Bell lineage of the Duala people . Manga Bell was raised to appreciate both African and European ways of life . His Westernized uncle David Mandessi Bell had a great impact on him , and as a youth he attended school in both Douala and Germany . During the 1890s he attended the Gymnasium of Ulm , Germany , although no direct record of his time there survives . Manga Bell was made Ein @-@ Jähriger , indicating that he held a certificate for education beyond the primary level but below the Abitur earned for completion of secondary studies . When the prince returned to Kamerun , he was one of the most highly educated men in the colony by Western standards . He made other periodic visits to Europe , such as when he travelled to Berlin , Germany , and Manchester , England , with his father in 1902 . In Manchester , he met the mayor at town hall and was mentioned in the October edition of the African Times ( where the editor doubted that he and his father were actual royalty ) . Manga Bell married Emily Engome Dayas , the daughter of an English trader and a Duala woman . When his father died on 2 September 1908 , Manga Bell succeeded as the king of the Duala Bell lineage . He was traditionally installed on 2 May 1910 by the paramount chief of Bonaberi . Manga Bell inherited an 8 @,@ 000 mark pension , cocoa and timber interests in the Mungo River valley , property and real estate in Douala , and a lucrative position as head of an appeals court with jurisdiction over the Cameroon littoral . His father and grandfather , Ndumbe Lobe Bell , left him in a strong political position with Bell dominant over the other Duala lineages . However , his father also left him a substantial debt of 7 @,@ 000 marks . Rudolf Duala Manga Bell was forced to rent buildings to European interests and move his own offices inland to the Douala neighbourhood of Bali . He owned 200 hectares of cocoa plantations in 1913 , a large amount by Duala standards ; his debt had been reduced to 3 @,@ 000 marks by 13 July 1912 . Manga Bell 's reign was European in character . His relations with the Germans were largely positive , and he was viewed as a good citizen and collaborator . Nevertheless , at times he ran afoul of the colonial administrators . In 1910 , for example , the German authorities arrested him and accused him ( with no proof ) of collusion with a large bank robbery . = = Duala land problem = = Manga Bell 's real problems with the regime began later in 1910 . The Germans outlined a plan to relocate the Duala people inland from the Wouri River to allow European @-@ only settlement of the area . The expropriations affected all of the Duala lineages except Bonaberi , so Duala public opinion was strongly against it , and for the first time in their history , the Duala clans presented a united front . Manga Bell 's position as leader of the dominant Bell clan , coupled with his character , education , and finances , made him a natural leader for this opposition . Manga Bell and other Duala rulers sent a letter to the Reichstag in November 1911 to protest the land seizures . The Germans were surprised at Manga Bell 's involvement , but they ignored the complaint . The chiefs sent another letter in March 1912 . Still , the Germans moved forward with their plan on 15 January 1913 . The chiefs warned in writing on 20 February 1913 that this violation " may well prompt the natives to consider whether it might be wiser under the circumstances to revoke the [ German @-@ Duala Treaty of 1884 and enter into a treaty with another power . " Manga Bell argued that the expropriation plan ignored the treaty 's promise " that the land cultivated by us now and the places the towns are built on shall be the property of the present owners and their successors " and contradicted statements by Governor Theodor Seitz that he would leave Bell lands alone as he constructed a railroad in the colony . The Germans countered that the German @-@ Duala treaty gave them the authority to manage Duala lands as they saw fit . That August , they removed Manga Bell from office and from the civil service and stripped him of his annual pension of 3 @,@ 000 marks . In his place , they propped up his brother , Henri Lobe Bell . The Reichstag debated the expropriation for the first half of 1914 . Manga Bell enlisted the aid of Hellmut von Gerlach , a German journalist . Gerlach managed to secure a suspension order from the Reichstag Budget Commission in March , but the order was overturned when Colonial Secretary Wilhelm Solf convinced elements of the press , businessmen in the colony , politicians , and other groups to finally rally behind the expropriation . Manga Bell and the Duala requested permission to send envoys to Germany to plead their case , but the authorities denied them . In secret , Manga Bell sent Adolf Ngoso Din to Germany to hire a lawyer for the Duala and pursue the matter in court . The desperate Manga Bell turned to other European governments and to the leaders of other African ethnic groups for support . The contents of his correspondence with European powers are unknown ; he may have simply sought to spread word of his cause . His envoys to African leaders reached Bali , Balong , Dschang , Foumban , Ngaoundéré , Yabassi , and Yaoundé . Karl Atangana , leader of the Ewondo and Bane peoples , kept Manga Bell 's plan secret but urged the Duala leader to reconsider . In Bulu lands on the other hand , Martin @-@ Paul Samba agreed to contact the French for military support if Manga Bell petitioned the British . However , there is no evidence that Manga Bell ever did so . In Foumban , Ibrahim Njoya , sultan of the Bamum people , rejected the plan and informed the Basel Mission on 27 April 1914 that Manga Bell was planning a pan @-@ Kamerun rebellion . The missionaries alerted the Germans . Historians are split on the nature of Manga Bell 's actions . Mark W. DeLancey and Mark Dike DeLancey name him " an early nationalist " , and Helmuth Stoecker says that his actions " had begun to organize a resistance movement embracing the whole of Cameroon and cutting across tribal differences " . However , Ralph A. Austen and Jonathan Derrick argue that " it is unlikely that any such radical action against the European regime was intended . " On 6 May 1914 Bezirksamtmann Herrmann Röhm wrote to the Kuti Agricultural Station ( where Manga Bell 's envoy was being held ) , We are not confronted with any direct danger of some kind of violent action by the Duala . For now the main value of the statements from Ndane [ the envoy to Njoya ] lies in the fact that they contain material for proceeding against those chiefs who are guilty of actual deliberate agitation in refusal of the expropriation and of resistance that reaches all the way over to Germany . On 1 June 1914 Röhm wrote to the administration in Buea that based on his calculations of Manga Bell 's annual income from cocoa and timber exports , and accounting for his debts to European interests , the Duala merchants would likely not see it in their interests to oppose the expropriation further . At the urging of Solf , the Germans arrested Manga Bell and Ngoso Din and charged them with high treason . Their trial was held on 7 August 1914 . World War I had just begun , and an attack by the Allied West Africa Campaign in Kamerun was imminent ; accordingly , the trial was rushed . No direct record of the proceedings survives . The dossier of evidence used against Manga Bell claimed that he had been raising funds from inland and that his outspoken opposition was causing unrest among the inland peoples . The regime claimed that Manga Bell had admitted to contacting foreign countries for aid against Germany , but a 1927 recollection by the official defense attorney — riddled as it is with inaccuracies and racist statements — claims that Manga Bell maintained his innocence throughout . Requests for the accused men 's lives to be spared came from Heinrich Vieter of the Catholic Pallottine Mission , the Basel Mission , and the Baptist Mission , but Governor Karl Ebermaier rejected their pleas . On 8 August 1914 , Rudolf Duala Manga Bell and Adolf Ngoso Din were hanged . The Allies captured Douala seven weeks later on 27 September 1914 . = = Legacy = = Manga Bell 's execution made him a martyr to the people of Cameroon and painted the Duala as an heroic people . His story became legend and came to represent " the myth of extreme colonial oppression , based upon the catastrophic climax of German rule in Douala " . Manga Bell was still popular well into the 1920s . " Tet 'Ekombo " , a hymn to him composed in 1929 , has remained popular . In 1935 his body was exhumed and reburied behind his house in Bonanjo , Douala . An obelisk was erected there on 8 August 1936 , the 20th anniversary of his execution . The Germans and later colonial powers in Cameroon became wary of the Duala and never again allowed a powerful chieftaincy to take hold among them . After the French became the colonial power in French Cameroun after World War I , Rudolf Duala Manga Bell 's brother Richard Ndumbe Manga Bell continued to fight to regain the lost Duala lands . Manga Bell 's son Alexandre Douala Manga Bell took office under the French in 1951 . His father 's reputation as a Duala martyr lent Alexandre Douala Manga Bell great standing among the Duala . Cameroon faced a long civil war when the outlawed nationalist Union des Populations du Cameroun political party in the 1950s and ' 60s waged its maquis against French and Cameroonian forces . As a result , overt nationalist sentiment was shunned and figures such as Manga Bell were largely forgotten or only briefly treated in history books . However , signs show that Cameroon is coming to grips with its nationalistic past ; for example , in March 1985 the École Militaire Inter @-@ Armes , part of the military of Cameroon named a graduating class of cadet officers after Manga Bell .
= German aircraft carrier II = The aircraft carrier II was a proposed conversion project for the incomplete French cruiser De Grasse . The ship was laid down in November 1938 and lay incomplete in the Arsenal de Lorient shipyard when Germany invaded France in May 1940 . In 1942 , Nazi Germany 's Kriegsmarine decided to convert the cruiser into an auxiliary aircraft carrier with a capacity for twenty @-@ three fighters and dive bombers . Work ceased in February 1943 , however , due to concerns with the ship 's design , a severe shortage of material and labor , and the threat of Allied bombing raids . The ship was eventually completed as an anti @-@ aircraft cruiser in 1956 by the French Navy . = = Design = = The French cruiser De Grasse was laid down at the Arsenal de Lorient shipyard in Lorient in November 1938 . Work on the unfinished ship stopped following the German conquest of France in May 1940 . In 1942 , the Kriegsmarine considered several proposals to convert the cruiser into an auxiliary aircraft carrier . The final proposal was completed by August 1942 , but work on the conversion did not last long . By February 1943 , the project had been abandoned , for several reasons . The shipyard suffered from a shortage of labor and materials , and the design staff had significant concerns over the arrangement of the engine system . The Allies also posed a serious threat , as Lorient was well within the range of Allied bombers . The ship was eventually retaken by the French Navy after the end of the war , and launched in 1946 . She was ultimately completed in 1956 as an anti @-@ aircraft cruiser . = = = Characteristics = = = The converted ship would have been 180 @.@ 4 meters ( 592 ft ) long at the waterline and 192 @.@ 5 m ( 632 ft ) long overall . She would have had a beam of 24 @.@ 4 m ( 80 ft ) and a draft of 5 @.@ 6 m ( 18 ft ) as designed . Her designed displacement would have been 11 @,@ 400 long tons ( 11 @,@ 600 t ) . The ship 's propulsion system consisted of two sets of Rateau @-@ Bretagne geared steam turbines , with steam supplied by four Indret ultra @-@ high pressure boilers . The engines were rated at 10 @,@ 000 shaft horsepower ( 7 @,@ 500 kW ) and would have provided a top speed of 32 knots ( 59 km / h ; 37 mph ) . The carrier would have had a range of 7 @,@ 000 nautical miles ( 13 @,@ 000 km ; 8 @,@ 100 mi ) at a cruising speed of 19 kn ( 35 km / h ; 22 mph ) . As converted , the ship was to be armed with several anti @-@ aircraft guns . The heavy anti @-@ aircraft battery consisted of twelve 10 @.@ 5 cm ( 4 @.@ 1 in ) SK C / 33 guns in twin mountings . The mounts were the Dopp LC / 31 type , originally designed for earlier 8 @.@ 8 cm ( 3 @.@ 5 in ) SK C / 31 guns . The LC / 31 mounting was triaxially @-@ stabilized and capable of elevating to 80 ° . This enabled the guns to engage targets up to a ceiling of 12 @,@ 500 m ( 41 @,@ 000 ft ) . Against surface targets , the guns had a maximum range of 17 @,@ 700 m ( 58 @,@ 100 ft ) . The guns fired fixed ammunition weighing 15 @.@ 1 kg ( 33 lb ) ; the guns could fire HE and HE incendiary rounds , as well as illumination shells . Close @-@ range anti @-@ aircraft weaponry consisted of twelve 3 @.@ 7 cm ( 1 @.@ 5 in ) SK C / 30 guns and twenty @-@ four 2 cm ( 0 @.@ 79 in ) Flak 38 guns . The 3 @.@ 7 cm gun was a single @-@ shot gun , with a rate of fire of around 30 rounds per minute . At its maximum elevation of 85 ° , the gun had a ceiling of 6 @,@ 800 m ( 22 @,@ 300 ft ) . The 2 cm gun was a magazine @-@ fed automatic weapon , firing at up to 500 rounds per minute . Twenty and forty @-@ round magazines were supplied for the guns ; The ship 's aircraft facilities consisted of a 177 @.@ 5 m ( 582 ft ) long , 24 m ( 79 ft ) wide flight deck and two elevators . Aircraft were handled in a single hangar , which was 142 m ( 466 ft ) long and 18 @.@ 6 m ( 61 ft ) wide . The ship 's air complement was to have consisted of eleven Bf 109 fighters and twelve Ju 87 Stuka dive @-@ bombers . The Bf 109 fighters were a navalized version of the " E " model , designated as Bf 109T . Their wings were longer than the land @-@ based model to allow for shorter take @-@ off . The Ju 87s were to have been the " E " variant , which was a navalized version of the Ju 87D , and were modified for catapult launches and were equipped with arresting gear .
= Polish minority in the Czech Republic = The Polish minority in the Czech Republic ( Polish : Polska mniejszość narodowa w Republice Czeskiej , Czech : Polská národnostní menšina v České republice ) is a Polish national minority living mainly in the Zaolzie region of western Cieszyn Silesia . The Polish community is the only national ( or ethnic ) minority in the Czech Republic that is linked to a specific geographical area . Zaolzie is located in the north @-@ eastern part of the country . It comprises Karviná District and the eastern part of Frýdek @-@ Místek District . Many Poles living in other regions of the Czech Republic have roots in Zaolzie as well . Poles formed the largest ethnic group in Cieszyn Silesia in the 19th century , but at the beginning of the 20th century the Czech population grew . The Czechs and Poles collaborated on resisting Germanization movements , but this collaboration ceased after World War I. In 1920 the region of Zaolzie was incorporated into Czechoslovakia after the Polish – Czechoslovak War . Since then the Polish population demographically decreased . In 1938 it was annexed by Poland in the context of the Munich Agreement and in 1939 by Nazi Germany . The region was then given back to Czechoslovakia after World War II . Polish organizations were re @-@ created , but were banned by the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia . After the Velvet Revolution Polish organizations were re @-@ created again and Zaolzie had adopted bilingual signs . = = History = = Historically , the largest ethnic group inhabiting the Zaolzie area was the Poles . During the 19th century the number of Germans grew . At the beginning of the 20th century and later from 1920 to 1938 , the Czech population grew significantly ( mainly as a result of immigration and the assimilation of locals ) and the Poles became a minority , which they are to this day . From 1848 , the national consciousness of the local people grew and from 1848 to the end of the 19th century local Poles and Czechs co @-@ operated , uniting against the Germanizing tendencies of the Austrian Empire , and later of Austria @-@ Hungary . Various Polish clubs were founded . Most schools were Polish , followed by German and Czech . At the end of the century , ethnic tensions appeared as the area 's economic significance grew . This growth caused a wave of immigration from Galicia , when about 60 @,@ 000 people arrived and settled between 1880 and 1910 . They settled mainly in the Ostrau region , but also in Zaolzie . The new immigrants were Polish and poor , about half of them being illiterate , and worked mostly in coal mining and metallurgy . For these people , the most important factor was material well @-@ being ; they cared little about the homeland from which they had fled , more readily assimilating into the Czech population which was demographically dominant in the Ostrava region in the heart of Czech Silesia . The social structure of the territory was generally divided along ethnic lines . Germans were economically strongest , mostly owners , Czechs were mostly clerks and other officials , and Poles were mostly manual workers , miners , and metallurgists . This structure had changed over time but in 1921 it was still very similar , with 61 @.@ 5 % of Poles working as labourers . = = = Decision time ( 1918 – 20 ) = = = There was a very tense climate in 1918 – 1920 , a time of decision . It was decided that a plebiscite would be held in Cieszyn Silesia asking people which country the territory should join . Plebiscite commissioners arrived at the end of January 1920 and after analyzing the situation declared a state of emergency in the territory on 19 May 1920 . The situation in the territory remained very tense . Mutual intimidation , acts of terror , beatings , and even killings affected the area . A plebiscite could not be held in this atmosphere . On 10 July both sides renounced the idea of a plebiscite and entrusted the Conference of Ambassadors with the decision . Eventually 58 @.@ 1 % of the area of Cieszyn Silesia and 67 @.@ 9 % of the population was incorporated into Czechoslovakia on 28 July 1920 by a decision of the Spa Conference . This division was in practice what gave birth to the concept of the Zaolzie — which literally means " the land beyond the Olza River " ( looking from Poland ) . = = = In Czechoslovakia ( 1920 – 38 ) = = = Local Czech militants forced about 5 @,@ 000 local Poles , mostly from the northern part of the region , to flee to Poland already before July 1920 . 4 @,@ 000 of these expellees were located in a transitional camps in Oświęcim . About 12 @,@ 000 Poles in total were forced to leave the region and flee to Poland in the aftermath of the division of Cieszyn Silesia . The local Polish population felt that Warsaw had betrayed them and they were not satisfied with the division . It is not quite clear how many Poles were in Zaolzie in Czechoslovakia . Estimates range from 110 @,@ 000 to 140 @,@ 000 people in 1921 . The 1921 and 1930 census numbers are not accurate since nationality depended on self @-@ declaration and many Poles declared Czech nationality mainly as a result of fear of the new authorities and as compensation for some benefits . Czechoslovak law guaranteed rights for national minorities , but the reality in Zaolzie was quite different . The local Czech authorities made it more difficult for local Poles to obtain citizenship , while the process was expedited when the applicant pledged to declare Czech nationality and send his children to a Czech school . Newly built Czech schools were often better supported and equipped , thus inducing some Poles to send their children there . This and other factors contributed to the assimilation of Poles and also to significant emigration to Poland . After a few years , the heightened nationalism typical of the period around 1920 receded and local Poles increasingly co @-@ operated with the Czechs . Still , Czechization was supported by Prague , which did not abide by certain laws related to language , legislative , and organizational issues . Polish deputies in Czechoslovak National Assembly frequently tried to put that issues on agenda . One way or the other , increasingly local Poles thus assimilated into the Czech population . = = = In Poland ( 1938 – 39 ) = = = On 1 October 1938 Zaolzie was annexed by Poland following the Munich Conference . The Polish Army , commanded by General Władysław Bortnowski , annexed an area of 801 @.@ 5 km ² ( 309 @.@ 5 mi ² ) with a population of 227 @,@ 399 . The Polish side argued that Poles in Zaolzie deserved the same rights as Germans in the Munich Agreement . The vast majority of the local Polish population enthusiastically welcomed the change , seeing it as a liberation and a form of historical justice . But they quickly changed their mood . The new Polish authorities appointed people from Poland to various positions from which Czechs had been dismissed . The Polish language became the sole official language . Rapid Polonization followed . Czech organizations were dismantled and their activity was prohibited . Czech education ceased to exist . About 35 @,@ 000 Czechs emigrated to Czechoslovakia by choice or forcibly . The behaviour of the new Polish authorities was different but similar in nature to that of the Czech authorities before 1938 . Two political factions appeared : socialists ( the opposition ) and rightists ( loyal to the new authorities ) . Leftist politicians and sympathizers were discriminated against and often dismissed from their jobs . The Polish political system was artificially implemented in Zaolzie . Local Polish people continued to feel like second @-@ class citizens and a majority of them were dissatisfied with the situation after October 1938 . Zaolzie remained a part of Poland for only eleven months . = = = World War II = = = During the war , strong Germanization was introduced by the Nazi authorities . The Jews were in the worst position , followed by the Poles . Poles received lower food rations , they were supposed to pay extra taxes , and were not allowed to enter theatres , cinemas , and other venues . Polish and Czech education ceased to exist , Polish organizations were dismantled and their activity was prohibited . The Nazis especially targeted the Polish intelligentsia and many functionaries died during the war . The German authorities introduced terror into Zaolzie . Mass killings , executions , arrests , taking locals to forced labour , and deportations to concentration camps all happened on a daily basis . The most notorious war crime was a murder of 36 villagers in and around Żywocice on 6 August 1944 . Most of the victims were Poles . This massacre is known as Tragedia Żywocicka ( the Żywocice tragedy ) . The resistance movement , mostly of Poles , was fairly strong in Zaolzie . Volkslists , documents introduced by the Nazi authorities were soon introduced during the war . A non @-@ German citizen declared that he had some German ancestry by signing it and refusal to sign this document could lead to deportation to a concentration camp . Local people who signed the lists were later on enrolled in the Wehrmacht . Many local people with no German ancestry were also forced to sign them . The World War II death toll in Zaolzie is estimated at about 6 @,@ 000 people : about 2 @,@ 500 Jews , 2 @,@ 000 other citizens ( 80 % of them being Poles ) , and more than 1 @,@ 000 locals who died in the Wehrmacht ( those who signed the Volksliste ) . Also a few hundred Poles from Zaolzie were among those murdered by the Soviets in the Katyń massacre . Percentage @-@ wise , Zaolzie suffered the worst human loss out of the whole of Czechoslovakia – about 2 @.@ 6 % of the total population . = = = Since 1945 and during the Communist Era ( 1948 – 89 ) = = = Immediately after World War II , Zaolzie was returned to Czechoslovakia within its 1920 borders , although local Poles hoped it would again be given to Poland . The local Polish population again suffered discrimination , as many Czechs blamed them for the discrimination by the Polish authorities in 1938 – 1939 . Polish organizations were banned , and the Czech authorities made many arrests and dismissed many from their jobs . Polish property stolen by the Germans during the war was never returned . The Communist Party of Czechoslovakia was the only political party defending the rights of the Polish minority . In the 1946 elections , the majority of Poles voted for the communists . In Zaolzie , 51 % of elected communist officials were ethnic Poles . The situation of Poles improved somewhat when the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia seized power in February 1948 . The Polish Cultural and Educational Union ( PZKO ) was created in 1947 . The creation of other Polish organizations was prohibited . This was the only Polish organization representing the Polish minority in the communist era , and was therefore under the strong influence of the Communist Party . It remains today the Polish organization with the largest membership . During the communist era , rapid urbanization and growth of heavy industry occurred . Whole villages in the coal mining areas were destroyed by the mining activity . These conditions quickened the assimilation of the Poles . Another cause of assimilation was the high rate of intermarriage . Besides Poles belonging to the minority , many more commuted across the border from Polish People 's Republic to work in Czechoslovakia or to take advantage of the relative abundance of consumer goods in Czechoslovakia . During the 1960s , cultural life flourished . Polish books were published and Polish sections in Czech libraries were set up . For example , the state Czech Postal and Newspaper Service was delivering 72 magazines from Poland . During the Prague Spring , the more liberal atmosphere also contributed to the growth of cultural life . After 1968 , purges were conducted throughout Czechoslovak society , including the Polish minority . Reformists were fired from their positions . The so @-@ called " normalization " also affected the PZKO . From 1976 the law recommended the introduction of bilingual signs in some municipalities . Being only a recommended measure , it was not implemented . The Czechoslovak communist authorities tried to limit the influence of Poles , resident or not , considering the influence of Poles ( given that Polish communist regime was considered more liberal ) in the workplace a threat to the regime . = = Present times = = After the Velvet Revolution of 1989 , under democratic conditions , Polish organizations were quickly created . The Rada Polaków ( Council of Poles ) was created in 1990 . The founders of the Council argued that the PZKO was not fulfilling its function of representing the Poles . The organization was renamed " Kongres Polaków " ( Congress of Poles ) in 1991 . It is the main body representing the Polish minority in negotiations with the Czech government , etc . Local border crossings with Poland were opened in mid @-@ 1991 , two years after the fall of communism . = = Language and culture = = The primary language of the Polish population in Zaolzie is the Cieszyn Silesian dialect , with the vast majority of Poles using it in everyday communication . The dialect is very prestigious and contributes to the pride of local people . It is also used by some local Czechs . Local Poles also feel a strong regional identity . In the Zaolzie region , a few church services are conducted in Polish . 90 % of worshippers among Polish secondary school students are reported to pray in Polish . Concerning literature , there is a great variety of authors , genres , and editions produced in Polish . For traditional music , many groups are united in the association Ars Musica ; this association also includes many choirs , such as Collegium Iuvenum , Collegium Canticorum , and Canticum Novum . Many other choirs and traditional folk vocal and dance groups exist , including Olza , Bystrzyca , Oldrzychowice , Suszanie , and Błędowianie , among others . Pop and rock bands include Glayzy , Glider , P @-@ metoda , Apatheia , Poprostu and other groups . The Cieszyn Theatre in Czeski Cieszyn ( Český Těšín ) has a Polish Scene ( ensemble ) . It is the only professional Polish theatre outside Poland . Many cultural , folk , and music festivals are organized each year . The largest folklore festival of the Polish community and also the largest folklore festival in the Zaolzie region is the annual Gorolski Święto ( lit . Highlander 's Festival ) organized in Jabłonków ( Jablunkov ) . Dożynki ( harvest festivals ) are organized each year in several villages . Music festivals include Zlot in Bystrzyca , Zlot in Wędrynia and Dni Kultury Studenckiej ( Days of Student Culture ) in Bystrzyca . There is a 15 @-@ minute daily radio broadcast in Polish by Czech Radio Ostrava . Czech TV has been broadcasting in Polish for ten minutes a week since September 2003 ; television programmes from Poland can also be received . In 2003 , Czech Television 's studio in Ostrava launched a regular five @-@ minute news and current affairs weekly in Polish . The broadcast was shortened to four minutes in 2007 . The largest Polish newspaper in the country is Głos Ludu ; the largest magazine is Zwrot . = = Education = = The Polish national minority has a network of schools including kindergartens , primary schools , grammar schools , and secondary modern schools , with Polish as a language of instruction . A number of the teachers have been educated at Polish universities . There are currently 25 Polish primary schools and three Polish high schools in Zaolzie , attended by 2 @,@ 347 students . Including students attending Polish classes in several Czech high schools , the figure comes to 2 @,@ 430 students ( Data from 12 September 2006 ) . There are also many Polish kindergartens in Zaolzie . Polish education is the only ethnic minority education in the Czech Republic to cover the complete cycle from kindergarten through high school . Polish primary schools function in the following towns and villages : Błędowice Dolne ( Dolní Bludovice ) , Bukowiec ( Bukovec ) , Bystrzyca ( Bystřice ) , Cierlicko ( Těrlicko ) , Czeski Cieszyn ( Český Těšín ) , Czeski Cieszyn @-@ Sibica ( Český Těšín @-@ Svibice ) , Gnojnik ( Hnojník ) , Gródek ( Hrádek ) , Jabłonków ( Jablunkov ) , Karwina @-@ Frysztat ( Karviná @-@ Fryštát ) , Koszarzyska ( Košařiska ) , Łomna Dolna ( Dolní Lomná ) , Lutynia Dolna ( Dolní Lutyně ) , Milików ( Milíkov ) , Mosty koło Jabłonkowa ( Mosty u Jablunkova ) , Nawsie ( Návsí ) , Olbrachcice ( Albrechtice ) , Oldrzychowice ( Oldřichovice ) , Orłowa ( Orlová ) , Ropica ( Ropice ) , Stonawa ( Stonava ) , Sucha Górna ( Horní Suchá ) , Trzyniec I ( Třinec I ) , Trzyniec VI ( Třinec VI ) , and Wędrynia ( Vendryně ) . The main and most prestigious Polish high school is the Polish Gymnasium in Český Těšín . Polish classes are open in the Technical School in Karviná , the Economic School in Český Těšín , and the Medical School in Karviná . In the past there were more Polish schools in the area , but the number is historically declining along with the demographic decline in the Polish population as a whole . = = Sport = = First Polish sport organizations have been founded in the 1890s . In the interwar period there was a plethora of organizations of all types in all Central European countries , the Zaolzie region wasn ’ t exception . Sport clubs there were often multi @-@ sport , associating several sport branches , mostly football , athletics , volleyball , table tennis etc . The Sokół movement was active in Cieszyn Silesia even before World War I. After 1920 division of the region , Sokół became active in Czechoslovakia . At the beginning of the 1930s it associated 11 local branches and about 1 @,@ 500 members . After World War II , it hasn ’ t renewed its activity . Another large sport organization was Siła ( Power ) . It was created in 1908 but established again in 1921 as Polskie Stowarzyszenie Robotnicze Siła ( Polish Workers ' Association ‘ Power ’ ) . The organization was of socialist and workers ' character and in 1937 associated 25 local branches . After World War II Siła operated half @-@ legally in 17 local branches , and after the communist takeover of power in 1948 was liquidated by Czechoslovak communist authorities . Another large organization was Polskie Towarzystwo Turystyczne ‘ Beskid Śląski ’ ( Polish Tourist Association ‘ Silesian Beskids ’ ) established in 1910 . Initially it focused on organizing the Polish tourist movement and building mountain huts in the Beskids but later widened its activities to skiing , football , athletics and volleyball . In the 1930s it associated 27 local branches . After World War II it operated half @-@ legally and as Siła , was liquidated by Czechoslovak communist authorities after the Victorious February 1948 . It resumed its activity again in 1991 , after the fall of communism . The last notable multi @-@ sport club was Proletariacka Kultura Fizyczna ( PFK , Proletarian Physical Culture ) . It was created in the mid @-@ 1920s and was of communist character . In the 1930s it associated about 40 active local branches . After the Zaolzie region was annexed in 1938 by Poland it was banned together with the communist party . The most popular sport was football . Volleyball , athletics , table tennis and other sports were also popular . The club with most members was PKS Polonia Karwina , associating some 1 @,@ 000 members . Its football branch was the best Polish football club of Zaolzie . After World War II many Polish sport clubs resumed slowly their activity . After the communist takeover of power in Czechoslovakia in February 1948 communists began to curb number of organizations in the country and tried to achieve the state of only several active nationwide organizations . Therefore , many Polish clubs after 1948 stopped their activity . The ones who still operated were subjected to rising pressure since 1951 . Last independent Polish organizations were dissolved in 1952 . After 1952 the Polish sport life was organized through the Polish Cultural and Educational Union . Through the communist era Polish minority declined demographically and this process continue to date , hence after the fall of communism in 1989 only a few sport organizations resumed their activity . Beskid Śląski , the only notable one , focuses on tourism . No exclusively Polish sport club exists today in Zaolzie . = = Legal issues = = The erection of bilingual signs has technically been permitted since 2001 , if a minority constitutes 10 % of the population of a municipality . The requirement for a petition by the members of a minority has been abolished , thus simplifying the whole process . However , only a couple of villages with large Polish minorities have bilingual signs yet ( Vendryně / Wędrynia for instance ) . For a list of all municipalities with a Polish population of at least 10 % , see Polish municipalities in the Czech Republic . = = Demographics = = The Polish population is historically declining . This is primarily caused by low natural birth rate , assimilation , high intermarriage rate ( the majority of Poles live in mixed relationships ) , and migration to other parts of the country as a result of job seeking . = = People = = = = = Politicians = = = Jan Buzek , interwar MP Jerzy Buzek , President of European Parliament , Former Prime Minister of Poland Emanuel Chobot , interwar MP Karol Junga , interwar MP Tadeusz Michejda , Minister of Health of Poland Karol Śliwka , interwar communist politician , MP Leon Wolf , interwar Czechoslovak MP and later senator in Polish Senate = = = Writers = = = Henryk Jasiczek , poet Jan Kubisz , poet , author of Płyniesz Olzo po dolinie , unofficial anthem of Poles of Zaolzie Paweł Kubisz , poet Gustaw Morcinek , one of the most important Polish writers from Silesia Józef Ondrusz Karol Piegza Adam Wawrosz = = = Other = = = Józef Buzek , economist Ewa Farna , pop singer Tadeusz Kraus , best Polish footballer from Zaolzie , has twice played in the FIFA World Cup Adam Makowicz , jazz musician Tomasz Mendrek , badminton player representing Czechoslovakia at the 1992 Summer Olympics Halina Młynkowa , pop singer = = = Books = = = Kaszper , Roman ; Małysz , Bohdan ( editors ) ( 2009 ) . Poláci na Těšínsku ( PDF ) . Český Těšín : Kongres Poláků v České republice . ISBN 978 @-@ 80 @-@ 87381 @-@ 00 @-@ 7 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 @-@ 03 @-@ 10 . Siwek , Tadeusz ( 1996 ) . Česko @-@ polská etnická hranice . Ostrava : Filozofická fakulta Ostravské univerzity . ISBN 80 @-@ 7042 @-@ 457 @-@ 5 . Zahradnik , Stanisław ; Marek Ryczkowski ( 1992 ) . Korzenie Zaolzia . Warszawa - Praga - Trzyniec : PAI @-@ press . OCLC 177389723 . Zahradnik , Stanisław ( ed ) ( 2005 ) . Zorganizowany sport polski na Zaolziu 1920 @-@ 2000 . Czeski Cieszyn - Cieszyn : Sekcja Historii Regionu Zarządu Głównego PZKO , Ośrodek Dokumentacyjny Kongresu Polaków w Republice Czeskiej . OCLC 177328652 . " Zaolzie " . Nowa Encyklopedia Powszechna PWN VI . Warszawa : PWN . 1997 . ISBN 83 @-@ 01 @-@ 11969 @-@ 1 . = = = Websites = = = European Commission ( 2006 ) . " Polish in the Czech Republic " . The Euromosaic study . European Commission . Archived from the original on 2011 @-@ 08 @-@ 28 . Retrieved 2010 @-@ 01 @-@ 16 . Siwek , Tadeusz . " Statystyczni i niestatystyczni Polacy w Republice Czeskiej " . Wspólnota Polska . Šamanová , Gabriela ( 2005 ) . " Národnost ve sčítání lidu v českých zemích " . Centrum pro výzkum veřejného mínění AV ČR . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2010 @-@ 06 @-@ 17 .
= National symbols of Belarus = Upon the independence of Belarus from the Soviet Union , the country resurrected national symbols that were used before the Soviet era . These included a flag of red and white stripes and a coat of arms consisting of a charging knight on horseback . These national symbols were replaced by Soviet @-@ era symbols in a disputed 1995 vote . Those two symbols , along with the national anthem , are the constitutionally defined national symbols of Belarus . = = Law = = In the 1994 Constitution of Belarus , Article 19 lists the official symbols of the country . Article 19 reads : Each national symbol is further defined by their respective laws . Uses of the national symbols are covered in the relevant law of each symbol . = = National flag = = The national flag has been in use since June 7 , 1995 , one of two symbols adopted in the 1995 referendum . The main elements of the flag is a red and green bicolor , then decorated with an ornament pattern at the hoist position . The current flag is a modification of the 1951 flag used while the country was a republic of the Soviet Union . In the Soviet version , a hammer and sickle was placed near the top @-@ hoist corner and the ornament colors were inverted . Several flags used by government officials and agencies were based on the national flag . Despite being replaced , the former flag of Belarus is used by those who oppose current Belarusian President Alexander Lukashenko . The former flag consisted of a white background with a red horizontal stripe in the middle . It was used by the Belarusian National Republic and immediately after independence from the Soviet Union in 1991 . = = National emblem = = The other national symbol that was chosen in the 1995 referendum was the national emblem . The elements of the emblem include a ribbon in the colors of the national flag , a map of Belarus , wheat ears and a red star . At the base of the ribbon , it says the country 's official name in the Belarusian language . The emblem is an allusion to the one used by the Byelorussian SSR , designed by Ivan Dubasov in 1950 . In the Soviet version , a hammer and sickle replaced the map of Belarus and the ribbon was all red . On the left and right ribbons , the Soviet motto Workers of the world , unite ! appeared in the Belarusian and Russian languages . The national emblem that was used at the time of the BNR and post @-@ Soviet independence was called the Pahonia ( the chase ) . On the base of a red shield , an armored white knight is mounted on a silver horse , with a sword drawn and charging to the left . On the shield of the knight , a golden Patriarchal cross is displayed . A variant of the Pahonia is used as the coat of arms of Lithuania . = = National anthem = = The only symbol that hasn 't changed over during independence is the national anthem . Adopted during the Soviet era , " My Belarusy " was used provisionally until 2002 . The only change that occurred was dropping the Soviet @-@ era lyrics and choosing just to use the music , composed by Nyestar Sakalowski . On July 2 , 2002 , President Lukashenko issued a decree adopting new lyrics to the anthem , written by Uladzimir Karyzny . Klimkovich also wrote the lyrics to the Anthem of the Byelorussian SSR . Not only the lyrics were chosen , a protocol guide related to the national anthem was released by Lukashenko . The reason that was given for keeping Sakalowski 's music was to keep the historic traditions of the country . While references to Lenin , the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and the idea of Soviet brotherhood were dropped , the general idea of a " friendship of peoples " still remains present . According to the Belarusian Government , once the national anthem was adopted , the long process to adopt the three national symbols of Belarus was completed . = = Historic symbols = = = = Unofficial symbols = = Other than the national flag , anthem and emblem , Belarus has several unofficial symbols . The Cross of Saint Euphrosyne , a 12th @-@ century relic which disappeared during the Second World War is considered a spiritual symbol of Belarus . The European bison , commonly called the wisent , is seen as a symbol of Belarus and the Belavezha Forest . It is also featured on the symbols of Brest Oblast . An other widely known mascots of Belarus are stork and cornflower .
= Hugo Steinhaus = Władysław Hugo Dionizy Steinhaus / ˈhjuːɡoʊ ˈstaɪnˌhaʊs / ( January 14 , 1887 – February 25 , 1972 ) was a Polish mathematician and educator . Steinhaus obtained his PhD under David Hilbert at Göttingen University in 1911 and later became a professor at the Jan Kazimierz University in Lwów ( now Lviv , Ukraine ) , where he helped establish what later became known as the Lwów School of Mathematics . He is credited with " discovering " mathematician Stefan Banach , with whom he gave a notable contribution to functional analysis through the Banach – Steinhaus theorem . After World War II Steinhaus played an important part in the establishment of the mathematics department at Wrocław University and in the revival of Polish mathematics from the destruction of the war . Author of around 170 scientific articles and books , Steinhaus has left his legacy and contribution in many branches of mathematics , such as functional analysis , geometry , mathematical logic , and trigonometry . Notably he is regarded as one of the early founders of game theory and probability theory which led to later development of more comprehensive approaches by other scholars . = = Early life and studies = = Steinhaus was born on January 14 , 1887 in Jasło , Austria @-@ Hungary to a family with Jewish roots . His father , Bogusław , was a local industrialist , owner of a brick factory and a merchant . His mother was Ewelina , née Lipschitz . Hugo 's uncle , Ignacy Steinhaus , was an activist in the Koło Polskie ( Polish Circle ) , and a deputy to the Galician Diet , the regional assembly of the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria . Hugo finished his studies at the gymnasium in Jasło in 1905 . His family wanted him to become an engineer but he was drawn to abstract mathematics and began to study the works of famous contemporary mathematicians on his own . In the same year he began studying philosophy and mathematics at the University of Lemberg . In 1906 he transferred to Göttingen University . At that University he received his Ph.D. in 1911 , having written his doctoral dissertation under the supervision of David Hilbert . The title of his thesis was Neue Anwendungen des Dirichlet 'schen Prinzips ( " New applications to Dirichlet 's principle " ) . At the start of World War I Steinhaus returned to Poland and served in Józef Piłsudski 's Polish Legion , after which he lived in Kraków . He was an atheist . = = Academic career = = = = = Interwar Poland = = = During the 1916 @-@ 1917 period and before Poland had regained its full independence , which occurred in 1918 , Steinhaus worked in Kraków for the Ministry of the Interior in the ephemeral puppet state of Kingdom of Poland . In 1917 he started to work at the University of Lemberg ( later Jan Kazimierz University in Poland ) and acquired his habilitation qualification in 1920 . In 1921 he became a profesor nadzwyczajny ( associate professor ) and in 1925 profesor zwyczajny ( full professor ) at the same university . During this time he taught a course on the then cutting edge theory of Lebesgue integration , one of the first such courses offered outside France . While in Lwów , Steinhaus co @-@ founded the Lwów School of Mathematics and was active in the circle of mathematicians associated with the Scottish cafe , although , according to Stanislaw Ulam , for the circle 's gatherings , Steinhaus would have generally preferred a more upscale tea shop down the street . = = = World War II = = = In September 1939 after Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union both invaded and occupied Poland , as a fulfillment of the Molotov – Ribbentrop Pact they had signed earlier , Lwów initially came under Soviet occupation . Steinhaus considered escaping to Hungary but ultimately decided to remain in Lwów . The Soviets reorganized the university to give it a more Ukrainian character , but they did appoint Stefan Banach ( Steinhaus 's student ) as the dean of the mathematics department and Steinhaus resumed teaching there . The faculty of the department at the school were also strengthened by several Polish refugees from German occupied Poland . According to Steinhaus , during the experience of this period , he " acquired a insurmountable physical disgust in regard to all sorts of Soviet administrators , politicians and commissars " During the interwar period and the time of the Soviet occupation , Steinhaus contributed ten problems to the famous Scottish Book , including the last one , recorded shortly before Lwów was captured by the Nazis in 1941 , during Operation Barbarossa . Steinhaus , because of his Jewish background , spent the Nazi occupation in hiding , first among friends in Lwów , then in the small towns of Osiczyna , near Zamość and Berdechów , near Kraków . The Polish anti @-@ Nazi resistance provided him with false documents of a forest ranger who had died sometime earlier , by the name of Grzegorz Krochmalny . Under this name he taught clandestine classes ( higher education was forbidden for Poles under the German occupation ) . Worried about the possibility of imminent death if captured by Germans , Steinhaus , without access to any scholarly material , reconstructed from memory and recorded all the mathematics he knew , in addition to writing other voluminous memoirs , of which only a little part has been published . Also while in hiding , and cut off from reliable news on the course of the war , Steinhaus devised a statistical means of estimating for himself the German casualties at the front based on sporadic obituaries published in the local press . The method relied on the relative frequency with which the obituaries stated that the soldier who died was someone 's son , someone 's " second son " , someone 's " third son " and so on . According to his student and biographer , Mark Kac , Steinhaus told him that the happiest day of his life were the twenty four hours between the time that the Germans left occupied Poland and the Soviets had not yet arrived ( " They had left , and they had not yet come " ) . = = = After World War II = = = In the last days of World War II Steinhaus , still in hiding , heard a rumor that University of Lwów was to be transferred to the city of Breslau ( Wrocław ) , which Poland was to acquire as a result of the Potsdam agreement ( Lwów became part of Soviet Ukraine ) . Although initially he had doubts , he turned down offers for faculty positions in Łódź and Lublin and made his way to the city where he began teaching at University of Wrocław . While there , he revived the idea behind the Scottish Book from Lwów , where prominent and aspiring mathematicians would write down problems of interest along with prizes to be awarded for their solution , by starting the New Scottish Book . It was also most likely Steinhaus who preserved the original Scottish Book from Lwów throughout the war and subsequently sent it to Stanisław Ulam , who translated it into English . With Steinhaus ' help , Wrocław University became renowned for mathematics , much as the University of Lwów had been . Later , in the 1960s , Steinhaus served as a visiting professor at the University of Notre Dame ( 1961 – 62 ) and the University of Sussex ( 1966 ) . = = Mathematical contributions = = Steinhaus authored over 170 works . Unlike his student , Stefan Banach , who tended to specialize narrowly in the field of functional analysis , Steinhaus made contributions to a wide range of mathematical sub @-@ disciplines , including geometry , probability theory , functional analysis , theory of trigonometric and Fourier series as well as mathematical logic . He also wrote in the area of applied mathematics and enthusiastically collaborated with engineers , geologists , economists , physicians , biologists and , in Kac 's words , " even lawyers " . Probably his most notable contribution to functional analysis was the 1927 proof of the Banach – Steinhaus theorem , given along with Stefan Banach , which is now one of the fundamental tools in this branch of mathematics . His interest in games led him to propose an early formal definition of a strategy , anticipating John von Neumann 's more complete treatment of a few years later . Consequently , he is considered an early founder of modern game theory . As a result of his work on infinite games Steinhaus , together with another of his students , Jan Mycielski , proposed the Axiom of determinacy . Steinhaus was also an early contributor to , and co @-@ founder of , probability theory , which at the time was in its infancy and not even considered an actual part of mathematics . He provided the first axiomatic measure @-@ theoretic description of coin @-@ tossing , which was to influence the full axiomatization of probability by the Russian mathematician Andrey Kolmogorov a decade later . Steinhaus was also the first to offer precise definitions of what it means for two events to be " independent " , as well as for what it means for a random variable to be " uniformly distributed " . While in hiding during World War II , Steinhaus worked on the fair cake @-@ cutting problem : how to divide a heterogeneous resource among several people with different preferences such that every person believes he received a proportional share . Steinhaus ' work has initiated the modern research of the fair cake @-@ cutting problem . Steinhaus was also the first person to conjecture the ham @-@ sandwich theorem , and one of the first to propose the method of k @-@ means clustering . = = Legacy = = Steinhaus is said to have " discovered " the Polish mathematician Stefan Banach in 1916 , after he overheard someone utter the words " Lebesgue integral " while in a Kraków park ( Steinhaus referred to Banach as his " greatest mathematical discovery " ) . Together with Banach and the other participant of the park discussion , Otto Nikodym , Steinhaus started the Mathematical Society of Kraków , which later evolved into the Polish Mathematical Society . He was a member of PAU ( the Polish Academy of Learning ) and PAN ( the Polish Academy of Sciences ) , PTM ( the Polish Mathematical Society ) , the Wrocławskie Towarzystwo Naukowe ( Wrocław Scientific Society ) as well as many international scientific societies and science academies . Steinhaus also published one of the first articles in Fundamenta Mathematicae , in 1921 . He also co @-@ founded Studia Mathematica along with Stefan Banach ( 1929 ) , and Zastosowania matematyki ( Applications of Mathematics , 1953 ) , Colloquium Mathematicum , and Monografie Matematyczne ( Mathematical Monographs ) . He received honorary doctorate degrees from Warsaw University ( 1958 ) , Wrocław Medical Academy ( 1961 ) , Poznań University ( 1963 ) and Wrocław University ( 1965 ) . Steinhaus had full command of several foreign languages and was interestingly , known , for his aphorisms , to the point that a booklet of his most famous ones in Polish , French and Latin has been published posthumously . In 2002 , the Polish Academy of Sciences and Wrocław University sponsored " 2002 , The Year of Hugo Steinhaus " , to celebrate his contributions to Polish and world science . Notable mathematician Mark Kac , Steinhaus 's student , wrote : " He was one of the architects of the school of mathematics which flowered miraculously in Poland between the two wars and it was he who , perhaps more than any other individual , helped to raise Polish mathematics from the ashes to which it had been reduced by the second World War to the position of new strength and respect which it now occupies . He was a man of great culture and in the best sense of the word a product of Western civilization . " = = Chief works = = Czym jest , a czym nie jest matematyka ( What Mathematics Is , and What It Is Not , 1923 ) . Sur le principe de la condensation de la singularités ( with Banach , 1927 ) Theorie der Orthogonalreihen ( with Stefan Kaczmarz , 1935 ) . Kalejdoskop matematyczny ( Mathematical Snapshots , 1939 ) . Taksonomia wrocławska ( A Wroclaw Taxonomy ; with others , 1951 ) . Sur la liaison et la division des points d 'un ensemble fini ( On uniting and separating the points of a finite set , with others , 1951 ) . Sto zadań ( One Hundred Problems In Elementary Mathematics , 1964 ) . Orzeł czy reszka ( Heads or Tails , 1961 ) . Słownik racjonalny ( A Rational Dictionary , 1980 ) .
= Kitti 's hog @-@ nosed bat = Kitti 's hog @-@ nosed bat ( Craseonycteris thonglongyai ) , also known as the bumblebee bat , is a vulnerable species of bat and the only extant member of the family Craseonycteridae . It occurs in western Thailand and southeast Burma , where it occupies limestone caves along rivers . Kitti 's hog @-@ nosed bat is the smallest species of bat and arguably the world 's smallest mammal . It has a reddish @-@ brown or grey coat , with a distinctive pig @-@ like snout . Colonies range greatly in size , with an average of 100 individuals per cave . The bat feeds during short activity periods in the evening and dawn , foraging around nearby forest areas for insects . Females give birth annually to a single offspring . Although the bat 's status in Burma is not well known , the Thai population is restricted to a single province and may be at risk for extinction . Its potential threats are primarily anthropogenic , and include habitat degradation and the disturbance of roosting sites . = = Description = = Kitti 's hog @-@ nosed bat is about 29 to 33 mm ( 1 @.@ 1 to 1 @.@ 3 in ) in length and 2 g ( 0 @.@ 071 oz ) in mass. hence the common name of " bumblebee bat " . It is the smallest species of bat and may be the world 's smallest mammal , depending on how size is defined . The main competitors for the title are small shrews ; in particular , the Etruscan shrew may be lighter at 1 @.@ 2 to 2 @.@ 7 g ( 0 @.@ 042 to 0 @.@ 095 oz ) but is longer , measuring 36 to 53 mm ( 1 @.@ 4 to 2 @.@ 1 in ) from its head to the base of the tail . The bat has a distinctive swollen , pig @-@ like snout with thin , vertical nostrils . Its ears are relatively large , while its eyes are small and mostly concealed by fur . Its teeth are typical of an insectivorous bat . The dental formula is 1 : 1 : 1 : 3 in the upper jaw and 2 : 1 : 2 : 3 in the lower jaw , with large upper incisors . The bat 's upperparts are reddish @-@ brown or grey , while the underside is generally paler . The wings are relatively large and darker in colour , with long tips that allow the bat to hover . Despite having two caudal vertebrae , Kitti 's Hog @-@ nosed Bat has no visible tail . There is a large web of skin between the hind legs ( the uropatagium ) which may assist in flying and catching insects , although there are no tail bones or calcars to help control it in flight . = = Range and distribution = = Kitti 's hog @-@ nosed bat occupies the limestone caves along rivers , within dry evergreen or deciduous forests . In Thailand , Kitti 's hog @-@ nosed bat is restricted to a small region of the Tenasserim Hills in Sai Yok District , Kanchanaburi Province , within the drainage basin of the Khwae Noi River . While the Sai Yok National Park in the Dawna Hills contains much of the bat 's range , some Thai populations occur outside the park and are therefore unprotected . Since the 2001 discovery of a single individual in Burma , at least nine separate sites have been identified in the limestone outcrops of the Dawna and Karen Hills outside the Thanlwin , Ataran , and Gyaing Rivers of Kayin and Mon States . The Thai and Burmese populations are morphologically identical , but their echolocation calls are distinct . It is not known whether the two populations are reproductively isolated . = = Behaviour = = Kitti 's hog @-@ nosed bat roosts in the caves of limestone hills , far from the entrance . While many caves contain only 10 to 15 individuals , the average group size is 100 , with a maximum of about 500 . Individuals roost high on walls or roof domes , far apart from each other . Bats also undertake seasonal migration between caves . Kitti 's hog @-@ nosed bat has a brief activity period , leaving its roost for only 30 minutes in the evening and 20 minutes at dawn . These short flights are easily interrupted by heavy rain or cold temperatures . During this period , the bat forages within fields of cassava and kapok or around the tops of bamboo clumps and teak trees , within one kilometre of the roosting site . The wings seem to be shaped for hovering flight , and the gut contents of specimens include spiders and insects that are presumably gleaned off foliage . Nevertheless , most prey is probably caught in flight . Main staples of the bat 's diet include small flies ( Chloropidae , Agromyzidae , and Anthomyiidae ) , hymenopterans , and psocopterans . Late in the dry season ( around April ) of each year , females give birth to a single offspring . During feeding periods , the young either stays in the roost or remains attached to the mother at one of her two vestigial pubic nipples . = = Taxonomy = = Kitti 's hog @-@ nosed bat is the only extant species in the family Craseonycteridae , which is grouped in the superfamily Rhinolophoidea as a result of molecular testing . Based on this determination , the bat 's closest relatives are members of the families Hipposideridae and Rhinopomatidae . Kitti 's hog @-@ nosed bat was unknown to the world at large prior to 1974 . Its common name refers to its discoverer , Thai zoologist Kitti Thonglongya . Thonglongya worked with a British partner , John E. Hill , in classifying bats of Thailand ; after Thonglongya died suddenly in February 1974 , Hill formally described the species , giving it the binomial name Craseonycteris thonglongyai in honour of his colleague . = = Conservation = = As of the species ' most recent review in 2008 , Kitti 's hog @-@ nosed bat is listed by the IUCN as vulnerable , with a downward population trend . Soon after the bat 's discovery in the 1970s , some roosting sites became disturbed as a result of tourism , scientific collection , and even the collection and sale of individuals as souvenirs . However , these pressures may not have had a significant effect on the species as a whole , since many small colonies exist in hard @-@ to @-@ access locations , and only a few major caves were disturbed . Another potential risk is the activity of local monks , who have occupied roost caves during periods of meditation . Currently , the most significant and long @-@ term threat to the Thai population could be the annual burning of forest areas , which is most prevalent during the bat 's breeding season . In addition , the proposed construction of a pipeline from Burma to Thailand may have a negative impact . Threats to the Burmese population are not well known . In 2007 , Kitti 's hog @-@ nosed bat was identified by the Evolutionarily Distinct and Globally Endangered project as one of its Top 10 " focal species " .
= Portland Center Stage = Portland Center Stage ( PCS ) is a theater company based in Portland , Oregon , United States . Theater productions are presented at the Gerding Theater at the Armory in Portland 's Pearl District . PCS was founded in 1988 as the northern sibling of the Oregon Shakespeare Festival in Ashland , Oregon . It became an independent theater in 1993 and in 1994 Elizabeth Huddle became producing artistic director . Chris Coleman took over in 2000 as the company 's fourth artistic director . Coleman hired design firm Sandstrom Design to help refocus the marketing strategy of PCS and increased the variety of productions . The company began a capital campaign in 2004 , and in 2006 moved into the Portland Armory , which includes two theaters , production facilities and office space . PCS puts on between seven and ten productions annually between September and June , and productions include classical , contemporary and premiere pieces . PCS has received positive commentary in regional guidebooks including Best Places Northwest , Best Places Portland and Moon Handbooks Oregon . = = History = = = = = 1988 – 2000 = = = Portland Center Stage was founded in 1988 , and was the " northern sibling " of the Oregon Shakespeare Festival ( OSF ) in Ashland , Oregon , and continued as a branch of OSF until 1994 . The company was originally known as " Oregon Shakespeare Festival Portland " . Its first production was Heartbreak House . Dennis Bigelow was PCS 's first artistic director and was let go by the OSF in 1992 . A two @-@ year transitional process began in 1993 , during which the OSF maintained a supervisory role over PCS . The Oregonian reported that the OSF 's artistic director Henry Woronicz " couldn 't figure out how to integrate the two closely enough for his liking , and he was unwilling to have Portland go its own way without supervision " . The advisory board for Oregon Shakespeare Festival Portland was reformulated as the board of directors of the PCS , and Elizabeth Huddle was hired in May 1994 as the producing artistic director . Huddle had previously served on the PCS 's search committee for a new artistic director , but decided to put her name in for consideration . In 1994 the PCS had a budget of US $ 2 @.@ 2 million , and over 11 @,@ 000 subscribers . In May 1995 the company 's financial numbers for its transitional 1994 – 1995 period with its new artistic director were reported to be a deficit of $ 240 @,@ 000 . The company experienced what The Oregonian described as a " jarring divorce " from the OSF . Huddle had been on the 1991 search committee for the OSF 's artistic director Henry Woronicz , but he suddenly announced his resignation in June 1995 effective the following October citing " personal reasons " . Huddle and the rest of the theater community were surprised by Woronicz 's resignation . In 2000 PCS board president Julie Vigeland commented to The Seattle Times that after separating from OSF " it was a real challenge to form our own identity " , but that Huddle " did a wonderful job helping us do that for the last six years " . = = = 2000 – present = = = Its fourth artistic director Chris Coleman took over in May 2000 , and recruited experienced actors to the company . Coleman had previously co @-@ founded Actor 's Express in Atlanta , Georgia , and was the artistic director there . Coleman initially signed on for a three @-@ year contract . Before Coleman began as artistic director with PCS , the company was already the largest live theater production company in Portland . However , the organization was facing sporadic attendance at performances as well as financial difficulties , with a deficit at the end of 1999 of $ 700 @,@ 000 . In 2000 PCS had a deficit of $ 880 @,@ 000 and a base of 10 @,@ 000 subscribers . The financial position of the company later stabilized , and Coleman had a 2000 budget of $ 3 @.@ 2 million to work with when he came on . A 2003 consultant 's report , however , found that PCS relied more heavily on gifts and grants to fund its operations than its peers around the company . Coleman hired the Portland company Sandstrom Design to help with marketing . Sandstrom helped to improve the promotional materials of the organization , while Portland Center Stage modified the nature and style of its performances . Sandstrom Design produced a 56 @-@ page flyer that showed the performance schedule for the 2003 – 2004 season which was mailed to subscribers , potential customers , handed out at performances and placed around town . The promotional campaign stressed the unique qualities of a live theater performance as entertainment over television and film . PCS 's productions were presented in the Winningstad and Newmark theatres in Portland through the 2005 – 2006 season . Portland Center Stage moved to the new Gerding Theater at the Armory beginning with the 2006 – 2007 season . Portland Center Stage began a $ 32 @.@ 9 million capital campaign in 2004 , with the goal of building a new theater complex in the Portland Armory , a historic building in Portland . The company began usage of the Portland Armory space in September 2006 . PCS received $ 150 @,@ 000 from the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development in September 2006 for " renovations and upgrades to its facility " , and an additional $ 500 @,@ 000 as part of the " Portland Center Stage Armory Theater Energy Conservation Project " . The theater facilities at the Portland Armory include " a 599 @-@ seat main stage theater , a smaller , 200 @-@ seat black box theater , administrative offices , a rehearsal hall and production facilities " . The main theater in the Portland Armory is called the Gerding Theater . Seven productions are performed annually , from September through May . The company 's productions include contemporary , classical pieces and modern premieres , in addition to a summer playwrights festival , JAW ( previously known as Just Add Water / West ) . PCS has approximately 8 @,@ 000 subscribers and an annual audience of over 90 @,@ 000 . = = Productions = = When Elizabeth Huddle became producing artistic director in 1994 , a production schedule had already been set by the OSF 's Pat Patton . Huddle made changes to her first season 's schedule and decided to direct the first play of the season Arms and the Man , instead of the previously scheduled play Jean Anouilh 's translation of Sophocles ' Antigone . Portland Center Stage was nominated for " Best Production " in the 1994 – 95 Drammy Awards which recognize excellence in Portland theater , for Arms and the Man . Huddle was artistic director for the world premiere of the play Comfort and Joy : A Play in Two Acts , which premiered at PCS on December 2 , 1995 . Huddle had commissioned playwright Jack Heifner to write Comfort and Joy , which was the first time that Portland Center Stage had ever produced a new play . Huddle ended her time with the Portland Center Stage company in January 2000 . One of Huddle 's final productions with PCS was A Christmas Carol , and her final production with the company was Bus Stop . Chris Coleman 's first production after signing on with PCS in 2000 was the play The Devils by Elizabeth Egloff , based on the novel of the same name by Fyodor Dostoevsky . Theater critic Misha Berson of The Seattle Times described Coleman 's choice as " an especially audacious departure for Portland Center Stage " , though reviews in Portland media were mixed , it received a positive review in The Oregonian and from audience feedback . Other productions in the 2000 – 2001 season included Martin McDonagh 's Irish comedy , The Cripple of Inishmaan , A Christmas Carol , Patrick Marber 's Closer , and adaptation of Antigone , and the Northwest premiere of A New Brain by William Finn . Coleman opened the 2006 , 2007 and 2008 seasons at PCS with musicals . He opened the 2006 season with West Side Story , and the 2007 season with Cabaret . Other productions in the 2007 – 2008 season included Doubt , a Parable , Twelfth Night , and Sometimes a Great Notion . PCS received a total of 12 awards at the 29th annual Drammy Awards in June 2008 , including " Outstanding Production " for Twelfth Night . Coleman opened the 2008 – 2009 season with Guys and Dolls , which The Oregonian and Willamette Week described as a timely choice in light of the Economic crisis of 2008 . = = Reception = = In her 2004 guide Best Places Northwest Giselle Smith wrote that PCS " offers excellent production values , whatever the play " . In his 2004 book Best Places Portland , author John Gottberg wrote positively of Portland Center Stage , commenting : " Portland 's leading professional theater company is on a par with the country 's best regional theaters . " The 2007 guidebook Moon Handbooks Oregon notes that the company : " produces innovative and sometimes daring productions " .
= My Opposition = My Opposition ( German : Mein Widerstand ) is a diary secretly written by the German social democrat Friedrich Kellner ( 1885 – 1970 ) during World War II to describe life under Nazi Germany and to expose the propaganda and the crimes of the Nazi dictatorship . It is considered one of the most comprehensive diaries of the period . The first entry in the 861 @-@ page diary is dated September 13 , 1939 , and the last entry is May 17 , 1945 . In 1968 Kellner gave the diary to his American grandson , Robert Scott Kellner , to translate into English and to bring it to the attention of the public . The diary has been on exhibit in museums in America and Germany . The first exhibit was at the George Bush Presidential Library in April and May 2005 to commemorate the 60th anniversary of Victory in Europe Day , which took place on May 8 , 1945 . The Holocaust Literature Research Unit at the University of Giessen in Germany has created the Kellner Project . The complete diary was published in 2011 by Wallstein Verlag in Göttingen , Germany . It is in two volumes , approximately 1 @,@ 200 pages , with over 70 illustrations and photographs . The title is , " Friedrich Kellner , ' Vernebelt , verdunkelt sind alle Hirne , ' Tagebücher 1939 @-@ 1945 . " ( Literal translation : ' Clouded , darkened are all of the minds , ' Diaries 1939 @-@ 1945 . ) A Canadian documentary film , My Opposition : The Diaries of Friedrich Kellner , was produced in 2006 , for distribution in 2007 . = = Author = = Friedrich Kellner was a justice inspector in the courthouse in Mainz between 1903 and 1933 . From 1914 until 1918 , he served as a soldier in the German army . When the First World War ended and Germany became a republic , Kellner became a political activist for the Social Democratic Party of Germany . For ten years , Kellner openly campaigned against the Nazis until they came to power in 1933 . Once in power , Adolf Hitler soon banned the Social Democratic Party and other political organizations . Concerned for his family 's safety , Kellner moved to the town of Laubach in Hesse , where he became the chief justice inspector : the judicial officer in charge of the administration of the courthouse . When Hitler ordered the invasion of Poland in September 1939 , Kellner began his secret diary to record the crimes of the Third Reich . After the war , Friedrich Kellner was made deputy mayor of Laubach . He dedicated himself to reestablishing the Social Democratic Party , and he became chairman of the Laubach branch . He retired from politics in 1960 , at the age of seventy @-@ five . In 1968 he gave the diary to his American grandson . Using his grandfather 's writings to combat the resurgence of fascism and anti @-@ Semitism in the twenty @-@ first century , and to counter historical revisionists who would deny the Holocaust and other Nazi atrocities , Robert Scott Kellner wrote to the Iranian president , Mahmoud Ahmadinejad , who according to some sources has referred to the Holocaust as " a myth " and has called for Israel to be " wiped off the map , " to offer him a copy of the diary . In his letter to Ahmadinejad , Kellner wrote : " We need to renounce ideologies that do not uphold , above all else , human life and personal liberty . " = = The diary = = The diary , which Kellner titled Mein Widerstand , meaning My Opposition , is divided into ten volumes , with a total of 861 pages . There are 676 dated entries . The handwriting is in the Sütterlin script , a style of German lettering no longer in use . Included among the pages of the diary are more than 500 newspaper clippings ; a " collage effect " that enhances the diary 's historical significance . The diary seldom deals with the Kellners ’ personal lives , their daily tribulations and how they managed to survive during the war , although there are occasional entries to that effect , such as this one written on 20 March 1942 : We were informed of the prospect of a shortening in food rations . 300 grams of meat or sausage per week . Once the Führer asserted he had the right to require sacrifices because he himself was ready to accept any personal sacrifice . If now the idea came into his head to starve to death , then I would not want to take away his right to ask all his fellow fighters to do the same . = = = Call to arms = = = In his diary Kellner focused on the broader sociological and political issues of Germany . On 21 January 1942 he reflected on the foolish choices the Germans had made following World War I ; electing Adolf Hitler and the National Socialists to power , and allowing Germany to become a totalitarian state : Whoever looks in the past and thinks about the time of 1919 to 1932 will be overpowered by great pain in the face of the mistakes that have been made . When Hitler published his book Mein Kampf , it was time to begin the most stringent battle against the theories proposed in that book . Hitler proposed to do away with all present parties and institutions , even those brought about after centuries of sacrifices and great exertion . What would a man do if a thief announced a proposed break @-@ in ? Anybody would make security arrangements . And what did the government and the representatives of the people do ? As much as nothing . A tired , weak and sick population , as well as a weak government , let a charlatan of the worst sort promise them healing . For every problem this quack had the only right medicine . He alone possessed the magic wand that would uproot human weakness and produce angels . Kellner 's diary takes to task not only the German people who elected Hitler , but the citizens and leaders of other nations who remained indifferent to evidence that dictators in Germany , Italy and Japan were plotting to take possession of the entire world . In a number of entries , Kellner accused politicians in the democracies of failing to stand up against the dictators . He pointed out that the world ’ s intelligentsia , university professors and professionals in medicine and law , were willing to accept the National Socialist propaganda . “ The whole world let themselves be fooled by this man , ” he wrote on May 3 , 1942 . " He especially could not understand how those who had defeated Germany in the First World War watched without protest as Germany rearmed itself . In an entry dated 12 November 1940 , he wrote : Chamberlain and the entire subsequent government carries the blame not to have taken equivalent steps when they discovered Germany 's preparations for war . A world power must always be prepared to successfully and energetically repulse any attack . Everyone is certain that England was not sufficiently prepared . Also the fleet did not appear capable of taking decisive action . It 's possible that it was merely constraining itself , but that strategy is a mistake . It should have been put into action immediately . Neither in Africa nor in the Mediterranean has the English fleet rigorously counter @-@ attacked . Also troubling to Kellner , aside from the Allies ' failure to prepare for the war , was their hesitation to enter the war with their full forces once it had begun . When Poland was attacked in 1939 , followed by attacks on Denmark , Norway , Belgium and France , Kellner looked to the United States to come to Europe 's aid . He could not understand why the United States acted so late to enter the war . On 25 June 1941 , a few days after Operation Barbarossa and six months before Japan ’ s surprise attack on Pearl Harbor , he wrote : When will this insanity be brought to an end ? Now is a unique chance for England and America to take the initiative , but not only with empty promises and insufficient measures . If America had the will to throw its entire might into the fray , it could tip the balance for a return of peace . Only a tremendous force and the commitment of all war material can bring the German wild steer to reason . Up until now the statesmen , through unbelievable shortsightedness , have neglected or failed their duty . Mankind awake ! Attack together with all your might against the destroyers of peace ! No reflections , no resolutions , no speeches , no ‘ neutrality . ’ Advance against the enemy of mankind ! In the same entry he angrily wrote : Even today there are idiots in America who talk nonsense about some compromise with Germany under Adolf Hitler . Those are the most atrocious dummies . = = = Record of atrocities = = = In a number of entries , Kellner records atrocities being committed by the German soldiers . On 29 July 1941 he recorded what he learned of the deliberate execution of captured Russian soldiers in the prisoner @-@ of @-@ war camps : The wounded soldiers in the field hospital in Giessen tell the story that Russian prisoners @-@ of @-@ war were also being murdered . Gruesome bandits . Are the German people a people of culture ? No ! A cultural people must be able to think as individuals and behave themselves properly . But the German people have repeatedly allowed themselves to be dictated to by their " infallible " Führer without participating in the slightest degree in their own destiny . The Führer is always right , the Führer never errs . The German people have been taken in by this devil . And he denounced the German military for their policies against the resistance forces in the occupied lands . On 26 October 1941 he wrote : In France two German officers have been shot by unknown murderers , in Nantes and Bordeaux . In retribution fifty citizens in each of these towns were apprehended and executed . To let people who are completely innocent suffer for the deed of another reminds us of the terrific deeds of wild beasts in times long gone . It was General von Stulpnagel 's lot to revive one of the most gruesome deeds . The world will rightfully be upset over so much inhumanity , and a hate will burn that can never be extinguished . . . How long will this reign of terror continue ? Perhaps the single most important entry in the diary is dated October 28 , 1941 . After the war many Germans would insist they knew nothing at all about the Holocaust . More recently , Holocaust deniers have questioned the extent , and even the existence of the Holocaust . Friedrich Kellner 's diary counters such suggestions : A soldier on vacation here said he witnessed a terrible atrocity in the occupied parts of Poland . He watched as naked Jewish men and women were placed in front of a long deep ditch and upon the order of the SS were shot by Ukrainians in the back of their heads and they fell into the ditch . Then the ditch was filled with dirt even as he could still hear screams coming from people still alive in the ditch . These inhuman atrocities were so terrible that some of the Ukrainians , who were used as tools , suffered nervous breakdowns . All the soldiers who had knowledge of these bestial actions of these Nazi sub @-@ humans were of the opinion that the German people should be shaking in their shoes because of the coming retribution . There is no punishment that would be hard enough to be applied to these Nazi beasts . Of course , when the retribution comes , the innocent will have to suffer along with them . But because ninety @-@ nine percent of the German population is guilty , directly or indirectly , for the present situation , we can only say that those who travel together will hang together . Kellner also recorded the miscarriages of justice within Germany itself , where the Nazi 's disregard for laws and human life took its toll upon the citizenry . On 5 July 1941 he wrote this : In Giessen , Forester Ritter was arrested because he said the war would last another three years . Two years ago R. was assassinated because he maintained that the war would last two years . The truth may not be said . = = = Results of totalitarianism = = = Kellner was particularly incensed by the internal censorship laws . Censorship in Nazi Germany was implemented by the Minister of Propaganda , Joseph Goebbels . All media — literature , music , newspapers , and radio broadcasts — were censored , in an effort to reinforce Nazi power and to suppress opposing viewpoints and information . On 14 April 1943 , upon reading that the People 's Court of Justice in Vienna had imposed the death sentence on a man accused of listening to a non @-@ censored overseas radio broadcast , Kellner cut the article from the newspaper and wrote next to it : Ten years in the penitentiary for a ' radio crime . ' According to the newspaper that was too little for the chief justice . He sent back the verdict to the original court and demanded the death penalty . Just think : the death sentence for listening to a foreign broadcast on the radio . It cannot be imagined in the rest of the world that there would be given such a punishment for listening to a German broadcast on their radios . This horror regime has given itself a gruesome monument unto the distant time . Will there be retribution for this some day , Mr. Chief Justice ? Two months before the war 's end , on 7 March 1945 , when the Allied armies crossed the Rhine and entered German territory , Friedrich Kellner tried to explain why the German people themselves had not rebelled against Nazi rule , why it was necessary for outside forces to rid the Germans of the tyrannical government they themselves had voted into power . The way that leads to the abyss for the German people has now come . The party patriots continue ever to believe and hope . Also , there are still those who do not want to see , and they expect a miracle from the Führer . Those are the kind of people who do not give up hope even at the edge of the grave . In all other respects , the number of peace seekers grows from hour to hour . The coming generations , and the foreign countries , will want to understand why the German people themselves did not turn against the party tyranny and stop the Nazi Party leaders by force in order to terminate this horrible war . For this , something should be said to clear up the question . To begin with , the number of the party members is extremely large . Millions of people believed in the National Socialist philosophy ; they were influenced by the broadcasts of the Führer and the detailed party propaganda . Individual thinking was switched off , and the party members allowed their leaders to set the guidelines in everything for them--and this spread throughout the entire population . In this way , more fanatics were created who were ready to use brute force , and other means of terror , to eliminate any internal resistance . There is no important place in the government or private sector not occupied by proven party comrades . Adolf Hitler clearly announced before the seizure of power that the party would be running things . Thus , anywhere there might be a reaction against the party , a Hitler guard stands ready to quell that reaction . Although today our opponents are at the Rhine and at the Oder , I do not believe yet that there will be a coup brought about by the German people . Without assistance from outside , such a coup is not even to be considered . Only the armed forces would be able to make a conclusive coup . But the prominent officers know , as well as the party officials , that a lost war will sweep them out of power . Therefore , the war continues until the possibility of it continuing any further is brought to an end . The Allies must continue to advance and fight until the German troops have no more ammunition and war material with which to offer resistance . That is how I imagine it will end . The Allies must continue to use force in order to terminate the war . = = Reception of the diary = = Museum exhibits April - May 2005 : George Bush Presidential Library and Museum in College Station , Texas to commemorate the 60th anniversary of Victory in Europe Day . September 2005 : Laubach Heimat Museum , Laubach , Germany . In 2007 this was made a permanent exhibit of diary facsimiles and historical photographs . May - August 2006 : Holocaust Museum Houston in Texas . October 2007 : The Great Synagogue of Stockholm , in Stockholm , Sweden . November 10 , 2008 : Dag Hammarskjöld Library , United Nations Headquarters in New York December 2009 - January 2010 : Friedrich Ebert Foundation in Berlin , Germany May - December 2010 : Dwight Eisenhower Presidential Library and Museum in Abilene , Kansas , as part of the exhibit " Eisenhower and the Righteous Cause : The Liberation of Europe . " Museum and library offers to house the diary Yad Vashem Holocaust Museum in Jerusalem The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington , D.C. The Canadian Museum for Human Rights , to be built in 2012 . Purdue University Columbia University Stanford University , Hoover Institute University of Texas at Austin Publishing the diary The complete diary was published by Wallstein Verlag ( on German Wikipedia ) in Göttingen , Germany , in 2011 . It consists of two volumes , approximately 1 @,@ 200 pages , with over 70 illustrations and photographs . The title is " Friedrich Kellner , ' Vernebelt , verdunkelt sind alle Hirne , ' Tagebücher 1939 @-@ 1945 . " = = Documentary film = = CCI Entertainment , a Canadian film company , produced a documentary film entitled , My Opposition : The Diaries of Friedrich Kellner , which interweaves the stories of Kellner and his American grandson , using reenactments , photographs , and archival footage . During parts of the documentary , an actor reads diary entries that relate to the historic narrative of the film , and the camera scans pages of the diary . The film was broadcast on prime @-@ time television in Canada in 2007 . It was screened in November 2008 at the Dag Hammarskjold Auditorium at United Nations Headquarters in New York in commemoration of the 70th anniversary of Kristallnacht . In October 2009 , it was screened in Israel at the Jewish Eye Film Festival .
= 2009 Chick @-@ fil @-@ A Bowl = The 2009 Chick @-@ fil @-@ A Bowl was a postseason college football bowl game between the Virginia Tech Hokies and the Tennessee Volunteers on December 31 , 2009 , in the Georgia Dome , Atlanta , Georgia . Virginia Tech defeated Tennessee 37 – 14 . The game was part of the 2009 NCAA Division I FBS football season and was the concluding game of the season for both teams . The game , the 42nd edition of the Chick @-@ fil @-@ A Bowl — called the Peach Bowl for much of its existence — was televised in the United States on ESPN and the broadcast was seen by an estimated 4 @.@ 87 million viewers . Each participating team was selected by the bowl game 's selection committee , which had paid contracts with the participating football conferences . The Chick @-@ fil @-@ A Bowl had the second pick of bowl @-@ eligible teams from the Atlantic Coast Conference and the fifth pick from eligible teams in the Southeastern Conference . In picking Virginia Tech and Tennessee , the selection committee bypassed teams with better or similar records in order to create a matchup appealing to television audiences . Pregame media coverage focused on the close geographic rivalry between the two teams and the success of Tennessee head coach Lane Kiffin in reversing his team 's poor fortune from the previous season . The game kicked off at 7 : 37 p.m. EST and Virginia Tech jumped to an early lead with a first @-@ quarter touchdown . Tennessee replied in the second quarter with two touchdowns of their own , but Virginia Tech kept the lead by scoring 10 points in the quarter . At halftime , Tech led 17 @-@ 14 . In the second half , Virginia Tech pulled away from Tennessee , scoring 20 unanswered points to win the game 37 @-@ 14 . In recognition of his performance during the game , Virginia Tech running back Ryan Williams was named the game 's most valuable player . By the end of the game , he had set a school record for most rushing yards in a season and conference records for most rushing touchdowns and most total touchdowns . Following the game , Tennessee head coach Lane Kiffin resigned to become head coach of the University of Southern California Trojans football team . Several players from each team participated in postseason all @-@ star games and a handful were selected to play in the National Football League through the 2010 NFL Draft . = = Team selection = = Beginning with the 2006 game , the Chick @-@ fil @-@ A Bowl purchased the right to select the highest @-@ ranked Atlantic Coast Conference team after representatives from the Bowl Championship Series made their selection . The contract was renewed in 2009 , extending that right through 2013 . According to the official selection rules used in the 2009 @-@ 10 season , the team chosen to represent the ACC in the Chick @-@ fil @-@ A Bowl had to be within one conference victory of the remaining highest @-@ ranked conference team or ranked more than five spaces ahead of the ACC team with the best conference record available in the final BCS standings . Following the conclusion of the 2009 college football regular season , the Chick @-@ fil @-@ A Bowl selection committee bypassed the ACC Championship Game loser , Clemson , in order to pick Virginia Tech , which had the same conference record . The committee believed a game featuring Virginia Tech would draw more television viewers and in @-@ person attendance than Clemson , even though the Chick @-@ fil @-@ A Bowl was the third time that season Virginia Tech played a game in Atlanta . In choosing the SEC opponent , the Chick @-@ fil @-@ A Bowl selection committee had the right to select the first SEC school after the Bowl Championship Series , Cotton Bowl Classic , Capital One Bowl , and Outback Bowl made their selections . Just as in the ACC , the selection committee could not select an SEC team with two fewer losses than the highest available team . After the 2009 regular season ended , SEC champion Alabama was selected for the national championship game , and SEC runner @-@ up Florida was picked by the Sugar Bowl to fill the SEC 's BCS tie @-@ in . The Cotton Bowl selected Ole Miss , the Capital One Bowl picked LSU , and the Outback Bowl took Auburn . For its pick , the Chick @-@ fil @-@ A Bowl bypassed local team Georgia ( No. 2 in the SEC 's eastern division ) for Tennessee ( No. 3 in the division ) in order to set up a game against two geographic rivals and because Tennessee had defeated Georgia in a head @-@ to @-@ head matchup . The bowl earned the right to select these teams via its multimillion @-@ dollar payout system , which guarantees a certain amount of money to the participating conferences . Before 2006 , the Chick @-@ fil @-@ A Bowl ( then known as the Peach Bowl ) matched the No. 5 team in the SEC versus the No. 3 team in the ACC . After the bowl increased its payout to $ 2 @.@ 8 million per squad , it then was given the second pick from the ACC , with the Gator Bowl dropping to third . After 2006 , the Chick @-@ fil @-@ A Bowl has steadily increased its payouts in order to keep pace with the trend across college football . In the 2009 game , the ACC and SEC split a payout of $ 6 @.@ 02 million , with the ACC receiving more because it offered an earlier selection . = = = Virginia Tech = = = The Hokies went 10 @-@ 4 in 2008 , concluding the season with a 20 @-@ 7 win in the 2009 Orange Bowl . Before the 2009 season started , Virginia Tech accepted an invitation to play Alabama in the Chick @-@ fil @-@ A Kickoff Game , a game organized by the Chick @-@ fil @-@ A Bowl to pit two high @-@ profile teams against each other to create a bowl game @-@ like atmosphere in the Georgia Dome at the start of the season . Virginia Tech was ranked No. 7 in the preseason polls , while Alabama was No. 5 ; the game was forecast as a competition between two possible national championship contenders . Alabama defeated Virginia Tech 34 @-@ 24 and ultimately went on to win the national championship . Tech recovered from the loss by winning its next five games , including a last @-@ second victory over 19th @-@ ranked Nebraska and a 31 @-@ 7 blowout victory over No. 9 Miami . The victories brought Tech to a 5 @-@ 1 record and a No. 4 national ranking . On October 17 , Virginia Tech traveled to Atlanta for the second time that season , this time to play 19th @-@ ranked Georgia Tech . For the first time since 1962 , Georgia Tech defeated a top @-@ five team , beating Virginia Tech 28 @-@ 23 . Georgia Tech 's win gave it a tiebreaker against Virginia Tech in the Atlantic Coast Conference standings , but Virginia Tech made the tiebreaker moot by losing its next game , an ACC contest against North Carolina . Georgia Tech lost only one ACC game all season , a record that won it the ACC 's Coastal Division and the accompanying spot in the ACC Championship Game ahead of Virginia Tech , which was No. 2 in the division . Virginia Tech broke its two @-@ game losing streak by defeating non @-@ conference foe East Carolina on November 5 . The victory was the start of a four @-@ game win streak that brought Virginia Tech to the end of the regular season and restored its national ranking to No. 12 after falling to No. 23 following the North Carolina loss . = = = Tennessee = = = The Tennessee Volunteers entered the 2009 season following a 2008 campaign that ended with a bowl @-@ ineligible 5 @-@ 7 record . After the 2008 season ended , Tennessee fired head coach Phillip Fulmer and replaced him with Lane Kiffin , who promised to turn the program around . Kiffin made an offseason splash by breaking the social norms among SEC head football coaches and violating a handful of NCAA rules . In a season @-@ opening win over Western Kentucky , Kiffin appeared to have made a difference for Tennessee , as the Volunteers had their largest margin of victory in nine years . That victory was followed by consecutive losses , however , against UCLA and No. 1 @-@ ranked Florida . Tennessee ended its losing streak with a win against Ohio , then began alternating wins and losses . The victory against Ohio was followed by a loss to Auburn . A win against Georgia preceded a loss to No. 2 Alabama on a last @-@ second blocked field goal and a win against No. 22 South Carolina . After South Carolina , Tennessee beat Memphis to create its first winning streak of the season . That streak abruptly ended the following week , when Tennessee lost to Mississippi . The Volunteers won their last two games of the regular season — against Vanderbilt and Kentucky — bringing them to a record of 7 @-@ 5 . At no time during the season was Tennessee ranked in the national top @-@ 25 polls , and Tennessee was never in consideration to play in the SEC Championship Game because of its early loss to Florida . = = Pregame buildup = = In the weeks before the game , media coverage focused on the geographic rivalry between the two teams , the controversies surrounding Lane Kiffin , and the performances of the players on each team . Virginia Tech played in the Chick @-@ fil @-@ A Bowl in 2006 , losing to Georgia 31 @-@ 24 , and the 2009 game was its fourth appearance in the game . It was Tennessee 's fifth appearance in the game , and the Volunteers had most recently lost to Clemson in the 2004 contest , 27 @-@ 14 . Entering the Chick @-@ fil @-@ A Bowl , Virginia Tech was 0 @-@ 2 in games held in Atlanta during 2010 , it had lost four consecutive games to SEC foes , and it had never won back @-@ to @-@ back bowl games ( Tech won the 2009 Orange Bowl ) . Despite those factors , Virginia Tech was an early 4 @.@ 5 @-@ point favorite and was listed as a 5 @.@ 5 @-@ point favorite by spread bettors on the day before the game . = = = Geographic rivalry = = = The University of Tennessee and Virginia Tech are separated by only 233 miles ( 375 km ) by road , and no major university lies between the two , creating an intense geographical rivalry in that region of the Appalachian Mountains . As Virginia Tech linebacker Cody Grimm said before the game , " ( In ) Southwest Virginia , you are either a Tennessee fan or a Tech fan . Now we actually get a chance to play them . " Despite the proximity of the two schools , the 2009 Chick @-@ fil @-@ A Bowl was only their eighth football meeting . Tennessee held a 5 @-@ 2 advantage in the series , but before 1994 , the last meeting between them was in 1937 . The 1994 meeting was in the 1994 Gator Bowl , which the Volunteers won 45 @-@ 23 . Each school rapidly sold its allotment of 17 @,@ 000 tickets , and publicly available tickets were sold out before the matchup was announced . This gave the Chick @-@ fil @-@ A Bowl its 13th consecutive sellout . = = = Tennessee coaching turmoil = = = In the weeks leading up to the Chick @-@ fil @-@ A Bowl , the number of controversies surrounding Tennessee head coach Lane Kiffin continued to grow . Throughout the regular season , he was linked to violations of NCAA rules and actions that appeared to fall outside the norm for SEC coaches . He was mentioned in a rap song by Lil Wayne , and his combative attitude toward opposing coaches caused friction within the SEC . In the second week of December , he was connected to an ongoing scandal in which Tennessee hostesses allegedly helped lure recruits to Tennessee , violating NCAA rules . Despite these problems , he was a successful recruiter , and gained commitments from sought @-@ after recruits in the leadup to the Chick @-@ fil @-@ A Bowl . In addition to the off @-@ the @-@ field issues , Tennessee underwent a pair of coaching changes in the weeks before the Chick @-@ fil @-@ A Bowl . Wide receivers coach Frank Wilson and running backs coach Eddie Gran each decided in the first days of December to leave Tennessee for other SEC teams . In interviews , Kiffin said the coaching changes and stories surrounding him were not a distraction from his team 's bowl preparation . = = = Virginia Tech offense = = = During the 2009 season , Virginia Tech was 28th nationally in scoring offense ( number of points scored ) and 55th in total offense . Most of the Hokies ' success came on the ground : Tech was 16th nationally in rushing offense but 98th in passing offense . A large reason for Virginia Tech 's offensive success was running back Ryan Williams , who broke Virginia Tech 's single @-@ season rushing record that year . Entering the Chick @-@ fil @-@ A Bowl , he had 1 @,@ 538 yards , only 110 short of the record . Tech running back Darren Evans , who tore his left anterior cruciate ligament before the season began , was held out of the Chick @-@ fil @-@ A Bowl , even though his recovery had progressed to the point that he could have participated . Virginia Tech also was rated higher than Tennessee in every major special teams category . The Hokies were in the top 25 in both kickoff return yardage defense and kickoff returns and were No. 16 nationally in turnover margin . = = = Tennessee offense = = = At the conclusion of the 2009 regular season , Tennessee 's offense was the 32nd most successful squad in the nation , scoring an average of 30 @.@ 58 points per game . In terms of yardage gained , Tennessee was 48th . There wasn 't much difference between the success of the rushing offense ( 43rd ) and the passing offense ( 47th ) . Tennessee quarterback Jonathan Crompton , after struggling in 2008 , improved significantly in 2009 , when he passed for 2 @,@ 565 yards and 26 touchdowns . In 2008 , the Volunteers were 11th in the SEC in offense , averaging 145 @.@ 8 yards per game . In 2009 , they were third , averaging 225 @.@ 6 yards per game . In addition to Crompton , running back Montario Hardesty also improved his performance from 2008 to 2009 . In the season leading up to the Chick @-@ fil @-@ A Bowl , he had 1 @,@ 306 rushing yards , just 158 short of the single @-@ season Tennessee record , and 12 touchdowns . Entering the Chick @-@ fil @-@ A Bowl , Hardesty hoped to match the team 's rushing record , but doubted he would be able to because of past knee injuries that made it difficult to run on artificial turf . Volunteers tight end Luke Stocker , who caught 27 passes for 370 yards and six touchdowns in 2009 , was a player Virginia Tech 's defense focused on in pregame preparation . Because Tennessee 's placekicking had been erratic during the regular season , Tennessee 's head coach held an open competition among his three kickers to compete for the starting placekicking job in the Chick @-@ fil @-@ A Bowl . = = = Virginia Tech defense = = = In 2009 , Virginia Tech was ranked 14th in total defense , sixth in passing defense , and 52nd in rushing defense . In scoring defense , the Hokies were 11th nationally , permitting an average of 15 @.@ 75 points per game . The top individual performer on the defense was linebacker Cody Grimm , who tied for the most forced fumbles in college football during the regular season , with seven . In recognition of the achievement , he earned the Dudley Award , given annually to the top Division I football player in Virginia , and was named a first @-@ team All @-@ ACC and third @-@ team All @-@ America player . Cornerback Stephen Virgil , a starter for the Hokies in 10 of their regular @-@ season games , was declared ineligible for the Chick @-@ fil @-@ A Bowl because of poor grades . Defensive coordinator Bud Foster was wooed by several other teams between the conclusion of the regular season and the Chick @-@ fil @-@ A Bowl , but Foster remained at Tech after the school created an annuity for Foster , granted if he remained with the team for five more years . = = = Tennessee defense = = = Tennessee 's defense was prized for its success against opponents ' passing game . In 2009 , the Volunteers were 10th nationally against the pass , permitting an average of 165 @.@ 92 yards per game . Against the run , they were 58th . When both facets were combined , the defense was 16th , permitting an average of 308 @.@ 83 yards per game . Much of the reason for Tennessee 's success against the pass was star safety Eric Berry , only the second player in Tennessee history to be named a unanimous All @-@ American twice . He won the Jim Thorpe Award , given each year to the best defensive back in the nation . Joining Berry in the defensive secondary was Janzen Jackson , who returned to the field following three missed games caused by his alleged involvement in an armed robbery . Countering Jackson 's return , Tennessee lost defensive back Brent Vinson , who was dismissed from the team for reasons unrevealed at the time . Two months after the Chick @-@ fil @-@ A Bowl , Vinson was charged with tampering with evidence related to a murder investigation . Tennessee defensive coordinator Monte Kiffin , interviewed 10 days before the game , said Virginia Tech 's offensive strength presented problems for Tennessee . = = Game summary = = The 2009 Chick @-@ fil @-@ A Bowl kicked off at 7 : 37 p.m. EST on December 31 , 2009 , in the Georgia Dome , Atlanta , Georgia . Bowl officials announced 73 @,@ 777 people attended the game , but that figure was based on the number of tickets sold rather than actual turnstile attendance . That attendance figure was the fourth @-@ largest in Chick @-@ fil @-@ A Bowl history , including when the game was known as the Peach Bowl , and it was the 13th consecutive sellout for the game . The game was broadcast in the United States by ESPN , and was watched by an estimated 4 @.@ 87 million people , earning it a Nielsen Rating of 4 @.@ 2 . That figure was the 10th highest among bowl games that season , and was a 36 percent increase from the previous year 's rating . The sportscasters for the broadcast were Sean McDonough , Matt Millen , and Holly Rowe . Because the game was played indoors , weather was not a factor . The ceremonial playing of the national anthem was performed by trumpeter Dan Oxley . The game 's referee was Ed Ardito , its umpire was Greg Adams , and its linesman was Jim Laborde , all of Conference USA . A military veteran from each school was invited to the ceremonial pregame coin toss to determine first possession . = = = First quarter = = = Tennessee won that ceremonial coin toss and chose to kick off to begin the game , ensuring the Volunteers received the ball to begin the second half . Tennessee placekicker Chad Cunningham delivered the ball from the tee , and Virginia Tech 's Dyrell Roberts returned it to the Tech 26 @-@ yard line , where Virginia Tech began the game 's first offensive drive . Two running plays by Tech 's Ryan Williams gained 4 yards , then Tech quarterback Tyrod Taylor completed a seven @-@ yard pass for the game 's initial first down . Tech advanced as far as its 43 @-@ yard line , but a five @-@ yard false @-@ start penalty prevented the Hokies from gaining another first down . They punted the ball to Tennessee , which began its first drive of the game from its 11 @-@ yard line . Two running plays gained 11 yards and a first down , then Tennessee quarterback Jonathan Crompton began throwing the ball . His first pass the game fell incomplete , and his second was intercepted by Virginia Tech defender Rashad Carmichael , who ran it back to the Tennessee 44 @-@ yard line . Tech 's second drive of the game thus began in Tennessee 's defensive half . The first play of the drive was a 20 @-@ yard throw from Taylor to wide receiver Jarrett Boykin . That completed pass was the longest play of the drive , which continued through short rushes and passes . On the seventh play after the interception , Williams ran the ball forward one yard , crossing the goal line for the game 's first touchdown . Tech placekicker Matt Waldron successfully converted the extra point , and with 6 : 56 remaining in the first quarter , Tech led 7 @-@ 0 . Virginia Tech 's post @-@ score kickoff was returned to the Tennessee 25 @-@ yard line , but the Volunteers failed to gain a first down on their second drive of the game , going three @-@ and @-@ out . They punted , returning the ball to Virginia Tech at the Hokies ' 31 @-@ yard line . Taylor completed a 14 @-@ yard pass to Roberts and a 10 @-@ yard throw to Marcus Davis for two first downs , advancing the Hokies into Tennessee 's half of the field , but Virginia Tech 's drive petered out after Williams was tackled for a three @-@ yard loss and the Hokies were unable to regain the lost yardage . Tech punted to the Tennessee 10 @-@ yard line , where the Volunteers took over on offense with 1 : 16 remaining in the quarter . Crompton completed a passing play that lost three yards , then Tennessee regained two of those yards with a running play as time expired in the quarter with Tech leading , 7 @-@ 0 . = = = Second quarter = = = The second quarter began with Tennessee facing third down and 11 from its 9 @-@ yard line . The first play of the quarter ended in a two @-@ yard loss for Tennessee , and the Volunteers punted after their second consecutive three @-@ and @-@ out . Starting at Tennessee 's 46 @-@ yard line after the punt , Tech quarterback Taylor completed a 42 @-@ yard pass to Danny Coale on the Hokies ' first play of the quarter , giving Virginia Tech a first down at the Tennessee 4 @-@ yard line . There , however , Tennessee 's defense stiffened . Tech was stopped for no gain on consecutive plays , but on third down the Volunteers committed a facemask penalty , giving Virginia Tech a first down at the 1 @-@ yard line . Even then , it took Ryan Williams two plays to gain the momentum needed to cross the goal line for Virginia Tech 's second touchdown . The score and subsequent extra point gave the Hokies a 14 @-@ 0 lead with 11 : 56 remaining before halftime . Virginia Tech 's kickoff was downed for a touchback , and Tennessee started its drive from its 20 @-@ yard line . On the second play of the possession , Crompton completed a 40 @-@ yard pass to wide receiver Denarius Moore . The play gave Tennessee its first plays inside Virginia Tech territory , and the Volunteers capitalized on the field position . After two rushing plays were stymied for no gain or losses , Crompton completed a 15 @-@ yard pass to wide receiver Gerald Jones . Crompton was sacked on the next play , but two plays later completed a 20 @-@ yard throw to Jones , who ran out of bounds at the Tech 4 @-@ yard line , giving Tennessee another first down . Two plays later , running back Montario Hardesty ran forward four yards into the end zone , halving Virginia Tech 's lead . After the extra point , Virginia Tech still led , 14 @-@ 7 , with 6 : 43 remaining in the first half . Following Tennessee 's score , the two teams traded possessions as each offense went three @-@ and @-@ out . Virginia Tech 's offense then began a drive from its 40 @-@ yard line with 3 : 21 remaining in the half . Williams gained a first down with a pair of five @-@ yard running plays , and Taylor gained 21 yards on another running play . Tech advanced to the Tennessee 31 @-@ yard line , where Taylor was sacked for a loss of nine yards . In an effort to recover the lost field position , Taylor threw a pass downfield , but the ball was intercepted by Tennessee 's Janzen Jackson , who returned it to the Tech 48 @-@ yard line . Tennessee 's offense entered the field of play with 1 : 11 remaining in the quarter , and it moved quickly . On the first play of the drive , a Crompton pass was caught by Hardesty for a 47 @-@ yard gain . Two plays later , Crompton completed a two @-@ yard toss to Moore for a touchdown . The extra point tied the game at 14 with 18 seconds remaining before halftime . Tennessee 's post @-@ touchdown kickoff was returned to the Tech 33 @-@ yard line , but Virginia Tech decided to not run an inconsequential play to drain the final seconds from the clock and enter halftime . On the first play after the kickoff , Taylor threw a surprise pass downfield to Boykin , who was tackled at the Tennessee four @-@ yard line . Instant replay revealed there were two seconds remaining on the game clock after the play , and Virginia Tech placekicker Matt Waldron came onto the field to complete a 21 @-@ yard field goal as time expired . The Hokies thus regained a 17 @-@ 14 lead at halftime . = = = Third quarter = = = Because Virginia Tech received the ball to begin the game , Tennessee received the ball to begin the second half . After a short return , Tennessee 's offense started the half from its 30 @-@ yard line . Crompton completed passes of 11 and 8 yards , then Virginia Tech 's defense halted the Tennessee advance and forced a punt . Virginia Tech 's offense began its first drive of the second half at its 26 @-@ yard line , with 13 : 02 remaining in the quarter . From the 26 , Tech began an eight @-@ play drive that saw Ryan Williams carry the ball on seven consecutive plays . Only the final play of the drive , a one @-@ yard touchdown run by Tyrod Taylor , didn 't feature the Tech running back . Williams opened the drive with a 21 @-@ yard sprint and had a 32 @-@ yard run during the possession that ended with Taylor 's touchdown at the 8 : 42 mark in the quarter . The touchdown and extra point extended Tech 's lead to 24 @-@ 14 . Tennessee attempted to answer Tech 's score in its following possession . The Hokies ' kickoff resulted in a touchback , so the Volunteers began from their 20 @-@ yard line . Montario Hardesty gained a first down with a 10 @-@ yard run , then Crompton gained another first down with an 11 @-@ yard pass . Tennessee continued to advance on running plays and a 14 @-@ yard pass by Crompton , pushing the ball inside the Tech 30 @-@ yard line . Once there , however , the Hokies rallied by sacking Crompton for a seven @-@ yard loss . A two @-@ yard run and an incomplete pass kept Tennessee from gaining another first down , setting up a fourth down . Rather than try an offensive play and possibly gain a first down or turn the ball over on downs , Tennessee punted , forcing Virginia Tech 's offense to start from its 11 @-@ yard line . Building on the rushing success of its previous drive , Virginia Tech used fullback Josh Oglesby in tandem with Williams , who also figured prominently in the team 's second possession of the half . The two men combined for 19 yards on the first three plays of the drive , then Williams exited the game because of an injury . After play resumed , Taylor gained 10 yards on a rushing play and completed a 23 @-@ yard pass before Oglesby carried the ball again . When the third quarter ended , Virginia Tech faced second down at the Tennessee 30 @-@ yard line , still leading 24 @-@ 14 . = = = Fourth quarter = = = Virginia Tech began the quarter in possession of the ball in Tennessee territory , attempting to capitalize upon a drive begun in the third quarter . Tennessee 's defense , however , allowed only one yard on the first two plays of the quarter , and Tech placekicker Waldron returned to the field to convert a 46 @-@ yard field goal , extending Virginia Tech 's lead to 27 @-@ 14 with 13 : 33 left in the game . After Virginia Tech 's post @-@ score kickoff and a short return , Tennessee 's offense started from its 31 @-@ yard line . A five @-@ yard penalty against Virginia Tech was followed by a five @-@ yard first @-@ down run by Hardesty . Tennessee attempted to move its offense quickly in order to maximize the chances of closing Virginia Tech 's lead by scoring fast . Crompton completed an 18 @-@ yard pass , advancing the Volunteers into Tech territory , but he was sacked by the Tech defense and Tennessee committed a five @-@ yard false start penalty , forcing the Volunteers to punt . The kick rolled into the end zone for a touchback , and Tech 's offense returned to the field at its 20 @-@ yard line . As in the previous two drives , Virginia Tech relied upon its rushing offense : The first five plays of the drive were runs by David Wilson , who gained 26 yards . The Hokies then switched gears , surprising Tennessee , whose defense allowed a 30 @-@ yard pass completion from Taylor to Boykin . Tech reverted to running plays , but Tennessee again allowed a long gain , as Roberts advanced 21 yards on a run , then Wilson ran three yards into the end zone . The touchdown and extra point gave Virginia Tech a 34 @-@ 14 lead with 5 : 14 remaining in the game . Tech 's kickoff was returned to the Tennessee 25 @-@ yard line , but on the first play of the Volunteers ' drive , Crompton was sacked by Jason Worilds and fumbled the ball . The loose ball was recovered by Virginia Tech 's John Graves at the Tennessee 13 @-@ yard line . The Hokies ' offense returned to the field and began running out the clock with running plays , which keep the game clock ticking as long as the ball carrier is tackled in the field of play . Three rushing plays failed to gain a first down , but they drained more than two minutes from the game clock , and Tech 's Waldron extended the Hokies ' lead to 37 @-@ 14 with a 22 @-@ yard field goal . Tennessee had one final opportunity to score after receiving Virginia Tech 's kickoff with 2 : 38 remaining . Jonathan Crompton threw several passes downfield , completing throws of 9 , 9 , 8 , and 26 yards , advancing the Volunteers toward the end zone . Inside the Virginia Tech red zone , however , the Volunteers found less success . They committed a false start penalty , advanced the ball with a five @-@ yard run , then Crompton threw two incomplete passes . On fourth down , Crompton was sacked for a 14 @-@ yard loss , the Volunteers ' final play of the game . Virginia Tech knelt on the ball to run the final seconds off the clock and clinch the 37 @-@ 14 victory . = = = Scoring summary = = = = = Statistical summary = = In recognition of his performance , Virginia Tech running back Ryan Williams was named the game 's most valuable player . On 25 carries , Williams accumulated 117 rushing yards and two touchdowns . Williams also caught two passes : one that gained six yards and one that lost six yards . Williams ' performance , coupled with success early in the season , allowed him to set Tech 's single @-@ season rushing record with 1 @,@ 655 yards . The game was Williams ' 10th of at least 100 yards that season . Williams also set two ACC records : His touchdowns gave him 21 rushing touchdowns on the season and 22 total touchdowns . Alone , Williams had more rushing yards than all of Tennessee 's players combined . Tennessee 's leading rusher was Montario Hardesty , who carried the ball 18 times for 39 yards and a touchdown . Hardesty had 1 @,@ 345 rushing yards on the season , the fourth @-@ highest season total for any player in Tennessee 's history . Tennessee 's No. 2 rusher was Tauren Poole , who gained 15 yards on 3 carries . Collectively , Tennessee had just five yards net rushing , the second @-@ least ever in a Tennessee bowl game and the least allowed by Virginia Tech in a bowl game . Most of Tennessee 's rushing gains were negated when quarterback Jonathan Crompton was sacked six times , losing 55 yards . Though ineffective on the ground , Crompton outperformed Virginia Tech quarterback Tyrod Taylor in the passing game . Crompton completed 15 of 26 pass attempts for 235 yards , one touchdown , and one interception . Crompton finished the season with 27 touchdown passes , third @-@ most in school history , and had the fourth @-@ most pass attempts , ninth @-@ most completions , and eighth @-@ most yards for a Tennessee season . Virginia Tech quarterback Tyrod Taylor completed 10 of 17 passes for 209 yards and one interception . Tennessee 's Herman Lathers led all defenders with 12 total tackles , including 2 tackles for loss , both career highs . The game 's No. 2 tackler was Tennessee 's Dan Williams , who tied a career high by recording nine tackles , including half a sack . Virginia Tech 's leading tackler was Lyndell Gibson , who had eight tackles , including half a tackle for loss . Virginia Tech 's John Graves , participating in his first game of the season , had two tackles for loss , including a sack , and forced a fumble . Virginia Tech 's other forced turnover was an interception caught by cornerback Rashad Carmichael . Tennessee 's Janzen Jackson had the Volunteers ' only interception . Virginia Tech kicker Matt Waldron set a school record for most field goals in a bowl game ( 3 ) and tied the school record for the longest bowl @-@ game field goal with his 46 @-@ yard kick . = = Postgame effects = = Virginia Tech 's victory gave the team its sixth consecutive 10 @-@ win season and brought the Hokies to a final 2009 record of 10 @-@ 3 . It was the first time in school history that Tech won bowl games in consecutive years . Tennessee 's loss dropped it to 7 @-@ 6 , and the Volunteers remained unranked in the final college football polls of the year . Virginia Tech was credited for its bowl @-@ game win and rose to 10th in both the Associated Press and coaches ' polls . Visiting fans generated an estimated $ 31 @.@ 2 million in business for the Atlanta area . Several players from each team participated in all @-@ star games following the Chick @-@ fil @-@ A Bowl . Virginia Tech 's Kam Chancellor , Sergio Render and Stephan Virgil played in the 2010 East @-@ West Shrine Game . Tennessee 's Morgan Cox , Chris Scott and Dan Williams played in the Senior Bowl , while Jonathan Crompton and Vladimir Richard participated in the Texas vs The Nation game . These all @-@ star games were a chance for graduating players to highlight their skills before the 2010 NFL Draft , which took place in April . A handful of players from each team were selected through the draft to play for National Football League teams . Tennessee had six players selected , including two in the first round : safety Eric Berry was the fifth selection overall , followed by Dan Williams ( 26 ) , Montario Hardesty ( 59 ) , Jacques McClendon ( 129 ) , Chris Scott ( 151 ) , and Jonathan Crompton ( 168 ) . Virginia Tech had five players selected : Jason Worilds was picked 52nd overall , followed by Kam Chancellor ( 133 ) , Ed Wang ( 140 ) , Brent Bowden ( 172 ) , and Cody Grimm ( 210 ) . In addition to player changes , Tennessee saw coaching changes . Two weeks after the Chick @-@ fil @-@ A Bowl defeat , Tennessee head coach Lane Kiffin announced he was leaving the team to become the new head coach of the University of Southern California football team . The decision shocked Tennessee administrators and fans , who believed Kiffin would stay longer than one season . To replace Kiffin , Tennessee hired Derek Dooley , who had been coaching football at Louisiana Tech . Defensive coordinator Monte Kiffin and assistant head coach and recruiting coordinator Ed Orgeron also left with Kiffin . They were replaced by Justin Wilcox and Chuck Smith , respectively . Dooley also changed position coaches , naming Terry Joseph defensive backs coach and Eric Russell special teams coach . To coach quarterbacks , he brought in Darin Hinshaw of Memphis . He hired Charlie Baggett to coach wide receivers and serve as assistant head coach , and added assistant coach Harry Hiestand and strength and conditioning coach Bennie Wylie . He retained offensive coordinator Jim Chaney from Kiffin 's staff .
= History of the National Hockey League ( 1942 – 67 ) = The Original Six era of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) began in 1942 with the demise of the Brooklyn Americans , reducing the league to six teams : Boston Bruins , Chicago Black Hawks , Detroit Red Wings , Montreal Canadiens , New York Rangers , and Toronto Maple Leafs . This structure remained stable for a quarter century ; the era ended in 1967 when the NHL doubled in size adding six expansion teams . The Stanley Cup , was the de facto championship since 1926 , becoming the de jure championship in 1947 , when the NHL completed a deal with the Stanley Cup trustees to gain control of the Cup . Toronto and Montreal evidenced dynasties , as the Maple Leafs won the Stanley Cup nine times from 1942 onwards , while the Canadiens won ten times , including five consecutive titles between 1956 and 1960 . The 1967 championship is the last Maple Leafs title to date . Remarkably , Maurice Richard became the first player to score 50 goals in a season in 1944 – 45 . In 1955 , Richard was suspended for assaulting a linesman , leading to the Richard Riot . Gordie Howe made his debut in 1946 , retiring 32 years later as the NHL 's all @-@ time leader in both goals and points . Willie O 'Ree broke the NHL 's colour barrier when he dressed for the Bruins in 1958 . The NHL continued to develop throughout the era . In 1943 , in an attempt to ' open up ' the game , the league introduced the centre @-@ ice red line allowing players for the first time to pass out of their defensive zone . In 1959 , Jacques Plante became the first goaltender to regularly wear a face mask for protection . Off the ice , the business of hockey was changing as well . The first amateur draft was held in 1963 as part of efforts to balance talent distribution within the league . The National Hockey League Players Association was formed in 1967 , ten years after Ted Lindsay 's attempts at unionization failed . = = Background = = In the 1930s and early 1940s , both the Great Depression and World War II were detrimental to the NHL . Although the league peaked at ten teams between 1926 and 1931 , financial pressures led to the demise of several of these . In 1930 , the Pittsburgh Pirates relocated to become the Philadelphia Quakers before folding in 1931 . In 1934 , the Ottawa Senators became the St. Louis Eagles , and likewise ceased operations after one year in their new market . The Montreal Maroons suspended operations in 1937 as the Montreal market was unable to support two teams . The New York Americans , renamed the Brooklyn Americans , suspended operations in 1942 , citing financial difficulty , and a lack of players due to the war . By the 1942 – 43 season , the league was reduced to six teams . There was also change at the top ; in February 1943 , league President Frank Calder collapsed during a meeting , dying shortly after . After receiving assurances from the league the Brooklyn franchise he operated would resume play after the war , Red Dutton agreed to take over as president . When the other team owners reneged on this promise in 1946 , Dutton resigned as league president . In 1946 , with Dutton 's recommendation , Clarence Campbell was named president of the NHL . Campbell remained until retirement in 1977 . Campbell 's tenure matched the league 's stability . For the first 21 years of his presidency , the same six teams competed for the Stanley Cup ; that period has been called the " golden age of hockey " . The NHL featured increasingly intense rivalries coupled with rule innovations that opened up the game . = = Post @-@ war period = = World War II extensively ravaged the rosters of many teams ; by the 1943 – 44 season teams battled each other for players . In need of a goaltender , the Bruins won a fight with the Canadiens over the services of Bert Gardiner . Meanwhile , the Rangers were forced to lend forward Phil Watson to the Canadiens in exchange for two players , as Watson was required in Montreal for a war job , and refused permission to play in New York . With only five returning players from the previous season , Rangers general manager Lester Patrick suggested suspension of his team 's play for the duration of the war . Patrick was otherwise persuaded ; however , the Rangers managed only six wins in a 50 @-@ game schedule , giving up 310 goals that year . The Rangers were so desperate for players that 42 @-@ year @-@ old coach Frank Boucher made a brief comeback , recording four goals and ten assists in 15 games . That year the Canadiens dominated the league , finishing with a 38 – 5 – 7 record . Five losses remains a league record for the fewest in one season ; the Canadiens did not lose a game on home ice . Their 1944 Stanley Cup victory was the team 's first in 14 seasons . The Canadiens again dominated the 1944 – 45 , finishing with a 38 – 8 – 4 record . They were defeated in the playoffs by the underdog Maple Leafs , who eventually won the Cup . NHL teams exclusively competed for the Stanley Cup following the 1926 demise of the Western Hockey League . Though rejected by Cup trustees for various reasons , in the intervening years other teams , and leagues , attempted to challenge for the Cup . In 1947 , the NHL reached an agreement with trustees P. D. Ross and Cooper Smeaton to grant Cup control to the NHL , thereby allowing the league to reject challenges from other leagues . The last such challenge came in 1953 , from the Cleveland Barons of the American Hockey League ; it was rejected , as the AHL was not considered of equivalent calibre to the NHL , which was a condition of the NHL 's ' deal ' with trustees . The Hockey Hall of Fame was established in 1943 under the leadership of James T. Sutherland , a former President of the Canadian Amateur Hockey Association ( CAHA ) . The Hall of Fame was established as a joint venture between the NHL and the CAHA , in Kingston , Ontario , considered by Sutherland the birthplace of hockey . Originally called the " International Hockey Hall of Fame " , its mandate was to honor great hockey players and to raise funds for a permanent location . The first eleven honored members were inducted on April 30 , 1945 . Not until 1961 did the Hockey Hall of Fame establish a permanent home at Exhibition Place in Toronto . On October 13 , 1947 , to raise money for the newly created NHL Pension Society , the first official All @-@ Star Game took place at Toronto 's Maple Leaf Gardens . The NHL All @-@ Stars defeated the Toronto Maple Leafs 4 – 3 and raised C $ 25 @,@ 000 for the pension fund . The All @-@ Star Game remains an annual tradition . = = = " Rocket " Richard = = = The 1940s Canadiens were led by the " Punch line " of Elmer Lach , Toe Blake and Maurice " Rocket " Richard . In 1944 – 45 , Lach , Richard and Blake finished first , second and third in the NHL 's scoring race with 80 , 73 and 67 points , respectively . Richard became a media and fan focus with attempts to score 50 goals in a 50 @-@ game season , a feat no other player had accomplished in league history . During that season , in a 9 – 1 victory over Detroit on December 28 , 1944 , Richard set a single @-@ game scoring record , scoring five goals and three assists . Later scoring his 45th goal in his 42nd game , he broke Joe Malone 's goal scoring record . Opposing teams did all they could to prevent him from reaching the 50 @-@ goal mark : he was slashed , elbowed and held , as no team wanted to be known for giving up the 50th goal . Despite the opposition 's efforts , in Boston at 17 : 45 of the third period of Montreal 's final game of the season , Richard scored his 50th goal . Until Mike Bossy in 1980 – 81 , no other player scored 50 goals in 50 games . In March 1955 , Richard was suspended for the remainder of the season , including the playoffs , after receiving a match penalty for slashing Boston 's Hal Laycoe then punching a linesman who attempted to intervene . The suspension created a wave of anger towards Campbell , who was warned not to attend a scheduled game in Montreal after receiving numerous death threats , mainly from French @-@ Canadians accusing him of anti @-@ French bias . Dismissing the warnings , Campbell attended the March 17 game , as planned . His presence was interpreted by many fans as provocation ; he was booed , and pelted with eggs and fruit ; an hour into the game , a fan lobbed a tear @-@ gas bomb in Campbell 's direction ; firefighters decided to clear the building . A riot ensued outside the Forum as disenchanted fans leaving the Forum were met by a growing mob of angry demonstrators ; the hostile crowd overwhelmed 250 police officers on the scene . Seventy people were arrested , another 37 people were injured ; fifty stores were looted , and $ 100 @,@ 000 in property damage was reported , in what became known as l 'affaire Richard , or the Richard Riot . The following day , Richard went on Montreal radio to ask fans to cease rioting , and instead support the Canadiens in the playoffs ; he offered to take his punishment then come back the following year to win the Cup . While the Canadiens were eliminated in the 1955 Stanley Cup Finals , Richard led Montreal to the 1956 Stanley Cup . The incident highlighted the growing cultural gap between French Quebec and English Canada ; the riot is often characterized as an early manifestation of Quebec 's Quiet Revolution . Campbell 's decision to suspend Richard was widely supported by fans outside of Quebec . Some , including Detroit 's Ted Lindsay , said the suspension did not go far enough and argued Richard , a man who had paid more fines than any other player in league history , should have been banned for life . On October 19 , 1957 , Richard became the first player to score 500 career goals . He retired in 1960 , as an eight @-@ time Stanley Cup champion , as well as the NHL 's all @-@ time leading scorer , with 544 goals . In 1961 , the league waived the customary three @-@ year waiting period ; Richard was elected to the Hockey Hall of Fame . = = = Hockey Night in Canada = = = In the fall of 1951 , in an attempt to determine whether it a suitable medium for broadcasting hockey games , Conn Smythe watched special television feeds of Maple Leaf games . Television already had detractors within the NHL , especially Campbell who declared it " the greatest menace of the entertainment world " . In 1952 , even though only 10 % of Canadians owned a television set , the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation ( CBC ) began televising games . On November 1 , 1952 , Hockey Night in Canada was first broadcast on television , with Foster Hewitt calling the action between the Leafs and Bruins at Maple Leaf Gardens . The broadcasts quickly became the highest @-@ rated show on Canadian television . The broadcast came three weeks after Montreal radio host René Lecavalier presented a French @-@ language telecast of the Montreal Canadiens ' opener against Chicago , marking the beginning of La Soirée du hockey , which Radio @-@ Canada , the French arm of the CBC , broadcast until 2004 . On that same night , Danny Gallivan made his debut as the English language play @-@ by @-@ play announcer for the Canadiens . While Campbell feared televised hockey would cause people to stop attending games in person , Smythe felt the opposite . " There 'll be thousands of people seeing hockey as played by the pros for the first time . They 'll be sold on it because it 's a great game , and they won 't be satisfied to stay [ at home ] but will turn out to the rinks . " As an experiment in the 1956 – 57 season , CBS first broadcast hockey games in the United States . Amazed with the initial popularity of the broadcasts , it inaugurated a 21 @-@ game package of games the following year . The NHL itself adapted to become viewer @-@ friendly . In 1949 , to make the puck easier to see , the league mandated the ice surface painted white . In 1951 , so each team was distinguishable on black and white television , the League required home teams wear colored jerseys , and the road teams wear white . For the same reason , teams painted the centre red line in a checkered pattern to set it apart from the solid blue lines . = = Dynasties = = = = = Toronto Maple Leafs = = = In the 1951 Stanley Cup Finals , in the only final in NHL history when all games were decided in overtime , the Maple Leafs defeated the Canadiens four games to one . After dashing from his defensive position , despite an earlier warning from Smythe not to take unnecessary chances , Leafs ' defenceman Bill Barilko hammered the Cup @-@ winning goal past Montreal goaltender Gerry McNeil . The goal completed Toronto 's fourth Stanley Cup championship in five seasons , making Barilko a national hero . Four months later , Barilko and a friend disappeared in Northern Ontario , where they had flown on a fishing trip . Barilko 's disappearance became front page news across Canada ; a massive search failed to locate the missing plane . Barilko 's remains were not found until 1962 , the first year the Maple Leafs won the Cup since Barilko 's overtime winner eleven years previous . Barilko 's disappearance was immortalized 40 years later by Canadian rock band The Tragically Hip in their 1992 song " Fifty Mission Cap " . By 1962 , the disappearance of Bill Barilko and the Maple Leafs ' subsequent failure to win the Stanley Cup led Toronto fans to believe a curse was upon the team . The Leafs won the 1962 championship shortly before Barilko 's remains were discovered . In 1963 , they repeated as champions . In 1964 , the Leafs again played for the Stanley Cup against the Red Wings . In the third period of game six , trailing the series 3 – 2 , Maple Leafs ' defenceman Bobby Baun suffered a broken ankle from a Gordie Howe slap shot . Despite the injury , Baun returned with his ankle taped up to score the winning goal in overtime . Baun also played the seventh game as the Maple Leafs defeated the Red Wings to win their third consecutive title . = = = Detroit Red Wings = = = Beginning in 1948 – 49 , the Red Wings went on to win seven consecutive regular season titles - a feat no other team has accomplished . During that time , the Wings won four Stanley Cups . During the 1952 Stanley Cup Finals the Legend of the Octopus was created . For the fourth game of the finals , brothers Pete and Jerry Cusimano brought a dead octopus to the Detroit Olympia . At the time , they reasoned the eight tentacles of an octopus represented the eight wins required to win the Stanley Cup . The Wings had won seven consecutive playoff games , and the brothers hoped the octopus would inspire Detroit to an eighth victory . The tradition was born , as Detroit handily defeated Montreal 3 – 0 . During this time , the Wings were led by Gordie Howe . In 1943 , at the age of 15 , Howe was invited to the Rangers player camp in Winnipeg ; but quickly became homesick and failed to favorably impress the Rangers coaches . The next season the Red Wings invited him to their camp , where coach Jack Adams called him " the best prospect I 've seen in 20 years . " Two years later , at the age of 18 , Howe debuted in the NHL for Detroit . On March 28 , 1950 , during a playoff game against the Leafs , Howe was nearly killed as he mistimed an attempted check on Toronto 's Ted Kennedy , causing him to slam head first into the boards . Rushed to hospital , doctors drilled a hole into Howe 's skull to relieve pressure on his brain . Despite fears he would never play again , " Mr. Hockey " recovered to start the following season , then won his first of four consecutive scoring titles in 1950 – 51 . Howe was 52 years old when he retired from professional hockey . = = = Montreal Canadiens = = = In three consecutive seasons between 1954 and 1956 , the Red Wings faced the Canadiens in the Stanley Cup Finals . Detroit won the first two match @-@ ups , however , Montreal captured the 1956 Stanley Cup , ending one dynasty and starting another . Subsequently , the Canadiens won five consecutive championships between 1956 and 1960 , a feat no other team has duplicated . In 1953 , the Canadiens signed Jean Beliveau ; a well @-@ anticipated prospect in the NHL for years . Because his Quebec Senior Hockey League team , the Quebec Aces , matched any contract offer the Canadiens made , Beliveau repeatedly refused to turn professional with Montreal . Ultimately , Montreal bought the entire league outright , along with the rights to all players , and turned it professional . Beliveau finally signed with Montreal for $ 105 @,@ 000 over five years and a $ 20 @,@ 000 bonus , an unprecedented contract for a rookie . Playing for Montreal , Beliveau went on to win ten Stanley Cups . Led by Richard and Beliveau , the 1950s Canadiens had overwhelming offensive ability ; to slow their offence the NHL amended its rules . To illustrate , the 1955 – 56 Canadiens frequently scored multiple goals during the same two @-@ minute powerplay . In one game against Boston , during a penalty , Beliveau scored three goals in 44 seconds . For the following season , the league instituted a rule permitting a player serving a minor penalty to return to the ice when a goal was scored against his team . = = Breaking the colour barrier = = On January 18 , 1958 , by joining the Bruins as an ' injury call @-@ up ' for a game in Montreal , Willie O 'Ree became the first black player in the NHL . Playing only two games with the Bruins in the 1957 – 58 season , O 'Ree returned in 1960 – 61 , playing another 43 games with Boston . Although he only played 45 NHL games , scoring four goals , he earned the label the " Jackie Robinson of hockey " . Throughout the season , O 'Ree faced blatant racism from opponents , remarking " people just wanted a piece of me , maybe because they thought I was different , so I had to defend myself . I wasn 't going to be run out of any rink . " He endured racial slurs from fans in each of Chicago , Detroit and New York , though the taunts were largely absent in Montreal and Toronto . O 'Ree was supported by his teammates and Boston fans . He stated " they were mean to me in places like Detroit and New York , too . But never in Boston . I 'll never forget how my teammates there took care of me — men like Johnny Bucyk , Doug Mohns , Charlie Burns and Don McKenney . They accepted me totally . All of them had class . " In 1961 , O 'Ree was traded to Montreal but was unable to crack the Canadiens ' line @-@ up . Playing over 20 minor league seasons , O 'Ree twice won the Western Hockey League 's scoring title : in 1964 , with the Los Angeles Blades , and in 1969 , with the San Diego Gulls . O 'Ree 's breakthrough came several years after another black player , Herb Carnegie was denied the same opportunity . In 1938 – 39 , playing junior hockey with the Ontario Hockey Association 's Toronto Rangers , during a practice Carnegie was pulled aside by his coach and told " See that man sitting in the blues ? That 's Conn Smythe , owner of the Toronto Maple Leafs . He says he 'd take you tomorrow if he could turn you white . " Stung by the comments , Carnegie resolved to excel at the game . He was offered a tryout with the Rangers in 1950 , then a spot on their lowest minor league team . " They told me that if I signed with the Rangers and went to New Haven , I would make international headlines . I told them my family couldn 't eat headlines . That was probably when the Rangers decided to forget about me . " = = " Norris House League " = = During the 1960s , it was often joked " NHL " stood for " Norris House League " because the Norris family held interests in several league teams . James D. Norris was co @-@ owner of the Black Hawks along with Arthur Wirtz ; his brother Bruce inherited ownership of the Red Wings . James D. Norris was also the largest shareholder in Madison Square Garden , giving him control over the Rangers . The Black Hawks qualified for the playoffs only once between 1949 and 1957 . The team 's fortunes turned in 1958 – 59 , following the acquisition of Ted Lindsay and Glenn Hall from Detroit . Making the playoffs , the Black Hawks lost to Montreal in the semi @-@ finals in 1959 and 1960 , before capturing their first championship in 23 years , in the 1961 Stanley Cup Finals . Chicago next won the Cup 49 years later in the 2009 @-@ 10 season . The Hawks ' resurgence in the 1960s led Norris and Wirtz to take advantage of their customers . Dubbed the " Chicken Wings " by fans , the Hawks were famous for fleecing fans . Ticket sellers were arrested for scalping ; the team charged $ 9 for playoff tickets in 1965 , $ 3 more than Detroit , Toronto or Montreal . The Hawks also refused to broadcast road playoff games in Chicago , preferring to charge fans to watch the games via closed @-@ circuit television at Chicago Stadium . Fans responded by littering the ice and passing out leaflets urging a boycott of the team during Chicago 's last regular season game in 1964 – 65 . = = Expansion = = In 1963 , Rangers governor William Jennings introduced to his peers the idea of expanding the league to the American West Coast by adding two new teams for the 1964 – 65 season . His argument was based around concerns the Western Hockey League intended to operate in the near future as a major league . Jennings also hoped inclusion of teams on the west coast would make the league truly national , and thereby , improve the chances of returning to television in the United States as the NHL had lost its deal with CBS . While the governors did not agree to the proposal , the topic of expansion surfaced every time the owners met subsequently . In 1965 , there was agreement to expand by six teams , doubling the size of the NHL . San Francisco – Oakland and Vancouver were declared " acceptable cities " with Los Angeles and St. Louis as potential sites . Fourteen applications were received from across Canada and the United States , including four from Los Angeles . In February 1966 , the governors met and awarded franchises to Los Angeles , Minnesota , Philadelphia , Pittsburgh , San Francisco and St. Louis . The league rejected bids from Baltimore , Buffalo and Vancouver . The six winning bids each paid $ 2 million for their franchises . St. Louis was awarded a franchise with no bid received . The league 's decision to grant a franchise was contingent on a potential owner stepping forward - a decision influenced by the Norris and Wirtz families , who owned the St. Louis Arena . Canadians were outraged no expansion teams were awarded to Canada . Prime Minister Lester B. Pearson stated : " the NHL decision to expand only in the U.S. impinges on the sacred principles of all Canadians . " Maple Leafs coach Punch Imlach stated Vancouver was " sold out " and Toronto and Montreal did not want to share television revenue with another Canadian team . Leafs co @-@ owner Stafford Smythe rejected accusations that he opposed expansion to Vancouver , pointing out that he had offered to build and operate an $ 8 million facility in the city 's downtown area , a proposal that he contended made little sense unless Vancouver had an NHL team . However , Smythe 's proposal was contingent on him acquiring the parcel of land required from the city , then valued at $ 2 @.@ 5 million , for $ 1 . The proposed transaction was defeated in a municipal referendum . Smythe therefore placed the blame for Vancouver 's failed bid on the city : " Vancouver lost its chance the day it turned down the referendum on our arena proposal " , Smythe said . " That proved to me that the people out there aren 't interested in going major league . " The Original Six era ended with the 1967 Stanley Cup Finals between the two @-@ time defending champion Canadiens , and the Maple Leafs . The oldest team in the league , the third place Leafs were led in goal by 37 @-@ year @-@ old Terry Sawchuk and 42 @-@ year @-@ old Johnny Bower . Known as the " over the hill gang " , in six games , Toronto became the oldest team to win the Cup , defeating the favored Canadiens . The Maple Leafs have not appeared in the Stanley Cup finals since . = = Rules and innovations = = In 1942 , due to World War II related travel restrictions , league president Frank Calder abolished the 10 @-@ minute overtime for regular season games so teams could catch their trains without delay . With the war 's conclusion , regular season overtime did not return , although playoff games continued until a winner was decided . Overtime was re @-@ introduced in the regular 1983 – 84 season . In 1943 , to make it more entertaining , the rules committee looked to increase the game 's speed . Rangers coach Frank Boucher proposed the neutral zone divided by a centre red line , so teams could pass the puck out of the defensive zone into their half of the neutral zone . Previously , the league required defensive players carry the puck from the defensive zone , not permitting a pass across the blue line . Introduced in 1943 – 44 , the new rule changed the game . Formerly , strong fore @-@ checking pinned opponents in their own zone for minutes at a time ; subsequently , teams rushed up the ice with defencemen passing to forwards beyond the blue line . Scoring increased 10 % league @-@ wide ; four of six teams topped 200 goals , the first time teams did so . In the early 1960s , Stan Mikita inadvertently introduced the curved blade to a hockey stick . Cracking his blade during a practice and not wanting to retrieve another , Mikita shot the puck in anger . He noticed the curve in the cracked blade caused the puck to behave differently . Both Mikita and Bobby Hull experimented with heating and bending their stick blade to create different curves . Using a curved blade , Mikita went on to win four Art Ross Trophies as the NHL 's leading scorer . He later said he regretted the idea : " It 's one of the worst inventions in hockey , because it eliminated the use of the backhand . " The NHL Amateur Draft was first held on June 5 , 1963 at the Queen Elizabeth Hotel in Montreal , Quebec . Created by Campbell , it was meant to more evenly distribute talent . To that point , teams directly sponsored junior clubs , buying a player 's rights . A 16 @-@ year @-@ old with the St. Michaels Juveniles , Garry Monahan , was the first player selected in the 1963 draft . Monahan remains the youngest player ever selected in an NHL draft . The Entry Draft system did not fully replace the sponsorship system until 1969 . = = = Goaltending = = = Goaltender Clint Benedict was the first to wear facial protection , donning it in 1930 to protect a broken nose . Because its design interfered with his vision , Benedict quickly abandoned the mask . Twenty @-@ nine years later , Jacques Plante made the goalie mask a permanent fixture in hockey . In 1956 , Plante began wearing a mask in practice after shots from teammates twice broke cheekbones . Montreal coach Toe Blake refused to allow Plante to wear his mask in games . On November 1 , 1959 , in a game at Madison Square Garden , that changed , when Plante was struck in the face . Teams did not dress backup goaltenders ; the game was delayed 20 minutes , while doctors frantically stitched up Plante . When Blake asked Plante if he was ' ready to return ' , Plante refused unless allowed to wear his mask . Livid , Blake agreed only if Plante removed the mask when his face was healed . Wearing the mask , Plante led the Canadiens on an 18 @-@ game unbeaten streak , to finally remove the mask at Blake 's urging ; promptly the team lost their first game . Defeated , Blake relented . Plante 's mask became a permanent fixture as he led the Canadiens to their fifth consecutive Stanley Cup . Soon after , other goalies followed Plante 's lead . Remarkably , Terry Sawchuk played goal for most of his career not wearing a mask ; he crouched very low such that his shoulders nearly touched his knees . This stance became known as the " gorilla crouch " . During his career , Sawchuk relied on his ability to see the puck under the players ' bodies , his outstanding mobility , and reflexes , to win four Vezina Trophies . By 1955 , he was regarded as the greatest goaltender to ever play the game . Sawchuk 's career was cut short when he died in 1970 from injuries suffered in a drunken incident with teammate Ron Stewart . The Hall of Fame waived its waiting period , immediately inducting Sawchuk as the NHL 's all @-@ time record holder in wins ( 447 ) and shutouts ( 103 ) . Sawchuk 's style of play was a precursor to the modern goaltending butterfly style . The butterfly style - used by most all modern goaltenders - was invented by Glenn Hall . Considered both unique and foolish , Hall 's style of dropping to his knees and kicking his pads out in a V formation forced shooters to aim for the top half of the net . Hall adopted the technique as a youth when he lacked the arm strength to stop shots with his stick . An eight @-@ time All @-@ Star , Hall became an NHL regular at the start of the 1955 – 1956 season to begin a sequence of 502 consecutive games as goaltender for Detroit and Chicago . This record is hailed as one of the NHL 's most unbreakable . = = Unionization = = The first players ' union was formed February 12 , 1957 by Red Wings player Ted Lindsay who had sat on the board of the NHL 's Pension Society since 1952 . Lindsay and his fellow players were upset by the league 's refusal to let them view the books related to the pension fund . The league claimed that it was barely breaking even financially , and so could not contribute more than it did . Players on the Pension Committee suspected otherwise , leading Lindsay and Doug Harvey of the Canadiens to discussions on forming a union in 1956 . The idea quickly gained popularity and when the union 's founding was announced publicly , every NHL player had signed up with the exception of Ted Kennedy , who was retiring . The owners immediately worked to crush the union . Toronto owner Conn Smythe compared the players association to communism : " I feel that anything spawned in secrecy as this association was certainly has to have some odour to it . " Red Wings president Bruce Norris responded by trading Lindsay to his brother 's team , the Black Hawks . The move was widely seen as punitive , as the Hawks had finished last in the NHL every season , save one , from 1949 until 1957 . Lindsay was not the only player sent to Chicago as punishment ; Glenn Hall was included as he refused to distance himself from Lindsay . In Toronto , Smythe repeatedly benched Jim Thomson , who was the union 's secretary , before also dealing him to the Black Hawks . The Players ' Association responded by filing a $ 3 million anti @-@ trust lawsuit against the NHL . Persuaded by teammates Gordie Howe and Red Kelly , the Red Wings players voted to withdraw from the association in November 1957 . Other teams quickly followed , and the union capitulated . Union leadership ultimately agreed to drop the lawsuit in exchange for small concessions , which included a minimum annual salary of $ 7 @,@ 000 , increases to the pension contributions and moving expenses for traded players . Led by Alan Eagleson , the National Hockey League Players ' Association ( NHLPA ) was formed in 1967 . Eagleson became the sport 's first player agent in 1966 when he negotiated a deal on behalf of Bobby Orr with the Bruins that saw the 18 @-@ year @-@ old rookie become the highest paid player in the NHL . At its peak , Eagleson 's practice represented 150 professional athletes . Eagleson had also helped settle an American Hockey League players strike sparked by mistreatment of players . In June 1967 , the NHLPA was announced , and quickly received acceptance from the owners . = = Timeline = = Notes " SC " denotes won Stanley Cup
= Lead ( II ) nitrate = Lead ( II ) nitrate is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula Pb ( NO3 ) 2 . It commonly occurs as a colourless crystal or white powder and , unlike most other lead ( II ) salts , is soluble in water . Known since the Middle Ages by the name plumb dulcis , the production of lead ( II ) nitrate from either metallic lead or lead oxide in nitric acid was small @-@ scale , for direct use in making other lead compounds . In the 19th century lead ( II ) nitrate began to be produced commercially in Europe and the United States . Historically , the main use was as a raw material in the production of pigments for lead paints , but such paints have been superseded by less toxic paints based on titanium dioxide . Other industrial uses included heat stabilization in nylon and polyesters , and in coatings of photothermographic paper . Since around the year 2000 , lead ( II ) nitrate has begun to be used in gold cyanidation . Lead ( II ) nitrate is toxic , an oxidizing agent , and is categorised as probably carcinogenic to humans by the International Agency for Research on Cancer . Consequently , it must be handled and stored with the appropriate safety precautions to prevent inhalation , ingestion and skin contact . Due to its hazardous nature , the limited applications of lead ( II ) nitrate are under constant scrutiny . = = History = = Since the Middle Ages , lead ( II ) nitrate has been produced as a raw material for the production of coloured pigments in lead paints , such as chrome yellow ( lead ( II ) chromate ) , chrome orange ( lead ( II ) hydroxide chromate ) and similar lead compounds . These pigments were used for dyeing and printing calico and other textiles . In 1597 , the German alchemist Andreas Libavius first described the compound , coining the medieval names of plumb dulcis and calx plumb dulcis , meaning " sweet lead " , because of its taste . Although originally not understood during the following centuries , the decrepitation property of lead ( II ) nitrate led to its use in matches and special explosives such as lead azide . The production process was and still is chemically straightforward , effectively dissolving lead in aqua fortis ( nitric acid ) , and subsequently harvesting the precipitate . However , the production remained small @-@ scale for many centuries , and the commercial production of lead ( II ) nitrate as raw material for the manufacture of other lead compounds was not reported until 1835 . In 1974 , the U.S. consumption of lead compounds , excluding pigments and gasoline additives , was 642 tons . = = Structure = = The crystal structure of solid lead ( II ) nitrate has been determined by neutron diffraction . The compound crystallizes in the cubic system with the lead atoms in a face @-@ centred cubic system . Its space group is Pa3Z = 4 ( Bravais lattice notation ) , with each side of the cube with length 784 picometres . The black dots represent the lead atoms , the white dots the nitrate groups 27 picometres above the plane of the lead atoms , and the blue dots the nitrate groups the same distance below this plane . In this configuration , every lead atom is bonded to twelve oxygen atoms ( bond length : 281 pm ) . All N – O bond lengths are identical , at 127 picometres . Research interest in the crystal structure of lead ( II ) nitrate was partly based on the possibility of free internal rotation of the nitrate groups within the crystal lattice at elevated temperatures , but this did not materialise . = = Preparation and production = = Lead ( II ) nitrate can be obtained by dissolving metallic lead in aqueous nitric acid : Pb + 4 HNO3 → Pb ( NO3 ) 2 + 2 NO2 + 2 H2O More commonly , it is obtained by dissolving lead ( II ) oxide in nitric acid : PbO + 2 HNO3 → Pb ( NO3 ) 2 + H2O In either case , since the solvent is concentrated nitric acid ( in which lead ( II ) nitrate has very low solubility ) and the resulting solution contains nitrate ions , anhydrous crystals of lead ( II ) nitrate spontaneously form as a result of the common ion effect : It is also possible to harvest nitrate from organic materials like fertilizer or urine . The nitrates harvested using this method are not nearly as strong as industrial grade nitrate , but would work in the production of Gunpowder . Most commercially available lead ( II ) nitrate , as well as laboratory @-@ scale material , is produced accordingly . Supply is in 25 kilogram bags up to 1000 kilogram big bags , and in laboratory containers , both by general producers of laboratory chemicals and by producers of lead and lead compounds . No large @-@ scale production has been reported . In nitric acid treatment of lead @-@ containing wastes , e.g. , in the processing of lead – bismuth wastes from lead refineries , impure solutions of lead ( II ) nitrate are formed as by @-@ product . These solutions are reported to be used in the gold cyanidation process . = = Reactions = = Apart from lead ( II ) acetate , lead ( II ) nitrate is the only common soluble lead compound . Lead ( II ) nitrate readily dissolves in water to give a clear , colourless solution . As an ionic substance , the dissolution of lead ( II ) nitrate involves dissociation into its constituent ions . Pb ( NO3 ) 2 ( s ) → Pb2 + ( aq ) + 2 NO − 3 ( aq ) Lead ( II ) nitrate forms a slightly acidic solution , with a pH of 3 @.@ 0 to 4 @.@ 0 for a 20 % aqueous solution . When concentrated sodium hydroxide solution is added to lead ( II ) nitrate solution , basic nitrates are formed , even well past the equivalence point . Up through the half equivalence point , Pb ( NO3 ) 2 · Pb ( OH ) 2 predominates , then after this point Pb ( NO3 ) 2 · 5Pb ( OH ) 2 is formed . No simple Pb ( OH ) 2 is formed up to at least pH 12 . = = = Complexation = = = Lead ( II ) nitrate is associated with interesting supramolecular chemistry because of its coordination to nitrogen and oxygen electron @-@ donating compounds . The interest is largely academic , but with several potential applications . For example , combining lead nitrate and pentaethylene glycol ( EO5 ) in a solution of acetonitrile and methanol followed by slow evaporation produces a new crystalline material [ Pb ( NO3 ) 2 ( EO5 ) ] . In the crystal structure for this compound , the EO5 chain is wrapped around the lead ion in an equatorial plane similar to that of a crown ether . The two bidentate nitrate ligands are in trans configuration . The total coordination number is 10 , with the lead ion in a bicapped square antiprism molecular geometry . The complex formed by lead ( II ) nitrate , lead ( II ) perchlorate and a bithiazole bidentate N @-@ donor ligand is binuclear , with a nitrate group bridging the lead atoms with coordination number of 5 and 6 . One interesting aspect of this type of complexes is the presence of a physical gap in the coordination sphere ; i.e. , the ligands are not placed symmetrically around the metal ion . This is potentially due to a lead lone pair of electrons , also found in lead complexes with an imidazole ligand . This type of chemistry is not unique to the nitrate salt ; other lead ( II ) compounds such as lead ( II ) bromide also form complexes , but the nitrate is frequently used because of its solubility properties and its bidentate nature . = = = Oxidation and decomposition = = = Lead ( II ) nitrate is an oxidizing agent . Depending on the reaction , this may be due to the Pb2 + ( aq ) ion , which has a standard reduction potential ( E0 ) of − 0 @.@ 125 V , or the nitrate ion , which under acidic conditions has an E0 of + 0 @.@ 956 V. The nitrate would function at high temperatures or in an acidic condition , while the lead ( II ) works best in a neutral aqueous solution . When heated , lead ( II ) nitrate crystals decompose to lead ( II ) oxide , oxygen and nitrogen dioxide . 2 Pb ( NO3 ) 2 ( s ) → 2 PbO ( s ) + 4 NO2 ( g ) + O2 ( g ) Because of this property , lead nitrate is sometimes used in pyrotechnics such as fireworks . = = Solubility = = Lead ( II ) nitrate is soluble in water but is almost insoluble in nitric acid . = = Applications = = Due to the hazardous nature of lead ( II ) nitrate , there is a preference for using alternatives in industrial applications . In the formerly major application of lead paints , it has largely been replaced by titanium dioxide . Other historical applications of lead ( II ) nitrate , such as in matches and fireworks , have declined or ceased as well . Current applications of lead ( II ) nitrate include use as a heat stabiliser in nylon and polyesters , as a coating for photothermographic paper , and in rodenticides . On a laboratory scale , lead ( II ) nitrate provides one of two convenient and reliable sources of dinitrogen tetroxide . By carefully drying lead ( II ) nitrate and then heating it in a steel vessel , nitrogen dioxide is produced , which dimerizes into the desired compound . 2 NO2 ⇌ N2O4 To improve the leaching process in the gold cyanidation , lead ( II ) nitrate solution is added . Although a bulk process , only limited amounts ( 10 to 100 milligrams lead ( II ) nitrate per kilogram gold ) are required . Both the cyanidation itself , as well as the use of lead compounds in the process , are deemed controversial due to the compounds ' toxic nature . In organic chemistry , lead ( II ) nitrate has been used as an oxidant , for example as an alternative to the Sommelet reaction for oxidation of benzylic halides to aldehydes . It has also found use in the preparation of isothiocyanates from dithiocarbamates . Because of its toxicity it has largely fallen out of favour , but it still finds occasional use , for example as a bromide scavenger during SN1 substitution . = = Safety = = Lead ( II ) nitrate is toxic , and ingestion may lead to acute lead poisoning , as is applicable for all soluble lead compounds . All inorganic lead compounds are classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer ( IARC ) as probably carcinogenic to humans ( Category 2A ) . They have been linked to renal cancer and glioma in experimental animals and to renal cancer , brain cancer and lung cancer in humans , although studies of workers exposed to lead are often complicated by concurrent exposure to arsenic . Lead is known to substitute for zinc in a number of enzymes , including δ @-@ aminolevulinic acid dehydratase ( porphobilinogen synthase ) in the haem biosynthetic pathway and pyrimidine @-@ 5 ′ -nucleotidase , important for the correct metabolism of DNA and can therefore cause fetal damage .
= Carol Browner = Carol Martha Browner ( born December 16 , 1955 ) is an American lawyer , environmentalist , and businesswoman , who served as director of the White House Office of Energy and Climate Change Policy in the Obama administration from 2009 to 2011 . Browner previously served as Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) during the Clinton administration from 1993 to 2001 . Browner grew up in Florida and graduated from the University of Florida and the University of Florida College of Law . After working for the Florida House of Representatives , she was employed by Citizen Action in Washington , D.C. She became a legislative assistant for Senators Lawton Chiles and Al Gore . Browner then headed the Florida Department of Environmental Regulation from 1991 to 1993 , where she turned it into one of the most active departments in the state government . She was the longest @-@ serving administrator in the history of the EPA , staying through both terms of the Clinton presidency . During her tenure , she reorganized the agency 's enforcement structure and oversaw two new programs designed to create flexible partnerships with industry as an alternative to traditional regulation . She started a successful program to deal with contaminated lands in urban areas . She took the lead within the administration in defending existing environmental laws and budgets , and was the driving force behind a stringent tightening of air quality standards that led to a prolonged political and legal battle . Afterward , Browner became a founding member of the Albright Group and Albright Capital Management during the 2000s ( decade ) . She also served on a number of boards of directors and committees dealing with environmental issues . Her director role in the Obama administration was sometimes informally referred to as the " Energy Czar " or " Climate Czar " . Her efforts towards getting comprehensive climate and energy legislation passed in Congress came to no avail , but she assumed a prominent role in the federal government 's response to the BP Deepwater Horizon oil spill during 2010 . She left her position in 2011 and the job itself was abolished shortly thereafter . Following that she rejoined the Albright Stonebridge Group , continued being active in several boards of environmental organizations , and became an advocate for nuclear energy in response to the dangers of global warming . = = Early life and education = = Born in Miami , Florida , Browner is the daughter of Isabella Harty @-@ Hugues and Michael Browner , both of whom were professors at Miami Dade Community College , in social science and English respectively . She has two younger sisters . Browner grew up in South Miami , and her hikes in the nearby Everglades – only a bicycle ride away from her house – gave her a close connection to the natural world : " I was very shaped by growing up in that kind of environment where nature was right there . " Browner received her B.A. degree from the University of Florida in 1977 , majoring in English . She then graduated from the University of Florida College of Law with a J.D. degree in 1979 . = = Early career = = During 1980 and 1981 , Browner worked as General Counsel for the Florida House of Representatives Committee on Government Operations . There she helped revise Florida 's Conservation and Recreational Lands Program . In 1983 , she moved to Washington , D.C. and worked as associate director for the national Citizen Action group , a grassroots lobbying organization that was active in environmental issues . Browner met Michael Podhorzer , a specialist in health @-@ care issues at Citizen Action , in 1983 . They married in 1987 and lived in Takoma Park , Maryland . They have a son , Zachary , born in 1987 . Between 1986 and 1988 , Browner served as chief legislative assistant to Democratic U.S. Senator Lawton Chiles from Florida . In that role , she worked on a complex negotiation to expand Florida 's Big Cypress National Preserve as well as on a ban on offshore drilling nearby the Florida Keys . During 1989 , she served as a legal counsel for the Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources . She was not averse to in @-@ field investigation , and once dived in coastal waters to do research while pregnant . From 1988 to 1991 , Browner worked as legislative director for Senator Al Gore , and became known as a Gore protégé . She helped prepare amendments to the Clean Air Act and managed Gore 's legislative staff . = = Secretary of Environmental Regulation for Florida = = As Secretary of Environmental Regulation , Browner headed the Florida Department of Environmental Regulation from 1991 to 1993 , while living in Tallahassee . It was the nation 's third @-@ largest such state agency , with 1 @,@ 500 employees and a budget of some $ 650 million . There she believed that economic development and environmental protection did not have to be in conflict with each other . She revitalized the demoralized department and turned it into one of the most active in the Florida state government . She shortened the amount of time it took the department to review development permits for wetlands @-@ affected areas and for manufacturing plants ; in doing so , she annoyed some environmentalists who thought that the streamlined procedures diminished public review . Browner pushed for the halting of construction of new hazardous waste plants and municipal waste incinerators , on the grounds that health and environment consequences were insufficiently known . She brokered a deal with Walt Disney World that would allow it to build on wetlands it owned , in exchange for $ 40 million of work by Disney to restore endangered wetlands nearby . She pleased environmentalists by persuading Chiles , who had become governor , to negotiate a settlement to a federal lawsuit regarding damage to Everglades National Park and forcing the Florida sugar industry to bear much of the $ 1 billion cost . The head of Florida 's largest business trade association described dealing with Browner : " She kicks the door open , throws in a hand grenade , and then walks in to shoot who 's left . She really doesn 't like to compromise . [ But she ] has done a pretty good job down here . People have more complaints with the way she does it than what she does . " = = EPA Administrator = = = = = Nomination and confirmation = = = After the 1992 presidential election , Browner served as transition director for Vice President @-@ elect Gore . President @-@ elect Bill Clinton announced her as his choice for Environmental Protection Agency head on December 11 , 1992 . While both Clinton and Gore had criticized the George H. W. Bush administration 's commitment to environmental protection during the campaign , the selection of Browner – who was described by The Washington Post as having " the mind and training of an attorney @-@ legislator but the soul of an activist " – was seen as an indication that Gore 's ardent environmentalism had won out over Clinton 's more pro @-@ business mindset . Clinton later wrote that he had not known her , but that Chiles had recommended her highly and Gore had requested she be named . The pick , along with several others of Gore protégés that Clinton made , helped solidify the vice president 's position within the administration . At her confirmation hearings before the United States Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works , Browner came across as pragmatic and allayed fears that she would be excessively influenced by or tied to Gore . She was confirmed by the unanimous consent of the United States Senate on January 21 , 1993 . She and Podhorzer returned to Takoma Park , Maryland , and he continued to work at Citizen Action . Her long @-@ term goal was " to leave the world a slightly better place , " and she practiced various environmentally beneficial practices at home . She avoided the Nannygate problems of some of Clinton 's other early female nominees by having never used a nanny . She continued to lead an active outdoor life via bicycling , skiing , and jogging . = = = First four years = = = At the EPA , Browner supervised some 17 @,@ 000 employees and a $ 7 billion budget . Early in her administration , she angered some EPA employees by publicly stating that the organization lacked management accountability and discipline and was wasting taxpayer money . Soon after taking office , Browner and her top aides , including assistant administrator for enforcement Steven Herman , reorganized several awkward and inefficient agency enforcement structures into a single Office of Enforcement and Compliance Assurance . The EPA 's regional offices were permitted flexibility in reworking their own enforcement structures , however , which led to some bureaucratic conflicts . Browner found criticism from both sides of environmental issues and battled many environmentalists , who objected to her support for repeal of the 1958 Delaney clause regarding permissible levels of carcinogens in foods . Her announcement in May 1993 that the EPA would impose a moratorium on new incinerator and industrial furnace licensing drew support from environmentalists , however . A move by Clinton to elevate the EPA and Browner to Cabinet @-@ level status failed in late 1993 to gain sufficient Congressional support . Many of her legislative desires had to take a back seat to the higher @-@ priority 1993 Clinton health care plan . When the Republican Party took control of Congress after the 1994 U.S. elections , Browner took the lead for the Clinton administration in successfully fighting efforts by the Republicans , especially in the House of Representatives , to amend the Clean Water Act and to roll back other environmental regulations . She was able to work in a bipartisan manner , though , with Republicans in helping craft amendments to the Safe Drinking Water Act and passage of the Food Quality Protection Act . During the budget @-@ cutting negotiations surrounding the federal government shutdown in 1995 , Browner successfully protected the EPA 's review and enforcement powers and managed to gain over $ 750 million in increased spending for the agency . Her bureaucratic effectiveness illustrated what one of her top aides characterized as her talent : " an extreme focus on a single issue where she is completely certain that she is right . " Two initiatives begun by the Clinton administration under Browner 's tenure were part of its " reinventing government " program and sought to realize the notion of environmental contracts as a way of expanding the EPA 's flexible public @-@ private partnerships , as an alternative to traditional regulation . Project XL in 1995 was designed to find common sense , cost effective solutions to environmental issues at individual facilities , while the Common Sense Initiative in 1994 was targeted at efforts involving entire industry sectors , rather than dealing with issues on a crisis @-@ by @-@ crisis , pollutant @-@ by @-@ pollutant basis . Project XL had mixed results , with some success stories but an uncertain legal basis regarding enforcement and less active participation than envisioned . The more ambitious Common Sense Initiative , which somewhat resembled the environmental covenants appearing in some European countries and also incorporated the viewpoints of environmental justice , showed limitations in some areas but successes in the printing and metal finishing and plating industries before being concluded in 1998 . In March 1995 , Browner and the EPA were charged by the House Government Reform and Oversight Subcommittee on Regulatory Affairs with violating the federal Anti @-@ Lobbying Act ( 18 U.S. Code § 1913 ) by faxing unsolicited material opposing the Republican @-@ sponsored regulatory reform package to various corporations and public @-@ interest groups . Browner denied the accusation , saying the charge was an attempt to keep her from debating a possible rollback of health and environmental protections . As EPA administrator , Browner started the agency 's successful Brownfields Program in 1995 . The program helped facilitate cleanups of brownfield lands and their contaminated facilities , especially in urban areas , by empowering states , communities , and assorted stakeholders in economic development . It leveraged more than $ 1 billion in public and private funds for cleanups and created thousands of new jobs , while enabling hundreds of communities to bring idle properties back into productive use . = = = Second four years = = = Perhaps Browner 's biggest triumph came in 1997 , when she convinced Clinton to support a stringent tightening of the Clean Air Act 's National Ambient Air Quality Standards regarding permissible levels of the ground @-@ level ozone that makes up smog and the fine airborne particulate matter that makes up soot . The decision came after months of public review of the proposed new standards that became the most divisive environmental debate of the decade . There was a long and fierce internal discussion within the administration , with opposition from the president 's economic advisers echoing strong objections from some industry groups who said the costs of the new standards would far outweigh any benefits and that Browner had exaggerated the degree of certainty behind the EPA 's scientific reviews on the matter . Over eighty environmental and health groups , who had grown quite frustrated with the administration 's preference for minimal @-@ cost incremental actions in the area , pressured Vice President Gore to take a stand on the matter , but he remained silent . Browner 's adamant defense in favor of the new standards was conducted almost single @-@ handedly , in private meetings , Congressional testimony , and public debate , and had come in the face of a silence from the White House that had put at risk her standing within the administration . Some within the administration objected to her unwillingness to modify her stance and even suggested she be fired for insubordination . Ultimately , Gore lent behind @-@ the @-@ scenes support in favor of the new regulations , which was a key factor in Clinton 's final decision in Browner 's favor . Overall , the New York Times termed Browner 's actions " a remarkable piece of bureaucratic bravura " and Time magazine labelled Browner the " Queen of Clean Air " . As the decision was announced , one which would affect hundreds of American cities and towns , Browner said : " These new standards will provide new health protections to 125 million Americans , including 35 million children . " The change to the standards had to survive Congressional review , but the support of Republicans from the northeast , especially New York Senator Al D 'Amato , helped compensate for Democrats opposed to them . The new regulations were challenged in the courts by industry groups as a violation of the U.S. Constitution 's nondelegation principle and eventually landed in the U.S. Supreme Court , whose 2001 unanimous ruling in the case now titled Whitman v. American Trucking Associations , Inc. largely upheld Browner 's and the EPA 's actions . Browner and the EPA also took action against air pollution caused by motor vehicles , issuing standards in 1999 that for the first time included light trucks and sport utility vehicles to meet the same emission standards as cars , and that would require the sulfur content of gasoline to be reduced by 90 percent over five years . During her tenure , Browner also began efforts to deal with global warming , giving the EPA authority to regulate carbon emissions causing climate change , although the EPA under the following George W. Bush administration chose not to use that authority . Several other policies of hers were reversed in the Bush administration as well . During Browner 's tenure , there were many reports from African American employees of racism directed at them from a network of " good old boys " who dominated the agency 's middle management . The most known of these reports involved policy specialist Marsha Coleman @-@ Adebayo , who in 1997 filed suit against the agency ; in 2000 , the court found the EPA guilty of discrimination against Coleman @-@ Adebayo , and awarded her $ 300 @,@ 000 . Coleman @-@ Adebayo said that Browner allowed the problems to persist rather than trying to clean them up . In an October 2000 Congressional hearing on the matter , Browner emphasized that minorities had tripled in number in the agency 's senior rank during her time as administrator , but was unable to explain why the culprits in Coleman @-@ Adebayo 's case had not been dismissed and in some cases had been promoted . Congressional dissatisfaction with the situation and the EPA 's treatment of Coleman @-@ Adebayo led to passage of the No @-@ FEAR Act in 2002 , which prohibits federal managers and supervisors from engaging in unlawful discrimination and retaliation . In the final days of the Clinton administration , D.C. District Judge Royce C. Lamberth ordered the EPA to preserve under the Freedom of Information Act all documents possibly relevant to last @-@ minute EPA regulation issuances . In 2003 , Lamberth found the EPA in contempt for not having preserved Browner 's files , but did not find Browner or other officials in contempt . Browner had said that she had not been aware of the court order and that the computer material she had removed was not work @-@ related . During her EPA tenure , Browner became unpopular with a number of industry groups , especially utilities and heavy manufacturing , as well as with conservatives in Congress , who thought businesses were stifled by her policies . She also battled the Treasury Department at times , and sometimes opposed Clinton himself , who tended to give priority to economic growth over environmental considerations . Nonetheless , Browner was the longest @-@ serving administrator in the history of the agency , staying through both terms of the Clinton presidency – and in the type of position that often sees turnover every three or four years . Robert W. Collin , author of a 2005 text on the agency , assessed her as " one of the ablest administrators ever to lead the EPA , " and wrote that she was " completely fearless in her engagement with controversial environmental issues . " Clinton himself later stated that Browner had accumulated a long list of important achievements . = = Business career = = After the Clinton administration , Browner became a founding member of the Albright Group , a " global strategy group " headed by former U.S. Secretary of State Madeleine Albright . As a principal , Browner assisted businesses and other organizations with the challenges of operating internationally , including complying with environmental regulations and climate change . Coca @-@ Cola and Merck & Co. have been among the clients for such international assistance . She also became a founding member and principal of Albright Capital Management , an investment advisory company . During 2002 , she taught classes at the study abroad program of her alma mater , now named the Fredric G. Levin College of Law . Browner is now married to former Congressman Thomas Downey . The marriage , his second , her third , took place on June 21 , 2007 , in Riverhead , New York . Downey heads a lobbying firm representing clients in the energy industry . In 2006 , she and Downey collaborated on behalf of Dubai Ports World , but were unable to persuade Senator Charles Schumer to their viewpoint during the Dubai Ports World controversy . Browner joined the board of the National Audubon Society in 2001 and became chair in 2003 ; her term expired in 2008 . She also joined the board of the Alliance for Climate Protection , an organization founded by Gore in 2006 . In 2008 , she joined the board of APX , Inc . , which specializes in technology infrastructure for the environmental commodities markets including those for carbon offsets and the CDM Gold Standard . She was also on the founding board of the Center for American Progress as well as the boards of the Alliance for Climate Protection and the League of Conservation Voters . She left all of these boards in late 2008 when she was named to serve in the Obama administration . Until summer 2008 she was a member of Socialist International 's Commission for a Sustainable World Society , although the commission 's web site still had her listed as a member in January 2009 . Her income in 2008 was between $ 1 million and $ 5 million from lobbying firm Downey McGrath Group , where her husband was a principal . She also reported $ 450 @,@ 000 in " member distribution " income , plus retirement and other benefits from the Albright Group . Browner retained a political voice during her business career , describing the George W. Bush administration as " the worst environmental administration ever . " She also stated that global warming is " the greatest challenge ever faced " . In the 2008 presidential election , she was a strong supporter of Hillary Rodham Clinton 's bid for the Democratic nomination . After Clinton lost her bid , Browner campaigned for Barack Obama in several battleground states and in League of Conservation Voters events . = = Director of the White House Office of Energy and Climate Change Policy = = On November 5 , 2008 , Browner was named to the advisory board of the Obama @-@ Biden Transition Project . On December 15 , 2008 , President @-@ elect Barack Obama named Browner as Assistant to the President for Energy and Climate Change . Officially known as the Director of the White House Office of Energy and Climate Change Policy , she acted as a coordinator for environmental , energy , climate , transport and related matters for the federal government . Her position was sometimes informally described as the " Energy Czar " or the " Climate Czar " . It did not require Senate confirmation . Her participation on the Commission for a Sustainable World Society drew criticism from some Republican members of Congress , but the Obama transition team said there was nothing wrong with it . In any case , her power and influence relied primarily on persuasion : " I don 't have any independent policymaking authority . It 's not like when I was at EPA and I could depend on regulation . " Browner 's deputy assistant was Heather Zichal , a former legislative director for Senator John Kerry . The early months of the Obama administration found her working well with the Cabinet members . She was a key negotiator between the administration and automakers in formulating the new United States emission standards in May 2009 , and also was a member of the Presidential Task Force on the Auto Industry that bailed out American automakers . She successfully urged incorporation of tens of billions of dollars for renewable energy programs into the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 . She was a central player in negotiation with Congress of the United States Carbon Cap and Trade Program , seemingly more so than U.S. Energy Secretary Steven Chu , and continued to stress its importance despite the Obama health care plan being the top legislative priority overall . Environmentalists viewed her as a critical liaison to the White House . By September 2009 , Republican members of Congress expressed concern that her access to the president had usurped power from other agencies . She also became a brief target of fervent anti- " czar " radio and television commentator Glenn Beck , following the Van Jones resignation . In October 2009 , Browner conceded that congressional passage of the cap @-@ and @-@ trade legislation before the end of year was unlikely , and feared its absence would harm prospects for meaningful international agreement at the Copenhagen United Nations Climate Change Conference in December . By the next month , she moderated her concern , but expressed opposition to any congressional " slicing and dicing " that would separate energy and climate concerns . Attempts to pass any kind of climate legislation collapsed in July 2010 due to lack of enough votes in the Senate ; Browner appeared on behalf of the administration and said , " Obviously , everyone is disappointed that we do not yet have an agreement on comprehensive legislation . " In 2010 , Browner became a key part of the administration team handling , and one of the more visible administration figures in issuing public comments about , the BP Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico . In late May 2010 she assessed the spill as " probably the biggest environmental disaster we have ever faced in this country " and said that the administration was " prepared for the worst " . She added that " I think what the American people need to know that it is possible we will have oil leaking from this well until August , when the relief wells will be finished . " Mike Allen of Politico later wrote that " [ Browner 's ] calm , authoritative television presence during the BP oil disaster made her one of the few officials whose stature was enhanced in the aftermath of the Gulf catastrophe . " With Republicans taking over the House of Representatives following the 2010 midterm elections , chances of climate and energy legislation passing that embodied Browner 's and the administration 's goals were essentially nil , and Obama conceded as much . As the Obama administration neared its two @-@ year mark and a number of personnel changes were underway , there was a possibility that Browner might be named to another position with broader responsibilities , such as White House Deputy Chief of Staff . But that did not come to pass . Instead , in late January 2011 , White House officials disclosed that Browner would be leaving her position in the fairly near future . Browner said of her unexpected decision , " [ there 's ] no back story – it was just time to go " and that she felt " honored to have a second ... chance to serve . " League of Conservation Voters president Gene Karpinski characterized Browner as a " tenacious advocate on our issues " who would be " sorely missed " , while a member of the law and energy industry lobbying firm Bracewell & Giuliani said Browner 's exit was a good development and that " Her departure may be part of a legitimate effort to pay careful attention to addressing some of the real regulatory obstacles in the way of job creation in the United States . " Browner left the White House during March 2011 . Her general responsibilities were taken over by her second @-@ in @-@ command , Heather Zichal , from a position within the U.S. Domestic Policy Council . In late February 2011 , while Browner was still in place , the House voted to eliminate the Director of the Office of Energy and Climate Change Policy position altogether . While the move was part of an overall effort to get rid of Obama 's " czars " , Browner was a particular focus of it . Representative Steve Scalise , who led the effort , said of Browner , " Let her leave , and take the funding , too . " In the mid @-@ April 2011 federal spending agreement that averted a possible government shutdown , funding for the position was indeed eliminated ( as were three other " czar " roles , most of which were similarly vacant ) . Obama issued a signing statement protesting the move and saying he would not abide by it , but the point was largely moot as the positions in question , including the Browner one , had already been moved inside the Domestic Policy Council . = = Return to business and advocacy = = Browner rejoined the Center for American Progress in April 2011 as a Distinguished Senior Fellow and a member of the organization 's Executive Committee . She also rejoined the Albright firm , now known due to merger as the Albright Stonebridge Group , as a Senior Counselor whose responsibilities included providing strategic services to clients in assorted areas of environmental impact . She continued to speak publicly on environmental issues and indicated she was " disappointed " by the Obama administration 's September 2011 decision to drop toughening of low @-@ altitude ozone levels in the National Ambient Air Quality Standards . In March 2014 , she was elected as Chair of the Board of Directors of the League of Conservation Voters . In April 2014 she joined the Leadership Council of Nuclear Matters , an industry @-@ backed group that advocates for nuclear power as a means to combat climate change . In that role , she has said that " We can 't take a carbon @-@ free source of energy off the table . " She has acknowledged that looking at herself twenty years earlier , she would " probably not be pro @-@ nuclear " , but said that " I think climate change is the biggest problem the world has ever faced " and it would simply be " irresponsible " not to consider nuclear energy as part of the solution . = = Awards and honors = = In April 1997 , Browner received the Outstanding Mother of the Year Award from the National Mother 's Day Committee " for her dedication to providing ' children with a safer , healthier world . ' " Browner also has received Glamour magazine 's Woman of the Year Award , the Ambulatory Pediatric Association 's Advocate for Children Award , the South Florida Chapter of the Audubon Society 's Guy M. Bradley Lifetime Achievement Award , and the Lifetime Environmental Achievement Award from the New York State Bar Association . In 1998 she received Vice President Gore 's Hammer Award for helping to make government cost less and work better . In 2000 , she received the American Lung Association 's President 's Award for leadership towards " the toughest action in a generation to safeguard public health from the threats posed by air pollution . "
= Oh Santa ! = " Oh Santa ! " is a song by American singer and songwriter Mariah Carey from her second Christmas album / thirteenth studio album , Merry Christmas II You ( 2010 ) . Carey wrote and produced the song in collaboration with Jermaine Dupri and Bryan @-@ Michael Cox . It was released as the lead single from the album . It is an up @-@ tempo R & B song about Carey making a plea for Santa Claus to bring back her partner in time for the Christmas holidays . Instrumentation of sleigh bells , jingle bells and hand claps . It received a positive response from music critics , with many praising its composition and style . The track set a record on the United States Billboard Adult Contemporary songs chart , debuting at number twelve and peaking at number one the following week for four weeks . It became the first song to reach the summit in two weeks . It further became Carey 's seventh number @-@ one song on the chart . Carey filmed a 1960s style music video to accompany the songs release as a single , and performed it on various programs in the lead up to Christmas , including her own TV special called Mariah Carey : Merry Christmas to You . = = Background and composition = = " Oh Santa ! " was written and produced by Mariah Carey , Jermaine Dupri and Bryan @-@ Michael Cox for Carey 's second Christmas / thirteenth studio album , Merry Christmas II You ( 2010 ) ; Rye Songs administered by Songs of Universal ( BMI ) / Shaniah Cymone Music \| EMI April Music Inc . ( ASCAP ) / WBM Music Corp Inc . / Pamela & Lorrence 's Publishing LLC ( SESAC ) . Her vocals were recorded by Brian Garten , Marcus Johnson and Thomas Kanarek , Martin Cooke , Nicholas Essif and Peter Mack , and the music by John Horesco at Guardian Angel Studios , Westlake Recording Studios , Henson Studios and Capitol Recording Studios . It was mixed by Phil Tan and Damien Lewis at The Ninja Beat Club . Dupri played the drums and Randy Jackson performed bass . Cox plated the keyboard and percussion . The background vocals were sung by Angie Fisher , Melonie Daniels , Maryann Tatum , Sharlotte Gibson and Toni Scruggs . " Oh Santa ! " was one of four original compositions by Carey to be included on the album . It premiered on October 1 , 2010 , in the United States . An EP consisting of six remixes by Jump Smokers and Low Sunday were released on December 7 , while a mix of " Oh Santa ! and one of Carey 's previous Christmas songs " All I Want for Christmas Is You " , titled " Oh Santa ! All I Want for Christmas Is You ( Holiday Mashup ) " , was released on December 17 . " Oh Santa ! " is an up @-@ tempo and festive R & B song , which lasts for a duration of three minutes , thirty @-@ one seconds . It has a 1960s girl @-@ group swing feel . The song , in the key of C ♯ major , has a tempo of 80 beats per minute . Carey 's voice spans more than three octaves , from B ♭ 2 to the high note of F ♯ 6 . Instrumentation consists of sleigh bells , jingle bells , hand claps and a piano melody , backed by a " school @-@ yard chant beat " . Lyrically , Carey makes a plea to Santa Claus asking him to bring back her " baby " in time for Christmas , singing " Santa 's gon ' come and make him mine this Christmas . " = = Critical reception = = Mike Diver of the BBC wrote that " Oh Santa ! " is a " boisterous " song which " makes perfect sense " as a lead single . He continued to write that although it fell substandard to " All I Want for Christmas Is You " , it would still " warrant revisiting 12 months down the line " . Rolling Stone writer Caryn Ganz commented on the composition , writing " Mariah bops to a schoolyard @-@ chant beat " . Joey Guerra of the Houston Chronicle described the song as " irresistible " and predicted that it would " dominate ringtones " in the run up to Christmas . A reviewer for Idolator described the track as a Christmas version of a song by Avril Lavigne song , " Presumably , not every track will sound like a North Pole version of Avril Lavigne ’ s ' Girlfriend ' as the boppy ' Oh Santa ! ' does " . Rich Juzwiak of The Village Voice was critical of the song , writing " Of the four Mariah @-@ penned new tracks , the Jermaine Dupri / Bryan @-@ Michael Cox collaboration ' Oh Santa ! ' tries the hardest , an antique kitchen @-@ sink replica that manages to invoke a cheerleading squad , the Pointer Sisters , Mariah 's own ' Loverboy ' , and Hey Ya ! ' . Full of mumbling and cattiness , it 's difficult to sing along to , so its prospects of becoming a perennial favorite are dim . " = = Chart performance = = In the United States , " Oh Santa ! " became a record @-@ breaking entry on the Billboard Adult Contemporary songs chart . It debuted at number twelve for the issue dated December 11 , 2010 . The track soared to number one the following week , marking the quickest ascent to the peak position since Nielsen BDS began tracking airplay in 1993 , in just two weeks . Previously , eight songs had reached number one within three weeks , four of which were Christmas entries due to adult contemporary radio stations playing an increased amount in the holiday season . " Oh Santa ! " became Carey 's seventh number @-@ one hit on the chart , and her first in fifteen years since " One Sweet Day " ( 1995 – 96 ) , a duet with Boyz II Men . The singer also topped the chart with her debut single " Vision of Love " ( her first ) and " Love Takes Time " in 1990 , " I Don 't Wanna Cry " in 1991 , and " Can 't Let Go " and " I 'll Be There " in 1992 . " Oh Santa ! " remained atop the chart for four consecutive weeks altogether . It finished at number 42 on the 2011 Adult Contemporary year @-@ end chart . For the week ending October 30 , 2010 , Carey occupied the top two positions on the Holiday Digital Songs chart : " Oh Santa ! " debuted at number one while " All I Want For Christmas Is You " charted at number two . On January 1 , 2011 , the track debuted at number one @-@ hundred on the Billboard Hot 100 chart , and number forty on the Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Digital Songs chart . Elsewhere , the track debuted at number thirty @-@ six on the South Korean Gaon International Digital Singles Chart for the week ending November 20 , 2010 . It later peaked at number thirty @-@ two for the week ending December 25 , 2010 . On the International Download Singles Chart , the track peaked at number thirty . " On Santa ! " peaked at number sixty @-@ eight on the Japan Hot 100 . The song peaked at number seventy @-@ three on January 1 , 2011 , for two consecutive weeks on the Canadian Hot 100 chart . = = Music video = = The music video for " Oh Santa ! " was directed by Ethan Lader and was shot in Los Angeles on October 6 , 2010 . Reports surfaced online that Carey 's husband Nick Cannon would be directing the video , however Cannon dispelled the rumors on Twitter , saying " I am NOT directing . " The video for " Oh Santa ! " premiered on entertainment news program Access Hollywood on November 2 , 2010 . Prior to its release , various media outlets speculated that the video was going incorporate the same on @-@ set style as seen in Outkast 's music video for their 2003 single " Hey Ya ! " , with the singer as the main feature in front of a large audience . Carey 's fan site MariahDaily posted a message on their website asking people within the Los Angeles area to appear for a casting call for a chance to be featured in the video . The video draws influence from 1950s and 1960s variety shows , and features Carey wearing a short , red " sexy Santa " ensemble , whilst on stage with a band , which featured gospel back @-@ in singers as well as a group of dancers , consisting of cheerleaders . The plotline is centered on Carey hosting a " Mariah Carey Christmas " television show . The announcer introduces Carey saying " here she is , the greatest singer of all time , Ms. Mariah Carey ! " . The video then shows Carey 's backup singers belting out the chorus while the singer is seen performing in front of a cheering audience . Her collection of fragrances is also advertised in the opening . In the second half of the video , Santa Claus makes an appearance , waving to friends and sharing a hug with Carey . The video ends with the singer laughing while the audience cheers and claps for her performance . Becky Bain of Idolator commented on the simple structure and themes of the video , writing " There ’ s not much to this simple vid , but it does feature Carey doing her usual hand waving theatrics while hitting some absolutely killer high notes . " Bain also observed that the vast majority of the shots of Carey are either long shots , showing the singer from a distance , or close up shots , showing Carey from the shoulders and above , so that the viewer was not able to easily recognise that she was pregnant . Nicole James of MTV Buzzworthy also praised the content of the video , writing " Of course it wouldn 't be a Mariah Carey video without some glitz and glam so the stage and backdrop are covered in ( what else ? ) glitter . Mariah puts on a great show and sings her heart out with that famous eight @-@ octave range ... scrooges need not apply , ' Oh Santa ! ' is fun and festive and has you longing for a sip of eggnog . " = = Live performances = = Carey performed the song for the first time in a pre @-@ recorded performance on November 19 , 2010 , at NBC 's Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree Lighting , which aired on November 30 , 2010 . On December 3 , 2010 , Carey performed " Oh Santa ! " as well as " All I Want For Christmas Is You " at the Walt Disney World Christmas Day Parade special , which featured Carey surrounded by dancers , including ballerinas and cheerleaders , and ended with fireworks at the end of the performance . Carey then performed the song as part of a set list on her own one @-@ off Christmas television special called Mariah Carey : Merry Christmas to You . = = Track listings and formats = = = = Charts = =
= New York State Route 323 = New York State Route 323 ( NY 323 ) was a state highway in Erie County , New York , in the United States . The route was 5 @.@ 24 miles ( 8 @.@ 43 km ) long and stretched from the town of Brant to the hamlet of Evans Center within the town of Evans . NY 323 began at an intersection with NY 249 and County Route 9 ( CR 9 ) in Brant and headed north to a junction with NY 5 in Evans Center . In between , it passed over the New York State Thruway ( Interstate 90 or I @-@ 90 ) and intersected U.S. Route 20 ( US 20 ) . The route was assigned as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York . It went unchanged until 1980 when ownership and maintenance of the route was transferred from the state of New York to Erie County as part of a highway maintenance swap between the two levels of government . The designation was officially removed on August 14 , 1980 . The former routing of NY 323 is now the northern half of CR 9 . = = Route description = = NY 323 began at an intersection with NY 249 and CR 9 north of the Cattaraugus Indian Reservation in Brant . The route headed northward as Brant – Angola Road through a rural area dominated by open fields and forests . It proceeded to the Brant – Evans town line , where it met Cain Road ( CR 491 ) a short distance south of the New York State Thruway ( I @-@ 90 ) . The highway progressed onward , passing over the Thruway on its way to a junction with Dunfee Road , a connector leading to US 20 . NY 323 met US 20 itself a short distance to the northwest . The route headed northwest from US 20 , intersecting with Pontiac Road ( CR 490 ) as it curved back to the north and entered the village of Angola . Within Angola , NY 323 followed Main Street northward past several blocks of homes and business . At Orchard Avenue , the street turned to the northwest , roughly paralleling Big Sister Creek as both exited the village limits . Past this point , the amount of development along the route dropped slightly as it continued northward toward the hamlet of Evans Center . NY 323 crossed over Big Sister Creek south of the community before ending at a junction with NY 5 in the center of the hamlet . = = History = = NY 323 was assigned as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York and served as a connector between NY 249 in Brant and US 20 ( now NY 5 ) in Evans . On April 1 , 1980 , ownership and maintenance of NY 323 was transferred from the state of New York to Erie County as part of a highway maintenance swap between the two levels of government . The NY 323 designation was officially removed on August 14 , 1980 . The former routing of NY 323 became an extension of CR 9 , which had ended at the junction of NY 249 and NY 323 prior to the swap . = = Major intersections = = The entire route was in Erie County .
= Weh Island = Weh Island or Pulau Weh or Pulo Weh ( by the local population commonly referred to only as " Sabang " , the name of the largest city ) is a small active volcanic island to the northwest of Sumatra , 45 minutes by fast regular ship or 2 hours by ferry from mainland , Banda Aceh . It was originally connected to the Sumatran mainland and became separated by sea after the volcano 's last eruption in the Pleistocene era . The island is situated in the Andaman Sea . The largest city on the island , Sabang , is the northernmost outpost of Indonesia . The island is known for its ecosystem ; the Indonesian government has declared 60 square kilometres ( 23 sq mi ) of inland and sea around the island as a wildlife protection area . A rare megamouth shark species was found on shore and the island is the only habitat for the threatened toad , Duttaphrynus valhallae ( formerly Bufo valhallae ) . Coral reef areas around the island are known for their large variety of fish species . = = Geography = = Weh Island is located in the Andaman Sea , where two groups of islands , the Nicobar Islands and Andaman Islands , are scattered in one line from Sumatra to the north up to the Burma plate . The Andaman Sea lies on an active moving small tectonic plate ( microplate ) . A complex geological fault system and volcanic arc islands have been created along the length of the sea by the movement of the microplate . The island lies about 15 kilometres ( 9 mi ) off the northernmost tip of Sumatra . The island is small at only 156 @.@ 3 km2 ( 60 @.@ 3 sq mi ) , but mountainous . The highest peak is a fumarolic volcano , 617 metres ( 2 @,@ 024 ft ) high . The last known eruption is estimated to have occurred in the Pleistocene age , as a result which the mountain partially collapsed and was filled by the sea , forming a separate island . At a depth of 9 metres ( 30 ft ) , close to Sabang city , underwater fumaroles emerge from the seabed . At Gapang Beach ( Gapang is name of a kind of a tree ) , one hour from Balohan Port to the west there is also underwater fumaroles which is suitable for diving and is called as Hydrothermal Point . A volcanic cone is found in the jungle . There are three solfatara ( mudpot ) fields on the island : one is 750 metres ( 0 @.@ 5 mi ) southeast of the summit and the others are 5 kilometres ( 3 mi ) and 11 @.@ 5 kilometres ( 7 mi ) northwest of the summit , on the western shore of Lhok Perialakot bay . There are four islets surrounding Weh Island : Klah , Rubiah , Seulako , and Rondo . Among those , Rubiah is well known for diving tourism , because of its coral reefs . When traveling to Saudi Arabia was only possible by sea , Rubiah was used as a place of quarantine for Indonesian Muslims during the Hajj pilgrimage season . = = Inhabitants = = Weh Island is a part of Aceh province . A 1993 census reported 24 @,@ 700 inhabitants . The large majority of the population are Acehnese and the remaining are Minangkabau , Javanese , Batak and Chinese . It is unknown when the island was first inhabited . Islam is the main religion , as Aceh is a special province where Sharia law has been applied exclusively for the province . However , there are some Christians and Buddhists on the island . They are mostly Javanese , Batak and Chinese . On 26 December 2004 , a massive ( 9 @.@ 0 on Richter scale ) undersea earthquake struck in the Andaman Sea . The earthquake triggered a series of tsunamis that killed at least 130 @,@ 000 people in Indonesia alone . The effect on the island was relatively small , but it is unknown how many of its inhabitants were killed by the event . = = Economy = = The economy on Weh Island is dominated by agriculture . The main products are cloves and coconuts . Small @-@ scale fisheries operate in the area , and fishermen have used explosives and cyanide fishing extensively . Therefore , since 1982 , a wildlife protection area ( suaka alam ) has been declared by the Indonesian government that includes 34 square kilometres ( 13 sq mi ) inland and 26 square kilometres ( 10 sq mi ) of surrounding sea . The two main cities are Sabang and Balohan . Balohan is a ferry port that serves as a hub between the island and Banda Aceh on the mainland Sumatra . Sabang has been an important quay since the late nineteenth century , because the city overlooks the entry to a busy shipping route , Malacca Strait . Before the Suez Canal was opened in 1869 , the Indonesian archipelago was reached via the Sunda Strait from Africa . From the Suez Canal , the route to Indonesia is shorter via the Malacca Strait . Due to its natural harbour with relatively deep and well sheltered water , the Dutch East Indies government decided to open Sabang as a quay . In 1883 , Sabang quay was opened for ships to dock by the Atjeh Associate . At first , the harbour was intended as a coal station for the Dutch navy , but later also served merchant vessels and for the transfer of export goods from northern Sumatra . Each year , 50 @,@ 000 vessels pass through Malacca Strait . In 2000 , the Indonesian government declared Sabang a Free Trade Zone and Free Port , to gain economic benefit by establishing the port as a logistic hub for international vessels passing through the strait . Infrastructures for a deep water harbour , port , warehousing and refuelling facilities , were developed . Weh Island is served by the Maimun Saleh Airport located in Sabang . Currently there is no airlines serving that airport . Thus , the nearest airport to get into Sabang is the Sultan Iskandarmuda Airport which is located at Banda Aceh . From the airport of Banda Aceh , it 's about a half @-@ hour drive to Ulee Lheu , close to the center of Banda Aceh , from where the ferries to Balohan ( Pulau Weh 's ferry harbour ) are leaving . Weh Island is also known for ecotourism . Underwater diving , hiking through the volcanic mountain and beach resorts are the main attractions . A small village , Iboih , is known as a location for scuba diving . A few meters from Iboih is the Rubiah islet that is known for its coral reefs . There are also several dive operators in Gapang . = = Ecosystem = = During 1997 – 1999 , Conservation International conducted a survey of the coral reef in the area . According to the survey , the coral diversity is relatively low , but fish species variation is rich . Some species found during the survey include Pogonoperca ocellata , Chaetodon gardneri , Chaetodon xanthocephalus , Centropyge flavipectoralis , Genicanthus caudovittatus , Halichoeres cosmetus , Stethojulis albovittatus , Scarus enneacanthus , Scarus scaber and Zebrasoma desjardinii . On 13 March 2004 , a specimen of the rare and unusual species of shark , megamouth shark , was washed ashore on Gapang beach . Megamouth shark has a distinctive large mouth , very short snout and is broadly rounded in dorsal view . The specimen is said to be the 21st ( some say it is the 23rd ) sighting of the species since its discovery in 1976 . The male shark , measuring 1 @.@ 7 metres ( 5 @.@ 6 ft ) in length and weighing 13 @.@ 82 kg ( 30 @.@ 5 pounds ) , was frozen and sent to the Indonesian Institute of Sciences ( LIPI ) for further scientific study . As of 2006 , there have only been 36 findings of megamouth sharks in the Pacific , Indian and Atlantic oceans . The 2004 earthquake and tsunami has affected the island 's ecosystem . At Iboih village , a large swath of mangrove was destroyed . Debris from the land was deposited on the nearby reefs as a result of the tsunami . In 2005 , about 14 @,@ 400 mangrove seedlings were replanted to save the mangrove forest . Apart from underwater ecosystem , Weh island is the only habitat of one threatened species of toad , Duttaphrynus valhallae ( formerly Bufo valhallae ) . The species is only known from the holotype from the island . Due to heavy forestation on the island , the survival of the species is uncertain . = = Sabang International Regatta = = Sabang International Regatta was held on September 13 to 25 , 2011 . The participants were expected from Australia , United States , England , Germany , Malaysia , Singapore , Thailand and Hong Kong . = = Tourism = = Weh Island is small island and some beaches can be visited in one day only by rental vehicles , because there are no public transport there . Anoi Itam Beach with its black sandy beach is a half @-@ hour drive from Balohan Port . With small fee , visitor can enter Anoi Itam Resort with beautiful scenery . Gapang Beach is 17 miles ( 27 km ) from Sabang or one hour drive and covinience for backpackers with modest culinary stalls and accommodations , however has a dive resort . Iboih Beach , 5 km ( 3 mi ) from Gapang Beach is the busiest beach in Weh Island and is cheaper than Gapang Beach . The white sandy beach itself is only 150 metres ( 492 ft ) long , yet it is considered a paradise for backpackers because Rubiah Island is directly offshore from it .
= Battle of Mauropotamos = The Battle of Mauropotamos ( Greek : Μάχη τοῦ Μαυροποτάμου ) was fought in 844 , between the armies of the Byzantine Empire and the Abbasid Caliphate , at Mauropotamos ( either in northern Bithynia or in Cappadocia ) . After a failed Byzantine attempt to recover the Emirate of Crete in the previous year , the Abbasids launched a raid into Asia Minor . The Byzantine regent , Theoktistos , headed the army that went to meet the invasion but was heavily defeated , and many of his officers defected to the Arabs . Internal unrest prevented the Abbasids from exploiting their victory , however . A truce and a prisoner exchange were consequently agreed in 845 , followed by a six @-@ year cessation of hostilities , as both powers focused their attention elsewhere . = = Background = = Following the restoration of the veneration of icons in March 843 , the Byzantine Empire 's government , headed by the Empress @-@ regent Theodora and the logothetes Theoktistos , embarked on a sustained assault on the Byzantines ' main political and ideological foe , the Abbasid Caliphate and its dependencies . This aggressive stance was on the one hand facilitated by the internal stability that the end of the Iconoclasm controversy brought , and on the other encouraged by a desire to vindicate the new policy through military victories against the Muslims . The first such campaign , an attempted reconquest of the Emirate of Crete led by Theoktistos in person , made initial gains , but ultimately ended in disaster . After scoring a victory over the Arabs in Crete , Theoktistos learned of a rumour that Theodora intended to name a new emperor , possibly her brother Bardas . Theoktistos hurried back to Constantinople , where he discovered that the rumour was false , but in his absence , the Byzantine army in Crete was routed by the Arabs . = = Battle = = In 844 , according to Byzantine sources , Theoktistos learned of an Arab invasion of Byzantine Asia Minor , led by a certain ' Amr , probably the semi @-@ autonomous emir of Malatya , Umar al @-@ Aqta . The Arab sources do not make explicit mention of this campaign . The Russian scholar Alexander Vasiliev , however , identified it with an expedition recorded in the poems of Abu Tammam and Buhturi , which was led by general Abu Sa 'id and took place during the regency of Theodora . Umar al @-@ Aqta 's participation is likely , as he often aided the Abbasids in their raids against the Byzantines . According to Arab accounts , the troops led by Abu Sa 'id comprised men from the border emirates of Qaliqala ( Erzurum ) and Tarsus . The Arab forces united at Ardandun ( possibly the border fort of Rhodandos ) before raiding through the Byzantine themes of Cappadocia , Anatolikon , Boukellarion , and Opsikion . Sa 'id 's troops sacked Dorylaion and even reached the shore of the Bosporus . Theoktistos led the Byzantine army in against the invaders , but was heavily defeated at Mauropotamos ( " Black River " ) . The location of the latter , if indeed it is a river and not a simple toponym , is disputed ; it was most likely a tributary of the Sangarius in Bithynia or of the Halys in Cappadocia . Not only did the Byzantines suffer heavy casualties , but many senior Byzantine officials defected to the Arabs . Theoktistos returned to Constantinople , where he blamed Bardas for the recent defeats and had him exiled from the capital . = = Aftermath = = The Abbasids were unable to exploit their success due to the internal instability of the Caliphate . Likewise , the Byzantines preferred to focus their strength against the ongoing conquest of Sicily by the Aghlabids . Thus , a Byzantine embassy was sent to Baghdad in 845 , which was warmly received . The Abbasids reciprocated with an embassy to Constantinople , where the two states agreed on a truce and a prisoner exchange , which was held at the river Lamos on 16 September 845 . A winter raid by the Arab governor of Tarsus shortly after failed disastrously , after which the Arab @-@ Byzantine frontier remained quiet for six years .
= Biscayne National Park = Biscayne National Park is a U.S. National Park located in southern Florida , south of Miami . The park preserves Biscayne Bay and its offshore barrier reefs . Ninety @-@ five percent of the park is water , and the shore of the bay is the location of an extensive mangrove forest . The park covers 172 @,@ 971 acres ( 69 @,@ 999 ha ) and includes Elliott Key , the park 's largest island and first of the true Florida Keys , formed from fossilized coral reef . The islands farther north in the park are transitional islands of coral and sand . The offshore portion of the park includes the northernmost region of the Florida Reef , one of the largest coral reefs in the world . Biscayne National Park protects four distinct ecosystems : the shoreline mangrove swamp , the shallow waters of Biscayne Bay , the coral limestone keys and the offshore Florida Reef . The shoreline swamps of the mainland and island margins provide a nursery for larval and juvenile fish , molluscs and crustaceans . The bay waters harbor immature and adult fish , seagrass beds , sponges , soft corals , and manatees . The keys are covered with tropical vegetation including endangered cacti and palms , and their beaches provide nesting grounds for endangered sea turtles . Offshore reefs and waters harbor more than 200 species of fish , pelagic birds , whales and hard corals . Sixteen endangered species including Schaus ' swallowtail butterflies , smalltooth sawfish , manatees , and green and hawksbill sea turtles may be observed in the park . Biscayne also has a small population of threatened American crocodiles and a few American alligators . The people of the Glades culture inhabited the Biscayne Bay region as early as 10 @,@ 000 years ago before rising sea levels filled the bay . The Tequesta people occupied the islands and shoreline from about 4 @,@ 000 years before the present to the 16th century , when the Spanish took possession of Florida . Reefs claimed ships from Spanish times through the 20th century , with more than 40 documented wrecks within the park 's boundaries . While the park 's islands were farmed during the 19th and early 20th centuries , their rocky soil and periodic hurricanes made agriculture difficult to sustain . In the early 20th century the islands became secluded destinations for wealthy Miamians who built getaway homes and social clubs . Mark C. Honeywell 's guesthouse on Boca Chita Key was the area 's most elaborate private retreat , featuring a mock lighthouse . The Cocolobo Cay Club was at various times owned by Miami developer Carl G. Fisher , yachtsman Garfield Wood , and President Richard Nixon 's friend Bebe Rebozo , and was visited by four United States presidents . The amphibious community of Stiltsville was established in the 1930s in the shoals of northern Biscayne Bay , taking advantage of its remoteness from land to offer offshore gambling and alcohol during Prohibition . Following the Cuban Revolution of 1959 , Elliott Key was used as a training ground for infiltrators into Fidel Castro 's Cuba by the Central Intelligence Agency and by Cuban exile groups . Originally proposed for inclusion in Everglades National Park , Biscayne Bay was cut from the proposed park to ensure Everglades ' establishment . It remained undeveloped until the 1960s , when a series of proposals were made to develop the keys in the manner of Miami Beach , and to construct a deepwater seaport for bulk cargo , along with refinery and petrochemical facilities on the mainland shore of Biscayne Bay . Through the 1960s and 1970s , two fossil @-@ fueled power plants and two nuclear power plants were built on the bay shores . A backlash against development led to the 1968 designation of Biscayne National Monument . The preserved area was expanded by its 1980 re @-@ designation as Biscayne National Park . The park is heavily used by boaters , and apart from the park 's visitor center on the mainland , its land and sea areas are accessible only by boat . = = Geography = = Biscayne National Park comprises 172 @,@ 971 acres ( 69 @,@ 999 ha ) in Miami @-@ Dade County in southeast Florida . Extending from just south of Key Biscayne southward to just north of Key Largo , the park includes Soldier Key , the Ragged Keys , Sands Key , Elliott Key , Totten Key and Old Rhodes Key , as well as smaller islands that form the northernmost extension of the Florida Keys . A wide shallow opening in the island chain , located between the Ragged Keys and Key Biscayne just north of the park 's boundary , is called the Safety Valve , as it allows storm surge water to flow out of the bay after the passage of tropical storms . The park 's eastern boundary is the ten @-@ fathom line ( 60 @-@ foot ; 18 m ) of water depth in the Atlantic Ocean on the Florida Reef . The park 's western boundary is a fringe of property on the mainland , extending a few hundred meters inland between Cutler Ridge and Mangrove Point . The only direct mainland access to the park is at the Convoy Point Visitor Center , adjacent to the park headquarters . The southwestern boundary adjoins the Turkey Point Nuclear Generating Station and its system of cooling canals . The southern portion of Biscayne Bay extends between Elliott Key and the mainland , transited by the Intracoastal Waterway . The park abuts the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary on the east and south sides of the park and John Pennekamp Coral Reef State Park to the south . Only 9 @,@ 075 acres ( 3 @,@ 673 ha ) of the park 's area are on land , with the offshore keys comprising 4 @,@ 250 acres ( 1 @,@ 720 ha ) and mainland mangrove swamps account for the remaining 4 @,@ 825 acres ( 1 @,@ 953 ha ) . As an extension of the Everglades ecosystem , much of the park was originally proposed to be included in Everglades National Park , but was excluded in order to obtain a consensus for the establishment of the Everglades park in 1947 . = = = Geology = = = Biscayne Bay marks the southernmost extent of the Atlantic barrier islands , represented by Key Biscayne , and the northernmost extent of the Florida Keys at Elliott Key . The keys are distinguished from the barrier islands by the coral limestone that extends to the islands ' surface under a thin veneer of topsoil , while the barrier islands are dominated by wave @-@ deposited sands that cover most of the limestones . Biscayne Bay lies between low ridges of oolitic Miami Limestone on the west , forming Cutler Ridge , and the coral @-@ based Key Largo Limestone that underlies Elliott Key and the keys to the south . The Miami Limestone was deposited in turbulent lagoon waters . The Key Largo Limestone is a fossilized coral reef and was formed during the Sangamonian interglacial period of about 75 @,@ 000 to 125 @,@ 000 years ago . The Miami Formation achieved its present form somewhat later , during a glacial period in which the lagoon deposits were consolidated and cemented by fresh water . The Key Largo Limestone is a coarse stone formed from stony corals , between 69 and 200 ft ( 21 and 61 m ) in thickness . As a consequence of their origins as reefs , the beaches of Elliott Key and Old Rhodes Key are rocky . Significant sandy beaches are found only at Sands Key . = = = Hydrology = = = Biscayne Bay is a shallow semi @-@ enclosed lagoon which averages 10 ft ( 3 @.@ 0 m ) in depth . Both its mainland margins and the keys are covered by mangrove forest . The park includes the southern portion of Biscayne Bay , with areas of thin sediment called " hardbottom " , and vegetated seagrass meadows supporting turtlegrass and shoal grass . As a result of efforts to control water resources in Florida and projects to drain the Everglades during the early and mid @-@ 20th century , water flow into Biscayne Bay has been altered by the construction of canals . These canals channel water from portions of the southeastern Everglades now used for agriculture into the bay . Prior to canal construction , most fresh water inflow came from rain and groundwater , but the canals are now altering the salinity profile of the bay , conveying sediment and pollutants and leading to saltwater intrusion into the Biscayne aquifer . The Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan ( CERP ) was established in 2000 to mitigate the effects of human intervention into the natural water flow of the Everglades . Primarily aimed at the restoration of historical patterns of water flow into Everglades National Park , the project will also deal with issues arising from the diversion of water out of the southern Everglades into Biscayne Bay . The Biscayne Bay Coastal Wetlands Project ( BBCW ) is a CERP component specifically intended to redistribute water flow so that fresh water is introduced gradually through creeks and marshes rather than short , heavy discharges through drainage canals . = = Human history = = = = = Native people = = = Native Americans were present in lower Florida 10 @,@ 000 years ago , when ocean levels were low and Biscayne Bay was comparatively empty of water . Water levels rose from about 4000 years ago and inundated the bay . Archeologists believe that any traces left by the peoples of that era are now submerged ; none now exist on dry lands in the park . The Cutler Fossil Site , just to the west of the park , has yielded evidence of human occupation extending to at least 10000 years before the present . The earliest evidence of human presence in Biscayne dates to about 2500 years before the present , with piles of conch and whelk shells left by the Glades culture . The Glades culture was followed by the Tequesta people , who occupied the shores of Biscayne Bay . The Tequesta were a sedentary community living on fish and other sea life , with no significant agricultural activity . A site on Sands Key has yielded potsherds , worked shells and other artifacts indicating occupation from at latest 1000 AD to about 1650 , after contact was made with Europeans . A total of fifty significant archaeological sites have been identified in the park . = = = Exploration = = = Juan Ponce de León explored the area in 1513 , discovering the Florida Keys and encountering the Tequesta on the mainland . Other Spanish explorers arrived later in the 16th century and Florida came under Spanish rule . The Tequesta were resettled by the then @-@ Spanish government in the Florida Keys , and the South Florida mainland was depopulated . Ponce de León referred to the bay as " Chequescha " after its inhabitants , becoming " Tequesta " by the time of Spanish governor Pedro Menéndez de Avilés later in the century . The present name has been attributed to a shipwrecked Basque sailor known as the " Biscaino " or " Viscayno " who lived in the area for a time , or to a more general allusion to the Bay of Biscay . Spanish treasure fleets regularly sailed past the Florida Keys and were often caught in hurricanes . There are 44 documented shipwrecks in the park from the 16th through the 20th centuries . At least two 18th @-@ century Spanish ships were wrecked in the park area . The Spanish galleon Nuestra Senora del Popolo is believed to have been wrecked in park waters in 1733 , though the site has not been found . HMS Fowey was wrecked in 1748 in what is now Legare Anchorage , at some distance from the Fowey Rocks . The discovery of the ship in 1975 resulted in a landmark court case that established the wreck as an archaeological site rather than a salvage site . 43 wrecks are included on the National Register of Historic Places in the Offshore Reefs Archeological District , which extends for 30 mi ( 48 km ) along the seaward side of the Biscayne National Park keys . During the 18th century , Elliott Key was the reputed base of two different pirates , both of whom were called Black Caesar , commemorated by Caesar 's Creek between Elliott and Old Rhodes Key . = = = Settlement and pre @-@ park use = = = The first permanent European settlers in the Miami area did not come until the early 19th century . The first settlements around Biscayne Bay were small farms on Elliott Key growing crops like key limes and pineapples . John James Audubon visited Elliott Key in 1832 . Colonel Robert E. Lee surveyed the area around Biscayne Bay for potential fortification sites in 1849 . At the end of the American Civil War in 1865 , a number of Confederates passed through the area as they were attempting to escape to Cuba . Elliott Key was a brief stopping point for John C. Breckinridge during his flight to Cuba . The former United States vice president , Confederate general and Confederate secretary of war spent two nights in Biscayne Bay on his journey . Few people lived in the park area until 1897 , when Israel Lafayette Jones , an African @-@ American property manager , bought Porgy Key for $ 300 US . The next year Jones bought the adjoining Old Rhodes Key and moved his family there , clearing land to grow limes and pineapples . In 1911 Jones bought 212 @-@ acre ( 86 ha ) Totten Key , which had been used as a pineapple plantation , for a dollar an acre , selling in 1925 for $ 250 @,@ 000 . Before Israel Jones ' death in 1932 the Jones plantations were for a while among the largest lime producers on the Florida east coast . Carl G. Fisher , who was responsible for much of the development of Miami Beach , bought Adams Key , once known as Cocolobo Key , in 1916 and built the Cocolobo Cay Club in 1922 . The two @-@ story club building had ten guest rooms , a dining room , and a separate recreation lodge . Patrons included Warren G. Harding , Albert Fall , T. Coleman du Pont , Harvey Firestone , Jack Dempsey , Charles F. Kettering , Will Rogers and Frank Seiberling . Israel Jones ' sons Lancelot and Arthur dropped out of the lime @-@ growing business after competition from Mexican limes made their business less profitable , and after a series of devastating hurricanes in 1938 they became full @-@ time fishing guides at the Cocolobo Club . The club had declined with the crash of 1929 which cost Fisher his fortune , but was revived by Garfield Wood in 1934 . Among the Joneses ' clients was avid fisherman Herbert Hoover and his family . The Joneses also provided the club with fish , lobster and crabs . Arthur and Lancelot Jones were the second largest landowners and the only permanent residents of the lower Biscayne Bay keys during the 1960s . Wood sold the Cocolobo Cay Club to a group of investors led by Miami banker Bebe Rebozo in 1954 , who renamed it the Coco Lobo Fishing Club . Clients guided by the Joneses included then @-@ senators John F. Kennedy , Lyndon Johnson , Richard Nixon , Herman Talmadge and George Smathers through the 1940s and 1950s . During the Cold War the future park area was used as a training ground for Cuban exiles training for missions in Fidel Castro 's Cuba . Elliott Key in particular was used by the Central Intelligence Agency as a training area in the early 1960s in preparation for Bay of Pigs invasion . The largest facility was Ledbury Lodge , the only hotel ever built on the key . As late as 1988 a group of Cuban exiles were arrested when they tried to use the key for a mock landing . Farther north , exiled Venezuelan president Marcos Pérez Jiménez kept a house on Soldier Key until he was extradited in 1963 . = = = Proposed development = = = As modern communities continued growing in and around Miami , developers looked to southern Dade County for new projects . The undeveloped keys south of Key Biscayne were viewed as prime development territory . Beginning in the 1890s local interests promoted the construction of a causeway to the mainland . One proposal included building a highway linking the Biscayne Bay keys to the Overseas Highway at Key Largo and to the developed barrier islands to the north . At the same time , pressure built to accommodate industrial development in South Florida . This led to competing priorities between those who wished to develop for residential and leisure use and those in favor of industrial and infrastructure development . On December 6 , 1960 , 12 of the 18 area landowners who favored development voted to create the City of Islandia on Elliott Key . The town was incorporated to encourage Dade County to improve access to Elliott Key in particular , which landowners viewed as a potential rival to Miami Beach . The new city lobbied for causeway access and formed a negotiating bloc to attract potential developers . In 1962 an industrial seaport was proposed for the mainland shores of Biscayne Bay , to be known as SeaDade . SeaDade , supported by billionaire shipping magnate Daniel K. Ludwig , would have included an oil refinery . In addition to the physical structures , it would have been necessary to dredge a 40 @-@ foot @-@ deep ( 12 m ) channel through the bay for large ships to access the refinery . The channel would have also required cutting through the coral reef to get to the deep water . In 1963 Florida Power and Light ( FP & L ) announced plans for two new 400 @-@ megawatt oil @-@ fired power plants on undeveloped land at Turkey Point . Many local residents and politicians supported SeaDade because it would have created additional jobs , but a group of early environmentalists thought the costs were too high . They fought against development of the bay and formed the Safe Progress Association . Led by Lloyd Miller , the president of the local chapter of the Izaak Walton League , Miami Herald reporter Juanita Greene , and Art Marshall , the opponents of industrialization proposed the creation of a national park unit that would protect the reefs , islands and bay . After initial skepticism , the park proposal obtained the support of Miami Herald editors , as well as Florida Congressman Dante Fascell and Florida Governor Claude R. Kirk , Jr . , and were supported by lobbying efforts by sympathetic businessmen including Herbert Hoover , Jr . One vision of Islandia , supported by land owners , would have connected the northern Florida Keys – from Key Biscayne to Key Largo – with bridges and created new islands using the fill from the SeaDade channel . Although Ludwig 's SeaDade plans were not supported by Miami @-@ area politicians or the state of Florida , Islandia 's supporters continued to lobby for development support . In 1968 , when it appeared the area was about to become a national monument , Islandia supporters bulldozed a highway six lanes wide right down the center of the island , destroying the forest for 7 miles ( 11 km ) . Islandia landowners called it Elliott Key Boulevard , but called it " Spite Highway " privately . It was hoped that since there was so much environmental damage , no one would want it for a national monument . Over time in the near @-@ tropical climate , the forest grew back and now the only significant hiking trail on Elliott Key now follows the path of Elliott Key Boulevard . The oil @-@ fired Turkey Point power stations were completed in 1967 – 68 and experienced immediate problems from the discharge of hot cooling water into Biscayne Bay , where the heat killed marine grasses . In 1964 FP & L announced plans for two 693 MW nuclear reactors at the site , which were expected to compound the cooling water problem . Because of the shallowness of Biscayne Bay , the power stations were projected to consume a significant proportion of the bay 's waters each day for cooling . After extensive negotiations and litigation with both the state and with Ludwig , who owned lands needed for cooling water canals , a closed @-@ loop canal system was built south of the power plants and the nuclear units became operational in the early 1970s . Portions of the present park were used for recreation prior to the park 's establishment . Homestead Bayfront Park , still operated by Miami @-@ Dade County just south of Convoy Point , established a " blacks @-@ only " segregated beach for African @-@ Americans at the present site of the Dante Fascell Visitor Center . The segregated beach operated through the 1950s into the early 1960s before segregated public facilities were abolished . = = = Park establishment and history = = = The earliest proposals for the protection of Biscayne Bay were included in proposals by Everglades National Park advocate Ernest F. Coe , whose proposed Everglades park boundaries included Biscayne Bay , its keys , interior country including what are now Homestead and Florida City , and Key Largo . Biscayne Bay , Key Largo and the adjoining inland extensions were cut from Everglades National Park before its establishment in 1947 . When proposals to develop Elliott Key surfaced in 1960 , Lloyd Miller asked Secretary of the Interior Stewart Udall to send a Park Service reconnaissance team to review the Biscayne Bay area for inclusion in the national park system . A favorable report ensued , and with financial help from Herbert Hoover , Jr . , political support was solicited , most notably from Congressman Fascell . A 90 @-@ acre ( 36 ha ) area of Elliott Key was by this time a part of the Dade County park system . The 1966 report noted that the proposed park contained the best remaining areas of tropical forest in Florida and a rare combination of " terrestrial , marine and amphibious life , " as well as significant recreational value . The report found that the most significant virtues of the potential park were " the clear , sparkling waters , marine life , and the submerged lands of Biscayne Bay and the Atlantic Ocean . Here in shallow water is a veritable wonderland . " President Lyndon B. Johnson signed Public Law 90 @-@ 606 to create Biscayne National Monument on October 18 , 1968 . The monument was expanded in 1974 under Public Law 93 @-@ 477 and expanded again when the monument was redesignated a national park by an act of Congress through Public Law 96 @-@ 287 , effective June 28 , 1980 . The 1980 expansion extended the park almost to Key Biscayne and included Boca Chita Key , the Ragged Keys and the Safety Valve shoal region , together with the corresponding offshore reefs and a substantial portion of central Biscayne Bay The first Islandia property owner to sell land to the National Park Service was Lancelot Jones , together with Katherine Jones , Arthur 's widow . They sold their lands for $ 1 @,@ 272 @,@ 500 , about a third of the potential development value . Jones was given a life estate on 3 acres ( 1 @.@ 2 ha ) at the age of 70 . He visited with park rangers stationed at the former Cocolobo Club , which eventually burned down in 1975 . The other life estate in the park was held by Virginia Tannehill , the widow of Eastern Airlines executive Paul Tannehill . Jones ' house built by Lancelot , his father and his brother , burned down in 1982 . He lived in a two @-@ room shack for the next ten years , riding out hurricanes on Porgy Key , but left his home permanently just before Hurricane Andrew in 1992 . The house was destroyed and Jones remained in Miami until his death in 1997 at 99 years . Deprived of a rationale for existence by the national monument 's establishment , Islandia languished . The hiring of a police chief in 1989 prompted questions from the National Park Service to the Dade County state attorney 's office , headed by Janet Reno . In 1990 Reno 's office determined after investigation that all of the town 's elections were invalid , since the elections were restricted only to landowners , not residents . The town was finally abolished by the Miami @-@ Dade Board of County Commissioners in March 2012 . The impact of Hurricane Andrew on neighboring Homestead Air Force Base caused the Air Force to consider closing the base and conveying it to Miami @-@ Dade County , which was interested in using the base for commercial air traffic as an alternative to Miami International Airport . An environmental impact study concluded that the resulting flight paths over the bay , only 2 mi ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) to the east , would result in degradation of the park . In 1999 The Air Force prohibited major commercial development at Homestead as a result . The park 's popularity as a destination for boaters has led to a high rate of accidents , some of them fatal . The Columbus Day weekend has been cited as the " most dangerous weekend of the year . " An annual boating regatta in its 57th year in 2012 resulted in six deaths between 2002 and 2011 , with damage to seabeds from vessel groundings and littering . Although official regatta activities take place outside the park , the area of Elliott Key has become a popular destination for some participants . A fifth generating unit fueled by natural gas and oil was added to the Turkey Point generating station in 2007 . In 2009 , Turkey Point was proposed as the site of two new 1117 MW AP1000 nuclear reactors , to be designated Turkey Point 6 and 7 . If built , the new reactors would make Turkey Point one of the largest generating sites in the United States . Other neighboring influences on the bay are the agricultural lands of south Miami @-@ Dade County , a sewage treatment facility on the park boundary at Black Point , and its neighbor , the South Miami @-@ Dade Landfill . = = Activities = = Biscayne National Park operates year @-@ round . Camping is most practical in winter months , when mosquitoes are less troublesome on the keys . Private concessioners provide full day tours in the park that include snorkeling , hiking , paddling and sailing from the park headquarters . Boat excursions to Boca Chita and Adams Key are also available . = = = Recreation = = = Access to the park from the mainland is limited to the immediate vicinity of the Dante Fascell Visitor Center at Convoy Point . All other portions of the park are reachable only by private or concessioner boats . Activities include boating , fishing , kayaking , windsurfing , snorkeling and scuba diving . Miami @-@ Dade County operates four marina parks near the park . Homestead Bayfront Park is directly adjacent to the park headquarters at Convoy Point . Farther south Black Point Park provides access to Adams and Elliott Keys . Matheson Hammock Park is near the north end of the park , and Crandon Park is on Key Biscayne . Although it is a federally designated park , fishing within Biscayne is governed by the state of Florida . Anglers in Biscayne are required to have a Florida recreational saltwater fishing license . Fishing is limited to designated sport fish , spiny lobster , stone crab , blue crab and shrimp . Tropical reef fish may not be collected , nor may sharks , conch , sea urchins and other marine life . Reef life species such as coral and sponges are also protected from collecting by visitors . Additionally , lobstering is prohibited in the Biscayne Bay @-@ Card Sound Lobster Sanctuary , administered by the state of Florida to protect spiny lobster breeding areas , which overlaps much of Biscayne Bay . A private concessioner provides tours from the Park headquarters into the bay and to the keys . Most tours are operated during the peak winter season from January to April . Personal watercraft are prohibited in Biscayne and most other national parks , but other private powerboats and sailboats are permitted . = = = Island facilities = = = Most of Biscayne 's permanent facilities are on the offshore keys . A seasonally staffed ranger station is located on Elliott Key , as well as a campground and 36 boat slips . A single loop trail runs from the harbor to the oceanfront , and a path following the Spite Highway runs the length of the island . Adams Key is a day @-@ use @-@ only area for visitors , although two Park Service residences are on the island . Boca Chita Key is the most @-@ visited island , with a campground and picnic areas . The Boca Chita Lighthouse is occasionally open to visitors when staffing permits . = = = Snorkeling and diving = = = Snorkeling and scuba diving on the offshore reefs are popular activities . The reefs have been the cause of many shipwrecks . A selection of wrecks have been the subjects of ranger @-@ led snorkeling tours and have been organized as the Maritime Heritage Trail , the only underwater archaeological trail in the National Park Service system . The wrecks of the Arratoon Apcar ( sank 1878 ) , Erl King ( 1891 ) , Alicia ( 1905 ) , Lugano ( 1913 ) and Mandalay ( 1966 ) are on the trail together with an unknown wreck from the 1800s and the Fowey Rocks Lighthouse . The Alicia , Erl King and Lugano are relatively deep wrecks , best suited for scuba dives . The Mandalay is at a shallower depth and is especially popular for snorkeling . = = Historical structures = = Although most of Biscayne National Park 's area is water , the islands have a number of protected historical structures and districts . Shipwrecks are also protected within the park , and the park 's offshore waters are a protected historic district . = = = Stiltsville = = = Stiltsville was established by Eddie " Crawfish " Walker in the 1930s as a small community of shacks built on pilings in a shallow section of Biscayne Bay , not far from Key Biscayne . Comprising 27 structures at its height in the 1960s , Stiltsville lost shacks to fires and hurricanes , with only seven surviving in 2012 , none of them dating to the 1960s or earlier . The site was incorporated into Biscayne National Park in 1985 , when the Park Service agreed to honor existing leases until July 1 , 1999 . Hurricane Andrew destroyed most of Stiltsville in 1992 . The Park Service has undertaken to preserve the community , which is now unoccupied . The community is to be administered by a trust and used as accommodation for overnight camping , educational facilities and researchers . = = = Other structures = = = Biscayne National Park includes a number of navigational aids , as well as an ornamental structure built to resemble a lighthouse . The Fowey Rocks Light is a skeleton @-@ frame cast iron structure built in 1878 . Already included within the boundaries of the park , the light was acquired by the Park Service on October 2 , 2012 . The unmanned Pacific Reef Light is about three miles offshore from Elliott Key . The original 1921 structure was replaced in 2000 and its lantern was placed on display in a park in Islamorada . Industrialist Mark C. Honeywell was a Cocolobo Club member who bought Boca Chita Key in 1937 , expanding the facilities to include a small lighthouse . Boca Chita Key was developed with several structures including an imitation lighthouse , built using coral rock and topped with a wire cage resembling a lighthouse lantern , and the end of a jetty on the north side of the key . The key was owned by Honeywell until 1945 . Mark and Olive Honeywell also built a chapel , a guesthouse , seawalls and utility buildings on the island . The Boca Chita Key structures are administered as a cultural landscape , interpreting the area 's use as a retreat for the rich . More modest homesteads include the now @-@ abandoned plantations developed by Israel Jones and his sons , and the Sweeting Homestead on Elliott Key . The frame structures associated with these plantations , together with those of the Cocolobo Cay Club and frame buildings on Boca Chita Key , have been destroyed by fire and hurricanes . = = Ecology = = South Florida is a transitional zone between the Nearctic and Neotropical ecozones , resulting in a wide variety of plant and animal life . The intersection of ecozones brings opportunities for visitors to see species , particularly birds , that are not seen elsewhere in North America . The park includes four distinct ecosystems , each supporting its own flora and fauna . Mangrove swamp , lagoon , island key and offshore reef habitats provide diversity for many species . In this semi @-@ tropical environment , the seasons are differentiated mainly by rainfall . Warm to hot and wet summers bring occasional tropical storms . Though only marginally cooler , the winters tend to be relatively drier . Bay salinity varies accordingly , with lower salinity levels in the wet summer , trending to more fresh water on the west side where new fresh water flows in . Hundreds of species of fish are present in park waters , including more than fifty crustacean species ranging from isopods to giant blue land crabs , about two hundred species of birds and about 27 mammal species , both terrestrial and marine . Molluscs include a variety of bivalves , terrestrial and marine snails , sea hares , sea slugs and two cephalopods , the Caribbean reef octopus and the Caribbean reef squid . The sheltered open waters of the bay and the outlying chain of keys provide resting areas for migrating birds on their way between North American , the Caribbean islands , and South America . Many southbound land birds stop in the fall at Bill Baggs Cape Florida State Park , just north of the park on Key Biscayne , before venturing across the open waters of Biscayne Bay . Northbound spring migrants do likewise on Elliott Key . Most of the small passerine migrants are warblers , with ovenbirds , palm warblers , American redstarts , common yellowthroats , prairie warblers , worm @-@ eating warblers and black @-@ throated blue warblers accounting for the majority . Migrant raptors include short @-@ tailed hawks , sharp @-@ shinned hawks , merlins , peregrine falcons and swallow @-@ tailed kites , while bald eagles and ospreys nest in the park . Both white @-@ tailed and red @-@ tailed tropicbirds are seen in the park , as are American flamingos , with some of the latter probably escaped captive birds . = = = Shoreline and mangrove swamp = = = The mainland shorelines are dominated by a marshy transitional zone chiefly populated by red mangrove and black mangrove growing from the shallow water , with white mangrove growing farther back from the water 's edge . The trees ' aerial root structure provides a sheltered habitat for crabs , fish and wading birds . The brown waters within the mangrove thickets are nurseries for fish , mollusc and crustacean larvae that require a quiet sheltered environment before the immature animals can disperse into open waters . Mangroves shed leaves at about 2 to 4 short tons per acre ( 4 @.@ 5 to 9 @.@ 0 t / ha ) per year , providing food for fish , worms and crustaceans . Because the carbon in the leaves is sequestered by incorporation into animals , the mangrove swamp is estimated to have two to three times the ability to sequester carbon of terrestrial forests . The mangrove forest on Biscayne Bay is the longest on Florida 's east coast . Shoreline and island mangrove swamps , together with the bay , represent a significant nursery for the marine life of southeast Florida . The salt @-@ tolerant mangrove margin has expanded inland as freshwater flow into the bay has been channelized , replacing freshwater sawgrass marshes . The L @-@ 31E coastal storm surge levee inland of the park 's western boundary has played a significant role in isolating former freshwater marshlands from their water sources . At the same time , tidal water does not reach the interior of the coastal margin , limiting interchange between salt and freshwater ecosystems . Bird life on the shoreline includes yellow @-@ crowned night herons , loggerhead shrikes , prairie warblers and shorebirds . Mangrove cuckoos , a notoriously difficult @-@ to @-@ observe species , may be seen at Convoy Point and Black Point . Biscayne has one of the largest populations of mangrove cuckoos in Florida . The park 's margins are habitat for the threatened American crocodile . The construction of miles of cooling water canals in the marl lands close to the shore behind the Turkey Point power plant , and the canals ' warm waters , have provided a nearly ideal environment for crocodile nesting , making the power plant a nursery for many of those living in the park . Although crocodiles and American alligators both occur in extreme southern Florida , alligators are uncommon in Biscayne , since alligators mainly inhabit fresh waters found farther inland , while crocodiles can live in Biscayne 's somewhat saltier estuarine waters . = = = Bay waters = = = The open waters are inhabited by fishes , molluscs and crustaceans living on sea grasses or who prey on each other . The shallowness of the lagoon makes it suitable habitat for diving birds such as anhinga , cormorants and diving ducks . The bay also provides habitat for juvenile sea animals that have left the shelter of the mangrove belts . Manatees frequent the quiet waters of the bay . The bay has a year @-@ round population of double @-@ crested cormorants . Winter residents include northern gannets , American white pelicans and common loons . The bay also has a resident population of common bottlenose dolphins . Biscayne Bay is a shallow lagoon with little vertical density or salinity gradient due to its lack of depth . Instead of a vertical gradient , the bay shows a horizontal density gradient , with fresh water entering from the drainage canals on the west side and seawater entering through gaps in the keys and through the safety valve section of shoals . Bay salinity reaches a peak in June . Changes in the salinity pattern of the bay have had negative effects on formerly abundant species such as red drum . Biscayne Bay and Florida Bay are major nurseries for red grouper and gray snapper . The bottom of the lagoon hosts sponges and soft corals in places where grasses cannot not grow . Three primary species of seagrass are found in the park : turtlegrass , shoal grass and manatee grass . The endangered Johnson 's seagrass is also found in small quantities in the bay , which is at the southern end of the grass 's range . Roughly 75 percent of the central bay floor is covered by grasses . Scarring of seagrass beds by vessel groundings or propellers is a significant problem . About 200 such incidents are documented each year , with full re @-@ growth requiring up to 15 years . The bay is also affected by commercial shrimp trawling , which is permitted in park waters . The passage of roller @-@ frame trawl nets does not harm grasses , but damages soft corals and sponges . = = = Keys = = = Elliott Key is the largest island in the park , measuring 1 @,@ 650 acres ( 670 ha ) and about 8 @.@ 1 mi ( 13 km ) long by 0 @.@ 62 mi ( 1 km ) wide . Next largest is Old Rhodes Key at 660 acres ( 270 ha ) , then Sands Key 420 acres ( 170 ha ) , Totten Key 380 acres ( 150 ha ) and Little Totten Key at 200 acres ( 81 ha ) , with 37 smaller islands arranged in a north @-@ south line 5 to 8 @.@ 7 mi ( 8 to 14 km ) east of the mainland shoreline . The keys shift from barrier islands with rocky cores in the north to coral rock platforms in the south . All are fringed with mangroves , with subtropical vegetation and hardwood forests in the interiors , including gumbo limbo , mahogany , ironwood , torchwood and satinleaf . Insects include Schaus ' swallowtail , an endangered species , as well as dense clouds of mosquitoes in the wet season , preyed upon by dragonflies . Marsh rabbits and raccoons , together with mice and rats comprise the primary mammalian species . Reptiles include rattlesnakes and a variety of lizards , as well as an occasional crocodile . The keys are a transitional area capable of hosting unexpected birds , often Caribbean species that have strayed near the mainland . The interior of the keys are frequented by warblers and the hawks that prey on them . Coastal zones are habitat for ruddy turnstones and least sandpipers . Gulls and terns include royal terns , laughing gulls and ring @-@ billed gulls , with brown pelicans just offshore . Wilson 's plovers nest on Boca Chita Key , where nesting zones are closed during breeding season . Sea turtles nest on island beaches in the park . Park staff actively assist turtle nesting by removing debris from beaches that might pose an obstacle to adults and hatchlings . Loggerhead turtles are the most common sea turtle species and account for nearly all of the turtle nests in the park . Nest sites are identified by daily morning beach patrols and are protected with mesh screen against the predation by abundant raccoon population . Nest protection efforts have reduced predation from 100 % of nests disturbed per year to no disturbed nests in 2007 , with a more usual average of more than 50 % nest disturbance in most years . In 2012 one undisturbed nest was found and protected , five partially disturbed nests were protected , and one nest was destroyed by predators . The threatened eastern indigo snake is also present on the island . Rare and endangered plant species on the islands include Sargent 's cherry palm and the semaphore prickly @-@ pear cactus ( Consolea corallicola ) . The cactus , which has been described as " near extinction " , has been reduced to about 20 individuals . A colonial population of 570 cacti were found on one island in Biscayne Bay in 2001 , making it the largest known population of semaphore prickly @-@ pear cactus in the world . The only natural population of Sargent 's palm grows on Elliott Key . Fewer than 50 grew on the key in 1991 . Despite efforts to propagate the plant , there are now 16 Sargent 's palms on Elliott Key , with about 123 propagated on Long Key . Two critically endangered butterflies , Schaus ' swallowtail ( Papilio aristodemus ) and the Miami blue , are found in the park , mostly on Elliott Key . In 2012 the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service ( USFWS ) authorized a capture and captive breeding program for Schaus ' swallowtail after only five of the butterflies were found by surveyors in the park , down from 35 in 2011 , of a total surveyed Florida population of 41 . The Miami blue was feared to be extinct after Hurricane Andrew in 1992 , but a population was found in 1999 at Bahia Honda Key . Captive breeding produced 25 @,@ 000 Miami blues , some of which have been released on Elliott Key with mixed results . = = = Coral reef and offshore waters = = = Beyond the keys in the Atlantic Ocean the seafloor slopes gradually down before rising in an almost continuous coral reef . The reef , composed of living corals , is inhabited by more than 200 species of fish , as well as molluscs , crustaceans and worms . Every coral species in park waters is considered protected by either federal or state regulations . Coral reefs are estimated to cover about half the area of the park , with about 4000 individual patch reefs and areas of bank @-@ barrier reef . Hundreds of species of hard and soft corals , sea anemones and sponges are found in bay and offshore waters . The coral reefs may themselves be subdivided into the outer reef on the edge of the Florida carbonate platform , the patch reefs between the outer reef and the keys , and the reefs in the shoals on either side of the keys . The offshore reefs are dominated by elkhorn coral to 10 @-@ meter ( 33 ft ) water depth , and staghorn coral below 10 meters . The landward patch reefs are principally composed of boulder star coral and symmetrical brain coral . The island shoal reefs mainly consist of lesser starlet coral and Porites finger corals . Reef environments in Biscayne National Park have seen declines in species richness and diversity across all fish species from 1977 to 1981 to 2006 – 2007 . A sampling program showed declines at all sampling sites . A correlation has been posited between the observed decline in coral reef coverage throughout the Florida Reef tract and the decline in fish species . Declines in populations were noted in both gamefish and in fish species not exposed to fishing pressure . Algal cover has increased as coral has declined , so that coral @-@ dwelling species have decreased while herbivorous fish have increased . Increased overall salinity and changing salinity gradients in Biscayne Bay may also play a role , while polychlorinated biphenyl and mercury contamination have been noted in fish samples . The park 's eastern boundary lies just beyond the rise of the offshore reef at ten @-@ fathom ( 60 @-@ foot ; 18 m ) sea depth . Areas farther offshore are protected within the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary , which extends eastward to a boundary corresponding to a depth of 300 fathoms ( 1 @,@ 800 ft ; 550 m ) . The offshore waters harbor brown pelicans , magnificent frigatebirds , brown boobies , particularly around the offshore lights , and pelagic birds such as shearwaters and petrels . Whales in offshore waters are rare , but can include right whales , humpback whales , sperm whales , fin whales and sei whales , all of them endangered . The smalltooth sawfish is similarly rare in park waters and endangered . Threatened coral species include elkhorn and staghorn corals , as well as pillar coral , listed as endangered in Florida . = = = Exotic species = = = More than 50 species of exotic plant have been documented in the park , with almost 20 of those considered to be pest species which may displace native plants and possibly alter the ecological balance . Green iguanas , cane toads , black rats , lionfish , fire ants , oscars and brown basilisk lizards are common in the park . The lionfish ( Pterois volitans and Pterois miles ) is a tropical fish from the Indian @-@ Pacific Ocean area . It is known for its voracious appetite and its ability to establish itself in new waters , rapidly replacing other species . Researchers theorized that the introduction of this species in the park occurred during Hurricane Andrew in 1992 . Sightings in Biscayne Bay at that time were believed to have been from home aquariums that were destroyed during the hurricane , though the researcher who first proposed the theory has since retracted the assertion . More recent lionfish sightings are probably from more established populations in the Florida Keys to the south of the park . Also likely originating from human captivity , Burmese pythons have been observed near the park 's boundary along the mainland . Exotic plant species which pose the highest risk to native plant communities include Brazilian @-@ pepper , torpedo grass , tuberous sword fern , guava and portiatree . = = Climate = = Biscayne 's tropical climate reflects its location in extreme South Florida . Southern Miami @-@ Dade County is classified as tropical savanna in the Köppen @-@ Geiger system . Seasons may be divided into the November – April dry season and the May – October wet season . Dry season temperatures average between 66 and 76 ° F ( 19 and 24 ° C ) with an average monthly rainfall of 2 @.@ 1 inches ( 53 mm ) . Wet season temperatures average between 76 and 85 ° F ( 24 and 29 ° C ) with an average monthly rainfall of 5 @.@ 39 inches ( 137 mm ) . The wet season roughly coincides with hurricane season , with frequent thunderstorms . Like many locations in southern Florida , Biscayne National Park is affected by hurricanes every few years . Most storms require temporary closings and occasional repairs to park facilities . A direct hit by a powerful hurricane can produce severe consequences , primarily by its impact on human interventions in the environment rather than on the natural environment of the park , which is well @-@ adapted to these events . Significant hurricanes to strike Biscayne include storms in 1835 and 1904 , the 1906 Florida Keys hurricane , the 1926 Miami hurricane , the 1929 Bahamas hurricane , the 1935 Labor Day hurricane , the 1935 Yankee hurricane , the 1941 Florida hurricane , the 1945 Southeast Florida hurricane , the 1948 Miami hurricane , Hurricane King in 1950 , Hurricane Donna in 1960 , . Hurricane Cleo in 1964 , and Hurricane Andrew in 1992 . The park can be affected by wave action from more distant tropical storms such as 2012 's Hurricane Sandy , which damaged facilities on Elliott Key . On August 24 , 1992 , Hurricane Andrew came ashore just south of Miami , passing directly across Biscayne National Park with maximum sustained winds of 141 miles per hour ( 227 km / h ) , with gusts to 169 mph ( 272 km / h ) . The storm surge was up to 17 ft ( 5 @.@ 2 m ) above mean sea level . It was a compact Category 5 hurricane on the Saffir @-@ Simpson Hurricane Scale . Biscayne Bay was affected by bottom scouring and turbidity and with damage to its fringes of mangrove forest . Leakage from damaged boats and marinas polluted the bay with fuel , with discharges continuing for nearly a month after the hurricane 's passage . A commemorative plaque was placed at the Dante Fascell Visitor Center in 2002 to commemorate the human and environmental cost of Andrew , and to celebrate the area 's recovery from the storm 's effects . The inscription reads in part : On Monday , August 24 , 1992 , at 4 : 30 a.m. , the eye wall of Hurricane Andrew passed over this point before striking Homestead and southern Miami @-@ Dade County . The Fowey Rocks light station transmitted weather data with winds peaking at a two @-@ minute wind speed of 127 knots ( 235 km / h ) and a gust to 147 knots ( 272 km / h ) before the station ceased transmitting , presumably due to damage from stronger gusts . The strongest part of the eyewall had not reached Fowey Rocks when it stopped transmitting . Since all park lands are no more than a few feet above sea level , they are vulnerable to rising sea levels . Park Service studies project that much of the park 's land area will be lost in the next two hundred years . Sea level in Biscayne Bay is projected to rise between 3 and 7 inches ( 8 and 18 cm ) by 2030 , and 9 to 24 inches ( 23 to 61 cm ) by 2060 . A sea level rise of 3 to 6 inches ( 8 to 15 cm ) is projected to increase saltwater intrusion into the Biscayne Aquifer . Higher rises will make the southern Everglades a saltwater marsh , altering the ecology of the region .
= Cê = cê is an album by Brazilian singer , songwriter , and guitarist Caetano Veloso . Released on 1 September 2006 on Mercury Records , the album took its title from the colloquial Portuguese word meaning you . It was written with Veloso 's band in mind , which was chosen in part by guitarist Pedro Sá. cê received mixed to positive critical commentary ; several critics specifically noted the album 's lyrical focus on human sexuality . = = Title and cover = = The word cê is a shortened version of the Portuguese personal pronoun você , meaning you . Veloso says that cê is a more " colloquial " version of você , used often in everyday speech . When he writes lyrics , Veloso typically writes the word você , but sings cê when performing . The inspiration for the album 's title came when he wrote cê instead of você and thought of it as an appropriate title . Veloso designed the album 's cover himself , as he had done before for three other albums . He went through a long design process in which the cover 's colors , fonts , and text positioning were changed frequently . Veloso chose the color purple for the cover 's background because it is mentioned multiple times in the album itself . = = Band and recording = = Veloso wrote most of the album 's material with its band in mind and played the music as a complete unit with the band . Guitarist and percussionist Pedro Sá had already been confirmed as a participant on the album , and he was invited to pick other musicians for it. cê 's primary recording was completed in two weeks as a result of the extensive rehearsals conducted in the few months prior , and the extended recording process , including the production of rhythm tracks , extended for another six weeks . When asked about the " tightness " of the album 's sound by The Boston Globe 's Siddhartha Mitter , Veloso responded that he had intended for the songs to be realized in this manner and that the young musicians he had hired to work on the album allowed him to do this . = = Lyrics and themes = = cê 's lyrical subject matter received attention from nearly every critic reviewing it , described as " carnal " by New York Times reviewer Nate Chinen . Brazilian music expert Dário Borim Jr. wrote , " Veloso 's disc as a whole displays a plethora of poetic representations and pervasive preoccupation with sex and gloom . " In particular , Borim noted the album 's theme of unconventional sexual roles and Veloso 's uncertainty of his sexual orientation . Concerning the album , Caetano says that cê : resulted from a mutation , from a desire to make a rock album without my name , and then make a samba album ( Zii e Zie , released in 2009 ) . I ended up not doing either one . = = Reception = = cê received a rating of 75 percent on the online review aggregator Metacritic , which corresponds with " generally favorable reviews . " Writing for The New Yorker , music journalist Sasha Frere @-@ Jones described the album as closest to indie rock , compared to Veloso 's previous records — " ' cê ' resists the anodyne charms of Brazilian pop , favoring loud , blocky rhythms more common to American garage bands . " Frere @-@ Jones went on to describe the fluidity of the album , falling very loosely into the rock music genre classification . Ben Ratliff , of The New York Times , noted that cê fell on the " petty end of the emotional spectrum " and that its compositions were raw and unpolished . Allmusic 's Philip Jandovský rated the album with three out of five stars . He wrote that cê , while not poor , lacked the creative spark that is Veloso 's trademark . Conversely , Mallory O 'Donnell of Stylus Magazine , who gave the album an A- rating , saw it as one of Veloso 's better recent works , compared to 2004 's A Foreign Sound , in particular . Village Voice critic Mike Powell also compared cê to A Foreign Sound and noted that cê 's relative simplicity was its " triumph " . cê was awarded the Latin Grammy for Best Singer @-@ Songwriter Album . = = Track listing = = All songs by Caetano Veloso . Outro - 3 : 00 Minhas Lágrimas - 5 : 09 Rocks - 3 : 36 Deusa Urbana - 3 : 46 Waly Salomão - 3 : 24 Não Me Arrependo - 4 : 08 Musa Híbrida - 4 : 21 Odeio - 5 : 58 Homem - 4 : 46 Porquê ? - 3 : 53 Um Sonho - 3 : 23 O Herói - 3 : 44 = = Personnel = = Caetano Veloso – guitar , vocals Pedro Sá – guitar Ricardo Dias Gomes – keyboards , bass guitar Marcello Callado – drums = = Charts = = = = = Weekly charts = = =
= Masroor Rock Cut Temple = The Masroor Rock Cut Temple or Himalayan Pyramid is a complex of temples located in Masroor ( or Masrur ) in Kangra Valley , which is 40 kilometres ( 25 mi ) from Kangra city in Kangra district of the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh . It is now known as ' Thakurwada ' , meaning " Vaishnavite temples " . It is a complex of monolithic rock cut temples , in shikhara ( raising tower ) style of classical Indian architectural style , dated by art historians to 6 – 8th centuries . Such an architectural style is unique to the northern part of India while there are many places in western and southern India where such rock @-@ cut structures exist at number of locations . There is a lake or pond called Masroor lake in front of this edifice which shows partial reflection of the temples . A legend attributes its construction to the Pandavas of Mahabharata fame who resided here during their " incognito " exile from their kingdom . The temple complex is on a rocky ridge over which an array of monolithic ( made of a single block of stone ) temples have been carved which resemble the monolithic temples of Mahabalipuram , Ellora and Dhamnar caves . The central temple of this complex , called the Thakurdwara , has extensive well crafted carvings . This shrine facing east has idols of Ram , Lakshman and Sita ( made of black @-@ stone ) . = = Location = = The Masroor Rock Cut Temple , also known as Himalayan Pyramid , is a complex of temples located in the rolling topography of the Kangra Valley in the Dehra Gopipur tehsil , in the backdrop of the Dhauladar Range and Beas River valley with geographical coordinates of 30 @.@ 00 ° N 76 @.@ 16 ° E / 30 @.@ 00 ; 76 @.@ 16 . It is located at the highest point of a local hill feature . It is close to Dharmashala , which is about 35 kilometres ( 22 mi ) away . The temple complex is approachable now from a new 2 @-@ kilometre ( 1 @.@ 2 mi ) road built from Pir Bindli near Lunj . There is also a lake or pond called Masroor lake in front of this edifice which shows partial reflection of the temples . = = History = = The temple complex was first identified in 1875 CE on the basis of antiquities found in the Punjab and its subordinate units . Temple is in the village of Masrur , Tehsil Dehra . However , the next published information about the existence of this temple complex was about nearly four decades later in the Annual Report of the Archaeological Survey of India ( ASI ) of 1912 – 13 as travel information of H.L. Shutterleworth , a British explorer , when he was exploring the Himalayas in 1913 . Following this there were many other reports on the art and architecture of this temple complex by other historians . The conservation of the temple complex became the responsibility of ASI from 1914 . The exact period of building this complex is not very clear . It is a puzzle as there are no epigraphic records that ascribe any date for its construction . Considering the huge size of the structures it was believed that the temple was built under major rulers of the area and was not the work of any local chieftains . The area around the temple complex was also known to have many caves and relics indicating large settlements . It has been established by reasoning that during the 8th century kings of Jalandhar moved to Masroor from the plains ( plains of present @-@ day Punjab ) and established their capital here . This is substantiated by the fact that the Gaddis of the lower Kangra district still know this place as Jalandhara or Jalandhars . Further evidence to substantiate this dating is that the Elephant temples ( 600 – 800 ) near Mumbai in Maharashtra depict similar architectural features as the rock @-@ cut temples . The incomplete rock formations seen in the complex indicate that the temples were left unfinished as the capital of Jalandhara was moved to the more secure Kangra fort . The architectural features also suggested the period of " Gupta classicism " thus placing its date to the 8th century . A particular feature of note is the similarity the complex has with the Angkor Wat in Cambodia , a much larger edifice of a later period of the 12th century . This comparison has opened up an issue of further historical research on the aspect of any " regional inter dependencies or cultural exchange as a catalyst in the construction of both the temple complexes " . The opinion of historians is that the temple was built as a dedication to the Shaivite beliefs of Hinduism ( from the large number of Shaivaite images seen on the lintels of the main temple and in other adjoining temples ) . But at some stage during the Middle Ages , there was a shift in the religious beliefs of the rulers and people adopted Vaishnavite beliefs of Hinduism as witnessed by the images of Rama , Lakshmana and Sita deified in the main sanctum sanctorum of the temple complex . During the earthquake of 1905 , there was large scale damage to the temple complex . Substantial part of the temples were damaged resulting in many broken parts seen lying scattered around the temple . Further , the heterogeneous structural compactness of the sandstone rock mass , from which the temples have been carved out , has contributed to the damage . A particular structural part of the temple which is not part of the main monolithic temple complex suffered severe damage to most of its circular columns which resulted in collapse of the mandapa and the roof ( probably made of local timber ) of the structure . = = Legends = = According to a popular legend , the Pandavas of Mahabharata fame resided here during their " incognito " exile from their kingdom and built this temple . During this time , as their identity and location was exposed , they shifted from here . This is said to be the reason for the unfinished part of the temple complex . The pond in front of the complex has a mythical link to Draupadi , the consort of the Pandavas . It is stated that it was built for her exclusive use for ablutions . = = Features = = The Masroor Rock Cut Temple , now known as Thakurwada , meaning " Vaishnavite temples " , is the only such monolithic rock structure built in an improvised form of the Nagara style in northern India ; as otherwise normally Nagara temples are built with brick . This architectural style is unique to the northern part of India while there are many places in western and southern India where such rock @-@ cut structures exist at number of locations . The temple complex is situated on a ridge of sandstone rock exposure which runs in a northwest to south west axis . The middle portion of this rocky ridge , which is at the highest elevation and is prominent , is demarcated by " two transverse and more or less parallel cuttings . " In this portion of the rocky ridge an array of monolithic temples have been carved ( facing an East of NE direction ) ; these temples have strong resemblance to the monolithic temples of Mahabalipuram , Ellora and Dhamnar caves . The central temple in this complex is called the Thakurdwara which has extensive well crafted carvings . This shrine , which faces east , is deified with idols of Rama , Lakshman and Sita ( made of black @-@ stone ) . Overall , the complex consists of 15 shikara ( tower ) temples carved on the rock ridge over a ridge of 159 feet ( 48 m ) length and width of 105 feet ( 32 m ) , with the central of Thakurdwara flanked by seven temples on either side which have carvings only on the outer surfaces . The temple complex , as built , has a well proportioned and complex " cruciform plan " . Overall there are only nine shikharas ( temple towers ) arranged sequentially in an " hierarchical scale " . The central shikhara is the largest and is built above the garbhagriha ( sanctum sanctorum ) , which has nine tiers topped by a decorated amalaka , which at present is seen separated from the shikhara ( following the earthquake of 1905 ) . The Thakurdwara has a huge door which leads to the garbhagriha which has elaborate carvings . The chambers which follow from the entry door are the antarala , mandapa and mukha mandapa ( 28 by 26 @.@ 5 feet ( 8 @.@ 5 m × 8 @.@ 1 m ) supported on huge pillars ) . The garbhagriha , in a square plan ( 13 feet ( 4 @.@ 0 m ) each side ) , has an altar where the deities are deified . The approach to the entrance door of the temple ( prominently decorated ) , is through a steep flight of steps . There is also a stairway on either side of the main temple which leads to the highest part of the shikhara ( rises to a height of 80 feet ( 24 m ) above the floor of the inset ) of the temple complex which provides scenic views all round , particularly of the Dhauladar Range . The intricate sculptural detailing on the doors , jambs , lintels , walls , shikharas , and column capitals on the main shrine and other smaller temples consist of figurines of gods and goddesses such as Shiva , Parvati , Laksmi and Saraswati , and floral designs . In particular , the temple was conceptualized as a tribute to Shiva . There are many lintels which depict scenes of festivals to celebrate the crowning of Shiva , not seen anywhere else in the country . The lintel on the garbagriha of the main shrine shows Shiva 's coronation in a " benign posture " with eyes closed like Buddha . The same type of carving is also seen in the medallion on the shikhara . The lintel carvings also show many divinities including Shiva in the central portion flanked by his sons Ganesha and Kartikeya . The pond in front of the temple facing east , reflects parts of the temple . The construction of the lake is dated to the early 8th century . Its rectangular dimensions are about 25 by 50 metres ( 82 ft × 164 ft ) . The pond has a perennial source of supply as it does not go dry even during the summer season . Many of the fully carved , elegant and graceful statues have been moved out of the complex and are exhibited in the Shimla State Museum . These are 8 such sculptures of Ganesha , Durga , Siva , Surya and Varuna . The architecture of the complex , when viewed during an evening hour , as the sun sets , is an artistic visual treat of a " silhouetted " frozen form of a grief @-@ stricken herd of standing elephants . However , during morning sun light the sculptures , the murals and carvings glow prominently . Apart from the main temple complex , there is a rest house built on the right side over the remaining part of the rocky ridge ; this was built by the Maharaja of Guler , a neighboring state . The rest house is built in a blend of Hindu and Mughal architectural styles with features of arcades and small dome shaped structures .
= Vratislav Lokvenc = Vratislav Lokvenc ( born 27 September 1973 ) is a Czech former professional footballer who played as a striker . After playing youth football for Náchod and Hradec Králové , he began his senior club career with the latter team . After moving to Sparta Prague he won five league titles and one cup , as well as the 1999 – 2000 league top scorer award . He subsequently played abroad , playing club football in Germany , Austria and Switzerland for 1 . FC Kaiserslautern , VfL Bochum , Red Bull Salzburg , FC Basel and FC Ingolstadt 04 . He retired in 2009 . Lokvenc played international football for the Czech Republic . He played at the 1997 FIFA Confederations Cup before going on to take part in three major competitions . He made three substitute appearances at Euro 2000 and played in one game at Euro 2004 . His last international tournament was the 2006 World Cup , where he played in two group matches before missing the third through suspension . The Czech Republic did not qualify for the next round of the competition and Lokvenc subsequently retired from international football in 2006 . = = Club career = = = = = Early success = = = Lokvenc was born into a football family ; his father , also named Vratislav Lokvenc , played club football for FK Ústí nad Labem in the second football league of Czechoslovakia and later Náchod . Born in 1973 , Lokvenc started his professional career during the 1992 – 93 season with Hradec Králové , joining Sparta Prague in October 1994 . He featured in the 1995 – 96 UEFA Cup for Sparta , scoring the first goal and providing the pass for the second in a 2 – 1 win against Danish club Silkeborg IF , whereby Sparta qualified on the away goals rule for the second round . He scored a goal shortly after entering the game as a substitute in a first round match of the 1996 – 97 UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup against Austrian side Sturm Graz ; the match finished 2 – 2 . Lokvenc spent six seasons at Sparta Prague , with whom he won five league titles and the 1995 – 96 Czech Cup . In March 2000 , in a match against České Budějovice , Lokvenc scored four times for Sparta as the match finished 4 – 1 . In doing so he became the third player in the Czech era to score four times in the same match , after Josef Obajdin and Robert Vágner . Lokvenc scored twice in the Prague derby match against Slavia Prague in May 2000 , in a 5 – 1 win which secured the league title for Sparta . He was top scorer of the Czech First League in the 1999 – 2000 season with 22 goals , tying the league record , which stood until David Lafata scored 25 goals during the 2011 – 12 season . = = = Germany = = = Lokvenc joined 1 . FC Kaiserslautern of the German Bundesliga in 2000 , agreeing to the move before the 2000 European Championship . Around the same time , a daughter was born to Lokvenc in May 2000 . He scored six goals in an 11 – 1 friendly match win against an amateur side before the start of the season . In December 2000 Lokvenc scored in the UEFA Cup against Rangers , helping his team qualify for the last 16 of the competition . In the following round Kaiserslautern were paired with Slavia Prague ; after the first match had finished goalless , Lokvenc scored the only goal in the second leg of their two @-@ legged tie to eliminate the Czech team . He scored a hat @-@ trick in the 2002 – 03 DFB @-@ Pokal quarter @-@ final against Bochum , a game which finished 3 – 3 but was won by Kaiserslautern after a penalty shoot @-@ out . Lokvenc played in the final of the competition at the end of May 2003 , but his side were beaten 3 – 1 by league winners Bayern Munich as the latter claimed the double . Kaiserslautern announced that Lokvenc would be sold in April 2004 , citing his salary demands as reasons for his sale . He joined VfL Bochum of the Bundesliga in the summer of 2004 , agreeing the transfer before the European Championships . Bochum were relegated from the league after 33 games of the 34 @-@ game season , with Lokvenc scoring his tenth goal of the season in a 2 – 0 win at third placed Stuttgart . = = = Late career = = = Lokvenc signed for Red Bull Salzburg in the summer of 2005 , rejecting offers from Portsmouth and Hertha Berlin . He described his move to Salzburg as " the best transfer of my life " , arriving around the same time as Germany national team players Thomas Linke and Alexander Zickler . Lokvenc only played four league matches in his first season with the club before requiring surgery on an injury to his right knee in November . He returned to the team in May 2006 , taking part in a match for the first time since July 2005 , as he made an appearance as a substitute in a 2 – 1 home loss against Pasching . The club finished the season as league runners @-@ up , behind Austria Vienna . Lokvenc scored his first league goal of the 2006 – 07 Austrian Football Bundesliga in a December match against Altach , levelling the scores as the game finished 1 – 1 . The club went on to win the league in April 2007 with five matches of the season remaining . In October 2007 Lokvenc scored the only goal in Salzburg 's 1 – 0 UEFA Cup first round win against AEK Athens This was not enough for his team to advance , having lost 3 – 0 in the first leg of their two @-@ legged tie . Lokvenc featured less for Salzburg in the 2007 – 08 season , prompting him to join Swiss Super League team Basel on loan in February 2008 for the remainder of the season . He scored in Basel 's 1 – 0 semi @-@ final Swiss Cup victory against Thun . The club went on to win the 2008 league championship title and the 2008 Swiss Cup . Lokvenc returned to Germany in the summer of 2008 , joining Ingolstadt of the 2 . Bundesliga . = = = Post @-@ playing career = = = After finishing his professional playing career , Lokvenc worked as a scout in the Czech Republic and Slovakia for his former team , Basel . He also played football in the amateur Czech Fourth Division for Union Čelákovice . He continued to be physically active after his football career , taking part in the 2010 Prague Half Marathon in the same field as former international teammate Pavel Nedvěd . He was again involved in the Prague Half Marathon in 2015 , taking part in a relay alongside Nedvěd , fellow footballer Tomáš Hübschman and 2014 Miss Czech Republic , Tereza Skoumalová . = = International career = = Lokvenc represented his country at under @-@ 21 level , scoring seven goals in 13 matches between 1993 and 1995 . He first played for the senior Czech national team in 1995 . Lokvenc was part of the Czech Republic squad at the 1997 FIFA Confederations Cup in Saudi Arabia . He took part as a substitute in the group stage match against United Arab Emirates and started the third place play @-@ off game versus Uruguay , which the Czech Republic won to finish third overall in the tournament . = = = Euro 2000 = = = At Euro 2000 , Lokvenc made a substitute appearance in the Czech Republic 's opening game against the Netherlands , replacing Pavel Nedvěd after 89 minutes as the match resulted in a 1 – 0 win for the Dutch . He replaced Radek Bejbl in the second group match , against France , coming on after 49 minutes in the 2 – 1 loss . Lokvenc appeared in the third group match against Denmark , although due to both teams having lost both of their previous matches , neither team could advance to the next round of the competition . He came on after 79 minutes , replacing Vladimír Šmicer in a 2 – 0 win for his nation . = = = Euro 2004 = = = Lokvenc scored twice as a substitute in a June 2003 qualification match against Moldova , scoring both goals with his head in a 5 – 0 win for his country . He played in one match at Euro 2004 . He started the group match against Germany among a group of players which was described by the BBC as " very much a Czech second string " , but failed to score and was replaced by Milan Baroš after 59 minutes . The Czech Republic won the match , 2 – 1 . = = = 2006 World Cup = = = During the qualification process for the forthcoming World Cup , Lokvenc scored five goals for his country . In a November 2004 match , away at Macedonia , he entered the game in the 76th minute as a substitute for Zdeněk Grygera with the game goalless . He scored the first goal of the game with his head , before Jan Koller made the score 2 – 0 to win the match . In March 2005 , Lokvenc again scored the deciding goal , this time against Finland in Teplice . In a game in which the Czechs had led 3 – 1 , Finland scored twice to level the scores , however Lokvenc made the score 4 – 3 with three minutes remaining . Four days later , Lokvenc scored another goal , heading in a cross from Baroš , in a 4 – 0 away win against Andorra . In June of the same year , Lokvenc scored the first and last goals for his nation in an 8 – 1 home win , also against Andorra . At the 2006 World Cup , Lokvenc replaced the injured Jan Koller as a substitute in the first group match , against the USA . He didn 't score but received a yellow card as his nation won 3 – 0 . He started the second group match , against Ghana , in the absence of fellow strikers Koller and Baroš due to injury . He received another yellow card in the match , which Ghana won 2 – 0 . Due to having received two yellow cards , he was suspended for his country 's final group match , against Italy . The Czech Republic lost to Italy and therefore failed to progress to the next stage of the competition . Lokvenc announced his retirement from international football in September 2006 , becoming the third player from the World Cup team to retire after Karel Poborský and Pavel Nedvěd . He finished his international career with figures of 14 goals in 74 matches . = = Style of play = = Lokvenc was particularly noted for his height , being referred to as a " towering forward " , and having " a similar aerial threat " to international teammate Jan Koller . His strength was noted as another of his assets . = = Career statistics = = = = = Club = = = Source : = = = International = = = Source : = = = = International goals = = = = Scores and results list the Czech Republic 's goal tally first . = = Honours = = = = = Club = = = Sparta Prague Czech First League : 1994 – 95 , 1996 – 97 , 1997 – 98 , 1998 – 99 , 1999 – 2000 . Czech Cup : 1996 Kaiserslautern DFB @-@ Pokal Runner @-@ up : 2002 – 03 Salzburg Austrian Football Bundesliga : 2006 – 07 ; Runner @-@ up : 2005 – 06 Basel Swiss Super League : 2007 – 08 Swiss Cup : 2007 – 08 = = = Country = = = Czech Republic FIFA Confederations Cup : Third place 1997 = = = Individual = = = Top scorer of the Czech First League : 1999 – 2000
= Fionna and Cake = " Fionna and Cake " is the ninth episode of the third season of the American animated television series Adventure Time . The episode was written and storyboarded by Adam Muto and Rebecca Sugar , from a story by Mark Banker , Kent Osborne , Patrick McHale , and series creator Pendleton Ward . It originally aired on Cartoon Network on September 5 , 2011 . The series follows the adventures of Finn ( voiced by Jeremy Shada ) , a human boy , and his best friend and adoptive brother Jake ( voiced by John DiMaggio ) , a dog with magical powers to change shape and grow and shrink at will . In this episode , Finn and Jake are forced to listen to The Ice King 's fanfiction about the gender @-@ swapped Fionna ( voiced by Madeleine Martin ) and Cake the cat ( voiced by Roz Ryan ) . In his story , Fionna goes on a date with Prince Gumball ( voiced by Neil Patrick Harris ) and fights the evil Ice Queen ( voiced by Grey DeLisle ) . The concept of Fionna and Cake was based on sketches that series ' character designer and storyboard revisionist Natasha Allegri made . Ward was pleased with her creations , and decided to canonize them . Originally , the episode did not feature the Ice Queen at all , and the middle part of the episode saw Fionna go on a date with Gumball to a restaurant ; this subsequently changed . The episode was watched by 3 @.@ 315 million people , making it — at the time — the most @-@ watched episode of the series . " Fionna and Cake " received largely positive reviews from fans and critics alike . Two sequels to the episode — " Bad Little Boy " and " The Prince Who Wanted Everything " — were produced during the show 's fifth and sixth season , respectively . = = Plot = = Fionna and Cake are helping Prince Gumball decorate for the Biennial Gumball Ball when Gumball asks Fionna if she would like to go to it tonight with him . Their conversation is interrupted when the Ice Queen breaks into the castle and tries to kidnap Gumball . Fionna and Cake start to fight her before she mysteriously disappears . Gumball ( who is apparently unharmed ) arranges a date with Fionna . At the Tree Fort , Fionna and Cake argue over whether or not Gumball asked Fionna on a date . Cake decides to come along to help Fionna out . At the Castle Gardens , the two are met by Gumball and his steed Lord Monochromicorn . The group then flies through the air while Gumball serenades Fionna with the song " Oh , Fionna " and eventually asks her to be his girlfriend . When Fionna and Cake get to the ball , Prince Gumball takes Fionna to his room ( decorated with candles and rose petals ) and locks the door . She becomes flustered and backs away when he begins to take his shirt off . A drop of water lands on her shoulder , she looks up to see the real Prince Gumball trapped inside a giant icicle on the ceiling . The fake prince is revealed to be Ice Queen . Fionna is soon incapacitated ; Cake senses trouble and rushes to her rescue . Enraged by the deception , Fionna takes out the crystal sword to fight . The sword turns out to be another one of Ice Queen ’ s tricks and turns into a ball of ice around Fionna ’ s hands . Cake hears noises from downstairs and senses Fionna is in trouble . Undaunted , Fionna uses the ice to beat Ice Queen over the head . Ice Queen pushes her off with a burst of snow which allows Fionna to get close to enough to break Prince Gumball free and knock out the Ice Queen with a broken icicle . Cake bursts in and sees Gumball standing next to Fionna in her torn dress ; she jumps to the wrong conclusion and lunges at him but Fionna stops Cake and tells her it was the Ice Queen all along . Just then Ice Queen recovers and blasts Cake away from Fionna only to have Fionna knock her magic tiara off which negates her powers . The real Gumball asks Fionna on a date and is turned down ; Fionna notes that she does not need a boyfriend at the moment . The episode reveals that the entire story was a fanfiction created by the Ice King that he is reading to Finn and Jake ( who are incapacitated in ice ) . The Ice King asks how they enjoyed his story ; Finn hesitates at first but hurriedly placates him when Ice King threatens them with his ice powers . = = Cast = = " Fionna and Cake " , taking place in a gender @-@ swapped universe , likewise features gender @-@ swapped versions of the inhabitants of Ooo . A list of the major characters that feature in " Fionna and Cake " follows . Fionna ( voiced by Madeleine Martin ) – Fionna is the gender @-@ swapped version of Finn . Fionna is a brave and adventurous girl who struggles with issues pertaining to attraction and romance . Cake ( voiced by Roz Ryan ) – Cake is the gender @-@ swapped version of Jake , and is a cat instead of a dog . Cake is sarcastic and boisterous but is also Fionna 's loyal friend . Much like Jake , she possesses the power to stretch her body into a myriad of convoluted shapes . Prince Gumball ( voiced by Neil Patrick Harris ) – Gumball is the gender @-@ swapped version of Princess Bubblegum . He is the frequent victim of the Ice Queen 's kidnapping schemes and appears that he harbors some sort of feelings for Fionna . The Ice Queen ( voiced by Grey DeLisle ) – The Ice Queen is the gender @-@ swapped version of the Ice King . Much like her male counterpart , the Ice Queen is constantly scheming to kidnap a mate ( her most frequent target being Prince Gumball ) . Lord Monochromicorn – The gender @-@ swapped version of Lady Rainicorn . While Lady speaks in Korean , Lord Monochromicorn communicates exclusively via Morse Code . Lord Monochromicorn and Cake are in a relationship together . = = Production = = " Fionna and Cake " was written and storyboarded by Rebecca Sugar and Adam Muto from a story developed by Mark Banker , Patrick McHale , Osborne , and series creator Pendleton Ward . The entry was directed by Larry Leichliter . The genesis for the episode were drawings that character designer and storyboard revisionist Natasha Allegri posted onto the internet during her free time . Her creations were eventually canonized by the show 's producers . Allegri even re @-@ rerecorded the show 's theme — which had originally been sung by series creator Pendleton Ward — for the episode . Sugar intended " Fionna and Cake " to both be " a jab [ and ] a huge celebration of , [ sic ] the feeling of being fan " and " allowing something completely ridiculous to make your heart tighten " . Sugar and Muto significantly changed the story from its original outline ; the very first version of the episode did not feature the Ice Queen , the ball , or the crystal sword . The second act of the story featured Gumball and Fionna going on a date in a restaurant , rather than on an adventure . Sugar also wrote several lines for Marshall Lee — Marceline 's male counter @-@ part — but they were cut for time . Sugar " begged " Ward to let her work the character back into the story somehow , but the character only appeared in a non @-@ speaking cameo . Sugar originally wanted the character to be voiced by Dante Basco , although he would later be voiced by Donald Glover in the fifth season episode " Bad Little Boy " . Neil Patrick Harris was Sugar 's first choice to play Prince Gumball ; she explained that she wanted to impress her brother Steve , who was " obsessed " with the Music Meister ( portrayed by Harris ) from Batman : The Brave and the Bold . The scene which featured the song " Oh Fionna " was designed by Sugar to be a blend of the setting from the song " A Whole New World " from the 1992 film Aladdin , as well as scenes featuring the Romani Ranch aliens from Majora ’ s Mask . = = Reception = = " Fionna and Cake " aired on Cartoon Network on September 5 , 2011 . The episode was viewed by 3 @.@ 315 million viewers and saw a dramatic increase in the ratings for all boy demographics . It also marked a 42 percent increase in viewers when compared to a year earlier . At the time , this made " Fionna and Cake " the highest @-@ rated entry of the series . The episode first saw physical release as part of the 2013 Fionna and Cake DVD , which included 16 episodes from the series ' first three seasons . Tyler Foster of DVD Talk praised the episode for its creativity and complimented the entry 's humor and its message to girls . Furthermore , he applauded the song " Oh Fionna " , calling it " wonderful " . Richard Whittaker of The Austin Chronicle noted that the episode was " an adventure in cross play " . He felt that Fionna 's characterization appealed to the show 's universality and managed to also retain respect for the show 's audience. and that the " strong but emotionally vulnerable " Cake was written in a way that successfully provided a female analog for Jake . Oliver Sava of The A.V. Club called the " Fionna and Cake " one of " the most fascinating aspects of the Adventure Time craze " in a review of the fifth season episode " Bad Little Boy " . He wrote that " ' Fionna and Cake ' was reminiscent of the series ' earlier episodes , in regards to its bright animation , well @-@ paced plot , music , its successful blend of fantasy action and comedy , and its focus on character @-@ based drama . As a result , he felt that the entry was composed of elements that make the series as a whole great . In a separate article , Sava named the entry one of the ten most representative episodes of the series and wrote that it is also " the most aggressively girl @-@ friendly episode of the series " . After it aired , " Fionna and Cake " was particularly successful with the fans of the series . Sava noted that although the characters had , at the time , appeared in only a single episode , they had quickly become two of the most popular characters from the show . According to the Entertainment Examiner , fans of the series responded positively to the characters , and wanted them to appear in more episodes .
= Long Ashton railway station = Long Ashton railway station was a railway station on the Bristol to Exeter Line , 3 @.@ 5 miles ( 5 @.@ 6 km ) southwest of Bristol Temple Meads , serving the village of Long Ashton in North Somerset , England . There were two stations on the site , the first , called " Ashton " , opened in either 1841 or 1852 and closed in 1856 . The second station , originally known as " Long Ashton Platform " before being renamed as " Long Ashton " in 1929 , was operational from 1926 to 1941 . The site is now partly under the A370 Long Ashton Bypass . There is local support for the station to be reopened , possibly sited further to the west , and possibly as part of the University of Bristol 's proposed Fenswood Farm development . = = First station = = The Bristol and Exeter Railway was opened between Bristol Temple Meads and Bridgwater on 14 June 1841 , engineered by Isambard Kingdom Brunel and build originally as 7 ft ( 2 @,@ 134 mm ) broad @-@ gauge . A station named " Ashton " , serving the nearby village of Long Ashton , was located on an embankment 3 miles 52 chains ( 5 @.@ 87 km ) from Bristol Temple Meads and 122 miles 3 chains ( 196 @.@ 40 km ) from the Great Western Railway terminus at London Paddington . Quite when the station opened is uncertain – Butt 's Directory of Railway Stations states that the station opened with the line in June 1841 , but Quick 's Railway Passenger Stations states it only opened in June 1852 . Both sources agree that the station closed in January 1856 , however other sources such as Oakley 's Somerset Railway Stations contain no reference to Ashton at all . If the earlier date is correct , services would have originally been provided by the Great Western Railway on behalf of the Bristol & Exeter . The Bristol & Exeter took over passenger operations on 1 May 1849 . The line through Ashton remained open after the station closed . In 1871 , the Bristol & Exeter opened another station called Ashton , closer to Bristol , this station was later renamed Bedminster . The line had been reconstructed as mixed @-@ gauge by 1 June 1875 to accommodate local traffic . A year later in 1876 , the Bristol & Exeter was amalgamated into the Great Western Railway , which took over services . Broad @-@ gauge trains ceased operation on 20 May 1892 . = = Second station = = The station was reopened by the Great Western Railway in 1926 , now called Long Ashton Platform ; Ashton by then was the name of a station on the Teign Valley Line in Devon . Again , the exact date of opening is disputed : most sources state 12 July 1926 , but some say 20 September the same year . It was located on the same site as the first station . The station was a basic halt , and had two 400 × 10 feet ( 121 @.@ 9 × 3 @.@ 0 m ) platforms . A corrugated iron shelter and lamp hut were provided on the westbound platform , and a small booking office was present on the road to the platform . The estimated cost of construction was £ 1 @,@ 930 . The station was renamed Long Ashton on 23 September 1929 , and closed on 6 October 1941 . There is now no trace of it left , and the site is now partly under the A370 Long Ashton Bypass causeway . = = Future = = Plans were submitted in 2010 to reopen the station as part of the University of Bristol 's Fenswood Farm development , which , if granted planning permission , will comprise some 1 @,@ 200 houses , businesses and a school spread over 35 hectares ( 86 acres ) . The new station would be up to 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) west of the original location . The University notes that there is positive support for the station , but that it alone cannot guarantee its construction . Long Ashton parish councillor Anthony Butcher opposes the development , but supports the reopening of the station . The station could be reopened as part of the Greater Bristol Metro scheme , a rail transport plan approved in July 2012 which aims to enhance transport capacity in the Bristol area . The Bristol to Exeter Line through Long Ashton is not currently electrified . The 21st @-@ century modernisation of the Great Western Main Line will see the line from London to Bristol electrified , but electrification will not extend beyond Bristol to Weston @-@ super @-@ Mare . The group Friends of Suburban Bristol Railways supports the electrification continuing to Weston , as does Member of Parliament for Weston @-@ super @-@ Mare John Penrose .
= Whitney Russell = Whitney Russell is a fictional character in the American television soap opera Passions , which aired on NBC from 1999 to 2007 and on DirecTV in 2007 – 08 . Passions followed the romantic and supernatural adventures in the fictional , coastal , New England town of Harmony . The role of Witney was created by the soap 's creator and head writer James E. Reilly ; the character was portrayed by Brook Kerr from the series ' debut on July 5 , 1999 , to September 7 , 2007 . In 2005 , Sidne Siobhan Phillips portrayed the character in flashbacks . Whitney is a mamber of Passions ' Russell family ; she is introduced as the eldest daughter of Eve Russell and T.C. Russell , and the sister of Simone Russell . The character is primarily shown as a confidant to Theresa Lopez @-@ Fitzgerald Crane but her later storylines focus on her romance with Chad Harris @-@ Crane and the possibility they may be engaging in an incestuous relationship . Following Chad 's death , she leaves Harmony to raise her children Miles Harris @-@ Crane and his unnamed sibling in New Orleans with the support of her father and sister . Kerr 's performance was praised by critics ; she was nominated for the NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actress in a Daytime Drama Series at the 39th NAACP Image Awards . She was also nomiated for the 2005 Soap Opera Digest Awards ' Outstanding Younger Lead Actress , and with co @-@ stars Lindsay Hartley and Justin Hartley for the Favorite Triangle award . = = Development = = = = = Background = = = Whitney Russell is one of the 25 original contract cast members created by the program 's co @-@ creator James E. Reilly . In the series , the residents of the fictional , coastal , New England town of Harmony struggle with romantic and familial issues while also contending with supernatural threats . Sheraton Kalouria , senior vice president of NBC ’ s daytime programming , said Whitney and the Russell family were created and casted in an attempt to build characters " as diverse as the U.S. " and to set the show apart from other soap operas . He added the show ’ s racially diverse ensemble represented by " the African American Russells and the Hispanic Lopez @-@ Fitzgeralds " reflects " its truly color @-@ blind storytelling " . Each member of the Russell family was designed to be " an integral part of the show " in an attempt to avoid creating token characters . Rodney Van Johnson , who plays the family 's patriarch T.C. Russell , later said in an interview with Jet : We are the only daytime drama with a full African @-@ American family . The Russells have a key role in the community . There aren 't just a flash in the pan . The storylines are heavy . The show has received a huge response from the African @-@ American community for that reason . = = = Casting and characterization = = = Passions ' casting director Jacklynn Briskey originally rejected 29 @-@ year @-@ old Brook Kerr for the role of Whitney Russell , believing she would look too mature to play a teenager . Despite the rejection , Kerr 's husband Christopher Warren sent in his wife 's head shots into the network and she was hired to play the character . Kerr later described the week of auditioning and two screen tests to be formally cast in the role as " very fast for me " . Kerr described Whitney as initially being " so goal @-@ oriented " and without a sense of balance . Dana Block from Tulsa World described Whitney as " the good girl daughter ... who didn 't concern herself with much else " . While discussing her portrayal of the character , Kerr said , " I was always the sensible one , the friend everyone could count on , always doing what I should " . She said her scenes with love interest Chad Harris @-@ Crane allowed her to explore more of Whitney 's independence and described her portrayal of Whitney 's guilt and confusion at the possibility of Chad being her half @-@ brother and giving birth to his child as allowing her to act the character in new and different ways . Whitney 's storylines with Chad received mixed responses from other Passions cast members . Charles Divins , who was one of the two actors portraying Chad , said the characters ' tumultuous romance met viewers ' expectations for a soap opera and added , " People watch soaps as an escape . People need drama . Whether you love it or hate it , people will talk about it . ” Near the end of the show , Tracey Ross , who portrayed Russell family matriach Eve Russell , stated " I was never crazy about the incest storyline with Whitney and Chad " . = = Storylines = = Whitney Russell 's early appearances focus on helping her childhood friend Theresa Lopez @-@ Fitzgerald with her relationship with attorney Ethan Winthrop and her rivalry with Gwen Winthrop . Whitney is initially portrayed as constantly looking up to her parents Eve and T.C. Russell for guidance , and devoting her life to tennis and school at their insistence . She is unaware of her mother 's past drug abuse , and relationship and child with Julian Crane . Whitney briefly dates private detective Frank Lomax , but their relationship rapidly deteriorates when she discovers he was hired to report Theresa for stalking Ethan . Shortly after the break @-@ up , Whitney meets and falls in love with Chad Harris but he becomes involved in a relationship with her sister Simone . Eve discourages Whitney from pursuing a relationship with Chad , fearing he will be a bad influence on her daughter in the same way Julian was on her teenage self . T.C. disapproves of Whitney having relationships that will distract her from tennis . Whitney 's relationship with Chad is complicated by Simone 's crush on him . Whitney and Chad keep their romantic and sexual encounters secret for years while he pretends to be in love with Simone . The love triangle continues until Simone catches Whitney kissing Chad . Simone publicly breaks up with Chad and tells everyone in Harmony about his relationship with Whitney . During 2003 , Whitney 's connection with Chad steadily unravels after the discovery of his marriage to Latoya Harris and her attempt to murder Whitney . In 2004 , Eve 's vengeful adoptive sister Liz Sanbourne arranges for Eve 's past relationship with Julian to be exposed to the Russell family and the rest of Harmony , resulting in Chad being erroneously identified as their son . The possible incestuous implications of Whitney 's relationship with Chad serves as her primary storyline on the soap opera . Whitney initially rejects her mother for hiding her past with Julian , but they reconnect by singing at the Blue Note , a local jazz club . Whitney briefly considers pursuing a career in music and frequently sings at the Blue Note . Vocalist Jania Foxworth was selected as Whitney 's singing voice ; Kerr lip @-@ synchronized during her scenes . When the possibility Chad could be Eve 's son is revealed , Whitney discovers she is pregnant with Chad 's child ( would later be known as Miles Harris @-@ Crane ) and initially keeps her pregnancy secret . Whitney initiates a relationship with Fox Crane to insinuate he is the father of her unborn child and to protect herself and her child from the stigma of incest . She originally plans to drug and rape Fox to make the cover story believable , but could not complete her plans because they conflict with her moral and ethical beliefs . The couple eventually have consensual sex and Fox identifies himself as the father of her baby . While Fox helps search for Theresa 's missing daughter Jane Winthrop , Whitney persuades him to leave her with his power of attorney . On March 23 , 2005 , she gives birth to a son and immediately uses Fox 's power of attorney to put him up for adoption . Two couples — Julian and Eve , and T.C. and Liz — compete to adopt the boy but Chad is awarded custody of the child . He attempts to use the child to reconnect with Whitney . Whitney and Chad name their baby Miles Davis Harris after jazz musician Miles Davis . The storyline escalates during the earthquake and tsunami in the show 's 2005 summertime extravaganza . Whitney has sex with Chad in the middle of the tsunami and admits to Chad he is Miles 's biological father . Fox overhears her confessions and ends his relationship with her . Whitney is overwhelmed by guilt and shame by the assumption of committing incest ; she joins a convent to become closer to God and prepares to take holy orders . At the convent , she is manipulated by Alistair Crane , who is disguised as a messenger of God as part of his scheme to steal a chalice from the Pope 's private chambers and take over the world . Identified as the Vendetta plot , the show 's 2006 summertime extravaganza centers on Alistair luring Whitney , Chad , and several other residents of Harmony to Rome . While in Rome , Chad is given his birth certificate by tabloid editor JT Cornell and discovers he was conceived during Alistair 's rape of Liz . Following the revelation of his true paternity , Chad restarts his relationship with Whitney and they decide to raise their son together . On December 26 , 2006 , Whitney marries Chad and takes his last name , becoming known as Whitney Russell Harris @-@ Crane . Unbeknown to Whitney , Chad previously began a sexual relationship with the tabloid reporter Vincent Clarkson and continues the affair after their reunion and wedding . Chad is unaware Vincent is actually his half @-@ brother because he is Eve and Julian 's child . Whitney becomes increasingly suspicious of Chad 's fidelity after discovering she is pregnant with their second child . Vincent arranges for Whitney to catch him having sex with Chad in a gay bar , causing her to file for divorce . The estranged couple start to reconcile as they try to help Theresa and Ethan reunite , but the possibility of a union is cut short when Alistair kills Chad on August 28 , 2007 ; Chad dies while professing his love for Whitney and their children . As a result of Alistair 's actions , Whitney chooses to delete Crane from her name and asks to be known as Mrs. Harris . After saying goodbye to Theresa and Eve , Whitney leaves Harmony and moves to New Orleans to live with her sister and son . T.C. is later said to have moved there to help her . On January 2 , 2008 , Whitney contacts police chief Sam Bennett to say she is willing to testify at Alistair 's murder trial . This proves unnecessary when Viki Chatsworth kills Alistair . On July 16 , 2008 , a letter from Simone to her friend Kay Bennett discloses that Whitney has given birth to her child ; the exact date of birth , and the child 's gender and name are never revealed . Trever Kimball of TVSeriesFinale.com reported Kerr 's exit was a result of the cut in costs during the show 's transition to DirecTV . The show 's budget was reduced by " a reported $ 4 @-@ to- $ 5 million " to secure the renewal on a new network . = = Reception = = Kerr was nominated for the NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actress in a Daytime Drama Series at the 39th NAACP Image Awards for her portrayal of Whitney . She was also nominated for Outstanding Younger Lead Actress , and alongside co @-@ stars Lindsay and Justin Hartley for the Favorite Triangle award at the 2005 Soap Opera Digest Awards . The exact nature of Whitney 's relationship with Chad attracted frequent speculation from media outlets and fans . The incest storyline led media outlets to sensationalize Harmony as the place where " half @-@ siblings sleep with one another " . An article in Soap Opera Digest listed the 2006 revelation that Whitney and Chad were not related by blood as one of Passions ' most shocking secrets .
= Red or Black ? = Red or Black ? is a British television game show which was broadcast on ITV between 3 September 2011 and 29 September 2012 . Presented by Ant & Dec and developed by Simon Cowell , Red or Black ? is the most expensive game show in television history , with a £ 15 million budget . In each round , contestants choose red or black , with those that choose the incorrect colour being eliminated . During the first series , four finalists guessed the colour correctly in the final round and became millionaires . Over 100 @,@ 000 members of the public applied to be on the show , with the numbers being reduced down to a different final eight contestants per live show each night for seven nights . Whilst most rounds varied , there were two standard rounds in each live final ; " Duel " where the final two contestants went head to head , and the final round where the winner chose a colour on a giant wheel similar to that used in roulette . Celebrities including Jedward , David Hasselhoff and One Direction were involved in the rounds of the show where contestants must choose either red or black in order to pass to the next round , while the show has filmed on locations such as Battersea Power Station and the set of Coronation Street . Red or Black ? was commissioned for a second series , which featured the format having been revamped significantly . While the first series featured six pre @-@ recorded rounds in several different locations and four live rounds , the second series featured six pre @-@ recorded rounds that take place in either the Red or Black ? Arena or in the studio . Celebrities such as Carol Vorderman , Jonathan Ross and Little Mix were involved in the rounds for this series . The show is a joint production between Syco TV and ITV Studios , and was initially broadcast on ITV nightly over the course of seven nights from Saturday to the following Saturday , with the exception of the Tuesday night . The show also featured several Syco @-@ related music acts . Sponsorship for the first series was initially targeted at National Lottery operator Camelot Group , but eventually went with Jackpotjoy owner Gamesys and Domino 's Pizza . The second series was sponsored by controversial loans site wonga.com. In the week where the first series of Red or Black ? aired , ITV gained a much larger audience share than it had in the week directly previous , where it had been beaten by BBC One on six out of seven nights . Despite this , reviews of the first series were universally negative , and additional criticism was leveled at the show when it was discovered that Nathan Hageman , the first winner of the £ 1m prize , had a criminal record . The Sun began a campaign calling for Hageman to return the money , but he was eventually allowed to keep it . It did , however , lead to ITV dropping three other contestants from the show , with at least one withdrawn because of their criminal record . This was also a major factor in the pre @-@ recording of series 2 . = = Production = = An initial pilot of the show was ordered in 2003 by ITV , from production company FremantleMedia , and was commissioned by Claudia Rosencrantz , who was the controller of entertainment at ITV at the time . It was presented by Brian Conley , but was not broadcast ; a series was not produced . Rosencrantz spoke of the pilot in 2011 , " I didn 't believe people would like to see someone win a vast sum of money , with no skills at all involved . Second , gambling is not a spectator sport , you get an adrenaline rush from participating in it . " Richard Holloway , who worked with FremantleMedia at the time of producing the pilot , said , " It was a novel idea , you could win a million pounds eventually , I was surprised it didn 't go to series . " Rosencrantz left ITV in 2006 , and there has been a significant turnover in staff since the pilot was originally put together . The show was launched by ITV and Syco at the Millennium Hotel Mayfair , London , on 3 May 2011 . The initial recruitment phase for contestants lasted until 13 May . The updated format was conceived by Simon Cowell , who said that it was inspired by roulette and the story of Ashley Revell , who had bet his entire life savings on " red " in a roulette game in Las Vegas . It is the most expensive game show in history , costing in the region of £ 15m , at around £ 1.5m per episode . ITV 's director of entertainment and comedy , Elaine Bedell , was contacted by Cowell , " This being Simon this was at 1.30am , but even then it was quite a compelling idea " . When later talking about the £ 1m prize on offer each night , Cowell said , " It 's expensive if you have to give away a million every night but we have insurance for that . " Being a co – production between Syco TV and ITV Studios , Cowell began planning for international versions straight away , saying , " I 'd love to take it around the world . I think the concept works . If it succeeds it will travel . We 've got interest in America already . " Some Syco @-@ managed acts appeared on the show , including Leona Lewis on the first episode . Domino 's Pizza was announced as the primary sponsor of the show in June 2011 , in a deal worth £ 1m . It had previously been the sponsor of Britain 's Got Talent for three years . National Lottery operator Camelot Group were originally sought after to be the primary sponsors , but did not go ahead . A Camelot spokesperson said , " We were approached by Syco and worked with them and ITV on the Red or Black ? concept . However , after discussions , we didn 't reach an agreement on the venture . " ITV also signed deals with Jackpotjoy owner Gamesys to produce pay to play games for their website on an exclusive basis . Social TV company Monterosa were contracted to create a game that could be played by viewers online whilst watching the show , also allowing viewers to compete with their Facebook friends . Achievement badges could be unlocked by players , and if they managed to get through all ten rounds correctly , then they were awarded entry into the Red or Black ? Millionaire 's Club , normally reserved for those competitors who won the prize money themselves . Cowell stated in an interview during the broadcast week of the first series that he hoped a second series would go ahead , and that he had received three separate approaches from the United States to create an American version . Peter Fincham , ITV 's chief programmer , said in October 2011 that Red or Black ? would only be recommissioned for a second series if some changes were made to the format . Series 2 of Red or Black ? was announced by Ant & Dec on 30 March 2012 during a radio appearance on The Chris Moyles Show . In order to reduce production costs , a new game was also introduced to replace the roulette wheel , which is called " The Vortex " . In this game , the last contestant remaining must predict how long a ball will take to descend a ' mini velodrome ' . If a contestant wins , he or she will receive a rolling jackpot starting at £ 500 @,@ 000 . This increases by £ 500 @,@ 000 for the next show if the jackpot is not won . Series 2 was sponsored by wonga.com and is completely pre @-@ recorded . = = Series 1 = = = = = Format = = = Each episode of series 1 of Red or Black ? consisted of 10 rounds ; in each round , the player had to choose either red or black , with those who choose incorrectly being eliminated . The rounds are split into three stages . The first is an arena stage , which is recorded at Wembley Arena . The winning contestants move onto the location stage , where the numbers are eventually reduced down to the final eight . Those eight then go forward to the live studio final , where they are reduced down to the final competitor , who has a chance to play for the £ 1m prize . The first series was broadcast over seven nights in September 2011 , running over the course of a week , except for the Tuesday night , from Saturday to the following Saturday . Over 100 @,@ 000 people applied to compete in the show . In the penultimate round , " Duel " , a video wall displayed a disc split into eight sections , numbered 1 @-@ 8 . Before the round started , an independent adjudicator randomised which sections were coloured red or black , with each colour having four sections ; this choice was hidden to the contestants . A random player chose their colour , while the other player took the remaining colour . Each player then took it in turns to choose a number , with the corresponding section being revealed to the players and the audience . The first player to have all four of their sections revealed progressed to the final round . The final game was a giant modified roulette wheel split into 36 alternately coloured sections ( 18 red and 18 black ) , awarding a £ 1m prize if the player chose the correct colour . Red or Black ? made its first millionaire in the first show , with bricklayer Nathan Hageman , from Reading , winning on red . The following night the second millionaire was made , with carer Kevin Cartwright also winning on red . Two further millionaires , Darren Thompson and Gary Brocklesby , were made during the series . = = = = Rounds = = = = Rounds included golfers Rory McIlroy and Lee Westwood , who were attempting to hit a gong in the middle of a lake from a distance of 100 yards ( 91 m ) near Eastnor Castle , Herefordshire ; Jedward being launched in zorbing balls from JCBs ; and boxers Amir Khan and David Haye competing in a round called " Shadowboxing " . Location filming has taken place on the set of Coronation Street , where there was an issue with a round called " Fit to Burst " featuring actresses Michelle Keegan and Samia Smith who were spinning a wheel in order to burst balloons on a spike . Keegan won the round for her colour , but was subsequently disqualified for taking her hand off the wheel 's handle , resulting in Smith winning for black . Other locations have included Alnwick Castle , Northumberland , and Battersea Power Station , where David Hasselhoff was fired into the air on a reverse bungee . = = = Episodes = = = The coloured backgrounds denote the result of each of the shows : – indicates the contestant won the whole show and chose the right colour in the final round and won £ 1 million . – indicates the contestant won the whole show but chose the wrong colour in the final round . = = Series 2 = = = = = Format = = = In series 2 , the format consists of six rounds with eight contestants . This time , they do not have to choose their colour prior to the start of a round and can hold their nerve . In each of the first three rounds , the eight contestants watch a series of stunts , sporting challenges or performances . They 'll then use their judgement to predict the outcome or have their powers of observation tested . Either way , the contestants must strike their buzzer and pick either red or black . The first game takes place in the Red or Black ? arena and subsequent games are held in the studio . After the first three rounds , the four players with the highest scores will move on to Part 2 . If a tie occurs , the two or more players will play a tiebreaker round , " Power Bar " , to decide who will move onto the second show . The four remaining contestants participate in the next round , which involves celebrities ( often singers ) . Then , the final two players will move on to the " Duel " , played as it was during the first series , with the exception that the randomisation of each segment 's colours is now shown briefly before being covered ; and the game board now consists of 10 segments instead of 8 . The competing pair will have to memorise the position of the jumbled up segments , then take it in turns to find their colour . The first to have all five of their colour revealed is the winner and advances to the new final round , " The Vortex " . The Vortex is " a true test of skill , nerve and judgment " . It consists of a " mini velodrome " which flashes between red and black at a constant rate . The aim is to watch the sequence and adjust the power of the launcher , which will fire a ball into The Vortex . If the balls lands in the End Zone in the contestant 's chosen colour , they win the jackpot ( starting at ₤ 500 @,@ 000 ) , or else it will increase by ₤ 500 @,@ 000 for the next show . = = = = Rounds = = = = Notes ^ Note 1 : ' Spell Check ' featured Jonathan Ross and Carol Vorderman as participants ^ Note 2 : ' Roses ' featured a dance performance by Derek Hough and Peta Murgatroyd ^ Note 3 : ' Spin @-@ off ' featured Rizzle Kicks ' performance of " Down with the Trumpets " ^ Note 4 : ' Speed Darts ' was played by Adrian Lewis and Phil Taylor = = = Episodes = = = The coloured backgrounds denote the result of each of the shows : – indicates the contestant won the whole show , chose the right colour in the final round and won the Jackpot . – indicates the contestant won the whole show but chose the wrong colour in the final round . – indicates a decision was reversed regarding the final round . * Chris 's loss on the Vortex was reversed after a review of a smaller camera underneath the Vortex that showed the ball dropping and landing milliseconds before the change in colour to red , thus the money was awarded to him - also note that the rollover still stood . = = Reception = = = = = Ratings = = = = = = = Series 1 = = = = In the week prior to the launch of Red or Black ? , ITV had slipped behind Channel 5 in the ratings on the Sunday night while BBC One had nearly three times the audience share of the ITV channel . While the lead was not as large on the remainder of the evenings , BBC One still beat ITV every night on the overall primetime audience share , except for Thursday night . Red or Black ? launched on Saturday 3 September 2011 , with 6 @.@ 41 million viewers , giving the show a 29 @.@ 8 % share of the market between 7pm and 8 : 15pm , beating the Doctor Who episode " Night Terrors " into second place with 5.54m. It returned later in the night with 6.93m. However the episode of The X Factor broadcast between the two episodes received a much higher number of viewers , attracting 10.51m. The second set of episodes , broadcast on the following night , showed a drop in ratings down to 4.47m for the first episode , and 5.55m for the second . The first episode of the night was beaten by an episode of Countryfile , which commanded 5.62m , while the second was beaten by another BBC show , Inspector George Gently , which attracted 6.47m. The third pair of episodes , on the Monday evening , showed the series regaining some ground , with the first episode moving back up to 5.02m , and gaining a larger share of the market during its timeslot than any other channel . The second episode had lower ratings for the first time , with 4.99m , seeing it beaten by an episode of New Tricks on BBC One . After a break on the Tuesday evening , the show returned on Wednesday whilst averaging 4.65m for the first show of the evening , a 21 % audience share which was larger than anything else in its timeslot . The second episode broadcast at 9 : 30pm , with 4.46m , an 18 @.@ 7 % share which was beaten by an episode of BBC One 's Who Do You Think You Are ? on Emilia Fox which commanded 5 @.@ 39 million viewers . Ratings continued to decline on the Thursday evening shows , with both shows being viewed by fewer than four million viewers for the first time , 3.81m and 3.86m respectively , seeing the first show being beaten by BBC One 's Watchdog which gained 5.23m in the 8pm slot . The sixth set of episodes also stayed below the 4 million mark , but in an evening that saw ITV beat BBC One 's audience share in the evening by 19 @.@ 6 % to 19 % , including the earlier episode of Red of Black ? gaining 3.8m viewers , while the later show was viewed by slightly more with 3.9m. However , in direct competition with the later show was BBC One 's Would I Lie to You ? which had slightly more viewers , with 4m tuning in . On the return of Red or Black ? to Saturday night , the show climbed above 4 million for the first time in three days , to 4.63m for the first show and then up to 5.67m for the second . This enabled ITV to beat BBC One in the primetime ratings overall , by 23 @.@ 3 % to 21 % , even though the first episode of series 8 of Strictly Come Dancing was broadcast on BBC . However Red or Black ? individually placed behind both Strictly and Doctor Who , with the overnights for the BBC shows being 7 @.@ 6 and 6 @.@ 0 million , respectively . Overall through the week the main ITV channel had a higher share of the ratings during primetime than BBC One on five out of the seven occasions , a turnaround from the previous week where it only won on a single evening . = = = = Series 2 = = = = On 11 – 12 August 2012 , the Saturday and Sunday prior to the launch of the second series of Red or Black ? , ITV suffered the worst weekend in its 57 @-@ year history due to BBC One 's coverage of the 2012 Summer Olympics ; it was beaten to second place in the primetime league tables by BBC Three for the first time ever and the only ITV programme on 11 August that was one of the channel 's 30 most watched in the week 6 – 12 August 2012 was the ITV News at Ten . The Olympics closing ceremony the following night gave BBC One more than 20 times the audience share of ITV . While the lead was nowhere near as large on the remainder of the evenings , BBC One still beat ITV every night on the overall primetime audience share , except for Thursday night . Red or Black ? launched its second series on 18 August 2012 , with 3 @.@ 25 million viewers , giving the show a 19 @.@ 6 % share of the market between 7pm and 8 : 15pm ; it was beaten in its timeslot by a showing of Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull , which gained 4m on BBC One . It returned later in the night with 3.59m. The episode of The X Factor broadcast between the two episodes received a higher number of viewers , attracting 8.08m. The second set of episodes , broadcast the week after , saw a small rise in viewers with 3.42m for the first episode , and 3.70m for the second . In the third week , it got 3.30m for the first episode and 3.06m for the second . Week four brought in 3.17m for the first episode and 3.63m for the second . 3.29m people tuned in for week five 's first episode and 3.25m for the second episode . Week six produced 3.39m for the first episode and 3.23m for the second . The final set of shows produced 3.23m and 2.84m viewers for the first and second episodes , respectively . = = = Media response = = = Christopher Hooton , writing for the Metro , chose the show as one of his four weekend picks prior to the first episode . However , Rachel Tarley , writing for the same newspaper , later compared the show to It 's a Knockout , but described the contestants as " morons " and said the show " marks a new era in Syco 's lazy , sinister attempts to make money from a hopelessly stupid viewing public " . Jim Shelley , of the Daily Mirror , described Red or Black ? as " mess " , and described the stunts as " dull " ; Kevin O 'Sullivan , also at the Mirror , described the show as a " sausage factory of sob stories " ; while Ken Smith , of The Herald , described it as the " dullest show of the week " . After the fourth episode , Jan Moir of The Daily Mail reviewed the show , describing it as a " spin of a wheel away from total disaster " , and calling the appearances of Simon Cowell related music acts a " blatant plugfest " . Overall , Moir described the show " overblown and immoral nonsense " . Jonathan Liew , of The Daily Telegraph , requested that readers stopped watching the show , whilst describing it as " so devoid of intellect that it actually sucks nearby intelligence into its vortex . This is , without exaggeration or embellishment , an abominably stupid television programme . " Readers of UKGameshows.com named it the worst new game show of 2011 in their " Hall of shame " poll . On 26 October 2012 , Richard Osman , writing for The Guardian , named Red or Black ? among four of UK TV 's worst ever gameshows . During the airing of the first show , Twitter users complained that finalist Angel McKenzie had made it through , as she was previously a housemate during Big Brother 10 in 2009 . However , McKenzie 's appearance was overshadowed by stories relating to £ 1 million winner Nathan Hageman , as it was revealed that he had a criminal background ; it was initially reported that he had served a five @-@ year sentence for breaking into a man 's house and assaulting him , but it was later revealed by The Sun that he had in fact been convicted of attacking an ex – girlfriend . This led to the newspaper and Labour MP Hazel Blears calling for Hageman to be stripped of his prize money . ITV had conducted a CRB check on each finalist towards the end of July , over a month prior to the first live show . When later discussing the incident , Simon Cowell said , " I 'm not in a position to force anyone to do anything . Once he got through that 's why he got the money , that 's his own conscience what he decides to do with it . " Following the media frenzy about details of Hageman 's offence , two contestants that had not yet appeared on the show were removed by ITV . It was revealed that one had failed to disclose that he had a criminal record during the application process , while information on the second contestant was withheld . A third contestant was subsequently removed by ITV . Each contestant was from a different night , with the first removed on the programme aired 7 September ; however footage pre – filmed revealed his identity . One of the three contestants removed , Ryan Keating , was later interviewed by The People , which revealed that he received a 12 – month community order and £ 50 fine in 2008 after he got into a drunken altercation with his wife . He argued that he should not have been removed from the show , saying that he " was honest with them from the outset . I 've been totally on the level . They 've stitched me up because they were scared of the headlines – but it 's total double standards . " The People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals ( PETA ) , an animal rights group , complained after the show was found to have spray painted a number of sheep red and black for a sheep herding round at Roundhay Park in Leeds . A PETA representative told the Daily Star : " Subjecting these shy sensitive animals to long periods of restraint in order to spray them with potentially noxious chemicals will also be stressful and frightening for them . " ITV replied that the paint was non @-@ toxic , saying " While the animals may have looked quite dramatic in their new colours , they did not come to any harm " . = = Transmissions = = = = = Awards and nominations = = = = = International versions = = The first international version of Red or Black ? was the Ukrainian version Червоне або чорне ? ( Chervone abo chorne ? ) . It is based on the original British version , with 1 @,@ 000 contenders at the beginning of the show . The first episode aired on 10 November 2012 on Inter with a top prize of 1 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 ₴ . The Italian version of the show is entitled " Red or Black - Tutto o Niente " and is being aired on television channel Rai 1 . This show was based on the second British version , with eight contenders competing against each other . The first episode aired on 22 February 2013 .
= Fort Henry Bridge = The Fort Henry Bridge is a crossing of the Ohio River main channel in Wheeling , West Virginia . The tied @-@ arch bridge carries two lanes in each direction of Interstate 70 ( I @-@ 70 ) , U.S. Route 40 ( US 40 ) , and US 250 . The bridge opened after four years of construction work on September 8 , 1955 , costing $ 6 @.@ 8 million , $ 1 @.@ 8 million over budget . The bridge , along with the aging Wheeling Suspension Bridge , are the only two road links from Wheeling Island to downtown Wheeling . In 2009 , the structure carried an average of over 60 @,@ 000 vehicles per day . = = Description = = The 1 @,@ 660 @-@ foot ( 510 m ) long tied @-@ arch bridge carries four lanes of concurrent highways I @-@ 70 , US 40 and US 250 over the main channel of the Ohio River between Wheeling Island and downtown Wheeling , West Virginia . The bridge is the easternmost portion of a 1 @-@ mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) long chain of elevated structures spanning Wheeling Creek in Ohio , the Ohio River back channel , Wheeling Island , and the main channel . To the east of the bridge after an interchange in downtown Wheeling , I @-@ 70 and US 250 enter the Wheeling Tunnel . Besides the Wheeling Suspension Bridge , the Fort Henry Bridge is the only fixed connection from Wheeling Island to mainland West Virginia . The bridge is named after Fort Henry , which in turn was named after Patrick Henry , the governor of Virginia Territory at the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War . Truck traffic is prohibited from using the Wheeling Suspension Bridge and must take the Fort Henry Bridge to cross between downtown Wheeling and Wheeling Island . The bridge is owned and maintained by the State of West Virginia . Every year , the West Virginia Department of Transportation ( WVDOT ) conducts a series of surveys on its highways in the state to measure traffic volume . This is expressed in terms of average annual daily traffic ( AADT ) , which is a measure of traffic volume for any average day of the year . In 2009 , WVDOT calculated that 60 @,@ 070 vehicles used the Fort Henry Bridge over the main channel of the Ohio River . This represents a 334 percent increase in traffic from 1956 , the first year traffic data was published , when 18 @,@ 000 vehicles used the bridge . = = History = = Contracts to build the Fort Henry Bridge were let to the American Bridge Company , a subsidiary of U.S. Steel , and Dravo Corporation of Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . Costing $ 6 @.@ 8 million , $ 1 @.@ 8 million over budget , and taking four years to complete , the Fort Henry Bridge opened to traffic on September 8 , 1955 after a ribbon @-@ cutting ceremony with then @-@ governor William C. Marland in front of a crowd of 55 @,@ 000 to 60 @,@ 000 people . The bridge earned an Honorable Mention in 1955 from the National Steel Bridge Alliance , a part of the American Institute of Steel Construction , which recognizes the best steel bridges of the year . At the time of construction , the bridge was only the second tied @-@ arch bridge across the Ohio River . The bridge was originally named the Ninth Street Bridge , and was designed to relieve traffic on the National Road 's Wheeling Suspension Bridge . The roadway as originally opened carried four lanes with a 4 ft ( 1 @.@ 2 m ) median between each direction . During the first years of the bridge it carried US 40 and US 250 from Wheeling Island over the Ohio River main channel . In 1957 plans to add an Interstate Highway designation to the bridge were formed , with the Interstate 70 designation added by 1966 . The bridge underwent a renovation in 1990 which included replacement of its bridge deck . The bridge , along with the Vietnam Veterans Memorial Bridge and the Wheeling Suspension bridge were all closed in January 2005 , stopping any traffic from Ohio or Wheeling Island from entering mainland West Virginia for an hour due to barges breaking loose during heavy flooding along the Ohio River .
= Lips Are Movin = " Lips Are Movin " is a song recorded by American singer and songwriter Meghan Trainor . It was co @-@ written and produced by Kevin Kadish , and was released by Epic Records on October 21 , 2014 , as the second single from Trainor 's fourth studio album Title ( 2015 ) . " Dear Future Husband " and " Title " were both originally considered for receiving a single release , but " Lips Are Movin " was later announced in October 2014 , along with the unveiling of the official single artwork for the song , and was serviced to radio stations in the same month . " Lips Are Movin " is a bubblegum pop , doo @-@ wop and R & B song ; it has wry lyrics about a philandering , untruthful man . Comparing it to Trainor 's previous single " All About That Bass " , critics stated that " Lips Are Movin " elevated Trainor from a one @-@ hit wonder to a successful pop act . " Lips Are Movin " was a commercial success , becoming Trainor 's second consecutive single to reach the top five in Australia , the United Kingdom , and the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 , where it peaked at numbers three , two , and four , respectively . It also reached the top ten in several European countries , including Austria , Spain , Germany , and the Netherlands . The music video for " Lips Are Movin " was directed by Philip Andelman and commissioned by Hewlett @-@ Packard . Being a portrayal of behind @-@ the @-@ scenes events during a music video shoot , the video features dancers including Les Twins and Chachi Gonzales . Following its release on November 19 , 2014 , the video received 2 @.@ 5 million views on YouTube in two days and received positive reviews praising its imagery . Trainor has performed " Lips Are Movin " live on several shows , including Today , The Voice , and Dancing with the Stars . It was also performed during Trainor 's That Bass Tour ( 2015 ) and MTrain Tour ( 2015 ) . = = Production and release = = " Lips Are Movin " is a bubblegum pop , doo @-@ wop and R & B song . It uses a half @-@ sung , half @-@ rapped format and a retro @-@ soul melody with a beat and a percussion @-@ heavy arrangement . VH1 described it as " a feisty , upbeat track " that " has some spunky lyrics " . According to James Cowan of Canadian Business , the song " shares the same girl @-@ group @-@ influenced harmonies , wry lyrics and candy palette " of its predecessor , " All About That Bass " . Musically , " Lips Are Movin " was likened to Christina Aguilera 's " Candyman " ( 2007 ) by Carl Smith of Sugarscape.com. The song 's tempo is 139 beats per minute . It is composed in the key G major ; Trainor 's vocals span the tonal nodes F3 to B5 . The song 's chord progression is G – Am – C – G. The song 's lyrics are about a philandering , untruthful man ; they include , " if your lips are movin ' , then you 're lyin ' , lyin ' , lyin , babe " . It was reportedly written in eight minutes by Kevin Kadish and Meghan Trainor and produced by the former . On October 14 , 2014 , the song 's artwork and a full @-@ length low @-@ quality audio were leaked online . The same day , it was announced that " Lips Are Movin " would be officially released to contemporary hit radio in the U.S. on October 21 , 2014 , as Trainor 's second single , canceling the originally intended radio release of " Title " . The song was offered as a " first listen " on Shazam and the official audio premiered on MTV News the following day . The song garnered radio play from three monitored stations the same day , six days before the track 's impact date . The song was released as a download on the same date in Austria , Germany , and Switzerland . It was later released worldwide — except in the United Kingdom — as an " instant grat " promotion from the pre @-@ order of Title , In the United Kingdom , the song was released as a download on January 18 , 2015 . = = Critical reception = = Critics compared it to Trainor 's previous single , " All About That Bass " . Christina Garibaldi of MTV News referred to " Lips Are Movin " as a catchy ladies ' anthem . 4Music 's Jessica Lever called it " another pop classic " , and said , " with the same sass as her debut song , we 're sure this one 's also going to rock the music world " . Billboard said " Lips Are Movin " " is definitely in the same vein as ' All About That Bass , ' which spells great things for the song ... " . Megan Friedman of Seventeen enjoyed the song 's references to its predecessor , saying , " when you need a pick @-@ me @-@ up song to help you brush off the haters , you can count on Meghan Trainor " . Some reviewers noted that the song made Trainor from a one @-@ hit wonder to a successful pop artist : one of them included Brian Mansfield of USA Today , who called it much better than " All About That Bass " , and Stefan Kyriazis of the Daily Express . Sarah Lipoff of PopSugar ranked " Lips Are Movin " as the ninth @-@ best song of 2014 . In more mixed opinions , Ben Rayner of the Toronto Star said " Lips Are Movin " is " whitewashed into a fairly anodyne mush ... the hip @-@ hop bump and plush basslines that intrude ... are pure cosmetic window dressing " . Nolan Feeney of Time said the track sounded too similar to its predecessor ; she wrote , " From its retro sound to its handclaps and post @-@ chorus chant , ' Lips Are Movin ' seems designed to milk the success of [ Trainor 's ] breakout hit " . Slant Magazine 's Alexa Camp compared " Lips Are Movin " to its predecessor , writing that it " strictly adheres to the same beat sheet as its predecessor ( doo @-@ wop throwback , girl @-@ group harmonies , bubblegum @-@ pop hooks ) " . = = Chart performance = = " Lips Are Movin " debuted at number 93 on the Billboard Hot 100 issued for November 8 , 2014 . The song became the " Most Added " in the Mainstream Top 40 format that week . It reached number 50 in its third week on the chart . On December 10 , 2014 , " Lips Are Movin " rose from 13 to eight . Its increase was aided by an eight – five position ( two % ) rise on Digital Songs ( 110 @,@ 000 copies ) , 13 – seven position ( 20 % ) rise on Streaming Songs ( 7 @.@ 8 million streams ) , and a 44 – 36 ( 26 % ) rise on Radio Songs ( 36 million radio audience ) charts . " Lips Are Movin " peaked at number four on the Billboard Hot 100 , becoming Trainor 's second consecutive top @-@ five hit in the U.S. , and peaked at number four on the Mainstream Top 40 chart . The single peaked at number seven on the Canadian Hot 100 , and at number five on that country 's Digital Songs chart . " Lips Are Movin " debuted at number seven on the Australian Singles Chart on November 9 , 2014 , peaked at number three the following week , and spent 11 weeks in the chart 's top ten . It was Trainor 's second consecutive top @-@ three single in Australia , and was certified double platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) for sales of 140 @,@ 000 copies . " Lips Are Movin " entered the New Zealand Singles Chart at number 30 on November 10 , 2014 . It reached number eight in its sixth week and peaked at number five , becoming Trainor 's third consecutive top @-@ ten hit in that country . In the U.K. , the song rose from number 50 to number two on January 25 , 2015 , but was blocked from the top spot by Mark Ronson 's song " Uptown Funk " . " Lips Are Movin " debuted at number 96 on the Irish Singles Chart issued for November 20 , 2014 , and peaked at number five on the chart dated January 29 , 2015 . In Germany , the song peaked at number ten , becoming her second top @-@ ten song there , and was certified gold for shipments of 200 @,@ 000 copies . Elsewhere in Europe , " Lips Are Movin " peaked within the top @-@ ten in Austria , the Czech Republic , the Netherlands , and Spain , and peaked at number three on Billboard 's Euro Digital Songs . In France , the song peaked at number 154 . = = Music video = = = = = Background and concept = = = The accompanying music video for " Lips Are Movin " was filmed in Los Angeles and was directed by Philip Andelman . It premiered on Trainor 's Vevo account on November 19 , 2014 . Trainor told MTV News , " Here 's me being sassy and other people dancing with me and having just a good time and trying to get through this feeling of , Ugh he 's cheating on me again " . The video was commissioned by information technology corporation Hewlett @-@ Packard . It features several " influencers " — actors , dancers and set designers with large social media followings . The influencers featured in the video include set designer Bri Emery ; actors Marcus Johns , Cody Johns , and Robby Ayala ; dancers Les Twins ; Spanish stylist Sara Escudero ; hair stylist Kristin Ess ; Japanese nail artist Mei Kawajiri ; American dancer Chachi Gonzales ; and Pomeranian dog Barkley the Pom . Andelman suggested showcasing behind @-@ the @-@ scenes events occurring during a music @-@ video shoot , which was used as the video 's theme . Trainor 's team asked 180LA to develop the look of the " All About That Bass " music video without straying too far from it . = = = Synopsis = = = In the song 's music video , Trainor sings into a red microphone in front of a pastel blue wall ; she is sometimes flanked by backup dancers and television screens . Lips are used as a motif throughout the video ; they appear as closeups of Trainor 's mouth and as a large drawing of lips used as a backdrop . Yahoo ! Music writer Lyndsey Parker compared the video to the poster for The Rocky Horror Picture Show . Trainor wears lip @-@ shaped earrings and sunglasses in the video , and is seen reclining on a lip @-@ shaped sofa . Parker compared the sofa in the video to the sofas used in the American television program So You Think You Can Dance . The video 's set changes constantly ; props are lifted on @-@ and @-@ off screen by workers throughout the clip . = = = Reception = = = The music video received over 2 @,@ 500 @,@ 000 YouTube views in less than two days . Billboard writer Andrew Hampp said its production was a " historic milestone in the realm of YouTube creators " . Cowan of Canadian Business said , " Cynics will view this as a decidedly stodgy brand trying to make itself hip by hanging out with cool kids . But a less @-@ jaded eye might call it something else — arts patronage for the 21st century " . Writing for music website Idolator , Bradley Stern called the video a " squeaky @-@ clean visual , " and praised its bright and colorful imagery , while Daily Express writer Stefan Kyriazis called it " red hot " . Mike Pell of MTV UK wrote that the clip continued the bubbly , bright themes of Trainor 's " All About That Bass " video , and that the singer 's sequinned kitty top resembled one Katy Perry wore for the 2014 MTV Europe Music Awards . Yahoo ! writer Lyndsey Parker praised Trainor 's fashion in the video ; she said it " seems to be an unofficial campaign to land her own M.A.C. Viva Glam endorsement deal " . Fuse 's Hilary Hughes wrote that the video was a bold and sassy sentiment , and that its style shift from " All About That Bass " " definitely made a statement " . Hughes described the video 's dance routine as " fierce " ; she called it " a super @-@ meta technicolor dance party " . Mashable 's Brian Anthony Hernandez wrote , " The visuals are what you would expect from a bouncy pop song : young dancers , colorful backgrounds , quirky outfits and exaggerated expressions " . = = Live performances = = Trainor performed " Lips Are Movin " live on NBC 's The Today Show on November 5 , 2014 . She then performed the song in New York during the Macy 's Thanksgiving Day Parade on November 27 , 2014 . Trainor performed a medley of " Lips Are Movin " and " All About That Bass " on the final episode of the nineteenth season of the American reality television series Dancing with the Stars . In December 2014 , Trainor performed the song as part of her set for the Jingle Ball Tour 2014 and during the final episode of the seventh season of the American reality television series The Voice . On January 15 , 2015 , Trainor performed an acoustic rendition of " Lips Are Movin " on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon . The song appears on the set list of Trainor 's 2015 tours That Bass Tour and MTrain Tour . = = Formats and track listings = = = = Charts = = = = Certifications = = Since May 2013 RIAA certifications for digital singles include on @-@ demand audio and / or video song streams in addition to downloads . = = Radio and release history = =
= Boletus rubroflammeus = Boletus rubroflammeus is a species of bolete fungus in the family Boletaceae . First described from Michigan in 1971 , it is found in the eastern United States and Mexico , where it grows in a mycorrhizal association with hardwood trees . The fruit bodies ( mushrooms ) of the fungus have caps that are deep red to purplish red , and dark red pores . The stem has coarse , dark red reticulations ( raised , net @-@ like ridges ) and a narrow yellow area at the top . All parts of the mushroom quickly stain blue when injured or cut . Lookalikes include Boletus flammans , a lighter @-@ colored species that grows with conifers . Other similar species can be distinguished by differences in distribution , morphology , staining reaction , and microscopic characteristics . Boletus rubroflammeus mushrooms are poisonous , and can cause gastrointestinal distress if consumed . = = Taxonomy = = The species was first described by American mycologists Alexander H. Smith and Harry D. Thiers in their 1978 monograph on the boletes of Michigan . The type collection was made by Smith near Ann Arbor , and is stored at the University of Michigan Herbarium . The specific epithet rubroflammeus derives from the Latin words ruber ( " red " ) and flammeus ( " flaming " ) . = = Description = = The shape of the cap of B. rubroflammeus is convex to broadly convex , and reaches a diameter of 6 – 12 cm ( 2 @.@ 4 – 4 @.@ 7 in ) . The margin of the cap extends slightly beyond the tubes . The cap surface is dry and initially appears appressed @-@ fibrillose ( with fibrils pressed down flat against the surface ) or has a matted grayish tomentum , but later the hairs slough off and the matted tomentum is present only along the cap margin . In maturity , the center of the caps develop slight cracks . The cap is a deep vinaceous @-@ red color that remains constant throughout the life of the fruit bodies . The flesh is thick , soft , and yellow . Its taste is mild , and it has no distinct odor . On the underside of the cap , the spore @-@ bearing surface comprises vertically arranged minute tubes with pore @-@ like openings . The tubes are yellow , 1 – 2 cm ( 0 @.@ 4 – 0 @.@ 8 in ) deep , initially adnate ( fused ) to the stem , but later becoming free from attachment ( or nearly so ) . Individual pores are round and small ( about 2 per mm ) , while the overall pore surface is uneven or pitted . Its color is initially deep red , but fades slightly in maturity ; the pore surface quickly turns blue with injury . The stem is 6 – 8 cm ( 2 @.@ 4 – 3 @.@ 1 in ) long , 1 – 2 cm ( 0 @.@ 4 – 0 @.@ 8 in ) thick , solid ( i.e. , not hollow ) , and equal in width throughout to club @-@ shaped . Inside , it is yellowish with reddish streaks . Most of the stem surface is covered with coarse dark red reticulations , although near the top the color is yellow beneath the reticulations . All parts of the mushroom will quickly stain blue when cut , bruised , or otherwise injured . The mushroom is poisonous , and if consumed can cause gastrointestinal distress ; typical symptoms include cramping , nausea , bloating , vomiting , and diarrhea . Boletus rubroflammeus produces an olive @-@ brown spore print . The spores are smooth , roughly oblong to slightly ventricose ( swollen ) in face view , in profile view inequilateral , and have dimensions of 10 – 14 by 4 – 5 μm . Spores have a broad and shallow suprahilar depression ( a depressed area on the dorsal side of the spore that was once attached to the sterigma ) . They are yellowish hyaline ( translucent ) in Melzer 's reagent , and pale yellow @-@ orange when mounted in a solution of potassium hydroxide ( KOH ) . The basidia ( spore @-@ bearing cells ) are club @-@ shaped with a long pedicel ( stalk ) , four @-@ spored , and measure 30 – 40 by 8 – 9 μm . Pleurocystidia ( cystidia on the tube faces ) are rare to scattered , 28 – 37 by 9 – 15 μm , fusoid ( somewhat spindle @-@ shaped ) to ventricose , and have a somewhat sharp tip . Cheilocystidia ( cystidia on gill edges ) are abundant , 18 – 35 by 5 – 9 μm , and roughly similar in shape to the pleurocystidia . When mounted in KOH , the cheilocystidia have a dingy orange @-@ yellow color , and walls that are smooth and thin . The tissue of the tubes is bilateral , meaning that they have a central strand of roughly parallel hyphae from which other hyphae diverge . The central strand comprises interwoven hyphae that are floccose and orange @-@ yellow in KOH ; the diverging hyphae continue into the hymenium to form a subhymenium that contain smooth hyphae measuring 4 – 6 μm wide . The cap has a cuticle consisting of tightly interwoven pressed @-@ down hyphae that are usually 3 – 5 μm wide . The hyphae in the epicuticular zone ( a waxy layer on the surface of the cuticle ) often have fine granular incrustations that can be seen in both KOH and Melzer 's reagent . Clamp connections are absent from the hyphae of B. rubroflammeus . = = = Similar species = = = Distinctive field characteristics used to distinguish Boletus rubroflammeus from similar boletes include the deep purple @-@ red cap and the reticulated stem . B. flammans is similar in appearance , but has a more variable cap color , ranging from dark red to brick @-@ red or reddish @-@ brown , a yellow stem base and less prominently reticulate stem , and it grows under conifers . Rubroboletus rhodosanguineus is also very similar but has more variable cap color with brown to olive tones and its cut flesh has an odor of overripe fruit that intensifies when dry . The European species R. rhodoxanthus has a paler overall color . Another European species , B. permagnificus , has larger spores ( 13 – 16 by 5 – 6 @.@ 5 μm ) , weakly decurrent pores , and only associates with oak trees . In addition to its geographic location , the Colombian species B. pyrrhosceles can be distinguished from B. rubroflammeus by its reddish @-@ brown cap ( fading to brownish orange in maturity ) , a brownish @-@ red to deep red stem that is reticulated only at the top , and shallower tubes — up to 5 mm ( 0 @.@ 2 in ) . B. rhodocarpus , known only from Japan where it grows in deciduous forests , differs primarily in having brownish scales on the cap . = = Habitat and distribution = = Boletus rubroflammeus is a mycorrhizal species , and its fruit bodies grow scattered or in groups on the ground under hardwood trees . The fungus fruits in summer and autumn months , and tends to appear after hot weather and heavy rains . Known only from North America , its range extends from New England south to Tennessee , and west to Michigan . It has also been recorded from Mexico .
= Believe in Me ( Bonnie Tyler song ) = " Believe in Me " is a song by Welsh singer Bonnie Tyler from her sixteenth studio album Rocks and Honey ( 2013 ) . American songwriter Desmond Child composed the song with British songwriters Lauren Christy and Christopher Braide . It was released as the lead single from the album by Celtic Swan Recordings on 13 March 2013 . The song was written with the aim to " uplift the world " , and was completed by Child whilst having dinner with Tyler . The song was recorded in the Blackbird Studios , Nashville , Tennessee . The lyrics depict Tyler telling a lover who does not believe in love or religion to just believe in her . " Believe in Me " was selected as the 2013 Eurovision Song Contest entry for the United Kingdom . To comply with the song duration rules , the album version was cut to three minutes and three seconds for radio play and for live performance . The photograph used for the cover art was taken by Tyler 's nephew , Andrew Hopkins . Following the Eurovision Song Contest , the song peaked at No. 93 in the United Kingdom , but did not chart elsewhere . " Believe in Me " received mixed reviews from music critics , and the song was largely blamed for Tyler 's mediocre final score in the Eurovision Song Contest Grand Final . Despite the single 's chart placing and result at Eurovision , both Tyler and the single won categories in the Eurovision Song Contest Radio Awards ; the first time a UK representative has won in a category in the ESC Radio 's history . = = Background and release = = Tyler had been working on her sixteenth studio album Rocks and Honey since 2008 . She recorded the album in the Blackbird Studios , Nashville , Tennessee , and released the album on 8 March 2013 in Europe , one day after Tyler was announced as the United Kingdom 's representative at the Eurovision Song Contest . The official release of " Believe in Me " followed a week later , released on 13 March by Celtic Swan Recordings in the United Kingdom and Ireland , and 15 March in Europe . At her appearance on The One Show Tyler explained that the song had already been written before the BBC suggested it as the Eurovision entry when she sent in a demo of Rocks and Honey in to them . The song has also been added to the SingStar store as a karaoke track . A remix single of the song by Blutonium Boy & Matty Menk was released on 13 May by Celtic Swan Recordings . The music video was published on the BBC 's official YouTube channel on 6 March 2013 . The video was shot in East Sussex in a beach hut and on a nearby beach . Alongside the music video film crew there was a second crew that filmed a ' making @-@ of ' video . The BBC published the film in late March . = = Composition = = Lauren Christy and Christopher Braide 's involvement in composing " Believe in Me " is unknown , though when it was announced that the song would represent the United Kingdom in the Eurovision Song Contest 2013 , Bonnie Tyler told The Telegraph that Child finished composing the song at dinner . " When I got to Nashville , I was looking for songs around the publishers , and got in touch with Desmond and he said " come up for dinner tomorrow night and I 'll give you some songs . " He 'd already recorded some of these demos , but I said " I really love these two songs . " And he said " But " Believe in Me " isn 't finished yet . I tell you what , come back up for dinner tomorrow night and I 'll finish writing it then , " which is what he did . I 'll never forget that night , we got there and Bob Ezrin was there , the producer of The Wall for Pink Floyd . After dinner [ Child ] wrote the second verse . " Welsh singer Paul Child conducted an interview with Desmond Child in Nashville in April 2013 to discuss his work with Bonnie Tyler , both with " Believe in Me " and in the beginnings when he wrote her hit single " If You Were a Woman " in the 1980s . Paul Child drew similarities between the lyrical and rhythmic structure of " Believe in Me " and the Labelle song " Lady Marmalade " , specifically with the lines " Voulez @-@ vous coucher avec moi ( ce soir ) ? " and " [ ... ] and you laugh at the thought of putting your faith in stuff , like love " . Desmond stated that they ( Child , Christy and Braide ) wanted to write a song that would " uplift the world , and we 're so thrilled that Bonnie sang it and that it got chosen to represent the UK . " = = Critical reception = = Upon its initial release , the song received mixed reviews from music critics . UKMIX described the song as " quite blissful with a smooth vocal delivery and some pretty nice lyrics , " but despite not being able to fault the song , the reviewer was unsure that the song was the right choice for the Eurovision Song Contest and predicted that Tyler would suffer the same criticism that Engelbert Humperdinck received the previous year . Robert Copsey from Digital Spy gave the song two stars out of five , stating that the song is a " polar opposite to the slew of Euro @-@ club bangers entering this year 's contest , " but applaud Tyler for entering the Eurovision Song Contest with the contrasting song . The Guardian held a poll on their website asking the public if they expected Tyler to be successful at Eurovision . The results were fairly even with 46 % predicting that Tyler would win and 54 % voting that they didn 't expect Tyler to win . Ann Gripper from the Daily Mirror described the song as " heartfelt , " and went on to say that Tyler " can still sing . " She criticised the songwriters ' choice of " above " and " stuff " as the first rhyming lyrics , but noted the line " you never see the rainbow , you just curse the rain " as an improvement , and an opportunity to " have some fun with the staging on finals night in Malmo . " Gripper concluded by saying that it " doesn 't get into your head like ( 2012 Sweden winning song ) " Euphoria " , " and stated that unless the staging is " spectacular " , the song won 't be remembered by voting time . = = Eurovision Song Contest 2013 = = Tyler was selected by the BBC to represent the United Kingdom in the Eurovision Song Contest 2013 . The first rehearsal took place on 12 May , the second on 15 May and the performance in front of the jury on 17 May 2013 . Tyler 's final performance of " Believe in Me " took place on 18 May during the Grand Final , with Anthony Goldsbrough ( guitar and backing vocals ) , Michael Gazzard ( guitar and backing vocals ) , Hayley Sanderson ( guitar and backing vocals ) Kristen Cummings ( keyboards and backing vocals ) and Grant Mugent @-@ Kershaw ( drums ) . The song was staged with Tyler standing by a microphone stand with her backing group before walking down the catwalk onto a rising platform . The song finished in 19th place with points from Ireland ( 7 ) , Malta ( 5 ) , Spain ( 4 ) , Romania ( 3 ) , Switzerland ( 2 ) , Sweden ( 1 ) and Slovenia ( 1 ) , a total of 23 points . = = = Reaction to the Eurovision results = = = Several journalists and singers have made public their views on the song and the result . Irish entrant and three @-@ time winner of Eurovision Johnny Logan complimented Tyler , but argued that the song wasn 't strong enough . He continued , " If you 're going to win Eurovision , to go through some of the incredible voting I 've noticed over the last few years , you have to have something that 's going to stand out above everything else . Otherwise you 're just going to hope to pick up 10 or 11 votes . " Similarly , Nathan Moore agreed that the song was not strong enough , but said " It was a great idea to get Bonnie involved , there 's a lot of love for Bonnie out there . " Mick Dalley ( of Yahoo ! News ) agreed that " although Tyler herself was on form , singing beautifully and rousing the crowd with her podiumed finale , " Believe in Me " was simply not good enough as a song " . 1997 UK winner Katrina Leskanich ( of Katrina and the Waves ) stated that she was underwhelmed by Denmark 's entry , and expected Tyler to have scored higher than she did . British journalist Dave Goodman acknowledged that Tyler 's entry was an improvement on the previous year , though argued that it was a combination of a poor position in the running order and the song that kept the UK from scoring higher . During promotion for Rocks and Honey in France , Bonnie Tyler spoke out against the Eurovision Song Contest 's incidents . After being asked if she believes the contest is rigged , she replied , " I think so . " " The next day after the Eurovision , the Russians were complaining to Azerbaijan , " why didn 't you give us the ten points we paid for ? " Excuse me ! " We paid for ? " Is this a competition ? ... I don 't care about that . We [ United Kingdom ] haven 't won for sixteen years , and I didn 't expect to win . It 's too bad that politics come in to it , it should be a songwriting competition , not who lives next door to you . " The Daily Mail reported that Tyler overheard the conversation of Russians complaining to Azerbaijanis and spread the rumour , though Tyler challenged this and said that she had seen it on Sky News . = = Performances and promotion = = Tyler first performed the song in Berlin , Germany where she featured as a guest on the Rock Meets Classic Tour in February to March 2013 . Tyler was still involved with the tour when it was announced that she would be representing the United Kingdom in the Eurovision Song Contest in May , and after appearing on The One Show in London , she returned to Germany to begin promoting " Believe in Me " . On 19 April , she stopped off at the Cologne Cathedral and the Madame Tussauds wax museum in Berlin for a photo shoot and unveiled wax figurines of the members of ABBA . On 28 April , the Leute Heute ( German TV show ) film team published a video from visiting Tyler 's house a few weeks before to interview her on her participation in the Eurovision Song Contest . On the same day she also underwent several interviews with media organisations including Digital Spy , The Sun , and the Daily Mail . At mid @-@ day , Tyler was interviewed and then performed an acoustic version of the song on BBC Radio 2 's Weekend Wogan with her Eurovision group . Her final television appearance in the UK was on 3 May , when she performed " Believe in Me " on The Graham Norton Show . After arriving in Malmö on 10 May , Tyler was received positively by the press and by the other Eurovision entrants . Particular support came from Finland 's entrant Krista Siegfrids and Malta 's entrant Gianluca Bezzina . Before the voting concluded , the UK received 2 more points from Switzerland and the Lithuanian spokesperson spoke " I love you , Bonnie Tyler " despite the UK not scoring any Lithuanian votes . = = Credits and personnel = = Credits are adapted from the liner notes of the CD single . = = Chart performance = = On 19 May 2013 , " Believe in Me " scored the highest Eurovision @-@ related new entry on that week 's Top 100 UK Singles Chart , despite finishing 19th in the contest . The song climbed up to No. 86 in the UK mid @-@ week charts following its debut at No. 93 , but dropped out of the Top 100 by the following weekend . = = Track listings and formats = = Germany Maxi CD single " Believe in Me " ( Radio edit ) – 3 : 01 " Believe in Me " ( Album version ) – 3 : 57 " Stubborn " – 3 : 46 UK Digital download " Believe in Me " ( Eurovision edit ) – 3 : 01 = = Eurovision Song Contest Radio Awards 2013 = = Eurovision Song Contest Radio is a website that host an international voting poll each year for various awards . Bonnie Tyler won Best Song ( with 12 @.@ 6 % of the vote ) and Best Female Singer ( with 16 @.@ 9 % of the vote ) , and made history as the first representative of the United Kingdom to receive an award from ESC Radio since its initiation in 2006 . = = Release history = =
= Königsberg @-@ class cruiser ( 1927 ) = The Königsberg class , sometimes referred to as the K class , was a class of light cruisers of the German Reichsmarine and Kriegsmarine . The class comprised three ships named after German cities : Königsberg , Karlsruhe , and Köln , all built between 1926 and 1930 . These ships were the first of the Reichsmarine with a modern cruiser design ; their predecessor , Emden , was based on World War I @-@ era designs . They were armed with a main battery of nine 15 cm ( 5 @.@ 9 in ) guns and with twelve 50 cm ( 20 in ) torpedo tubes . All three ships of the class were used extensively as training cruisers throughout the 1930s . They went on numerous overseas cruises and participated in the non @-@ intervention patrols during the Spanish Civil War in 1936 – 1939 . After the outbreak of World War II in September 1939 , the three ships laid defensive minefields in the North Sea . They all saw action in Operation Weserübung , the invasion of Norway , in April 1940 ; Königsberg was damaged by Norwegian coastal guns outside Bergen and sunk by British bombers the following day . Karlsruhe was sunk by the British submarine HMS Truant ; only Köln survived the attack on Norway . After returning to Germany , Köln operated Flettner Fl 282 helicopters as an experiment . She provided gunfire support to German ground forces during Operation Barbarossa , the invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941 , and returned to Norway in 1942 . Ultimately , she was sunk in Wilhelmshaven in March 1945 by American bombers . Her guns were still above water , which allowed her to support the defending German army against British ground forces until the final days of the war . = = Design = = = = = General characteristics = = = The ships of the Königsberg class were 169 meters ( 554 ft ) long at the waterline and 174 m ( 571 ft ) long overall . They had a beam of 15 @.@ 2 m ( 50 ft ) and a maximum draft of 6 @.@ 28 m ( 20 @.@ 6 ft ) . They had a design displacement of 6 @,@ 750 metric tons ( 6 @,@ 640 long tons ; 7 @,@ 440 short tons ) and a standard displacement , as defined by the Washington Naval Treaty , of 6 @,@ 000 long tons ( 6 @,@ 100 t ) . They displaced 7 @,@ 700 long tons ( 7 @,@ 800 t ) at full combat load . The ships ' hulls were constructed from longitudinal steel frames and incorporated extensive welding to save weight ; up to 85 percent of the hulls were welded rather than riveted . The hull was divided into nineteen watertight compartments and had a double bottom that extended for 72 percent of the length of the hull . The Königsberg @-@ class cruisers had a standard crew of 21 officers and 493 enlisted men . This later increased to 23 officers and 588 – 591 enlisted men , and during World War II , the crew size rose to between 820 and 850 officers and men . The ships carried a number of smaller vessels , including two picket boats , two barges , two launches , one cutter , and one dinghy . The ships were moderately good sea boats , were very cranky , and suffered from a slight lee helm . They heeled up to twenty degrees with the rudder hard over . They were nevertheless very maneuverable and lost little speed in a head sea . In a hard turn , they lost up to 20 percent speed . In the 1930s , all three members of the class were modified to carry a pair of float planes for reconnaissance . They were equipped with an aircraft catapult to launch the planes and cranes to recover them after they landed in the water . The ships initially carried two Heinkel He 60 biplane float planes , replaced later in the decade with two Arado Ar 196 monoplane float planes . Only one aircraft could be stored on the catapult at a time ; the second plane had to be disassembled and placed in storage , and the ships did not have a hangar to store it in . = = = Machinery = = = Their propulsion system consisted of four steam turbines and a pair of 10 @-@ cylinder four @-@ stroke diesel engines . The turbines were split into three engine rooms , with the diesels in their own rooms directly aft of the turbines . Steam for the turbines was provided by six Marine @-@ type double @-@ ended oil @-@ fired boilers . The engines powered a pair of three @-@ bladed screws that were 4 @.@ 1 m ( 13 ft ) wide on the first two ships and 3 @.@ 7 m ( 12 ft ) in diameter on Köln . The ships ' propulsion system provided a top speed of 32 kn ( 59 km / h ; 37 mph ) and were rated at 65 @,@ 000 shaft horsepower ( 48 @,@ 000 kW ) , though all three ships exceeded 68 @,@ 000 shp ( 51 @,@ 000 kW ) on speed trials . The ships carried 600 t ( 590 long tons ; 660 short tons ) of fuel oil as designed , but could store up to 1 @,@ 350 t ( 1 @,@ 330 long tons ; 1 @,@ 490 short tons ) . This gave them a range of approximately 5 @,@ 700 nautical miles ( 10 @,@ 600 km ; 6 @,@ 600 mi ) at 19 kn ( 35 km / h ; 22 mph ) and 7 @,@ 300 nmi ( 13 @,@ 500 km ; 8 @,@ 400 mi ) at 17 kn ( 31 km / h ; 20 mph ) . Steering was controlled by a single rudder . The ships had three turbo @-@ generators and two diesel generators for electricity ; the generators had a combined output of 540 kilowatts ( 720 hp ) at 220 Volts . = = = Armament = = = The ships were armed with nine 15 cm SK C / 25 guns mounted in three triple gun turrets . One turret was located forward , and two were placed in a superfiring pair aft . The rear gun turrets were offset to increase their arc of fire . They were supplied with 1 @,@ 080 rounds of ammunition , for 120 shells per gun . As built , the ships were also equipped with two 8 @.@ 8 cm SK L / 45 anti @-@ aircraft guns in single mounts ; they had 400 rounds of ammunition each . The Königsberg class also carried four triple torpedo tube mounts located amidships ; they were supplied with twenty @-@ four 50 cm ( 20 in ) torpedoes , though these were replaced with 53 @.@ 3 cm ( 21 @.@ 0 in ) models by 1940 . The ships were also capable of carrying 120 naval mines . The ships ' anti @-@ aircraft batteries were revised and improved throughout the course of their careers . The original single @-@ mounted 8 @.@ 8 cm guns were replaced with twin mounts for the new 8 @.@ 8 cm SK C / 32 guns and a third twin mount was also installed , bringing the number of guns to six . Eight 3 @.@ 7 cm SK C / 30 guns were installed in the mid @-@ 1930s and up to eight 2 cm Flak 30 guns were also added . Köln , the only ship to survive to the end of the war , was ultimately armed with eight 3 @.@ 7 cm and eighteen 2 cm guns , though provisions had been made to mount up to ten and twenty @-@ four guns of the two calibers , respectively . = = = Armor = = = The ships were protected by an armored deck that was 40 mm ( 1 @.@ 6 in ) thick amidships and tapered down to 20 mm ( 0 @.@ 79 in ) on either end . They had an armored belt that was 50 mm ( 2 @.@ 0 in ) thick and capped with 70 mm ( 2 @.@ 8 in ) thick bulkheads on either end of the belt . Underwater protection consisted of a 15 mm ( 0 @.@ 59 in ) torpedo bulkhead and a 20 mm collision bulkhead . The conning tower had 100 mm ( 3 @.@ 9 in ) sides and a 30 mm ( 1 @.@ 2 in ) roof . The ships ' gun turrets had 30 mm faces and 20 mm roofs , sides , and rears . The barbettes for the turrets were also 30 mm thick . Karlsruhe was later fitted with increased armor protection , consisting of a 10 to 14 mm ( 0 @.@ 39 to 0 @.@ 55 in ) outer plating that consisted of the new Wotan weich steel , and an upper deck that was 16 mm ( 0 @.@ 63 in ) , also Wotan weich . = = Construction = = = = Service history = = All three ships of the Königsberg class served as training cruisers for naval cadets throughout the 1930s . They conducted numerous cruises in European waters , and both Karlsruhe and Köln traveled to other continents . They were all modified throughout the decade , and had their anti @-@ aircraft armament repeatedly improved , along with other alterations . The three ships took part in the non @-@ intervention patrols during the Spanish Civil War in 1936 – 1939 , and after the outbreak of World War II in September 1939 , they laid a series of defensive minefields in the North Sea . The three ships then participated in Operation Weserübung , the invasion of Norway , in April 1940 . Königsberg and Köln were assigned to the assault on Bergen , while Karlsruhe joined the attack on Kristiansand . Königsberg came under heavy fire from a 21 cm ( 8 @.@ 3 in ) battery outside Bergen , and was badly damaged ; after the port was captured , she moved into harbor for temporary repairs . She was ordered to return to Germany , but was attacked the next morning by British bombers and hit by at least five bombs . She sank slowly enough for the majority of her crew to escape ; there were only eighteen men killed in the attack . Karlsruhe meanwhile suppressed Norwegian coastal guns outside Kristiansand and successfully landed her contingent of ground troops . After Karlsruhe left port , the British submarine HMS Truant attacked the German cruiser and hit her with a pair of torpedoes . The torpedo hits knocked out Karlsruhe 's power and thus prevented her crew from pumping out the water that was rapidly flooding the ship . Her crew was taken off by an escorting torpedo boat , which then fired a pair of torpedoes into the stricken cruiser to ensure she sank quickly . Köln was the only ship of the class to survive the operations off Norway . After returning to Germany , she was modified to serve as a testbed for the Flettner Fl 282 helicopter . She thereafter served in the Baltic , providing gunfire support to advancing German troops in 1941 . In mid 1942 , she returned to Norwegian waters , and unsuccessfully attempted to attack Convoy PQ 18 along with several other German warships . She was then ordered back to Germany , where she served in a variety of roles , including training ship and convoy escort , before again returning to Norway . She was damaged by British bombers in December 1944 and forced to return to Germany for repairs . While in dock in Wilhelmshaven in March 1945 , she was attacked and sunk by American heavy bombers . She sank on an even keel , with her guns still above water , which permitted their use against advancing British forces until the final days of the war .
= Dromaeosauridae = Dromaeosauridae is a family of feathered theropod dinosaurs . They were small- to medium @-@ sized feathered carnivores that flourished in the Cretaceous Period . The name Dromaeosauridae means ' running lizards ' , from Greek dromeus ( δρομευς ) meaning ' runner ' and sauros ( σαυρος ) meaning ' lizard ' . In informal usage they are often called raptors ( after Velociraptor ) , a term popularized by the film Jurassic Park ; a few types include the term " raptor " directly in their name and have come to emphasize their supposed bird @-@ like habits . Dromaeosaurid fossils have been found across the globe in North America , Europe , Africa , Japan , China , Mongolia , Manchuria , Madagascar , Argentina , and Antarctica , with fossilized teeth giving credence to the possibility that they inhabited Australia as well . They first appeared in the mid @-@ Jurassic Period ( late Bathonian stage , about 167 million years ago ) and survived until the end of the Cretaceous ( Maastrichtian stage , 66 ma ) , existing for over 100 million years , until the Cretaceous – Paleogene extinction event . The presence of dromaeosaurids as early as the Middle Jurassic has been confirmed by the discovery of isolated fossil teeth , though no dromaeosaurid body fossils have been found from this period . = = Description = = The distinctive dromaeosaurid body plan helped to rekindle theories that at least some dinosaurs may have been active , fast , and closely related to birds . Robert Bakker 's illustration for John Ostrom 's 1969 monograph , showing the dromaeosaurid Deinonychus in a fast run , is among the most influential paleontological reconstructions in history . The dromaeosaurid body plan includes a relatively large skull , serrated teeth , narrow snout , and forward @-@ facing eyes which indicate some degree of binocular vision . Dromaeosaurids , like most other theropods , had a moderately long S @-@ curved neck , and their trunk was relatively short and deep . Like other maniraptorans , they had long arms that could be folded against the body in some species , and relatively large hands with three long fingers ( the middle finger being the longest and the first finger being the shortest ) ending in large claws . The dromaeosaurid hip structure featured a characteristically large pubic boot projecting beneath the base of the tail . Dromaeosaurid feet bore a large , recurved claw on the second toe . Their tails were slender , with long , low , vertebrae lacking transverse process and neural spines after the 14th caudal vertebra . It is now known that at least some , and probably all , dromaeosaurids were covered in feathers , including large , vaned , wing and tail feathers . This development , first hypothesized in the mid @-@ late 1980s and confirmed by fossil discoveries in 1999 , represents a significant change in the way dromaeosaurids have historically been depicted in art and film . = = = Foot = = = Like other theropods , dromaeosaurids were bipedal ; that is , they walked on their hind legs . However , whereas most theropods walked with three toes contacting the ground , fossilized footprint tracks confirm that many early paravian groups , including the dromaeosaurids , held the second toe off the ground in a hyperextended position , with only the third and fourth toes bearing the weight of the animal . This is called functional didactyly . The enlarged second toe bore an unusually large , curved , falciform ( sickle @-@ shaped , alt. drepanoid ) claw ( held off the ground or ' retracted ' when walking ) , which is thought to have been used in capturing prey and climbing trees ( see " Claw function " below ) . This claw was especially blade @-@ like in the large @-@ bodied predatory eudromaeosaurs . One possible dromaeosaurid species , Balaur bondoc , also possessed a first toe which was highly modified in parallel with the second . Both the first and second toes on each foot of B. bondoc were also held retracted and bore enlarged , sickle @-@ shaped claws . = = = Tail = = = Dromaeosaurids had long tails . Most of the tail vertebrae bear bony , rod @-@ like extensions , as well as bony tendons in some species . In his study of Deinonychus , Ostrom proposed that these features stiffened the tail so that it could only flex at the base , and the whole tail would then move as a single , rigid , lever . However , one well @-@ preserved specimen of Velociraptor mongoliensis ( IGM 100 / 986 ) has an articulated tail skeleton that is curved horizontally in a long S @-@ shape . This suggests that , in life , the tail could bend from side to side with a substantial degree of flexibility . It has been proposed that this tail was used as a stabilizer and / or counterweight while running or in the air ; in Microraptor , an elongate diamond @-@ shaped fan of feathers is preserved on the end of the tail . This may have been used as an aerodynamic stabilizer and rudder during gliding and / or powered flight ( see " Flight and gliding " below ) . = = = Size = = = Dromaeosaurids were small to medium @-@ sized dinosaurs , ranging from about 0 @.@ 7 metres ( 2 @.@ 3 ft ) in length ( in the case of Mahakala ) to over 6 metres ( 20 ft ) ( in Utahraptor , Dakotaraptor and Achillobator ) . Some may have grown larger ; undescribed specimens of Utahraptor in Brigham Young University collections belonged to individuals that may have reached up to 11 m ( 36 ft ) long , though these await more detailed study . Large size appears to have evolved at least twice among dromaeosaurids ; once among the dromaeosaurines Utahraptor and Achillobator , and again among the unenlagiines ( Austroraptor , which measured 5 metres ( 16 ft ) long ) . A possible third lineage of giant dromaeosaurids is represented by isolated teeth found on the Isle of Wight , England . The teeth belong to an animal the size of the dromaeosaurine Utahraptor , but they appear to belong to velociraptorines , judging by the shape of the teeth . Mahakala is both the most primitive dromaeosaurid ever described and the smallest . This evidence , combined with the small size of other primitive relatives such as Microraptor and the troodontid Anchiornis , indicates that the common ancestor of dromaeosaurids , troodontids , and birds ( which is called the ancestral paravian ) may have been very small , at around 65 cm in length and 600 to 700 grams of mass . = = = Feathers = = = There is a large body of evidence showing that dromaeosaurids were covered in feathers . Some dromaeosaurid fossils preserve long , pennaceous feathers on the hands and arms ( remiges ) and tail ( rectrices ) , as well as shorter , down @-@ like feathers covering the body . Other fossils , which do not preserve actual impressions of feathers , still preserve the associated bumps on the forearm bones where long wing feathers would have attached in life . Overall , this feather pattern looks very much like Archaeopteryx . The first known dromaeosaurid with definitive evidence of feathers was Sinornithosaurus , reported from China by Xu et al. in 1999 . Many other dromaeosaurid fossils have been found with feathers covering their bodies , some with fully developed feathered wings . Microraptor even shows evidence of a second pair of wings on the hind legs . While direct feather impressions are only possible in fine @-@ grained sediments , some fossils found in coarser rocks show evidence of feathers by the presence of quill knobs , the attachment points for wing feathers possessed by some birds . The dromaeosaurids Rahonavis and Velociraptor have both been found with quill knobs , showing that these forms had feathers despite no impressions having been found . In light of this , it is most likely that even the larger ground @-@ dwelling dromaeosaurids bore feathers , since even flightless birds today retain most of their plumage , and relatively large dromaeosaurids , like Velociraptor , are known to have retained pennaceous feathers . Though some scientists had suggested that the larger dromaeosaurids lost some or all of their insulatory covering , the discovery of feathers in Velociraptor specimens has been cited as evidence that all members of the family retained feathers . More recently , the discovery of Zhenyuanlong established the presence of a full feathered coat in relatively large dromaeosaurs . Additionally , the animal displays proportionally large , aerodynamic wing feathers , as well as a tail @-@ spanning fan , both of which unexpected traits that may offer an understanding to the integument of large dromaeosaurs . Dakotaraptor is an even larger dromaeosaur species with evidence of feathers , albeit indirect in the form of quill knobs . = = Paleobiology = = = = = Claw function = = = There is currently disagreement about the function of the enlarged " sickle claw " on the second toe . When John Ostrom described it for Deinonychus in 1969 , he interpreted the claw as a blade @-@ like slashing weapon , much like the canines of some saber @-@ toothed cats , used with powerful kicks to cut into prey . Adams ( 1987 ) suggested that the talon was used to disembowel large ceratopsian dinosaurs . The interpretation of the sickle claw as a killing weapon applied to all dromaeosaurids . However , Manning et al. argued that the claw instead served as a hook , reconstructing the keratinous sheath with an elliptical cross section , instead of the previously inferred inverted teardrop shape . In Manning 's interpretation , the second toe claw would be used as a climbing aid when subduing bigger prey and also as stabbing weapon . Ostrom compared Deinonychus to the ostrich and cassowary . He noted that the bird species can inflict serious injury with the large claw on the second toe . The cassowary has claws up to 125 millimetres ( 4 @.@ 9 in ) long . Ostrom cited Gilliard ( 1958 ) in saying that they can sever an arm or disembowel a man . Kofron ( 1999 and 2003 ) studied 241 documented cassowary attacks and found that one human and two dogs had been killed , but no evidence that cassowaries can disembowel or dismember other animals . Cassowaries use their claws to defend themselves , to attack threatening animals , and in agonistic displays such as the Bowed Threat Display . The seriema also has an enlarged second toe claw , and uses it to tear apart small prey items for swallowing . Phillip Manning and colleagues ( 2009 ) attempted to test the function of the sickle claw and similarly shaped claws on the forelimbs . They analyzed the bio @-@ mechanics of how stresses and strains would be distributed along the claws and into the limbs , using X @-@ ray imaging to create a three @-@ dimensional contour map of a forelimb claw from Velociraptor . For comparison , they analyzed the construction of a claw from a modern predatory bird , the eagle owl . They found that , based on the way that stress was conducted along the claw , they were ideal for climbing . The scientists found that the sharpened tip of the claw was a puncturing and gripping instrument , while the curved and expanded claw base helped transfer stress loads evenly . The Manning team also compared the curvature of the dromaeosaurid " sickle claw " on the foot with curvature in modern birds and mammals . Previous studies had shown that the amount of curvature in a claw corresponded to what lifestyle the animal has : animals with strongly curved claws of a certain shape tend to be climbers , while straighter claws indicate ground @-@ dwelling lifestyles . The sickle @-@ claws of the dromaeosaurid Deinonychus have a curvature of 160 degrees , well within the range of climbing animals . The forelimb claws they studied also fell within the climbing range of curvature . Paleontologist Peter Mackovicky commented on the Manning team 's study , stating that small , primitive dromaeosaurids ( such as Microraptor ) were likely to have been tree @-@ climbers , but that climbing did not explain why later , gigantic dromaeosaurids such as Achillobator retained highly curved claws when they were too large to have climbed trees . Mackovicky speculated that giant dromaeosaurids may have adapted the claw to be used exclusively for latching on to prey . In 2009 Phil Senter published a study on dromaeosaurid toes and showed that their range of motion was compatible with the excavation of tough insect nests . Senter suggested that small dromaeosaurids such as Rahonavis and Buitreraptor were small enough to be partial insectivores , while larger genera such as Deinonychus and Neuquenraptor could have used this ability to catch vertebrate prey residing in insect nests . However , Senter did not test whether the strong curvature of dromaeosaurid claws was also conducive to such activities . In 2011 , Denver Fowler and colleagues suggested a new method by which dromaeosaurids may have taken smaller prey . This model , known as the " raptor prey restraint " ( RPR ) model of predation , proposes that dromaeosaurids killed their prey in a manner very similar to extant accipitrid birds of prey : by leaping onto their quarry , pinning it under their body weight , and gripping it tightly with the large , sickle @-@ shaped claws . Like accipitrids , the dromaeosaurid would then begin to feed on the animal while still alive , until it eventually died from blood loss and organ failure . This proposal is based primarily on comparisons between the morphology and proportions of the feet and legs of dromaeosaurids to several groups of extant birds of prey with known predatory behaviors . Fowler found that the feet and legs of dromaeosaurids most closely resemble those of eagles and hawks , especially in terms of having an enlarged second claw and a similar range of grasping motion . The short metatarsus and foot strength , however , would have been more similar to that of owls . The RPR method of predation would be consistent with other aspects of dromaeosaurid anatomy , such as their unusual dentition and arm morphology . The arms , which could exert a lot of force but were likely covered in long feathers , may have been used as flapping stabilizers for balance while atop a struggling prey animal , along with the stiff counterbalancing tail . Dromaeosaurid jaws , thought by Fowler and colleagues to be comparatively weak , would have been useful for eating prey alive but not as useful for quick , forceful dispatch of the prey . These predatory adaptations working together may also have implications for the origin of flapping in paravians . = = = Group behavior = = = Deinonychus fossils have been uncovered in small groups near the remains of the herbivore Tenontosaurus , a larger ornithischian dinosaur . This had been interpreted as evidence that these dromaeosaurids hunted in coordinated packs like some modern mammals . However , not all paleontologists found the evidence conclusive , and a subsequent study published in 2007 by Roach and Brinkman suggests that the Deinonychus may have actually displayed a disorganized mobbing behavior . Modern diapsids , including birds and crocodiles ( the closest relatives of dromaeosaurids ) , display minimal cooperative hunting ; instead , they are usually either solitary hunters , or are drawn to previously killed carcasses , where conflict often occurs between individuals of the same species . For example , in situations where groups of Komodo dragons are eating together , the largest individuals eat first and might attack smaller Komodo dragons that attempt to feed ; if the smaller animal dies , it is usually cannibalized . When this information is applied to the sites containing putative pack @-@ hunting behavior in dromaeosaurids , it appears somewhat consistent with a Komodo- or crocodile @-@ like feeding strategy . Deinonychus skeletal remains found at these sites are from subadults , with missing parts that may have been eaten by other Deinonychus , which a study by Roach et al. presented as evidence against the idea that the animals cooperated in the hunt . In 2007 , scientists described the first known extensive dromaeosaurid trackway , in Shandong , China . In addition to confirming the hypothesis that the sickle @-@ claw was held retracted off the ground , the trackway ( made by a large , Achillobator @-@ sized species ) showed evidence of six individuals of about equal size moving together along a shoreline . The individuals were spaced about one meter apart , and retained the same direction of travel , walking at a fairly slow pace . The authors of the paper describing these footprints interpreted the trackways as evidence that some species of dromaeosaurids lived in groups . While the trackways clearly do not represent hunting behavior , the idea that groups of dromaeosaurids may have hunted together , according to the authors , could not be ruled out . = = = Flying and gliding = = = The ability to fly or glide has been suggested for at least five dromaeosaurid species . The first , Rahonavis ostromi ( originally classified as avian bird , but found to be a dromaeosaurid in later studies ) may have been capable of powered flight , as indicated by its long forelimbs with evidence of quill knob attachments for long sturdy flight feathers . The forelimbs of Rahonavis were more powerfully built than Archaeopteryx , and show evidence that they bore strong ligament attachments necessary for flapping flight . Luis Chiappe concluded that , given these adaptations , Rahonavis could probably fly but would have been more clumsy in the air than modern birds . Another species of dromaeosaurid , Microraptor gui , may have been capable of gliding using its well @-@ developed wings on both the fore and hind limbs . A 2005 study by Sankar Chatterjee suggested that the wings of Microraptor functioned like a split @-@ level " biplane " , and that it likely employed a phugoid style of gliding , in which it would launch from a perch and swoop downward in a ' U ' shaped curve , then lift again to land on another tree , with the tail and hind wings helping to control its position and speed . Chatterjee also found that Microraptor had the basic requirements to sustain level powered flight in addition to gliding . Changyuraptor yangi is a close relative of Microraptor gui , also thought to be a glider or flyer based on the presence of four wings and similar limb proportions . However , it is a considerably larger animal , around the size of a wild turkey , being among the largest known flying Mesozoic paravians . Another dromaeosaurid species , Deinonychus antirrhopus , may display partial flight capacities . The young of this species bore longer arms and more robust pectoral girdles than adults , and which were similar to those seen in other flapping theropods , implying that they may have been capable of flight when young and then lost the ability as they grew . The possibility that Sinornithosaurus millenii was capable of gliding or even powered flight has also been brought up several times , though no further studies have occurred . Zhenyuanlong preserves wing feathers that are aerodynamically shaped , with particularly bird @-@ like coverts as opposed to the longer , wider @-@ spanning coverts of forms like Archaeopteryx and Anchiornis , as well as fused sternal plates . Due to its size and short arms it is unlikely that Zhenyuanlong was capable of powered flight ( though the importance of biomechanical modelling in this regard is stressed ) , but it may suggest a relatively close descendance from flying ancestors , or even some capacity for gliding or wing @-@ assisted incline running . = = = Senses = = = Comparisons between the scleral rings of several dromaeosaurids ( Microraptor , Sinornithosaurus , and Velociraptor ) and modern birds and reptiles indicate that some dromaeosaurids ( including Microraptor and Velociraptor ) may have been nocturnal predators , while Sinornithosaurus is inferred to be cathemeral ( active throughout the day at short intervals ) . However , the discovery of iridescent plumage in Microraptor has cast doubt on the inference of nocturnality in this genus , as no modern birds that have iridescent plumage are known to be nocturnal . Studies of the olfactory bulbs of dromaeosaurids reveal that they had similar olfactory ratios for their size to other non @-@ avian theropods and modern birds with an acute sense of smell , such as tyrannosaurids and the turkey vulture , probably reflecting the importance of the olfactory sense in the daily activities of dromaeosaurids such as finding food . = = = Paleopathology = = = In 2001 , Bruce Rothschild and others published a study examining evidence for stress fractures and tendon avulsions in theropod dinosaurs and the implications for their behavior . Since stress fractures are caused by repeated trauma rather than singular events they are more likely to be caused by regular behavior than other types of injuries . The researchers found lesion like those caused by stress fractures on a dromaeosaurid hand claw , one of only two such claw lesions discovered in the course of the study . Stress fractures in the hands have special behavioral significance compared to those found in the feet since stress fractures there can be obtained while running or during migration . Hand injuries , by contrast , are more likely to be obtained while in contact with struggling prey . = = Classification = = = = = Relationship with birds = = = Dromaeosaurids share many features with early birds ( clade Avialae or Aves ) . The precise nature of their relationship to birds has undergone a great deal of study , and hypotheses about that relationship have changed as large amounts of new evidence became available . As late as 2001 , Mark Norell and colleagues analyzed a large survey of coelurosaur fossils and produced the tentative result that dromaeosaurids were most closely related to birds , with troodontids as a more distant outgroup . They even suggested that Dromaeosauridae could be paraphyletic relative to Avialae . In 2002 , Hwang and colleagues utilized the work of Norell et al . , including new characters and better fossil evidence , to determine that birds ( avialans ) were better thought of as cousins to the dromaeosaurids and troodontids . A consensus of paleontologists has concluded that there is not yet enough evidence to determine whether any dromaeosaurids could fly or glide , or whether they evolved from ancestors that could . = = = Alternative theories and flightlessness = = = Dromaeosaurids are so birdlike that they have led some researchers to argue that they would be better classified as birds . First , since they had feathers , dromaeosaurids ( along with many other coelurosaurian theropod dinosaurs ) are " birds ” under traditional definitions of the word " bird ” , or " Aves ” , that are based on the possession of feathers . However , other scientists , such as Lawrence Witmer , have argued that calling a theropod like Caudipteryx a bird because it has feathers may stretch the word past any useful meaning . At least two schools of researchers have proposed that dromaeosaurids may actually be descended from flying ancestors . Hypotheses involving a flying ancestor for dromaeosaurids are sometimes called " Birds Came First ” ( BCF ) . George Olshevsky is usually credited as the first author of BCF . In his own work , Gregory S. Paul pointed out numerous features of the dromaeosaurid skeleton that he interpreted as evidence that the entire group had evolved from flying , dinosaurian , ancestors , perhaps something like Archaeopteryx . In that case , the larger dromaeosaurids were secondarily flightless , like the modern ostrich . In 1988 , Paul suggested that dromaeosaurids may actually be more closely related to modern birds than to Archaeopteryx . By 2002 , however , Paul placed dromaeosaurids and Archaeopteryx as the closest relatives to one another . In 2002 , Hwang et al. found that Microraptor was the most primitive dromaeosaurid . Xu and colleagues in 2003 cited the basal position of Microraptor , along with feather and wing features , as evidence that the ancestral dromaeosaurid could glide . In that case the larger dromaeosaurids would be secondarily terrestrial — having lost the ability to glide later in their evolutionary history . Also in 2002 , Steven Czerkas described Cryptovolans , though it is a probable junior synonym of Microraptor . He reconstructed the fossil inaccurately with only two wings and thus argued that dromaeosaurids were powered fliers , rather than passive gliders . He later issued a revised reconstruction in agreement with that of Microraptor Other researchers , like Larry Martin believe that dromaeosaurids , along with all maniraptorans are not dinosaurs at all . Martin asserted for decades that birds were unrelated to maniraptorans , but in 2004 he changed his position , and now he agrees that the two are the closest of relatives . Martin believes that maniraptorans are secondarily flightless birds , and that birds evolved from non – dinosaurian archosaurs , so that most of the species formerly called theropods would now not even be classified as dinosaurs . In 2005 , Mayr and Peters described the anatomy of a very well preserved specimen of Archaeopteryx , and determined that its anatomy was more like non @-@ avian theropods than previously understood . Specifically , they found that Archaeopteryx had a primitive palatine , unreversed hallux , and hyper @-@ extendable second toe . Their phylogenetic analysis produced the controversial result that Confuciusornis was closer to Microraptor than to Archaeopteryx , making the Avialae a paraphyletic taxon . They also suggested that the ancestral paravian was able to fly or glide , and that the dromaeosaurids and troodontids were secondarily flightless ( or had lost the ability to glide ) . Corfe and Butler criticized this work on methodological grounds . A challenge to all of these alternative scenarios came when Turner and colleagues in 2007 described a new dromaeosaurid , Mahakala , which they found to be the most basal and most primitive member of the Dromaeosauridae , more primitive than Microraptor . Mahakala had short arms and no ability to glide . Turner et al. also inferred that flight evolved only in the Avialae , and these two points suggested that the ancestral dromaeosaurid could not glide or fly . Based on this cladistic analysis , Mahakala suggests that the ancestral condition for dromaeosaurids is non @-@ volant . However , in 2012 , an expanded and revised study incorporating the most recent Dromaeosaurid finds recovered the Archaeopteryx @-@ like Xiaotingia as the most primitive member of the clade Dromaeosauridae , which appears to suggest the earliest members of the clade may have been capable of flight . = = = Deinonychosauria = = = Since the 1960s , the dromaeosaurids and troodontids have often been classified together in a group or clade named the Deinonychosauria , initially based primarily on the presence of a retractable second toe with sickle @-@ claw ( now also known to be present in some primitive birds ) . The name Deinonychosauria was coined by Ned Colbert and Dale Russell in 1969 , and defined as a clade ( all theropods closer to dromaeosaurids than to birds ) by Jaques Gauthier in 1986 . Through the early 2000s , consensus among paleontologists was that dromaeosaurids were most closely related to the troodontids , and together with the troodontids , with deinonychosaurians in turn the sister taxon to avialans , and therefore the closest relatives of avialan birds . In 2012 , Turner et al. conducted a phylogenetic analysis ( using a dataset of 474 characters scored for 111 taxa ) which found Deinonychosauria to be monophyletic . However , several more recent studies have cast doubt on the hypothesis that dromaeosaurids and troodontids were more closely related to each other than either was to birds . A more robust 2013 study by Godefroit et al . ( using a dataset of 1 @,@ 500 characters scored for 358 taxa ) found that troodontids were possibly more closely related to birds than to dromaeosaurids ; forcing troodontids to remain in a monophyletic Deinonychosauria required four extra steps in the analysis , making this result less likely but not implausible . Because Deinonychosauria was originally defined as all animals closer to dromaeosaurids than to birds without specific reference to troodontids , Deinonychosauria is a synonym of Dromaeosauridae if Troodontidae is closer to birds . = = = Taxonomy = = = The authorship of the family Dromaeosauridae is credited to William Diller Matthew and Barnum Brown , who erected it as a subfamily ( Dromaeosaurinae ) of the family Deinodontidae in 1922 , containing only the new genus Dromaeosaurus . The subfamilies of Dromaeosauridae frequently shift in content based on new analysis , but typically consist of the following groups . A number of dromaeosaurids have not been assigned to any particular subfamily , often because they are too poorly preserved to be placed confidently in phylogenetic analysis ( see section Phylogeny below ) , or because they are basal relative to the primary subdivisions of Dromaeosauridae ( Mahakala , for example , is the most primitive known dromaeosaurid and falls outside any named sub @-@ group ) . The most basal subfamily of dromaeosaurids is often found to be the Unenlagiinae . This enigmatic group is the most poorly supported subfamily of dromaeosaurids and it is possible that some or all of its members belong outside of Dromaeosauridae . The larger , ground @-@ dwelling members like Buitreraptor and Unenlagia show strong flight adaptations , although they were probably too large to ' take off ' . One member of this group , Rahonavis , is very small , with well @-@ developed wings that show evidence of quill knobs ( the attachment points for flight feathers ) and it is very likely that it could fly . The next most primitive clade of dromaeosaurids is the Microraptoria . This group includes many of the smallest dromaeosaurids , which show adaptations for living in trees . All known dromaeosaurid skin impressions hail from this group and all show an extensive covering of feathers and well @-@ developed wings . Like the unenlagiines , some species may have been capable of active flight . The subfamily Velociraptorinae has traditionally included Velociraptor , Deinonychus , and Saurornitholestes , and while the discovery of Tsaagan lent support to this grouping , the inclusion of Saurornitholestes is still uncertain . The Dromaeosaurinae is usually found to consist of medium to giant @-@ sized species , with generally box @-@ shaped skulls ( the other subfamilies generally have narrower snouts ) . The following classification of the various genera of dromaeosaurids follows the table provided in Holtz , 2011 unless otherwise noted . Family Dromaeosauridae Luanchuanraptor Mahakala Nuthetes ? Pamparaptor Ornithodesmus Variraptor ( = Pyroraptor ? ) Pyroraptor ? Shanag Subfamily Unenlagiinae Austroraptor Rahonavis Unenlagia Buitreraptor Neuquenraptor Unquillosaurus Subfamily Microraptorinae Tianyuraptor Graciliraptor Changyuraptor Hesperonychus Microraptor Cryptovolans ? Sinornithosaurus Zhenyuanlong Node EudromaeosauriaSubfamily Saurornitholestinae Bambiraptor Saurornitholestes Atrociraptor Deinonychus Subfamily Velociraptorinae Acheroraptor Itemirus Linheraptor Velociraptor Tsaagan Adasaurus Subfamily Dromaeosaurinae Achillobator Dromaeosaurus Dakotaraptor Dromaeosauroides Utahraptor Yurgovuchia = = = = History of genera = = = = = = = Phylogeny = = = Dromaeosauridae was first defined as a clade by Paul Sereno in 1998 , as the most inclusive natural group containing Dromaeosaurus but not Troodon , Ornithomimus or Passer . The various " subfamilies " have also been re @-@ defined as clades , usually defined as all species closer to the groups namesake than to Dromaeosaurus or any namesakes of other sub @-@ clades ( for example , Makovicky defined the clade Unenlagiinae as all dromaeosaurids closer to Unenlagia than to Velociraptor ) . The Microraptoria is the only dromaeosaurid sub @-@ clade not converted from a subfamily . Senter and colleagues expressly coined the name without the subfamily suffix -inae to avoid perceived issues with erecting a traditional family @-@ group taxon , should the group be found to lie outside dromaeosauridae proper . Sereno offered a revised definition of the sub @-@ group containing Microraptor to ensure that it would fall within Dromaeosauridae , and erected the subfamily Microraptorinae , attributing it to Senter et al . , though this usage has only appeared on his online TaxonSearch database and has not been formally published . The extensive cladistic analysis conducted by Turner et al . ( 2012 ) further supported the monophyly of Dromaeosauridae . The cladogram below follows a 2015 analysis by paleontologists Robert DePalma , David Burnham , Larry Martin , Peter Larson , and Robert Bakker , using updated data from the Theropod Working Group . = = Technical diagnosis = = Dromaeosaurids are diagnosed by the following features ; short T @-@ shaped frontals that form the rostral boundary of the supratemporal fenestra ; a caudolateral overhanging shelf of the squamosal ; a lateral process of the quadrate that contacts the quadratojugal ; raised , stalked , parapophyses on the dorsal vertebrae , a modified pedal digit II ; chevrons and prezygapophyses of the caudal vertebrae elongate and spanning several vertebrae ; the presence of a subglenoid fossa on the coracoid . = = In popular culture = = Velociraptor , a dromaeosaurid , gained much attention after it was featured prominently in the 1993 Steven Spielberg film Jurassic Park . However , the dimensions of the Velociraptor in the film are much larger than the largest members of that genus . Robert Bakker recalled that Spielberg had been disappointed with the dimensions of Velociraptor and so upsized it , adding that soon afterwards he named Utahraptor which was more the size depicted , or larger . Gregory S. Paul , in his book Predatory Dinosaurs of the World , considered Deinonychus antirrhopus a species of Velociraptor , and so rechristened the species Velociraptor antirrhopus . This taxonomic opinion has not been widely followed .

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